Category:Test

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      <comment>Category being considered for deletion; see [[:Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]].</comment>
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      <text bytes="448" sha1="kbp35gf0mhbthgjhys127yxg4j900cb" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- BEGIN CFD TEMPLATE --&gt;
&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this [[Template:Cfd]] message until the survey and discussion at [[WP:Cfd]] is closed --&gt;
{{Cfd full|day=15|month=June|year=2026|startmonth=June|startyear=2026|1=|type=deletion }}&lt;!-- End of Cfd message, feel free to edit beyond this point. --&gt;
&lt;!-- END CFD TEMPLATE --&gt;
{{#invoke:Kateqoriya daha çox|main}}

{{subst:cfr|Road to ..}}
[[Category:MainCat]]
[[Category:MainCatOlafTest]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Aa48965</title>
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        <username>Trialpears</username>
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      <comment>Notification: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test|listing]] of [[:Category:Test]] at [[WP:Categories for discussion]].</comment>
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      <text bytes="444" sha1="2m8kmfnbfdu0onbuto1j719no6lvdq9" xml:space="preserve">Talk to me for test......

==First Examplae??==
This is an example--[[User:Aa48965|Aa48965]] ([[User talk:Aa48965#top|talk]]) 20:34, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
{{subst:cfd notice|action=renaming|1=Category:Test}} [[User:DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]] ([[User talk:DreamRimmer|talk]]) 11:03, 21 January 2025 (UTC)
{{subst:cfd notice|action=deletion|1=Category:Test}} [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sandbox</title>
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        <username>~2026-35035-73</username>
        <id>74432</id>
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      <comment>Lorem ipsum</comment>
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      <text bytes="394" sha1="gyvcm0u1q8puka88wek8a8ilnn2wz8x" xml:space="preserve">{{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}}&lt;!--
*               Welcome to the sandbox!              *
*            Please leave this part alone            *
*     Feel free to try your editing skills below     *
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■--&gt;
Test 123</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Hike395</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>use centralized logo generation to get correct alt/link/class for every logo</comment>
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      <minor />
      <comment>1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Sister-inline]]</comment>
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    <title>User:John Vandenberg/async test write</title>
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      <comment>Pywikibot 11.4.0.dev0</comment>
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    <title>User:John Vandenberg/appendtext test</title>
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      <text bytes="946" sha1="bbdhb0v9np8yyt21ojc9vslj3mwtl76" xml:space="preserve">Section 1.10.32 of &quot;de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum&quot;, written by Cicero in 45 BC
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      <text bytes="951" sha1="ac12rfx6ixu6ob2pu4s7dxzxx2rf3gs" xml:space="preserve">Section 1.10.32 of &quot;de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum&quot;, written by Cicero in 45 BC
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      <text bytes="946" sha1="bbdhb0v9np8yyt21ojc9vslj3mwtl76" xml:space="preserve">Section 1.10.32 of &quot;de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum&quot;, written by Cicero in 45 BC
&quot;Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur?&quot;</text>
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{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
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&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
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; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''

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==== Retain ====
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{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ncaanq975fgst10x5wokairfpp0yqou</sha1>
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        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
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{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>51sjj5hh7r1w23t2evcil5grmnqjw72</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746799</id>
      <parentid>746798</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:03:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Restored revision 746733 by [[Special:Contributions/Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>746799</origin>
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{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
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{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
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&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
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; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
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:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Merge then delete ====
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{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
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&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
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* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
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; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
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* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
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; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

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&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
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; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ba9xofhozsdxin8te0lp1gtsv5e0tkq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746802</id>
      <parentid>746800</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:06:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as redirect ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="34710" sha1="2ckhn7od4nhlsmgrkjir5xhcl0zevo4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-protected|small=yes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2ckhn7od4nhlsmgrkjir5xhcl0zevo4</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>746804</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:09:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as redirect ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
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{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>eto27cnhgl7bcsjy52vlwjdokgoy5m5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746806</id>
      <parentid>746804</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:11:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as redirect ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="34944" sha1="5uy8b0d7l471lg0nz4qekpcsumjzlcu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-protected|small=yes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5uy8b0d7l471lg0nz4qekpcsumjzlcu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746808</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:14:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as redirect ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
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{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
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&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
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* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Merge then delete ====
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{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
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&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
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* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
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; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
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* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
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; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

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OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i9h6v6fkydgup6bohiyhrua0x8wuwvm</sha1>
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        <id>43074</id>
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      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as redirect ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
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{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Redirect]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dlllgqxz4zqo028owpreacucu3y63vo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746812</id>
      <parentid>746810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:17:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as rename ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
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{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Redirect]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qvyehot641j72ie1xc968y9natzby7a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746814</id>
      <parentid>746812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:18:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as merge ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
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{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Redirect]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:19:43Z</timestamp>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
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{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Redirect]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kemtwar146ke8wmxs0wjwk1lnx8i579</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746819</id>
      <parentid>746817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:20:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as merge ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746819</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35727" sha1="icrak6db43den1zwi7hgkew86vilwbu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-protected|small=yes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Redirect]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>icrak6db43den1zwi7hgkew86vilwbu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746821</id>
      <parentid>746819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:21:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as dr ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746821</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35875" sha1="5tw82ypjrypnwb3jh3hoz74k3pkvapu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-protected|small=yes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Redirect]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5tw82ypjrypnwb3jh3hoz74k3pkvapu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746823</id>
      <parentid>746821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:23:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as efwscx ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746823</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36014" sha1="lk0gs48ubu26eznh354i5tklhj9t5c9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-protected|small=yes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
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&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
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     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
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&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Redirect]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
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&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
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      <sha1>lk0gs48ubu26eznh354i5tklhj9t5c9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746825</id>
      <parentid>746823</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:28:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as Test ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746825</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36226" sha1="1tmgm8mwedfy1bfysifsd8poew6oz5b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-protected|small=yes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Redirect]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1tmgm8mwedfy1bfysifsd8poew6oz5b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746835</id>
      <parentid>746825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:44:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746835</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36342" sha1="19gyn5or3fcwqzyvdl05ukvf8t8k0ae" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-protected|small=yes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Redirect]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>19gyn5or3fcwqzyvdl05ukvf8t8k0ae</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746837</id>
      <parentid>746835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:46:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36458" sha1="631ig503asuz9y3pchhymlvkoluz81f" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-protected|small=yes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
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&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
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* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
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&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
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* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
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; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
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* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
==== Empty then delete ====

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{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
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&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
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; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:undefined]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Redirect]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
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{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

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==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ncaanq975fgst10x5wokairfpp0yqou</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746840</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:49:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as efcx ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="34794" sha1="6i2vdgu9nrvvdiplcdmhofap5d56vj3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-protected|small=yes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6i2vdgu9nrvvdiplcdmhofap5d56vj3</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>746841</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:50:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Restored revision 746838 by [[Special:Contributions/Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]])</comment>
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{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ncaanq975fgst10x5wokairfpp0yqou</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:51:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as vdx ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
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{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]


; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test4]]
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--
* ''None currently''

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==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5uvj9iop0fkvmi2yceghlmes6oxsgly</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>746849</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:55:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as All of them ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35148" sha1="8gsh3bxku01znmklqi0de5ndmaqhurs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-protected|small=yes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test4]]
==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]


; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test4]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test3]] to [[:Category:Test5]]
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8gsh3bxku01znmklqi0de5ndmaqhurs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746851</id>
      <parentid>746849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:59:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as All of them ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746851</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35484" sha1="36oyl4ue5e4tlj83s9hu8e9vmvawxvb" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-protected|small=yes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{shortcut|WP:CFD/W|WP:CFDW}}
&lt;div class=&quot;messagebox standard-talk&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
'''If''' process guidelines are met, move categories to the appropriate section '''here''' to prepare to delete.

Before deleting a category, please ensure that it is empty.

'''Please help keep this page clean!'''  Listings that have already been dealt with need to be removed quickly.
&lt;/div&gt;

__TOC__

==Discussions awaiting closure==

* List of links to individual open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Old unclosed discussions]]
* Full text of all open discussions (&gt;7 days old): [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All old discussions]]
* List of days with open discussions (&gt;7 days old): included below from [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure]]

{{Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Awaiting closure}}

== Closing procedure ==
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]
* [[Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/|Sub-pages of this page]]

== Bot ==
{{Anchor|Bots}}
{{u|JJMC89 bot III}} ([[Special:Contribs/JJMC89 bot III|contribs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Special:log/JJMC89 bot III|logs]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|docs]]) processes the requests on this page. It currently checks for new work at 17 and 47 minutes past the hour, however it may be in the middle of processing a large run at that time and hence not start another run.
{{User:JJMC89 bot/notice}}
{{cot|Process}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Process}}
{{cob}}

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

''If a category or group nomination has over 5,000 members to be updated by bot, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large]].''

==== Speedy moves ====
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     For speedy merges, use the Merge section below.
--&gt;

* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Harpies]] to [[:Category:Cultural depictions of harpies]] 
* [[:Category:3D human-computer interaction]] to [[:Category:3D human–computer interaction]] 

* [[:Category:University of Toronto libraries]] to [[:Category:University of Toronto Libraries]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball standings templates]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball navigational boxes]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) templates]]
* [[:Category:Plant paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of plants]] 
* [[:Category:Flower paintings]] to [[:Category:Paintings of flowers]] 
* [[:Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic]] to [[:Category:Sinking of the Titanic]]  
* [[:Category:Metro Conference navigational boxes]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) navigational boxes]] 

* [[:Category:Metro Conference]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995)]]  
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference baseball standings templates]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) baseball standings templates]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball seasons]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball seasons]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference men's basketball tournament]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) men's basketball tournament]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference women's basketball]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) women's basketball]]
** [[:Category:Metro Conference commissioners]] to [[:Category:Metro Conference (1975–1995) commissioners]]
* [[:Category:Tomodachi (video game series)]] to [[:Category:Tomodachi Life (series)]] 
* [[:Category:African-American history of the United States military]] to [[:Category:Military history of African Americans]]  
** [[:Category:Jewish-American military history]] to [[:Category:Military history of Jewish Americans]]
* [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraj]] to [[:Category:Films directed by Pandiraaj]] 
* [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) songs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) songs]] 
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) live albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) live albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) EPs]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) EPs]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) compilation albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) compilation albums]]
** [[:Category:Diamond Head (band) albums]] to [[:Category:Diamond Head (British band) albums]]

* [[:Category:Books on Mithila Region]] to [[:Category:Books about Mithila (region)]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School alumni]]  
* [[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School]]  
* REDIRECT[[:Category:Western Michigan University Cooley Law School faculty]] to [[:Category:Cooley Law School faculty]]  
*  [[:Category:1921 in the Soviet Union by month]] to [[:Category:1921 in Russia by month]]
** [[:Category:October 1921 in the Soviet Union]] to [[:Category:October 1921 in Russia]]  
* [[:Category:2026 United Kingdom government crisis]] to [[:Category:2026 Labour Party leadership crisis]] 

* [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]] to [[:Category:Repealed United Kingdom acts of Parliament]]  
* [[:Category:History of the American Revolution by state]] to [[:Category:American Revolution by state or territory]] 
* [[:Category:16th century military history of Croatia]] to [[:Category:16th-century military history of Croatia]] 

* [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina templates]] to [[:Category:The Citadel templates]]  
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina schools, colleges, and departments]] to [[:Category:The Citadel schools, colleges, and departments]]
** [[:Category:The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina student organizations]] to [[:Category:The Citadel student organizations]] 

*[[:Category:Welburn on Hodge Beck]] to [[:Category:Welburn, Kirkbymoorside]]  

* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game)]]  
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) featured content]]
** [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics The Last of Us (video game) good content]] 

* [[:Category:NCSoft]] to [[:Category:NC (company)]]  
** [[:Category:NCSoft games]] to [[:Category:NC (company) games]] 
* [[:Category:A-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:A-Class Visual arts articles]]  
** [[:Category:B-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:B-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:C-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:C-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Draft-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Draft-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:File-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:File-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:FL-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:FL-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:FM-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:FM-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:GA-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:GA-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:List-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:List-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:NA-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:NA-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Portal-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Portal-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Project-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Project-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Start-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Start-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Stub-Class visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Stub-Class Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Template-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Template-Class Visual arts pages]]
** [[:Category:Unassessed visual arts articles]] to [[:Category:Unassessed Visual arts articles]]
** [[:Category:Disambig-Class visual arts pages]] to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Visual arts pages]]
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro templates]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro templates]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro lines]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro lines]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro stations]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro stations]]  
* [[:Category:Stockholm metro]] to [[:Category:Stockholm Metro]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Red line (Stockholm Metro)]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro) stations]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro) stations]]  
* [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm metro)]] to [[:Category:Blue line (Stockholm Metro)]]  

* [[:Category:Executed Saudi royalty]] to [[:Category:Executed Saudi Arabian royalty]] 

* [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korean]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in South Korea]] 
* [[:Category:Dams on the Karun River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Karun]] 
* [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States]] 
* [[:Category:Former districts of Taiwan]] to [[:Category:Former districts in Taiwan]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in Spain]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in Spain]] 
* [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season]] 
** [[:Category:2024 Premier Volleyball League season by team]] to [[:Category:2024–25 Premier Volleyball League season by team]]

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. Reserves and Academy footballers]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC Reserves and Academy footballers]] 

* [[:Category:Nine Radio]] to [[:Category:Tapt Media]] 

* [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix]] to [[:Category:Detroit Grand Prix (Formula One)]] 
* * [[:Category:Goa liberation movement]] to [[:Category:Goan independence movement]]  
* [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese descent]] to [[:Category:Filipino families of Chinese ancestry]]  
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Rail transport organizations based in the United Kingdom]] to [[:Category:Rail transport organisations based in the United Kingdom]] 
* [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] to [[:Category:Burials at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]] 

* [[:Category:Economic history of the Confederate States of America]] to [[:Category:Economy of the Confederate States of America]]

* [[:Category:Monocots]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons]]  
** [[:Category:Monocots by location]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by location]]
** [[:Category:Monocots by country]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons by country]]
** [[:Category:Monocots of Australia]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledons of Australia]]
** [[:Category:Monocot families]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon families]]
** [[:Category:Monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monotypic monocot genera]] to [[:Category:Monotypic monocotyledon genera]]
** [[:Category:Monocot subfamilies]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon subfamilies]]
** [[:Category:Monocot diseases]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon diseases]]
** [[:Category:Monocot stubs]] to [[:Category:Monocotyledon stubs]]
* [[:Category:Computers Designed in the United States of America]] to [[:Category:Computers designed in the United States of America]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Women's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]] to [[:Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Cup]] 
* [[:Category:Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Mekong]]  
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong River Basin]] to [[:Category:Dams in the Mekong Basin]]
** [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Islands of the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Mekong]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Mekong]]
* [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Euphrates]]  
** [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Euphrates]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Euphrates]]
* [[:Category:Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tigris]] 
** [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Bridges over the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Dams on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Populated places on the Tigris]]
** [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris River]] to [[:Category:Tributaries of the Tigris]]
* [[:Category:Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Kosi region]]  
** [[:Category:Districts in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Districts in Kosi region]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Cities and towns in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]] to [[:Category:Railway stations in Kosi region]] 
* [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line]]  
** [[:Category:Kakhovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kakhovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Sokolnicheskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Zamoskvoretskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Filyovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Filyovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Koltsevaya Line]] to [[:Category:Koltsevaya line]]
** [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line]]
** [[:Category:Butovskaya Line]] to [[:Category:Butovskaya line]]
* [[:Category:Palauan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Palau]]  
** [[:Category:Gambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Gambia]]
** [[:Category:Zambian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Zambia]]
** [[:Category:Yemeni women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Yemen]]
** [[:Category:Uzbekistani women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Uzbekistan]]
** [[:Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[:Category:Niuean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Niue]]
* [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley and Creme]] to [[:Category:Music videos directed by Godley &amp; Creme]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organizations]] to [[:Category:Hindutva paramilitary organisations]] 
* [[:Category:Russian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Russia]] 
* [[:Category:Kosovan women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Kosovo]] 
* [[:Category:Dominica women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Dominica]] 
* [[:Category:Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
* [[:Category:Central African Republic women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Central African Republic]] 
* [[:Category:Cape Verdean women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Cape Verde]] 
* [[:Category:Botswana women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Botswana]] 
* [[:Category:Burundian women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Burundi]] 
* [[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina women ambassadors]] to [[:Category:Women ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 

* [[:Category:Poverty in television]] to [[:Category:Television shows about poverty]] 

* [[:Category:Television about mental health]] to [[:Category:Television shows about mental health]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the internment of Japanese Americans]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the internment of Japanese Americans]] 
* [[:Category:Television about Bigfoot]] to [[:Category:Television series about Bigfoot]] 
* [[:Category:Television about the American Revolution]] to [[:Category:Television shows about the American Revolution]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien abduction]] to [[:Category:Television shows about alien abduction]] 
* [[:Category:Animated television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Animated television series about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about unicorns]] to [[:Category:Television shows about unicorns]] 
* [[:Category:Television about werewolves]] to [[:Category:Television shows about werewolves]] 
* [[:Category:Television about alien invasions]] to [[:Category:Television series about alien invasions]] 

* [[:Category:Transhumanism in television series]] to [[:Category:Television series about transhumanism]] 
* [[:Category:Transhumanism in film]] to [[:Category:Films about transhumanism]] 
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. players]] to [[:Category:Toluca FC players]] 
* [[:Category:Actors and actresses who died by suicide]] to [[:Category:Actors who died by suicide]] 
** [[:Category:Lists of boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Lists of women boxers]] to [[:Category:Lists of women boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Fictional boxers]] to [[:Category:Fictional boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Ancient boxers]] to [[:Category:Ancient boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Jewish boxers]] to [[:Category:Jewish boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Male boxers]] to [[:Category:Male boxers (sport)]]
** [[:Category:Women boxers]] to [[:Category:Women boxers (sport)]]
* [[:Category:Po basin succession templates]] to [[:Category:Po (river) basin succession templates]] 
* [[:Category:Dream]] to [[:Category:Dreams]] 

* REDIRECT [[:Category:Championnat National seasons]] to [[:Category:Ligue 3 seasons]] 

* [[:Category:Spawn (comics)]] to [[:Category:Spawn (character)]] 
* [[:Category:Industry stubs]] to [[:Category:Secondary sector stubs]] 
* [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel]] to [[:Category:1948 massacres of Jews in Israel and Palestine]] 

* [[:Category:Congolese LGBTQ rights activists]] to [[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo LGBTQ rights activists]]  
* [[:Category:Basildon (town)]] to [[:Category:Basildon]] 

* [[:Category:People educated at St. Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] to [[:Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent]] 
** [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:4th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]
** [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman North Africa]] to [[:Category:5th-century bishops in Roman Africa]]

* [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures by country]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures by country]]  
** [[:Category:Heritage listed buildings and structures in South Korea]] to [[:Category:Heritage-listed buildings and structures in South Korea]]
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War franchise]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics God of War (franchise)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Yo (Inna album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics She Wolf (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana series]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mana (series) series]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Mami (album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics MNM (professional wrestling)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez good content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) good content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez featured content]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game) featured content]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Fez (video game)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)]] 
* [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language]] to [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)]] 

* [[:Category:Magician templates]] to [[:Category:Magician navigational boxes]] 
* [[:Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]] to [[:Category:Railway stations served by Greater Thameslink Railway]]  

** [[:Category:People associated with Santiniketan]] to [[:Category:People associated with Shantiniketan]]

* [[:Category:Umm Al Quwain user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Umm Al Quwain user templates]] 
* [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA Fighters]] to [[:Category:Kunlun Fight MMA fighters]]  
* [[:Category:ISIL attacks by target]] to [[:Category:Islamic State attacks by target]]  
** [[:Category:Suicide bombings by ISIL]] to [[:Category:Islamic State suicide bombings]]
** [[:Category:Abu Dhabi user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Abu Dhabi user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ajman user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ajman user templates]]
** [[:Category:Dubai user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Dubai user templates]]
** [[:Category:Fujairah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Fujairah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Sharjah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Sharjah user templates]]
** [[:Category:Ras Al Khaimah user templates]] to [[:Category:Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah user templates]]

* [[:Category:Orlando nightclub shooting]] to [[:Category:Pulse nightclub shooting]] 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Move mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing articles]] to [[:Category:AfC submissions with the same name as existing mainspace pages]]
:* '''Propose renaming''' [[:Category:International Space Station in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set on the International Space Station]]

* [[:Category:Tracey Ullman characters]] to [[:Category:Characters created by Tracey Ullman]]
* [[:Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]] to [[:Category:Sage Publishing academic journals]]
* [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Fictional shapeshifters by work]]
* [[:Category:Film characters by franchise]] to [[:Category:Film characters by work]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]] to [[:Category:Individual rooms in the White House]]
* [[:Category:Time travel devices]] to [[:Category:Time machines]]
* [[:Category:University of London in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of London]]
* [[:Category:University of Oxford in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in the University of Oxford]]
* [[:Category:Secondary schools in fiction]] to [[:Category:Works set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:Novels set in high schools and secondary schools]] to [[:Category:Novels set in secondary schools]]
* [[:Category:High school-themed video games]] to [[:Category:Video games set in secondary schools]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 13]]
* [[:Category:Cabinet of Norway]] to [[:Category:Cabinets of Norway]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 12]]
* [[:Category:Marshall School of Business alumni]] to [[:Category:USC Marshall School of Business alumni]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 9]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:People of Mexican Texas]] to [[:Category:People from Coahuila y Tejas]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 8]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject AI Cleanup open cases]] to [[:Category:AI noticeboard open cleanup cases]]


; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test4]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test4]]
&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Merge then delete ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Merge mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For speedy merges, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when merging, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]]
     For multiple targets, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]]…
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Belize]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina]] and [[:category:Ambassadors to Belize]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Czechoslovakia]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Czechoslovakia]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Denmark]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Denmark]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to the Dominican Republic]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to the Dominican Republic]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of Argentina to Ecuador]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors to Ecuador]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Fiji]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Fiji]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to Japan]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to Japan]]
* [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands to the United States]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Ambassadors to the United States]]
* [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Lists of ambassadors by country of origin]], [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]], [[:Category:Marshall Islands diplomacy-related lists]]
* [[:Category:Women ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] to [[:Category:Ambassadors of the Marshall Islands]] and [[:Category:Women ambassadors]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Thailand]] to [[:Category:April 1962 in Asia]] and [[:Category:April 1962 in sports]]
* [[:Category:State cabinet ministers of India]] to [[:Category:Ministers of states and union territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Sub-National Polish Politics]] to [[:Category:Politics of Poland]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 26]]
* [[:Category:Telugu dialects]] to [[:Category:Telugu language]] and [[:Category:Dialects]]
* [[:Category:Hindko language]] to [[:Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[:Category:Hindko dialects]] to [[:Category:Punjabi-language dialects]]
* [[:Category:Military units and formations of Latvian Riflemen]] to [[:Category:Latvian Riflemen]]
* [[:Category:University of Toronto stubs]] to [[:Category:Canada university stubs]]
* [[:Category:1951 establishments in Weifang]] to [[:Category:1951 establishments in China]]


; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test4]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test3]] to [[:Category:Test5]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test3]] to [[:Category:Test5]]
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====

{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Empty mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
OR
* {{lc|Name of category}}
--&gt;

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 27]]
* [[:Category:Public services by city]]
* [[:Category:Healthcare in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Health care in Algeria by city]]
* [[:Category:Public services in Oran]]
* [[:Category:Public services of Algeria]]
* [[:Category:Game Plan pinball machines]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 in Thailand]]
* [[:Category:1962 in Thailand by month]]
* [[:Category:April 1962 sports events in Asia]]
* [[:Category:Elections in Grand Est]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 25]]
* [[:Category:1932 establishments in Jinhua]]
* [[:Category:Paul Wittgenstein]]
* [[:Category:Astoria, Oregon micropolitan area]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 23]]
* [[:Category:Airlines of Baja California]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 20]]
* [[:Category:Nyeusigrube]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]
* [[:Category:Santiago High School (Garden Grove, California)]] 

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 May 16]]
* [[:Category:Landed societies at Yale]]
* [[:Category:Right of asylum in Malaysia]]

&lt;!--

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]

; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks, Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Retain ====
{{cot|Bot information}}
{{#lsth:User:JJMC89 bot III/tasks/CFDW|Retain mode}}
{{cob}}
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]] - result (e.g. keep, no consensus, not renamed)
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;

* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

=== Old by month categories with entries ===
This section lists old maintenance categories that should be empty but are not. This can result from reversions of pages, incomplete nominations, bot errors, backlogs or pending manual work.
&lt;!--List entries in this format * {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with NNN to be processed
Please leave this message.--&gt;
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from January 2026}} – started with 650 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from February 2026}} – started with 804 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from March 2026}} – started with 1,074 to be processed
* {{clc|Categories for discussion from April 2026}} – started with 1,027 to be processed
&lt;!--
* ''None currently''
&lt;!--End of list. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>36oyl4ue5e4tlj83s9hu8e9vmvawxvb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Sandbox</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>107092</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746744</id>
      <parentid>744524</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:22:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35163-09</username>
        <id>74433</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>746744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="93" sha1="jyjae3c03pl1ewq2s6o3ow86stkj2z8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Sandbox}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== Please start your testing below this line ==
Qwertyuiop</text>
      <sha1>jyjae3c03pl1ewq2s6o3ow86stkj2z8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746745</id>
      <parentid>746744</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:23:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35163-09</username>
        <id>74433</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>746745</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="82" sha1="9v37rcaxoiwjar8n3q9n7dcsjdvcyin" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Sandbox}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== Please start your testing below this line ==</text>
      <sha1>9v37rcaxoiwjar8n3q9n7dcsjdvcyin</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:High-use</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>108644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746861</id>
      <parentid>687212</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T03:27:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Zackmann08</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>updating approximate number of total pages. Per [[Special:Statistics]] today's count is 65,771,384.</comment>
      <origin>746861</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="9348" sha1="pgnzyi7fcgxxcdx8zcvenpw5okbsonv" xml:space="preserve">require('strict')

local p = {}
local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs

local _fetch = require('Module:Transclusion_count')._fetch -- _fetch looks at the 'demo' argument
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')

local lang_obj = mw.getContentLanguage() -- this here because the language object is used multiple places in the module
local large_count_cutoff = 100000
local approx_num_total_pages = 65700000

local user_subpage_info_page = 'Wikipedia:User pages#SUB'
local sandbox_module_page = 'Module:Sandbox'
local system_messages_cat = 'Pages used in system messages needing protection'
local sandbox_word = 'sandbox'
local testcases_word = 'testcases'
local doc_word = 'doc'

local function count_from_args(args)
	if tonumber(args.count) then -- check if function has already been used
		return tonumber(args.count) -- early exit if so
	end
	
	local count
	
	if yesno(args['fetch']) ~= false then
		count = _fetch(args) -- fetch transclusion count
	end
	
	-- use explicitly-provided count when fetch fails
	if count == nil and args[1] ~= nil and args[1] ~= '' then
		-- convert local language number string to a number understandable by Lua
		count = mw.ustring.gsub(args[1], '+$', '')
		count = lang_obj:parseFormattedNumber(args[1])
	end
	
	-- in case someone writes a non-positive number
	if count and count &gt; 0 then
		return count
	end
	
	return nil
end

-- Actions if there is a large (greater than or equal to 100,000) transclusion count
local function risk_boolean(args)
	if args.risk == true or args.risk == false then
		return args.risk
	elseif args[1]  == 'risk' then
		return true
	else
		local count = count_from_args(args)
		if count and count &gt;= large_count_cutoff then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end

-- function retained for backwards compatibility
function p._risk(args)
	return risk_boolean(args) and 'risk' or ''
end

-- function retained for backwards compatibility
function p.risk(frame)
	return p._risk(getArgs(frame))
end

-- count and no_percent arguments retained for backwards compatibility
function p._num(args, count, no_percent)
	if count == nil then
		count = count_from_args(args)
	end
	args.count = count
	args.risk = risk_boolean(args)
	
	-- Build output string
	local return_value = ''
	if args.count == nil and args.risk then
		return 'a very large number of'
	elseif args.count == nil then
		return 'many'
	else
		-- Use 2 significant figures for smaller numbers and 3 for larger ones
		local sigfig = 2
		if args.count &gt;= large_count_cutoff then
			sigfig = 3
		end
		
		-- Prepare to round to appropriate number of sigfigs
		local f = math.floor(math.log10(args.count)) - sigfig + 1
		
		-- Round and insert 'approximately' or '+' when appropriate
		if yesno(args[2]) == true or (type(args[1]) == 'string' and (mw.ustring.sub(args[1], -1) == '+')) then
			-- Round down
			return_value = string.format('%s+', lang_obj:formatNum(math.floor( (args.count / 10^(f)) ) * (10^(f))) )
		else
			-- Round to nearest
			return_value = string.format('approximately&amp;#x20;%s', lang_obj:formatNum(math.floor( (args.count / 10^(f)) + 0.5) * (10^(f))) )
		end
		
		-- Insert percentage of pages if that is likely to be &gt;= 1% and when |no-percent= not set to yes
		no_percent = yesno(no_percent or args['no-percent'])
		if args.count and args.count &gt;= approx_num_total_pages/100 and not no_percent then
			local num_total_pages = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('NUMBEROFPAGES', 'R')
			local total_percent = math.floor( ( ( args.count/num_total_pages ) * 100) + 0.5)
			
			if total_percent &gt;= 1 then
				return_value = string.format('%s&amp;#x20;pages, or roughly %s%% of all', return_value, total_percent)
			end
		end	
	end
	
	return return_value
end

-- used by [[Template:Stub documentation]] and other pages
-- count argument retained for backwards compatibility
function p.num(frame, count)
	return p._num(getArgs(frame), count)
end

-- count argument retained for backwards compatibility
function p._text(args, count)
	--[=[
		Only show the information about how this template gets updated
		if someone is actually editing the page and maybe trying to update the count.
	]=]
	local bot_text = (mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess('{{REVISIONID}}') == '') and (&quot;\n\n----\n'''Preview message''':&quot; .. ' Transclusion count updated automatically ([[Template:High-use/doc#Technical details|see documentation]]).') or ''
	
	if count == nil then
		count = count_from_args(args)
	end
	args.count = count
	args.risk = risk_boolean(args)
	
	-- trim /doc, /sandbox and /testcases
	local title = args.title or (args.demo and args.demo ~= '' and mw.title.new(args.demo, 'Template')) or mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	if title.subpageText == doc_word or title.subpageText == sandbox_word or title.subpageText == testcases_word then
		title = title.basePageTitle
	end
	
	-- use /testcases of base template
	local testcases_page = mw.title.new(title.prefixedText .. '/' .. testcases_word)
	-- exists is expensive
	while testcases_page.basePageTitle.isSubpage and not testcases_page.exists do
		testcases_page = mw.title.new(testcases_page.basePageTitle.basePageTitle.prefixedText .. '/' .. testcases_word)
	end
	
	local systemMessages = (args['system'] or '') ~= ''
	
	-- This retrieves the project URL automatically to simplify localization.
	local templateCount = ('on [https://linkcount.toolforge.org/?project=%s&amp;page=%s#transclusions %s pages]'):format(
		title:fullUrl():gsub('//(.-)/.*', '%1'),
		mw.uri.encode(title.fullText), p._num(args))
	local used_on_text = &quot;'''This &quot; .. (title:inNamespace('Module') and 'Lua module' or 'template') .. ' is used '
	if systemMessages then
		used_on_text = used_on_text .. args['system'] ..
			((args.count and args.count &gt; 2000) and (&quot;''', and &quot; .. templateCount) or (&quot;'''&quot;))
	else
		used_on_text = used_on_text .. templateCount .. &quot;'''&quot;
	end
	
	local sandbox_text = ('%s\'s [[%s/sandbox|/sandbox]] or [[%s|/testcases]] subpages, or in your own [[%s]]. '):format(
		title:inNamespace('Module') and 'module' or 'template',
		title.fullText,
		testcases_page.fullText,
		title:inNamespace('Module') and (sandbox_module_page .. '|module sandbox') or (user_subpage_info_page .. '|user subpage')
	)
	
	local infoArg = args['info'] ~= '' and args['info']
	if (systemMessages or args.risk) then
		local info = '.'
		if systemMessages then
			info = info .. '&lt;br /&gt;Changes to it can cause immediate changes to the ' .. mw.site.namespaces.Project.name .. ' user interface.'
		end
		if infoArg then
			info = info .. '&lt;br /&gt;' .. infoArg
		end
		sandbox_text = info .. '&lt;br /&gt; To avoid major disruption' ..
			(args.count and args.count &gt;= large_count_cutoff and ' and server load' or '') .. -- should this use args.risk?
			', any changes should be tested in the ' .. sandbox_text ..
			'The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. '
	else
		sandbox_text = (infoArg and ('.&lt;br /&gt;' .. infoArg .. ' C') or ' and c') ..
			'hanges may be widely noticed. Test changes in the ' .. sandbox_text
	end
	
	local discussion_text = systemMessages and 'Please discuss changes ' or 'Consider discussing changes '
	if args[2] ~= nil and args[2] ~= '' and yesno(args[2]) == nil then
		discussion_text = string.format('%sat [[%s]]', discussion_text, args[2])
	else
		discussion_text = string.format('%son the [[%s|talk page]]', discussion_text, title.talkPageTitle.fullText)
	end
	
	return used_on_text .. sandbox_text .. discussion_text .. ' before implementing them.' .. bot_text
end

-- used by [[Template:R from high-use template]]
-- count argument retained for backwards compatibility
function p.text(frame, count)
	return p._text(getArgs(frame), count)
end

-- nocat argument retained for backwards compatibility
function p._main(args, nocat)
	args.count = count_from_args(args)
	args.risk = risk_boolean(args)
	args.title = (args.demo and args.demo ~= '' and mw.title.new(args.demo, 'Template')) or mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	
	local image = 'Ambox warning yellow.svg'
	local type_param = 'style'
	local epilogue = ''
	
	if args['system'] and args['system'] ~= '' then
		image = 'Ambox important.svg'
		type_param = 'content'
		if yesno(nocat or args['nocat']) ~= true and not args.title.isRedirect then
			local protection_action = (args.title:inNamespace('File') and 'upload') or 'edit'
			local protection_level = require('Module:Effective protection level')._main(protection_action, args.title.fullText)
			
			if protection_level ~= 'sysop' and protection_level ~= 'templateeditor' and protection_level ~= 'interfaceadmin' then
				epilogue = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate {
					title = 'sandbox other',
					args = {
						[2] = '[[Category:' .. system_messages_cat .. ']]'
					}
				}
			end
		end
	elseif args.risk then
		image = 'Ambox warning orange.svg'
		type_param = 'content'
	end
	
	image = '[[File:' .. image .. '|40px|alt=Warning|link=]]'
	if args['form'] == 'editnotice' then
		return mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{
				title = 'editnotice',
				args = {
						['image'] = image,
						['text'] = p._text(args),
						['expiry'] = (args['expiry'] or '')
				}
		} .. epilogue
	else
		return require('Module:Message box').main('ombox', {
			type = type_param,
			image = image,
			text = p._text(args),
			expiry = (args['expiry'] or '')
		}) .. epilogue
	end
end

function p.main(frame)
	return p._main(getArgs(frame))
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>pgnzyi7fcgxxcdx8zcvenpw5okbsonv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746862</id>
      <parentid>746861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:23:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Robertsky</username>
        <id>51025</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:High-use]]</comment>
      <origin>746861</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="9348" sha1="pgnzyi7fcgxxcdx8zcvenpw5okbsonv" xml:space="preserve">require('strict')

local p = {}
local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs

local _fetch = require('Module:Transclusion_count')._fetch -- _fetch looks at the 'demo' argument
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')

local lang_obj = mw.getContentLanguage() -- this here because the language object is used multiple places in the module
local large_count_cutoff = 100000
local approx_num_total_pages = 65700000

local user_subpage_info_page = 'Wikipedia:User pages#SUB'
local sandbox_module_page = 'Module:Sandbox'
local system_messages_cat = 'Pages used in system messages needing protection'
local sandbox_word = 'sandbox'
local testcases_word = 'testcases'
local doc_word = 'doc'

local function count_from_args(args)
	if tonumber(args.count) then -- check if function has already been used
		return tonumber(args.count) -- early exit if so
	end
	
	local count
	
	if yesno(args['fetch']) ~= false then
		count = _fetch(args) -- fetch transclusion count
	end
	
	-- use explicitly-provided count when fetch fails
	if count == nil and args[1] ~= nil and args[1] ~= '' then
		-- convert local language number string to a number understandable by Lua
		count = mw.ustring.gsub(args[1], '+$', '')
		count = lang_obj:parseFormattedNumber(args[1])
	end
	
	-- in case someone writes a non-positive number
	if count and count &gt; 0 then
		return count
	end
	
	return nil
end

-- Actions if there is a large (greater than or equal to 100,000) transclusion count
local function risk_boolean(args)
	if args.risk == true or args.risk == false then
		return args.risk
	elseif args[1]  == 'risk' then
		return true
	else
		local count = count_from_args(args)
		if count and count &gt;= large_count_cutoff then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end

-- function retained for backwards compatibility
function p._risk(args)
	return risk_boolean(args) and 'risk' or ''
end

-- function retained for backwards compatibility
function p.risk(frame)
	return p._risk(getArgs(frame))
end

-- count and no_percent arguments retained for backwards compatibility
function p._num(args, count, no_percent)
	if count == nil then
		count = count_from_args(args)
	end
	args.count = count
	args.risk = risk_boolean(args)
	
	-- Build output string
	local return_value = ''
	if args.count == nil and args.risk then
		return 'a very large number of'
	elseif args.count == nil then
		return 'many'
	else
		-- Use 2 significant figures for smaller numbers and 3 for larger ones
		local sigfig = 2
		if args.count &gt;= large_count_cutoff then
			sigfig = 3
		end
		
		-- Prepare to round to appropriate number of sigfigs
		local f = math.floor(math.log10(args.count)) - sigfig + 1
		
		-- Round and insert 'approximately' or '+' when appropriate
		if yesno(args[2]) == true or (type(args[1]) == 'string' and (mw.ustring.sub(args[1], -1) == '+')) then
			-- Round down
			return_value = string.format('%s+', lang_obj:formatNum(math.floor( (args.count / 10^(f)) ) * (10^(f))) )
		else
			-- Round to nearest
			return_value = string.format('approximately&amp;#x20;%s', lang_obj:formatNum(math.floor( (args.count / 10^(f)) + 0.5) * (10^(f))) )
		end
		
		-- Insert percentage of pages if that is likely to be &gt;= 1% and when |no-percent= not set to yes
		no_percent = yesno(no_percent or args['no-percent'])
		if args.count and args.count &gt;= approx_num_total_pages/100 and not no_percent then
			local num_total_pages = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('NUMBEROFPAGES', 'R')
			local total_percent = math.floor( ( ( args.count/num_total_pages ) * 100) + 0.5)
			
			if total_percent &gt;= 1 then
				return_value = string.format('%s&amp;#x20;pages, or roughly %s%% of all', return_value, total_percent)
			end
		end	
	end
	
	return return_value
end

-- used by [[Template:Stub documentation]] and other pages
-- count argument retained for backwards compatibility
function p.num(frame, count)
	return p._num(getArgs(frame), count)
end

-- count argument retained for backwards compatibility
function p._text(args, count)
	--[=[
		Only show the information about how this template gets updated
		if someone is actually editing the page and maybe trying to update the count.
	]=]
	local bot_text = (mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess('{{REVISIONID}}') == '') and (&quot;\n\n----\n'''Preview message''':&quot; .. ' Transclusion count updated automatically ([[Template:High-use/doc#Technical details|see documentation]]).') or ''
	
	if count == nil then
		count = count_from_args(args)
	end
	args.count = count
	args.risk = risk_boolean(args)
	
	-- trim /doc, /sandbox and /testcases
	local title = args.title or (args.demo and args.demo ~= '' and mw.title.new(args.demo, 'Template')) or mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	if title.subpageText == doc_word or title.subpageText == sandbox_word or title.subpageText == testcases_word then
		title = title.basePageTitle
	end
	
	-- use /testcases of base template
	local testcases_page = mw.title.new(title.prefixedText .. '/' .. testcases_word)
	-- exists is expensive
	while testcases_page.basePageTitle.isSubpage and not testcases_page.exists do
		testcases_page = mw.title.new(testcases_page.basePageTitle.basePageTitle.prefixedText .. '/' .. testcases_word)
	end
	
	local systemMessages = (args['system'] or '') ~= ''
	
	-- This retrieves the project URL automatically to simplify localization.
	local templateCount = ('on [https://linkcount.toolforge.org/?project=%s&amp;page=%s#transclusions %s pages]'):format(
		title:fullUrl():gsub('//(.-)/.*', '%1'),
		mw.uri.encode(title.fullText), p._num(args))
	local used_on_text = &quot;'''This &quot; .. (title:inNamespace('Module') and 'Lua module' or 'template') .. ' is used '
	if systemMessages then
		used_on_text = used_on_text .. args['system'] ..
			((args.count and args.count &gt; 2000) and (&quot;''', and &quot; .. templateCount) or (&quot;'''&quot;))
	else
		used_on_text = used_on_text .. templateCount .. &quot;'''&quot;
	end
	
	local sandbox_text = ('%s\'s [[%s/sandbox|/sandbox]] or [[%s|/testcases]] subpages, or in your own [[%s]]. '):format(
		title:inNamespace('Module') and 'module' or 'template',
		title.fullText,
		testcases_page.fullText,
		title:inNamespace('Module') and (sandbox_module_page .. '|module sandbox') or (user_subpage_info_page .. '|user subpage')
	)
	
	local infoArg = args['info'] ~= '' and args['info']
	if (systemMessages or args.risk) then
		local info = '.'
		if systemMessages then
			info = info .. '&lt;br /&gt;Changes to it can cause immediate changes to the ' .. mw.site.namespaces.Project.name .. ' user interface.'
		end
		if infoArg then
			info = info .. '&lt;br /&gt;' .. infoArg
		end
		sandbox_text = info .. '&lt;br /&gt; To avoid major disruption' ..
			(args.count and args.count &gt;= large_count_cutoff and ' and server load' or '') .. -- should this use args.risk?
			', any changes should be tested in the ' .. sandbox_text ..
			'The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. '
	else
		sandbox_text = (infoArg and ('.&lt;br /&gt;' .. infoArg .. ' C') or ' and c') ..
			'hanges may be widely noticed. Test changes in the ' .. sandbox_text
	end
	
	local discussion_text = systemMessages and 'Please discuss changes ' or 'Consider discussing changes '
	if args[2] ~= nil and args[2] ~= '' and yesno(args[2]) == nil then
		discussion_text = string.format('%sat [[%s]]', discussion_text, args[2])
	else
		discussion_text = string.format('%son the [[%s|talk page]]', discussion_text, title.talkPageTitle.fullText)
	end
	
	return used_on_text .. sandbox_text .. discussion_text .. ' before implementing them.' .. bot_text
end

-- used by [[Template:R from high-use template]]
-- count argument retained for backwards compatibility
function p.text(frame, count)
	return p._text(getArgs(frame), count)
end

-- nocat argument retained for backwards compatibility
function p._main(args, nocat)
	args.count = count_from_args(args)
	args.risk = risk_boolean(args)
	args.title = (args.demo and args.demo ~= '' and mw.title.new(args.demo, 'Template')) or mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	
	local image = 'Ambox warning yellow.svg'
	local type_param = 'style'
	local epilogue = ''
	
	if args['system'] and args['system'] ~= '' then
		image = 'Ambox important.svg'
		type_param = 'content'
		if yesno(nocat or args['nocat']) ~= true and not args.title.isRedirect then
			local protection_action = (args.title:inNamespace('File') and 'upload') or 'edit'
			local protection_level = require('Module:Effective protection level')._main(protection_action, args.title.fullText)
			
			if protection_level ~= 'sysop' and protection_level ~= 'templateeditor' and protection_level ~= 'interfaceadmin' then
				epilogue = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate {
					title = 'sandbox other',
					args = {
						[2] = '[[Category:' .. system_messages_cat .. ']]'
					}
				}
			end
		end
	elseif args.risk then
		image = 'Ambox warning orange.svg'
		type_param = 'content'
	end
	
	image = '[[File:' .. image .. '|40px|alt=Warning|link=]]'
	if args['form'] == 'editnotice' then
		return mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{
				title = 'editnotice',
				args = {
						['image'] = image,
						['text'] = p._text(args),
						['expiry'] = (args['expiry'] or '')
				}
		} .. epilogue
	else
		return require('Module:Message box').main('ombox', {
			type = type_param,
			image = image,
			text = p._text(args),
			expiry = (args['expiry'] or '')
		}) .. epilogue
	end
end

function p.main(frame)
	return p._main(getArgs(frame))
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>pgnzyi7fcgxxcdx8zcvenpw5okbsonv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>OrlandoCon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>113242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746949</id>
      <parentid>689909</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:25:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35229-64</username>
        <id>74456</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>746949</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11846" sha1="htx8kunsebxq3phjreuf6m2cptkevxi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Convention
|name       = OrlandoCon
|image      = 
|caption    =
|status     = Defunct
|genre      = Comic books, TV, and movies
|venue      = International Inn
|location   = [[Orlando]], [[Florida]]
|country    = United States
|first      = 1974
|last       = 1996
|organizer = [[Jim Ivey]] &amp; Charlie Roberts&lt;ref name=Fratz /&gt;
|filing     = for-profit
|attendance = 
|website    = 
}}
'''OrlandoCon''', also known as '''O'Con''', was a long-running [[comic book]] [[Comic convention|fan convention]] which was held annually between [[1974 in comics|1974]] and 1996 in [[Orlando]], [[Florida]]. The first comic book convention held in the Orlando area, OrlandoCon billed itself as a &quot;Central Florida comic art convention and early TV/film festival.&quot; [[Captain Marvel (DC Comics)|Captain Marvel]]-creator [[C. C. Beck]] was a regular guest of the show; as were many other [[Golden Age of Comic Books]] creators who lived in the Orlando area. Test. 

The founders of OrlandoCon were regional chairman of the [[National Cartoonists Society]] [[Jim Ivey]],&lt;ref name=TCJ219 /&gt; and local enthusiasts Charlie Roberts, Richard Kravitz, Rob Word, and Neil Austin.&lt;ref name=Scoop /&gt; Most OrlandoCons took place over a September weekend. test.

== Events and activities ==
Each year's show featured a banquet for attending cartoonists and the presentation to the guest of honor of a gold brick called the Ignatz Award&lt;ref name=&quot;TCJ219&quot;&gt;[[R. C. Harvey|Harvey, R. C.]] &quot;Blood &amp; Thunder: Two for Cho,&quot; ''The Comics Journal'' #219 (Jan. 2000), p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; named in honor of [[George Herriman]]'s ''[[Krazy Kat]]''. Recipients of the Ignatz included [[Don Martin (cartoonist)|Don Martin]],&lt;ref&gt;Boyar, Jay. [http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1985-05-12/news/0300060290_1_mad-don-martin-ridiculous-pictures &quot;The Real Don Martin We All Grew Up On His Cartoons. Fortunately, So Did He.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228195921/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1985-05-12/news/0300060290_1_mad-don-martin-ridiculous-pictures |date=2013-12-28 }} ''Orlando Sentinel'' (May 12, 1985).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Joe Kubert]], [[Martin Nodell]], and [[Don Addis]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sptimes.com/Comics/addis_bio.shtml &quot;About Don Addis,&quot;] ''St. Petersburg Times''. Accessed Jan. 4, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; (The OrlandoCon Ignatz Award is not connected to the [[Ignatz Award|current award of the same name]] presented annually at the [[Bethesda, Maryland]]-based [[Small Press Expo]].)

Each show featured a charity auction to benefit the [[Milt Gross]] Fund of the [[National Cartoonists Society]].&lt;ref name=Scoop&gt;Roberts, Charlie. [http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/Home/4/1/73/1017?articleID=112322 &quot;Milton Caniff and Shel Dorf: A Personal View,&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225201333/http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/Home/4/1/73/1017?articleID=112322 |date=2013-12-25 }} ''Scoop''. Accessed Dec. 24, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; The OrlandoCon often featured screenings of early TV shows, as well as panels, seminars, and workshops with comic book professionals. In addition, there was a floorspace for exhibitors, including comic book dealers and [[collectibles]] merchants. The show included an autograph area, as well as an Artists' Alley where comics artists signed autographs and sold or produced free sketches.

==History==
The first OrlandoCon was held in September 1974 at the Orlando [[Howard Johnson's]] Convention Center — guests include [[C. C. Beck]], [[Roy Crane]], [[Hal Foster]], [[Ron Goulart]], {{ill|Mel Graff|fr}}, [[Les Turner]], [[Ralph Dunagin]], [[Bill Crooks (comics)|Bill Crooks]], [[Harold McCauley]], &quot;[[Scorchy Smith]]&quot; artist [[Edmund Good]], and Disney artist [[Ralph Kent]].

In 1976 OrlandoCon moved venues from the Howard Johnson Convention Center to the International Inn, where the convention stayed for most of the rest of its existence.

Even though he moved to Pennsylvania in 1974, Charlie Roberts stayed with the OrlandoCon as co-organizer with Jim Ivey until 1979,&lt;ref&gt;[http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/Home/4/1/73/1013?articleID=136554 &quot;Superstars: The Charlie Roberts Collection at Hake’s,&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227024337/http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/Home/4/1/73/1013?articleID=136554 |date=2013-12-27 }} ''Scoop''. Accessed Dec. 24, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; at which point small press publisher [[Bill Black (comics)|Bill Black]] became involved with the convention.

With the collapse of the [[Comic book collecting|comic book speculating market]] in 1993, the show petered out. One of the final OrlandoCons was produced by local retailer Mike Kott on September 10–11, 1994, at the Clarion Towers; guests include show founder Jim Ivey and [[Martin Nodell]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sentinal94&quot;/&gt;

=== Locations and dates ===
{{Missing information|section|dates, venues, Ignatz Award recipients, and guests |date=December 2013}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Dates !! Venue !! Guest of honor/&lt;br /&gt;Ignatz Award recipient || Official guests !! Notes
|-
| September 1974 || [[Howard Johnson's]] Convention Center ||  || [[C. C. Beck]], [[Roy Crane]], [[Hal Foster]], [[Ron Goulart]], [[Mel Graff]], [[Les Turner]], [[Ralph Dunagin]], [[Bill Crooks (comics)|Bill Crooks]], [[Harold McCauley]], &quot;[[Scorchy Smith]]&quot; artist [[Edmund Good]], and Disney artist [[Ralph Kent]] ||  Convention booklet featured a cover sketch by [[Roy Crane]]; the back cover was illustrated by [[C.C. Beck]].
|-
| August 16–17, 1975 || Howard Johnson Convention Center || [[Burne Hogarth]] || [[Harvey Kurtzman]], [[Roy Crane]], [[Hal Foster]], and [[Ralph Kent]] || Program booklet cover by [[Harvey Kurtzman]]
|-
| September 18–19,&lt;ref name=Grimes&gt;Grimes, Paul. [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1976/05/30/75604691.pdf &quot;Fantasy Boom: The Profits Are Real; Fantasy Boom: $50,000 a Weekend, $2 Million a Year,&quot;] ''New York Times'' (May 30, 1976).&lt;/ref&gt; 1976 || International Inn ||  || [[Jack Davis (cartoonist)|Jack Davis]], [[Harvey Kurtzman]],&lt;ref name=Fratz&gt;Fratz, Doug. &quot;TNJ Listings,&quot; ''The New Nostalgia Journal'' #28 (Aug. 1976), p. 39.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Floyd Gottfredson]] ||  Program cover by [[Jack Davis (cartoonist)|Jack Davis]], with interior profiles of [[Floyd Gottfredson]] and Mel Graff
|-
| 1977 ||  ||  || [[Walter B. Gibson]], [[Ralph Dunagin]] and ''[[Scorchy Smith]]''&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;s [[Edmund Good]] || Program booklet cover featured [[The Spirit]], drawn by [[Will Eisner]]; the back cover was drawn by [[Bob Clampett]]; and interior art by, among others, [[Les Turner]], [[C. C. Beck]], [[Bill Black (comics)|Bill Black]], [[Morris Weiss]], and [[Zack Mosley]]. 
|-
| 1978 ||  ||  || [[Will Eisner]], [[Bob Clampett]], [[Les Turner]], [[Ralph Dunagin]], [[C. C. Beck]], [[Edmund Good]], [[Bill Black (comics)|Bill Black]], [[Morris Weiss]], [[Ralph Kent]], [[Bill Crooks (comics)|Bill Crooks]], and [[Zack Mosley]] || Program cover by [[Will Eisner]]
|-
| 1979 ||  || [[Robert Cummings]] and [[Kirby Grant]] || [[Will Eisner]], [[C. C. Beck]], and [[Jack Rosen (artist)|Jack Rosen]] || 
|-
| 1980 ||  ||  [[Jock Mahoney]] (&quot;media guest of honor&quot;) || [[Gil Kane]] and [[Autumn Russell]]  ||
|-
| 1981 ||  || Dik Browne&lt;ref&gt;Dik Browne was unable to attend the convention &amp; banquet; Fred Lasswell accepted the Ignatz Award on his behalf.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[C. C. Beck]],&lt;ref&gt;Hamerlinck, P.C., &quot;I'll Never Forget C. C. Beck: C. C. Beck, Captain Marvel's Chief Artist,&quot; ''Fawcett Companion: The Best of FCA, Fawcett Collectors of America'' (TwoMorrows Publishing, 2001), p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Fred Lasswell]] || Program book, with a cover by [[Dik Browne]], celebrating &quot;Florida's 70 Cartoonists&quot;
|-
| 1982 || International Inn&lt;ref&gt;Greatrex, Dana. &quot;Comic Book Collecting, a Hobby for Darren,&quot; ''Daytona Beach Morning Journal'' (Oct. 26, 1982).&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Bob McLeod (comics)|Bob McLeod]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bailsprojects.com/bio.aspx?Name=MC+LEOD%2c+BOB McLeod entry], ''Who's Who of American Comic Books, 1928–1999.''&lt;/ref&gt; || [[C. C. Beck]] || 
|-
| 1983 ||  || [[Don Wright (cartoonist)|Don Wright]]  || [[C. C. Beck]], [[Harvey Kurtzman]], [[Wayne Boring]], [[Will Eisner]], [[Joe Kubert]], [[Ralph Kent]], [[Morris Weiss]], [[Dik Browne]], and [[Dean Young (cartoonist)|Dean Young]] || 10th anniversary show; program cover included a list of Florida cartoonists and featured artwork by [[Harvey Kurtzman]], [[Wayne Boring]], [[C. C. Beck]], [[Morris Weiss]], [[Dik Browne]], and [[Dean Young (cartoonist)|Dean Young]], among others.
|-
| September 22–23, 1984 ||  ||  || [[Will Eisner]] ||  
|-
| 1985 ||   || [[Martin Nodell]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bailsprojects.com/bio.aspx?Name=NODELL%2c+MARTY Nodell entry], ''Who's Who of American Comic Books, 1928–1999.''&lt;/ref&gt; ||   || 
|-
| 1986 ||  ||   ||    ||  
|-
| September 25–27, 1987&lt;ref name=Sentinal87&gt;&quot;Monday,&quot; ''Orlando Sentinel'' (21 Sep 1987): 24.&lt;/ref&gt; || International Inn&lt;ref name=Sentinal87 /&gt; ||   ||    ||  
|-
| 1988 ||  ||   ||    ||  
|-
| September 23–24, 1989&lt;ref name=Sentinal89&gt;&quot;Convention Caters to Cartoon Fans,&quot; ''Orlando Sentinel'' (23 Sep 1989): E2.&lt;/ref&gt; || International Inn&lt;ref name=Sentinal89 /&gt; || [[Bob Burden]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bailsprojects.com/bio.aspx?Name=BURDEN%2c+BOB Burden entry], ''Who's Who of American Comic Books, 1928–1999.''&lt;/ref&gt; ||   ||  16th annual edition
|-
| 1990 ||  ||  || [[Gates McFadden]]   ||  17th annual edition, celebrating the 50th anniversary of [[Martin Nodell]]'s [[Green Lantern (Alan Scott)|Green Lantern]]. Program booklet cover by [[Bill Black (comics)|Bill Black]].
|-
| 1991 ||  ||  [[Dick Ayers]] and [[Joe Kubert]] ||  ||
|-
| 1992 ||  || [[Jack Bender]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/b/bender_j.htm Bender profile], Jack Bender Cartoons: Syracuse University Libraries. Accessed Dec. 24, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  ||  
|-
| 1993 ||  || [[Don Addis]] and [[Don Martin (cartoonist)|Don Martin]]   ||   ||  
|-
| September 10–11, 1994&lt;ref name=Sentinal94 /&gt; || Clarion Towers&lt;ref name=Sentinal94 /&gt; || Jim Ivey and [[Martin Nodell]]&lt;ref name=Sentinal94&gt;Parrish, Ines Davis. &quot;Hobby is No Laughing Matter Comic Book Collectors: Superheroes a Super Investment,&quot; ''Orlando Sentinel'' (12 Sep 1994), C1.&lt;/ref&gt;  ||   ||  Produced by local retailer Mike Kott
|-
| 1995 ||  ||  ||   ||  
|-
| 1996 ||  ||  ||   ||  
|-
|}

== Legacy ==
The huge Orlando-based multi-genre convention [[MegaCon]] was inaugurated in 1993;&lt;ref&gt;Walt, Andra. [http://investcomics.com/market-talk/ownerdirector-beth-widera-of-orlandos-megacon-stops-by-investcomics &quot;Owner/Director Beth Widera of Orlando’s MegaCon Stops by InvestComics,&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521015138/http://investcomics.com/market-talk/ownerdirector-beth-widera-of-orlandos-megacon-stops-by-investcomics |date=2015-05-21 }} ''InvestComics'' (Feb. 13, 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; it continues to this day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* Holtz, Allan. [http://strippersguide.blogspot.com/2007/01/jim-iveys-photo-album-part-one.html &quot;Jim Ivey's Photo Album, Part One,&quot;] ''Stripper's Guide'' blog (Jan. 30, 2007)
* Holtz, Allan. [http://strippersguide.blogspot.com/2007/02/ebay-heads-up-orlandocon-memories.html &quot;eBay Head's Up &amp; Orlandocon Memories,&quot;] ''Stripper's Guide'' blog (Feb. 15, 2007)
* [http://www.strippersguide.com/?p=1371 Jim Ivey's Sunday Comic about OrlandoCon]

{{American Comic Book Industry Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:OrlandoCon}}
[[Category:1974 establishments in Florida]]
[[Category:1994 disestablishments in Florida]]
[[Category:Defunct comics conventions]]
[[Category:Events in Orlando, Florida]]
[[Category:Recurring events disestablished in 1994]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1974]]
[[Category:Conventions in Florida]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:OrlandoCon]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[OrlandoCon/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="9908" sha1="i6arp5n69zv151d9r2qyjhfbht7bfj0" xml:space="preserve">{{Multiple issues|
{{Advert|date=April 2018}}
{{Notability|date=April 2018}}

}}

{{Infobox software
| name                   = Dropmyemail
| logo                   = Dropmyemail Logo.png
| developer              = Dropmysite Pte. Ltd.
| released               = March 2012
| programming language   = [[Ruby on Rails]]
| language               = English, Chinese Simplified, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Bahasa
| genre                  = [[Remote backup service|Online backup service]]
| website                = {{URL|https://dropmyemail.com}}
}}
'''Dropmyemail''' is a cloud-based email backup software offered by [[Dropmysite]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/asia/2012/06/27/backup-specialist-dropmysite-buys-orbitfiles-boosting-its-userbase-and-focus-on-north-america//|title= Backup specialist Dropmysite buys Orbitfiles, boosting its userbase and focus on North America |publisher=The Next Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; that offers [[cloud storage]] and [[remote backup service|Online backup]] software. In brief, Dropmyemail allows users to automatically backup their emails to the cloud with an option to view, migrate or restore&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dropmyemail.com/features|title=Dropmyemail Features|publisher=Dropmyemail|accessdate=August 21, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114132717/https://www.dropmyemail.com/features|archivedate=November 14, 2012|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; them whenever required via a [[web browser]].

Dropmyemail was shown on 1 March 2012 at [[DEMO conference|Demo]] Asia&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://demo.asia/2012/demonstrators/dropmysite/ |title=Dropmysite&amp;#124; Demo Asia |accessdate=August 21, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130114171051/http://demo.asia/2012/demonstrators/dropmysite/ |archivedate=January 14, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; by Dropmysite.  

== History ==
Dropmyemail's concept was conceived by founder John Fearon. The site was launched on 1 March 2012 at Demo Asia, a launchpad for emerging technology in [[Singapore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url&quot; /&gt;

{{As of|April 2012}}, Dropmyemail had more than 525,000 users, growing at a rate faster than [[Twitter]], [[Dropbox (service)|Dropbox]] and [[Pininterest]] at the same time during their launch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Balakrishnan|first=Kumes|title=DropMyEmail.com growing faster than Dropbox, Fab.com, Pinterest and Twitter|url=http://e27.sg/2012/04/23/dropmyemail-com-growing-faster-than-dropbox-fab-com-pinterest-and-twitter/|work=e27|accessdate=August 21, 2012|date=April 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626201222/http://e27.sg/2012/04/23/dropmyemail-com-growing-faster-than-dropbox-fab-com-pinterest-and-twitter/|archive-date=June 26, 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.techinasia.com/dropmyemail-second-round-funding-coming-soon/|title= Dropmyemail Passes Half Million Users, is Working on Second Round of Funding |publisher=TechinAsia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Business model ==
Dropmyemail moved away from a [[Freemium]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/searealtime/2012/04/20/singapore-start-up-cashes-in-on-saving-emails/|title= Singapore Start-Up Cashes In on Saving Emails |publisher=Wall Street Journal Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Teoh|first=Michael|title=Dropmyemail's Rise of Asian Start-Ups Opening Offices in North America|quote=the latter is a Cloud-to-Cloud backup solution for Emails, a freemium consumer service that lets you backup your emails, contacts, chat and calendars, automatically.|url=http://www.entrepreneurs.my/dropmyemails-rise-of-asian-start-ups-opening-offices-in-north-america/|accessdate=August 21, 2012|date=August 13, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; business model to a Free Trial&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.dropmyemail.com/2012/10/05/dropmyemail-is-now-giving-50gb-email-backup-free-trial/|title=Dropmyemail is now giving 50GB email backup free trial|publisher=Dropmyemail Blog|access-date=December 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114132803/http://blog.dropmyemail.com/2012/10/05/dropmyemail-is-now-giving-50gb-email-backup-free-trial/|archive-date=November 14, 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;-based business model. Test123

Dropmyemail changed their business model to provide a 15-day free trial followed by a paid account for $10 per year for a 5GB account, $20 for 10GB account and $70 for a 50GB account.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last= Johnson |first=Dave|title=Securely back up your email with Dropmyemail|quote=he basic service includes 5GB of email backup for $10 per year; you can choose from other plans, such as 10GB for $20 per year or 50GB for $70 per year. You can try Dropmyemail for free for 15 days without handing over a credit card.|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505124_162-57548202/securely-back-up-your-email-with-dropmyemail/|accessdate=November 13, 2012|date=November 13, 2012|work=CBS News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On November 21, 2012,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Terrence|title=Dropmyemail Business launched; backs up corporate emails|url=http://sgentrepreneurs.com/2012/11/21/dropmyemail-now-backs-up-corporate-emails/|accessdate=December 5, 2012|date=November 21, 2012|archive-date=November 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130044104/http://sgentrepreneurs.com/2012/11/21/dropmyemail-now-backs-up-corporate-emails/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dropmyemail launched its business offering&lt;ref name=&quot;Dropmyemail Business&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://business.dropmyemail.com/|title=Dropmyemail enterprise email backup|publisher=Dropmyemail|accessdate=December 4, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115155433/https://business.dropmyemail.com/|archivedate=January 15, 2013|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; for SoHO and SMB with a per email mailbox price plans. They provide a 15-day free trial for 100 seats followed by a paid account for 5 seats at $99.99 per year, 20 seats at $299.99 per year and 100 seats at $999.90 per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dropmyemail Business Pricing&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://business.dropmyemail.com/plans|title=Dropmyemail enterprise Pricing|publisher=Dropmyemail|accessdate=December 4, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130121231426/https://business.dropmyemail.com/plans|archivedate=January 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The company launched its affiliate program&lt;ref name=&quot;affiliate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dropmyemail.zferral.com/|title=Welcome to the Dropmyemail Affiliate Program|publisher=Dropmyemail|accessdate=December 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217061931/http://dropmyemail.zferral.com/|archive-date=December 17, 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; on December 13, 2012, to meet the demands of various websites to resell Dropmyemail's service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Yu|first=Peter|title=Partner up with Dropmyemail through affiliate marketing|quote=The development is brought by the heavy demand of various websites to resell Dropmyemail’s services|url=http://blog.dropmyemail.com/2012/12/13/partner-up-with-dropmyemail-through-affiliate-marketing/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122000101/http://blog.dropmyemail.com/2012/12/13/partner-up-with-dropmyemail-through-affiliate-marketing/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 22, 2013|accessdate=December 26, 2012|date=December 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Technology ==
Dropmyemail is a web-based solution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last= Zukerman|first=Erez|title=Dropmyemail backs up your email effortlessly|quote=Dropmyemail is Web-based, so there's nothing to download.|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2013468/review-dropmyemail-backs-up-your-email-effortlessly.html|accessdate=November 14, 2012|date=November 5, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dropmyemail's backend is written in [[Ruby on Rails]] and is hosted on the [[Amazon Web Services]] Cloud Infrastructure. Most of the email platforms such as Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo etc. are supported by Dropmyemail. Users can also backup their email via IMAP or POP settings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Bharti|first=Bhaskar|title=Backup Your Email on DropMyEmail.com|quote=It supports almost all major email platforms like Gmail, Google App, Hotmail, Yahoo, AOL, etc. Still, you can use IMAP, POP settings if you can't find your email service provider in the list.|url=http://www.oeuvre.in/2012/05/backup-your-email-on-dropmyemailcom.html|accessdate=August 21, 2012|date=May 16, 2012|archive-date=July 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720231756/http://www.oeuvre.in/2012/05/backup-your-email-on-dropmyemailcom.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dropmyemail uses [[Amazon.com|Amazon]]'s [[Amazon S3|S3]] storage system to store the files;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.dropmyemail.com/faqs/where-are-my-emails-stored| work = Dropmyemail FAQ| title = Where are my emails stored?| quote = Dropmyemail uses Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (S3) to store all your emails.| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20121217132332/https://www.dropmyemail.com/faqs/where-are-my-emails-stored| archivedate = December 17, 2012| df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.dropmyemail.com/}}
* [https://venturebeat.com/2012/04/19/dropmyemail/ Venture Beat: E-mail backup service DropMyEmail.com grabs over 500K users in just 2 months] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707172157/https://venturebeat.com/2012/04/19/dropmyemail/ |date=July 7, 2020 }} (posted April 19, 2012)

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dropmysite}}
[[Category:Cloud applications]]
[[Category:Email attachment replacements]]
[[Category:File hosting]]
[[Category:File sharing services]]
[[Category:Online backup services]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2012]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Dropmyemail]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Dropmyemail/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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== Warning: disruptive editing ==
Your recent edits appear to be [[WP:DE|disruptive]]. Disruptive editing interferes with the normal operation and improvement of the wiki, regardless of intent. Please review the relevant guidelines and ensure that your contributions are constructive.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page. '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 14:19, 14 June 2026 (UTC)

== Warning: disruptive editing ==
Your recent edits appear to be [[WP:DE|disruptive]]. Disruptive editing interferes with the normal operation and improvement of the wiki, regardless of intent. Please review the relevant guidelines and ensure that your contributions are constructive.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page.

Additional information: This is a test '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 14:19, 14 June 2026 (UTC)

== Final warning: vandalism ==
Your recent edits to one or more pages appear to constitute [[WP:VAND|vandalism]]. Vandalism is not permitted on this wiki. Please stop making edits that damage or degrade the encyclopaedia. If this behaviour continues, your account may be restricted from editing.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page.

Additional information: Test '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 14:32, 14 June 2026 (UTC)

== Warning: disruptive editing ==
Your recent edits appear to be [[WP:DE|disruptive]]. Disruptive editing interferes with the normal operation and improvement of the wiki, regardless of intent. Please review the relevant guidelines and ensure that your contributions are constructive.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page. '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 17:51, 15 June 2026 (UTC)

== Final warning: disruptive editing ==
Your recent edits appear to be [[WP:DE|disruptive]]. Disruptive editing interferes with the normal operation and improvement of the wiki, regardless of intent. Please review the relevant guidelines and ensure that your contributions are constructive. If this behaviour continues, your account may be restricted from editing.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page. '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 17:52, 15 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>aa10ete9wsyfpakp8j6duxol9yku0fb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746846</id>
      <parentid>746845</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:53:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rachmat04</username>
        <id>26096</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Notification: User warning — [[w:id:Pengguna:Rachmat04/Tengu.js|⛩️]]</comment>
      <origin>746846</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6233" sha1="e9tytw8n0ypzwdegfvyiv4dlkcpnwkj" xml:space="preserve">== I have sent you a note about a page you reviewed ==

{{subst:Sentnote-NPF|1=Gado-gado|2=Rachmat04|3=Thanks for contributing.}}

'''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 15:35, 26 September 2020 (UTC)

== How we will see unregistered users ==

&lt;section begin=content/&gt;
Hi!

You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki.

When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed.

Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help.

If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]].

We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January.

Thank you. 
/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]&lt;section end=content/&gt;

18:19, 4 January 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(7)&amp;oldid=22532681 --&gt;

== Warning: disruptive editing ==
Your recent edits appear to be [[WP:DE|disruptive]]. Disruptive editing interferes with the normal operation and improvement of the wiki, regardless of intent. Please review the relevant guidelines and ensure that your contributions are constructive.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page. '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 14:19, 14 June 2026 (UTC)

== Warning: disruptive editing ==
Your recent edits appear to be [[WP:DE|disruptive]]. Disruptive editing interferes with the normal operation and improvement of the wiki, regardless of intent. Please review the relevant guidelines and ensure that your contributions are constructive.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page.

Additional information: This is a test '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 14:19, 14 June 2026 (UTC)

== Final warning: vandalism ==
Your recent edits to one or more pages appear to constitute [[WP:VAND|vandalism]]. Vandalism is not permitted on this wiki. Please stop making edits that damage or degrade the encyclopaedia. If this behaviour continues, your account may be restricted from editing.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page.

Additional information: Test '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 14:32, 14 June 2026 (UTC)

== Warning: disruptive editing ==
Your recent edits appear to be [[WP:DE|disruptive]]. Disruptive editing interferes with the normal operation and improvement of the wiki, regardless of intent. Please review the relevant guidelines and ensure that your contributions are constructive.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page. '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 17:51, 15 June 2026 (UTC)

== Final warning: disruptive editing ==
Your recent edits appear to be [[WP:DE|disruptive]]. Disruptive editing interferes with the normal operation and improvement of the wiki, regardless of intent. Please review the relevant guidelines and ensure that your contributions are constructive. If this behaviour continues, your account may be restricted from editing.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page. '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 17:52, 15 June 2026 (UTC)

== Warning: ownership of articles ==
Your recent editing behaviour suggests an attitude of [[WP:OWN|ownership]] towards one or more articles. No editor owns an article on this wiki; all content is open to improvement by any editor in good standing. Repeatedly reverting the edits of other users, or treating an article as a personal space, is not consistent with collaborative editing. Please review [[WP:OWN]] and discuss any disagreements on the relevant talk page.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page. '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 17:53, 15 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>e9tytw8n0ypzwdegfvyiv4dlkcpnwkj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746888</id>
      <parentid>746846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T03:59:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rachmat04</username>
        <id>26096</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Removed 2 archived discussion(s) from talk page — [[w:id:Pengguna:Rachmat04/KirokuHokanki.js|📜]]</comment>
      <origin>746888</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3900" sha1="9pk3udlfp9fwcqzn1dg7zuw79gopy7d" xml:space="preserve">== Warning: disruptive editing ==
Your recent edits appear to be [[WP:DE|disruptive]]. Disruptive editing interferes with the normal operation and improvement of the wiki, regardless of intent. Please review the relevant guidelines and ensure that your contributions are constructive.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page. '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 14:19, 14 June 2026 (UTC)

== Warning: disruptive editing ==
Your recent edits appear to be [[WP:DE|disruptive]]. Disruptive editing interferes with the normal operation and improvement of the wiki, regardless of intent. Please review the relevant guidelines and ensure that your contributions are constructive.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page.

Additional information: This is a test '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 14:19, 14 June 2026 (UTC)

== Final warning: vandalism ==
Your recent edits to one or more pages appear to constitute [[WP:VAND|vandalism]]. Vandalism is not permitted on this wiki. Please stop making edits that damage or degrade the encyclopaedia. If this behaviour continues, your account may be restricted from editing.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page.

Additional information: Test '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 14:32, 14 June 2026 (UTC)

== Warning: disruptive editing ==
Your recent edits appear to be [[WP:DE|disruptive]]. Disruptive editing interferes with the normal operation and improvement of the wiki, regardless of intent. Please review the relevant guidelines and ensure that your contributions are constructive.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page. '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 17:51, 15 June 2026 (UTC)

== Final warning: disruptive editing ==
Your recent edits appear to be [[WP:DE|disruptive]]. Disruptive editing interferes with the normal operation and improvement of the wiki, regardless of intent. Please review the relevant guidelines and ensure that your contributions are constructive. If this behaviour continues, your account may be restricted from editing.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page. '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 17:52, 15 June 2026 (UTC)

== Warning: ownership of articles ==
Your recent editing behaviour suggests an attitude of [[WP:OWN|ownership]] towards one or more articles. No editor owns an article on this wiki; all content is open to improvement by any editor in good standing. Repeatedly reverting the edits of other users, or treating an article as a personal space, is not consistent with collaborative editing. Please review [[WP:OWN]] and discuss any disagreements on the relevant talk page.

If you believe this warning has been issued in error, please leave a message on my talk page. '''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 17:53, 15 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9pk3udlfp9fwcqzn1dg7zuw79gopy7d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Transclusion count/data/A</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>122533</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746863</id>
      <parentid>740064</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-14T05:10:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Ahechtbot</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Wikipedia:BOT|Bot]]: Updated page.</comment>
      <origin>746863</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="9439" sha1="oz2q0jofzkmgfew6gspcx7ysedbofg1" xml:space="preserve">return {
[&quot;A-Class&quot;] = 5500,
[&quot;A2r&quot;] = 2000,
[&quot;ACArt&quot;] = 3800,
[&quot;AFB_game_box_end&quot;] = 2500,
[&quot;AFB_game_box_start&quot;] = 2500,
[&quot;AFB_game_box_start/styles.css&quot;] = 2500,
[&quot;AFC_comment&quot;] = 23000,
[&quot;AFC_submission&quot;] = 32000,
[&quot;AFC_submission_category_header&quot;] = 4600,
[&quot;AFD_help&quot;] = 168000,
[&quot;AFD_help/styles.css&quot;] = 168000,
[&quot;AFI/Picture_box/show_picture&quot;] = 4100,
[&quot;AFI_film&quot;] = 10000,
[&quot;AFL&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;AFL_Car&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;AFL_Col&quot;] = 2500,
[&quot;AFL_Ess&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;AFL_Gee&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;AFL_Haw&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;AFL_Mel&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;AFL_NM&quot;] = 2300,
[&quot;AFL_Ric&quot;] = 2500,
[&quot;AFL_StK&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;AFL_Tables&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;AFL_Year&quot;] = 2800,
[&quot;AFL_player&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;AI-generated&quot;] = 7300,
[&quot;ALG&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;AMARB&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;AM_station_data&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;ARBPIA&quot;] = 3200,
[&quot;ARE&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;ARG&quot;] = 6900,
[&quot;ARM&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;ASIN&quot;] = 5000,
[&quot;ATP&quot;] = 5200,
[&quot;AUS&quot;] = 15000,
[&quot;AUT&quot;] = 10000,
[&quot;AZE&quot;] = 2900,
[&quot;A_note&quot;] = 5900,
[&quot;A_or_an&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Aan&quot;] = 62000,
[&quot;Abbr&quot;] = 973000,
[&quot;Abbreviation&quot;] = 3000,
[&quot;Abbrlink&quot;] = 16000,
[&quot;Abot&quot;] = 30000,
[&quot;About&quot;] = 169000,
[&quot;Absolute_page_title&quot;] = 4600,
[&quot;Acad&quot;] = 6700,
[&quot;Access_icon&quot;] = 3300,
[&quot;According_to_whom&quot;] = 4700,
[&quot;AchievementTable&quot;] = 11000,
[&quot;AdSenseSummary&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Added&quot;] = 2800,
[&quot;Adjacent_communities&quot;] = 29000,
[&quot;Adjacent_stations&quot;] = 42000,
[&quot;Adjacent_stations/styles.css&quot;] = 42000,
[&quot;Adjacent_stations_doc&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Adjstn&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Admin&quot;] = 15000,
[&quot;Admin_help/helped&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;Administrator_note&quot;] = 6900,
[&quot;Administrators'_noticeboard_archives_all&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Administrators'_noticeboard_navbox_all&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Adminnote&quot;] = 3600,
[&quot;Advert&quot;] = 9200,
[&quot;Aet&quot;] = 7000,
[&quot;AfC_accept/C_percentage&quot;] = 6400,
[&quot;AfC_age_category&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;AfC_comment&quot;] = 23000,
[&quot;AfC_date_category&quot;] = 264000,
[&quot;AfC_status/age&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;AfC_status/backlog&quot;] = 5000,
[&quot;AfC_submission&quot;] = 44000,
[&quot;AfC_submission/comments&quot;] = 30000,
[&quot;AfC_submission/declined&quot;] = 30000,
[&quot;AfC_submission/draft&quot;] = 13000,
[&quot;AfC_submission/helptools&quot;] = 43000,
[&quot;AfC_submission/pending&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;AfC_submission/styles.css&quot;] = 44000,
[&quot;AfC_submission/tools&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;AfC_submission_category_header&quot;] = 6700,
[&quot;AfC_submission_category_header/day&quot;] = 6500,
[&quot;AfC_submission_category_header/td&quot;] = 6500,
[&quot;AfC_talk/C_percentage&quot;] = 6400,
[&quot;AfC_topic&quot;] = 30000,
[&quot;AfD_categories_horizontal_shortnames&quot;] = 5400,
[&quot;AfD_count_link&quot;] = 4100,
[&quot;Afd-merged-from&quot;] = 11000,
[&quot;Afd_bottom/old&quot;] = 412000,
[&quot;Afd_top/old&quot;] = 412000,
[&quot;Afd_top/old/styles.css&quot;] = 412000,
[&quot;Africa_topic&quot;] = 6600,
[&quot;After_extra_time&quot;] = 7000,
[&quot;Age&quot;] = 29000,
[&quot;Age_in_days&quot;] = 5600,
[&quot;Age_in_years&quot;] = 4100,
[&quot;Age_in_years,_months,_weeks_and_days&quot;] = 5300,
[&quot;Age_in_years,_months_and_days&quot;] = 20000,
[&quot;Age_in_years_and_days&quot;] = 5000,
[&quot;Age_in_years_and_days_nts&quot;] = 4700,
[&quot;Agree&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Ahnentafel&quot;] = 7800,
[&quot;Ahnentafel/styles.css&quot;] = 7800,
[&quot;Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;Air_force&quot;] = 7500,
[&quot;Air_force/core&quot;] = 7500,
[&quot;Aircontent&quot;] = 9500,
[&quot;Aircraft_specs&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Aircraft_specs/convert&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Aircraft_specs/eng&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Aircraft_specs/length&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Aircraft_specs/range&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Aircraft_specs/speed&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Airport-dest-list&quot;] = 3400,
[&quot;Airport_codes&quot;] = 13000,
[&quot;Airport_destination_list&quot;] = 4800,
[&quot;Aka&quot;] = 2000,
[&quot;Al&quot;] = 81000,
[&quot;Album&quot;] = 3200,
[&quot;Album_chart&quot;] = 36000,
[&quot;Album_cover_fur&quot;] = 53000,
[&quot;Album_label_category&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Album_label_category/core&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Album_ratings&quot;] = 30000,
[&quot;Album_reviews&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Albums_category&quot;] = 25000,
[&quot;Albums_category/core&quot;] = 25000,
[&quot;Albums_category/type/default&quot;] = 25000,
[&quot;Align&quot;] = 207000,
[&quot;Aligned_table&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;AllIrelandByCountyCatNav&quot;] = 3200,
[&quot;AllMusic&quot;] = 77000,
[&quot;All_Ireland_by_county_category_navigation&quot;] = 3200,
[&quot;All_plot&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Allcaps&quot;] = 11000,
[&quot;Allcaps/styles.css&quot;] = 11000,
[&quot;Allmusic&quot;] = 11000,
[&quot;Allow_wrap&quot;] = 6300,
[&quot;Already_done&quot;] = 2900,
[&quot;Also&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Also_known_as&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Alternating_rows_table&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Alternating_rows_table/styles.css&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Alumni&quot;] = 3200,
[&quot;Always_substitute&quot;] = 9100,
[&quot;Ambox&quot;] = 1490000,
[&quot;Ambox_globe&quot;] = 44000,
[&quot;Ambox_globe_current_red&quot;] = 42000,
[&quot;American_English&quot;] = 23000,
[&quot;American_football_roster/Footer&quot;] = 3800,
[&quot;American_football_roster/Header&quot;] = 3800,
[&quot;American_football_roster/Player&quot;] = 3800,
[&quot;Americanfootballbox&quot;] = 4600,
[&quot;Anarchism_announcements&quot;] = 4000,
[&quot;Anarchism_announcements/shell&quot;] = 4000,
[&quot;Anchor&quot;] = 95000,
[&quot;Angbr&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Angbr_IPA&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Angle_bracket&quot;] = 4000,
[&quot;Anglican_navbox_titlestyle&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Anglicise_rank&quot;] = 547000,
[&quot;Animal_tasks&quot;] = 35000,
[&quot;Anime_News_Network&quot;] = 13000,
[&quot;Anl&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;Annotated_link&quot;] = 16000,
[&quot;Anonblock&quot;] = 35000,
[&quot;Antonym_of_(dis)establish&quot;] = 16000,
[&quot;Apostrophe&quot;] = 98000,
[&quot;Arbitration_Committee_candidate/data&quot;] = 107000,
[&quot;Archive&quot;] = 343000,
[&quot;Archive_bottom&quot;] = 69000,
[&quot;Archive_box&quot;] = 18000,
[&quot;Archive_list&quot;] = 96000,
[&quot;Archive_top&quot;] = 48000,
[&quot;Archive_top/styles.css&quot;] = 48000,
[&quot;Archive_top_green&quot;] = 15000,
[&quot;Archive_top_green/styles.css&quot;] = 15000,
[&quot;Archive_top_red&quot;] = 6700,
[&quot;Archive_top_red/styles.css&quot;] = 6700,
[&quot;Archivebottom&quot;] = 3700,
[&quot;Archivebox&quot;] = 2300,
[&quot;Archives&quot;] = 55000,
[&quot;Archivetop&quot;] = 3700,
[&quot;Army&quot;] = 18000,
[&quot;Army/core&quot;] = 18000,
[&quot;Art_UK_bio&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Art_UK_bio/plural&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Article&quot;] = 3000,
[&quot;ArticleHistory&quot;] = 27000,
[&quot;Article_alerts_box&quot;] = 4100,
[&quot;Article_alerts_box/styles.css&quot;] = 4100,
[&quot;Article_for_improvement_banner/Picture_box&quot;] = 4500,
[&quot;Article_for_improvement_banner/Picture_box/show_picture&quot;] = 4100,
[&quot;Article_history&quot;] = 53000,
[&quot;Article_links&quot;] = 516000,
[&quot;Article_links_2&quot;] = 81000,
[&quot;Article_or_page&quot;] = 6700,
[&quot;Article_stub_box&quot;] = 2370000,
[&quot;Articles_by_Importance&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Articles_by_Quality&quot;] = 38000,
[&quot;Articles_for_creation_links&quot;] = 6900,
[&quot;As_of&quot;] = 92000,
[&quot;As_written&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Asbox&quot;] = 2350000,
[&quot;Asia_topic&quot;] = 11000,
[&quot;Asof&quot;] = 6300,
[&quot;Assessed-Class&quot;] = 18000,
[&quot;Assignment&quot;] = 6000,
[&quot;Assignment_milestones&quot;] = 5300,
[&quot;Association_of_Tennis_Professionals&quot;] = 5200,
[&quot;AstDys&quot;] = 2800,
[&quot;Asterisk&quot;] = 3600,
[&quot;Astro_list_redirect_comment&quot;] = 2000,
[&quot;AthAbbr&quot;] = 7400,
[&quot;Atnhead&quot;] = 6000,
[&quot;Atop&quot;] = 7300,
[&quot;Atopg&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Atopr&quot;] = 6400,
[&quot;Attached_KML&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Au&quot;] = 6000,
[&quot;AuEduNewbie&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Audio&quot;] = 41000,
[&quot;Audio_sample&quot;] = 3100,
[&quot;AustralianFootball&quot;] = 8900,
[&quot;Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography&quot;] = 2300,
[&quot;Australian_English&quot;] = 3700,
[&quot;Australian_Football_League_team&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;Australian_dollar&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;Australian_party_style&quot;] = 6700,
[&quot;Australian_politics/name&quot;] = 4700,
[&quot;Australian_politics/party_colours&quot;] = 6900,
[&quot;Austria_metadata_Wikidata&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Austria_population_Wikidata&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Aut&quot;] = 7800,
[&quot;Authority_control&quot;] = 2290000,
[&quot;Authority_control_(arts)&quot;] = 16000,
[&quot;Auto_link&quot;] = 73000,
[&quot;Autobiography&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Autolink&quot;] = 41000,
[&quot;Automated_tools&quot;] = 87000,
[&quot;Automated_tools/core&quot;] = 87000,
[&quot;Automatic_archive_navigator&quot;] = 42000,
[&quot;Automatic_archives_blurb&quot;] = 19000,
[&quot;Automatic_category_TOC&quot;] = 857000,
[&quot;Automatic_category_TOC/core&quot;] = 856000,
[&quot;Automatic_taxobox&quot;] = 105000,
[&quot;Automatically_generated&quot;] = 2000,
[&quot;Aviation_accidents_and_incidents&quot;] = 2800,
[&quot;Avoid_wrap&quot;] = 6200,
[&quot;Awaiting_admin&quot;] = 2900,
[&quot;Awaitingadmin&quot;] = 2800,
[&quot;Award2&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Awards&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Awards_table&quot;] = 6200,
[&quot;Awards_table/styles.css&quot;] = 6200,
[&quot;Ayd&quot;] = 4500,
[&quot;Aye&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Module:A_or_an&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Module:A_or_an/words&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Module:About&quot;] = 169000,
[&quot;Module:Adjacent_stations&quot;] = 80000,
[&quot;Module:Adjacent_stations/Amtrak&quot;] = 2900,
[&quot;Module:Adjacent_stations/Deutsche_Bahn&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Module:Adjacent_stations/Indian_Railways&quot;] = 3600,
[&quot;Module:Adjacent_stations/JR_East&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Module:Adjacent_stations/i18n&quot;] = 80000,
[&quot;Module:Administrators'_noticeboard_archives&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;Module:Administrators'_noticeboard_archives/styles.css&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;Module:AfC_submission_catcheck&quot;] = 331000,
[&quot;Module:AfC_topic&quot;] = 30000,
[&quot;Module:Age&quot;] = 1410000,
[&quot;Module:Ahnentafel&quot;] = 7800,
[&quot;Module:Airport_destination_list&quot;] = 4800,
[&quot;Module:Aligned_dates_list&quot;] = 2800,
[&quot;Module:Aligned_table&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Module:All_Ireland_by_county_category_navigation&quot;] = 3400,
[&quot;Module:Anchor&quot;] = 95000,
[&quot;Module:Ancient_Egypt_era&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Ancient_Egypt_era/data&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Ancient_Egypt_kings&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Ancient_Egypt_kings/data&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Ancient_Olympiads&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Ancient_Olympiads/data&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Annotated_link&quot;] = 17000,
[&quot;Module:Archive&quot;] = 343000,
[&quot;Module:Archive/config&quot;] = 343000,
[&quot;Module:Archive_list&quot;] = 99000,
[&quot;Module:Archives/bots&quot;] = 35000,
[&quot;Module:Arguments&quot;] = 37300000,
[&quot;Module:Armenian&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Arrowverse_redirect_category_handler&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Module:Article_history&quot;] = 53000,
[&quot;Module:Article_history/Category&quot;] = 53000,
[&quot;Module:Article_history/config&quot;] = 53000,
[&quot;Module:Article_history/styles.css&quot;] = 52000,
[&quot;Module:Article_stub_box&quot;] = 2370000,
[&quot;Module:Article_stub_box/styles.css&quot;] = 2370000,
[&quot;Module:Articles_by_class&quot;] = 50000,
[&quot;Module:Asbox_stubtree&quot;] = 42000,
[&quot;Module:Attached_KML&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Module:Attached_KML/styles.css&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Module:Australian_place_map&quot;] = 16000,
[&quot;Module:Authority_control&quot;] = 2300000,
[&quot;Module:Authority_control/auxiliary&quot;] = 713000,
[&quot;Module:Authority_control/config&quot;] = 2300000,
[&quot;Module:Auto_date_formatter&quot;] = 15000,
[&quot;Module:Automated_taxobox&quot;] = 497000,
[&quot;Module:Autotaxobox&quot;] = 649000,
}</text>
      <sha1>oz2q0jofzkmgfew6gspcx7ysedbofg1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746864</id>
      <parentid>746863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:23:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Robertsky</username>
        <id>51025</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Transclusion_count/data/A]]</comment>
      <origin>746863</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="9439" sha1="oz2q0jofzkmgfew6gspcx7ysedbofg1" xml:space="preserve">return {
[&quot;A-Class&quot;] = 5500,
[&quot;A2r&quot;] = 2000,
[&quot;ACArt&quot;] = 3800,
[&quot;AFB_game_box_end&quot;] = 2500,
[&quot;AFB_game_box_start&quot;] = 2500,
[&quot;AFB_game_box_start/styles.css&quot;] = 2500,
[&quot;AFC_comment&quot;] = 23000,
[&quot;AFC_submission&quot;] = 32000,
[&quot;AFC_submission_category_header&quot;] = 4600,
[&quot;AFD_help&quot;] = 168000,
[&quot;AFD_help/styles.css&quot;] = 168000,
[&quot;AFI/Picture_box/show_picture&quot;] = 4100,
[&quot;AFI_film&quot;] = 10000,
[&quot;AFL&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;AFL_Car&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;AFL_Col&quot;] = 2500,
[&quot;AFL_Ess&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;AFL_Gee&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;AFL_Haw&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;AFL_Mel&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;AFL_NM&quot;] = 2300,
[&quot;AFL_Ric&quot;] = 2500,
[&quot;AFL_StK&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;AFL_Tables&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;AFL_Year&quot;] = 2800,
[&quot;AFL_player&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;AI-generated&quot;] = 7300,
[&quot;ALG&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;AMARB&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;AM_station_data&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;ARBPIA&quot;] = 3200,
[&quot;ARE&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;ARG&quot;] = 6900,
[&quot;ARM&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;ASIN&quot;] = 5000,
[&quot;ATP&quot;] = 5200,
[&quot;AUS&quot;] = 15000,
[&quot;AUT&quot;] = 10000,
[&quot;AZE&quot;] = 2900,
[&quot;A_note&quot;] = 5900,
[&quot;A_or_an&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Aan&quot;] = 62000,
[&quot;Abbr&quot;] = 973000,
[&quot;Abbreviation&quot;] = 3000,
[&quot;Abbrlink&quot;] = 16000,
[&quot;Abot&quot;] = 30000,
[&quot;About&quot;] = 169000,
[&quot;Absolute_page_title&quot;] = 4600,
[&quot;Acad&quot;] = 6700,
[&quot;Access_icon&quot;] = 3300,
[&quot;According_to_whom&quot;] = 4700,
[&quot;AchievementTable&quot;] = 11000,
[&quot;AdSenseSummary&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Added&quot;] = 2800,
[&quot;Adjacent_communities&quot;] = 29000,
[&quot;Adjacent_stations&quot;] = 42000,
[&quot;Adjacent_stations/styles.css&quot;] = 42000,
[&quot;Adjacent_stations_doc&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Adjstn&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Admin&quot;] = 15000,
[&quot;Admin_help/helped&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;Administrator_note&quot;] = 6900,
[&quot;Administrators'_noticeboard_archives_all&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Administrators'_noticeboard_navbox_all&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Adminnote&quot;] = 3600,
[&quot;Advert&quot;] = 9200,
[&quot;Aet&quot;] = 7000,
[&quot;AfC_accept/C_percentage&quot;] = 6400,
[&quot;AfC_age_category&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;AfC_comment&quot;] = 23000,
[&quot;AfC_date_category&quot;] = 264000,
[&quot;AfC_status/age&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;AfC_status/backlog&quot;] = 5000,
[&quot;AfC_submission&quot;] = 44000,
[&quot;AfC_submission/comments&quot;] = 30000,
[&quot;AfC_submission/declined&quot;] = 30000,
[&quot;AfC_submission/draft&quot;] = 13000,
[&quot;AfC_submission/helptools&quot;] = 43000,
[&quot;AfC_submission/pending&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;AfC_submission/styles.css&quot;] = 44000,
[&quot;AfC_submission/tools&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;AfC_submission_category_header&quot;] = 6700,
[&quot;AfC_submission_category_header/day&quot;] = 6500,
[&quot;AfC_submission_category_header/td&quot;] = 6500,
[&quot;AfC_talk/C_percentage&quot;] = 6400,
[&quot;AfC_topic&quot;] = 30000,
[&quot;AfD_categories_horizontal_shortnames&quot;] = 5400,
[&quot;AfD_count_link&quot;] = 4100,
[&quot;Afd-merged-from&quot;] = 11000,
[&quot;Afd_bottom/old&quot;] = 412000,
[&quot;Afd_top/old&quot;] = 412000,
[&quot;Afd_top/old/styles.css&quot;] = 412000,
[&quot;Africa_topic&quot;] = 6600,
[&quot;After_extra_time&quot;] = 7000,
[&quot;Age&quot;] = 29000,
[&quot;Age_in_days&quot;] = 5600,
[&quot;Age_in_years&quot;] = 4100,
[&quot;Age_in_years,_months,_weeks_and_days&quot;] = 5300,
[&quot;Age_in_years,_months_and_days&quot;] = 20000,
[&quot;Age_in_years_and_days&quot;] = 5000,
[&quot;Age_in_years_and_days_nts&quot;] = 4700,
[&quot;Agree&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Ahnentafel&quot;] = 7800,
[&quot;Ahnentafel/styles.css&quot;] = 7800,
[&quot;Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency&quot;] = 4400,
[&quot;Air_force&quot;] = 7500,
[&quot;Air_force/core&quot;] = 7500,
[&quot;Aircontent&quot;] = 9500,
[&quot;Aircraft_specs&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Aircraft_specs/convert&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Aircraft_specs/eng&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Aircraft_specs/length&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Aircraft_specs/range&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Aircraft_specs/speed&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Airport-dest-list&quot;] = 3400,
[&quot;Airport_codes&quot;] = 13000,
[&quot;Airport_destination_list&quot;] = 4800,
[&quot;Aka&quot;] = 2000,
[&quot;Al&quot;] = 81000,
[&quot;Album&quot;] = 3200,
[&quot;Album_chart&quot;] = 36000,
[&quot;Album_cover_fur&quot;] = 53000,
[&quot;Album_label_category&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Album_label_category/core&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Album_ratings&quot;] = 30000,
[&quot;Album_reviews&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Albums_category&quot;] = 25000,
[&quot;Albums_category/core&quot;] = 25000,
[&quot;Albums_category/type/default&quot;] = 25000,
[&quot;Align&quot;] = 207000,
[&quot;Aligned_table&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;AllIrelandByCountyCatNav&quot;] = 3200,
[&quot;AllMusic&quot;] = 77000,
[&quot;All_Ireland_by_county_category_navigation&quot;] = 3200,
[&quot;All_plot&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Allcaps&quot;] = 11000,
[&quot;Allcaps/styles.css&quot;] = 11000,
[&quot;Allmusic&quot;] = 11000,
[&quot;Allow_wrap&quot;] = 6300,
[&quot;Already_done&quot;] = 2900,
[&quot;Also&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Also_known_as&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Alternating_rows_table&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Alternating_rows_table/styles.css&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Alumni&quot;] = 3200,
[&quot;Always_substitute&quot;] = 9100,
[&quot;Ambox&quot;] = 1490000,
[&quot;Ambox_globe&quot;] = 44000,
[&quot;Ambox_globe_current_red&quot;] = 42000,
[&quot;American_English&quot;] = 23000,
[&quot;American_football_roster/Footer&quot;] = 3800,
[&quot;American_football_roster/Header&quot;] = 3800,
[&quot;American_football_roster/Player&quot;] = 3800,
[&quot;Americanfootballbox&quot;] = 4600,
[&quot;Anarchism_announcements&quot;] = 4000,
[&quot;Anarchism_announcements/shell&quot;] = 4000,
[&quot;Anchor&quot;] = 95000,
[&quot;Angbr&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Angbr_IPA&quot;] = 2400,
[&quot;Angle_bracket&quot;] = 4000,
[&quot;Anglican_navbox_titlestyle&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Anglicise_rank&quot;] = 547000,
[&quot;Animal_tasks&quot;] = 35000,
[&quot;Anime_News_Network&quot;] = 13000,
[&quot;Anl&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;Annotated_link&quot;] = 16000,
[&quot;Anonblock&quot;] = 35000,
[&quot;Antonym_of_(dis)establish&quot;] = 16000,
[&quot;Apostrophe&quot;] = 98000,
[&quot;Arbitration_Committee_candidate/data&quot;] = 107000,
[&quot;Archive&quot;] = 343000,
[&quot;Archive_bottom&quot;] = 69000,
[&quot;Archive_box&quot;] = 18000,
[&quot;Archive_list&quot;] = 96000,
[&quot;Archive_top&quot;] = 48000,
[&quot;Archive_top/styles.css&quot;] = 48000,
[&quot;Archive_top_green&quot;] = 15000,
[&quot;Archive_top_green/styles.css&quot;] = 15000,
[&quot;Archive_top_red&quot;] = 6700,
[&quot;Archive_top_red/styles.css&quot;] = 6700,
[&quot;Archivebottom&quot;] = 3700,
[&quot;Archivebox&quot;] = 2300,
[&quot;Archives&quot;] = 55000,
[&quot;Archivetop&quot;] = 3700,
[&quot;Army&quot;] = 18000,
[&quot;Army/core&quot;] = 18000,
[&quot;Art_UK_bio&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Art_UK_bio/plural&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Article&quot;] = 3000,
[&quot;ArticleHistory&quot;] = 27000,
[&quot;Article_alerts_box&quot;] = 4100,
[&quot;Article_alerts_box/styles.css&quot;] = 4100,
[&quot;Article_for_improvement_banner/Picture_box&quot;] = 4500,
[&quot;Article_for_improvement_banner/Picture_box/show_picture&quot;] = 4100,
[&quot;Article_history&quot;] = 53000,
[&quot;Article_links&quot;] = 516000,
[&quot;Article_links_2&quot;] = 81000,
[&quot;Article_or_page&quot;] = 6700,
[&quot;Article_stub_box&quot;] = 2370000,
[&quot;Articles_by_Importance&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Articles_by_Quality&quot;] = 38000,
[&quot;Articles_for_creation_links&quot;] = 6900,
[&quot;As_of&quot;] = 92000,
[&quot;As_written&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Asbox&quot;] = 2350000,
[&quot;Asia_topic&quot;] = 11000,
[&quot;Asof&quot;] = 6300,
[&quot;Assessed-Class&quot;] = 18000,
[&quot;Assignment&quot;] = 6000,
[&quot;Assignment_milestones&quot;] = 5300,
[&quot;Association_of_Tennis_Professionals&quot;] = 5200,
[&quot;AstDys&quot;] = 2800,
[&quot;Asterisk&quot;] = 3600,
[&quot;Astro_list_redirect_comment&quot;] = 2000,
[&quot;AthAbbr&quot;] = 7400,
[&quot;Atnhead&quot;] = 6000,
[&quot;Atop&quot;] = 7300,
[&quot;Atopg&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Atopr&quot;] = 6400,
[&quot;Attached_KML&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Au&quot;] = 6000,
[&quot;AuEduNewbie&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Audio&quot;] = 41000,
[&quot;Audio_sample&quot;] = 3100,
[&quot;AustralianFootball&quot;] = 8900,
[&quot;Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography&quot;] = 2300,
[&quot;Australian_English&quot;] = 3700,
[&quot;Australian_Football_League_team&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;Australian_dollar&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;Australian_party_style&quot;] = 6700,
[&quot;Australian_politics/name&quot;] = 4700,
[&quot;Australian_politics/party_colours&quot;] = 6900,
[&quot;Austria_metadata_Wikidata&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Austria_population_Wikidata&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Aut&quot;] = 7800,
[&quot;Authority_control&quot;] = 2290000,
[&quot;Authority_control_(arts)&quot;] = 16000,
[&quot;Auto_link&quot;] = 73000,
[&quot;Autobiography&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Autolink&quot;] = 41000,
[&quot;Automated_tools&quot;] = 87000,
[&quot;Automated_tools/core&quot;] = 87000,
[&quot;Automatic_archive_navigator&quot;] = 42000,
[&quot;Automatic_archives_blurb&quot;] = 19000,
[&quot;Automatic_category_TOC&quot;] = 857000,
[&quot;Automatic_category_TOC/core&quot;] = 856000,
[&quot;Automatic_taxobox&quot;] = 105000,
[&quot;Automatically_generated&quot;] = 2000,
[&quot;Aviation_accidents_and_incidents&quot;] = 2800,
[&quot;Avoid_wrap&quot;] = 6200,
[&quot;Awaiting_admin&quot;] = 2900,
[&quot;Awaitingadmin&quot;] = 2800,
[&quot;Award2&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Awards&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Awards_table&quot;] = 6200,
[&quot;Awards_table/styles.css&quot;] = 6200,
[&quot;Ayd&quot;] = 4500,
[&quot;Aye&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Module:A_or_an&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Module:A_or_an/words&quot;] = 12000,
[&quot;Module:About&quot;] = 169000,
[&quot;Module:Adjacent_stations&quot;] = 80000,
[&quot;Module:Adjacent_stations/Amtrak&quot;] = 2900,
[&quot;Module:Adjacent_stations/Deutsche_Bahn&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Module:Adjacent_stations/Indian_Railways&quot;] = 3600,
[&quot;Module:Adjacent_stations/JR_East&quot;] = 2600,
[&quot;Module:Adjacent_stations/i18n&quot;] = 80000,
[&quot;Module:Administrators'_noticeboard_archives&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;Module:Administrators'_noticeboard_archives/styles.css&quot;] = 2200,
[&quot;Module:AfC_submission_catcheck&quot;] = 331000,
[&quot;Module:AfC_topic&quot;] = 30000,
[&quot;Module:Age&quot;] = 1410000,
[&quot;Module:Ahnentafel&quot;] = 7800,
[&quot;Module:Airport_destination_list&quot;] = 4800,
[&quot;Module:Aligned_dates_list&quot;] = 2800,
[&quot;Module:Aligned_table&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Module:All_Ireland_by_county_category_navigation&quot;] = 3400,
[&quot;Module:Anchor&quot;] = 95000,
[&quot;Module:Ancient_Egypt_era&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Ancient_Egypt_era/data&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Ancient_Egypt_kings&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Ancient_Egypt_kings/data&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Ancient_Olympiads&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Ancient_Olympiads/data&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Annotated_link&quot;] = 17000,
[&quot;Module:Archive&quot;] = 343000,
[&quot;Module:Archive/config&quot;] = 343000,
[&quot;Module:Archive_list&quot;] = 99000,
[&quot;Module:Archives/bots&quot;] = 35000,
[&quot;Module:Arguments&quot;] = 37300000,
[&quot;Module:Armenian&quot;] = 2700,
[&quot;Module:Arrowverse_redirect_category_handler&quot;] = 2100,
[&quot;Module:Article_history&quot;] = 53000,
[&quot;Module:Article_history/Category&quot;] = 53000,
[&quot;Module:Article_history/config&quot;] = 53000,
[&quot;Module:Article_history/styles.css&quot;] = 52000,
[&quot;Module:Article_stub_box&quot;] = 2370000,
[&quot;Module:Article_stub_box/styles.css&quot;] = 2370000,
[&quot;Module:Articles_by_class&quot;] = 50000,
[&quot;Module:Asbox_stubtree&quot;] = 42000,
[&quot;Module:Attached_KML&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Module:Attached_KML/styles.css&quot;] = 14000,
[&quot;Module:Australian_place_map&quot;] = 16000,
[&quot;Module:Authority_control&quot;] = 2300000,
[&quot;Module:Authority_control/auxiliary&quot;] = 713000,
[&quot;Module:Authority_control/config&quot;] = 2300000,
[&quot;Module:Auto_date_formatter&quot;] = 15000,
[&quot;Module:Automated_taxobox&quot;] = 497000,
[&quot;Module:Autotaxobox&quot;] = 649000,
}</text>
      <sha1>oz2q0jofzkmgfew6gspcx7ysedbofg1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Commons link</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>126156</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746855</id>
      <parentid>511331</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-24T10:43:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Hike395</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>lazy load module</comment>
      <origin>746855</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="21621" sha1="hvucm9xgbk5bunilhfkw966jacav3zb" xml:space="preserve">require('strict')

-- Module to find commons galleries and categories based on wikidata entries
local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs
local p = {}

-- Check if string is a valid QID
-- Argument: QID to check
-- Returns: valid (bool)
local function _validQID(qid)
	return qid and mw.ustring.find(qid,&quot;^[Qq]%d+$&quot;)
end

-- Check if string is a valid wikidata property string
-- Argument: property string to check
-- Returns: valid (bool)
local function _validProp(prop)
	return prop and mw.ustring.find(prop,&quot;^[Pp]%d+$&quot;)
end

local function _lcfirst(s)
	return mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(s,1,1))..mw.ustring.sub(s,2)
end

-- Format displayed linktext
-- Arguments:
--   s = string to display
--   formatting = formatting table:
--    formatting.linktext = if defined, override s
--    formatting.lcfirst = lower case the first letter in display
--    formatting.bold = whether to bold the display
--    formatting.italic = whether to italicize the display
--    formatting.nowrap = set nowrapping
-- Returns:
--   formatted string
local function _formatResult(s, formatting)
	local resultVal = formatting.linktext or s
	if formatting.lcfirst then
		resultVal = _lcfirst(resultVal)
	end
    local style = &quot;&quot;
	if formatting.italic then style = &quot;font-style:italic; &quot; end
	if formatting.bold then style = style..&quot;font-weight:bold; &quot; end
	if formatting.nowrap then style = style..&quot;white-space:nowrap; &quot; end
    if style ~= &quot;&quot; then
    	resultVal = '&lt;span style=&quot;'..mw.text.trim(style)..'&quot;&gt;'..resultVal..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	return resultVal
end

-- Get title, namespace, and QID for current page
-- Arguments:
--   qid = testing only: get title of alternative page with QID=qid
--   nsQid = whether to return the ns of the qid page or current
-- Returns:
--   title, namespace (string), qid of current page (or test page)
local function _getTitleQID(qid,nsQid)
	local titleObject = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	-- look up qid for current page (if not testing)
	local nsText = string.gsub(titleObject.nsText,&quot;_&quot;,&quot; &quot;) -- [[phab:T369784]]
	if not _validQID(qid) then
		qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
		return titleObject.text, nsText, qid
	end
	-- testing-only path: given a qid, determine title
	-- always use namespace from current page (to suppress tracking cat)
	qid = qid:upper()
	local title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid) or &quot;&quot;
	-- strip any namespace from sitelink
	local firstColon = mw.ustring.find(title,':',1,true)
	local qidNsText = &quot;&quot;
	if firstColon then
		qidNsText = mw.ustring.sub(title,1,firstColon-1)
		title = mw.ustring.sub(title,firstColon+1)
	end
	if nsQid then
		return title, qidNsText, qid
	end
	return title, nsText, qid
end

-- Lookup Commons gallery in Wikidata
-- Arguments:
--   qid = QID of current article
--   fetch = whether to lookup Commons sitelink (bool)
--   commonsSitelink = default value for Commons sitelink
-- Returns:
--   categoryLink = name of Commons category, nil if nothing is found
--   consistent = multiple wikidata fields are examined: are they consistent?
--   commonsSitelink = commons sitelink for current article
local function _lookupGallery(qid,fetch,commonsSitelink)
	if not _validQID(qid) then
		return nil, true, nil
	end
	qid = qid:upper()
	local galleryLink = nil
	local consistent = true
	-- look up commons sitelink for article, use if not category
	if fetch then
		commonsSitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid,&quot;commonswiki&quot;) or commonsSitelink
	end
	if commonsSitelink and mw.ustring.sub(commonsSitelink,1,9) ~= &quot;Category:&quot; then
		galleryLink = commonsSitelink
	end
	-- P935 is the &quot;commons gallery&quot; property for this article
	local P935 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, &quot;P935&quot;)[1]
	if P935 and P935.mainsnak.datavalue then
		local gallery = P935.mainsnak.datavalue.value
		if galleryLink and galleryLink ~= gallery then
			consistent = false
		else
			galleryLink = gallery
		end
	end
	return galleryLink, consistent, commonsSitelink
end

-- Find fallback category by looking up Commons sitelink of different page
-- Arguments:
--    qid = QID for current article
--    property = property that refers to other article whose sitelink to return
-- Returns: either category-stripped name of article, or nil
local function _lookupFallback(qid,property)
	if not _validQID(qid) or not _validProp(property) then
		return nil
	end
	qid = qid:upper()
	property = property:upper()
	-- If property exists on current article, get value (other article qid)
	local value = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, property)[1]
	if value and value.mainsnak.datavalue and value.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id then
		-- Look up Commons sitelink of other article
		local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(value.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id,&quot;commonswiki&quot;)
		-- Check to see if it starts with &quot;Category:&quot;. If so, strip it and return
		if sitelink and mw.ustring.sub(sitelink,1,9) == &quot;Category:&quot; then
			return mw.ustring.sub(sitelink,10)
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-- Find Commons category by looking in wikidata
-- Arguments:
--   qid = QID of current article
--   fetch = whether to lookup Commons sitelink (bool)
--   commonsSitelink = default value for Commons sitelink
-- Returns:
--   categoryLink = name of Commons category, nil if nothing is found
--   consistent = multiple wikidata fields are examined: are they consistent?
--   commonsSitelink = commons sitelink for current article
local function _lookupCategory(qid, fetch, commonsSitelink)
	if not _validQID(qid) then
		return nil, true, nil
	end
	qid = qid:upper()
	local categoryLink = nil
	local consistent = true
	-- look up commons sitelink for article, use if starts with &quot;Category:&quot;
	if fetch then
		commonsSitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid,&quot;commonswiki&quot;) or commonsSitelink
	end
	if commonsSitelink and mw.ustring.sub(commonsSitelink,1,9) == &quot;Category:&quot; then
		categoryLink = mw.ustring.sub(commonsSitelink,10)
	end
	-- P910 is the &quot;topic's main category&quot;. Look for commons sitelink there
	local fallback = _lookupFallback(qid,&quot;P910&quot;)
	if fallback then
		if categoryLink and categoryLink ~= fallback then
			consistent = false
			qid = nil
		else
			categoryLink = fallback
		end
	end
	-- P1754 is the &quot;list's main category&quot;. Look for commons sitelink there
	fallback = _lookupFallback(qid,&quot;P1754&quot;)
	if fallback then
		if categoryLink and categoryLink ~= fallback then
			consistent = false
			qid = nil
		else
			categoryLink = fallback
		end
	end
    -- P373 is the &quot;commons category&quot; property for this article. This is
    -- a low-quality field, so should only be used as a last resort.
    if categoryLink == nil and _validQID(qid) then
	    local P373 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, &quot;P373&quot;)[1]
	    if P373 and P373.mainsnak.datavalue then
		    categoryLink = P373.mainsnak.datavalue.value
		    consistent = true  -- P373 is never used if anything else is available
		end
	end
	return categoryLink, consistent, commonsSitelink
end

-- Does the article have a Commons gallery, and is it consistent?
-- Arguments:
--   qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only)
-- Returns:
--   filename at Commons, bool: is wikidata consistent for this article?
function p._hasGalleryConsistent(qid)
	local wp_title, wp_ns
	wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid)
	return _lookupGallery(qid,true)
end

-- Does the article have a corresponding Commons gallery?
-- Arguments:
--   qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only)
-- Returns:
--   filename at Commons if so, false if not
function p._hasGallery(qid)
	local galleryLink, consistent = p._hasGalleryConsistent(qid)
	return consistent and galleryLink
end

-- Does the article have a Commons category? Is wikidata consistent for that?
-- Arguments:
--   qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only)
--   prefix = whether to add &quot;Category:&quot; to return string (default true)
-- Returns:
--   filename at Commons, bool: consistent
function p._hasCategoryConsistent(qid,prefix)
	if prefix == nil then
		prefix = true
	end
	local wp_title, wp_ns
	wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid)
	local categoryLink, consistent = _lookupCategory(qid,true)
	if categoryLink and prefix then
		categoryLink = &quot;Category:&quot;..categoryLink
	end
	return categoryLink, consistent
end

-- Does the article have a corresponding Commons category?
-- Arguments:
--   qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only)
--   prefix = whether to add &quot;Category:&quot; to return string (default true)
-- Returns:
--   filename at Commons if so, blank if not
function p._hasCategory(qid,prefix)
	local categoryLink, consistent = p._hasCategoryConsistent(qid,prefix)
	return consistent and categoryLink
end

-- Create Commons link corresponding to current article
-- Arguments:
--   namespace = namespace in Commons (&quot;&quot; for galleries)
--   default = use as Commons link, don't access wikidata
--   search = string to search for
--   fallback = string to search for if wikidata fails
--   formatting = formatting parameters
--   qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only)
-- Returns:
--   formatted wikilink to Commons in specified namespace
function p._getCommons(namespace,default,search,fallback,formatting,qid)
	local nsColon
	if not namespace or namespace == &quot;&quot; then
		nsColon = &quot;&quot;
	else
		nsColon = namespace..&quot;:&quot;
	end
	if default then
		return &quot;[[Commons:&quot;..nsColon..default..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(default,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if search then
		return &quot;[[Commons:Special:Search/&quot;..nsColon..search..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(search,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	local wp_title, wp_ns
	wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid)
	local commonsLink = nil
	local consistent = true
	if nsColon == &quot;&quot; then
		commonsLink, consistent = _lookupGallery(qid,true)
	elseif namespace:lower() == &quot;category&quot; then
		commonsLink, consistent = _lookupCategory(qid,true)
	end
	-- use wikidata if consistent
	if commonsLink and consistent then
		return &quot;[[Commons:&quot;..nsColon..commonsLink..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(commonsLink,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	-- if not consistent, fall back to search and add to tracking cat
	-- construct default result (which searches for title)
	local searchResult = &quot;[[Commons:Special:Search/&quot;..nsColon..(fallback or wp_title)
		..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(fallback or wp_title,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	if not consistent and wp_ns == &quot;&quot; then
		local friendlyNS
		if nsColon == &quot;&quot; then
			friendlyNS = &quot;gallery&quot;
		else
			friendlyNS = namespace:lower()
		end
		searchResult = searchResult..&quot;[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons &quot;..friendlyNS..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	return searchResult
end

-- Returns &quot;best&quot; Commons link: first look for gallery, then try category
-- Arguments:
--   default = use as Commons link, don't access wikidata
--   search = string to search for
--   fallback = string to search for if wikidata lookup fails
--   formatting = formatting parameters
--   qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only)
-- Returns:
--   formatted wikilink to Commons &quot;best&quot; landing page
function p._getGalleryOrCategory(default, search, fallback, formatting, qid)
	if default then
		return &quot;[[Commons:&quot;..default..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(default,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if search then
		return &quot;[[Commons:Special:Search/&quot;..search..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(search,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	local wp_title, wp_ns
	wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid)
	local trackingCats = &quot;&quot;
	local galleryLink, consistent, commonsSitelink = _lookupGallery(qid,true)
	-- use wikidata if either sitelink or P935 exist, and they both agree
	if galleryLink and consistent then
		return &quot;[[Commons:&quot;..galleryLink..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(galleryLink,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if not consistent and wp_ns == &quot;&quot; then
		trackingCats = &quot;[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons gallery]]&quot;
	end
	-- if gallery is not good, fall back looking for category
	local categoryLink
	categoryLink, consistent = _lookupCategory(qid,false,commonsSitelink)
	if categoryLink and consistent then
		return &quot;[[Commons:Category:&quot;..categoryLink..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(categoryLink,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;..trackingCats
	end
	if not consistent and wp_ns == &quot;&quot; then
		trackingCats = trackingCats..&quot;[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons category]]&quot;
	end
	-- return search result looking for title as last attempt
	return &quot;[[Commons:Special:Search/&quot; .. (fallback or wp_title) ..
		&quot;|&quot; .. _formatResult(fallback or wp_title,formatting) .. &quot;]]&quot; .. trackingCats
end

-- Return link(s) Commons gallery, or category, or both from wikidata
-- Arguments:
--   defaultGallery = default gallery link to use, instead of wikidata
--   defaultCategory = default category link to use, instead of wikidata
--   categoryText = if both gallery and category, text to use in category link (&quot;category&quot; by default)
--   oneSearch = only emit one search result
--   formatting = formatting parameters
--   qid = qid of page to lookup in wikidata (testing only)
function p._getGalleryAndCategory(defaultGallery, defaultCategory, 
	categoryText, oneSearch, formatting, qid
	)
	local wp_title, wp_ns
	wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid)
	categoryText = categoryText or &quot;category&quot;
	local trackingCats = &quot;&quot;
	local galleryLink, galleryConsistent
	local commonsSitelink = nil
	if defaultGallery then
		galleryLink = defaultGallery
		galleryConsistent = true
	else
		galleryLink, galleryConsistent, commonsSitelink = _lookupGallery(qid,true)
	end
	local galleryGood = galleryLink and galleryConsistent
	if not galleryConsistent and wp_ns == &quot;&quot; then
		trackingCats = &quot;[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons gallery]]&quot;
	end
	local categoryLink, categoryConsistent
	if defaultCategory then
		categoryLink = defaultCategory
		categoryConsistent = true
	else
		categoryLink, categoryConsistent = _lookupCategory(qid,defaultGallery,commonsSitelink)
	end
	local categoryGood = categoryLink and categoryConsistent
	if not categoryConsistent and wp_ns == &quot;&quot; then
		trackingCats = trackingCats..&quot;[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons category]]&quot;
	end
	local firstLink
	-- construct default result (which searches for title)
	local searchResult = &quot;[[Commons:Special:Search/&quot;..wp_title..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(wp_title,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	if not oneSearch then
		searchResult = searchResult..&quot; ([[Commons:Special:Search/Category:&quot;..wp_title..&quot;|&quot;..categoryText..&quot;]])&quot;
	end
	local linkText = nil
	if galleryGood then
		firstLink = galleryLink
		linkText = galleryLink
	elseif categoryGood then
		firstLink = &quot;Category:&quot;..categoryLink
		linkText = categoryLink
	else
		return searchResult..trackingCats
	end
	local resultVal = &quot;[[Commons:&quot;..firstLink..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(linkText,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	if galleryGood and categoryGood then
		resultVal = resultVal..&quot; ([[Commons:Category:&quot;..categoryLink..&quot;|&quot;..categoryText..&quot;]])&quot;
	end
	return resultVal..trackingCats
end

-- Compare two titles with their namespaces stripped
local function titleMatch(s1,s2)
	s1 = s1 or &quot;&quot;
	s2 = s2 or &quot;&quot;
    s1 = mw.ustring.gsub(s1,&quot;^[^:]+:&quot;,&quot;&quot;)
    s2 = mw.ustring.gsub(s2,&quot;^[^:]+:&quot;,&quot;&quot;)
    return s1 == s2
end

local galleryTrackingCats = {
	commons_link_on_wikidata = '[[Category:Commons link is on Wikidata]]',
	commons_link_defined_as_pagename = '[[Category:Commons link is defined as the pagename]]',
	commons_link_locally_defined = '[[Category:Commons link is locally defined]]',
	commons_link_from_wikidata = '[[Category:Commons link from Wikidata]]',
	commons_link_is_pagename = '[[Category:Commons link is the pagename]]',
	inconsistent = '[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons gallery]]'
}

local categoryTrackingCats = {
		commons_link_on_wikidata = '[[Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata]]',
		commons_link_defined_as_pagename = '[[Category:Commons category link is defined as the pagename]]',
		commons_link_locally_defined = '[[Category:Commons category link is locally defined]]',
		commons_link_from_wikidata = '[[Category:Commons category link from Wikidata]]',
		commons_link_is_pagename = '[[Category:Commons category link is the pagename]]',
		inconsistent = '[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons category]]'
	}

local function selectTrackingCat(trackingCats,wikidata,consistent,default,title)
	if not consistent then
		return trackingCats.inconsistent
	end
	if default then
	-- construct warning message
		if default == wikidata then
			return trackingCats.commons_link_on_wikidata
		end
		local warning = &quot;&quot;
		if wikidata then
			local generateWarning = require('Module:If preview')._warning
			warning = generateWarning({
					&quot;Commons link does not match Wikidata – [[Template:Commons_category#Resolving_discrepancies|please check]]&quot;
				})
		end
		if titleMatch(default,title) then
			return trackingCats.commons_link_defined_as_pagename .. warning
		end
		return trackingCats.commons_link_locally_defined .. warning
	end
	if wikidata then
		return trackingCats.commons_link_from_wikidata
	end
	return trackingCats.commons_link_is_pagename
end

-- Figure out tracking categories and editor warnings
-- Arguments:
--   default = Commons link argument passed to template
--   fetchGallery = whether to fetch a gallery from Wikidata
--   fetchCategory = whether to fetch a category from Wikidata
--   qid = force a qid for testing
-- Returns:
--   tracking category and possible user warning
--
-- Note: the logic for the tracking is quite different than the logic
-- for generating Commons links (above). Thus, it is separated into another
-- function for code clarity and maintainability. This should not seriously 
-- affect performance: server time is dominated by fetching wikidata entities,
-- and those entities should be cached and shared between the Commons generating
-- code and this tracking code.
function p._tracking(default, fetchGallery, fetchCategory, qid)
	local title, wp_ns, wp_qid = _getTitleQID(qid,true)
	if wp_ns ~= &quot;&quot; then
		title = wp_ns..&quot;:&quot;..title
	end
	-- only track if test or namespace=article or namespace=category
	if not (qid or wp_ns == &quot;&quot; or wp_ns == &quot;Category&quot;) then
		return &quot;&quot;
	end
	
	-- determine title and namespace of wikidata and wp article
	local wikidata = nil
	local consistent = nil
	-- Tracking code works for all 4 cases of states of fetchGallery/Category
	-- fetchGallery takes precedence
	if fetchGallery then
		wikidata, consistent = p._hasGalleryConsistent(qid)
		if default or not fetchCategory or (consistent and wikidata) then
			return selectTrackingCat(galleryTrackingCats,wikidata,consistent,
				                     default,title)
		end
	end
    if fetchCategory then
		local cat_wikidata, cat_consistent = p._hasCategoryConsistent(qid,true)
		if not fetchGallery or (cat_consistent and cat_wikidata) then
			return selectTrackingCat(categoryTrackingCats,cat_wikidata,
			                    	 cat_consistent,default,title)
		end
		return selectTrackingCat(galleryTrackingCats,wikidata,consistent,
			                     default,title)
    end
	return &quot;&quot; -- nothing fetched, nothing tracked
end

local function _createFormatting(args)
	local formatting = {}
	formatting.linktext = args.linktext
    local yesNo = require('Module:Yesno')
	formatting.lcfirst = yesNo(args.lcfirst)
	formatting.bold = yesNo(args.bold)
	formatting.italic = yesNo(args.italic)
	formatting.nowrap = yesNo(args.nowrap)
	return formatting
end

-- Testing-only entry point for _getTitleQID
function p.getTitleQID(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	local text, ns, qid = _getTitleQID(args[1],args[2])
	return text..&quot;,&quot;..ns..&quot;,&quot;..(qid or &quot;nil&quot;)
end

-- Testing-only entry point for _lookupFallback
function p.lookupFallback(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	local fallback = _lookupFallback(args[1],args[2])
	return fallback or &quot;nil&quot;
end

-- Find the Commons gallery page associated with article
function p.getGallery(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	return p._getCommons(&quot;&quot;,args[1],args.search,args.fallback,_createFormatting(args),args.qid)
end

-- Find the Commons category page associated with article
function p.getCategory(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	local retval = p._getCommons(&quot;Category&quot;, args[1], 
		args.search, args.fallback, _createFormatting(args), args.qid
	)
	if args.tracking then
		local default = nil
		if args[1] then
			default = &quot;Category:&quot;..args[1]
		end
		retval = retval..p._tracking(default, false, true, args.qid)
	end
	return retval
end

function p.getGalleryOrCategory(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	local retval = p._getGalleryOrCategory(
		args[1], args.search, args.fallback, _createFormatting(args), args.qid
	)
	if args.tracking then
		retval = retval..p._tracking(args[1],true,true,args.qid)
	end
	return retval
end

function p.hasGallery(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	return p._hasGallery(args.qid) or &quot;&quot;
end

function p.hasCategory(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	return p._hasCategory(args.qid) or &quot;&quot;
end

function p.hasGalleryOrCategory(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	return p._hasGallery(args.qid) or p._hasCategory(args.qid) or &quot;&quot;
end

function p.getGalleryAndCategory(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	return p._getGalleryAndCategory(args[1], args[2], 
		args.categoryText, args.oneSearch, _createFormatting(args), args.qid)
end

function p.tracking(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	return p._tracking(args[1], args.fetchGallery, args.fetchCategory, args.qid)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>hvucm9xgbk5bunilhfkw966jacav3zb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746856</id>
      <parentid>746855</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:23:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Robertsky</username>
        <id>51025</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Commons_link]]</comment>
      <origin>746855</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="21621" sha1="hvucm9xgbk5bunilhfkw966jacav3zb" xml:space="preserve">require('strict')

-- Module to find commons galleries and categories based on wikidata entries
local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs
local p = {}

-- Check if string is a valid QID
-- Argument: QID to check
-- Returns: valid (bool)
local function _validQID(qid)
	return qid and mw.ustring.find(qid,&quot;^[Qq]%d+$&quot;)
end

-- Check if string is a valid wikidata property string
-- Argument: property string to check
-- Returns: valid (bool)
local function _validProp(prop)
	return prop and mw.ustring.find(prop,&quot;^[Pp]%d+$&quot;)
end

local function _lcfirst(s)
	return mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(s,1,1))..mw.ustring.sub(s,2)
end

-- Format displayed linktext
-- Arguments:
--   s = string to display
--   formatting = formatting table:
--    formatting.linktext = if defined, override s
--    formatting.lcfirst = lower case the first letter in display
--    formatting.bold = whether to bold the display
--    formatting.italic = whether to italicize the display
--    formatting.nowrap = set nowrapping
-- Returns:
--   formatted string
local function _formatResult(s, formatting)
	local resultVal = formatting.linktext or s
	if formatting.lcfirst then
		resultVal = _lcfirst(resultVal)
	end
    local style = &quot;&quot;
	if formatting.italic then style = &quot;font-style:italic; &quot; end
	if formatting.bold then style = style..&quot;font-weight:bold; &quot; end
	if formatting.nowrap then style = style..&quot;white-space:nowrap; &quot; end
    if style ~= &quot;&quot; then
    	resultVal = '&lt;span style=&quot;'..mw.text.trim(style)..'&quot;&gt;'..resultVal..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	return resultVal
end

-- Get title, namespace, and QID for current page
-- Arguments:
--   qid = testing only: get title of alternative page with QID=qid
--   nsQid = whether to return the ns of the qid page or current
-- Returns:
--   title, namespace (string), qid of current page (or test page)
local function _getTitleQID(qid,nsQid)
	local titleObject = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	-- look up qid for current page (if not testing)
	local nsText = string.gsub(titleObject.nsText,&quot;_&quot;,&quot; &quot;) -- [[phab:T369784]]
	if not _validQID(qid) then
		qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
		return titleObject.text, nsText, qid
	end
	-- testing-only path: given a qid, determine title
	-- always use namespace from current page (to suppress tracking cat)
	qid = qid:upper()
	local title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid) or &quot;&quot;
	-- strip any namespace from sitelink
	local firstColon = mw.ustring.find(title,':',1,true)
	local qidNsText = &quot;&quot;
	if firstColon then
		qidNsText = mw.ustring.sub(title,1,firstColon-1)
		title = mw.ustring.sub(title,firstColon+1)
	end
	if nsQid then
		return title, qidNsText, qid
	end
	return title, nsText, qid
end

-- Lookup Commons gallery in Wikidata
-- Arguments:
--   qid = QID of current article
--   fetch = whether to lookup Commons sitelink (bool)
--   commonsSitelink = default value for Commons sitelink
-- Returns:
--   categoryLink = name of Commons category, nil if nothing is found
--   consistent = multiple wikidata fields are examined: are they consistent?
--   commonsSitelink = commons sitelink for current article
local function _lookupGallery(qid,fetch,commonsSitelink)
	if not _validQID(qid) then
		return nil, true, nil
	end
	qid = qid:upper()
	local galleryLink = nil
	local consistent = true
	-- look up commons sitelink for article, use if not category
	if fetch then
		commonsSitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid,&quot;commonswiki&quot;) or commonsSitelink
	end
	if commonsSitelink and mw.ustring.sub(commonsSitelink,1,9) ~= &quot;Category:&quot; then
		galleryLink = commonsSitelink
	end
	-- P935 is the &quot;commons gallery&quot; property for this article
	local P935 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, &quot;P935&quot;)[1]
	if P935 and P935.mainsnak.datavalue then
		local gallery = P935.mainsnak.datavalue.value
		if galleryLink and galleryLink ~= gallery then
			consistent = false
		else
			galleryLink = gallery
		end
	end
	return galleryLink, consistent, commonsSitelink
end

-- Find fallback category by looking up Commons sitelink of different page
-- Arguments:
--    qid = QID for current article
--    property = property that refers to other article whose sitelink to return
-- Returns: either category-stripped name of article, or nil
local function _lookupFallback(qid,property)
	if not _validQID(qid) or not _validProp(property) then
		return nil
	end
	qid = qid:upper()
	property = property:upper()
	-- If property exists on current article, get value (other article qid)
	local value = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, property)[1]
	if value and value.mainsnak.datavalue and value.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id then
		-- Look up Commons sitelink of other article
		local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(value.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id,&quot;commonswiki&quot;)
		-- Check to see if it starts with &quot;Category:&quot;. If so, strip it and return
		if sitelink and mw.ustring.sub(sitelink,1,9) == &quot;Category:&quot; then
			return mw.ustring.sub(sitelink,10)
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-- Find Commons category by looking in wikidata
-- Arguments:
--   qid = QID of current article
--   fetch = whether to lookup Commons sitelink (bool)
--   commonsSitelink = default value for Commons sitelink
-- Returns:
--   categoryLink = name of Commons category, nil if nothing is found
--   consistent = multiple wikidata fields are examined: are they consistent?
--   commonsSitelink = commons sitelink for current article
local function _lookupCategory(qid, fetch, commonsSitelink)
	if not _validQID(qid) then
		return nil, true, nil
	end
	qid = qid:upper()
	local categoryLink = nil
	local consistent = true
	-- look up commons sitelink for article, use if starts with &quot;Category:&quot;
	if fetch then
		commonsSitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid,&quot;commonswiki&quot;) or commonsSitelink
	end
	if commonsSitelink and mw.ustring.sub(commonsSitelink,1,9) == &quot;Category:&quot; then
		categoryLink = mw.ustring.sub(commonsSitelink,10)
	end
	-- P910 is the &quot;topic's main category&quot;. Look for commons sitelink there
	local fallback = _lookupFallback(qid,&quot;P910&quot;)
	if fallback then
		if categoryLink and categoryLink ~= fallback then
			consistent = false
			qid = nil
		else
			categoryLink = fallback
		end
	end
	-- P1754 is the &quot;list's main category&quot;. Look for commons sitelink there
	fallback = _lookupFallback(qid,&quot;P1754&quot;)
	if fallback then
		if categoryLink and categoryLink ~= fallback then
			consistent = false
			qid = nil
		else
			categoryLink = fallback
		end
	end
    -- P373 is the &quot;commons category&quot; property for this article. This is
    -- a low-quality field, so should only be used as a last resort.
    if categoryLink == nil and _validQID(qid) then
	    local P373 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, &quot;P373&quot;)[1]
	    if P373 and P373.mainsnak.datavalue then
		    categoryLink = P373.mainsnak.datavalue.value
		    consistent = true  -- P373 is never used if anything else is available
		end
	end
	return categoryLink, consistent, commonsSitelink
end

-- Does the article have a Commons gallery, and is it consistent?
-- Arguments:
--   qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only)
-- Returns:
--   filename at Commons, bool: is wikidata consistent for this article?
function p._hasGalleryConsistent(qid)
	local wp_title, wp_ns
	wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid)
	return _lookupGallery(qid,true)
end

-- Does the article have a corresponding Commons gallery?
-- Arguments:
--   qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only)
-- Returns:
--   filename at Commons if so, false if not
function p._hasGallery(qid)
	local galleryLink, consistent = p._hasGalleryConsistent(qid)
	return consistent and galleryLink
end

-- Does the article have a Commons category? Is wikidata consistent for that?
-- Arguments:
--   qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only)
--   prefix = whether to add &quot;Category:&quot; to return string (default true)
-- Returns:
--   filename at Commons, bool: consistent
function p._hasCategoryConsistent(qid,prefix)
	if prefix == nil then
		prefix = true
	end
	local wp_title, wp_ns
	wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid)
	local categoryLink, consistent = _lookupCategory(qid,true)
	if categoryLink and prefix then
		categoryLink = &quot;Category:&quot;..categoryLink
	end
	return categoryLink, consistent
end

-- Does the article have a corresponding Commons category?
-- Arguments:
--   qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only)
--   prefix = whether to add &quot;Category:&quot; to return string (default true)
-- Returns:
--   filename at Commons if so, blank if not
function p._hasCategory(qid,prefix)
	local categoryLink, consistent = p._hasCategoryConsistent(qid,prefix)
	return consistent and categoryLink
end

-- Create Commons link corresponding to current article
-- Arguments:
--   namespace = namespace in Commons (&quot;&quot; for galleries)
--   default = use as Commons link, don't access wikidata
--   search = string to search for
--   fallback = string to search for if wikidata fails
--   formatting = formatting parameters
--   qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only)
-- Returns:
--   formatted wikilink to Commons in specified namespace
function p._getCommons(namespace,default,search,fallback,formatting,qid)
	local nsColon
	if not namespace or namespace == &quot;&quot; then
		nsColon = &quot;&quot;
	else
		nsColon = namespace..&quot;:&quot;
	end
	if default then
		return &quot;[[Commons:&quot;..nsColon..default..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(default,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if search then
		return &quot;[[Commons:Special:Search/&quot;..nsColon..search..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(search,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	local wp_title, wp_ns
	wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid)
	local commonsLink = nil
	local consistent = true
	if nsColon == &quot;&quot; then
		commonsLink, consistent = _lookupGallery(qid,true)
	elseif namespace:lower() == &quot;category&quot; then
		commonsLink, consistent = _lookupCategory(qid,true)
	end
	-- use wikidata if consistent
	if commonsLink and consistent then
		return &quot;[[Commons:&quot;..nsColon..commonsLink..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(commonsLink,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	-- if not consistent, fall back to search and add to tracking cat
	-- construct default result (which searches for title)
	local searchResult = &quot;[[Commons:Special:Search/&quot;..nsColon..(fallback or wp_title)
		..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(fallback or wp_title,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	if not consistent and wp_ns == &quot;&quot; then
		local friendlyNS
		if nsColon == &quot;&quot; then
			friendlyNS = &quot;gallery&quot;
		else
			friendlyNS = namespace:lower()
		end
		searchResult = searchResult..&quot;[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons &quot;..friendlyNS..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	return searchResult
end

-- Returns &quot;best&quot; Commons link: first look for gallery, then try category
-- Arguments:
--   default = use as Commons link, don't access wikidata
--   search = string to search for
--   fallback = string to search for if wikidata lookup fails
--   formatting = formatting parameters
--   qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only)
-- Returns:
--   formatted wikilink to Commons &quot;best&quot; landing page
function p._getGalleryOrCategory(default, search, fallback, formatting, qid)
	if default then
		return &quot;[[Commons:&quot;..default..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(default,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if search then
		return &quot;[[Commons:Special:Search/&quot;..search..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(search,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	local wp_title, wp_ns
	wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid)
	local trackingCats = &quot;&quot;
	local galleryLink, consistent, commonsSitelink = _lookupGallery(qid,true)
	-- use wikidata if either sitelink or P935 exist, and they both agree
	if galleryLink and consistent then
		return &quot;[[Commons:&quot;..galleryLink..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(galleryLink,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if not consistent and wp_ns == &quot;&quot; then
		trackingCats = &quot;[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons gallery]]&quot;
	end
	-- if gallery is not good, fall back looking for category
	local categoryLink
	categoryLink, consistent = _lookupCategory(qid,false,commonsSitelink)
	if categoryLink and consistent then
		return &quot;[[Commons:Category:&quot;..categoryLink..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(categoryLink,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;..trackingCats
	end
	if not consistent and wp_ns == &quot;&quot; then
		trackingCats = trackingCats..&quot;[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons category]]&quot;
	end
	-- return search result looking for title as last attempt
	return &quot;[[Commons:Special:Search/&quot; .. (fallback or wp_title) ..
		&quot;|&quot; .. _formatResult(fallback or wp_title,formatting) .. &quot;]]&quot; .. trackingCats
end

-- Return link(s) Commons gallery, or category, or both from wikidata
-- Arguments:
--   defaultGallery = default gallery link to use, instead of wikidata
--   defaultCategory = default category link to use, instead of wikidata
--   categoryText = if both gallery and category, text to use in category link (&quot;category&quot; by default)
--   oneSearch = only emit one search result
--   formatting = formatting parameters
--   qid = qid of page to lookup in wikidata (testing only)
function p._getGalleryAndCategory(defaultGallery, defaultCategory, 
	categoryText, oneSearch, formatting, qid
	)
	local wp_title, wp_ns
	wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid)
	categoryText = categoryText or &quot;category&quot;
	local trackingCats = &quot;&quot;
	local galleryLink, galleryConsistent
	local commonsSitelink = nil
	if defaultGallery then
		galleryLink = defaultGallery
		galleryConsistent = true
	else
		galleryLink, galleryConsistent, commonsSitelink = _lookupGallery(qid,true)
	end
	local galleryGood = galleryLink and galleryConsistent
	if not galleryConsistent and wp_ns == &quot;&quot; then
		trackingCats = &quot;[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons gallery]]&quot;
	end
	local categoryLink, categoryConsistent
	if defaultCategory then
		categoryLink = defaultCategory
		categoryConsistent = true
	else
		categoryLink, categoryConsistent = _lookupCategory(qid,defaultGallery,commonsSitelink)
	end
	local categoryGood = categoryLink and categoryConsistent
	if not categoryConsistent and wp_ns == &quot;&quot; then
		trackingCats = trackingCats..&quot;[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons category]]&quot;
	end
	local firstLink
	-- construct default result (which searches for title)
	local searchResult = &quot;[[Commons:Special:Search/&quot;..wp_title..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(wp_title,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	if not oneSearch then
		searchResult = searchResult..&quot; ([[Commons:Special:Search/Category:&quot;..wp_title..&quot;|&quot;..categoryText..&quot;]])&quot;
	end
	local linkText = nil
	if galleryGood then
		firstLink = galleryLink
		linkText = galleryLink
	elseif categoryGood then
		firstLink = &quot;Category:&quot;..categoryLink
		linkText = categoryLink
	else
		return searchResult..trackingCats
	end
	local resultVal = &quot;[[Commons:&quot;..firstLink..&quot;|&quot;.._formatResult(linkText,formatting)..&quot;]]&quot;
	if galleryGood and categoryGood then
		resultVal = resultVal..&quot; ([[Commons:Category:&quot;..categoryLink..&quot;|&quot;..categoryText..&quot;]])&quot;
	end
	return resultVal..trackingCats
end

-- Compare two titles with their namespaces stripped
local function titleMatch(s1,s2)
	s1 = s1 or &quot;&quot;
	s2 = s2 or &quot;&quot;
    s1 = mw.ustring.gsub(s1,&quot;^[^:]+:&quot;,&quot;&quot;)
    s2 = mw.ustring.gsub(s2,&quot;^[^:]+:&quot;,&quot;&quot;)
    return s1 == s2
end

local galleryTrackingCats = {
	commons_link_on_wikidata = '[[Category:Commons link is on Wikidata]]',
	commons_link_defined_as_pagename = '[[Category:Commons link is defined as the pagename]]',
	commons_link_locally_defined = '[[Category:Commons link is locally defined]]',
	commons_link_from_wikidata = '[[Category:Commons link from Wikidata]]',
	commons_link_is_pagename = '[[Category:Commons link is the pagename]]',
	inconsistent = '[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons gallery]]'
}

local categoryTrackingCats = {
		commons_link_on_wikidata = '[[Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata]]',
		commons_link_defined_as_pagename = '[[Category:Commons category link is defined as the pagename]]',
		commons_link_locally_defined = '[[Category:Commons category link is locally defined]]',
		commons_link_from_wikidata = '[[Category:Commons category link from Wikidata]]',
		commons_link_is_pagename = '[[Category:Commons category link is the pagename]]',
		inconsistent = '[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons category]]'
	}

local function selectTrackingCat(trackingCats,wikidata,consistent,default,title)
	if not consistent then
		return trackingCats.inconsistent
	end
	if default then
	-- construct warning message
		if default == wikidata then
			return trackingCats.commons_link_on_wikidata
		end
		local warning = &quot;&quot;
		if wikidata then
			local generateWarning = require('Module:If preview')._warning
			warning = generateWarning({
					&quot;Commons link does not match Wikidata – [[Template:Commons_category#Resolving_discrepancies|please check]]&quot;
				})
		end
		if titleMatch(default,title) then
			return trackingCats.commons_link_defined_as_pagename .. warning
		end
		return trackingCats.commons_link_locally_defined .. warning
	end
	if wikidata then
		return trackingCats.commons_link_from_wikidata
	end
	return trackingCats.commons_link_is_pagename
end

-- Figure out tracking categories and editor warnings
-- Arguments:
--   default = Commons link argument passed to template
--   fetchGallery = whether to fetch a gallery from Wikidata
--   fetchCategory = whether to fetch a category from Wikidata
--   qid = force a qid for testing
-- Returns:
--   tracking category and possible user warning
--
-- Note: the logic for the tracking is quite different than the logic
-- for generating Commons links (above). Thus, it is separated into another
-- function for code clarity and maintainability. This should not seriously 
-- affect performance: server time is dominated by fetching wikidata entities,
-- and those entities should be cached and shared between the Commons generating
-- code and this tracking code.
function p._tracking(default, fetchGallery, fetchCategory, qid)
	local title, wp_ns, wp_qid = _getTitleQID(qid,true)
	if wp_ns ~= &quot;&quot; then
		title = wp_ns..&quot;:&quot;..title
	end
	-- only track if test or namespace=article or namespace=category
	if not (qid or wp_ns == &quot;&quot; or wp_ns == &quot;Category&quot;) then
		return &quot;&quot;
	end
	
	-- determine title and namespace of wikidata and wp article
	local wikidata = nil
	local consistent = nil
	-- Tracking code works for all 4 cases of states of fetchGallery/Category
	-- fetchGallery takes precedence
	if fetchGallery then
		wikidata, consistent = p._hasGalleryConsistent(qid)
		if default or not fetchCategory or (consistent and wikidata) then
			return selectTrackingCat(galleryTrackingCats,wikidata,consistent,
				                     default,title)
		end
	end
    if fetchCategory then
		local cat_wikidata, cat_consistent = p._hasCategoryConsistent(qid,true)
		if not fetchGallery or (cat_consistent and cat_wikidata) then
			return selectTrackingCat(categoryTrackingCats,cat_wikidata,
			                    	 cat_consistent,default,title)
		end
		return selectTrackingCat(galleryTrackingCats,wikidata,consistent,
			                     default,title)
    end
	return &quot;&quot; -- nothing fetched, nothing tracked
end

local function _createFormatting(args)
	local formatting = {}
	formatting.linktext = args.linktext
    local yesNo = require('Module:Yesno')
	formatting.lcfirst = yesNo(args.lcfirst)
	formatting.bold = yesNo(args.bold)
	formatting.italic = yesNo(args.italic)
	formatting.nowrap = yesNo(args.nowrap)
	return formatting
end

-- Testing-only entry point for _getTitleQID
function p.getTitleQID(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	local text, ns, qid = _getTitleQID(args[1],args[2])
	return text..&quot;,&quot;..ns..&quot;,&quot;..(qid or &quot;nil&quot;)
end

-- Testing-only entry point for _lookupFallback
function p.lookupFallback(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	local fallback = _lookupFallback(args[1],args[2])
	return fallback or &quot;nil&quot;
end

-- Find the Commons gallery page associated with article
function p.getGallery(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	return p._getCommons(&quot;&quot;,args[1],args.search,args.fallback,_createFormatting(args),args.qid)
end

-- Find the Commons category page associated with article
function p.getCategory(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	local retval = p._getCommons(&quot;Category&quot;, args[1], 
		args.search, args.fallback, _createFormatting(args), args.qid
	)
	if args.tracking then
		local default = nil
		if args[1] then
			default = &quot;Category:&quot;..args[1]
		end
		retval = retval..p._tracking(default, false, true, args.qid)
	end
	return retval
end

function p.getGalleryOrCategory(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	local retval = p._getGalleryOrCategory(
		args[1], args.search, args.fallback, _createFormatting(args), args.qid
	)
	if args.tracking then
		retval = retval..p._tracking(args[1],true,true,args.qid)
	end
	return retval
end

function p.hasGallery(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	return p._hasGallery(args.qid) or &quot;&quot;
end

function p.hasCategory(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	return p._hasCategory(args.qid) or &quot;&quot;
end

function p.hasGalleryOrCategory(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	return p._hasGallery(args.qid) or p._hasCategory(args.qid) or &quot;&quot;
end

function p.getGalleryAndCategory(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	return p._getGalleryAndCategory(args[1], args[2], 
		args.categoryText, args.oneSearch, _createFormatting(args), args.qid)
end

function p.tracking(frame)
	local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false})
	return p._tracking(args[1], args.fetchGallery, args.fetchCategory, args.qid)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>hvucm9xgbk5bunilhfkw966jacav3zb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Enterprisey's test article</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>127011</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746950</id>
      <parentid>515161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:26:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35144-30</username>
        <id>74457</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>746950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4" sha1="q6ningbo90r18e6m8fb1dpg3fk47i0z" xml:space="preserve">yeah</text>
      <sha1>q6ningbo90r18e6m8fb1dpg3fk47i0z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Village pump/topic list</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>146208</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746889</id>
      <parentid>746731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:47:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cewbot</username>
        <id>33876</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[User:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|Generate topic list: 9 topics]]</comment>
      <origin>746889</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5520" sha1="jk9zj42vlrpdxembjszf0rropd5kwsn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- This page is auto-generated by bot. Please contact the bot operator to improve the tool. --&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;  style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|-
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;#&lt;/small&gt; !! 💭 Title !! &lt;span title=&quot;Count of comments&quot;&gt;💬&lt;/span&gt; !! &lt;span title=&quot;Count of peoples in discussion&quot;&gt;👥&lt;/span&gt; !! 🙋 Last editor !! data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;Date/Time&quot;&gt;🕒 &lt;small&gt;(UTC)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 1
| [[Wikipedia:Village pump#Script|Script]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; | [[User:LuniZunie|LuniZunie]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-11-09T16:47:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-11-09 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;16:47&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 2
| [[Wikipedia:Village pump#Report_concerning_Tanbiruzzammn|Report concerning Tanbiruzzammn]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; | [[User:Barras|Barras]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-12-09T21:45:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-12-09 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;21:45&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 3
| [[Wikipedia:Village pump#Report_concerning_Bucheon|Report concerning Bucheon]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; | [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2026-02-19T10:25:00.000Z&quot; | 2026-02-19 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;10:25&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 4
| [[Wikipedia:Village pump#Versions_and_dates|Versions and dates]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; | [[Special:Contributions/~2026-13668-13|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c20;&quot;&gt;~2026-13668-13&lt;/span&gt;]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2026-03-03T06:17:00.000Z&quot; | 2026-03-03 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;06:17&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;max-width: 24em&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[Wikipedia:Village pump#Upcoming_Wikimedia_Café_meetup_regarding_the_the_2026-2027_Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan|Upcoming Wikimedia Café meetup regarding the the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]]&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; | [[User:Pine|Pine]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2026-03-30T03:46:00.000Z&quot; | 2026-03-30 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;03:46&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 6
| [[Wikipedia:Village pump#Changes_to_electionadmin_userright|Changes to electionadmin userright]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; | [[User:Chaotic Enby|Chaotic Enby]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2026-04-23T15:22:00.000Z&quot; | 2026-04-23 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;15:22&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;max-width: 24em&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[Wikipedia:Village pump#Report_concerning_Princebarackalibarrydaddyobamaiii|Report concerning Princebarackalibarrydaddyobamaiii]]&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2026-05-18T12:23:00.000Z&quot; | 2026-05-18 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;12:23&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;max-width: 24em&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[Wikipedia:Village pump#May_2026_Wikimedia_Café_meetups_regarding_the_Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan|May 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding the Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]]&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:Pine|Pine]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2026-05-21T19:54:00.000Z&quot; | 2026-05-21 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;19:54&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;max-width: 24em&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[Wikipedia:Village pump#June_2026_Wikimedia_Café_meetups_regarding_the_English_Wikipedia_Editor_Reflections_project|June 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding the English Wikipedia Editor Reflections project]]&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;&quot; | 1
| [[User:Pine|Pine]]
| data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2026-06-15T03:56:00.000Z&quot; | 2026-06-15 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;03:56&lt;/span&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-left: .5em;;{{#if:{{{no_time_legend|}}}|display:none;|}}&quot;
! title=&quot;From the latest bot edit&quot; | Legend
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #efe;&quot;  |
* In the last hour
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #eef;&quot;  |
* In the last day
|-
|  |
* In the last week
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot;  |
* In the last month
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot;  |
* More than one month
|-

! Manual settings
|-
| style=&quot;max-width: 12em;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;When exceptions occur,&lt;br /&gt;please check [[User:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|the setting]] first.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}
{{Clear}}</text>
      <sha1>jk9zj42vlrpdxembjszf0rropd5kwsn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:AppsCampaignConfig.json</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>152933</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746785</id>
      <parentid>744322</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:42:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PPenloglou-WMF</username>
        <id>61111</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Test in Japan for 1000 JPY.</comment>
      <origin>746785</origin>
      <model>json</model>
      <format>application/json</format>
      <text bytes="18142" sha1="m6jik30uxlxfwym1xczxybwdzttdhpv" xml:space="preserve">[
	{
		&quot;start_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-02T16:00:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;end_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-30T23:59:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;id&quot;: &quot;AT_2026_06&quot;,
		&quot;platforms&quot;: {
			&quot;iOS&quot;: {},
			&quot;Android&quot;: {}
		},
		&quot;version&quot;: 2,
		&quot;countries&quot;: [
			&quot;AT&quot;
		],
		&quot;assets&quot;: {
			&quot;en&quot;: [
				{
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EThe internet we were promised.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EAn important update for readers\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EPlease don't skip this 1-minute read. Our fundraiser will soon be over, but we're short of our goal. We hope that Wikipedia has given you at least € 2,50 of knowledge this year. If just 2% of our most loyal readers gave € 2,50, we'd hit our goal in a few hours.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EThe internet we were promised—a place of free, collaborative, accessible knowledge—is under constant threat. Wikipedia volunteers create and verify the pages you rely on, supported by tools that undo vandalism within minutes, ensuring the information you seek is trustworthy.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EMost readers don’t donate, so your gift matters. Please donate today, whether it's € 2,50 one time or monthly. Thanks.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Donate now&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=AT\u0026uselang=en\u0026appeal=SupportingWikipedia\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=enAT_AT_2026_06_Control_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;I already donated&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;EUR&quot;
				}
			],
			&quot;de&quot;: [
				{
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EDas Internet, das uns versprochen wurde.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EEine wichtige Nachricht für die Lesenden\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EBitte lesen Sie diese kurze Nachricht. Unsere Spendenkampagne endet bald, aber wir haben unser Ziel noch nicht erreicht. Wir hoffen, dass Wikipedia Ihnen in diesem Jahr Wissen im Wert von mindestens € 2,50 vermittelt hat. Wenn nur 2 % unserer treuesten Lesenden € 2,50 spenden würden, würden wir unser Ziel in wenigen Stunden erreichen.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDas Internet, das uns versprochen wurde – ein Ort freien, gemeinschaftlichen und zugänglichen Wissens – ist ständigen Bedrohungen ausgesetzt. Freiwillige erstellen und überprüfen auf Wikipedia die Seiten, auf die Sie sich verlassen, unterstützt durch Werkzeuge, die Vandalismus innerhalb von Minuten beseitigen, um sicherzustellen, dass die Informationen, die Sie finden, vertrauenswürdig sind.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDie meisten Lesenden spenden nicht, deshalb ist Ihre Spende wichtig. Bitte spenden Sie noch heute, sei es einmalig oder monatlich € 2,50. Danke.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;Mit Ihrer Spende stimmen Sie unserer \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/de'\u003EDatenschutzrichtlinie für Spendende\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Jetzt spenden&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=AT\u0026uselang=de\u0026appeal=JimmyQuote\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=deAT_AT_2026_06_Control_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Vielleicht später&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Ich habe bereits gespendet&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;EUR&quot;
				}
			]
		}
	},
	{
		&quot;start_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-16T16:00:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;end_time&quot;: &quot;2026-07-14T23:59:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;id&quot;: &quot;JP_2026_06&quot;,
		&quot;platforms&quot;: {
			&quot;iOS&quot;: {},
			&quot;Android&quot;: {}
		},
		&quot;version&quot;: 2,
		&quot;countries&quot;: [
			&quot;JP&quot;
		],
		&quot;assets&quot;: {
			&quot;en&quot;: [
				{
					&quot;weight&quot;: 0.5,
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EThe internet we were promised.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EAn important update for readers\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EPlease don't skip this 1-minute read. Our fundraiser will soon be over, but we're short of our goal. We hope that Wikipedia has given you at least ¥300 of knowledge this year. If just 2% of our most loyal readers gave ¥300, we'd hit our goal in a few hours.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EThe internet we were promised—a place of free, collaborative, accessible knowledge—is under constant threat. Wikipedia volunteers create and verify the pages you rely on, supported by tools that undo vandalism within minutes, ensuring the information you seek is trustworthy.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EMost readers don’t donate, so your gift matters. Please donate today, whether it's ¥300 one time or monthly. Thanks.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Donate now&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=JP\u0026uselang=en\u0026appeal=SupportingWikipedia\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=enJP_JP_2026_06_Control_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;I already donated&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;JPY&quot;
				},
				{
					&quot;weight&quot;: 0.5,
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;1000JPY&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EThe internet we were promised.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EAn important update for readers\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EPlease don't skip this 1-minute read. Our fundraiser will soon be over, but we're short of our goal. We hope that Wikipedia has given you at least ¥1,000 of knowledge this year. If just 2% of our most loyal readers gave ¥1,000, we'd hit our goal in a few hours.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EThe internet we were promised—a place of free, collaborative, accessible knowledge—is under constant threat. Wikipedia volunteers create and verify the pages you rely on, supported by tools that undo vandalism within minutes, ensuring the information you seek is trustworthy.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EMost readers don’t donate, so your gift matters. Please donate today, whether it's ¥1,000 one time or monthly. Thanks.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Donate now&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=JP\u0026uselang=en\u0026appeal=SupportingWikipedia\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=enJP_JP_2026_06_1000JPY_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;I already donated&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;JPY&quot;
				}
			],
			&quot;ja&quot;: [
				{
					&quot;weight&quot;: 0.5,
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003E私たちが思い描いていたインターネット\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003E読者の皆様への大切なお知らせ\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003Eほんの1分ほどですので、どうか読み飛ばさずにお読みください。私たちの募金活動はまもなく終了しますが、目標金額にはまだ達していません。この1年、ウィキペディアがあなたに少なくとも￥300の知識を提供できたことを願います。ウィキペディア愛読者のわずか2%が￥300を寄付してくだされば、たった数時間で目標を達成できるのです。\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E私たちが思い描いていたインターネットの姿―自由で協働的な、誰もがアクセスできる知識の場ーは、絶え間ない脅威にさらされています。ウィキペディアのボランティアは、皆様が頼りにするページを作成し、内容を検証しています。また、荒らし行為を数分以内に元に戻すツールに支えられ、皆様が求める情報の信頼性を確保しています。\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003Eほとんどの読者は寄付をされません。だからこそ、あなたからのご寄付は貴重なのです。￥300の1回限りのご寄付でも、月々の定額寄付でもありがたく思います。どうかご検討ください。&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;寄付をすることで、\u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/ja'\u003E寄付者のプライバシーポリシー\u003C/a\u003Eに同意したものとみなされます。&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;今すぐ寄付をする&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=JP\u0026uselang=ja\u0026appeal=JimmyQuote\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=jaJP_JP_2026_06_Control_$platform;&quot;
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						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;あとで寄付する&quot;
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;すでに寄付しました&quot;
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					&quot;weight&quot;: 0.5,
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					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003E私たちが思い描いていたインターネット\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003E読者の皆様への大切なお知らせ\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003Eほんの1分ほどですので、どうか読み飛ばさずにお読みください。私たちの募金活動はまもなく終了しますが、目標金額にはまだ達していません。この1年、ウィキペディアがあなたに少なくとも￥1,000の知識を提供できたことを願います。ウィキペディア愛読者のわずか2%が￥1,000を寄付してくだされば、たった数時間で目標を達成できるのです。\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E私たちが思い描いていたインターネットの姿―自由で協働的な、誰もがアクセスできる知識の場ーは、絶え間ない脅威にさらされています。ウィキペディアのボランティアは、皆様が頼りにするページを作成し、内容を検証しています。また、荒らし行為を数分以内に元に戻すツールに支えられ、皆様が求める情報の信頼性を確保しています。\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003Eほとんどの読者は寄付をされません。だからこそ、あなたからのご寄付は貴重なのです。￥1,000の1回限りのご寄付でも、月々の定額寄付でもありがたく思います。どうかご検討ください。&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;寄付をすることで、\u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/ja'\u003E寄付者のプライバシーポリシー\u003C/a\u003Eに同意したものとみなされます。&quot;,
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		&quot;start_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-02T16:00:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;end_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-30T23:59:00Z&quot;,
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					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EEl internet que nos prometieron.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EInformación importante para nuestra comunidad\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EUn minuto, ¡no te pedimos más! Nuestra campaña de recaudación está a punto de terminar, pero no hemos alcanzado nuestro objetivo. ¿Lo que has aprendido con Wikipedia este año vale al menos € 2,50? Si el 2 % de las personas que nos leen donaran esa cantidad, llegaríamos a nuestro objetivo en solo unas horas.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EEl internet que nos prometieron, ese lugar de conocimiento libre, accesible y colaborativo, está en peligro. Los voluntarios de Wikipedia crean y verifican las páginas que consultas, y utilizan herramientas para deshacer cambios malintencionado en cuestión de minutos para que tú accedas a información fiable.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003ESin embargo, la mayoría de la gente no hace donaciones y por eso tu ayuda es importante, tanto si aportas € 2,50 una vez como si lo haces todos los meses. ¿Contamos contigo?&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;Al donar, aceptas nuestra \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/es'\u003Epolítica de privacidad de donantes\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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		&quot;start_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-02T16:00:00Z&quot;,
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					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EThe internet we were promised.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EAn important update for readers\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EPlease don't skip this 1-minute read. Our fundraiser will soon be over, but we're short of our goal. We hope that Wikipedia has given you at least 30 kr of knowledge this year. If just 2% of our most loyal readers gave 30 kr, we'd hit our goal in a few hours.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EThe internet we were promised—a place of free, collaborative, accessible knowledge—is under constant threat. Wikipedia volunteers create and verify the pages you rely on, supported by tools that undo vandalism within minutes, ensuring the information you seek is trustworthy.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EMost readers don’t donate, so your gift matters. Please donate today, whether it's 30 kr one time or monthly. Thanks.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
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			&quot;sv&quot;: [
				{
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EDet internet som utlovades.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EEn viktig uppdatering för läsarna\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EHoppa inte över det här – det går fort att läsa. Vår insamlingskampanj är snart över, men vi har inte nått vårt mål. Vi hoppas att Wikipedia har gett dig kunskap värd åtminstone 30 kr under det gångna året. Om bara 2  procent av användarna skänker 30 kr, kommer vi att nå målet på några timmar.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDet öppna och fria internet som en gång utlovades – där alla skulle få tillgång till gemenskapsdriven kunskap – står ständigt under hot. Wikipedias volontärer arbetar outtröttligt för att skapa och granska de sidor du använder, med hjälp av verktyg som snabbt åtgärdar eventuella sabotage. Tack vare deras insatser kan du lita på att informationen är tillförlitlig.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDe flesta skänker ingenting, så din gåva är viktig. Oavsett om du kan bidra med 30 kr en gång eller varje månad, gör det en stor skillnad. Stort tack för ditt stöd.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;Genom att skänka en gåva godkänner du vår \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/sv'\u003Esekretesspolicy för donatorer\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Lämna ett bidrag&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Kanske senare&quot;
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      <id>746786</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>PPenloglou-WMF</username>
        <id>61111</id>
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      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/746785|746785]] by [[Special:Contributions/PPenloglou-WMF|PPenloglou-WMF]] ([[User talk:PPenloglou-WMF|talk]])</comment>
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	{
		&quot;start_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-02T16:00:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;end_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-30T23:59:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;id&quot;: &quot;AT_2026_06&quot;,
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					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
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					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Donate now&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
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			&quot;de&quot;: [
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					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EDas Internet, das uns versprochen wurde.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EEine wichtige Nachricht für die Lesenden\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EBitte lesen Sie diese kurze Nachricht. Unsere Spendenkampagne endet bald, aber wir haben unser Ziel noch nicht erreicht. Wir hoffen, dass Wikipedia Ihnen in diesem Jahr Wissen im Wert von mindestens € 2,50 vermittelt hat. Wenn nur 2 % unserer treuesten Lesenden € 2,50 spenden würden, würden wir unser Ziel in wenigen Stunden erreichen.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDas Internet, das uns versprochen wurde – ein Ort freien, gemeinschaftlichen und zugänglichen Wissens – ist ständigen Bedrohungen ausgesetzt. Freiwillige erstellen und überprüfen auf Wikipedia die Seiten, auf die Sie sich verlassen, unterstützt durch Werkzeuge, die Vandalismus innerhalb von Minuten beseitigen, um sicherzustellen, dass die Informationen, die Sie finden, vertrauenswürdig sind.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDie meisten Lesenden spenden nicht, deshalb ist Ihre Spende wichtig. Bitte spenden Sie noch heute, sei es einmalig oder monatlich € 2,50. Danke.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;Mit Ihrer Spende stimmen Sie unserer \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/de'\u003EDatenschutzrichtlinie für Spendende\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Jetzt spenden&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Vielleicht später&quot;
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					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003E私たちが思い描いていたインターネット\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003E読者の皆様への大切なお知らせ\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003Eほんの1分ほどですので、どうか読み飛ばさずにお読みください。私たちの募金活動はまもなく終了しますが、目標金額にはまだ達していません。この1年、ウィキペディアがあなたに少なくとも¥300の知識を提供できたことを願います。ウィキペディア愛読者のわずか2%が¥300を寄付してくだされば、たった数時間で目標を達成できるのです。\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E私たちが思い描いていたインターネットの姿―自由で協働的な、誰もがアクセスできる知識の場ーは、絶え間ない脅威にさらされています。ウィキペディアのボランティアは、皆様が頼りにするページを作成し、内容を検証しています。また、荒らし行為を数分以内に元に戻すツールに支えられ、皆様が求める情報の信頼性を確保しています。\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003Eほとんどの読者は寄付をされません。だからこそ、あなたからのご寄付は貴重なのです。¥300の1回限りのご寄付でも、月々の定額寄付でもありがたく思います。どうかご検討ください。&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;寄付をすることで、\u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/ja'\u003E寄付者のプライバシーポリシー\u003C/a\u003Eに同意したものとみなされます。&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;あとで寄付する&quot;
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		&quot;start_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-02T16:00:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;end_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-30T23:59:00Z&quot;,
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					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EThe internet we were promised.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EAn important update for readers\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EPlease don't skip this 1-minute read. Our fundraiser will soon be over, but we're short of our goal. We hope that Wikipedia has given you at least €2.50 of knowledge. of knowledge this year. If just 2% of our most loyal readers gave €2.50, we'd hit our goal in a few hours.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EThe internet we were promised—a place of free, collaborative, accessible knowledge—is under constant threat. Wikipedia volunteers create and verify the pages you rely on, supported by tools that undo vandalism within minutes, ensuring the information you seek is trustworthy.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EMost readers don’t donate, so your gift matters. Please donate today, whether it's €2.50 one time or monthly. Thanks.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
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					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EEl internet que nos prometieron.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EEine wichtige Nachricht für die Lesenden\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EUn minuto, ¡no te pedimos más! Nuestra campaña de recaudación está a punto de terminar, pero no hemos alcanzado nuestro objetivo. ¿Lo que has aprendido con Wikipedia este año vale al menos € 2,50? Si el 2 % de las personas que nos leen donaran esa cantidad, llegaríamos a nuestro objetivo en solo unas horas.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EEl internet que nos prometieron, ese lugar de conocimiento libre, accesible y colaborativo, está en peligro. Los voluntarios de Wikipedia crean y verifican las páginas que consultas, y utilizan herramientas para deshacer cambios malintencionado en cuestión de minutos para que tú accedas a información fiable.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003ESin embargo, la mayoría de la gente no hace donaciones y por eso tu ayuda es importante, tanto si aportas € 2,50 una vez como si lo haces todos los meses. ¿Contamos contigo?&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;Al donar, aceptas nuestra \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/es'\u003Epolítica de privacidad de donantes\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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		&quot;start_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-02T16:00:00Z&quot;,
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					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EThe internet we were promised.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EAn important update for readers\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EPlease don't skip this 1-minute read. Our fundraiser will soon be over, but we're short of our goal. We hope that Wikipedia has given you at least 30 kr of knowledge. of knowledge this year. If just 2% of our most loyal readers gave 30 kr, we'd hit our goal in a few hours.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EThe internet we were promised—a place of free, collaborative, accessible knowledge—is under constant threat. Wikipedia volunteers create and verify the pages you rely on, supported by tools that undo vandalism within minutes, ensuring the information you seek is trustworthy.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EMost readers don’t donate, so your gift matters. Please donate today, whether it's 30 kr one time or monthly. Thanks.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
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			&quot;sv&quot;: [
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					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EDet internet som utlovades.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EEn viktig uppdatering för läsarna\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EHoppa inte över det här – det går fort att läsa. Vår insamlingskampanj är snart över, men vi har inte nått vårt mål. Vi hoppas att Wikipedia har gett dig kunskap värd åtminstone 30 kr under det gångna året. Om bara 2  procent av användarna skänker 30 kr, kommer vi att nå målet på några timmar.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDet öppna och fria internet som en gång utlovades – där alla skulle få tillgång till gemenskapsdriven kunskap – står ständigt under hot. Wikipedias volontärer arbetar outtröttligt för att skapa och granska de sidor du använder, med hjälp av verktyg som snabbt åtgärdar eventuella sabotage. Tack vare deras insatser kan du lita på att informationen är tillförlitlig.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDe flesta skänker ingenting, så din gåva är viktig. Oavsett om du kan bidra med 30 kr en gång eller varje månad, gör det en stor skillnad. Stort tack för ditt stöd.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;Genom att skänka en gåva godkänner du vår \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/sv'\u003Esekretesspolicy för donatorer\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Lämna ett bidrag&quot;,
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		&quot;start_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-02T16:00:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;end_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-30T23:59:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;id&quot;: &quot;AT_2026_06&quot;,
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					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
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			&quot;de&quot;: [
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					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EDas Internet, das uns versprochen wurde.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EEine wichtige Nachricht für die Lesenden\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EBitte lesen Sie diese kurze Nachricht. Unsere Spendenkampagne endet bald, aber wir haben unser Ziel noch nicht erreicht. Wir hoffen, dass Wikipedia Ihnen in diesem Jahr Wissen im Wert von mindestens € 2,50 vermittelt hat. Wenn nur 2 % unserer treuesten Lesenden € 2,50 spenden würden, würden wir unser Ziel in wenigen Stunden erreichen.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDas Internet, das uns versprochen wurde – ein Ort freien, gemeinschaftlichen und zugänglichen Wissens – ist ständigen Bedrohungen ausgesetzt. Freiwillige erstellen und überprüfen auf Wikipedia die Seiten, auf die Sie sich verlassen, unterstützt durch Werkzeuge, die Vandalismus innerhalb von Minuten beseitigen, um sicherzustellen, dass die Informationen, die Sie finden, vertrauenswürdig sind.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDie meisten Lesenden spenden nicht, deshalb ist Ihre Spende wichtig. Bitte spenden Sie noch heute, sei es einmalig oder monatlich € 2,50. Danke.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;Mit Ihrer Spende stimmen Sie unserer \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/de'\u003EDatenschutzrichtlinie für Spendende\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Jetzt spenden&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Vielleicht später&quot;
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					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Donate now&quot;,
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							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
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						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;I already donated&quot;
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					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003E私たちが思い描いていたインターネット\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003E読者の皆様への大切なお知らせ\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003Eほんの1分ほどですので、どうか読み飛ばさずにお読みください。私たちの募金活動はまもなく終了しますが、目標金額にはまだ達していません。この1年、ウィキペディアがあなたに少なくとも¥300の知識を提供できたことを願います。ウィキペディア愛読者のわずか2%が¥300を寄付してくだされば、たった数時間で目標を達成できるのです。\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E私たちが思い描いていたインターネットの姿―自由で協働的な、誰もがアクセスできる知識の場ーは、絶え間ない脅威にさらされています。ウィキペディアのボランティアは、皆様が頼りにするページを作成し、内容を検証しています。また、荒らし行為を数分以内に元に戻すツールに支えられ、皆様が求める情報の信頼性を確保しています。\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003Eほとんどの読者は寄付をされません。だからこそ、あなたからのご寄付は貴重なのです。¥300の1回限りのご寄付でも、月々の定額寄付でもありがたく思います。どうかご検討ください。&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;寄付をすることで、\u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/ja'\u003E寄付者のプライバシーポリシー\u003C/a\u003Eに同意したものとみなされます。&quot;,
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					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EThe internet we were promised.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EAn important update for readers\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EPlease don't skip this 1-minute read. Our fundraiser will soon be over, but we're short of our goal. We hope that Wikipedia has given you at least €2.50 of knowledge this year. If just 2% of our most loyal readers gave €2.50, we'd hit our goal in a few hours.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EThe internet we were promised—a place of free, collaborative, accessible knowledge—is under constant threat. Wikipedia volunteers create and verify the pages you rely on, supported by tools that undo vandalism within minutes, ensuring the information you seek is trustworthy.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EMost readers don’t donate, so your gift matters. Please donate today, whether it's €2.50 one time or monthly. Thanks.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Donate now&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=ES\u0026uselang=en\u0026appeal=SupportingWikipedia\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=enES_ES_2026_06_Control_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;I already donated&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;EUR&quot;
				}
			],
			&quot;es&quot;: [
				{
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EEl internet que nos prometieron.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EInformación importante para nuestra comunidad\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EUn minuto, ¡no te pedimos más! Nuestra campaña de recaudación está a punto de terminar, pero no hemos alcanzado nuestro objetivo. ¿Lo que has aprendido con Wikipedia este año vale al menos € 2,50? Si el 2 % de las personas que nos leen donaran esa cantidad, llegaríamos a nuestro objetivo en solo unas horas.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EEl internet que nos prometieron, ese lugar de conocimiento libre, accesible y colaborativo, está en peligro. Los voluntarios de Wikipedia crean y verifican las páginas que consultas, y utilizan herramientas para deshacer cambios malintencionado en cuestión de minutos para que tú accedas a información fiable.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003ESin embargo, la mayoría de la gente no hace donaciones y por eso tu ayuda es importante, tanto si aportas € 2,50 una vez como si lo haces todos los meses. ¿Contamos contigo?&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;Al donar, aceptas nuestra \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/es'\u003Epolítica de privacidad de donantes\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Quiero donar ahora&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=ES\u0026uselang=es\u0026appeal=JimmyQuote\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=esES_ES_2026_06_Control_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Quizá más tarde&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Ya he donado&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;EUR&quot;
				}
			]
		}
	},
	{
		&quot;start_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-02T16:00:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;end_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-30T23:59:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;id&quot;: &quot;SE_2026_06&quot;,
		&quot;platforms&quot;: {
			&quot;iOS&quot;: {},
			&quot;Android&quot;: {}
		},
		&quot;version&quot;: 2,
		&quot;countries&quot;: [
			&quot;SE&quot;
		],
		&quot;assets&quot;: {
			&quot;en&quot;: [
				{
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EThe internet we were promised.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EAn important update for readers\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EPlease don't skip this 1-minute read. Our fundraiser will soon be over, but we're short of our goal. We hope that Wikipedia has given you at least 30 kr of knowledge this year. If just 2% of our most loyal readers gave 30 kr, we'd hit our goal in a few hours.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EThe internet we were promised—a place of free, collaborative, accessible knowledge—is under constant threat. Wikipedia volunteers create and verify the pages you rely on, supported by tools that undo vandalism within minutes, ensuring the information you seek is trustworthy.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EMost readers don’t donate, so your gift matters. Please donate today, whether it's 30 kr one time or monthly. Thanks.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Donate now&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=SE\u0026uselang=en\u0026appeal=SupportingWikipedia\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=enSE_SE_2026_06_Control_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;I already donated&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;SEK&quot;
				}
			],
			&quot;sv&quot;: [
				{
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EDet internet som utlovades.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EEn viktig uppdatering för läsarna\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EHoppa inte över det här – det går fort att läsa. Vår insamlingskampanj är snart över, men vi har inte nått vårt mål. Vi hoppas att Wikipedia har gett dig kunskap värd åtminstone 30 kr under det gångna året. Om bara 2  procent av användarna skänker 30 kr, kommer vi att nå målet på några timmar.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDet öppna och fria internet som en gång utlovades – där alla skulle få tillgång till gemenskapsdriven kunskap – står ständigt under hot. Wikipedias volontärer arbetar outtröttligt för att skapa och granska de sidor du använder, med hjälp av verktyg som snabbt åtgärdar eventuella sabotage. Tack vare deras insatser kan du lita på att informationen är tillförlitlig.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDe flesta skänker ingenting, så din gåva är viktig. Oavsett om du kan bidra med 30 kr en gång eller varje månad, gör det en stor skillnad. Stort tack för ditt stöd.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;Genom att skänka en gåva godkänner du vår \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/sv'\u003Esekretesspolicy för donatorer\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Lämna ett bidrag&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=SE\u0026uselang=sv\u0026appeal=JimmyQuote\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=svSE_SE_2026_06_Control_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Kanske senare&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Jag har redan skänkt&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;SEK&quot;
				}
			]
		}
	}
]</text>
      <sha1>as42eq85tt8rkudmzsg3yteax20b0a6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746788</id>
      <parentid>746787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:44:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PPenloglou-WMF</username>
        <id>61111</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Test in Japan for 1000 JPY.</comment>
      <origin>746788</origin>
      <model>json</model>
      <format>application/json</format>
      <text bytes="18142" sha1="m6jik30uxlxfwym1xczxybwdzttdhpv" xml:space="preserve">[
	{
		&quot;start_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-02T16:00:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;end_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-30T23:59:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;id&quot;: &quot;AT_2026_06&quot;,
		&quot;platforms&quot;: {
			&quot;iOS&quot;: {},
			&quot;Android&quot;: {}
		},
		&quot;version&quot;: 2,
		&quot;countries&quot;: [
			&quot;AT&quot;
		],
		&quot;assets&quot;: {
			&quot;en&quot;: [
				{
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EThe internet we were promised.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EAn important update for readers\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EPlease don't skip this 1-minute read. Our fundraiser will soon be over, but we're short of our goal. We hope that Wikipedia has given you at least € 2,50 of knowledge this year. If just 2% of our most loyal readers gave € 2,50, we'd hit our goal in a few hours.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EThe internet we were promised—a place of free, collaborative, accessible knowledge—is under constant threat. Wikipedia volunteers create and verify the pages you rely on, supported by tools that undo vandalism within minutes, ensuring the information you seek is trustworthy.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EMost readers don’t donate, so your gift matters. Please donate today, whether it's € 2,50 one time or monthly. Thanks.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Donate now&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=AT\u0026uselang=en\u0026appeal=SupportingWikipedia\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=enAT_AT_2026_06_Control_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;I already donated&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;EUR&quot;
				}
			],
			&quot;de&quot;: [
				{
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EDas Internet, das uns versprochen wurde.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EEine wichtige Nachricht für die Lesenden\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EBitte lesen Sie diese kurze Nachricht. Unsere Spendenkampagne endet bald, aber wir haben unser Ziel noch nicht erreicht. Wir hoffen, dass Wikipedia Ihnen in diesem Jahr Wissen im Wert von mindestens € 2,50 vermittelt hat. Wenn nur 2 % unserer treuesten Lesenden € 2,50 spenden würden, würden wir unser Ziel in wenigen Stunden erreichen.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDas Internet, das uns versprochen wurde – ein Ort freien, gemeinschaftlichen und zugänglichen Wissens – ist ständigen Bedrohungen ausgesetzt. Freiwillige erstellen und überprüfen auf Wikipedia die Seiten, auf die Sie sich verlassen, unterstützt durch Werkzeuge, die Vandalismus innerhalb von Minuten beseitigen, um sicherzustellen, dass die Informationen, die Sie finden, vertrauenswürdig sind.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDie meisten Lesenden spenden nicht, deshalb ist Ihre Spende wichtig. Bitte spenden Sie noch heute, sei es einmalig oder monatlich € 2,50. Danke.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;Mit Ihrer Spende stimmen Sie unserer \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/de'\u003EDatenschutzrichtlinie für Spendende\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Jetzt spenden&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=AT\u0026uselang=de\u0026appeal=JimmyQuote\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=deAT_AT_2026_06_Control_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Vielleicht später&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Ich habe bereits gespendet&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;EUR&quot;
				}
			]
		}
	},
	{
		&quot;start_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-16T16:00:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;end_time&quot;: &quot;2026-07-14T23:59:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;id&quot;: &quot;JP_2026_06&quot;,
		&quot;platforms&quot;: {
			&quot;iOS&quot;: {},
			&quot;Android&quot;: {}
		},
		&quot;version&quot;: 2,
		&quot;countries&quot;: [
			&quot;JP&quot;
		],
		&quot;assets&quot;: {
			&quot;en&quot;: [
				{
					&quot;weight&quot;: 0.5,
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EThe internet we were promised.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EAn important update for readers\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EPlease don't skip this 1-minute read. Our fundraiser will soon be over, but we're short of our goal. We hope that Wikipedia has given you at least ¥300 of knowledge this year. If just 2% of our most loyal readers gave ¥300, we'd hit our goal in a few hours.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EThe internet we were promised—a place of free, collaborative, accessible knowledge—is under constant threat. Wikipedia volunteers create and verify the pages you rely on, supported by tools that undo vandalism within minutes, ensuring the information you seek is trustworthy.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EMost readers don’t donate, so your gift matters. Please donate today, whether it's ¥300 one time or monthly. Thanks.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Donate now&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=JP\u0026uselang=en\u0026appeal=SupportingWikipedia\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=enJP_JP_2026_06_Control_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;I already donated&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;JPY&quot;
				},
				{
					&quot;weight&quot;: 0.5,
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;1000JPY&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EThe internet we were promised.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EAn important update for readers\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EPlease don't skip this 1-minute read. Our fundraiser will soon be over, but we're short of our goal. We hope that Wikipedia has given you at least ¥1,000 of knowledge this year. If just 2% of our most loyal readers gave ¥1,000, we'd hit our goal in a few hours.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EThe internet we were promised—a place of free, collaborative, accessible knowledge—is under constant threat. Wikipedia volunteers create and verify the pages you rely on, supported by tools that undo vandalism within minutes, ensuring the information you seek is trustworthy.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EMost readers don’t donate, so your gift matters. Please donate today, whether it's ¥1,000 one time or monthly. Thanks.&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Donate now&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=JP\u0026uselang=en\u0026appeal=SupportingWikipedia\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=enJP_JP_2026_06_1000JPY_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Maybe later&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;I already donated&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;JPY&quot;
				}
			],
			&quot;ja&quot;: [
				{
					&quot;weight&quot;: 0.5,
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;Control&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003E私たちが思い描いていたインターネット\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003E読者の皆様への大切なお知らせ\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003Eほんの1分ほどですので、どうか読み飛ばさずにお読みください。私たちの募金活動はまもなく終了しますが、目標金額にはまだ達していません。この1年、ウィキペディアがあなたに少なくとも￥300の知識を提供できたことを願います。ウィキペディア愛読者のわずか2%が￥300を寄付してくだされば、たった数時間で目標を達成できるのです。\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E私たちが思い描いていたインターネットの姿―自由で協働的な、誰もがアクセスできる知識の場ーは、絶え間ない脅威にさらされています。ウィキペディアのボランティアは、皆様が頼りにするページを作成し、内容を検証しています。また、荒らし行為を数分以内に元に戻すツールに支えられ、皆様が求める情報の信頼性を確保しています。\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003Eほとんどの読者は寄付をされません。だからこそ、あなたからのご寄付は貴重なのです。￥300の1回限りのご寄付でも、月々の定額寄付でもありがたく思います。どうかご検討ください。&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;寄付をすることで、\u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/ja'\u003E寄付者のプライバシーポリシー\u003C/a\u003Eに同意したものとみなされます。&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;今すぐ寄付をする&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=JP\u0026uselang=ja\u0026appeal=JimmyQuote\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=jaJP_JP_2026_06_Control_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;あとで寄付する&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;すでに寄付しました&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;JPY&quot;
				},
				{
					&quot;weight&quot;: 0.5,
					&quot;id&quot;: &quot;1000JPY&quot;,
					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003E私たちが思い描いていたインターネット\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003E読者の皆様への大切なお知らせ\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003Eほんの1分ほどですので、どうか読み飛ばさずにお読みください。私たちの募金活動はまもなく終了しますが、目標金額にはまだ達していません。この1年、ウィキペディアがあなたに少なくとも￥1,000の知識を提供できたことを願います。ウィキペディア愛読者のわずか2%が￥1,000を寄付してくだされば、たった数時間で目標を達成できるのです。\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E私たちが思い描いていたインターネットの姿―自由で協働的な、誰もがアクセスできる知識の場ーは、絶え間ない脅威にさらされています。ウィキペディアのボランティアは、皆様が頼りにするページを作成し、内容を検証しています。また、荒らし行為を数分以内に元に戻すツールに支えられ、皆様が求める情報の信頼性を確保しています。\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003Eほとんどの読者は寄付をされません。だからこそ、あなたからのご寄付は貴重なのです。￥1,000の1回限りのご寄付でも、月々の定額寄付でもありがたく思います。どうかご検討ください。&quot;,
					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;寄付をすることで、\u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/ja'\u003E寄付者のプライバシーポリシー\u003C/a\u003Eに同意したものとみなされます。&quot;,
					&quot;actions&quot;: [
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;今すぐ寄付をする&quot;,
							&quot;url&quot;: &quot;https://donate.wikimedia.org/?country=JP\u0026uselang=ja\u0026appeal=JimmyQuote\u0026wmf_medium=WikipediaApp\u0026wmf_campaign=$platform;\u0026wmf_source=jaJP_JP_2026_06_1000JPY_$platform;&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;あとで寄付する&quot;
						},
						{
							&quot;title&quot;: &quot;すでに寄付しました&quot;
						}
					],
					&quot;currency_code&quot;: &quot;JPY&quot;
				}
			]
		}
	},
	{
		&quot;start_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-02T16:00:00Z&quot;,
		&quot;end_time&quot;: &quot;2026-06-30T23:59:00Z&quot;,
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					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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					&quot;footer&quot;: &quot;By donating, you agree to our \u003Ca href='https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donor_privacy_policy/en'\u003Edonor privacy policy\u003C/a\u003E.&quot;,
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					&quot;text&quot;: &quot;\u003Cb\u003EDet internet som utlovades.\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003EEn viktig uppdatering för läsarna\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EHoppa inte över det här – det går fort att läsa. Vår insamlingskampanj är snart över, men vi har inte nått vårt mål. Vi hoppas att Wikipedia har gett dig kunskap värd åtminstone 30 kr under det gångna året. Om bara 2  procent av användarna skänker 30 kr, kommer vi att nå målet på några timmar.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDet öppna och fria internet som en gång utlovades – där alla skulle få tillgång till gemenskapsdriven kunskap – står ständigt under hot. Wikipedias volontärer arbetar outtröttligt för att skapa och granska de sidor du använder, med hjälp av verktyg som snabbt åtgärdar eventuella sabotage. Tack vare deras insatser kan du lita på att informationen är tillförlitlig.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EDe flesta skänker ingenting, så din gåva är viktig. Oavsett om du kan bidra med 30 kr en gång eller varje månad, gör det en stor skillnad. Stort tack för ditt stöd.&quot;,
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        <username>Kharlan test acctcreation fefewfewf2323</username>
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      <text bytes="6588" sha1="1t39dmucztsfsiaeeuxlyb2oe9c8noi" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test|timestamp=20260614200246|year=2026|month=June|day=14|substed=yes|help=off}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test|date=14 June 2026|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{к удалению|2026-06-14}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Info/Música/artista&lt;/nowiki&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; ndome = Alvin L
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; fundo = cadntodr_solo
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; imagem = Alvin L.webp
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; nome completo = Arnaldo Jose Lima Santos
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; nascimento_data = {{dni|1|4|1959|si}}d
| nascimento_cidade = [[Salvador]], [[Bahia]]
| nascimento_país = [[BraTestcomposicoes|titulo=Sob encomenda: Alvin L fala sobre suas composições|obra=Portal SUCESSO!|acessodata=19-11-2015|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120161103/http://www.portalsucesso.com.br/noticias/sob-encomenda-alvin-l-fala-sobre-suas-composicoes|arquivodata=2015-11-20|urlmorta=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citar web|ultimo=CEL|url=https://celulapop.com.br/o-paradoxo-alvin-l/|titulo=O paradoxo Alvin L|data=2021-09-29|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=Célula POP|lingua=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Salvador]], [[1 de abril]] de [[1959]] – [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[5 de abril]] de [[2026]]), mais conhecido pelo [[nome artístico]] '''Alvin L''', foi um [[músico]] e [[compositor]] [[brasil]]eiro.

Suas mais de 200 composições publicadas foram grdavadas por artistas que vão de [[Milton Nascimento]] a [[Sandy &amp; Junior]]. Test.........zzzz

https://example.url 
https://examples.url
https://examplez.url

O cantor e compositor morreu no dia 5 de abril de 2026, aos 67 anos, de [[ataque cardíaco]] enquanto dormia.&lt;ref&gt;{{citar web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/noticia/2026/04/05/morre-compositor-alvim-l-aos-67-anos.ghtml|titulo=Morre compositor Alvim L, autor de hits da música brasileira, aos 67 anos|data=05/04/2026|acessodata=05/04/2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;.z

== Carreira ==
Alvin nasceu em Salvador, mas foi registrado no [[Rio de Janeiro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citar web|ultimo=Schmidt|primeiro=Bernardo|url=http://bernardoschmidt.blogspot.com/2010/10/entrevista-com-alvin-l-parte-1.html|titulo=O Patativa: Entrevista com ALVIN L - Parte 1|data= 25 de outubro de 2010|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=O Patativa}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Guitarrista]] e compositor, começou no final dos [[Década de 1970|anos 70]] com o [[Banda musical|grupo]] [[punk]] Vândalos. Mais tarde formou os [[Rapazes de Vida Fácil]], mais influenciado pelo [[New wave (música)|new wave]], que chegou a lançar um [[Compacto simples|compacto]] em 1982 pela [[PolyGram|P hcaptcha probeolyGram]] e teve sua música de maior sucesso &quot;Adriana na Piscina&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Também flertou com o experimentalismo com a banda Brasil Palace.

NOrmal edit

Em seguida foi oo compositor principal dos Sex Beatles, formanda em 1990,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; que lançou dois discos, ''Automobília'' e ''Mondo Passionale'', nos [[Década de 1990|anos 1990]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citar web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ilustrad/fq220816.htm|titulo=Folha de S.Paulo - Disco: Alvin L., 35, chega ao trabalho solo - 22/08/97|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=www1.folha.uol.com.br}}&lt;/ref&gt; O grupo trazia, além dele, na gu testitarra, a vocalista [[Cris Braun]], o guitarrista Ivan Mariz, o baixista Vicente Tardin e o baterista Marcelo Martins. [[Dado Villa-Lobos]], na test2 época ainda integrando a [[Legião Urbana]], chegou a tocar com os Sex Beatles, mas, para não ferir cláusulas contratuais, não mostrava o rosto e chegou a usar um [[Pseudónimo|pseudônimo]] quando tocou com a banda em apenas um show, no [[Circo Voador]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Durante todo o tempo, Alvin destacou-se como compositor, sendo gravado por outros intérpretes, principalmente [[Marina Lima]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citar web|url=https://g1.globo.com/pop-arte/musica/blog/mauro-ferreira/post/2021/03/28/marina-lima-canta-com-mano-brown-em-ep-no-qual-reforca-parceria-com-alvin-l.ghtml|titulo=Marina Lima canta com Mano Brown em EP no qual reforça parceria com Alvin L|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=G1|lingua=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt; (&quot;Eu Não Sei Dançar&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citar web|url=http://screamyell.com.br/site/2020/06/22/entrevista-alvin-l-lanca-seu-primeiro-livro-o-veneno-dos-pequenos-detalhes/|titulo=Entrevista: Alvin L lança seu primeiro livro, “O Veneno dos Pequenos Detalhes” – SCREAM &amp; YELL|acessodata=2022-04-27|lingua=pt-BR|wayb=20240919221805}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Stromboli&quot;, &quot;Deve Ser Assim&quot;, &quot;Na Minha Mão&quot; e outros), [[Capital Inicial]] (&quot;Natasha&quot;, &quot;Mickey Mouse em Moscou&quot;, &quot;Todos os Lados&quot;, &quot;Eu Vou Estar&quot;, &quot;Tudo que Vai&quot; e outros&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;), [[Leila Pinheiro]] (que registrou três músicas suas em ''[[Na Ponta da Língua]]''), e ainda [[Belô Velloso]] (&quot;Menos Carnaval&quot;), [[Toni Platão]] (&quot;Tudo que Vai&quot;) e [[Ana Carolina (cantora)|Ana Carolina]] (&quot;Perder Tempo com Você&quot;).

Seu primeiro disco solo, ''Alvin'', saiu em 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; pela [[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]] com a produção de [[Liminha (produtor musical)|Liminha]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citar web|url=http://www.liminha.com.br/en/projeto/alvin/|titulo=Alvin|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=Liminha|wayb=20190218165613}}&lt;/ref&gt; contendo regravações e inéditas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citar web|url=http://www.dicionariompb.com.br/alvin-l |titulo=Biografia no Cravo Albin|obra=[[Dicionário Cravo Albin da Música Popular Brasileira|dicionariompb.com.br]]|acessodata=19-12-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Em 2020, lança seu primeiro [[livro]], o [[suspense]] ''O Veneno dos Pequenos Detalhes''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Em 2021, participa cantando na música &quot;Kilimanjaro&quot;, do [[EP]] ''Motim'' de Marina Lima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citar web|url=https://www.cartacapital.com.br/cultura/com-horror-a-bolsonaro-marina-lima-lanca-ep-e-deseja-deixar-sp/|titulo=Com “horror a Bolsonaro”, Marina Lima lança EP e deseja deixar SP - CartaCapital|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=www.cartacapital.com.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discografia ==
* [[1997]] - ''Alvin''

{{referências}}

== Ligações externas ==

* {{discogs artist|Alvin L.}}
* {{IMDb name|15852552}}
{{NM|1959|2026}}

[[Categoria:Cantores da Bahia]]
[[Categoria:Guitarristas da Bahia]]
[[Categoria:Guitarristas rítmicos]]
[[Categoria:Compositores da Bahia]]
[[Categoria:Naturais de Salvador]]
[[Category:EA]]Test append

== Testing ==

cross-origin edit

== Testing ==

cross-origin edit

== Testing ==

cross-origin edit</text>
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      <text bytes="6589" sha1="1w6dlbjg0w6yctb894j693mndn448yd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test|timestamp=20260614200246|year=2026|month=June|day=14|substed=yes|help=off}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test|date=14 June 2026|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{к удалению|2026-06-14}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Info/Música/artista&lt;/nowiki&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; ndome = Alvin L
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; fundo = cadntodr_solo
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; imagem = Alvin L.webp
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; nomze completo = Arnaldo Jose Lima Santos
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; nascimento_data = {{dni|1|4|1959|si}}d
| nascimento_cidade = [[Salvador]], [[Bahia]]
| nascimento_país = [[BraTestcomposicoes|titulo=Sob encomenda: Alvin L fala sobre suas composições|obra=Portal SUCESSO!|acessodata=19-11-2015|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120161103/http://www.portalsucesso.com.br/noticias/sob-encomenda-alvin-l-fala-sobre-suas-composicoes|arquivodata=2015-11-20|urlmorta=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citar web|ultimo=CEL|url=https://celulapop.com.br/o-paradoxo-alvin-l/|titulo=O paradoxo Alvin L|data=2021-09-29|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=Célula POP|lingua=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Salvador]], [[1 de abril]] de [[1959]] – [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[5 de abril]] de [[2026]]), mais conhecido pelo [[nome artístico]] '''Alvin L''', foi um [[músico]] e [[compositor]] [[brasil]]eiro.

Suas mais de 200 composições publicadas foram grdavadas por artistas que vão de [[Milton Nascimento]] a [[Sandy &amp; Junior]]. Test.........zzzz

https://example.url 
https://examples.url
https://examplez.url

O cantor e compositor morreu no dia 5 de abril de 2026, aos 67 anos, de [[ataque cardíaco]] enquanto dormia.&lt;ref&gt;{{citar web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/noticia/2026/04/05/morre-compositor-alvim-l-aos-67-anos.ghtml|titulo=Morre compositor Alvim L, autor de hits da música brasileira, aos 67 anos|data=05/04/2026|acessodata=05/04/2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;.z

== Carreira ==
Alvin nasceu em Salvador, mas foi registrado no [[Rio de Janeiro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citar web|ultimo=Schmidt|primeiro=Bernardo|url=http://bernardoschmidt.blogspot.com/2010/10/entrevista-com-alvin-l-parte-1.html|titulo=O Patativa: Entrevista com ALVIN L - Parte 1|data= 25 de outubro de 2010|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=O Patativa}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Guitarrista]] e compositor, começou no final dos [[Década de 1970|anos 70]] com o [[Banda musical|grupo]] [[punk]] Vândalos. Mais tarde formou os [[Rapazes de Vida Fácil]], mais influenciado pelo [[New wave (música)|new wave]], que chegou a lançar um [[Compacto simples|compacto]] em 1982 pela [[PolyGram|P hcaptcha probeolyGram]] e teve sua música de maior sucesso &quot;Adriana na Piscina&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Também flertou com o experimentalismo com a banda Brasil Palace.

NOrmal edit

Em seguida foi oo compositor principal dos Sex Beatles, formanda em 1990,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; que lançou dois discos, ''Automobília'' e ''Mondo Passionale'', nos [[Década de 1990|anos 1990]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citar web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ilustrad/fq220816.htm|titulo=Folha de S.Paulo - Disco: Alvin L., 35, chega ao trabalho solo - 22/08/97|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=www1.folha.uol.com.br}}&lt;/ref&gt; O grupo trazia, além dele, na gu testitarra, a vocalista [[Cris Braun]], o guitarrista Ivan Mariz, o baixista Vicente Tardin e o baterista Marcelo Martins. [[Dado Villa-Lobos]], na test2 época ainda integrando a [[Legião Urbana]], chegou a tocar com os Sex Beatles, mas, para não ferir cláusulas contratuais, não mostrava o rosto e chegou a usar um [[Pseudónimo|pseudônimo]] quando tocou com a banda em apenas um show, no [[Circo Voador]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Durante todo o tempo, Alvin destacou-se como compositor, sendo gravado por outros intérpretes, principalmente [[Marina Lima]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citar web|url=https://g1.globo.com/pop-arte/musica/blog/mauro-ferreira/post/2021/03/28/marina-lima-canta-com-mano-brown-em-ep-no-qual-reforca-parceria-com-alvin-l.ghtml|titulo=Marina Lima canta com Mano Brown em EP no qual reforça parceria com Alvin L|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=G1|lingua=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt; (&quot;Eu Não Sei Dançar&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citar web|url=http://screamyell.com.br/site/2020/06/22/entrevista-alvin-l-lanca-seu-primeiro-livro-o-veneno-dos-pequenos-detalhes/|titulo=Entrevista: Alvin L lança seu primeiro livro, “O Veneno dos Pequenos Detalhes” – SCREAM &amp; YELL|acessodata=2022-04-27|lingua=pt-BR|wayb=20240919221805}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Stromboli&quot;, &quot;Deve Ser Assim&quot;, &quot;Na Minha Mão&quot; e outros), [[Capital Inicial]] (&quot;Natasha&quot;, &quot;Mickey Mouse em Moscou&quot;, &quot;Todos os Lados&quot;, &quot;Eu Vou Estar&quot;, &quot;Tudo que Vai&quot; e outros&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;), [[Leila Pinheiro]] (que registrou três músicas suas em ''[[Na Ponta da Língua]]''), e ainda [[Belô Velloso]] (&quot;Menos Carnaval&quot;), [[Toni Platão]] (&quot;Tudo que Vai&quot;) e [[Ana Carolina (cantora)|Ana Carolina]] (&quot;Perder Tempo com Você&quot;).

Seu primeiro disco solo, ''Alvin'', saiu em 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; pela [[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]] com a produção de [[Liminha (produtor musical)|Liminha]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citar web|url=http://www.liminha.com.br/en/projeto/alvin/|titulo=Alvin|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=Liminha|wayb=20190218165613}}&lt;/ref&gt; contendo regravações e inéditas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citar web|url=http://www.dicionariompb.com.br/alvin-l |titulo=Biografia no Cravo Albin|obra=[[Dicionário Cravo Albin da Música Popular Brasileira|dicionariompb.com.br]]|acessodata=19-12-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Em 2020, lança seu primeiro [[livro]], o [[suspense]] ''O Veneno dos Pequenos Detalhes''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Em 2021, participa cantando na música &quot;Kilimanjaro&quot;, do [[EP]] ''Motim'' de Marina Lima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citar web|url=https://www.cartacapital.com.br/cultura/com-horror-a-bolsonaro-marina-lima-lanca-ep-e-deseja-deixar-sp/|titulo=Com “horror a Bolsonaro”, Marina Lima lança EP e deseja deixar SP - CartaCapital|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=www.cartacapital.com.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discografia ==
* [[1997]] - ''Alvin''

{{referências}}

== Ligações externas ==

* {{discogs artist|Alvin L.}}
* {{IMDb name|15852552}}
{{NM|1959|2026}}

[[Categoria:Cantores da Bahia]]
[[Categoria:Guitarristas da Bahia]]
[[Categoria:Guitarristas rítmicos]]
[[Categoria:Compositores da Bahia]]
[[Categoria:Naturais de Salvador]]
[[Category:EA]]Test append

== Testing ==

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== Testing ==

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== Testing ==

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      <text bytes="6590" sha1="buphlkk8z0ds02owol5u9tfoaqqcl95" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test|timestamp=20260614200246|year=2026|month=June|day=14|substed=yes|help=off}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test|date=14 June 2026|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{к удалению|2026-06-14}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Info/Música/artista&lt;/nowiki&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; ndome = Alzvin L
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; fundo = cadntodr_solo
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; imagem = Alvin L.webp
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; nomze completo = Arnaldo Jose Lima Santos
&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; nascimento_data = {{dni|1|4|1959|si}}d
| nascimento_cidade = [[Salvador]], [[Bahia]]
| nascimento_país = [[BraTestcomposicoes|titulo=Sob encomenda: Alvin L fala sobre suas composições|obra=Portal SUCESSO!|acessodata=19-11-2015|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120161103/http://www.portalsucesso.com.br/noticias/sob-encomenda-alvin-l-fala-sobre-suas-composicoes|arquivodata=2015-11-20|urlmorta=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citar web|ultimo=CEL|url=https://celulapop.com.br/o-paradoxo-alvin-l/|titulo=O paradoxo Alvin L|data=2021-09-29|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=Célula POP|lingua=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Salvador]], [[1 de abril]] de [[1959]] – [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[5 de abril]] de [[2026]]), mais conhecido pelo [[nome artístico]] '''Alvin L''', foi um [[músico]] e [[compositor]] [[brasil]]eiro.

Suas mais de 200 composições publicadas foram grdavadas por artistas que vão de [[Milton Nascimento]] a [[Sandy &amp; Junior]]. Test.........zzzz

https://example.url 
https://examples.url
https://examplez.url

O cantor e compositor morreu no dia 5 de abril de 2026, aos 67 anos, de [[ataque cardíaco]] enquanto dormia.&lt;ref&gt;{{citar web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/noticia/2026/04/05/morre-compositor-alvim-l-aos-67-anos.ghtml|titulo=Morre compositor Alvim L, autor de hits da música brasileira, aos 67 anos|data=05/04/2026|acessodata=05/04/2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;.z

== Carreira ==
Alvin nasceu em Salvador, mas foi registrado no [[Rio de Janeiro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citar web|ultimo=Schmidt|primeiro=Bernardo|url=http://bernardoschmidt.blogspot.com/2010/10/entrevista-com-alvin-l-parte-1.html|titulo=O Patativa: Entrevista com ALVIN L - Parte 1|data= 25 de outubro de 2010|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=O Patativa}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Guitarrista]] e compositor, começou no final dos [[Década de 1970|anos 70]] com o [[Banda musical|grupo]] [[punk]] Vândalos. Mais tarde formou os [[Rapazes de Vida Fácil]], mais influenciado pelo [[New wave (música)|new wave]], que chegou a lançar um [[Compacto simples|compacto]] em 1982 pela [[PolyGram|P hcaptcha probeolyGram]] e teve sua música de maior sucesso &quot;Adriana na Piscina&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Também flertou com o experimentalismo com a banda Brasil Palace.

NOrmal edit

Em seguida foi oo compositor principal dos Sex Beatles, formanda em 1990,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; que lançou dois discos, ''Automobília'' e ''Mondo Passionale'', nos [[Década de 1990|anos 1990]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citar web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ilustrad/fq220816.htm|titulo=Folha de S.Paulo - Disco: Alvin L., 35, chega ao trabalho solo - 22/08/97|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=www1.folha.uol.com.br}}&lt;/ref&gt; O grupo trazia, além dele, na gu testitarra, a vocalista [[Cris Braun]], o guitarrista Ivan Mariz, o baixista Vicente Tardin e o baterista Marcelo Martins. [[Dado Villa-Lobos]], na test2 época ainda integrando a [[Legião Urbana]], chegou a tocar com os Sex Beatles, mas, para não ferir cláusulas contratuais, não mostrava o rosto e chegou a usar um [[Pseudónimo|pseudônimo]] quando tocou com a banda em apenas um show, no [[Circo Voador]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Durante todo o tempo, Alvin destacou-se como compositor, sendo gravado por outros intérpretes, principalmente [[Marina Lima]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citar web|url=https://g1.globo.com/pop-arte/musica/blog/mauro-ferreira/post/2021/03/28/marina-lima-canta-com-mano-brown-em-ep-no-qual-reforca-parceria-com-alvin-l.ghtml|titulo=Marina Lima canta com Mano Brown em EP no qual reforça parceria com Alvin L|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=G1|lingua=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt; (&quot;Eu Não Sei Dançar&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citar web|url=http://screamyell.com.br/site/2020/06/22/entrevista-alvin-l-lanca-seu-primeiro-livro-o-veneno-dos-pequenos-detalhes/|titulo=Entrevista: Alvin L lança seu primeiro livro, “O Veneno dos Pequenos Detalhes” – SCREAM &amp; YELL|acessodata=2022-04-27|lingua=pt-BR|wayb=20240919221805}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Stromboli&quot;, &quot;Deve Ser Assim&quot;, &quot;Na Minha Mão&quot; e outros), [[Capital Inicial]] (&quot;Natasha&quot;, &quot;Mickey Mouse em Moscou&quot;, &quot;Todos os Lados&quot;, &quot;Eu Vou Estar&quot;, &quot;Tudo que Vai&quot; e outros&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;), [[Leila Pinheiro]] (que registrou três músicas suas em ''[[Na Ponta da Língua]]''), e ainda [[Belô Velloso]] (&quot;Menos Carnaval&quot;), [[Toni Platão]] (&quot;Tudo que Vai&quot;) e [[Ana Carolina (cantora)|Ana Carolina]] (&quot;Perder Tempo com Você&quot;).

Seu primeiro disco solo, ''Alvin'', saiu em 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; pela [[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]] com a produção de [[Liminha (produtor musical)|Liminha]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citar web|url=http://www.liminha.com.br/en/projeto/alvin/|titulo=Alvin|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=Liminha|wayb=20190218165613}}&lt;/ref&gt; contendo regravações e inéditas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citar web|url=http://www.dicionariompb.com.br/alvin-l |titulo=Biografia no Cravo Albin|obra=[[Dicionário Cravo Albin da Música Popular Brasileira|dicionariompb.com.br]]|acessodata=19-12-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Em 2020, lança seu primeiro [[livro]], o [[suspense]] ''O Veneno dos Pequenos Detalhes''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Em 2021, participa cantando na música &quot;Kilimanjaro&quot;, do [[EP]] ''Motim'' de Marina Lima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citar web|url=https://www.cartacapital.com.br/cultura/com-horror-a-bolsonaro-marina-lima-lanca-ep-e-deseja-deixar-sp/|titulo=Com “horror a Bolsonaro”, Marina Lima lança EP e deseja deixar SP - CartaCapital|acessodata=2022-04-27|website=www.cartacapital.com.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discografia ==
* [[1997]] - ''Alvin''

{{referências}}

== Ligações externas ==

* {{discogs artist|Alvin L.}}
* {{IMDb name|15852552}}
{{NM|1959|2026}}

[[Categoria:Cantores da Bahia]]
[[Categoria:Guitarristas da Bahia]]
[[Categoria:Guitarristas rítmicos]]
[[Categoria:Compositores da Bahia]]
[[Categoria:Naturais de Salvador]]
[[Category:EA]]Test append

== Testing ==

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== Testing ==

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== Testing ==

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            var text = page.extract || &quot;&quot;;
            if (!text) {
                showError('এই পৃষ্ঠার জন্য কোনো প্লেইন টেক্সট পাওয়া যায়নি।');
                return;
            }

            var lines = text.split('\n');
            var cleanLines = [];
            var rxSpace = new RegExp(&quot;^\\s+|\\s+$&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
            for (var i = 0; i &lt; lines.length; i++) {
                var l = lines[i].replace(rxSpace, &quot;&quot;);
                if (l.length &gt; 5) {
                    cleanLines.push(l);
                }
            }

            var seen = {};
            var duplicates = [];
            var htmlContent = &quot;&quot;;
            var duplicateCount = 0;

            for (var j = 0; j &lt; cleanLines.length; j++) {
                var line = cleanLines[j];
                if (seen[line]) {
                    if (duplicates.indexOf(line) === -1) {
                        duplicates.push(line);
                        duplicateCount++;
                        htmlContent += '&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fee2e2; border-left: 4px solid #ef4444; padding: 12px; margin: 8px 0; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; color: #991b1b; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;' + mw.html.escape(line) + '&lt;/div&gt;';
                    }
                } else {
                    seen[line] = true;
                    htmlContent += '&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 12px; margin: 8px 0; border-left: 4px solid transparent; color: #334155; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;' + mw.html.escape(line) + '&lt;/div&gt;';
                }
            }

            var summary = duplicateCount &gt; 0
                ? '&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; color: #dc2626; margin: 0 0 16px 0;&quot;&gt;' + duplicateCount + 'টি পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পাওয়া গেছে&lt;/h3&gt;'
                : '&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; color: #16a34a; margin: 0 0 16px 0;&quot;&gt;✅ কোনো পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পাওয়া যায়নি!&lt;/h3&gt;';

            $('#dup-modal-body').html('&lt;div style=&quot;background: #f8fafc; padding: 16px; border-radius: 8px;&quot;&gt;' + summary + '&lt;div style=&quot;max-height: 384px; overflow-y: auto; padding-right: 8px;&quot;&gt;' + htmlContent + '&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;');

            if (duplicateCount &gt; 0) {
                $('#dup-modal-actions').css('display', 'flex');
                
                $('#dup-delete-btn').off('click').on('click', function () {
                    var btn = $(this);
                    btn.text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন মোছা হচ্ছে...').css({ background: '#94a3b8', cursor: 'not-allowed' }).prop('disabled', true);
                    
                    api.get({
                        action: 'query',
                        prop: 'revisions',
                        rvprop: 'content',
                        rvslots: 'main',
                        titles: title,
                        formatversion: 2
                    }).then(function (wikiData) {
                        var wikitext = wikiData.query.pages[0].revisions[0].slots.main.content;
                        var wikiLines = wikitext.split('\n');
                        var newLines = [];
                        var dupTracker = {};

                        function toAlphanumeric(str) {
                            return str.replace(new RegExp(&quot;[^\\u0980-\\u09FFa-zA-Z0-9]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;), &quot;&quot;);
                        }

                        var rxRef1 = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;ref[^&gt;]*&gt;[\\s\\S]*?&lt;\\/ref&gt;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxRef2 = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;ref[^&gt;]*\\/&gt;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxComment = new RegExp(&quot;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxWikiLink = new RegExp(&quot;\\[\\[(?:[^|\\]]*\\|)?([^\\]]+)\\]\\]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxExtLink = new RegExp(&quot;\\[https?:\\/\\/[^\\s]+\\s+([^\\]]+)\\]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxCite1 = new RegExp(&quot;\\{\\{cite[\\s\\S]*?\\}\\}&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxCite2 = new RegExp(&quot;\\{\\{Cite[\\s\\S]*?\\}\\}&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxBold = new RegExp(&quot;'{2,3}&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxHeading = new RegExp(&quot;==+\\s*(.*?)\\s*==+&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxTags = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;[^&gt;]+&gt;&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);

                        for (var k = 0; k &lt; wikiLines.length; k++) {
                            var wLine = wikiLines[k];
                            var shouldDelete = false;
                            
                            var cleanedLine = wLine;
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxRef1, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxRef2, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxComment, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxWikiLink, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxExtLink, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxCite1, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxCite2, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxBold, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxHeading, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxTags, &quot;&quot;);
                            
                            var compLine = toAlphanumeric(cleanedLine);

                            for (var m = 0; m &lt; duplicates.length; m++) {
                                var dup = duplicates[m];
                                var compDup = toAlphanumeric(dup);
                                if (compDup.length &lt; 5) continue;
                                
                                if (compLine.indexOf(compDup) !== -1) {
                                    dupTracker[dup] = (dupTracker[dup] || 0) + 1;
                                    if (dupTracker[dup] &gt; 1) {
                                        shouldDelete = true;
                                        break;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            if (!shouldDelete) {
                                newLines.push(wLine);
                            }
                        }

                        var newText = newLines.join('\n');

                        api.postWithToken('csrf', {
                            action: 'edit',
                            title: title,
                            text: newText,
                            summary: '[[ব্যবহারকারী:ARI/DupCheck.js|DupCheck]] ব্যবহার করে পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন অপসারণ করা হয়েছে;',
                            minor: true
                        }).then(function () {
                            btn.text('সম্পন্ন হয়েছে!').css('background', '#16a34a');
                            setTimeout(function () { location.reload(); }, 1500);
                        }).catch(function () {
                            btn.text('সংরক্ষণে ত্রুটি').css('background', '#dc2626');
                        });

                    }).catch(function () {
                        btn.text('সংরক্ষণে ত্রুটি').css('background', '#dc2626');
                    });
                });
            }

        }).catch(function () {
            showError('এপিআই থেকে তথ্য আনতে সমস্যা হয়েছে।');
        });
    }

    function showError(message) {
        var errorHtml = '&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fee2e2; border-left: 4px solid #ef4444; padding: 16px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; color: #991b1b;&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0 0 8px 0; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;ত্রুটি&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0;&quot;&gt;' + message + '&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;/div&gt;';
        $('#dup-modal-body').html(errorHtml);
    }
});</text>
      <sha1>949stwc1n7sjn91trokdzfn5v138dy7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746883</id>
      <parentid>746881</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T03:52:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ARI</username>
        <id>65433</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>746883</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="5572" sha1="cjwsyp3hvd4vmxk5771a2gu01prwhzz" xml:space="preserve">async function processArticle() {
    const title = mw.config.get('wgPageName');
    const api = new mw.Api();

    try {
        // Step 1: fetch plaintext extract (same as external tool)
        const extractData = await api.get({
            action: 'query',
            prop: 'extracts',
            explaintext: 1,
            titles: title,
            formatversion: 2
        });

        const page = extractData.query.pages[0];
        if (page.missing) { showError('পৃষ্ঠাটি পাওয়া যায়নি।'); return; }

        const text = page.extract || '';
        if (!text) { showError('এই পৃষ্ঠার জন্য কোনো প্লেইন টেক্সট পাওয়া যায়নি।'); return; }

        // Step 2: detect duplicates exactly like the external tool
        const lines = text.split('\n').map(l =&gt; l.trim()).filter(l =&gt; l.length &gt; 5);
        const seen = new Set();
        const duplicates = []; // unique duplicate texts, in order found
        let htmlContent = '';
        let duplicateCount = 0;

        lines.forEach(line =&gt; {
            if (seen.has(line)) {
                if (!duplicates.includes(line)) {
                    duplicates.push(line);
                    duplicateCount++;
                    htmlContent += `&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#fee2e2;border-left:4px solid #ef4444;padding:12px;margin:8px 0;border-radius:0 6px 6px 0;color:#991b1b;font-size:14px;&quot;&gt;${mw.html.escape(line)}&lt;/div&gt;`;
                }
            } else {
                seen.add(line);
                htmlContent += `&lt;div style=&quot;padding:12px;margin:8px 0;border-left:4px solid transparent;color:#334155;font-size:14px;&quot;&gt;${mw.html.escape(line)}&lt;/div&gt;`;
            }
        });

        const summary = duplicateCount &gt; 0
            ? `&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size:18px;font-weight:600;color:#dc2626;margin:0 0 16px 0;&quot;&gt;${duplicateCount}টি পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পাওয়া গেছে&lt;/h3&gt;`
            : `&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size:18px;font-weight:600;color:#16a34a;margin:0 0 16px 0;&quot;&gt;✅ কোনো পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পাওয়া যায়নি!&lt;/h3&gt;`;

        $('#dup-modal-body').html(`
            &lt;div style=&quot;background:#f8fafc;padding:16px;border-radius:8px;&quot;&gt;
                ${summary}
                &lt;div style=&quot;max-height:384px;overflow-y:auto;padding-right:8px;&quot;&gt;${htmlContent}&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
        `);

        if (duplicateCount &gt; 0) {
            $('#dup-modal-actions').css('display', 'flex');

            $('#dup-delete-btn').off('click').on('click', async function () {
                const btn = $(this);
                btn.text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন মোছা হচ্ছে...').css({ background: '#94a3b8', cursor: 'not-allowed' }).prop('disabled', true);

                try {
                    // Step 3: fetch wikitext only now, for deletion
                    const wikiData = await api.get({
                        action: 'query',
                        prop: 'revisions',
                        rvprop: 'content',
                        rvslots: 'main',
                        titles: title,
                        formatversion: 2
                    });

                    const wikitext = wikiData.query.pages[0].revisions[0].slots.main.content;
                    const wikiLines = wikitext.split('\n');
                    const dupTracker = new Map();

                    // For each wikitext line, check if its plaintext form is a known duplicate
                    // and if we've already kept one copy of it
                    const newLines = wikiLines.filter(line =&gt; {
                        const normalized = line
                            .replace(/\[\[(?:[^|\]]*\|)?([^\]]+)\]\]/g, '$1')
                            .replace(/'''?/g, '')
                            .replace(/==+\s*(.*?)\s*==+/g, '$1')
                            .replace(/\{\{[^}]*\}\}/g, '')
                            .replace(/&lt;!--.*?--&gt;/g, '')
                            .trim();

                        for (const dup of duplicates) {
                            if (normalized === dup || normalized.includes(dup)) {
                                const count = (dupTracker.get(dup) || 0) + 1;
                                dupTracker.set(dup, count);
                                if (count &gt; 1) return false; // remove second+ occurrence
                            }
                        }
                        return true;
                    });

                    await api.postWithToken('csrf', {
                        action: 'edit',
                        title: title,
                        text: newLines.join('\n'),
                        summary: '[[ব্যবহারকারী:ARI/DupCheck.js|DupCheck]] ব্যবহার করে পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন অপসারণ করা হয়েছে',
                        minor: true
                    });

                    btn.text('সম্পন্ন হয়েছে!').css('background', '#16a34a');
                    setTimeout(() =&gt; location.reload(), 1500);

                } catch (err) {
                    btn.text('সংরক্ষণে ত্রুটি').css('background', '#dc2626');
                }
            });
        }

    } catch (err) {
        showError('এপিআই থেকে তথ্য আনতে সমস্যা হয়েছে।');
    }
}</text>
      <sha1>cjwsyp3hvd4vmxk5771a2gu01prwhzz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746884</id>
      <parentid>746883</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T03:57:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ARI</username>
        <id>65433</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>746884</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="13554" sha1="gkhq6fdmjyxi3gy1bvgxlaltsjf0658" xml:space="preserve">// &lt;nowiki&gt;
$.when(mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.api']), $.ready).then(function () {
    if (mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'view') return;

    var link = null;
    var portlets = ['p-cactions', 'p-tb', 'p-views', 'p-personal'];
    
    for (var p = 0; p &lt; portlets.length; p++) {
        link = mw.util.addPortletLink(portlets[p], '#', 'পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন খুঁজুন', 't-dup-check');
        if (link) break;
    }

    if (!link) {
        var fallbackBtn = $('&lt;a&gt;').attr('href', '#').text('[পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন খুঁজুন]').css({
            'font-size': '14px', 'margin-left': '15px', 'vertical-align': 'middle', 'color': '#3366cc', 'cursor': 'pointer'
        });
        $('#firstHeading').append(fallbackBtn);
        link = fallbackBtn;
    }

    $(link).on('click', function (e) {
        e.preventDefault();
        showModal();
        processArticle();
    });

    function showModal() {
        if ($('#dup-modal-overlay').length) return;

        var overlay = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-overlay').css({
            position: 'fixed', inset: 0, background: 'rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.7)',
            display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', flexDirection: 'column', zIndex: 9999
        });

        var modal = $('&lt;div&gt;').css({
            background: '#ffffff', borderRadius: '8px', width: '600px', maxWidth: '95%',
            maxHeight: '90vh', display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column',
            boxShadow: '0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04)',
            overflow: 'hidden', fontFamily: 'sans-serif'
        });

        var header = $('&lt;div&gt;').css({
            padding: '20px', borderBottom: '1px solid #e2e8f0', display: 'flex',
            justifyContent: 'space-between', alignItems: 'center', background: '#f8fafc'
        });

        var title = $('&lt;h2&gt;').text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পরীক্ষক').css({ margin: 0, fontSize: '18px', color: '#1e293b' });
        var closeBtn = $('&lt;button&gt;').text('✖').css({
            background: 'none', border: 'none', fontSize: '18px', cursor: 'pointer', color: '#64748b'
        }).on('click', function () { overlay.remove(); });

        header.append(title, closeBtn);

        var loadingHtml = '&lt;div style=&quot;background: #f1f5f9; padding: 24px; border-radius: 8px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: #64748b;&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;svg style=&quot;animation: spin 1s linear infinite; height: 32px; width: 32px; color: #3b82f6; margin-bottom: 16px;&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;circle style=&quot;opacity: 0.25;&quot; cx=&quot;12&quot; cy=&quot;12&quot; r=&quot;10&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;/circle&gt;' +
            '&lt;path style=&quot;opacity: 0.75;&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot; d=&quot;M4 12a8 8 0 018-8V0C5.373 0 0 5.373 0 12h4zm2 5.291A7.962 7.962 0 014 12H0c0 3.042 1.135 5.824 3 7.938l3-2.647z&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;' +
            '&lt;/svg&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;নিবন্ধের বিষয়বস্তু আনা হচ্ছে...&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;/div&gt;';

        var body = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-body').css({
            padding: '20px', overflowY: 'auto', background: '#ffffff', flexGrow: 1
        }).html(loadingHtml);

        var footer = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-actions').css({
            padding: '16px 20px', borderTop: '1px solid #e2e8f0', background: '#f8fafc',
            display: 'none', justifyContent: 'flex-end'
        });

        var actionBtn = $('&lt;button&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-delete-btn').text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন মুছুন').css({
            background: '#ef4444', color: '#ffffff', border: 'none', padding: '8px 16px',
            borderRadius: '6px', cursor: 'pointer', fontSize: '14px', fontWeight: 'bold'
        });

        footer.append(actionBtn);
        modal.append(header, body, footer);

        var creditHtml = '&lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/ব্যবহারকারী:Yahya&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;ব্যবহারকারী:Yahya&quot;&gt;ইয়াহিয়ার (Yahya)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://imyahya.com/dupchecker.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dupchecker&lt;/a&gt; টুল দ্বারা অনুপ্রাণিত, এবং &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/ব্যবহারকারী:ARI&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;ব্যবহারকারী:ARI&quot;&gt;ARI&lt;/a&gt; কর্তৃক অভিযোজিত।';

        var credit = $('&lt;div&gt;').html(creditHtml).css({
            marginTop: '16px', color: '#cbd5e1', fontSize: '13px', textAlign: 'center'
        });

        overlay.append(modal, credit);
        $('body').append(overlay);

        if (!$('style#dup-checker-styles').length) {
            $('&lt;style&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-checker-styles').text('@keyframes spin { to { transform: rotate(360deg); } }').appendTo('head');
        }
    }

    function processArticle() {
        var title = mw.config.get('wgPageName');
        var api = new mw.Api();

        api.get({
            action: 'query',
            prop: 'extracts',
            explaintext: 1,
            titles: title,
            formatversion: 2
        }).then(function (data) {
            var page = data.query.pages[0];
            if (page.missing) {
                showError('পৃষ্ঠাটি পাওয়া যায়নি।');
                return;
            }

            var text = page.extract || &quot;&quot;;
            if (!text) {
                showError('এই পৃষ্ঠার জন্য কোনো প্লেইন টেক্সট পাওয়া যায়নি।');
                return;
            }

            var lines = text.split('\n');
            var cleanLines = [];
            var rxSpace = new RegExp(&quot;^\\s+|\\s+$&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
            for (var i = 0; i &lt; lines.length; i++) {
                var l = lines[i].replace(rxSpace, &quot;&quot;);
                if (l.length &gt; 5) {
                    cleanLines.push(l);
                }
            }

            var seen = {};
            var duplicates = [];
            var htmlContent = &quot;&quot;;
            var duplicateCount = 0;

            for (var j = 0; j &lt; cleanLines.length; j++) {
                var line = cleanLines[j];
                if (seen[line]) {
                    if (duplicates.indexOf(line) === -1) {
                        duplicates.push(line);
                        duplicateCount++;
                        htmlContent += '&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fee2e2; border-left: 4px solid #ef4444; padding: 12px; margin: 8px 0; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; color: #991b1b; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;' + mw.html.escape(line) + '&lt;/div&gt;';
                    }
                } else {
                    seen[line] = true;
                    htmlContent += '&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 12px; margin: 8px 0; border-left: 4px solid transparent; color: #334155; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;' + mw.html.escape(line) + '&lt;/div&gt;';
                }
            }

            var summary = duplicateCount &gt; 0
                ? '&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; color: #dc2626; margin: 0 0 16px 0;&quot;&gt;' + duplicateCount + 'টি পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পাওয়া গেছে&lt;/h3&gt;'
                : '&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; color: #16a34a; margin: 0 0 16px 0;&quot;&gt;✅ কোনো পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পাওয়া যায়নি!&lt;/h3&gt;';

            $('#dup-modal-body').html('&lt;div style=&quot;background: #f8fafc; padding: 16px; border-radius: 8px;&quot;&gt;' + summary + '&lt;div style=&quot;max-height: 384px; overflow-y: auto; padding-right: 8px;&quot;&gt;' + htmlContent + '&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;');

            if (duplicateCount &gt; 0) {
                $('#dup-modal-actions').css('display', 'flex');

                $('#dup-delete-btn').off('click').on('click', function () {
                    var btn = $(this);
                    btn.text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন মোছা হচ্ছে...').css({ background: '#94a3b8', cursor: 'not-allowed' }).prop('disabled', true);

                    api.get({
                        action: 'query',
                        prop: 'revisions',
                        rvprop: 'content',
                        rvslots: 'main',
                        titles: title,
                        formatversion: 2
                    }).then(function (wikiData) {
                        var wikitext = wikiData.query.pages[0].revisions[0].slots.main.content;
                        var wikiLines = wikitext.split('\n');
                        var newLines = [];
                        var dupTracker = {};

                        function toAlphanumeric(str) {
                            return str.replace(new RegExp(&quot;[^\\u0980-\\u09FFa-zA-Z0-9]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;), &quot;&quot;);
                        }

                        var rxRef1 = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;ref[^&gt;]*&gt;[\\s\\S]*?&lt;\\/ref&gt;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxRef2 = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;ref[^&gt;]*\\/&gt;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxComment = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;!--[\\s\\S]*?--&gt;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxWikiLink = new RegExp(&quot;\\[\\[(?:[^|\\]]*\\|)?([^\\]]+)\\]\\]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxExtLink = new RegExp(&quot;\\[https?:\\/\\/[^\\s]+\\s+([^\\]]+)\\]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxCite1 = new RegExp(&quot;\\{\\{cite[\\s\\S]*?\\}\\}&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxCite2 = new RegExp(&quot;\\{\\{Cite[\\s\\S]*?\\}\\}&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxBold = new RegExp(&quot;'{2,3}&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxHeading = new RegExp(&quot;==+\\s*(.*?)\\s*==+&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxTags = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;[^&gt;]+&gt;&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);

                        for (var k = 0; k &lt; wikiLines.length; k++) {
                            var wLine = wikiLines[k];
                            var shouldDelete = false;

                            var cleanedLine = wLine;
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxRef1, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxRef2, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxComment, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxWikiLink, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxExtLink, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxCite1, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxCite2, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxBold, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxHeading, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxTags, &quot;&quot;);

                            var compLine = toAlphanumeric(cleanedLine);

                            for (var m = 0; m &lt; duplicates.length; m++) {
                                var dup = duplicates[m];
                                var compDup = toAlphanumeric(dup);
                                if (compDup.length &lt; 5) continue;

                                if (compLine.indexOf(compDup) !== -1) {
                                    dupTracker[dup] = (dupTracker[dup] || 0) + 1;
                                    if (dupTracker[dup] &gt; 1) {
                                        shouldDelete = true;
                                        break;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            if (!shouldDelete) {
                                newLines.push(wLine);
                            }
                        }

                        var newText = newLines.join('\n');

                        api.postWithToken('csrf', {
                            action: 'edit',
                            title: title,
                            text: newText,
                            summary: '[[ব্যবহারকারী:ARI/DupCheck.js|DupCheck]] ব্যবহার করে পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন অপসারণ করা হয়েছে',
                            minor: true
                        }).then(function () {
                            btn.text('সম্পন্ন হয়েছে!').css('background', '#16a34a');
                            setTimeout(function () { location.reload(); }, 1500);
                        }).catch(function () {
                            btn.text('সংরক্ষণে ত্রুটি').css('background', '#dc2626');
                        });

                    }).catch(function () {
                        btn.text('সংরক্ষণে ত্রুটি').css('background', '#dc2626');
                    });
                });
            }

        }).catch(function () {
            showError('এপিআই থেকে তথ্য আনতে সমস্যা হয়েছে।');
        });
    }

    function showError(message) {
        var errorHtml = '&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fee2e2; border-left: 4px solid #ef4444; padding: 16px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; color: #991b1b;&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0 0 8px 0; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;ত্রুটি&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0;&quot;&gt;' + message + '&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;/div&gt;';
        $('#dup-modal-body').html(errorHtml);
    }
});
// &lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gkhq6fdmjyxi3gy1bvgxlaltsjf0658</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746894</id>
      <parentid>746884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:16:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ARI</username>
        <id>65433</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>746894</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="13653" sha1="949stwc1n7sjn91trokdzfn5v138dy7" xml:space="preserve">$.when(mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.api']), $.ready).then(function () {
    if (mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'view') return;

    var link = null;
    var portlets = ['p-views', 'p-cactions', 'p-tb', 'p-personal'];
    
    for (var p = 0; p &lt; portlets.length; p++) {
        link = mw.util.addPortletLink(portlets[p], '#', 'পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন খুঁজুন', 't-dup-check');
        if (link) break;
    }

    if (!link) {
        var fallbackBtn = $('&lt;a&gt;').attr('href', '#').text('[পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন খুঁজুন]').css({
            'font-size': '14px', 'margin-left': '15px', 'vertical-align': 'middle', 'color': '#3366cc', 'cursor': 'pointer'
        });
        $('#firstHeading').append(fallbackBtn);
        link = fallbackBtn;
    }

    $(link).on('click', function (e) {
        e.preventDefault();
        showModal();
        processArticle();
    });

    function showModal() {
        if ($('#dup-modal-overlay').length) return;

        var overlay = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-overlay').css({
            position: 'fixed', inset: 0, background: 'rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.7)',
            display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', flexDirection: 'column', zIndex: 9999
        });

        var modal = $('&lt;div&gt;').css({
            background: '#ffffff', borderRadius: '8px', width: '600px', maxWidth: '95%',
            maxHeight: '90vh', display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column',
            boxShadow: '0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04)',
            overflow: 'hidden', fontFamily: 'sans-serif'
        });

        var header = $('&lt;div&gt;').css({
            padding: '20px', borderBottom: '1px solid #e2e8f0', display: 'flex',
            justifyContent: 'space-between', alignItems: 'center', background: '#f8fafc'
        });

        var title = $('&lt;h2&gt;').text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পরীক্ষক').css({ margin: 0, fontSize: '18px', color: '#1e293b' });
        var closeBtn = $('&lt;button&gt;').text('✖').css({
            background: 'none', border: 'none', fontSize: '18px', cursor: 'pointer', color: '#64748b'
        }).on('click', function () { overlay.remove(); });

        header.append(title, closeBtn);

        var loadingHtml = '&lt;div style=&quot;background: #f1f5f9; padding: 24px; border-radius: 8px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: #64748b;&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;svg style=&quot;animation: spin 1s linear infinite; height: 32px; width: 32px; color: #3b82f6; margin-bottom: 16px;&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;circle style=&quot;opacity: 0.25;&quot; cx=&quot;12&quot; cy=&quot;12&quot; r=&quot;10&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;/circle&gt;' +
            '&lt;path style=&quot;opacity: 0.75;&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot; d=&quot;M4 12a8 8 0 018-8V0C5.373 0 0 5.373 0 12h4zm2 5.291A7.962 7.962 0 014 12H0c0 3.042 1.135 5.824 3 7.938l3-2.647z&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;' +
            '&lt;/svg&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;নিবন্ধের বিষয়বস্তু আনা হচ্ছে...&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;/div&gt;';

        var body = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-body').css({
            padding: '20px', overflowY: 'auto', background: '#ffffff', flexGrow: 1
        }).html(loadingHtml);

        var footer = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-actions').css({
            padding: '16px 20px', borderTop: '1px solid #e2e8f0', background: '#f8fafc',
            display: 'none', justifyContent: 'flex-end'
        });

        var actionBtn = $('&lt;button&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-delete-btn').text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন মুছুন').css({
            background: '#ef4444', color: '#ffffff', border: 'none', padding: '8px 16px',
            borderRadius: '6px', cursor: 'pointer', fontSize: '14px', fontWeight: 'bold'
        });

        footer.append(actionBtn);
        modal.append(header, body, footer);

        var creditHtml = '&lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/ব্যবহারকারী:Yahya&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;ব্যবহারকারী:Yahya&quot;&gt;ইয়াহিয়ার (Yahya)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://imyahya.com/dupchecker.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dupchecker&lt;/a&gt; টুল দ্বারা অনুপ্রাণিত, এবং &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/ব্যবহারকারী:ARI&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;ব্যবহারকারী:ARI&quot;&gt;ARI&lt;/a&gt; কর্তৃক অভিযোজিত।';
        
        var credit = $('&lt;div&gt;').html(creditHtml).css({
            marginTop: '16px', color: '#cbd5e1', fontSize: '13px', textAlign: 'center'
        });

        overlay.append(modal, credit);
        $('body').append(overlay);
        
        if (!$('style#dup-checker-styles').length) {
            $('&lt;style&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-checker-styles').text('@keyframes spin { to { transform: rotate(360deg); } }').appendTo('head');
        }
    }

    function processArticle() {
        var title = mw.config.get('wgPageName');
        var api = new mw.Api();

        api.get({
            action: 'query',
            prop: 'extracts',
            explaintext: 1,
            titles: title,
            formatversion: 2
        }).then(function (data) {
            var page = data.query.pages[0];
            if (page.missing) {
                showError('পৃষ্ঠাটি পাওয়া যায়নি।');
                return;
            }

            var text = page.extract || &quot;&quot;;
            if (!text) {
                showError('এই পৃষ্ঠার জন্য কোনো প্লেইন টেক্সট পাওয়া যায়নি।');
                return;
            }

            var lines = text.split('\n');
            var cleanLines = [];
            var rxSpace = new RegExp(&quot;^\\s+|\\s+$&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
            for (var i = 0; i &lt; lines.length; i++) {
                var l = lines[i].replace(rxSpace, &quot;&quot;);
                if (l.length &gt; 5) {
                    cleanLines.push(l);
                }
            }

            var seen = {};
            var duplicates = [];
            var htmlContent = &quot;&quot;;
            var duplicateCount = 0;

            for (var j = 0; j &lt; cleanLines.length; j++) {
                var line = cleanLines[j];
                if (seen[line]) {
                    if (duplicates.indexOf(line) === -1) {
                        duplicates.push(line);
                        duplicateCount++;
                        htmlContent += '&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fee2e2; border-left: 4px solid #ef4444; padding: 12px; margin: 8px 0; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; color: #991b1b; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;' + mw.html.escape(line) + '&lt;/div&gt;';
                    }
                } else {
                    seen[line] = true;
                    htmlContent += '&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 12px; margin: 8px 0; border-left: 4px solid transparent; color: #334155; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;' + mw.html.escape(line) + '&lt;/div&gt;';
                }
            }

            var summary = duplicateCount &gt; 0
                ? '&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; color: #dc2626; margin: 0 0 16px 0;&quot;&gt;' + duplicateCount + 'টি পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পাওয়া গেছে&lt;/h3&gt;'
                : '&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; color: #16a34a; margin: 0 0 16px 0;&quot;&gt;✅ কোনো পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পাওয়া যায়নি!&lt;/h3&gt;';

            $('#dup-modal-body').html('&lt;div style=&quot;background: #f8fafc; padding: 16px; border-radius: 8px;&quot;&gt;' + summary + '&lt;div style=&quot;max-height: 384px; overflow-y: auto; padding-right: 8px;&quot;&gt;' + htmlContent + '&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;');

            if (duplicateCount &gt; 0) {
                $('#dup-modal-actions').css('display', 'flex');
                
                $('#dup-delete-btn').off('click').on('click', function () {
                    var btn = $(this);
                    btn.text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন মোছা হচ্ছে...').css({ background: '#94a3b8', cursor: 'not-allowed' }).prop('disabled', true);
                    
                    api.get({
                        action: 'query',
                        prop: 'revisions',
                        rvprop: 'content',
                        rvslots: 'main',
                        titles: title,
                        formatversion: 2
                    }).then(function (wikiData) {
                        var wikitext = wikiData.query.pages[0].revisions[0].slots.main.content;
                        var wikiLines = wikitext.split('\n');
                        var newLines = [];
                        var dupTracker = {};

                        function toAlphanumeric(str) {
                            return str.replace(new RegExp(&quot;[^\\u0980-\\u09FFa-zA-Z0-9]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;), &quot;&quot;);
                        }

                        var rxRef1 = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;ref[^&gt;]*&gt;[\\s\\S]*?&lt;\\/ref&gt;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxRef2 = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;ref[^&gt;]*\\/&gt;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxComment = new RegExp(&quot;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxWikiLink = new RegExp(&quot;\\[\\[(?:[^|\\]]*\\|)?([^\\]]+)\\]\\]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxExtLink = new RegExp(&quot;\\[https?:\\/\\/[^\\s]+\\s+([^\\]]+)\\]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxCite1 = new RegExp(&quot;\\{\\{cite[\\s\\S]*?\\}\\}&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxCite2 = new RegExp(&quot;\\{\\{Cite[\\s\\S]*?\\}\\}&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxBold = new RegExp(&quot;'{2,3}&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxHeading = new RegExp(&quot;==+\\s*(.*?)\\s*==+&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxTags = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;[^&gt;]+&gt;&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);

                        for (var k = 0; k &lt; wikiLines.length; k++) {
                            var wLine = wikiLines[k];
                            var shouldDelete = false;
                            
                            var cleanedLine = wLine;
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxRef1, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxRef2, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxComment, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxWikiLink, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxExtLink, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxCite1, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxCite2, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxBold, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxHeading, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxTags, &quot;&quot;);
                            
                            var compLine = toAlphanumeric(cleanedLine);

                            for (var m = 0; m &lt; duplicates.length; m++) {
                                var dup = duplicates[m];
                                var compDup = toAlphanumeric(dup);
                                if (compDup.length &lt; 5) continue;
                                
                                if (compLine.indexOf(compDup) !== -1) {
                                    dupTracker[dup] = (dupTracker[dup] || 0) + 1;
                                    if (dupTracker[dup] &gt; 1) {
                                        shouldDelete = true;
                                        break;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            if (!shouldDelete) {
                                newLines.push(wLine);
                            }
                        }

                        var newText = newLines.join('\n');

                        api.postWithToken('csrf', {
                            action: 'edit',
                            title: title,
                            text: newText,
                            summary: '[[ব্যবহারকারী:ARI/DupCheck.js|DupCheck]] ব্যবহার করে পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন অপসারণ করা হয়েছে;',
                            minor: true
                        }).then(function () {
                            btn.text('সম্পন্ন হয়েছে!').css('background', '#16a34a');
                            setTimeout(function () { location.reload(); }, 1500);
                        }).catch(function () {
                            btn.text('সংরক্ষণে ত্রুটি').css('background', '#dc2626');
                        });

                    }).catch(function () {
                        btn.text('সংরক্ষণে ত্রুটি').css('background', '#dc2626');
                    });
                });
            }

        }).catch(function () {
            showError('এপিআই থেকে তথ্য আনতে সমস্যা হয়েছে।');
        });
    }

    function showError(message) {
        var errorHtml = '&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fee2e2; border-left: 4px solid #ef4444; padding: 16px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; color: #991b1b;&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0 0 8px 0; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;ত্রুটি&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0;&quot;&gt;' + message + '&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;/div&gt;';
        $('#dup-modal-body').html(errorHtml);
    }
});</text>
      <sha1>949stwc1n7sjn91trokdzfn5v138dy7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746896</id>
      <parentid>746894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:30:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ARI</username>
        <id>65433</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>746896</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="13803" sha1="92md0ppoeyhb1qelu67i2grc766ko0w" xml:space="preserve">$.when(mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.api']), $.ready).then(function () {
    if (mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'view') return;

    var link = null;
    var portlets = ['p-views', 'p-cactions', 'p-tb', 'p-personal'];
    
    for (var p = 0; p &lt; portlets.length; p++) {
        link = mw.util.addPortletLink(portlets[p], '#', 'পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন খুঁজুন', 't-dup-check');
        if (link) break;
    }

    if (!link) {
        var fallbackBtn = $('&lt;a&gt;').attr('href', '#').text('[পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন খুঁজুন]').css({
            'font-size': '14px', 'margin-left': '15px', 'vertical-align': 'middle', 'color': '#3366cc', 'cursor': 'pointer'
        });
        $('#firstHeading').append(fallbackBtn);
        link = fallbackBtn;
    }

    $(link).on('click', function (e) {
        e.preventDefault();
        showModal();
        processArticle();
    });

    function showModal() {
        if ($('#dup-modal-overlay').length) return;

        var overlay = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-overlay').css({
            position: 'fixed', inset: 0, background: 'rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.7)',
            display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', flexDirection: 'column', zIndex: 9999
        });

        var modal = $('&lt;div&gt;').css({
            background: '#ffffff', borderRadius: '8px', width: '600px', maxWidth: '95%',
            maxHeight: '90vh', display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column',
            boxShadow: '0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04)',
            overflow: 'hidden', fontFamily: 'sans-serif'
        });

        var header = $('&lt;div&gt;').css({
            padding: '20px', borderBottom: '1px solid #e2e8f0', display: 'flex',
            justifyContent: 'space-between', alignItems: 'center', background: '#f8fafc'
        });

        var title = $('&lt;h2&gt;').text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পরীক্ষক').css({ margin: 0, fontSize: '18px', color: '#1e293b' });
        var closeBtn = $('&lt;button&gt;').text('✖').css({
            background: 'none', border: 'none', fontSize: '18px', cursor: 'pointer', color: '#64748b'
        }).on('click', function () { overlay.remove(); });

        header.append(title, closeBtn);

        var loadingHtml = '&lt;div style=&quot;background: #f1f5f9; padding: 24px; border-radius: 8px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: #64748b;&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;svg style=&quot;animation: spin 1s linear infinite; height: 32px; width: 32px; color: #3b82f6; margin-bottom: 16px;&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;circle style=&quot;opacity: 0.25;&quot; cx=&quot;12&quot; cy=&quot;12&quot; r=&quot;10&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;/circle&gt;' +
            '&lt;path style=&quot;opacity: 0.75;&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot; d=&quot;M4 12a8 8 0 018-8V0C5.373 0 0 5.373 0 12h4zm2 5.291A7.962 7.962 0 014 12H0c0 3.042 1.135 5.824 3 7.938l3-2.647z&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;' +
            '&lt;/svg&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;নিবন্ধের বিষয়বস্তু আনা হচ্ছে...&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;/div&gt;';

        var body = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-body').css({
            padding: '20px', overflowY: 'auto', background: '#ffffff', flexGrow: 1
        }).html(loadingHtml);

        var footer = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-actions').css({
            padding: '16px 20px', borderTop: '1px solid #e2e8f0', background: '#f8fafc',
            display: 'none', justifyContent: 'flex-end'
        });

        var actionBtn = $('&lt;button&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-delete-btn').text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন মুছুন').css({
            background: '#ef4444', color: '#ffffff', border: 'none', padding: '8px 16px',
            borderRadius: '6px', cursor: 'pointer', fontSize: '14px', fontWeight: 'bold'
        });

        footer.append(actionBtn);
        modal.append(header, body, footer);

        var creditHtml = '&lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/ব্যবহারকারী:Yahya&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;ব্যবহারকারী:Yahya&quot;&gt;ইয়াহিয়ার (Yahya)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://imyahya.com/dupchecker.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dupchecker&lt;/a&gt; টুল দ্বারা অনুপ্রাণিত, এবং &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/ব্যবহারকারী:ARI&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;ব্যবহারকারী:ARI&quot;&gt;ARI&lt;/a&gt; কর্তৃক অভিযোজিত।';
        
        var credit = $('&lt;div&gt;').html(creditHtml).css({
            marginTop: '16px', color: '#cbd5e1', fontSize: '13px', textAlign: 'center'
        });

        overlay.append(modal, credit);
        $('body').append(overlay);
        
        if (!$('style#dup-checker-styles').length) {
            $('&lt;style&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-checker-styles').text('@keyframes spin { to { transform: rotate(360deg); } }').appendTo('head');
        }
    }

    function processArticle() {
        var title = mw.config.get('wgPageName');
        var api = new mw.Api();

        api.get({
            action: 'query',
            prop: 'extracts',
            explaintext: 1,
            titles: title,
            formatversion: 2,
            smaxage: 0,
            maxage: 0,
            curtimestamp: 1
        }).then(function (data) {
            var page = data.query.pages[0];
            if (page.missing) {
                showError('পৃষ্ঠাটি পাওয়া যায়নি।');
                return;
            }

            var text = page.extract || &quot;&quot;;
            if (!text) {
                showError('এই পৃষ্ঠার জন্য কোনো প্লেইন টেক্সট পাওয়া যায়নি।');
                return;
            }

            var lines = text.split('\n');
            var cleanLines = [];
            for (var i = 0; i &lt; lines.length; i++) {
                var l = lines[i].trim();
                if (l.length &gt; 5) {
                    cleanLines.push(l);
                }
            }

            var seen = Object.create(null);
            var duplicates = [];
            var htmlContent = &quot;&quot;;
            var duplicateCount = 0;

            for (var j = 0; j &lt; cleanLines.length; j++) {
                var line = cleanLines[j];
                if (seen[line]) {
                    if (duplicates.indexOf(line) === -1) {
                        duplicates.push(line);
                        duplicateCount++;
                        htmlContent += '&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fee2e2; border-left: 4px solid #ef4444; padding: 12px; margin: 8px 0; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; color: #991b1b; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;' + mw.html.escape(line) + '&lt;/div&gt;';
                    }
                } else {
                    seen[line] = true;
                    htmlContent += '&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 12px; margin: 8px 0; border-left: 4px solid transparent; color: #334155; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;' + mw.html.escape(line) + '&lt;/div&gt;';
                }
            }

            var summary = duplicateCount &gt; 0
                ? '&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; color: #dc2626; margin: 0 0 16px 0;&quot;&gt;' + duplicateCount + 'টি পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পাওয়া গেছে&lt;/h3&gt;'
                : '&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; color: #16a34a; margin: 0 0 16px 0;&quot;&gt;✅ কোনো পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পাওয়া যায়নি!&lt;/h3&gt;';

            $('#dup-modal-body').html('&lt;div style=&quot;background: #f8fafc; padding: 16px; border-radius: 8px;&quot;&gt;' + summary + '&lt;div style=&quot;max-height: 384px; overflow-y: auto; padding-right: 8px;&quot;&gt;' + htmlContent + '&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;');

            if (duplicateCount &gt; 0) {
                $('#dup-modal-actions').css('display', 'flex');
                
                $('#dup-delete-btn').off('click').on('click', function () {
                    var btn = $(this);
                    btn.text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন মোছা হচ্ছে...').css({ background: '#94a3b8', cursor: 'not-allowed' }).prop('disabled', true);
                    
                    api.get({
                        action: 'query',
                        prop: 'revisions',
                        rvprop: 'content',
                        rvslots: 'main',
                        titles: title,
                        formatversion: 2,
                        smaxage: 0,
                        maxage: 0,
                        curtimestamp: 1
                    }).then(function (wikiData) {
                        var wikitext = wikiData.query.pages[0].revisions[0].slots.main.content;
                        var wikiLines = wikitext.split('\n');
                        var newLines = [];
                        var dupTracker = Object.create(null);

                        function toAlphanumeric(str) {
                            return str.replace(new RegExp(&quot;[^\\u0980-\\u09FFa-zA-Z0-9]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;), &quot;&quot;);
                        }

                        var rxRef1 = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;ref[^&gt;]*&gt;[\\s\\S]*?&lt;\\/ref&gt;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxRef2 = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;ref[^&gt;]*\\/&gt;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxComment = new RegExp(&quot;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxWikiLink = new RegExp(&quot;\\[\\[(?:[^|\\]]*\\|)?([^\\]]+)\\]\\]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxExtLink = new RegExp(&quot;\\[https?:\\/\\/[^\\s]+\\s+([^\\]]+)\\]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxCite1 = new RegExp(&quot;\\{\\{cite[\\s\\S]*?\\}\\}&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxCite2 = new RegExp(&quot;\\{\\{Cite[\\s\\S]*?\\}\\}&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxBold = new RegExp(&quot;'{2,3}&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxHeading = new RegExp(&quot;==+\\s*(.*?)\\s*==+&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxTags = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;[^&gt;]+&gt;&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);

                        for (var k = 0; k &lt; wikiLines.length; k++) {
                            var wLine = wikiLines[k];
                            var shouldDelete = false;
                            
                            var cleanedLine = wLine;
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxRef1, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxRef2, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxComment, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxWikiLink, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxExtLink, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxCite1, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxCite2, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxBold, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxHeading, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxTags, &quot;&quot;);
                            
                            var compLine = toAlphanumeric(cleanedLine);

                            for (var m = 0; m &lt; duplicates.length; m++) {
                                var dup = duplicates[m];
                                var compDup = toAlphanumeric(dup);
                                if (compDup.length &lt; 5) continue;
                                
                                if (compLine.indexOf(compDup) !== -1) {
                                    dupTracker[dup] = (dupTracker[dup] || 0) + 1;
                                    if (dupTracker[dup] &gt; 1) {
                                        shouldDelete = true;
                                        break;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            if (!shouldDelete) {
                                newLines.push(wLine);
                            }
                        }

                        var newText = newLines.join('\n');

                        api.postWithToken('csrf', {
                            action: 'edit',
                            title: title,
                            text: newText,
                            summary: '[[ব্যবহারকারী:ARI/DupCheck.js|DupCheck]] ব্যবহার করে পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন অপসারণ করা হয়েছে;',
                            minor: true
                        }).then(function () {
                            btn.text('সম্পন্ন হয়েছে!').css('background', '#16a34a');
                            setTimeout(function () { location.reload(); }, 1500);
                        }).catch(function () {
                            btn.text('সংরক্ষণে ত্রুটি').css('background', '#dc2626');
                        });

                    }).catch(function () {
                        btn.text('সংরক্ষণে ত্রুটি').css('background', '#dc2626');
                    });
                });
            }

        }).catch(function () {
            showError('এপিআই থেকে তথ্য আনতে সমস্যা হয়েছে।');
        });
    }

    function showError(message) {
        var errorHtml = '&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fee2e2; border-left: 4px solid #ef4444; padding: 16px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; color: #991b1b;&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0 0 8px 0; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;ত্রুটি&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0;&quot;&gt;' + message + '&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;/div&gt;';
        $('#dup-modal-body').html(errorHtml);
    }
});</text>
      <sha1>92md0ppoeyhb1qelu67i2grc766ko0w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746897</id>
      <parentid>746896</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:34:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ARI</username>
        <id>65433</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>746897</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="13596" sha1="efp0bvdl0layvxtlzsx4ynfh9rzvpzy" xml:space="preserve">$.when(mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.api']), $.ready).then(function () {
    if (mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'view') return;

    var link = null;
    var portlets = ['p-views', 'p-cactions', 'p-tb', 'p-personal'];
    
    for (var p = 0; p &lt; portlets.length; p++) {
        link = mw.util.addPortletLink(portlets[p], '#', 'পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন খুঁজুন', 't-dup-check');
        if (link) break;
    }

    if (!link) {
        var fallbackBtn = $('&lt;a&gt;').attr('href', '#').text('[পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন খুঁজুন]').css({
            'font-size': '14px', 'margin-left': '15px', 'vertical-align': 'middle', 'color': '#3366cc', 'cursor': 'pointer'
        });
        $('#firstHeading').append(fallbackBtn);
        link = fallbackBtn;
    }

    $(link).on('click', function (e) {
        e.preventDefault();
        showModal();
        processArticle();
    });

    function showModal() {
        if ($('#dup-modal-overlay').length) return;

        var overlay = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-overlay').css({
            position: 'fixed', inset: 0, background: 'rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.7)',
            display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', flexDirection: 'column', zIndex: 9999
        });

        var modal = $('&lt;div&gt;').css({
            background: '#ffffff', borderRadius: '8px', width: '600px', maxWidth: '95%',
            maxHeight: '90vh', display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column',
            boxShadow: '0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04)',
            overflow: 'hidden', fontFamily: 'sans-serif'
        });

        var header = $('&lt;div&gt;').css({
            padding: '20px', borderBottom: '1px solid #e2e8f0', display: 'flex',
            justifyContent: 'space-between', alignItems: 'center', background: '#f8fafc'
        });

        var title = $('&lt;h2&gt;').text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পরীক্ষক').css({ margin: 0, fontSize: '18px', color: '#1e293b' });
        var closeBtn = $('&lt;button&gt;').text('✖').css({
            background: 'none', border: 'none', fontSize: '18px', cursor: 'pointer', color: '#64748b'
        }).on('click', function () { overlay.remove(); });

        header.append(title, closeBtn);

        var loadingHtml = '&lt;div style=&quot;background: #f1f5f9; padding: 24px; border-radius: 8px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: #64748b;&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;svg style=&quot;animation: spin 1s linear infinite; height: 32px; width: 32px; color: #3b82f6; margin-bottom: 16px;&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;circle style=&quot;opacity: 0.25;&quot; cx=&quot;12&quot; cy=&quot;12&quot; r=&quot;10&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;/circle&gt;' +
            '&lt;path style=&quot;opacity: 0.75;&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot; d=&quot;M4 12a8 8 0 018-8V0C5.373 0 0 5.373 0 12h4zm2 5.291A7.962 7.962 0 014 12H0c0 3.042 1.135 5.824 3 7.938l3-2.647z&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;' +
            '&lt;/svg&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;নিবন্ধের বিষয়বস্তু আনা হচ্ছে...&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;/div&gt;';

        var body = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-body').css({
            padding: '20px', overflowY: 'auto', background: '#ffffff', flexGrow: 1
        }).html(loadingHtml);

        var footer = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-actions').css({
            padding: '16px 20px', borderTop: '1px solid #e2e8f0', background: '#f8fafc',
            display: 'none', justifyContent: 'flex-end'
        });

        var actionBtn = $('&lt;button&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-delete-btn').text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন মুছুন').css({
            background: '#ef4444', color: '#ffffff', border: 'none', padding: '8px 16px',
            borderRadius: '6px', cursor: 'pointer', fontSize: '14px', fontWeight: 'bold'
        });

        footer.append(actionBtn);
        modal.append(header, body, footer);

        var creditHtml = '&lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/ব্যবহারকারী:Yahya&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;ব্যবহারকারী:Yahya&quot;&gt;ইয়াহিয়ার (Yahya)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://imyahya.com/dupchecker.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dupchecker&lt;/a&gt; টুল দ্বারা অনুপ্রাণিত, এবং &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/ব্যবহারকারী:ARI&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;ব্যবহারকারী:ARI&quot;&gt;ARI&lt;/a&gt; কর্তৃক অভিযোজিত।';
        
        var credit = $('&lt;div&gt;').html(creditHtml).css({
            marginTop: '16px', color: '#cbd5e1', fontSize: '13px', textAlign: 'center'
        });

        overlay.append(modal, credit);
        $('body').append(overlay);
        
        if (!$('style#dup-checker-styles').length) {
            $('&lt;style&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-checker-styles').text('@keyframes spin { to { transform: rotate(360deg); } }').appendTo('head');
        }
    }

    function processArticle() {
        var title = mw.config.get('wgPageName');
        var api = new mw.Api();

        api.get({
            action: 'query',
            prop: 'extracts',
            explaintext: 1,
            titles: title,
            formatversion: 2
        }).then(function (data) {
            var page = data.query.pages[0];
            if (page.missing) {
                showError('পৃষ্ঠাটি পাওয়া যায়নি।');
                return;
            }

            var text = page.extract || &quot;&quot;;
            if (!text) {
                showError('এই পৃষ্ঠার জন্য কোনো প্লেইন টেক্সট পাওয়া যায়নি।');
                return;
            }

            var lines = text.split('\n');
            var cleanLines = [];
            for (var i = 0; i &lt; lines.length; i++) {
                var l = lines[i].trim();
                if (l.length &gt; 5) {
                    cleanLines.push(l);
                }
            }

            var seen = {};
            var duplicates = [];
            var htmlContent = &quot;&quot;;
            var duplicateCount = 0;

            for (var j = 0; j &lt; cleanLines.length; j++) {
                var line = cleanLines[j];
                if (seen.hasOwnProperty(line)) {
                    if (duplicates.indexOf(line) === -1) {
                        duplicates.push(line);
                        duplicateCount++;
                        htmlContent += '&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fee2e2; border-left: 4px solid #ef4444; padding: 12px; margin: 8px 0; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; color: #991b1b; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;' + mw.html.escape(line) + '&lt;/div&gt;';
                    }
                } else {
                    seen[line] = true;
                    htmlContent += '&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 12px; margin: 8px 0; border-left: 4px solid transparent; color: #334155; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;' + mw.html.escape(line) + '&lt;/div&gt;';
                }
            }

            var summary = duplicateCount &gt; 0
                ? '&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; color: #dc2626; margin: 0 0 16px 0;&quot;&gt;' + duplicateCount + 'টি পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পাওয়া গেছে&lt;/h3&gt;'
                : '&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; color: #16a34a; margin: 0 0 16px 0;&quot;&gt;✅ কোনো পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পাওয়া যায়নি!&lt;/h3&gt;';

            $('#dup-modal-body').html('&lt;div style=&quot;background: #f8fafc; padding: 16px; border-radius: 8px;&quot;&gt;' + summary + '&lt;div style=&quot;max-height: 384px; overflow-y: auto; padding-right: 8px;&quot;&gt;' + htmlContent + '&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;');

            if (duplicateCount &gt; 0) {
                $('#dup-modal-actions').css('display', 'flex');
                
                $('#dup-delete-btn').off('click').on('click', function () {
                    var btn = $(this);
                    btn.text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন মোছা হচ্ছে...').css({ background: '#94a3b8', cursor: 'not-allowed' }).prop('disabled', true);
                    
                    api.get({
                        action: 'query',
                        prop: 'revisions',
                        rvprop: 'content',
                        rvslots: 'main',
                        titles: title,
                        formatversion: 2
                    }).then(function (wikiData) {
                        var wikitext = wikiData.query.pages[0].revisions[0].slots.main.content;
                        var wikiLines = wikitext.split('\n');
                        var newLines = [];
                        var dupTracker = {};

                        function toAlphanumeric(str) {
                            return str.replace(new RegExp(&quot;[^\\u0980-\\u09FFa-zA-Z0-9]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;), &quot;&quot;);
                        }

                        var rxRef1 = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;ref[^&gt;]*&gt;[\\s\\S]*?&lt;\\/ref&gt;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxRef2 = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;ref[^&gt;]*\\/&gt;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxComment = new RegExp(&quot;&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxWikiLink = new RegExp(&quot;\\[\\[(?:[^|\\]]*\\|)?([^\\]]+)\\]\\]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxExtLink = new RegExp(&quot;\\[https?:\\/\\/[^\\s]+\\s+([^\\]]+)\\]&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxCite1 = new RegExp(&quot;\\{\\{cite[\\s\\S]*?\\}\\}&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxCite2 = new RegExp(&quot;\\{\\{Cite[\\s\\S]*?\\}\\}&quot;, &quot;gi&quot;);
                        var rxBold = new RegExp(&quot;'{2,3}&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxHeading = new RegExp(&quot;==+\\s*(.*?)\\s*==+&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
                        var rxTags = new RegExp(&quot;&lt;[^&gt;]+&gt;&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);

                        for (var k = 0; k &lt; wikiLines.length; k++) {
                            var wLine = wikiLines[k];
                            var shouldDelete = false;
                            
                            var cleanedLine = wLine;
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxRef1, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxRef2, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxComment, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxWikiLink, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxExtLink, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxCite1, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxCite2, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxBold, &quot;&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxHeading, &quot;$1&quot;);
                            cleanedLine = cleanedLine.replace(rxTags, &quot;&quot;);
                            
                            var compLine = toAlphanumeric(cleanedLine);

                            for (var m = 0; m &lt; duplicates.length; m++) {
                                var dup = duplicates[m];
                                var compDup = toAlphanumeric(dup);
                                if (compDup.length &lt; 5) continue;
                                
                                if (compLine.indexOf(compDup) !== -1) {
                                    dupTracker[dup] = (dupTracker[dup] || 0) + 1;
                                    if (dupTracker[dup] &gt; 1) {
                                        shouldDelete = true;
                                        break;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            if (!shouldDelete) {
                                newLines.push(wLine);
                            }
                        }

                        var newText = newLines.join('\n');

                        api.postWithToken('csrf', {
                            action: 'edit',
                            title: title,
                            text: newText,
                            summary: '[[ব্যবহারকারী:ARI/DupCheck.js|DupCheck]] ব্যবহার করে পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন অপসারণ করা হয়েছে;',
                            minor: true
                        }).then(function () {
                            btn.text('সম্পন্ন হয়েছে!').css('background', '#16a34a');
                            setTimeout(function () { location.reload(); }, 1500);
                        }).catch(function () {
                            btn.text('সংরক্ষণে ত্রুটি').css('background', '#dc2626');
                        });

                    }).catch(function () {
                        btn.text('সংরক্ষণে ত্রুটি').css('background', '#dc2626');
                    });
                });
            }

        }).catch(function () {
            showError('এপিআই থেকে তথ্য আনতে সমস্যা হয়েছে।');
        });
    }

    function showError(message) {
        var errorHtml = '&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fee2e2; border-left: 4px solid #ef4444; padding: 16px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; color: #991b1b;&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0 0 8px 0; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;ত্রুটি&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0;&quot;&gt;' + message + '&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;/div&gt;';
        $('#dup-modal-body').html(errorHtml);
    }
});</text>
      <sha1>efp0bvdl0layvxtlzsx4ynfh9rzvpzy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746902</id>
      <parentid>746897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:42:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ARI</username>
        <id>65433</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>746902</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="4362" sha1="jyz9diki3yuhylrxtqykn495bz1u8rl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;script&gt;
    const form = document.getElementById('checkForm');
    const output = document.getElementById('output');

    form.addEventListener('submit', async (event) =&gt; {
      event.preventDefault();
      await checkArticle();
    });

    async function checkArticle() {
      const title = document.getElementById(&quot;articleTitle&quot;).value.trim();
      let project = document.getElementById(&quot;project&quot;).value.trim();
      
      // Loading state
      output.innerHTML = `
        &lt;div class=&quot;bg-slate-100 dark:bg-slate-900/50 p-6 rounded-lg flex flex-col items-center justify-center text-slate-500 dark:text-slate-400&quot;&gt;
          &lt;svg class=&quot;animate-spin h-8 w-8 text-blue-500 mb-4&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;
            &lt;circle class=&quot;opacity-25&quot; cx=&quot;12&quot; cy=&quot;12&quot; r=&quot;10&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;/circle&gt;
            &lt;path class=&quot;opacity-75&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot; d=&quot;M4 12a8 8 0 018-8V0C5.373 0 0 5.373 0 12h4zm2 5.291A7.962 7.962 0 014 12H0c0 3.042 1.135 5.824 3 7.938l3-2.647z&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;
          &lt;/svg&gt;
          &lt;p class=&quot;font-medium&quot;&gt;Fetching article content...&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;`;

      if (!title || !project) {
        showError(&quot;Please enter both a project domain and an article title.&quot;);
        return;
      }
      
      project = project.replace(/^https?:\/\//, &quot;&quot;).replace(/\/$/, &quot;&quot;);

      try {
        const url = `https://${project}/w/api.php?action=query&amp;prop=extracts&amp;explaintext&amp;titles=${encodeURIComponent(title)}&amp;format=json&amp;origin=*`;
        const response = await fetch(url);
        if (!response.ok) {
            throw new Error(`Network response was not ok: ${response.statusText}`);
        }
        const data = await response.json();

        const pages = data.query.pages;
        const pageId = Object.keys(pages)[0];
        const page = pages[pageId];

        if (pageId === &quot;-1&quot; || page.missing !== undefined) {
          showError(`Page not found on &lt;strong&gt;${project}&lt;/strong&gt;. Please check the title.`);
          return;
        }

        const text = page.extract || &quot;&quot;;
        if (!text) {
          showError(&quot;No plain text content was found for this page.&quot;);
          return;
        }

        const lines = text.split(&quot;\n&quot;).map(l =&gt; l.trim()).filter(l =&gt; l.length &gt; 5); // Filter short/empty lines

        const seen = new Set();
        const duplicates = [];
        let htmlContent = &quot;&quot;;
        let duplicateCount = 0;

        lines.forEach(line =&gt; {
          if (seen.has(line)) {
            if (!duplicates.includes(line)) {
                duplicates.push(line);
                duplicateCount++;
                htmlContent += `&lt;div class=&quot;bg-red-100 dark:bg-red-900/40 border-l-4 border-red-500 p-3 my-2 rounded-r-md text-red-800 dark:text-red-200&quot;&gt;${escapeHtml(line)}&lt;/div&gt;`;
            }
          } else {
            seen.add(line);
            htmlContent += `&lt;div class=&quot;p-3 my-2 border-l-4 border-transparent text-slate-700 dark:text-slate-300&quot;&gt;${escapeHtml(line)}&lt;/div&gt;`;
          }
        });

        let summary;
        if (duplicateCount &gt; 0) {
            summary = `&lt;h3 class=&quot;text-xl font-semibold text-red-600 dark:text-red-400 mb-4&quot;&gt;Found ${duplicateCount} duplicate line(s)&lt;/h3&gt;`;
        } else {
            summary = `&lt;h3 class=&quot;text-xl font-semibold text-green-600 dark:text-green-400 mb-4&quot;&gt;✅ No duplicate lines found!&lt;/h3&gt;`;
        }

        output.innerHTML = `
            &lt;div class=&quot;bg-slate-100 dark:bg-slate-900/50 p-4 md:p-6 rounded-lg&quot;&gt;
                ${summary}
                &lt;div class=&quot;max-h-96 overflow-y-auto text-sm pr-2&quot;&gt;${htmlContent}&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;`;

      } catch (err) {
        console.error(err);
        showError(&quot;An error occurred while fetching the data. Please check the domain and your connection.&quot;);
      }
    }

    function showError(message) {
      output.innerHTML = `
        &lt;div class=&quot;bg-red-100 dark:bg-red-900/40 border-l-4 border-red-500 p-4 rounded-r-md text-red-800 dark:text-red-200&quot;&gt;
          &lt;p class=&quot;font-semibold&quot;&gt;Error&lt;/p&gt;
          &lt;p&gt;${message}&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;`;
    }

    function escapeHtml(unsafe) {
        return unsafe
             .replace(/&amp;/g, &quot;&amp;amp;&quot;)
             .replace(/&lt;/g, &quot;&amp;lt;&quot;)
             .replace(/&gt;/g, &quot;&amp;gt;&quot;)
             .replace(/&quot;/g, &quot;&amp;quot;&quot;)
             .replace(/'/g, &quot;&amp;#039;&quot;);
    }
  &lt;/script&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jyz9diki3yuhylrxtqykn495bz1u8rl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2025 December 2</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>169229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746735</id>
      <parentid>686769</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:05:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Template:Templates for discussion/Log/2025 December 2 */</comment>
      <origin>746735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1102" sha1="ig4vol6lr6d7nsq6awpxdfru44cxn77" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2025 December 1|December 1]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2025 December 3|December 3]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== December 2 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Template:Templates for discussion/Log/2025 December 2 ====
* '''Propose deleting''' {{lt|Templates for discussion/Log/2025 December 2}}&lt;br /&gt;
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' T [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 18:15, 2 December 2025 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ig4vol6lr6d7nsq6awpxdfru44cxn77</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/sas/Kabupatén Bintan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>171692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746792</id>
      <parentid>725566</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:08:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35063-27</username>
        <id>74435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ showcaptcha</comment>
      <origin>746792</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="978" sha1="gau29yrm6f3ivwxqiskl6rpcvdnhwqe" xml:space="preserve">'''Kabupatén Bintan''' niki [[Wp/sas/Kabupatén|kabupatén]] saq araq léq [[Wp/sas/Propinsi Kepulauan Riau|Propinsi Kepulauan Riau]], [[Wp/sas/Indonésia|Indonésia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/sas/Cite document|author=[[Wp/sas/Kementerian Dalem Negeri Republik Indonésia|Kemendagri]] |title=Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 |publisher=Kemendagri |date=2025-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mangkin araq {{FORMATNUM:142382}} dengan léq kabupatén niki. Ibu kotane kabupatén niki Soreang. Luas wilayahne kabupatén niki {{FORMATNUM:1767.96}}&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/sas/Cite web|author=[[Wp/sas/Kementerian Dalem Negeri Republik Indonésia|Kemendagri]] |title=Lampiran Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 |publisher=Kemendagri |date=2019-10-25 |url=https://www.kemendagri.go.id/files/2020/PMDN%2072%20TH%202019+lampiran.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

test

== Rujukan ==
{{Wp/sas/Reflist}} 

[[Category:Wp/sas]]
[[Category:Wp/sas/Kabupatén léq Indonesia]] 
{{INTERWIKI|Q10097}}</text>
      <sha1>gau29yrm6f3ivwxqiskl6rpcvdnhwqe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Enbi/common.js</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>172174</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746892</id>
      <parentid>741031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:58:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enbi</username>
        <id>72574</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Installing [[User:Enbi/test3.js]] ([[User:Enterprisey/script-installer|script-installer]])</comment>
      <origin>746892</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="1064" sha1="7wzubmqm2s6clbh6l5k42sf1283rh0k" xml:space="preserve">importScript('User:Enbi/UnnamedScript.js');
importScript('User:Enbi/testScript.js');
importScript('User:Enbi/simul.js');
importScript('User:Enbi/newUserFilter.js');
importScript('User:Enbi/new.js');
importScript('User:Enbi/wikiCMD.js');
importScript('User:enbi/LTA-undo.js');
importScript('User:Enbi/LACsuppresssed.js');
importScript('w:en:MediaWiki:Gadget-script-installer.js')
importScript('User:Enbi/highlightUsernamePatterns.js'); // Backlink: [[User:Enbi/highlightUsernamePatterns.js]]
importScript('User:Enbi/testScript2.js'); // Backlink: [[User:Enbi/testScript2.js]]
importScript('User:Enbi/editAlert.js'); // Backlink: [[User:Enbi/editAlert.js]]
importScript('User:Enbi/searchReplace.js'); // Backlink: [[User:Enbi/searchReplace.js]]
importScript('User:Enbi/LACSRG.js'); // Backlink: [[User:Enbi/LACSRG.js]]
importScript('User:Enbi/test2.js'); // Backlink: [[User:Enbi/test2.js]]
if (mw.config.get('wgPageName') === 'User:Enbi/Gateway/run') {
	importScript('User:Enbi/Gateway.js');
}
importScript('User:Enbi/test3.js'); // Backlink: [[User:Enbi/test3.js]]</text>
      <sha1>7wzubmqm2s6clbh6l5k42sf1283rh0k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>174842</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746746</id>
      <parentid>737923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:27:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35163-09</username>
        <id>74433</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>746746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12" sha1="2hinkpoaucpf3w3agvy3oxezo9157wl" xml:space="preserve">L
Qwertyuiop</text>
      <sha1>2hinkpoaucpf3w3agvy3oxezo9157wl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746750</id>
      <parentid>746746</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:29:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35163-09</username>
        <id>74433</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;L&quot;</comment>
      <origin>746750</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1" sha1="ogh84ifl0wei3pr6t3bpb7jfktfafkd" xml:space="preserve">L</text>
      <sha1>ogh84ifl0wei3pr6t3bpb7jfktfafkd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:SBassett (WMF)/Sandbox/Test</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>175868</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746876</id>
      <parentid>745255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T22:05:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SBassett (WMF)</username>
        <id>40986</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>test</comment>
      <origin>746876</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="32y6d8sqfu1waixjz64o70pykjkia1b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;timeline&gt;
# All measures are in pixels

ImageSize  = width:160 height:550
PlotArea   = left:50 right:0 bottom:10 top:10
AlignBars  = justify

DateFormat = yyyy
Period     = from:1917 till:1991
TimeAxis   = orientation:vertical
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1920

# there is no automatic collision detection,
# so shift texts up or down manually to avoid overlap

Define $dx = 25 # shift text to right side of bar

PlotData=
  bar:Leaders color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S

  from:start till:1924 shift:($dx,15)   text:Vladimir~Ilyich~[[Special:MyLanguage/Lenin|Lenin]]
  from:1924  till:1953 shift:($dx,5)    text:[[Special:MyLanguage/Stalin|Josef~Stalin]]
  from:1953  till:1964 shift:($dx,5)    text:Nikita~[[Special:MyLanguage/Khrushchev|Khrushchev]]
  from:1964  till:1982 shift:($dx,5)    text:Leonid~[[Special:MyLanguage/Brezhnev|Brezhnev]]
  from:1982  till:1984 shift:($dx,-12)  text:Yuri~[[Special:MyLanguage/Andropov|Andropov]]
  from:1984  till:1985 shift:($dx,4)    text:Konstantin~[[Special:MyLanguage/Chernenko|Chernenko]] fontsize:XS
  from:1985  till:end  shift:($dx,10)   text:Mikhail~[[Special:MyLanguage/Gorbachev|Gorbachev]]
&lt;/timeline&gt;</text>
      <sha1>32y6d8sqfu1waixjz64o70pykjkia1b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746877</id>
      <parentid>746876</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T22:08:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SBassett (WMF)</username>
        <id>40986</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment deleted="deleted" />
      <origin>746877</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1262" sha1="ikg6vayxykz6egwqxi09xeklm0j2q9q" deleted="deleted" />
      <sha1 />
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746878</id>
      <parentid>746877</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T22:08:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SBassett (WMF)</username>
        <id>40986</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/746877|746877]] by [[Special:Contributions/SBassett (WMF)|SBassett (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SBassett (WMF)|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>746878</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="32y6d8sqfu1waixjz64o70pykjkia1b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;timeline&gt;
# All measures are in pixels

ImageSize  = width:160 height:550
PlotArea   = left:50 right:0 bottom:10 top:10
AlignBars  = justify

DateFormat = yyyy
Period     = from:1917 till:1991
TimeAxis   = orientation:vertical
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1920

# there is no automatic collision detection,
# so shift texts up or down manually to avoid overlap

Define $dx = 25 # shift text to right side of bar

PlotData=
  bar:Leaders color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S

  from:start till:1924 shift:($dx,15)   text:Vladimir~Ilyich~[[Special:MyLanguage/Lenin|Lenin]]
  from:1924  till:1953 shift:($dx,5)    text:[[Special:MyLanguage/Stalin|Josef~Stalin]]
  from:1953  till:1964 shift:($dx,5)    text:Nikita~[[Special:MyLanguage/Khrushchev|Khrushchev]]
  from:1964  till:1982 shift:($dx,5)    text:Leonid~[[Special:MyLanguage/Brezhnev|Brezhnev]]
  from:1982  till:1984 shift:($dx,-12)  text:Yuri~[[Special:MyLanguage/Andropov|Andropov]]
  from:1984  till:1985 shift:($dx,4)    text:Konstantin~[[Special:MyLanguage/Chernenko|Chernenko]] fontsize:XS
  from:1985  till:end  shift:($dx,10)   text:Mikhail~[[Special:MyLanguage/Gorbachev|Gorbachev]]
&lt;/timeline&gt;</text>
      <sha1>32y6d8sqfu1waixjz64o70pykjkia1b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Changi Airport</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>176044</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746852</id>
      <parentid>746154</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:22:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Robertsky</username>
        <id>51025</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>for demo</comment>
      <origin>746852</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="172574" sha1="5vkutzgqdnpql62yoafzefejsd0xnvh" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|International airport in Singapore}}
{{Redirect|Singapore Airport|other existing and previous airports in Singapore|List of airports in Singapore|the entertainment and retail complex|Jewel Changi Airport}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox airport
| name                = Changi Airport
| nativename          = {{small|{{nobold|{{lang|ms|Lapangan Terbang Changi}} }} }}
| nativename-a        = &lt;!-- Asian Script --&gt;{{small|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|樟宜机场}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ta|சாங்கி விமான நிலையம்}} }} }}
| nativename-r        = &lt;!-- Romanisation --&gt;
| ensign              = 
| ensign_size         = 
| ensign_alt          = 
| image               = Changi Airport logo.svg
| image_size          = 180px
| image_alt           = 
| image2              = Jewel Changi Airport 13-11-2023(1).jpg
| caption             = 
| IATA                = SIN
| ICAO                = WSSS
| FAA                 = 
| TC                  = 
| LID                 = 
| GPS                 = 
| WMO                 = 48698
| type                = Public / Military
| owner               = [[Singapore Government]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sg_mof_nov2025&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Who manages the reserves? | url=https://www.mof.gov.sg/policies/reserves/who-manages-the-reserves/|work=Policies | agency=[[Ministry of Finance (Singapore)|Ministry of Finance (MOF)]] | publisher=[[Government of Singapore]] | date=12 November 2025|access-date=26 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| operator            = [[Changi Airport Group]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.changiairport.com/corporate.html|title=Changi Airport Group|publisher=Changi Airport Group|agency=Ministry of Finance of Singapore|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=27 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327171915/https://www.changiairport.com/corporate.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| city-served         = [[Singapore]]
| location            = [[Changi]], [[East Region, Singapore|East Region]], Singapore
| opened              = {{ubl|class=nowrap
  | {{start date|1981|07|01|df=yes}} (Soft launch)
  | {{start date|1981|12|29|df=yes}} (Officially) }}
| closed              = &lt;!-- {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;
| passenger_services_ceased = &lt;!-- {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;
| hub                 = {{ubl|class=nowrap
  | [[FedEx Express]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fedex&quot;/&gt;
  | [[Scoot]]
  | [[Singapore Airlines]]}}
| operating_base      = &lt;!-- If more than one airline, use {{Unbulleted list|Airline1|Airline2}} --&gt;
| built               = &lt;!-- military airports --&gt;
| used                = &lt;!-- military airports --&gt;
| commander           = &lt;!-- military airports --&gt;
| occupants           = &lt;!-- military airports --&gt;
| timezone            = [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]]
| utc                 = [[UTC+08:00]]
| summer              = 
| utcs                = 
| elevation-f         = 22
| elevation-m         = 6.65
| metric-elev         = yes
| coordinates         = {{coord|1|21|33|N|103|59|22|E|region:SG|display=inline,title}}
| website             = {{URL|www.changiairport.com}}
| image_map           = 
| image_mapsize       = 
| image_map_alt       = 
| image_map_caption   = 
| mapframe            = yes
| pushpin_map         = Singapore#Southeast Asia#Asia
| pushpin_mapsize     = 300px
| pushpin_map_alt     = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Singapore
| pushpin_relief      = 
| pushpin_image       = 
| pushpin_label       = SIN/WSSS
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_mark        = 
| pushpin_marksize    = 
| r1-number           = 02L/20R{{efn|Runway 02L is {{Convert|4000|m|abbr=off}} and 20R is {{Convert|3260|m|abbr=off}} with a [[displaced threshold]] of {{Convert|740|m|abbr=off}}. Thus aircraft landing on 20R will have to avoid touching down on the displaced threshold but may use it for departures.}}
| r1-length-f         = 13,123
| r1-length-m         = 4,000
| r1-surface          = [[Asphalt concrete]]
| r2-number           = 02C/20C{{efn|This AIP Supplement informs aircraft operators and pilots that Runway 02C/20C and new taxiways at Singapore Changi Airport will be open for flights effective from 30 November 2023, 2000UTC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SINGAPORE CHANGI AIRPORT – UPDATED INFORMATION AND DATA FOR RUNWAY 02C/20C AND NEW TAXIWAYS |url=https://www.caas.gov.sg/docs/default-source/docs---ats/singapore-airac-aip-sup-2023-128_singapore-changi-airport---updated-information-and-data-for-runway-02c20c-and-new-taxiways.pdf |website=caas.gov.sg |date=21 September 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029065958/https://www.caas.gov.sg/docs/default-source/docs---ats/singapore-airac-aip-sup-2021-119_singapore-changi-airport---closure-of-runway-02c_20c-and-taxiways-due-to-changi-east-development-works.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| r2-length-f         = 13,123
| r2-length-m         = 4,000
| r2-surface          = Asphalt concrete
| r3-number           = 02R/20L{{efn|The runway is not open until the last quarter of 2027.}}
| r3-length-f         = 13,123
| r3-length-m         = 4,000
| r3-surface          = Asphalt concrete
| metric-rwy          = yes
| h1-number           = 
| h1-length-f         = 
| h1-length-m         = 
| h1-surface          = &lt;!-- up to h12 --&gt;
| stat1-header        = Passenger movements
| stat1-data          = {{increase}} 69,980,000
| stat2-header        = Cargo movements (tonnes)
| stat2-data          = {{increase}} 2,080,000
| stat3-header        = Aircraft movements
| stat3-data          = {{increase}} 374,000
| stat4-header        = Economic impact (2017)
| stat4-data          = US$13.3 billion&lt;ref name=&quot;International Air Transport Association&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/publications/economic-reports/singapore--value-of-aviation/|title=The importance of air transport to Singapore|work=[[International Air Transport Association]]|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922085400/https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/publications/economic-reports/singapore--value-of-aviation/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| stat5-header        = Social impact (2017)
| stat5-data          = 119,000&lt;ref name=&quot;International Air Transport Association&quot;/&gt;
| stat-year           = 2025 unless indicated otherwise
| footnotes           = Sources: Changi Airport Group;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/our-expertise/air-hub/traffic-statistics.html|title=Singapore Changi Airport Statistics (2025)|website=Changi Airport Group|access-date=22 January 2026|archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107020244/https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/our-expertise/air-hub/traffic-statistics.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; WAD&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=SN90056 | title = Singapore Changi Intl | work = World Aero Data | publisher = WorldAeroData.com | access-date = 2 March 2020 | archive-date = 2 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200302180659/https://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi%3Fid%3DSN90056 | url-status = usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''Changi Airport'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|ɑː|ŋ|.|i}} {{respell|CHAHNG|ee}}; {{zh|s=樟宜机场}}; {{langx|ms|Lapangan Terbang Changi}}; {{langx|ta|சாங்கி விமான நிலையம்}}.}} {{airport codes|SIN|WSSS}} is the the main international airport of Singapore, and fuctions as one of the most signifcant aviation gateways in the Asia-Pacific region. Situated within the [[Changi]] [[Planning areas of Singapore|planning area]] in the [[East Region, Singapore|eastern part]] of the country, the airport is approximately {{convert|24|km|abbr=off}} east from the [[Central Area, Singapore|Central Area]] and occupies a site spanning about {{convert|25|km2|sqmi|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://aim-sg.caas.gov.sg/aip/2021-05-04/final/2021-05-04/html/index-en-GB.html|title=Regulations|website=caas.gov.sg|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195740/http://www.caas.gov.sg/caasWeb2010/export/sites/caas/en/Regulations/Aeronautical_Information/AIP/aerodrome/AD_WSSS/WSSS-AD2-1.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airport is a base for more than 100 international carriers with scheduled services linking Singapore to destinations across Asia, Oceania, Africa, Europe, the Middle East and North America.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Airlines|url=https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/partnerships/airlines.html |publisher=Changi Airport Group |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118163210/https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/partnerships/airlines.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2025, Changi Airport handled about 70 million passengers and ranked the [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|16th busiest airport by passenger traffic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Chelvan-2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Loi |first=Esther |date=5 January 2026 |title=Changi Airport handled about 70 million passengers in 2025, an all-time high |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/changi-airport-handled-about-70m-passengers-in-2025-an-all-time-high |access-date=2 March 2026 |publisher=[[The Straits Times]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as the 4th busiest international airport by seat volume based on [[OAG (company)|OAG]]'s records.&lt;ref name=&quot;Therese-2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soh |first=Therese |date=15 January 2026 |title=Changi Airport handled about 70 million passengers in 2025, an all-time high |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/international/global/changi-airport-ranks-4th-busiest-international-airport-2025-oag-report |access-date=2 March 2026 |location=Singapore |publisher=[[The Business Times (Singapore)|The Business Times]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Changi Airport serves as the headquarters for several aviation and ground handling entities. It is the home base of [[Singapore Airlines]], the nation's [[flag carrier]], along with its associated subsidiaries [[Singapore Airlines Cargo]] and [[Scoot]], a regional [[low-cost carrier]]. The airport also hosts the operations of [[BOC Aviation]], a major aircraft leasing firm. Ground and catering services are provided by [[SATS (company)|SATS]] and [[dnata Singapore]] (formerly CIAS), whose facilities are located within the airport precincts. Owing to Singapore's central geographical location and high volume of international transit traffic, the airport has also been designated a principal [[cargo hub]] by [[FedEx Express]], reinforcing its logistical and commercial importance within global air transport networks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fedex&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aircargonews.net/news/single-view/news/fedex-opens-flagship-asia-hub.html|title=FedEx opens flagship Asia hub|work=Singapore's Changi Airport|publisher=Aircargonews.net|access-date=5 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801225059/http://www.aircargonews.net/news/single-view/news/fedex-opens-flagship-asia-hub.html|archive-date=1 August 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/sia-ana-ink-pact-paving-way-for-more-flights-japan-destinations-for-singapore|title=SIA-ANA pact will pave way for more flights, Japan destinations for Singapore consumers |date=31 January 2020|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131144704/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/sia-ana-ink-pact-paving-way-for-more-flights-japan-destinations-for-singapore|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airport is managed by the Changi Airport Group, a corporate entity owned by the [[Singapore Government]] while solely maintained by the [[Ministry of Finance (Singapore)|Ministry of Finance]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sg_mof_nov2025&quot;/&gt;

The airfield infrastructure comprises three operational runways, each measuring {{convert|4|km|mi|adj=off}} in length. While the main airport code is WSSS, the third runway, designated 02R/20L, was formerly part of the adjacent [[Changi Air Base (East)]] and used by the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] (RSAF), carrying the ICAO code '''WSAC'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Singapore ICAO Location Finder |url=https://www.notams.faa.gov/common/icao/R32C2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811235149/https://www.notams.faa.gov/common/icao/R32C2.html |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.notams.faa.gov |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Changi Air Base - Singapore |url=https://www.world-airport-codes.com/singapore/changi-air-base-84568.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=World Airport Codes |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918224947/https://www.world-airport-codes.com/singapore/changi-air-base-84568.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WSAC/Singapore/Changi Air Base East General Airport Information |url=https://acukwik.com/Airport-Info/WSAC |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=acukwik.com |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123141551/https://acukwik.com/Airport-Info/WSAC |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The terminal complex includes four passenger terminals, of which Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are directly connected to [[Jewel Changi Airport]], a mixed-use development featuring retail, dining and entertainment facilities integrated with airport infrastructure. A fifth terminal is currently under construction.

==Overview==
{{see also|Infrastructure of Changi Airport}}
[[File:Singapore_Airport.png|thumb|center|upright=1.5|Map of Changi Airport]]
Changi Airport serves more than 100 airlines flying to 170 cities in around 100+ countries and territories worldwide. About 7,000 flights arrive or depart at Changi each week, or one every 80 seconds.

For the 2025 full-year figures published by the airport, the airport handled 69,980,000 passengers (a 3.4% increase compared to 2024), the highest in its 44-year history.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; This made it the fourth busiest international airport in the world and the seventh busiest in Asia Pacific. In December 2025, Changi Airport registered a total of 6.3 million passenger movements, with 20 December marking the year’s busiest day at 223,000 passengers across its terminals. In addition to being an important passenger hub, the airport is also one of the busiest cargo airports in the world, handling 2.08 million tonnes of air freight in 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chelvan-2026&quot; /&gt; Aircraft movements, comprising both landings and take-offs, increased 2.2% year-on-year to 374,000 movements in 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

The airport has won over 700 awards since its opening, including 28 &quot;Best Airport&quot; awards in 2025 alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.changiairport.com/en/corporate/our-media-hub/newsroom/press-releases.2025-operating-indicators.2026.all.html | title=Changi Airport handled record traffic of close to 70 million passengers in 2025 | publisher=Changi Airport Group | date=22 January 2026 | access-date= }}&lt;/ref&gt; Changi Airport's efforts to mitigate the effects of ageing infrastructure include continual physical upgrades to its existing terminals and building new facilities to maintain its high standards in airport service quality.&lt;ref name=&quot;changiairportgroup.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.changiairportgroup.com/export/sites/caas/assets/media_release_2013/Media_Release_-_A_record_51_million_passengers_for_Changi_Airport_in_2012_xwebx.pdf|title=A record 51 million passengers for Changi Airport in 2012|website=Changaiairportgroup.com|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104032212/http://www.changiairportgroup.com/export/sites/caas/assets/media_release_2013/Media_Release_-_A_record_51_million_passengers_for_Changi_Airport_in_2012_xwebx.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2026, Changi Airport also ranked fourth as one of the top 10 brands in Singapore in YouGov's Best Brands Rankings 2026 report.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CNA remains among top 10 brands in Singapore: YouGov report|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/cna-top-10-brands-singapore-yougov-survey-2026-5893596|website=CNA|access-date=30 January 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
{{see also|History of Changi Airport}}

===Conception===
[[File:Singapore Airlines Airbus A300 Green-1.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Airbus A300]] (9V-STF) of [[Singapore Airlines]] staying at Changi Airport (1983)]]
Prior to Changi, Singapore's main international airport was located at [[Paya Lebar Air Base|Paya Lebar]]. It had opened in 1955 with a single [[runway]] and a small passenger [[airport terminal|terminal]], having itself replaced the previous [[Kallang Airport]] that began operations in 1937. The decision to move the airport from Paya Lebar to Changi was based on a number of factors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Redwan |first=Raiz |date=18 June 2023 |title=Paya Lebar Airport - The International Airport Before Changi That Only Operated For 26 Years |url=https://thesmartlocal.com/read/paya-lebar-airport/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=TheSmartLocal - Singapore's Leading Travel and Lifestyle Portal |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the growth in global aviation transport, the airport was facing congestion problems. Its inability to cope with the rising traffic became critical by the 1970s; annual passenger numbers rose dramatically from 300,000 in 1955 to 1.7&amp;nbsp;million in 1970 and to 4&amp;nbsp;million in 1975. As a result, there was a need to accommodate the growing demand for air travel, the desire to establish Singapore as a global aviation hub, and the need to modernise the country's air transport infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;CAH&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Singapore Changi Airport turns 40 years old |url=https://www.airporthistory.org/blue-concourse/singapore-changi-airport-turns-40 |website=A Visual History of the World's Great Airports |access-date=12 February 2023 |language=en |date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126071242/https://www.airporthistory.org/blue-concourse/singapore-changi-airport-turns-40 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Singaporean government had two options – expand the existing airport at Paya Lebar or build a new airport at another location. After extensive studies, a decision was made in 1972 to keep the airport at Paya Lebar, as recommended by aviation consultants. Plans were made for the building of a second runway and an extensive redevelopment and expansion to the passenger terminal building. A year later, however, the plans were reviewed again as the pressure to expand the airport eased because of the [[1973 oil crisis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CAH&quot;/&gt;

Concerned that the existing airport was located in an area with potential for urban growth, which would physically hem it in on all sides, the government subsequently decided in 1975 to build a new airport at the eastern tip of the main island at Changi, at the existing site of [[Changi Air Base]]. However, as there was an increase in traffic, the airport still had to be expanded at that time. In addition, aircraft could fly over the sea, avoiding [[noise pollution]] issues within residential areas and avoid disastrous consequences on the ground in the event of an air mishap. Formerly known as the '''Singapore International Airport''', the airport in Paya Lebar was subsequently converted for military use and renamed as [[Paya Lebar Air Base]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CAH&quot;/&gt;

===Construction===
The original master plan for Changi Airport involved constructing a dual-terminal and dual-runway configuration over two phases with provisions for another two passenger terminals in the future. Phase 1 included the construction for the first passenger terminal, the first runway reusing and upgrading the main runway of Changi Air Base, 45 aircraft parking bays, support facilities and structures, including a large maintenance hangar, a fire station, workshops and administrative offices, an airfreight complex, two cargo agents buildings, in-flight catering kitchens and an {{cvt|80|m}} [[control tower]]. Construction for the second phase would commence immediately after the completion of Phase 1 and include the second runway, 23 new aircraft parking bays in addition to the existing 45 bays, a second fire station and a third cargo agent building.&lt;ref name=&quot;CAH&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Some Facts on Changi Airport |publisher=Singapore Changi Airport |url=http://www.changiairport.com/changi/en/about_us/fact_sheets/facts_changi_ap.html |access-date=3 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101114643/http://www.changiairport.com/changi/en/about_us/fact_sheets/facts_changi_ap.html |archive-date=1 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Changi Airport commenced commercial operations on 1 July 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;infopedia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last = Muliani Tan|first = Bonny|title = Changi International Airport|work = singaporeInfopedia|publisher = National Library Board Singapore|year = 2001|url = https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=8ba0a92c-262a-441a-97e2-a65cee3c1788|access-date = 19 July 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231124092803/https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=8ba0a92c-262a-441a-97e2-a65cee3c1788|archive-date = 24 November 2023|df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its first flight, [[Singapore Airlines]] SQ101, touched down that day at 7:10:00am [[Singapore Time]] with 140 passengers from Kuala Lumpur.&lt;ref name=&quot;infopedia&quot; /&gt; It officially opened five months later on 29 December 1981. The airport ended its first year of operations with 12.1&amp;nbsp;million passengers, close to 200,000 tonnes of air freight handled and 63,100 aircraft movements. Subsequent phases opened progressively within the next few decades, with Terminal 2 opening for passenger traffic in 1990, Terminal 3 in 2008, and Terminal 4 in 2017. Terminal 5 is expected to open in mid-2030s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New exhibition exploring innovations of Changi Airport's future Terminal 5 launched |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/changi-airport-terminal-5-t5-in-making-exhibition-opens-public-5806111 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Terminals==
===Passenger terminals===
[[File:Center Plaza T1 Changi Airport.jpg|thumb|Terminal 1]]
[[File:Singapore Changi Airport Terminal 2 06-08-2025(18).jpg|thumb|Terminal 2]]
[[File:Changi Airport Wonderfall.jpg|alt=The Wonderfall at Changi Airport Terminal 2|thumb|The Wonderfall at Terminal 2]]
[[File:Singapore Changi Airport Terminal 3 12-08-2025(1).jpg|thumb|Terminal 3]]
[[File:Aerial view of Singapore Changi Airport and Changi Air Base - 20110523.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Singapore Changi Airport in 2011. The forested area to the right of its airfield has since been cleared for Terminal 5]]
Changi Airport has four main passenger terminals arranged with Jewel located in the centre of Terminals 1, 2 and 3. Currently, the airport has an operational capacity of 90 million passengers per annum (mppa) across four terminals. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2025 |title=Fact Sheet: Changi Airport |url=https://www.changiairport.com/en/corporate/our-media-hub/newsroom/press-releases.fact-sheet-changi-airport.2025.all.html |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=[[Changi Airport Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Terminal
!Date of opening
!Location
|-
|[[Singapore Changi Airport Terminal 1|Terminal 1]]
|1 July 1981&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Changi Airport Infopedia|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_574_2004-12-23.html|access-date=31 May 2020|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830195358/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_574_2004-12-23.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Northern end
|-
|[[Singapore Changi Airport Terminal 2|Terminal 2]]
|22 November 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=First 137 passengers take off from Terminal 2|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/newpaper19901122-1.2.15.2|access-date=31 May 2020|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830203955/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/newpaper19901122-1.2.15.2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Eastern end
|-
|[[Singapore Changi Airport Terminal 3|Terminal 3]]
|9 January 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=T3 Takes Off |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes20080110-1.2.9.3|access-date=31 May 2020|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108104645/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes20080110-1.2.9.3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=migration|date=25 July 2014|title=Flashback Friday: Changi Airport Terminal 3 officially opened on July 25, 2008|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/flashback-friday-changi-airport-terminal-3-officially-opened-on-july-25-2008|access-date=31 May 2020|website=The Straits Times|language=en|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922085225/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/flashback-friday-changi-airport-terminal-3-officially-opened-on-july-25-2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Western end
|-
|[[Singapore Changi Airport Terminal 4|Terminal 4]]
|31 October 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Terminal 4 Breaks New Ground for Changi {{!}} Changi Airport Group|url=https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/resources/publication/issue-24/terminal-4-breaks-new-ground-for-Changi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228094726/http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/resources/publication/issue-24/terminal-4-breaks-new-ground-for-Changi.html|archive-date=28 December 2019|access-date=31 May 2020|website=www.changiairport.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Southern end
|-
|[[Infrastructure of Changi Airport#Terminal 5|Terminal 5]]
|Mid-2030s
|Southeastern end
|}

There is also a privately Commercially-Important-Person (CIP) luxury terminal called the [[Singapore Changi Airport JetQuay CIP Terminal|JetQuay CIP Terminal]]. It is similar to the Lufthansa First Class Terminal at [[Frankfurt Airport]], but is open to all passengers travelling in all classes on all airlines with an access fee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=JetQuay|url=https://www.jetquay.com.sg/who_we_are.php|website=www.jetquay.com.sg|access-date=31 May 2020|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307075403/https://www.jetquay.com.sg/who_we_are.php|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The short-lived Budget Terminal was opened on 26 March 2006 and closed on 25 September 2012 to make way for Terminal 4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Changi abandoning budget terminal to lure more airlines, passengers |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Changi-abandoning-budget-terminal-to-lure-more-airlines-passengers |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403082937/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Changi-abandoning-budget-terminal-to-lure-more-airlines-passengers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Terminal 5 is currently under construction. The new terminal is expected to be completed by 2030.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/changi-airport-to-open-terminal-4-on-october-31-after-more-than-100-trials|title=Changi Airport to open Terminal 4 on Oct 31; 9 airlines to operate from new terminal|website=The Straits Times|date=6 September 2017|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008145025/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/changi-airport-to-open-terminal-4-on-october-31-after-more-than-100-trials|archive-date=8 October 2017|url-status=live}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===Future terminals and projects===
Terminal 5 (T5) is currently under construction. [[Lawrence Wong]], the Prime Minister of Singapore and Minister of Finance, officiated the groundbreaking ceremony for Changi Airport T5 on 14 May 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=Changi Airport Terminal 5 breaks ground |url=https://www.changiairport.com/en/corporate/our-media-hub/newsroom/press-releases.changi-airport-terminal-5-breaks-ground.2025.all.html |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=[[Changi Airport Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The new terminal is expected to be ready by the mid-2030s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[Infrastructure of Singapore Changi Airport#Terminal 5|Terminal 5]] is expected to handle 50&amp;nbsp;million passenger movements per annum for Changi Airport.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/changi-airport-s-terminal-5-ready-in-mid-2020s-153333390.html|title=Changi Airport's Terminal 5 ready in mid-2020s|date=30 August 2013|work=Yahoo News Singapore|access-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714203216/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/changi-airport-s-terminal-5-ready-in-mid-2020s-153333390.html|archive-date=14 July 2015|url-status=live}}
&lt;/ref&gt; It will be built on reclaimed land to the east of the present terminals. It will be partially funded through an increased levy.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/changi-airport-new-fee-t5-terminal-5-passengers-9999526 |title=Changi Airport passengers to pay new levy to fund developments including T5 |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |date=28 February 2018 |access-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729081458/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/changi-airport-new-fee-t5-terminal-5-passengers-9999526 |archive-date=29 July 2018 |url-status=live  }}
&lt;/ref&gt; KPF Singapore with [[Heatherwick Studio]] and Architects 61 will provide architectural services. [[Arup Group|Arup Singapore]], [[Mott MacDonald|Mott MacDonald Singapore]] and [[Surbana Jurong|Surbana Jurong Consultants]] will provide engineering services while [[DP Architects]] will provide retail design services. The former Transport Minister [[Khaw Boon Wan]] said that the Changi Terminal 5 project was delayed by at least 2 years as a result of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Toh|first=Ting Wei|date=16 June 2021|title=Coronavirus: Changi Airport T5 construction to be &quot;paused&quot; for at least 2 years, says Khaw|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/coronavirus-changi-airport-t5-construction-to-be-paused-for-at-least-2-years|url-status=live|access-date=16 June 2021|website=The Straits Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616075253/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/coronavirus-changi-airport-t5-construction-to-be-paused-for-at-least-2-years |archive-date=16 June 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mixed-use facilities===
{{further|Jewel Changi Airport}}
[[File:JewelSingaporeVortex1.jpg|thumb|The Rain Vortex at [[Jewel Changi Airport]]]]

[[Jewel Changi Airport]], which opened on 17 April 2019, is a nature-themed entertainment and retail complex interconnecting Terminals 1, 2 and 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/jewel-changi-airport-to-open-on-april-17|title=Jewel Changi Airport to open on April 17|date=6 March 2019|work=The Straits Times|access-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307153244/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/jewel-changi-airport-to-open-on-april-17|archive-date=7 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Announced in 2013, it is a new terminal-like structure that is intended to simultaneously be a mixed-use complex.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/pressreleases/changi-airport-group-and-capitamalls-asia-to-jointly-develop-project-jewel-at-changi-airport-943581 | title=Changi Airport Group to develop iconic mixed-use complex | publisher=Changi Airport Group | date=19 August 2013 | access-date=31 May 2020 | archive-date=27 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127105007/http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/pressreleases/changi-airport-group-and-capitamalls-asia-to-jointly-develop-project-jewel-at-changi-airport-943581 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is situated on a 3.5-hectare site where the Terminal 1 car park used to reside, which has since been moved underground. Jewel was developed by Jewel Changi Airport Trustee Pte Ltd, a joint venture between Changi Airport Group and [[CapitaLand]], through its wholly owned shopping mall business, CapitaLand Mall Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/project-jewel-at-changi-airport-to-cost-147b|title=Project Jewel at Changi Airport to cost $1.47b|last=migration|date=20 December 2013|work=The Straits Times|access-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117190536/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/project-jewel-at-changi-airport-to-cost-147b|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The project cost S$1.7 billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/work-on-changi-airports-jewel-project-and-t1-expansion-begins|title=Work on Changi Airport's Jewel project and T1 expansion begins|author=Karamjit Kaur |date=5 December 2014 |work=The Straits Times|access-date=9 January 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117190441/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/work-on-changi-airports-jewel-project-and-t1-expansion-begins|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Part of this project was planned to help expand Terminal 1 to handle 24&amp;nbsp;million passengers per year by 2018 with stand-alone check-in facilities and lounges. The indoor waterfall (named &quot;Rain Vortex&quot;) in the structure holds the World Record for the tallest indoor waterfall in the world at 40m high, cascading down 7 storeys.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2020 |title=What goes on behind the world's tallest indoor waterfall? |url=https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/changijourneys/the-airport-never-sleeps/behind-the-rain-vortex.html |website=changiairport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cargo terminal===
The Air Hub &amp; Cargo Development department of the Changi Airport Group (CAG) manages the Changi Airfreight Centre,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.changiairportgroup.com.sg/cag/html/business-partners/air-cargo/facilities-and-infrastructures/changi_airfreight_centre/index.html |title=Changi Airfreight Centre |publisher=Changi Airport Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930121343/http://www.changiairportgroup.com.sg/cag/html/business-partners/air-cargo/facilities-and-infrastructures/changi_airfreight_centre/index.html |archive-date=30 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is located to the north of the airport premises.&lt;ref name=&quot;caasdivisions&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Our Divisions |publisher=Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) |url=http://www.caas.gov.sg/caas/en/About_CAAS/Our_Divisions.html?__locale=en |access-date=3 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926022454/http://www.caas.gov.sg/caas/en/About_CAAS/Our_Divisions.html?__locale=en |archive-date=26 September 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 2025, Changi Airport handled 2,080,000 tonnes of air freight, achieving one of its strongest cargo performance on record. The top five air cargo markets in 2025 were China, the United States, Australia, Hong Kong, and India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Recent cargo volumes at Changi Airport have been heavily driven by global demand for semiconductors, artificial intelligence (AI) technology, electric vehicles, and cleantech.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Changi Airport is consistently honoured at the Asian Freight Logistics and Supply Chain (AFLAS) Awards. Changi has an exceptional track record with this awarding body, having previously won &quot;Best Airport in Asia&quot; for over 27 consecutive years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=10 May 2013 |title=Singapore Changi Airport still voted as Asia's best {{!}} Singapore Business Review |url=https://sbr.com.sg/aviation/in-focus/singapore-changi-airport-still-voted-asias-best |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=sbr.com.sg |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Changi Airport has been inducted into the Cargonews Asia Hall of Fame for its unprecedented, sustained excellence as a premier airfreight hub. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{clear}}

==Operations==
Changi Airport Group (Singapore) Pte Ltd (CAG) was formed on 16 June 2009 upon the corporatisation of Singapore Changi Airport by [[Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore]] as the licensee and operator of the airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20081007996.pdf|title=CORPORATISATION OF CHANGI AIRPORT AND RESTRUCTURING OF CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF SINGAPORE (CAAS)|date=10 July 2008|author=Ministry of Transport,Singapore|archive-date=16 November 2024|access-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116084646/https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20081007996.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=2f697180-79c5-4f80-a59f-cbaa42b57bc9|title=Establishment of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore|publisher=National Library Board of Singapore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Passenger operations===
As the airport only handles international passenger traffic, all terminals in operation are equipped with immigration-processing facilities for international travel.

After recovering from a drop in passenger traffic as a result of the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001 and the [[Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome]] (SARS) epidemic in 2003, the airport saw rapid growth in traffic, which hit the 30-million mark for the first time in 2004. In March 2008, prior to the full effect of the [[2008 financial crisis]] on the global economy, the airport was predicted to handle 50&amp;nbsp;million passengers by 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/337878/1/.html|title=Changi poised to handle 50 million passengers a year by 2012|date=28 March 2008|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=8 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228202414/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/337878/1/.html|archive-date=28 December 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; due to the opening of [[casino]]s in Singapore and the phased liberalisation of the [[ASEAN]] aviation sector. As predicted, the airport surpassed the 50-million mark in 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;changiairportgroup.com&quot;/&gt;

On 18 December 2017, the airport surpassed the 60-million mark for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Flying higher, Changi Airport crosses 60-million milestone in 2017|url=http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/pressreleases/flying-higher-changi-airport-crosses-60-million-milestone-in-2017-2337980|publisher=Changi Airport Group|access-date=27 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127105007/http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/pressreleases/flying-higher-changi-airport-crosses-60-million-milestone-in-2017-2337980|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Changi Airport hits record 60 million passengers in 2017|work=CNA |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/changi-airport-hits-record-60-million-passengers-in-2017-9507022|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221025632/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/changi-airport-hits-record-60-million-passengers-in-2017-9507022|archive-date=21 December 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airport saw a record 65.6 million passenger movements in 2018 – beating 2017's record of 60 million passengers with a 5.5 per cent increase.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/changi-airport-hits-record-65-million-passengers-in-2018-11178416|title=Changi Airport hits record 65 million passengers in 2018|website=Channel NewsAsia|language=en|access-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030425/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/changi-airport-hits-record-65-million-passengers-in-2018-11178416|archive-date=3 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2019, [[Firefly (airline)|Firefly]], the sole turboprop operator in Changi Airport, moved to [[Seletar Airport]] to make way for their jet operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Seletar Airport Prepares for Turboprop Service|url=http://aviationweek.com/singapore-airshow-2018/seletar-airport-prepares-turboprop-service|website=Aviation Week &amp; Space Technology|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205143311/http://aviationweek.com/singapore-airshow-2018/seletar-airport-prepares-turboprop-service|archive-date=5 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Singapore 2018: Seletar Airport set for turboprop move|url=http://www.aircosmosinternational.com/singapore-2018-seletar-airport-set-for-turboprop-move-106789|website=Air &amp; Cosmos – International|access-date=6 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202815/http://www.aircosmosinternational.com/singapore-2018-seletar-airport-set-for-turboprop-move-106789|archive-date=17 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Malaysian carrier Firefly resumes flights to Singapore as first plane lands at Seletar Airport |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/seletar-airport-malaysian-carrier-firefly-flights-singapore-11464544 |access-date=17 June 2019 |author=Staff writers |work=CNA |publisher=Mediacorp|language=en |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922085245/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/seletar-airport-malaysian-carrier-firefly-flights-singapore-11464544 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore|COVID-19 pandemic]], passenger traffic fell in 2020 and 2021, resulting in Terminals 2 and 4 closing temporarily in May 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom/consolidation-of-terminal-operations.html#?tid=relocation |title=Consolidation of Terminal Operations {{pipe}} Singapore Changi Airport |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222235949/https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom/consolidation-of-terminal-operations.html#?tid=relocation |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Terminals 1 and 3 remained open for passengers throughout, but were closed to the general public on 12 May 2021 along with Jewel, reopening on 1 September 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 August 2021|title=Changi Airport T1 &amp; T3 to reopen to the public on 1 September 2021|last=Ming Wei|first=Toh|newspaper=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/changi-airport-terminal-1-and-3-to-reopen-to-the-public-from-sept-1|access-date=27 August 2021|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829062807/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/changi-airport-terminal-1-and-3-to-reopen-to-the-public-from-sept-1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
On 1 November 2023, Terminal 2 fully reopened after three and a half years of upgrading. The refurbished terminal features nature-themed decorations and a 14m-tall digital waterfall display called the Wonderfall.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Changi Airport's Terminal 2 fully reopens with lush greenery and digital waterfall display |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/changi-airport-terminal-2-t2-reopen-full-capacity-3886781 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Safety and security===
[[File:Griffon 8000TD.jpg|thumb|Singapore Airport Emergency Services Griffon]]
The Changi Airport Group (CAG) manages the overall safety and security of the airport. The Airport Management Division of the CAG manages the customer aspects of the airport's security, while the Aviation Security Unit oversees the airport's compliance with [[Airport security|aviation security]] (AVSEC) policies, and manages AVSEC-related projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;caasdivisions&quot;/&gt; The airport's emergency and fire-fighting services are handled by the Airport Emergency Service Division.&lt;ref&gt;
[http://www.changiairportgroup.com/export/sites/caas/assets/changi_connection/Changi_Airport_Group_AR_0910_Full.pdf Changi Airport Group Annual Report 2009/10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028025538/http://changiairportgroup.com/export/sites/caas/assets/changi_connection/Changi_Airport_Group_AR_0910_Full.pdf |date=28 October 2010 }}. (PDF) Retrieved 15 August 2012.
&lt;/ref&gt; The Airport Emergency Services handle all instances of rescue and fire-fighting within the airport premises as well as in surrounding waters. It operates from three main fire stations (Station 1 by Runway 1 along West Perimeter Road and Station 2 by Runway 2 and Station 3 by Runway 3), one sub-station (Domestic Fire Station), and one sea rescue base near the airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.changiairportgroup.com/cag/html/our-services/airport-emergency-services/fire-stations/|title=Civil Fire Stations|publisher=Changi Airport Group|access-date=12 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518205523/http://changiairportgroup.com/cag/html/our-services/airport-emergency-services/fire-stations/|archive-date=18 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The airport's security comes under the regulatory purview of the Airport Police Division of the [[Singapore Police Force]] (SPF). The day to day discharge of security functions at the airport is performed by [[auxiliary police]] forces including [[Aetos Security Management]], [[Certis Group|Certis (former CISCO)]] and [[SATS Security Services]]. Aetos and SATS Security Services are affiliated to the ground handling companies of dnata and SATS respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/1134158/1/.html |title=Changi Airport's third ground handling licence awarded to ASIG |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |date=9 June 2011 |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810121121/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/1134158/1/.html |archive-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 29 April 2008, CAAS signed its then-biggest single security contract for all airport-related security services by engaging Certis CISCO to provide security services at Singapore Changi Airport, as well as [[Seletar Airport]], Changi Airfreight Centre, and the Singapore Air Traffic Control Centre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.certissecurity.com/sg/News/news.php?art=20 |title=Certis CISCO awarded $360&amp;nbsp;million Master Security Services Contract by CAAS |publisher=Certissecurity.com |date=28 April 2008 |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002013915/http://www.certissecurity.com/sg/News/news.php?art=20 |archive-date=2 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It involves the deployment of about 2,600 Certis Cisco personnel, including armed Auxiliary Police Officers and unarmed aviation security officers to perform tasks such as screening checked baggage, controlling access to restricted areas, and screening passengers before they board their aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.certissecurity.com/sg/Support/annualreports/0809/ar08_09.pdf 50 Years of Securing Your World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708133521/http://www.certissecurity.com/sg/Support/annualreports/0809/ar08_09.pdf |date=8 July 2011 }} . Annual Review 2008/2009. certissecurity.com (PDF). Retrieved 15 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the [[September 11 attacks]] and the [[Singapore embassies attack plot|naming of the airport]] as a terrorist target by the [[Jemaah Islamiyah]], the airport's security was tightened.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Counter Terrorism Efforts at Singapore's Changi Airport |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers36%5Cpaper3573.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612192419/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers36/paper3573.html |archive-date=12 June 2010 |access-date=12 June 2011 |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB)-2002&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=10 January 2002 |title=Changi Airport to Impose Security Levy (Page 5) |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes20020110-1.1.5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922085229/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes20020110-1.1.5 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=3 September 2019 |website=The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prohibited items include sharp/blunt objects and liquids/gels/aerosols above 100ml. Devices larger than 7 inches are still needed to be removed for security screening. Duty-free shops that sells liquor are exempted from regulations.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB)-2002&quot;/&gt;

==Airlines and destinations==
===Key markets and destinations===
In 2025, China was the largest market for the airport, followed by Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia and India. Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, Jakarta, Denpasar (Bali) and Hong Kong were the busiest routes for the year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

===Passenger===
{{Airport destination list
&lt;!-- --&gt;
&lt;!-- Do not add Aeromexico without a citation. Aeromexico website does not show Changi as a destination --&gt; 
| [[Aero Dili]] | [[Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport|Dili]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2024/03/04/aero-dili-launches-flights-to-singapores-changi-airport/|title=Aero Dili launches flights to Singapore's Changi airport|publisher=Business Traveller|date=4 March 2024|accessdate=6 May 2024|archive-date=13 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713085652/https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2024/03/04/aero-dili-launches-flights-to-singapores-changi-airport/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Air Canada]] | [[Vancouver International Airport|Vancouver]]&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldJuly2025Ref|title=Vancouver, BC, Canada YVR|pages=1184-1188}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Air Canada to launch Singapore route |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2023/06/15/air-canada-to-launch-singapore-route/ |website=Business Traveller |date=15 June 2023 |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615045523/https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2023/06/15/air-canada-to-launch-singapore-route/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Air China]] | [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 March 2016 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=More flight options between Singapore and China|website=Travel Weekly Asia|url=https://www.travelweekly-asia.com/Travel-News/Airline-News/More-flight-options-between-Singapore-and-China}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Chengdu–Tianfu]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Qing |first=Ma |date=26 June 2024 |title=Air China to add more international flights for the summer rush |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202406/26/WS667bb118a31095c51c50af6e.html |access-date=17 January 2026 |website=China Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Air China to commence Chongqing-Singapore service in Jul-2023 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/air-china-to-commence-chongqing-singapore-service-in-jul-2023-1212533 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=12 July 2023 |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 July 2023 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715125755/https://centreforaviation.com/news/air-china-to-commence-chongqing-singapore-service-in-jul-2023-1212533 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Air China to resume Chongqing-Singapore service from Dec-2023 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/air-china-to-resume-chongqing-singapore-service-from-dec-2023-1240316 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=19 December 2023 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]]&lt;ref&gt; {{cite web|title=New route from Singapore to Chongqing and Shanghai |url=https://www.airchina.sg/SG/GB/promotion/Sinhuyu2023|website=Air China|publisher=|access-date=28 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Air France]] | [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Air France 777 with New La Première Debuts on Singapore Flights|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/07/18/air-france-new-la-premiere-debuts-on-singapore-flights/|website=aviationa2z.com|date=18 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Air India]] | [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]] (resumes 2 September 2026),&lt;ref name=&quot;airindiascoot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 December 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Air India partners with Scott to expand connectivity across Asia and Australasia|website=Travel Radar|url=https://travelradar.aero/air-india-partners-with-scoot-to-expand-connectivity-across-asia-and-australasia/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;airindiascoot&quot;/&gt; [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]]&lt;ref name=&quot;airindiascoot&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Air India Express]] | [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=16 November 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Trichy adds four new flights to Singapore as demand surges|website=India Times|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/trichy-adds-four-more-flights-to-singapore-as-demand-surges/articleshow/125366764.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Air Macau]] | [[Macau International Airport|Macau]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 March 2023 |title=Singapore Changi Airport Terminal 2 welcomes Air Macau, Ethiopian and Firefly|website=Mainly Miles|url=https://mainlymiles.com/2023/03/26/singapore-changi-airport-terminal-2-welcomes-air-macau-ethiopian-and-firefly/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Air New Zealand]] | [[Auckland Airport|Auckland]],&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Auckland, New Zealand AKL|pages=91-93}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt;'''Seasonal:''' [[Christchurch Airport|Christchurch]] (resumes 29 October 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Air New Zealand has announced three new non-stop international routes |url=https://www.airnewzealandnewsroom.com/press-release-2026-major-international-expansion-set-to-boost-christchurch-and-south-island-growth|access-date=20 May 2026 |work=Air New Zealand Media Releases |date=20 May 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 May 2026 |title=Three new international destinations about to take off - @christchurch_airport - Instagram|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DYiVoafoCEK/ |access-date=20 May 2026 |website=Instagram}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Air Niugini]] | [[Jacksons International Airport|Port Moresby]]&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Pt. Moresby, Papua New Guinea POM|pages=1046-1047}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[AirAsia]] | [[Kota Kinabalu International Airport|Kota Kinabalu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;malayasiaskyrocket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 December 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Malaysia Airlines and AirAsia skyrocket in 2025! How Singapore,China, and India Are Driving Record Tourism - And What's Next for KLIA's Explosive Growth!|website=Travel and Tour World|url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/malaysia-airlines-and-airasia-skyrocket-in-2025-discover-how-singapore-china-india-are-driving-record-tourism-and-whats-next-for-klias-explosive-growth/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]],&lt;ref name=&quot;malayasiaskyrocket&quot;/&gt; [[Kuching International Airport|Kuching]],&lt;ref name=&quot;malayasiaskyrocket&quot;/&gt; [[Langkawi International Airport|Langkawi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;malayasiaskyrocket&quot;/&gt; [[Penang International Airport|Penang]]&lt;ref name=&quot;malayasiaskyrocket&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Aircalin]] | [[La Tontouta International Airport|Nouméa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aircalin to fly to Singapore |url=https://worldairlinenews.com/2022/04/12/aircalin-to-fly-to-singapore/ |website=World Airline News |access-date=12 April 2022 |language=en |date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412093021/https://worldairlinenews.com/2022/04/12/aircalin-to-fly-to-singapore/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[All Nippon Airways]] | [[Haneda International Airport|Tokyo–Haneda]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ANASIA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 April 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026|title=Singapore Airlines and All Nippon Airways deepen joint venture|website=Business Traveler|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/singapore-airlines-and-all-nippon-airways-deepen-joint-venture/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ANASIA&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Asiana Airlines]] | [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025a&quot;&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Seoul, Korea Republic Of SEL|pages=1186-1190}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Bangkok Airways]] | [[Samui Airport|Koh Samui]]&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Ko Samui, Thailand USM|pages=638-638}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Megha Paul |title=Bangkok Airways to resume first international flight on Samui – Singapore route from 1 Aug |url=https://www.traveldailymedia.com/bangkok-airways-to-resume-first-international-flight-on-samui-singapore-route-from-1-aug/ |work=Travel Daily|location=London|date=26 July 2021 |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107180955/https://www.traveldailymedia.com/bangkok-airways-to-resume-first-international-flight-on-samui-singapore-route-from-1-aug/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Batik Air]] | [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta]],&lt;ref name=&quot;batikairfocus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 August 2023 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Airline in Focus:Batik Air|website=Aviation Week|url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airline-focus-batik-air}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kualanamu International Airport|Medan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;batikairfocus&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Batik Air Malaysia]] |[[Sultan Azlan Shah Airport|Ipoh]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Batik Air Malaysia launches new flights to Penang, Ipoh and Subang&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Goh See Min |title=Batik Air Malaysia launches new flights to Penang, Ipoh and Subang |url=https://nowboarding.changiairport.com/discover-changi/batik-air-new-flights-to-ipoh-penang-subang.html |website=Changi Airport: Now Boarding |publisher=Changi Airport Singapore |date=22 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kota Kinabalu International Airport|Kota Kinabalu]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Batik Air flying to over 63 destinations across 20 countries, and counting!|url=https://www.batikair.com.my/new-routes}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Batik Air Malaysia launches new flights to Penang, Ipoh and Subang&quot; /&gt; [[Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport|Kuala Lumpur–Subang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Batik Air Malaysia launches new flights to Penang, Ipoh and Subang&quot; /&gt; [[Penang International Airport|Penang]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Batik Air Malaysia launches new flights to Penang, Ipoh and Subang&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Biman Bangladesh Airlines]] | [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 June 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026|title=Singapore-bound Biman flight makes emergency landing shortly after takeoff in Dhaka|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2025/06/27/singapore-bound-biman-flight-makes-emergency-landing-shortly-after-takeoff-from-dhaka}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[British Airways]] | [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.airpaz.com/en/airlines/BA-British-Airways/airport-airport/singapore-changi-airport-sin-heathrow-airport-lhr|title=British Airways Flight from Singapore Changi Airport to Heathrow Airport|website=www.airpaz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sydney Airport|Sydney–Kingsford Smith]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = British Airways celebrates 90 years of flying between Australia and London with special fares offering savings of up to AUD 900|url=https://mediacentre.britishairways.com/news/23042025/british-airways-celebrates-90-years-of-flying-between-australia-and-london-with-special-fares-offering-savings-of-up-to-aud-900}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = March routes roundup: British Airways to launch a second route to Australia|url=https://www.flightradar24.com/blog/aviation-news/airline-news/airline-routes/march-routes-roundup-british-airways-to-launch-a-second-route-to-australia/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Cambodia Airways]] | [[Sanya Phoenix International Airport|Sanya]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cambodia Airways to commence Phnom Penh-Sanya-Singapore service in Dec-2023 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/cambodia-airways-to-commence-phnom-penh-sanya-singapore-service-in-dec-2023-1237211 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=30 November 2023 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 November 2023 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201063341/https://centreforaviation.com/news/cambodia-airways-to-commence-phnom-penh-sanya-singapore-service-in-dec-2023-1237211 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Cathay Pacific]] | [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Hong Kong (SAR) China HKG|pages=543-547}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Cebu Pacific]] | [[Mactan–Cebu International Airport|Cebu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;cebufare&quot;/&gt; [[Clark International Airport|Clark]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://asianaviation.com/hk-express-expands-footprint-in-vietnam-cebu-pacific-increases-flights-from-singapore/|title=HK Express expands footprint in Vietnam; Cebu Pacific increases flights from Singapore|publisher=Asian Aviation|date=30 April 2023|accessdate=7 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Iloilo International Airport|Iloilo]],&lt;ref name=&quot;cebufare&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 November 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Cebu Pacific rolls out P338 promo fare to Singapore|website=GMA News|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/967213/cebu-pacific-rolls-out-p388-promo-fare-to-singapore/story/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila]]&lt;ref name=&quot;cebufare&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[China Airlines]] | [[Kaohsiung International Airport|Kaohsiung]],&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Kaohsiung, Chinese Taipei KHH|pages=618-619}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025b&quot;&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Taipei, Chinese Taipei TPE|pages=1253-1255}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[China Eastern Airlines]] | [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha]],&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;ChinaSouthernfocus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 January 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Airline in Focus:China Southern Airlines|website=Aviation Week|url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airline-focus-china-southern-airlines}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Beijing Daxing International Airport|Beijing–Daxing]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=China Eastern Airlines to resume Beijing Daxing-Singapore service from Dec-2023 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/china-eastern-airlines-to-resume-beijing-daxing-singapore-service-from-dec-2023-1237434 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=1 December 2023 |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180301/https://centreforaviation.com/news/china-eastern-airlines-to-resume-beijing-daxing-singapore-service-from-dec-2023-1237434 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=David Casey |title=China Eastern Adds New Links To Australia, New Zealand, Singapore |url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airports-networks/china-eastern-adds-new-links-australia-new-zealand-singapore |website=Aviation Week Network |publisher=Informa Markets |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013054921/https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airports-networks/china-eastern-adds-new-links-australia-new-zealand-singapore |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hefei Xinqiao International Airport|Hefei]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.airpaz.com/en/airlines/MU-China-Eastern-Airlines/airport-airport/singapore-changi-airport-sin-hefei-xinqiao-international-airport-hfe|title=China Eastern Flight from Singapore Changi Airport to Hefei Xinqiao International Airport|website=www.airpaz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kunming Changshui International Airport|Kunming]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Direct (non-stop) flights from Singapore to Kunming|url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/SIN-KMG}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nanchang Changbei International Airport|Nanchang]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.airpaz.com/en/airlines/MU-China-Eastern-Airlines/airport-airport/singapore-changi-airport-sin-nanchang-changbei-international-airport-khn|title=China Eastern Flight from Singapore Changi Airport to Nanchang Changbei International Airport|website=www.airpaz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nanjing Lukou International Airport|Nanjing]] (resumes 20 June 2026),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=China Eastern Airlines to resume Nanjing-Singapore service from Jun-2026 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/china-eastern-airlines-to-resume-nanjing-singapore-service-from-jun-2026-1356378 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=23 April 2026 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ningbo Lishe International Airport|Ningbo]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Singapore's Changi Airport adds eight new destinations |date=3 April 2025 |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2025/04/03/singapores-changi-airport-adds-eight-new-destinations/ |access-date=9 April 2025 |archive-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404061459/https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2025/04/03/singapores-changi-airport-adds-eight-new-destinations/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 August 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=What led to Changi Airport runway incident involving 2 China Eastern planes in Aug 2024|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/two-china-eastern-airlines-planes-involved-in-runway-incursion-at-changi-airport-in-august-2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport|Wuhan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2026 |title=Changi Airport adds over 600 flights for Chinese New Year – extended check-ins, 24-hour lounge and longer Jewel's rain vortex hours |url=https://www.timeout.com/singapore/news/changi-airport-adds-over-600-flights-for-chinese-new-year-extended-check-ins-24-hour-lounge-and-longer-jewels-rain-vortex-hours-011626 |website=Time Out Singapore}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=新航季{{!}}2024年冬航季东上航陕西始发航班时刻表 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/b1PKaeqP2G9J89rDVJaiKA |access-date=7 November 2024 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112175135/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/b1PKaeqP2G9J89rDVJaiKA |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| {{nowrap|[[China Southern Airlines]]}} | [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ChinaSouthernfocus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 January 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Airline in Focus:China Southern Airlines|website=Aviation Week|url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airline-focus-china-southern-airlines}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ChinaSouthernfocus&quot;/&gt; [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=China Southern Airlines to commence Shenzhen-Singapore service in Nov-2023 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/china-southern-airlines-to-commence-shenzhen-singapore-service-in-nov-2023-1229860 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=20 October 2023 |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 October 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021120454/https://centreforaviation.com/news/china-southern-airlines-to-commence-shenzhen-singapore-service-in-nov-2023-1229860 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt; 
| [[Chongqing Airlines]] | [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chongqing Airlines to resume Chongqing-Singapore service from late Feb-2023 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/chongqing-airlines-to-resume-chongqing-singapore-service-from-late-feb-2023-1184803 |website=CAPA |date=8 February 2023 |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208095825/https://centreforaviation.com/news/chongqing-airlines-to-resume-chongqing-singapore-service-from-late-feb-2023-1184803 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Citilink]] | [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/citilink-to-launch-jakarta-singapore-service-from-01-oct-2022-1162628|title=Citilink to launch Jakarta-Singapore service from 01-Oct-2022|work=CAPA|publisher=Informa Markets|location=London|date=30 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022|url-access=subscription|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004092843/https://centreforaviation.com/news/citilink-to-launch-jakarta-singapore-service-from-01-oct-2022-1162628|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Drukair]] | [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]],&lt;ref name=&quot;drukguwahati&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 August 2022 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Guwahati to resume international flight services with Drukair, first time since the Pandemic|website=India Times|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/guwahati-to-resume-international-flight-services-with-druk-air-first-since-the-pandemic/articleshow/93532496.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paro International Airport|Paro]]&lt;ref name=&quot;drukguwahati&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]],&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Dubai, United Arab Emirates DXB|pages=337-343}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Techo International Airport|Phnom Penh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=Emirates opens first retail store in Singapore, with carrier expecting higher air traffic |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/emirates-opens-first-retail-store-in-singapore-with-carrier-expecting-higher-air-traffic |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Ethiopian Airlines]] | [[Addis Ababa Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]],&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ADD|pages=17-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.airpaz.com/en/airlines/ET-Ethiopian-Airlines/airport-airport/singapore-changi-airport-sin-kuala-lumpur-international-airport-kul|title=Ethiopian Airlines Flight from Singapore Changi Airport to Kuala Lumpur International Airport|website=www.airpaz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Etihad Airways]] | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH|pages=14-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[EVA Air]] | [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025b&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Fiji Airways]] | [[Nadi International Airport|Nadi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 November 2017 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Fiji Airways increase Singapore flights to three per week in peak seasons|url=https://aviator.aero/press/fiji-airways-increases-singapore-flights-to-three-per-week-in-peak-seasons}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Finnair]] | [[Helsinki International Airport|Helsinki]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 October 2016 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Finnair launches Singapore to Helsinki route, claiming fastest way to get to Europe|website=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/10/17/finnair-launches-singapore-to-helsinki-route-claiming-fastest-way-to-get-to-europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Firefly (airline)|Firefly]] | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Direct (non-stop) flights from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur|url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/SIN-KUL}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Garuda Indonesia]] | [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1608533/bali-opens-two-international-flights-from-philippines-singapore|title=Bali Opens Two International Flights from Philippines, Singapore|last=Christy Hosana|first=Francisca|work=Tempo.co|location=Jakarta|date=4 July 2022|access-date=4 July 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105172722/https://en.tempo.co/read/1608533/bali-opens-two-international-flights-from-philippines-singapore|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.airpaz.com/en/flight/code/GA-8964|title=Check Garuda Indonesia GA8964 Flight Schedule|website=www.airpaz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Gulf Air]] | [[Bahrain International Airport|Bahrain]]&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Bahrain, Bahrain BAH|pages=88-90}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Gulf Air Is Back At Singapore Changi Airport |url=https://www.gulfair.com/media-centre/press-releases/gulf-air-is-back-at-singapore-changi-airport |publisher=Gulf Air |date=4 April 2021 |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522083134/https://www.gulfair.com/media-centre/press-releases/gulf-air-is-back-at-singapore-changi-airport |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
&lt;!-- --&gt; 
| [[Hainan Airlines]] | [[Changchun Longjia International Airport|Changchun]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 September 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Changchun Launches New International Flight Route|url=https://www.itiger.com/news/1163517043}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Haikou International Airport|Haikou]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 January 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Hainan Airlines grows Singapore network|website=Business Insider|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/hainan-airlines-grows-singapore-network/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lanzhou Zhongchuan International Airport|Lanzhou]],&lt;ref name=&quot;nowboarding.changiairport.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Changi Airport expands reach to Lanzhou and Yichang in China with new Hainan Airlines flights |url=https://nowboarding.changiairport.com/discover-changi/changi-airport-expands-to-lanzhou-yichang-hainan-airlines.html |access-date=30 March 2025 |archive-date=30 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330133229/https://nowboarding.changiairport.com/discover-changi/changi-airport-expands-to-lanzhou-yichang-hainan-airlines.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yichang Sanxia International Airport|Yichang]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nowboarding.changiairport.com&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[IndiGo]] | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],&lt;ref name=&quot;indigoexpand&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=4 August 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026|title=Singapore tourism board,IndiGo expand partnership to boost Indian travel to Singapore|website=TTG Asia|url=https://www.ttgasia.com/2025/08/04/singapore-tourism-board-indigo-expand-partnership-to-boost-indian-travel-to-singapore/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],&lt;ref name=&quot;indigoexpand&quot;/&gt; [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=IndiGo to commence Coimbatore-Singapore service in Oct-2024 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/indigo-to-commence-coimbatore-singapore-service-in-oct-2024-1275072 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=5 August 2024 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807211845/https://centreforaviation.com/news/indigo-to-commence-coimbatore-singapore-service-in-oct-2024-1275072 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/economy-infra/aviation/news-indigo-adds-flights-to-singapore-bangkok-after-go-first-cancels-flights-interglobe-aviation-share-price-on-bse-nse-233237|title=IndiGo strengthens connectivity to Southeast Asia, adds flights connecting Singapore, Bangkok|work=Zee Business|date=3 May 2023|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=15 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515032500/https://www.zeebiz.com/economy-infra/aviation/news-indigo-adds-flights-to-singapore-bangkok-after-go-first-cancels-flights-interglobe-aviation-share-price-on-bse-nse-233237|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo To Start Daily Direct Flights On Hyderabad-Singapore Route From October 29|url=https://travelbizmonitor.com/indigo-to-start-daily-direct-flights-on-hyderabad-singapore-routes-from-october-29/|work=Travel Biz Monitor|date=19 July 2023|access-date=19 July 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]],&lt;ref name=&quot;indigoexpand&quot;/&gt; [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/indigo-to-resume-mumbai-singapore-service-from-mar-2023-1186961|title=IndiGo to resume Mumbai-Singapore service from Mar-2023|work=CAPA|access-date=22 February 2023|url-access=subscription|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222200038/https://centreforaviation.com/news/indigo-to-resume-mumbai-singapore-service-from-mar-2023-1186961|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappali]],&lt;ref name=&quot;indigoexpand&quot;/&gt; [[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=IndiGo to Launch Direct Flights between Vijayawada and Singapore from November 15|url=https://traveltradejournal.com/indigo-to-launch-direct-flights-between-vijayawada-and-singapore-from-november-15/|website=traveltradejournal.com |date=12 October 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Indonesia AirAsia]] | [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Singapore knocks back AirAsia licence request three times |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/145249-singapore-knocks-back-airasia-licence-request-three-times |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251118033535/https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/145249-singapore-knocks-back-airasia-licence-request-three-times |archive-date=18 November 2025 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=ch-aviation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Japan Airlines]] | [[Haneda International Airport|Tokyo–Haneda]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Japan65&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=8 August 2023|access-date=2 January 2026|title=Japan Airlines:65 years of connecting Singapore and Japan|url=https://sms-bridges.com/japan-airlines-65-years-of-connecting-singapore-and-japan/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Japan65&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Jeju Air]] | [[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Jeju Air to resume Busan-Singapore route next month|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220509000227|location=[[Seoul]]|newspaper=[[The Korea Herald]]|agency=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|date=9 May 2022|language=en|access-date=19 May 2022|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519123938/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220509000227|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Yohannan |first=Rachel |title=Jeju Air launches its first direct flights between Singapore and Seoul at budget fares from just $245 |url=https://www.timeout.com/singapore/news/korean-budget-airline-jeju-air-launches-its-first-direct-flights-between-singapore-and-seoul-031825 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250414103040/https://www.timeout.com/singapore/news/korean-budget-airline-jeju-air-launches-its-first-direct-flights-between-singapore-and-seoul-031825 |archive-date=14 April 2025 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=Time Out Singapore |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Jetstar]] | [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.airpaz.com/en/airlines/JQ-Jetstar-Airways/airport-airport/singapore-changi-airport-sin-ngurah-rai-international-airport-dps|title=Jetstar Airways Flight from Singapore Changi Airport to Ngurah Rai International Airport|website=www.airpaz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Melbourne Airport|Melbourne]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Chew Hui Min |title=Jetstar Asia plans to resume flights between Singapore and Darwin in December, pending travel corridor opening |url=https://cna.asia/singapore/jetstar-travel-lane-darwin-australia-singapore-covid-19-vaccination-2206961 |work=CNA |publisher=Mediacorp |date=28 September 2021 |language=en |quote=The announcement follows the Qantas Group's international restart plan, which includes Jetstar Airways resuming services between Melbourne and Singapore from Dec 19, also pending government and regulatory approvals. |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522083133/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Newcastle Airport (New South Wales)|Newcastle]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jetstar Boosts Global Connectivity from Newcastle with Singapore via Bali Service |url=https://www.aci-asiapac.aero/media-centre/news/jetstar-boosts-global-connectivity-from-newcastle-with-singapore-via-bali-service |website=ACI Asia-Pacific &amp; Middle East |language=en |date=13 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Perth Airport|Perth]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Joshua Ng |title=Jetstar returns with Singapore-Perth flights |url=https://nowboarding.changiairport.com/discover-changi/jetstar-returns-to-perth-from-changi-airport.html |website=Changi Airport: Now Boarding |publisher=Changi Airport Singapore |date=1 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sunshine Coast Airport|Sunshine Coast]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Jetstar's Game-Changing New Route: Sunshine Coast to Bali &amp; Singapore - Pulse Travel |url=https://www.pulsetravel.com.au/news/jetstars-game-changing-new-route-sunshine-coast-to-bali-singapore/ |access-date=20 November 2025 |date=13 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Juneyao Air]] | [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=China's Juneyao Air defers B787 delivery due to US tariffs |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/152620-chinas-juneyao-air-defers-b787-delivery-due-to-us-tariffs |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251114220752/https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/152620-chinas-juneyao-air-defers-b787-delivery-due-to-us-tariffs |archive-date=14 November 2025 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=ch-aviation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wuxi Shuofang Airport|Wuxi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Derryn Wong |title=China’s Juneyao Air takes over Jetstar Asia’s Singapore-Wuxi route in August |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/international/chinas-juneyao-air-takes-over-jetstar-asias-singapore-wuxi-route-august |website=The Business Times |publisher=SPH Media Limited |language=en |date=21 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[KLM]] | [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]],&lt;ref name=&quot;KLMcancelled&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 November 2017 |access-date=1 January 2026|title=KLM flights Singapore-Denpasar-Singapore cancelled on 26 November after volcanic eruption in Indonesia|url=https://www.aviation24.be/airlines/air-france-klm-group/klm-royal-dutch-airlines/klm-flights-kl835-kl836-singapore-denpasar-singapore-cancelled-26-november-volcanic-eruption-indonesia/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;KLMcancelled&quot;/&gt;
| [[Korean Air]] | [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025a&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Loong Air]] | [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Loong Air to commence Hangzhou-Zhangjiajie-Singapore service in Oct-2025 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/loong-air-to-commence-hangzhou-zhangjiajie-singapore-service-in-oct-2025-1330694 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=4 September 2025 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wenzhou Longwan International Airport|Wenzhou]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 November 2024 |access-date=1 January 2026|title=Non-stop flights between Singapore and Wenzhou begins on Dec 24|website=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/non-stop-flights-between-singapore-and-wenzhou-to-start-on-dec-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport|Zhangjiajie]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Loong Air to commence Hangzhou-Zhangjiajie-Singapore service in Oct-2025 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/loong-air-to-commence-hangzhou-zhangjiajie-singapore-service-in-oct-2025-1330694 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=4 September 2025 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Lufthansa]] | [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 October 2022|access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Lufthansa brings First Class back to Singapore|website=MainlyMiles|url=https://mainlymiles.com/2022/10/28/lufthansa-brings-first-class-back-to-singapore/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Munich Airport|Munich]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 March 2018|access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Lufthansa launches Singapore to Munich A350 route next week|website=MainlyMiles|url=https://mainlymiles.com/2018/03/19/lufthansa-launch-singapore-to-munich-a350-route-next-week/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Malaysia Airlines]] | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.airpaz.com/en/airlines/MH-Malaysia-Airlines/airport-airport/singapore-changi-airport-sin-kuala-lumpur-international-airport-kul|title=Malaysia Airlines Flight from Singapore Changi Airport to Kuala Lumpur International Airport|website=www.airpaz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[MIAT Mongolian Airlines]] | [[Chinggis Khaan International Airport|Ulaanbaatar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Singapore now has non-stop flights to Mongolia|url=https://mainlymiles.com/2025/11/06/singapore-now-has-non-stop-flights-to-mongolia|date=6 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| {{nowrap|[[Myanmar Airways International]]}} | [[Yangon International Airport|Yangon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 January 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=MAI increases flights to Yangon|website=TTRWeekly|url=https://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2025/01/myanmar-airways-international-increases-flights-from-home-base/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| {{nowrap|[[Myanmar National Airlines]]}} | [[Yangon International Airport|Yangon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 July 2015 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Myanmar National Airlines faces challenges as bold international expansion begins with Singapore|url=https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/myanmar-national-airlines-faces-challenges-as-bold-international-expansion-begins-with-singapore-233160}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Oman Air]] | [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]] (resumes 2 July 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Oman Air launches direct flights between Muscat and Singapore starting July 2026|url=https://www.zawya.com/en/economy/gcc/oman-air-launches-direct-flights-between-muscat-and-singapore-starting-july-2026-isvnd1p9|website=www.zawya.com|date=16 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Peach Aviation|Peach]] | [[Kansai International Airport|Osaka–Kansai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Sarah Stanley |title=Travel News: Peach Aviation to begin direct Singapore-Osaka flights, one-way fares from $164.20 |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/travel/travel-news-peach-aviation-to-begin-direct-singapore-osaka-flights-one-way-fares-from-16420 |work=The Straits Times |publisher=SPH Media Limited |date=29 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829073134/https://www.straitstimes.com/life/travel/travel-news-peach-aviation-to-begin-direct-singapore-osaka-flights-one-way-fares-from-16420 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Pelita Air]] | [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Shikhar Gupta |title=Pelita Air to start flying between Jakarta, Singapore from Aug 18 |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/transport-logistics/pelita-air-start-flying-between-jakarta-singapore-aug-18 |work=The Business Times |publisher=SPH Media Limited |date=31 July 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Philippine Airlines]] | [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 December 2024|access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Airline in Focus:Philippine Airlines|website=Aviation Week|url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airline-focus-philippine-airlines?highlight=Philippine%20Airlines}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Qantas]] | [[Brisbane Airport|Brisbane]],&lt;ref name=&quot;qantas90&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 April 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 |title=Qantas marks 90 years in Singapore|website=Travel Daily Media|url=https://www.traveldailymedia.com/qantas-marks-90-years-in-singapore/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Darwin International Airport|Darwin]],&lt;ref name=&quot;qantas90&quot;/&gt; [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]],&lt;ref name=&quot;qantas90&quot;/&gt; [[Melbourne Airport|Melbourne]],&lt;ref name=&quot;qantas90&quot;/&gt; [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Qantas Group extends schedule changes across domestic and international network |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/qantas-group-extends-schedule-changes-across-domestic-and-international-network-1357612 |website=Centre for Aviation |date=4 May 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Perth Airport|Perth]],&lt;ref name=&quot;qantas90&quot;/&gt; [[Sydney Airport|Sydney–Kingsford Smith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;qantas90&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Qatar Airways]] | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=16 November 2025 |access-date=2 January 2026| title=Confirmed:Singapore to get year round Qatar Airways A380 Flights|website=Mainly Miles|url=https://mainlymiles.com/2025/11/16/confirmed-singapore-to-get-year-round-qatar-airways-a380-flights/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Royal Brunei Airlines]] | [[Brunei International Airport|Bandar Seri Begawan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Royal Brunei Operating Flights|url=https://www.flyroyalbrunei.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/17Dec2026-RB-Operating-Flights.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Saudia]] | [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.airpaz.com/en/airlines/SV-Saudia/airport-airport/singapore-changi-airport-sin-ngurah-rai-international-airport-dps|title=Saudia (Formerly Saudi Arabian Airlines) Flight from Singapore Changi Airport to Ngurah Rai International Airport|website=www.airpaz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]]&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Jeddah, Saudi Arabia JED|pages=597-600}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Scoot]] | [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport|Amritsar]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Athens International Airport|Athens]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan Airport|Balikpapan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Kertajati International Airport|Bandung–Kertajati]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/scoot-to-launch-flights-to-kertajati-in-indonesia-and-melaka-in-malaysia-on-new-embraer-jets |title=Scoot to launch flights to Kertajati in Indonesia |work=straitstimes |date=6 August 2024 |accessdate=6 August 2024 |last1=Loi |first1=Esther |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807102923/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/scoot-to-launch-flights-to-kertajati-in-indonesia-and-melaka-in-malaysia-on-new-embraer-jets |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Mactan–Cebu International Airport|Cebu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SIA posts&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author1=Ven Sreenivasan |title=SIA posts record $1.44 billion net profit for first half |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/sia-posts-record-144-billion-net-profit-for-h1 |work=The Straits Times |publisher=SPH Media Limited |date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Yadav|first=Paras|title=Singapore Airlines to Restructure Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad Flights from Oct 29|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/singapore-airlines-to-restructure-bengaluru-chennai-hyderabad-flights-from-oct-29-8444281.html|work=[[News18]]|date=27 July 2023|access-date=28 July 2023|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728043728/https://www.news18.com/auto/singapore-airlines-to-restructure-bengaluru-chennai-hyderabad-flights-from-oct-29-8444281.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chiang Mai International Airport|Chiang Mai]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Chiang Rai International Airport|Chiang Rai]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Hazeeq Sukri-2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author1=Hazeeq Sukri |title=Scoot launching flights to Okinawa, Tokyo Haneda and Chiang Rai as early as December this year |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/travel/scoot-okinawa-haneda-chiang-rai-flights-469631 |work=[[CNA (TV network)|CNA]]|publisher=[[Mediacorp]]|location=[[Singapore]] |language=en |date=12 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Clark International Airport|Clark]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Da Nang International Airport|Da Nang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BNB Diviyadhaarshini-2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author1=BNB Diviyadhaarshini |title=Scoot launches flights to Da Nang, Kota Bharu and Nha Trang; boosts frequency to other destinations |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/scoot-launches-flights-to-da-nang-kota-bharu-and-nha-trang-boosts-frequency-to-other-destinations |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore|publisher=SPH Media Limited |date=3 July 2025 |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |access-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703075217/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/scoot-launches-flights-to-da-nang-kota-bharu-and-nha-trang-boosts-frequency-to-other-destinations |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Francisco Bangoy International Airport|Davao]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Fuzhou Changle International Airport|Fuzhou]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Haikou Meilan International Airport|Haikou]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scoot plans more&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author1=Chin Hui Shan |title=Scoot plans more flights to China, from 14 a week now to 57 by June |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/scoot-plans-more-flights-to-china-from-14-a-week-now-to-57-by-june |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[SPH Media Trust]]|location=[[Singapore]]|date=22 February 2023 |language=en |access-date=23 February 2023 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223091208/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/scoot-plans-more-flights-to-china-from-14-a-week-now-to-57-by-june |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNA-2022&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=SIA Group adds Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan flights to meet &quot;buoyant demand&quot; |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/singapore-airlines-scoot-more-flights-east-asia-japan-taiwan-hong-kong-china-travel-demand-2982736 |work=CNA |location=Singapore |publisher=Mediacorp |date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003155433/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/singapore-airlines-scoot-more-flights-east-asia-japan-taiwan-hong-kong-china-travel-demand-2982736 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Hat Yai International Airport|Hat Yai]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Iloilo International Airport|Iloilo]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chelvan |first=Vanessa Paige |date=16 January 2025 |title=Scoot launches non-stop flights to Vienna, Iloilo City |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/scoot-launches-non-stop-flights-to-vienna-and-iloilo-city |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=[[The Straits Times]] |archive-date=16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116064704/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/scoot-launches-non-stop-flights-to-vienna-and-iloilo-city |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sultan Azlan Shah Airport|Ipoh]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Jeju International Airport|Jeju]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Jang-Jin |first1=Hwang |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20220615007100315|title=First direct flight service between Jeju, Singapore opens|work=Yonhap News Agency |date=15 June 2022|accessdate=7 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jieyang Chaoshan International Airport|Jieyang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mujibah-2024&quot; /&gt; [[Samui Airport|Koh Samui]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tay Peck Gek-2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Tay Peck Gek |title=Scoot adds Koh Samui and Sibu to network with new Embraer planes |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/transport-logistics/scoot-adds-koh-samui-and-sibu-to-network-with-new-embraer-planes |website=The Business Times |publisher=SPH Media Limited |language=en |date=5 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sultan Ismail Petra Airport|Kota Bharu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BNB Diviyadhaarshini-2025&quot; /&gt; [[Kota Kinabalu International Airport|Kota Kinabalu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Krabi International Airport|Krabi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Direct (non-stop) flights from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur|url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/SIN-KUL}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport|Kuala Lumpur–Subang]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Scoot to launch Subang flights with A320 aircraft |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2024/07/18/scoot-to-launch-subang-flights-with-a320-aircraft/ |website=Business Traveller |publisher=Business Traveller Media Limited |date=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Airport|Kuantan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CAPA-2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Scoot to resume services to Pekanbaru and Kuantan |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/scoot-to-resume-services-to-pekanbaru-and-kuantan-1164864 |website=CAPA |date=13 October 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015032525/https://centreforaviation.com/news/scoot-to-resume-services-to-pekanbaru-and-kuantan-1164864 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kuching International Airport|Kuching]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Kunming Changshui International Airport|Kunming]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SIA posts&quot; /&gt; [[Komodo International Airport|Labuan Bajo]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheryln-2025&quot;/&gt; [[Langkawi International Airport|Langkawi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;scootmalaysia&quot;/&gt; [[Lombok International Airport|Lombok]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yogyakarta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Andrew |title=Scoot launching Lombok and Yogyakarta flights |url=https://mainlymiles.com/2022/09/21/scoot-launching-lombok-and-yogyakarta-flights/ |website=Mainly Miles |date=21 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922022929/https://mainlymiles.com/2022/09/21/scoot-launching-lombok-and-yogyakarta-flights/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Macau International Airport|Macau]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport|Makassar]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNA-2022&quot; /&gt; [[Malacca International Airport|Malacca]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/scoot-to-launch-flights-to-kertajati-in-indonesia-and-melaka-in-malaysia-on-new-embraer-jets |title=Scoot to launch flights to Melaka in Malaysia on new Embraer jets |work=straitstimes |date=6 August 2024 |accessdate=6 August 2024 |last1=Loi |first1=Esther |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807102923/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/scoot-to-launch-flights-to-kertajati-in-indonesia-and-melaka-in-malaysia-on-new-embraer-jets |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sam Ratulangi International Airport|Manado]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Kualanamu International Airport|Medan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheryln-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheryln |first=Sim |date=15 October 2025 |title=Scoot to fly to Indonesia's Labuan Bajo, Medan, Palembang and Semarang |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/scoot-to-fly-to-indonesias-labuan-bajo-medan-palembang-and-semarang |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=[[The Straits Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Melbourne Airport|Melbourne]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Miri Airport|Miri]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Naha Airport|Naha]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Hazeeq Sukri-2025&quot; /&gt; [[Nanjing Lukou International Airport|Nanjing]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Nanning Wuxu International Airport|Nanning]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scoot plans more&quot; /&gt; [[Cam Ranh International Airport|Nha Trang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BNB Diviyadhaarshini-2025&quot; /&gt;  [[Kansai International Airport|Osaka–Kansai]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Minangkabau International Airport|Padang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mujibah-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mujibah |first=Fatimah |date=11 November 2024 |title=Scoot launches direct flights to Padang, Phu Quoc and Shantou |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/scoot-launches-direct-flights-to-padang-phu-quoc-and-shantou |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111160913/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/scoot-launches-direct-flights-to-padang-phu-quoc-and-shantou |archive-date=11 November 2024 |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=[[The Straits Times]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport|Palembang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheryln-2025&quot;/&gt; [[Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport|Pekanbaru]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNA-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CAPA-2022&quot; /&gt; [[Perth Airport|Perth]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Penang International Airport|Penang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;scootmalaysia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 August 2025|access-date=2 January 2026|title=Scoot, Tourism Malaysia sign three-year deal to boost regional travel|website=TTGAsia|url=https://www.ttgasia.com/2025/08/11/scoot-tourism-malaysia-sign-three-year-deal-to-boost-regional-travel/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Phu Quoc International Airport|Phu Quoc]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Mujibah-2024&quot; /&gt; [[Phuket International Airport|Phuket]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Supadio International Airport|Pontianak]] (begins 29 June 2026),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/scoot-to-fly-to-indonesias-belitung-pontianak-ups-flights-to-other-destinations?ref=latest-headlines|title=Scoot to fly to Indonesia’s Belitung and Pontianak, ups flights to selected destinations|website=[[The Straits Times]]|date=9 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport|Qingdao]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[New Chitose Airport|Sapporo–Chitose]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Jenderal Ahmad Yani International Airport|Semarang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheryln-2025&quot;/&gt; [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport|Shenyang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scoot plans more&quot; /&gt; [[Sibu Airport|Sibu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tay Peck Gek-2024&quot; /&gt; [[Juanda International Airport|Surabaya]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Sydney Airport|Sydney–Kingsford Smith]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin International Airport|Tanjung Pandan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Maskapai Scoot akan Buka Rute Penerbangan Singapura-Belitung|url=https://m.jpnn.com/news/maskapai-scoot-akan-buka-rute-penerbangan-singapura-belitung|website=m.jpnn.com|access-date=7 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Tianjin Binhai International Airport|Tianjin]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo–Haneda]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Hazeeq Sukri-2025&quot; /&gt; [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Vienna International Airport|Vienna]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Andrew |title=Scoot launching non-stop Singapore – Vienna flights |url=https://mainlymiles.com/2025/01/16/scoot-launching-non-stop-singapore-vienna-flights/ |website=Mainly Miles |date=16 January 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |archive-date=16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116044515/https://mainlymiles.com/2025/01/16/scoot-launching-non-stop-singapore-vienna-flights/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wattay International Airport|Vientiane]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport|Wuhan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNA-2022&quot; /&gt; [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scoot plans more&quot; /&gt; [[Yogyakarta International Airport|Yogyakarta–International]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yogyakarta&quot; /&gt; [[Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport|Zhengzhou]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNA-2022&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Shandong Airlines]] | [[Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport|Jinan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shandong Airlines commences Jinan-Singapore service |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/shandong-airlines-commences-jinan-singapore-service-1259012 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=22 April 2024 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Shanghai Airlines]] | [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Direct flights from Singapore to Shanghai|url=https://www.flightconnections.com/flights-from-sin-to-pvg|website=www.flightconnections.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Shenzhen Airlines]] | [[Harbin Taiping International Airport|Harbin]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shenzhen Airlines commences Harbin-Shenzhen-Singapore service |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/shenzhen-airlines-commences-harbin-shenzhen-singapore-service-1303712 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=11 February 2025 |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 February 2025 |archive-date=14 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214113416/https://centreforaviation.com/news/shenzhen-airlines-commences-harbin-shenzhen-singapore-service-1303712 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Direct (non-stop) flights from Singapore to Shenzhen|url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/SIN-SZX}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Sichuan Airlines]] | [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Chengdu–Tianfu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sichuan Airlines launches daily flight from Chengdu Tianfu to Changi on 26 March 2023 |url=https://kucinta-air.blogspot.com/2023/03/sichuan-airlines-launches-daily-flight.html |website=Sayacinta-Airpost |date=4 March 2023 |access-date=5 March 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305003759/https://kucinta-air.blogspot.com/2023/03/sichuan-airlines-launches-daily-flight.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Singapore Airlines]] | [[Adelaide Airport|Adelaide]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Singapore, Singapore SIN|pages=1214-1219}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Auckland Airport|Auckland]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Brunei International Airport|Bandar Seri Begawan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport|Barcelona]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Beijing Daxing International Airport|Beijing–Daxing]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=SIA launches flights to Beijing Daxing International Airport in November |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/sia-launches-flights-to-beijing-daxing-international-airport-in-november |website=Straits Times |date=24 June 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |last1=Chin |first1=Hui Shan |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624025431/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/sia-launches-flights-to-beijing-daxing-international-airport-in-november |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Brisbane Airport|Brisbane]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Brussels Airport|Brussels]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Singapore Airlines Launching Non-Stop Services To Brussels In April 2024|url=https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/us/media-centre/press-release/article/?q=en_UK/2023/July-September/ne0923-230912|work=[[Singapore Airlines]]|date=12 September 2023|access-date=12 September 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Cairns Airport|Cairns]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Cape Town International Airport|Cape Town]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Mactan–Cebu International Airport|Cebu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Chengdu–Tianfu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chongqing&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Sarah Koh |title=SIA to suspend flights to Chengdu and Chongqing |url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/sia-suspend-flights-chengdu-and-chongqing |website=The New Paper |publisher=SPH Media Limited |language=en |date=22 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Xiamen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Andrew |title=Singapore Airlines returning to Chengdu, Chongqing, Shenzhen and Xiamen |url=https://mainlymiles.com/2023/10/28/singapore-airlines-returning-to-chengdu-chongqing-shenzhen-and-xiamen/ |website=Mainly Miles |date=28 October 2023 |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028154300/https://mainlymiles.com/2023/10/28/singapore-airlines-returning-to-chengdu-chongqing-shenzhen-and-xiamen/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chongqing&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Freighter AUG international flight information 17Aug |url=https://www.anacargo.jp/en/news/upload/2022/0817/Freighter%20AUG%20international%20flight%20information_17Aug.pdf |website=ANA Cargo |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105233648/https://www.anacargo.jp/en/news/upload/2022/0817/Freighter%20AUG%20international%20flight%20information_17Aug.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Christchurch Airport|Christchurch]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo–Bandaranaike]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Da Nang International Airport|Da Nang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Darwin International Airport|Darwin]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Singapore Airlines Eyes Double Flights to One of the Most Populated Cities in the World|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2026/04/11/singapore-airlines-eyes-double-flights-to-dhaka/|website=aviationa2z.com|date=11 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Fukuoka Airport|Fukuoka]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Singapore Airlines To Launch Services To Hangzhou In June 2026 |url=https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/sg/corporate/newsroom/press-release/2026/january---march-2026/Sia_Hangzhou_June2026/ |website=Singapore Airlines |date=23 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mainlymiles.com/2025/04/13/singapore-airlines-restores-full-9x-daily-schedule-to-jakarta/|title=Singapore Airlines restores full 9x daily schedule to Jakarta|work=mainlymiles|date=13 April 2025|accessdate=13 April 2025|archive-date=13 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413123430/https://mainlymiles.com/2025/04/13/singapore-airlines-restores-full-9x-daily-schedule-to-jakarta/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[O. R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg–O. R. Tambo]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Direct (non-stop) flights from Singapore to Johannesburg|url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/SIN-JNB}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Direct (non-stop) flights from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur|url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/SIN-KUL}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gatwick Airport|London–Gatwick]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Singapore Airlines to launch London Gatwick service |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2023/12/18/singapore-airlines-will-launch-london-gatwick-service/ |website=Business Traveller |date=18 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218123126/https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2023/12/18/singapore-airlines-will-launch-london-gatwick-service/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Madrid–Barajas Airport|Madrid]] (resumes 26 October 2026),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Alfred Chua |title=Singapore Airlines launches Madrid flights as part of Europe ramp-up |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/archive/2026/05/singapore-airlines-launches-madrid-flights-as-part-of-europe-ramp-up/ |access-date=8 May 2026 |work=FlightGlobal |publisher=ProMedia Group UK Ltd |date=8 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Velana International Airport|Malé]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Kualanamu International Airport|Medan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Melbourne Airport|Melbourne]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Munich Airport|Munich]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Chubu Centrair International Airport|Nagoya–Centrair]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York–JFK]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Kansai International Airport|Osaka–Kansai]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Penang International Airport|Penang]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 March 2025|access-date=2 January 2026|title=Where is Singapore Airlines flying its Boeing 737-800s? (Nowhere,soon)|website=Mainly Miles|url=https://mainlymiles.com/2025/03/02/where-is-singapore-airlines-flying-its-737-800s/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Perth Airport|Perth]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Techo International Airport|Phnom Penh]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Relocation of Phnom Penh airport operations |url=https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/sg/corporate/newsroom/newsalert-listing/relocation-of-phnom-penh-airport-operations/ |website=Singapore Airlines}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Phuket International Airport|Phuket]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[King Khalid International Airport |Riyadh]] (resumes 1 September 2026),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 April 2026|access-date=4 June 2026|title=Singapore Airlines pushes back Riyadh restart to September 2026|website=mainlymiles.com|url=https://mainlymiles.com/2026/04/03/singapore-airlines-pushes-back-riyadh-restart-to-september-2026/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rome Fiumicino Airport|Rome–Fiumicino]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport|Seattle/Tacoma]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Xiamen&quot; /&gt; [[Siem Reap–Angkor International Airport|Siem Reap]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Relocation of Siem Reap airport operations |url=https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/us/media-centre/news-alert/?id=lmydxjd0 |website=Singapore Airlines |date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929025457/https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/sg/media-centre/news-alert/?id=lmydxjd0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Juanda International Airport|Surabaya]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Sydney Airport|Sydney–Kingsford Smith]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Western Sydney International Airport|Sydney–Western]] (begins 23 November 2026),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Shikhar Gupta |title=SIA to launch flights from new, curfew-free Western Sydney airport on Nov 23 |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/transport-logistics/sia-launch-flights-new-curfew-free-western-sydney-airport-nov-23 |work=The Business Times |publisher=SPH Media Limited |date=24 March 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo–Haneda]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport|Xiamen]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Xiamen&quot; /&gt; [[Yangon International Airport|Yangon]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; [[Zurich Airport|Zurich]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG_World_Aug2025_SIN_1214_1219&quot;/&gt; &lt;br /&gt;'''Seasonal:''' [[New Chitose Airport|Sapporo–Chitose]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew |date=2025-12-12 |title=Singapore Airlines hikes Sapporo flights for 2026/27 ski season |url=https://mainlymiles.com/2025/12/12/singapore-airlines-hikes-sapporo-flights-for-2026-27-ski-season/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Mainly Miles |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Spring Airlines]] | [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Spring Airlines Resumes Singapore Service Connecting Guangzhou Travelers To Beaches, Culture And Wildlife: What You Need To Know|url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/spring-airlines-resumes-singapore-service-connecting-guangzhou-travelers-to-beaches-culture-and-wildlife/|website=Travel and Tour World|access-date=March 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.airpaz.com/en/airlines/9C-Spring-Airlines/airport-airport/singapore-changi-airport-sin-shanghai-pudong-international-airport-pvg|title=Spring Airlines Flight from Singapore Changi Airport to Shanghai Pudong International Airport|website=www.airpaz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[SriLankan Airlines]] | [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo–Bandaranaike]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Direct (non-stop) flights from Singapore to Colombo|url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/SIN-CMB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Starlux Airlines]] | [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025b&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Sun PhuQuoc Airways]] | [[Phu Quoc International Airport|Phu Quoc]] (begins 25 July 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sun PhuQuoc Airways to commence Phu Quoc-Singapore service in Jul-2026 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/sun-phuquoc-airways-to-commence-phu-quoc-singapore-service-in-jul-2026-1360148 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=22 May 2026 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Swiss International Air Lines]] | [[Zurich Airport|Zurich]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SWISS starts its new non-stop Zurich-Singapore service |url=https://www.swiss.com/corporate/en/media/press-releases-archive/press-release-20130513 |website=www.swiss.com |language=en |date=13 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[T'way Air]] | [[Jeju International Airport|Jeju]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=It will be easier to travel from Jeju to Singapore in the future. T'way Airlines will launch new direct flights between Jeju and Singapore from August 15.|date=5 June 2025 |url=https://www.mk.co.kr/en/culture/11334842}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.airpaz.com/en/airlines/TW-T-way-Air/airport-airport/singapore-changi-airport-sin-incheon-international-airport-icn|title=T'way Air Flight from Singapore Changi Airport to Incheon International Airport|website=www.airpaz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Thai AirAsia]] | [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025c&quot;&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| {{nowrap|[[Thai Airways International]]}} | [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025c&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Thai Lion Air]] | [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025c&quot;/&gt; [[Phuket International Airport|Phuket]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thai Lion Air to commence Phuket-Singapore service in Jan-2026 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/thai-lion-air-to-commence-phuket-singapore-service-in-jan-2026-1343308 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=23 December 2025 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Tianjin Airlines]] | [[Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport|Guiyang]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tianjin Airlines commences Guiyang-Singapore service |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/tianjin-airlines-commences-guiyang-singapore-service-1291505 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=18 November 2024 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[TransNusa]] | [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=TransNusa to Launch Bali - Singapore Scheduled Flight on November 17|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/386621/transnusa-to-launch-bali-singapore-scheduled-flight-on-november-17|website=[[Antara (news agency)|Antara]]|date=17 October 2025 |access-date=18 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=TransNusa Air Services to commence Jakarta services to Guangzhou and Singapore |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/transnusa-air-services-to-commence-jakarta-services-to-guangzhou-and-singapore-1228664 |website=CAPA |publisher=Informa Markets |date=13 October 2023 |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113022310/https://centreforaviation.com/news/transnusa-air-services-to-commence-jakarta-services-to-guangzhou-and-singapore-1228664 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Turkish Airlines]] | [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]],&lt;ref name=&quot;turkishairlineslaunch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 January 2024|access-date=2 January 2026|title=Turkish Airlines launching Melbourne-Singapore flights from March 2024|website=Mainly Miles|url=https://mainlymiles.com/2024/01/19/turkish-airlines-launching-singapore-melbourne-flights-from-march-2024/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Melbourne Airport|Melbourne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;turkishairlineslaunch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[United Airlines]] | [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|access-date=1 January 2026|title=Five injured as United Airlines Boeing 787 hits turbulence over the Philippines|website=AeroTime|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/united-airlines-turbulence-philippines-five-injured}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[US-Bangla Airlines]] | [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 July 2023|access-date=1 January 2026|title=US-Bangla Airlines celebrates ninth anniversary|website=Dhaka Tribune|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/319263/us-bangla-airlines-celebrates-ninth-anniversary}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[VietJet Air]] | [[Da Nang International Airport|Da Nang]],&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Da Nang, Viet Nam DAD|pages=356-356}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=VietJet Air to operate Da Nang-Singapore service from 16-Jun-2022 |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/vietjet-air-to-operate-da-nang-singapore-service-from-16-jun-2022-1128076 |website=CAPA |date=30 March 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504101515/https://centreforaviation.com/news/vietjet-air-to-operate-da-nang-singapore-service-from-16-jun-2022-1128076 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025d&quot;&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Hanoi, Viet Nam HAN|pages=522-524}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vietjet Air-2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Return to Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia shopping paradises with VND0 air tickets |url=https://www.vietjetair.com/en/news/news-1600227436778/return-to-thailand-singapore-and-malaysia-shopping-paradises-with-vnd0-air-tickets-1649142346951 |website=Vietjet Air |date=5 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412150945/https://www.vietjetair.com/en/news/news-1600227436778/return-to-thailand-singapore-and-malaysia-shopping-paradises-with-vnd0-air-tickets-1649142346951 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025e&quot;&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam SGN|pages=538-541}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vietjet Air-2022&quot; /&gt; [[Cam Ranh International Airport|Nha Trang]] (begins 11 December 2026),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Vietjet to launch direct flights between Singapore and Nha Trang in Vietnam |url= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/vietjet-to-launch-direct-flights-between-singapore-and-nha-trang-in-vietnam | website=The Straits Times |publisher=SPH Media Limited |language=en |date=2 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Phu Quoc International Airport|Phu Quoc]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Sheo |first1=Chiong Teng |title=Vietjet to launch direct flights between S'pore and Phu Quoc in Vietnam from May 30 |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/vietjet-to-launch-direct-flights-between-spore-and-phu-quoc-in-vietnam-from-may-30 |website=The Straits Times |publisher=SPH Media Limited |language=en |date=11 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |archive-date=15 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315034558/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/vietjet-to-launch-direct-flights-between-spore-and-phu-quoc-in-vietnam-from-may-30 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Vietnam Airlines]] | [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025d&quot; /&gt; [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025e&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[West Air (China)|West Air]] | [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Yashita Vashishth-2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Yashita Vashishth |title=China's West Air Expands Network With New Lhasa-Chongqing-Singapore Route |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/sg/news/singapore-china-flights-west-air-launches-new-route-starting-christmas/ |website=Travel and Leisure Asia |publisher=Burdaluxury |language=en |date=19 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lhasa Gonggar International Airport|Lhasa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Yashita Vashishth-2024&quot;/&gt; 
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[XiamenAir]] | [[Fuzhou Changle International Airport|Fuzhou]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.instagram.com/p/DPiG9SjkdfB/&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.instagram.com/p/DPiG9SjkdfB/&lt;/ref&gt; [[Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport|Quanzhou]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.airpaz.com/en/airlines/MF-Xiamen-Airlines/airport-airport/singapore-changi-airport-sin-quanzhou-jinjiang-international-airport-jjn|title=Xiamen Air Flight from Singapore Changi Airport to Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport|website=www.airpaz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport|Xiamen]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.instagram.com/p/DPiG9SjkdfB/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| [[Zipair Tokyo]] | [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Mark Caswell |title=Zipair to launch Tokyo Narita-Singapore route |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/zipair-to-launch-tokyo-narita-singapore-route/ |website=Business Traveller |publisher=Business Traveller Media Limited |date=30 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

==Transport links==
[[File:Changi Airport MRT Station entrance (230815).jpg|thumb|Entrance to [[Changi Airport MRT station]] from Terminal 3]]
[[File:(SGP-Singapore) Go-Ahead Singapore SMB3073E 34 2024-05-04.jpg|thumb|A public bus at the Terminal 2 basement bus bay]]
Terminals 1, 2 and 3 of the airport are linked by the free [[Changi Airport Skytrain|Skytrain]] service, operating daily from 05:00 to 02:00. During non-operational hours, travellers within the transit areas may transfer between terminals on foot via inter-terminal travelators, while those in the public areas can use the Mezzanine Level link bridges between T2 and T3, and the link bridge to travel on foot between T1 and T2/T3. Terminal 4 is accessible by a complimentary shuttle bus services at both public and transit areas. The shuttle bus journey between terminals at the public area takes about 10 minutes and the shuttle bus journey between terminals at the transit area takes between 10 and 18 minutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Transferring Between Terminals and Jewe |url=https://www.changiairport.com/en/at-changi/transport-and-directions/transferring-between-terminals-jewel.html |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=[[Changi Airport Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The airport is served by the [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|Mass Rapid Transit]] (MRT) via a branch of the [[East West MRT line]] (EWL) from [[Tanah Merah MRT station]] with stops at [[Expo MRT station|Expo]] and [[Changi Airport MRT station|Changi Airport]], which lies underground between Terminals 2 and 3. Under the [[Land Transport Authority]]'s (LTA) Masterplan, the [[Thomson-East Coast MRT line]] (TEL) will be extended to serve both [[Changi Terminal 5 MRT station|Terminal 5]] and the existing Changi Airport station, with the EWL branch set to be integrated into the TEL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release|title=Land Transport Master Plan: Bringing Singapore Together|url=https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2021/5/2/land-transport-master-plan-2040-bringing-singapore-together.html|access-date=7 July 2021|publisher=Land Transport Authority (Singapore)}}{{dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 25 July 2025, LTA announced a new Cross Island Line (CRL) interchange station CR1 Changi Terminal 5, which will directly connect the upcoming Changi Airport Terminal 5 to the city centre and other major hubs via the Thomson-East Coast Line extension (TELe) and the CRL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title=Thomson-East Coast Line Extension and Cross Island Line: Connecting Changi Airport Directly to the City Centre and Major Hubs |url=https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2025/7/news-releases/TELe_and_CRL_changi_airport_to_city_centre.html |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=[[Land Transport Authority]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eight public bus services operated by [[SBS Transit]], [[SMRT Buses]], [[Tower Transit Singapore]] and [[Go-Ahead Singapore]] serve the airport in a loop through Terminals 1, 2 and 3, with Services 24, 34, 36, 44 (only during peak hours)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New bus service 44 direct from Punggol to Changi Airport during peak hours |url=https://mothership.sg/2025/11/direct-airport-bus-44-punggol-sun-xueling/ |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=mothership.sg}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 110 continuing to Terminal 4. Bus stops are found at the basement bus bays of the main terminals, while Terminal 4's stop is located beside Car Park 4B. Taxis can be hired at designated stands in the arrival halls, with an airport surcharge applicable for all journeys originating there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Leaving the Airport {{!}} Taxi {{!}} Singapore Changi Airport |url=https://www.changiairport.com/en/airport-guide/transport/leaving-the-airport.html#anchorTaxi |website=Changi Airport |language=en |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109131458/https://www.changiairport.com/en/airport-guide/transport/leaving-the-airport.html#anchorTaxi |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Limousines and other transport options are available through the Ground Transport Concierge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ground Transport Concierge {{!}} Singapore Changi Airport |url=https://www.changiairport.com/en/airport-guide/facilities-and-services/ground-transport-concierge.html |website=Changi Airport |language=en |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116002005/https://www.changiairport.com/en/airport-guide/facilities-and-services/ground-transport-concierge.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Private pick-ups occur at the terminals' arrival areas, and car rental counters are found in each arrival hall.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Leaving the Airport {{!}} Car {{!}} Singapore Changi Airport |url=https://www.changiairport.com/en/airport-guide/transport/leaving-the-airport.html#anchorCar |website=Changi Airport |language=en |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109131458/https://www.changiairport.com/en/airport-guide/transport/leaving-the-airport.html#anchorCar |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pick-up Points {{!}} Singapore Changi Airport |url=https://www.changiairport.com/en/airport-guide/facilities-and-services/pick-up-points.html |website=Changi Airport |language=en |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001160420/https://www.changiairport.com/en/airport-guide/facilities-and-services/pick-up-points.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Car Rental {{!}} Singapore Changi Airport |url=https://www.changiairport.com/en/airport-guide/facilities-and-services/car-rental.html |website=Changi Airport |language=en |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111094955/https://www.changiairport.com/en/airport-guide/facilities-and-services/car-rental.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{Convert|3.5|km|abbr=off}} long Changi Airport Connector, launched in October 2020, links the airport to [[East Coast Park]] and features the {{Convert|1|km|abbr=off}} Changi Jurassic Mile trail with life-sized dinosaur sculptures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lim |first1=Ming Zhang |title=New cycling track from East Coast Park to Changi Airport opens, with life-sized dinosaur models along the way |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/new-cycling-track-from-east-coast-park-to-changi-airport-opens-with-life-sized-dinosaur |newspaper=The Straits Times |language=en |date=11 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012024529/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/new-cycling-track-from-east-coast-park-to-changi-airport-opens-with-life-sized-dinosaur |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Phua |first1=Rachel |title=New 3.5km path linking Changi Airport and East Coast Park opens, featuring dinosaur exhibits |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/changi-jurassic-mile-airport-dinosaur-east-coast-park-connector-13253830 |work=CNA |publisher=Mediacorp |language=en |date=11 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014010737/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/changi-jurassic-mile-airport-dinosaur-east-coast-park-connector-13253830 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal]] is connected to the airport by shuttle buses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=22 June 2025|title=Air-sea transfers via Changi Airport would be a win for tourists, regulars at Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/air-sea-transfers-between-changi-airport-would-be-a-win-for-tourists-and-regulars-at-tanah-merah|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=22 June 2025|location=Singapore|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt; A direct link to Terminal 5 is currently being studied.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=22 June 2025|title=PM Wong breaks ground on Changi Airport T5; all SIA, Scoot flights to move there when it opens|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/pm-wong-breaks-ground-on-changi-airport-t5-all-sia-scoot-flights-will-move-there-when-it-opens|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=14 May 2025|location=Singapore|issn=0585-3923|archive-date=16 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516201420/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/pm-wong-breaks-ground-on-changi-airport-t5-all-sia-scoot-flights-will-move-there-when-it-opens|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==Awards==
As one of the world's busiest airports for international passenger and cargo traffic, the airport has earned widespread acclaim for its service standards and facilities. It has been named the &quot;World's Best Airport&quot; by [[Skytrax]] thirteen times, including an unprecedented eight consecutive wins from 2013 to 2020. The airport is also consistently recognised for cleanliness, efficiency and seamless transit experience, having ranked highly in categories such as cleanest airport, best transit airport, best airport staff and immigration services. In 2024, Changi placed second globally in all three of the latter categories.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.worldairportawards.com/the-worlds-best-airports-in-2020-are-announced/|title=World's Top 10 Airports 2020|date=11 May 2020|publisher=Skytrax|access-date=11 May 2020|archive-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522035337/https://www.worldairportawards.com/the-worlds-best-airports-in-2020-are-announced/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World's Cleanest Airports 2024 |url=https://www.worldairportawards.com/worlds-cleanest-airports-2024/#:~:text=Tokyo's%20Haneda%20Airport%20continues%20its%20success%20being%20named%20the%20World's%20Cleanest%20Airport |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=SKYTRAX |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224104024/https://www.worldairportawards.com/worlds-cleanest-airports-2024/#:~:text=Tokyo's%20Haneda%20Airport%20continues%20its%20success%20being%20named%20the%20World's%20Cleanest%20Airport |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025, Changi once again topped the Skytrax global rankings, adding a thirteenth title to its previous wins in 2000, 2006, 2010, 2013 to 2020 and 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Changi Airport Group &quot;Awards&quot; |url=https://www.changiairport.com/en/corporate/about-us/accolades.html |access-date=14 May 2025 |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514094651/https://www.changiairport.com/en/corporate/about-us/accolades.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Its reputation extends beyond the terminals, with the on-site [[Crowne Plaza]] voted the world's best airport hotel ten times, covering the years 2015 to 2020 and 2022 to 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World's Best Airport Hotels 2025 |url=https://www.worldairportawards.com/worlds-best-airport-hotels-2025/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=SKYTRAX |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514142439/https://www.worldairportawards.com/worlds-best-airport-hotels-2025/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operational statistics ==
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:lightgrey; colour:black; line-height:180%;&quot; | Operational statistics (1980–1989)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=&quot;8&quot;|
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey;&quot;
!Year
!Passenger&lt;br /&gt;movements
!Passenger %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Airfreight&lt;br /&gt;movements&lt;br /&gt;(tonnes)
!Airfreight %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Aircraft&lt;br /&gt;movements
!Aircraft %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Notes 
|-
| 1980 || 7,294,549 || {{nochange}} 0.0 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 75,971 || {{nochange}} 0.0 || 
|-
| 1981 || 8,152,158 || {{increase}} 11.7%  || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}  || 71,365 || {{decrease}} 6.1% || 
|-
| 1982 || 8,611,812 || {{increase}} 5.6% || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 68,159 || {{decrease}} 4.5% || 
|-
| 1983 || 8,679,152 || {{increase}} 0.8% || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 67,594 || {{decrease}} 0.8% || 
|-
| 1984 || 9,465,651 || {{increase}} 9.1% || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 70,674 || {{increase}} 4.5% || 
|-
| 1985 || 9,856,830 || {{increase}} 4.1% || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 73,223 || {{increase}} 3.6% || 
|-
| 1986 || 10,067,719 || {{increase}} 2.1% || 352,806 || {{nochange}} 0.0 || 73,022 || {{decrease}} 0.3% || 
|-
| 1987 || 11,203,793 || {{increase}} 11.3% || 419,099 || {{increase}} 18.8% || 76,276 || {{increase}} 4.5% || 
|-
| 1988 || 12,595,286 || {{increase}} 12.4% || 512,509 || {{increase}} 22.3% || 82,930 || {{increase}} 8.7% || 
|-
| 1989 || 14,136,367 || {{increase}} 12.3% || 577,610 || {{increase}} 12.7% || 87,421 || {{increase}} 5.4% || 
|-
!colspan=&quot;11&quot; |Sources:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1980–1989 Singapore Changi Airport Passenger Movements|url=https://data.gov.sg/dataset/civil-aircraft-arrivals-departures-passengers-and-mail-changi-airport-monthly|publisher=Department of Statistics, Singapore|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622090650/https://data.gov.sg/dataset/civil-aircraft-arrivals-departures-passengers-and-mail-changi-airport-monthly|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Department of Statistics, Singapore-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=1986–1989 Singapore Changi Airport Airfreight movements 1|url=https://data.gov.sg/dataset/air-cargo-discharged-by-region-country-of-origin-monthly|publisher=Department of Statistics, Singapore|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622022421/https://data.gov.sg/dataset/air-cargo-discharged-by-region-country-of-origin-monthly|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Department of Statistics, Singapore&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=1986–1989 Singapore Changi Airport Airfreight movements 2|url=https://data.gov.sg/dataset/air-cargo-loaded-total-by-region-and-selected-country-of-destination?view_id=6b5563a0-dd96-42c3-9d57-d0c7d30780d9&amp;resource_id=2a8dd954-d260-4018-9d6b-503bedf1f019|publisher=Department of Statistics, Singapore|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621132014/https://data.gov.sg/dataset/air-cargo-loaded-total-by-region-and-selected-country-of-destination?view_id=6b5563a0-dd96-42c3-9d57-d0c7d30780d9&amp;resource_id=2a8dd954-d260-4018-9d6b-503bedf1f019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:lightgrey; colour:black; line-height:180%;&quot; | Operational statistics (1990–1999)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=&quot;8&quot;|
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey;&quot;
!Year
!Passenger&lt;br /&gt;movements
!Passenger %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Airfreight&lt;br /&gt;movements&lt;br /&gt;(tonnes)
!Airfreight %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Aircraft&lt;br /&gt;movements
!Aircraft %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Notes
|- 
| 1990 || 15,620,758 || {{increase}} 10.5% || 623,841 || {{increase}} 8.0% || 97,675 || {{increase}} 11.7% ||
|-
| 1991 || 16,285,039 || {{increase}} 4.3% || 643,209 || {{increase}} 3.1% || 108,728 || {{increase}} 11.3% ||
|-
| 1992 || 18,100,155 || {{increase}} 11.1% || 719,004 || {{increase}} 11.7% || 125,526 || {{increase}} 15.4% ||
|-
| 1993 || 19,987,214 || {{increase}} 10.4% || 838,416 || {{increase}} 16.6% || 136,762 || {{increase}} 8.9% ||
|-
| 1994 || 21,644,677 || {{increase}} 8.3% || 1,009,764 || {{increase}} 20.4% || 145,334 || {{increase}} 6.3% ||
|-
| 1995 || 23,196,240 || {{increase}} 7.2% || 1,105,773 || {{increase}} 9.5% || 156,334 || {{increase}} 7.6% ||
|-
| 1996 || 24,514,248 || {{increase}} 5.7% || 1,190,457 || {{increase}} 7.6% || 166,749 || {{increase}} 6.7% ||
|-
| 1997 || 25,174,344 || {{increase}} 2.7% || 1,336,254 || {{increase}} 12.2% || 172,672 || {{increase}} 3.5% || 
|-
| 1998 || 23,803,180 || {{decrease}} 5.4% || 1,283,660 || {{decrease}} 4.0% || 165,242 || {{decrease}} 4.3% || [[1997 Asian financial crisis]]
|-
| 1999 || 26,064,645 || {{increase}} 9.5 || 1,500,393 || {{increase}} 16.8 || 165,961 || {{increase}} 0.4 ||
|-
!colspan=&quot;11&quot; |Sources:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=1990–1999 Singapore Changi Airport Passenger Movements|url=https://data.gov.sg/dataset/civil-aircraft-arrivals-departures-passengers-and-mail-changi-airport-monthly|publisher=Department of Statistics, Singapore|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622090650/https://data.gov.sg/dataset/civil-aircraft-arrivals-departures-passengers-and-mail-changi-airport-monthly|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Department of Statistics, Singapore-2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Department of Statistics, Singapore&quot;/&gt;
|}

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:lightgrey; colour:black; line-height:180%;&quot; | Operational statistics (2000–2009)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=&quot;8&quot;|
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey;&quot;
!Year
!Passenger&lt;br /&gt;movements
!Passenger %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Airfreight&lt;br /&gt;movements&lt;br /&gt;(tonnes)
!Airfreight %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Aircraft&lt;br /&gt;movements
!Aircraft %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Notes
|- 
| 2000 || 28,618,200 || {{increase}} 9.8 || 1,682,489 || {{increase}} 12.1 || 173,947 || {{increase}} 4.8 || 
|-
| 2001 || 28,093,759 || {{decrease}} 1.83 || 1,507,062 || {{decrease}} 11.6 || 179,359 || {{increase}} 3.1 || [[September 11 attacks]]
|-
| 2002 || 28,979,344 || {{increase}} 3.2 || 1,637,797 || {{increase}} 8.7 || 174,820 || {{decrease}} 2.5 || 
|-
| 2003 || 24,664,137 || {{decrease}} 14.9 || 1,611,407 || {{decrease}} 1.6 || 154,346 || {{decrease}} 11.7 || [[2002–2004 SARS outbreak]]
|-
| 2004 || 30,353,565 || {{increase}} 23.0 || 1,775,092 || {{increase}} 10.1 || 184,932 || {{increase}} 19.8 || 
|-
| 2005 || 32,430,856 || {{increase}} 6.8 || 1,833,721 || {{increase}} 3.3 || 204,138 || {{increase}} 10.3 || 
|-
| 2006 || 35,033,083 || {{increase}} 8.0 || 1,931,881 || {{increase}} 5.4 || 214,000 || {{increase}} 4.8 || 
|-
| 2007 || 36,701,556 || {{increase}} 4.8 || 1,918,159 || {{decrease}} 0.7 || 221,000 || {{increase}} 3.3 || 
|-
| 2008 || 37,694,824 || {{increase}} 2.7 || 1,883,894 || {{decrease}} 1.8 || 232,000 || {{increase}} 5.0 || 
|-
| 2009 || 37,203,978 || {{decrease}} 1.3 || 1,633,791 || {{decrease}} 15.3 || 240,360 || {{increase}} 3.6 || [[2008 financial crisis]]
|-
|-
!colspan=&quot;11&quot; |Sources:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2000–2009 Singapore Changi Airport Passenger Movements|url=https://data.gov.sg/dataset/civil-aircraft-arrivals-departures-passengers-and-mail-changi-airport-monthly|publisher=Department of Statistics, Singapore|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622090650/https://data.gov.sg/dataset/civil-aircraft-arrivals-departures-passengers-and-mail-changi-airport-monthly|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2000–2009 Singapore Changi Airport Airfreight movements 1|url=https://data.gov.sg/dataset/air-cargo-discharged-by-region-country-of-origin-monthly|publisher=Department of Statistics, Singapore|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622022421/https://data.gov.sg/dataset/air-cargo-discharged-by-region-country-of-origin-monthly|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2000–2009 Singapore Changi Airport Airfreight movements 2|url=https://data.gov.sg/dataset/air-cargo-loaded-total-by-region-and-selected-country-of-destination?view_id=6b5563a0-dd96-42c3-9d57-d0c7d30780d9&amp;resource_id=2a8dd954-d260-4018-9d6b-503bedf1f019|publisher=Department of Statistics, Singapore|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621132014/https://data.gov.sg/dataset/air-cargo-loaded-total-by-region-and-selected-country-of-destination?view_id=6b5563a0-dd96-42c3-9d57-d0c7d30780d9&amp;resource_id=2a8dd954-d260-4018-9d6b-503bedf1f019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:lightgrey; colour:black; line-height:180%;&quot; | Operational statistics (2010–2019)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=&quot;8&quot;|
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey;&quot;
!Year
!Passenger&lt;br /&gt;movements
!Passenger %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Airfreight&lt;br /&gt;movements&lt;br /&gt;(tonnes)
!Airfreight %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Aircraft&lt;br /&gt;movements
!Aircraft %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Notes
|- 
| 2010 || 42,038,777 || {{increase}} 13.0 || 1,813,809 || {{increase}} 11.0 || 263,593 || {{increase}} 9.7 || 
|-
| 2011 || 46,543,845 || {{increase}} 10.7 || 1,865,252 || {{increase}} 2.8 || 301,711 || {{increase}} 14.5 || 
|-
| 2012 || 51,181,804 || {{increase}} 10.0 || 1,806,225 || {{decrease}} 3.2 || 324,722 || {{increase}} 7.6 || 
|-
| 2013 || 53,726,087 || {{increase}} 5.0 || 1,850,233 || {{increase}} 2.4 || 343,800 || {{increase}} 5.9 || 
|-
| 2014 || 54,093,070 || {{increase}} 0.8 || 1,843,799 || {{decrease}} 0.3 || 341,386 || {{decrease}} 0.7 || 
|-
| 2015 || 55,448,964 || {{increase}} 2.5 || 1,853,087 || {{increase}} 0.5 || 346,334 || {{increase}} 1.5 || 
|-
| 2016 || 58,698,039 || {{increase}} 5.9 || 1,969,434 || {{increase}} 6.3 || 360,490 || {{increase}} 4.1 || 
|-
| 2017 || 62,219,573 || {{increase}} 6.0 || 2,125,226 || {{increase}} 7.9 || 373,201 || {{increase}} 3.5 || 
|-
| 2018 || 65,600,000 || {{increase}} 5.5 || 2,150,000 || {{increase}} 1.4 || 386,000 || {{increase}} 3.4 || 
|-
| 2019 || 68,300,000 || {{increase}} 4.0 || 2,010,000 || {{decrease}} 6.5 || 382,000 || {{decrease}} 1.0 || 
|-
!colspan=&quot;11&quot; |Sources:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2010 Singapore Changi Airport Statistics|url=https://media.changiairport.com/pressreleases/changi-airport-closes-2010-with-record-42-million-passengers-618168.pdf|publisher=Changi Airport Group|date=20 January 2011|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620181800/https://media.changiairport.com/pressreleases/changi-airport-closes-2010-with-record-42-million-passengers-618168.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2011 Singapore Changi Airport Statistics|url=https://www.changiairportgroup.com/export/sites/caas/assets/media_release_2012/20_Jan_2012.pdf|publisher=Changi Airport Group|date=20 January 2012|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417072450/https://www.changiairportgroup.com/export/sites/caas/assets/media_release_2012/20_Jan_2012.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2012 Singapore Changi Airport Statistics|url=https://www.changiairportgroup.com/export/sites/caas/assets/media_release_2013/Media_Release_-_A_record_51_million_passengers_for_Changi_Airport_in_2012_xwebx.pdf|publisher=Changi Airport Group|date=31 January 2013|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417103118/https://www.changiairportgroup.com/export/sites/caas/assets/media_release_2013/Media_Release_-_A_record_51_million_passengers_for_Changi_Airport_in_2012_xwebx.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2013 Singapore Changi Airport Statistics|url=https://www.changiairportgroup.com/export/sites/caas/assets/media_release_2014/WEB-Media-Release-Another-record-breaking-year-for-Changi-Airport-in-2013.pdf|publisher=Changi Airport Group|date=28 January 2014|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701024027/http://www.changiairportgroup.com/export/sites/caas/assets/media_release_2014/WEB-Media-Release-Another-record-breaking-year-for-Changi-Airport-in-2013.pdf|archive-date=1 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2014 Singapore Changi Airport Statistics|url=http://www.changiairportgroup.com/export/sites/caas/assets/media_release_2015/WEB-Media-Release-Changi-Airport-crosses-54-million-passenger-mark-in-2014.pdf|publisher=Changi Airport Group|date=29 January 2015|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930140817/http://www.changiairportgroup.com/export/sites/caas/assets/media_release_2015/WEB-Media-Release-Changi-Airport-crosses-54-million-passenger-mark-in-2014.pdf|archive-date=30 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web|title=2015 Singapore Changi Airport Statistics|url=http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/documents/annex-a-passenger-airfreight-aircraft-movements-statistics-for-2015-52522|publisher=Changi Airport Group|date=27 January 2016|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127105007/http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/documents/annex-a-passenger-airfreight-aircraft-movements-statistics-for-2015-52522|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web|title=2016 Singapore Changi Airport Statistics|url=http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/documents/annex-a-passenger-airfreight-and-aircraft-movement-statistics-for-2016-63855|publisher=Changi Airport Group|date=30 January 2017|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127105007/http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/documents/annex-a-passenger-airfreight-and-aircraft-movement-statistics-for-2016-63855|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web|title=2017 Singapore Changi Airport Statistics|url=http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/pressreleases/a-record-62-dot-2-million-passengers-for-changi-airport-in-2017-2386732|publisher=Changi Airport Group|date=23 January 2018|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127105007/http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/pressreleases/a-record-62-dot-2-million-passengers-for-changi-airport-in-2017-2386732|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web|url=http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/pressreleases/changi-airport-crosses-65-million-passenger-mark-in-2018-2829095|title=Changi Airport crosses 65 million passenger mark in 2018|website=changiairport.com|language=en-US|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127105007/http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/pressreleases/changi-airport-crosses-65-million-passenger-mark-in-2018-2829095|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Changi Airport&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/pressreleases/changi-airport-handled-68-dot-3-million-passengers-in-2019-2966486|title=Passenger, airfreight and aircraft movement statistics for 2019|publisher=Changi Airport Group|date=31 January 2020|access-date=8 February 2020|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204023838/https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/pressreleases/changi-airport-handled-68-dot-3-million-passengers-in-2019-2966486|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:lightgrey; colour:black; line-height:180%;&quot; | Operational statistics (2020–2025)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=&quot;8&quot;|
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey;&quot;
!Year
!Passenger&lt;br /&gt;movements
!Passenger %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Airfreight&lt;br /&gt;movements&lt;br /&gt;(tonnes)
!Airfreight %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Aircraft&lt;br /&gt;movements
!Aircraft %&lt;br /&gt;change over&lt;br /&gt;previous year
!Notes
|- 
| 2020 || 11,800,000 || {{decrease}} 82.8 || 1,540,000 || {{decrease}} 23.3 || 125,000 || {{decrease}} 67.2 || [[COVID-19 pandemic]]
|-
| 2021 || 3,053,000 || {{decrease}} 74.1 || 1,947,000 || {{increase}} 26.1 || 109,000 || {{decrease}} 13.2 || [[COVID-19 pandemic]]
|-
| 2022 || 32,200,000 || {{increase}} 954.7 || 1,850,000 || {{decrease}} 5.0 || 219,000 || {{increase}} 100.9 ||
|-
| 2023 || 58,900,000 || {{increase}} 82.9 || 1,740,000 || {{decrease}} 5.9 || 328,000 || {{increase}} 49.8 ||
|-
| 2024 || 67,700,000 || {{increase}} 14.8 || 1,990,000 || {{increase}} 14.6 || 366,000 ||{{increase}} 11.6 ||
|-
| 2025 || 69,980,000 || {{increase}} 3.38 || 2,080,000 || {{increase}} 4.52 || 374,000 ||{{increase}} 2.19 ||
|-
! colspan=&quot;11&quot; |
Sources:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/passenger-traffic-in-changi-airport-fell-828-per-cent-last-year-from-683m-in-2019-to-118m|title=2020 Singapore Changi Airport Statistics|website=The Straits Times|date=21 January 2021|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120103658/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/passenger-traffic-in-changi-airport-fell-828-per-cent-last-year-from-683m-in-2019-to-118m|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/our-expertise/air-hub/traffic-statistics.html|title=2021 Singapore Changi Airport Statistics|website=Changi Airport Group|date=20 January 2022|access-date=20 January 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120074001/https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/our-expertise/air-hub/traffic-statistics.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/our-expertise/air-hub/traffic-statistics.html|title=Singapore Changi Airport Statistics (2022)|website=Changi Airport Group|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120074001/https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/our-expertise/air-hub/traffic-statistics.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2023 Singapore Changi Airport Statistics |url=https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/our-expertise/air-hub/traffic-statistics.html |website=Changi Airport Group |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120042036/http://www.changiairport.com/corporate/our-expertise/air-hub/traffic-statistics.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Loi |first=Esther |date=22 January 2025 |title=Changi Airport's 2024 passenger traffic hit 99.1% of pre-pandemic levels |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/changi-airport-handles-67-7m-passengers-in-2024-99-1-of-pre-pandemic-levels |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=The Straits Times |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130163615/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/changi-airport-handles-67-7m-passengers-in-2024-99-1-of-pre-pandemic-levels |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.changiairport.com/en/corporate/about-us/traffic-statistics.html|title=Traffic Statistics|website=Changi Airport|access-date=20 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229122332/https://www.changiairport.com/en/corporate/about-us/traffic-statistics.html|archive-date=29 December 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=SIN}}

==Accidents and incidents==
* 26 March 1991 – [[Singapore Airlines Flight 117]], operated by an [[Airbus A310]], was hijacked by four terrorists. The flight landed in Changi Airport at 22:15. The [[Special Operations Force (Singapore)|Singapore Special Operations Force]] stormed the aircraft, on the morning of 27 March. All four hijackers were killed, with only minor injuries among the surviving 123 passengers and crew, who were held hostage for more than eight hours.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Unlawful Interference Airbus A310-324 9V-STP, Monday 25 March 1991 |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/325798 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=asn.flightsafety.org |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225120159/https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/325798 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 4 November 2010 – [[Qantas Flight 32]], operated by an [[Airbus A380-800]] with [[Rolls-Royce Trent 900]] engines, had an [[Turbine engine failure|uncontained engine failure]] and returned to Changi Airport. Upon landing, one of the engines could not be shut down due to ruptured control cables and had to be doused for three hours by airport firefighters to forcefully shut it down. There were no crew or passenger injuries, and all 469 people on board survived the accident.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASNforflight32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Accident Airbus A380-842 VH-OQA, Thursday 4 November 2010 |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/321226 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=asn.flightsafety.org |archive-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121153231/https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/321226 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The aircraft was also repaired.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASNforflight32&quot;/&gt;
* 27 June 2016 – Singapore Airlines Flight 368, a scheduled service from Changi Airport to [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan, Italy]] carrying 222 passengers and 19 crew, caught fire shortly after it landed. Approximately three hours into the flight, the [[Boeing 777]] turned back after the pilot received an engine oil warning message. Shortly after landing, the right engine and wing were ablaze, with flames engulfing the right side of the jet. No one was injured. The aircraft was later repaired and placed back into service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Auto |first=Hermes |date=27 June 2016 |title=Singapore Airlines plane catches fire on Changi Airport runway; no injuries reported {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-airlines-plane-catches-fire-on-changi-airport-runway-no-injuries-reported |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310180903/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-airlines-plane-catches-fire-on-changi-airport-runway-no-injuries-reported |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/320054|title=Accident description for 9V-SWB at Aviation Safety Network|website=asn.flightsafety.org|accessdate=23 May 2025|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127201309/https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/320054|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 May 2017 – a fire broke out at the departure hall in Terminal 2.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/small-fire-at-changi-airport-t2-sparks-evacuation-flight-delays-8854078 |title='Small fire' at Changi Airport T2 sparks evacuation, flight delays |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |access-date=16 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519050018/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/small-fire-at-changi-airport-t2-sparks-evacuation-flight-delays-8854078 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=live  }}
&lt;/ref&gt; The fire caused 40 flights at Terminal 2 to be delayed and diverted to Terminal 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/changi-airport-fire-about-40-flights-affected-by-terminal-2-8854800?cid=fbcna |title=Changi Airport fire: About 40 flights affected by Terminal 2 closure |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519081305/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/changi-airport-fire-about-40-flights-affected-by-terminal-2-8854800?cid=FBcna |archive-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Terminal 2 was closed from 17:30 to 22:45.
* 29 November 2017 – a tow tug towing a Singapore Airlines [[Boeing 777]]-200 caught fire. This fire was promptly put out by the airport's emergency services. A member of the towing crew was in the aircraft's cockpit when the fire occurred; the crew member evacuated through the aircraft's emergency slides. The aircraft was substantially damaged by the fire and written off.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/tow-tug-at-changi-airport-catches-fire-as-it-is-towing-a-singapore-airlines|title=Tow tug at Changi Airport catches fire while towing Singapore Airlines plane|work=The Straits Times|author=Karamjit Kaur|date=29 November 2017|access-date=22 September 2021|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922043722/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/tow-tug-at-changi-airport-catches-fire-as-it-is-towing-a-singapore-airlines|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/319762|title=Accident description for 9V-SQK at aviation-safety.org|website=aviation-safety.org|access-date=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 6 February 2018 – a [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle]], part of the [[Black Eagles aerobatic team]] taking part in [[Singapore Airshow|Singapore Airshow 2018]], veered off the runway during takeoff and crashed. The resulting fire was put out by emergency services and the pilot was treated for minor injuries. Runway 02L/20R was closed as a result and caused delays at the airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Chin|first1=Nigel|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/korean-plane-crashes-catches-fire-changi-airport-9932322|title=Korean plane taking part in Singapore Airshow crashes, catches fire at Changi Airport; flight delays expected|date=6 February 2018|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=6 February 2018|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922085234/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/korean-plane-singapore-airshow-crashes-changi-airport-9932322|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{Portal|Singapore|Aviation}}
*[[Airport Logistics Park]]
*[[History of Changi Airport]]
*[[Infrastructure of Changi Airport]]
*[[Jewel Changi Airport]]
*[[Kinetic Rain]]
*[[List of airports with triple takeoff/landing capability]]
*[[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation |chapter-url=http://www.wondersofworldaviation.com/singapore-airport.html |chapter=Singapore's great airport |title=Wonders of World Aviation |year=1938 |pages=128–130 |editor-first=Clarence |editor-last=Winchester }}, illustrated description of the newly opened Singapore Airport
* {{Cite news |date=9 April 2024 |title=Leadership transition at Changi Airport Group |url=https://www.changiairport.com/corporate/media-centre/newsroom.html#/pressreleases/leadership-transition-at-changi-airport-group-3315372 |access-date=9 April 2024 |work=Changi Airport Group}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Library resources box
 |onlinebooks=no
 |by=no
 }}
{{Commons category-inline|Singapore Changi Airport}}
* [https://www.changiairport.com/ Singapore Changi Airport official site]
* [https://jetquay.com.sg/ Singapore Changi Airport JetQuay CIP Terminal official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100710082837/https://www.singaporevr.com/vrs/changi_airport/terminal3_inside.html Virtual reality view of Changi Airport Terminal 3]
* [https://theta360.com/s/gMekgB0c1sxRRXMiOvZwfdVNU 360° image of Changi Airport Terminal 3]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221328/http://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=SIN Accident history for SIN] at [[Aviation Safety Network]]
* {{NWS-current|WSSS}}

{{Changi Airport}}
{{Airports in Singapore}}
{{Future developments in Singapore}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Changi Airport| ]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1981]]
[[Category:Airports in Singapore]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Singapore]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in Singapore]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:IDN ASEAN 80/sandbox</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>176219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746734</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:00:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IDN ASEAN 80</username>
        <id>74431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm&quot;</comment>
      <origin>746734</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26" sha1="k18pz8obaucikj0gyp2nlumrho0vaoh" xml:space="preserve">qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm</text>
      <sha1>k18pz8obaucikj0gyp2nlumrho0vaoh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746741</id>
      <parentid>746734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:08:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IDN ASEAN 80</username>
        <id>74431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <origin>746741</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>176220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746737</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:07:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Adding deletion nomination of [[:Category:Test]].</comment>
      <origin>746737</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1009" sha1="odozx65sjv3nlf6vt22mhjjl5243akl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>odozx65sjv3nlf6vt22mhjjl5243akl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746739</id>
      <parentid>746737</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:07:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746739</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2083" sha1="e5gzbwe63ii1npntig943v46gsfpktn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate cfd vfd xfd-closed mw-archivedtalk&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#bff9fc; margin:0 auto; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;
:''The following is an archived discussion concerning one or more categories. &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''

:''The result of the discussion was:'' &lt;!-- Template:Cfd top --&gt; '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>e5gzbwe63ii1npntig943v46gsfpktn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746740</id>
      <parentid>746739</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:07:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Restored revision 746737 by [[Special:Contributions/Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>746740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1009" sha1="odozx65sjv3nlf6vt22mhjjl5243akl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>odozx65sjv3nlf6vt22mhjjl5243akl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746747</id>
      <parentid>746740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:28:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2083" sha1="7k5j018kl11e9tdhuvbzkyklq2n70oe" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate cfd vfd xfd-closed mw-archivedtalk&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#bff9fc; margin:0 auto; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;
:''The following is an archived discussion concerning one or more categories. &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''

:''The result of the discussion was:'' &lt;!-- Template:Cfd top --&gt; '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7k5j018kl11e9tdhuvbzkyklq2n70oe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746748</id>
      <parentid>746747</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:28:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Restored revision 746740 by [[Special:Contributions/Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>746748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1009" sha1="odozx65sjv3nlf6vt22mhjjl5243akl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>odozx65sjv3nlf6vt22mhjjl5243akl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746749</id>
      <parentid>746748</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:28:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746749</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2083" sha1="7k5j018kl11e9tdhuvbzkyklq2n70oe" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate cfd vfd xfd-closed mw-archivedtalk&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#bff9fc; margin:0 auto; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;
:''The following is an archived discussion concerning one or more categories. &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''

:''The result of the discussion was:'' &lt;!-- Template:Cfd top --&gt; '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7k5j018kl11e9tdhuvbzkyklq2n70oe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746751</id>
      <parentid>746749</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:30:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Restored revision 746748 by [[Special:Contributions/Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>746751</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1009" sha1="odozx65sjv3nlf6vt22mhjjl5243akl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>odozx65sjv3nlf6vt22mhjjl5243akl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746752</id>
      <parentid>746751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:30:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746752</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2083" sha1="8zibkxu11jl9y0ircti73tt2s14fivg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate cfd vfd xfd-closed mw-archivedtalk&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#bff9fc; margin:0 auto; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;
:''The following is an archived discussion concerning one or more categories. &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''

:''The result of the discussion was:'' &lt;!-- Template:Cfd top --&gt; '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:30, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8zibkxu11jl9y0ircti73tt2s14fivg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746754</id>
      <parentid>746752</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:33:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Restored revision 746751 by [[Special:Contributions/Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>746754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1009" sha1="odozx65sjv3nlf6vt22mhjjl5243akl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>odozx65sjv3nlf6vt22mhjjl5243akl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746755</id>
      <parentid>746754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:33:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746755</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1483" sha1="boyofxmpn3ggtfz7hfgebn02x4k3h6b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>boyofxmpn3ggtfz7hfgebn02x4k3h6b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746756</id>
      <parentid>746755</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:35:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746756</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1956" sha1="ja98r8gwbxzhrc4w0m3yi4ucleyyha0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ja98r8gwbxzhrc4w0m3yi4ucleyyha0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746757</id>
      <parentid>746756</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:37:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746757</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2429" sha1="jdd05w8nl3z6u05fe1k0fi6i2jycswr" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jdd05w8nl3z6u05fe1k0fi6i2jycswr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746758</id>
      <parentid>746757</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:38:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746758</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2902" sha1="5lwxyng5h1xj537ysh1slqrhi2j3uhz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5lwxyng5h1xj537ysh1slqrhi2j3uhz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746759</id>
      <parentid>746758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:06:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746759</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3375" sha1="lppyisuw9bbmgaxpa701u7vt0x4xozy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lppyisuw9bbmgaxpa701u7vt0x4xozy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746760</id>
      <parentid>746759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:16:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746760</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3848" sha1="mk7z788zpsobkm0yo1donaoapw22cab" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mk7z788zpsobkm0yo1donaoapw22cab</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746761</id>
      <parentid>746760</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:18:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746761</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4321" sha1="nzl3d5j9857hj0n5ddoxnpui1ymtrof" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nzl3d5j9857hj0n5ddoxnpui1ymtrof</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746775</id>
      <parentid>746761</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:24:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746775</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4794" sha1="ak6a4q3im0exzqtdp9s25tpb93lm4ps" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ak6a4q3im0exzqtdp9s25tpb93lm4ps</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746776</id>
      <parentid>746775</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:25:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746776</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5267" sha1="7ariv977izgu6bq2u8jvmrbzejkb21q" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7ariv977izgu6bq2u8jvmrbzejkb21q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746777</id>
      <parentid>746776</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:25:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746777</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5740" sha1="m6d5xpibixakrt1iv9podvx3fdwmgqc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>m6d5xpibixakrt1iv9podvx3fdwmgqc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746778</id>
      <parentid>746777</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:28:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746778</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6213" sha1="g7upp4ldi93t35xab7jlwy6uetnpged" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>g7upp4ldi93t35xab7jlwy6uetnpged</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746779</id>
      <parentid>746778</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:31:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746779</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6686" sha1="66trnip5celsb4da6o63w6gj24fh6xc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>66trnip5celsb4da6o63w6gj24fh6xc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746780</id>
      <parentid>746779</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:33:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746780</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7159" sha1="gucmkbhh3sryiqpp196egxdkq0rsfkz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gucmkbhh3sryiqpp196egxdkq0rsfkz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746781</id>
      <parentid>746780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:34:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746781</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7632" sha1="tq7xrclzrpfenk8y4ch0w8nxjfo6ouf" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tq7xrclzrpfenk8y4ch0w8nxjfo6ouf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746782</id>
      <parentid>746781</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:36:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746782</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8105" sha1="qj5gfpyimkgmp7gxnao2mh41vzsnyd1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qj5gfpyimkgmp7gxnao2mh41vzsnyd1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746783</id>
      <parentid>746782</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:37:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746783</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8578" sha1="2wv7rq8hou3wt6ujlwn1j4o252r1zxs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2wv7rq8hou3wt6ujlwn1j4o252r1zxs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746784</id>
      <parentid>746783</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:38:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746784</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9051" sha1="mw7q7639svuz0l2eh897cibw3c9wh2n" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mw7q7639svuz0l2eh897cibw3c9wh2n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746789</id>
      <parentid>746784</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:50:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746789</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9524" sha1="ndxs3m5simcgz6xgq9v3otbtjfpm25f" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ndxs3m5simcgz6xgq9v3otbtjfpm25f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746790</id>
      <parentid>746789</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:54:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746790</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9997" sha1="0h1zsol1rmad450wtosntrglwzrjjo2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0h1zsol1rmad450wtosntrglwzrjjo2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746791</id>
      <parentid>746790</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:55:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746791</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10470" sha1="hgaw4avziy8jy7if8vvmp48dscjby1l" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hgaw4avziy8jy7if8vvmp48dscjby1l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746793</id>
      <parentid>746791</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:35:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746793</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10943" sha1="2eq7d2wb9tw45ues8q6g4nhtoehlgcg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2eq7d2wb9tw45ues8q6g4nhtoehlgcg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746794</id>
      <parentid>746793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:36:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11416" sha1="nhm7qi9am8r1kzao15adz7cgpfg2nwc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nhm7qi9am8r1kzao15adz7cgpfg2nwc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746795</id>
      <parentid>746794</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:36:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746795</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11889" sha1="0kzn34ky70v6i6smxfeqdox9la7z5om" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0kzn34ky70v6i6smxfeqdox9la7z5om</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746796</id>
      <parentid>746795</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:01:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746796</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12362" sha1="o97mcafi99wiqnvfi0qu5sqvhwf39cg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:01, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o97mcafi99wiqnvfi0qu5sqvhwf39cg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746797</id>
      <parentid>746796</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:02:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746797</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12835" sha1="mguum9votoihog2fwlwvheix7ygnwf8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:02, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:01, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mguum9votoihog2fwlwvheix7ygnwf8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746801</id>
      <parentid>746797</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:06:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as redirect ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746801</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13333" sha1="3j8vn7vp896cn04is86e58yrrroljp0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:02, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:01, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3j8vn7vp896cn04is86e58yrrroljp0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746803</id>
      <parentid>746801</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:09:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as redirect ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746803</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13831" sha1="bgbff0ucfrod3zuz4i8io4myttp2m2z" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:09, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:02, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:01, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bgbff0ucfrod3zuz4i8io4myttp2m2z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746805</id>
      <parentid>746803</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:11:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as redirect ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746805</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14329" sha1="r6nm602qtyv97ig9idb1a02b99i7l8f" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:11, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:09, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:02, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:01, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>r6nm602qtyv97ig9idb1a02b99i7l8f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746807</id>
      <parentid>746805</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:14:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as redirect ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746807</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14827" sha1="gzjdfvmil7pso41kn1737egvy6zfvi7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:14, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:11, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:09, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:02, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:01, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
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----
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----
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----
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----
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----
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----
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      <sha1>gzjdfvmil7pso41kn1737egvy6zfvi7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746809</id>
      <parentid>746807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:16:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as redirect ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746809</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15328" sha1="i70djgtn2vbnnca2ozopz5iyldwu3uk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''redirect''' to [[:Category:Redirect]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:14, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:11, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:09, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:02, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:01, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
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----
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----
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----
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----
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----
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----
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----
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----
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----
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----
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----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i70djgtn2vbnnca2ozopz5iyldwu3uk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746811</id>
      <parentid>746809</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:17:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as rename ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746811</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15824" sha1="88gbbe967gntfqsgc68ualxhx53jti8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''rename''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:17, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Redirect]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:14, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:11, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:09, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:02, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:01, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>88gbbe967gntfqsgc68ualxhx53jti8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746813</id>
      <parentid>746811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:18:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as merge ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16319" sha1="nqize3d67nefvg6r7bwa10o85broq5g" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''merge''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''rename''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:17, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Redirect]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:14, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:11, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:09, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test2]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:02, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:01, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 16:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:54, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:50, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:36, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:34, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:31, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:24, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:18, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:16, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 15:06, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:37, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:35, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nqize3d67nefvg6r7bwa10o85broq5g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746815</id>
      <parentid>746813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:19:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */</comment>
      <origin>746815</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1048" sha1="ovk1xuxdj25fm69kq9dw1van8tt3biu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ovk1xuxdj25fm69kq9dw1van8tt3biu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746816</id>
      <parentid>746815</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:19:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746816</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1522" sha1="isozyludgfxj29o4bn4x0n35v89o0j3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>isozyludgfxj29o4bn4x0n35v89o0j3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746818</id>
      <parentid>746816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:20:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as merge ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746818</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2017" sha1="2f12v8pjjc779sncd41eh5rfkdy6lrv" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:20, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2f12v8pjjc779sncd41eh5rfkdy6lrv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746820</id>
      <parentid>746818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:21:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as dr ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746820</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2486" sha1="ln2injy9pbm426vbs1zdteioirkt4i4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''dr'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:21, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:20, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ln2injy9pbm426vbs1zdteioirkt4i4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746822</id>
      <parentid>746820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:23:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as efwscx ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746822</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2959" sha1="i9bzj686nkcf0cbnw38vn0skdf5y05d" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''efwscx'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:23, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''dr'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:21, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:20, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i9bzj686nkcf0cbnw38vn0skdf5y05d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746824</id>
      <parentid>746822</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:28:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as Test ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746824</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3430" sha1="c654xso80jkps3dxmm39yxdmv7gh4b3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''Test'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''efwscx'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:23, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''dr'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:21, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:20, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>c654xso80jkps3dxmm39yxdmv7gh4b3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746826</id>
      <parentid>746824</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:32:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746826</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3903" sha1="s7s9rwg1dg1awkxwjh8xva8loo9385h" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:32, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''Test'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''efwscx'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:23, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''dr'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:21, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:20, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>s7s9rwg1dg1awkxwjh8xva8loo9385h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746828</id>
      <parentid>746826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:33:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4376" sha1="8zpnd90x5mblymrhy0e6qrkrobgzotm" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:32, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''Test'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''efwscx'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:23, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''dr'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:21, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:20, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8zpnd90x5mblymrhy0e6qrkrobgzotm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746830</id>
      <parentid>746828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:38:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as merge ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746830</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4871" sha1="9ikv2yh8mpbq3016ey0xb88rnvzgnl6" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:32, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''Test'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''efwscx'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:23, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''dr'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:21, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:20, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9ikv2yh8mpbq3016ey0xb88rnvzgnl6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746832</id>
      <parentid>746830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:40:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as redirect ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746832</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5369" sha1="ac3zwyqvwadd1bjtk9bt7uo06z633kp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:40, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:32, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''Test'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''efwscx'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:23, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''dr'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:21, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:20, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ac3zwyqvwadd1bjtk9bt7uo06z633kp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746834</id>
      <parentid>746832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:44:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746834</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5842" sha1="53ms9qz9ulenrucx5uzxvtwijatq907" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:44, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:40, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:32, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''Test'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''efwscx'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:23, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''dr'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:21, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:20, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>53ms9qz9ulenrucx5uzxvtwijatq907</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746836</id>
      <parentid>746834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:46:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746836</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6315" sha1="0c9401mdzd4lpdzj3wpnzjt6g3llwbl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:46, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:44, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:40, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:32, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''Test'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''efwscx'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:23, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''dr'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:21, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:20, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0c9401mdzd4lpdzj3wpnzjt6g3llwbl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746839</id>
      <parentid>746836</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:49:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as efcx ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746839</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6791" sha1="to8aoi81c9weiucen4ikp420k13ougt" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''efcx'''. scef [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:49, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:46, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:44, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:40, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:32, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''Test'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''efwscx'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:23, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''dr'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:21, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:20, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>to8aoi81c9weiucen4ikp420k13ougt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746843</id>
      <parentid>746839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:51:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as vdx ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746843</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7267" sha1="6uxhemdhz7kuxdj7yrcgy3nzyidkeov" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''vdx'''. vdgdr [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:51, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''efcx'''. scef [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:49, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:46, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:44, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''redirect''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:40, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:38, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:33, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:32, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''Test'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:28, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''efwscx'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:23, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''dr'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:21, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''merge''' to [[:Category:Test3]]. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:20, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''delete'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6uxhemdhz7kuxdj7yrcgy3nzyidkeov</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746847</id>
      <parentid>746843</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:54:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>746847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1087" sha1="hzqiww3dacxiom6xzwwg0ytp41i1l2z" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test3}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>hzqiww3dacxiom6xzwwg0ytp41i1l2z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746848</id>
      <parentid>746847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:55:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as All of them ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1566" sha1="4m31iqxj09q7nurn8br6b2vywlmmndn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''All of them'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test3}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4m31iqxj09q7nurn8br6b2vywlmmndn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746850</id>
      <parentid>746848</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:59:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Category:Test */ Closed as All of them ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2044" sha1="jvxjbib9rsgahk546twao4rq9qg7zlo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 14|June 14]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 16|June 16]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== June 15 ===
&lt;!-- Please do not add new nominations here.
     Use the current day's NEW NOMINATIONS section
     (to properly order entries and avoid edit conflicts).
     Thank you for your cooperation.
  --&gt;

==== NEW NOMINATIONS ====
&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations below this line --&gt;


&lt;!-- Please add the newest nominations to the top --&gt;

==== Category:Test ====
 '''All of them'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:59, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
'''All of them'''. [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 17:55, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test2}}
:* '''Propose deleting''' {{lc|Test3}}
:'''Nominator's rationale:''' [[User:Trialpears|Trialpears]] ([[User talk:Trialpears|talk]]) 14:07, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;
----
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion.  &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jvxjbib9rsgahk546twao4rq9qg7zlo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:IDN ASEAN 80/Bot testing</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>176221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746742</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:13:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IDN ASEAN 80</username>
        <id>74431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;Index Index Index Index Index Index Index&quot;</comment>
      <origin>746742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41" sha1="9pkknr1r8z1s8kbncc6a93573wg8kww" xml:space="preserve">Index Index Index Index Index Index Index</text>
      <sha1>9pkknr1r8z1s8kbncc6a93573wg8kww</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:~2026-35163-09</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>176222</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746743</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:21:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35163-09</username>
        <id>74433</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;Qwertyuiop&quot;</comment>
      <origin>746743</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10" sha1="3uuu632iabv73an83idcmie135l2rv0" xml:space="preserve">Qwertyuiop</text>
      <sha1>3uuu632iabv73an83idcmie135l2rv0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:John Vandenberg/createonly/1781536873.8481324</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>176223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746766</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:21:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pywikibot 11.4.0.dev0</comment>
      <origin>746766</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Large</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>176224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746827</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:33:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp|small=y}}{{Notice|This page is to be used when the categories being processed will affect at least 5,000 pages. Smaller categories should be processed at [[WP:CFDW]].}} ----  ===Closing procedure=== * [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]  ----  === Bots === Bots task pages are listed below. Tasks on those pages are being handled by bots, and may or may not also be listed below. * {{user3|JJMC89 bot III}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>746827</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3654" sha1="i0z8vurdzoqai4ru275vpzbifns22gy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp|small=y}}{{Notice|This page is to be used when the categories being processed will affect at least 5,000 pages. Smaller categories should be processed at [[WP:CFDW]].}}
----

===Closing procedure===
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]

----

=== Bots ===
Bots task pages are listed below. Tasks on those pages are being handled by bots, and may or may not also be listed below.
* {{user3|JJMC89 bot III}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

==== Speedy moves ====
'''''See [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]].'''''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;
* ''None currently''

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
''Please link to the per-day page that has the discussion on it.''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;
* ''None currently''

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Merge then delete ====
''Please link to the per-day page that has the discussion on it.''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]], ...
--&gt;
* ''None currently'' 

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Empty then delete ====
''Please link to the per-day page that has the discussion on it.''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;
* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Retain ====
''Please link to the per-day page that has the discussion on it.''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;
* ''None currently''

&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i0z8vurdzoqai4ru275vpzbifns22gy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746829</id>
      <parentid>746827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:33:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746829</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3748" sha1="58l49dw1x3t3kscx87kmpsnkmexfdp2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp|small=y}}{{Notice|This page is to be used when the categories being processed will affect at least 5,000 pages. Smaller categories should be processed at [[WP:CFDW]].}}
----

===Closing procedure===
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]

----

=== Bots ===
Bots task pages are listed below. Tasks on those pages are being handled by bots, and may or may not also be listed below.
* {{user3|JJMC89 bot III}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

==== Speedy moves ====
'''''See [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]].'''''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;
* ''None currently''

&lt;!--End of list. Remove completed entries after checking for backlinks and Wikidata. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;

==== Move ====
''Please link to the per-day page that has the discussion on it.''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;
* ''None currently''

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==== Merge then delete ====
''Please link to the per-day page that has the discussion on it.''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]], ...
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==== Empty then delete ====
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==== Retain ====
''Please link to the per-day page that has the discussion on it.''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
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* [[:Category:Name of category]]
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&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]</text>
      <sha1>58l49dw1x3t3kscx87kmpsnkmexfdp2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746831</id>
      <parentid>746829</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:38:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as merge ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746831</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3887" sha1="8274nhz8ulshr73g72slvpkbnotf04s" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp|small=y}}{{Notice|This page is to be used when the categories being processed will affect at least 5,000 pages. Smaller categories should be processed at [[WP:CFDW]].}}
----

===Closing procedure===
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]

----

=== Bots ===
Bots task pages are listed below. Tasks on those pages are being handled by bots, and may or may not also be listed below.
* {{user3|JJMC89 bot III}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

==== Speedy moves ====
'''''See [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]].'''''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;
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==== Move ====
''Please link to the per-day page that has the discussion on it.''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
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==== Merge then delete ====
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; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy1]], [[:Category:yyyyy2]], [[:Category:yyyyy3]], ...
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; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:test3]]
* [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:test3]]
==== Retain ====
''Please link to the per-day page that has the discussion on it.''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
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* [[:Category:Name of category]]
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; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]</text>
      <sha1>8274nhz8ulshr73g72slvpkbnotf04s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746833</id>
      <parentid>746831</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:40:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trialpears</username>
        <id>43074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Listing category: [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]] closed as redirect ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]])</comment>
      <origin>746833</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4067" sha1="2e2ooqps4g6umakyq9i7noljcxykm7u" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp|small=y}}{{Notice|This page is to be used when the categories being processed will affect at least 5,000 pages. Smaller categories should be processed at [[WP:CFDW]].}}
----

===Closing procedure===
* [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Administrator instructions#Process]]

----

=== Bots ===
Bots task pages are listed below. Tasks on those pages are being handled by bots, and may or may not also be listed below.
* {{user3|JJMC89 bot III}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== Bot work ===
'''''If the category needs to be split among multiple destination categories, requires template editing, or requires editing the documentation subpage of templates, or any other special circumstances that require manual review, list it at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Working/Manual]] rather than here.'''''

==== Speedy moves ====
'''''See [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]].'''''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
* [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To note that human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
     To leave a redirect at the old page when renaming, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;
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==== Move ====
''Please link to the per-day page that has the discussion on it.''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); to keep this section bot-readable, use the format:
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     To note human action is required, use the format:
* NO BOTS [[:Category:xxxxx]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:xxxxx}} - added on {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTDAY}}, {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}) to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
   This will display the number of items remaining in the category, or Empty.
     To leave a redirect at the old page when moving, use the format:
* REDIRECT [[:Category:xxxxx]] to [[:Category:yyyyy]]
--&gt;
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==== Merge then delete ====
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; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:test3]]
* [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:test3]]
==== Retain ====
''Please link to the per-day page that has the discussion on it.''
&lt;!-- list begin (leave this here); use the format:
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 April 0]]
* [[:Category:Name of category]]
--&gt;
&lt;!-- End of list. Remove completed entries. When empty, add * ''None currently'' above this comment. Please leave this message.--&gt;
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test]]
* [[:Category:Test2]]
; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2026 June 15#Category:Test]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test]] to [[:Category:Test3]]
* REDIRECT [[:Category:Test2]] to [[:Category:Test3]]</text>
      <sha1>2e2ooqps4g6umakyq9i7noljcxykm7u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Airport codes</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>176225</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746853</id>
      <timestamp>2025-12-28T19:25:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Zackmann08</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Adding unknown parameter tracking through [[:Category:Pages using airport codes with unknown parameters]] using [[User:Zackmann08/scripts/AddCheckForUnknownParameters.js|AddCheckForUnknownParameters]] and [[Module:check for unknown parameters]]</comment>
      <origin>746853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1028" sha1="bqgww62tzktoe6y3ndb5pq81rcg8pts" xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{{1|}}} {{{2|}}} {{{3|}}} {{{4|}}} {{{5|}}}{{{6|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{p}}}|n||(}}{{comma separated entries|{{#if: {{{1|}}}
 | [[IATA airport code|IATA]]: '''{{{1}}}'''}}|
{{#if: {{{2|}}}
 | [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]: '''{{{2}}}'''}}|
{{#if: {{{3|}}}
 | [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] [[Location identifier|LID]]: '''{{{3}}}'''}}|
{{#if: {{{4|}}}
 | [[Transport Canada|TC]] [[Location identifier|LID]]: '''{{{4}}}'''}}|
{{#if: {{{5|}}}
 | [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] code: '''{{{5}}}'''}}|
{{#if: {{{6|}}}
 | [[Civil Aviation Administration of China|CAAC]] [[Location identifier|LID]]: '''{{{6}}}'''}}|
}}{{#ifeq:{{{p}}}|n||)}}}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using airport codes with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Airport codes]] with unknown parameter &quot;_VALUE_&quot;|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | p }}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here. --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bqgww62tzktoe6y3ndb5pq81rcg8pts</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746854</id>
      <parentid>746853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:23:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Robertsky</username>
        <id>51025</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Airport_codes]]</comment>
      <origin>746853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1028" sha1="bqgww62tzktoe6y3ndb5pq81rcg8pts" xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{{1|}}} {{{2|}}} {{{3|}}} {{{4|}}} {{{5|}}}{{{6|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{p}}}|n||(}}{{comma separated entries|{{#if: {{{1|}}}
 | [[IATA airport code|IATA]]: '''{{{1}}}'''}}|
{{#if: {{{2|}}}
 | [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]: '''{{{2}}}'''}}|
{{#if: {{{3|}}}
 | [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] [[Location identifier|LID]]: '''{{{3}}}'''}}|
{{#if: {{{4|}}}
 | [[Transport Canada|TC]] [[Location identifier|LID]]: '''{{{4}}}'''}}|
{{#if: {{{5|}}}
 | [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] code: '''{{{5}}}'''}}|
{{#if: {{{6|}}}
 | [[Civil Aviation Administration of China|CAAC]] [[Location identifier|LID]]: '''{{{6}}}'''}}|
}}{{#ifeq:{{{p}}}|n||)}}}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using airport codes with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Airport codes]] with unknown parameter &quot;_VALUE_&quot;|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | p }}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here. --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bqgww62tzktoe6y3ndb5pq81rcg8pts</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Airport codes/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>176226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746865</id>
      <timestamp>2025-12-28T19:26:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Zackmann08</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Template Data */</comment>
      <origin>746865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3893" sha1="br6atbdcv37a71aknbif7wjpyzcqkmp" xml:space="preserve">{{documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE --&gt;
{{high-use| 14548 }}

[[Template:Airport codes]] is used to display an airport's location identifiers or &quot;airport codes&quot;.  It is usually included in the first paragraph of an airport article, immediately following the airport's name.

''Note: This template can be used even if the airport codes are displayed via {{tl|Infobox airport}} (as per [[Help:Infobox#What infoboxes do]], an infobox should &quot;summarize material from an article—the information should still be present in the main text&quot;).''

== Usage ==
The template requires at least one unnamed parameter.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Code:
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! Result:
| {{Airport codes|AAA}}
|}

The template accepts six unnamed parameters:
# [[IATA airport code]]
# [[ICAO airport code]]
# [[Federal Aviation Administration]] [[location identifier]] (for airports in the United States)
# [[Transport Canada]] [[location identifier]] (for airports in Canada)
# [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] code
# [[Civil Aviation Administration of China]] [[location identifier]] (for airports in China)

Using &lt;code&gt;|p=n&lt;/code&gt; after the last airport code will remove the parentheses.

== Examples ==
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Glasgow International Airport''' {{Airport codes|GLA|EGPF}} is ...&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

'''Glasgow International Airport''' {{Airport codes|GLA|EGPF}} is ...


&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Emmonak Airport''' {{Airport codes|EMK|PAEM|ENM}} is ...&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

'''Emmonak Airport''' {{Airport codes|EMK|PAEM|ENM}} is ...


&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Grand Canyon West Airport''' {{Airport codes|||1G4}} is ...&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

'''Grand Canyon West Airport''' {{Airport codes|||1G4}} is ...


&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Acme Airport''' {{Airport codes||||CEG2}} is ...&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

'''Acme Airport''' {{Airport codes||||CEG2}} is ...


&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Bremen Airport''' ({{Langx|de|Flughafen Bremen}}, {{Airport codes|BRE|EDDW|p=n}}) is ...&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

'''Bremen Airport''' ({{Langx|de|Flughafen Bremen}}, {{Airport codes|BRE|EDDW|p=n}}) is ...

== Formatting test ==
This section shows the formatting of different combinations of codes.
{{Airport codes/examples}}

== Tracking category ==
* {{clc|Category:Pages using airport codes with unknown parameters}}

== Template Data ==
{{TemplateData header}}
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;IATA Code&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;3-letter IATA code for this airport&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;JFK, LHR, FRA&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;ICAO Code&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;4-letter ICAO code for this airport&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;KJFK, EGPF&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;FAA LID (US)&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Federal Aviation Administration location identifier (for airports in the United States)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;ENM&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;TIC LID (Canada)&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Transport Canada location identifier (for airports in Canada) &quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;GPS code&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;CAAC LID (China)&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Civil Aviation Administration of China location identifier (for airports in China) &quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;p&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Show Parenthesis&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Set to \&quot;n\&quot; to remove parenthesis.&quot;,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;n&quot;
		}
	},
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template is used to display an airport's location identifiers or \&quot;airport codes\&quot;. It is usually included in the first paragraph of an airport article, immediately following the airport's name.&quot;
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons-inline|Template:Airport codes}}

&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:WikiProject Aviation template instructions|Airport codes]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
[[Category:Aviation code templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>br6atbdcv37a71aknbif7wjpyzcqkmp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746866</id>
      <parentid>746865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:23:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Robertsky</username>
        <id>51025</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Airport_codes/doc]]</comment>
      <origin>746865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3893" sha1="br6atbdcv37a71aknbif7wjpyzcqkmp" xml:space="preserve">{{documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE --&gt;
{{high-use| 14548 }}

[[Template:Airport codes]] is used to display an airport's location identifiers or &quot;airport codes&quot;.  It is usually included in the first paragraph of an airport article, immediately following the airport's name.

''Note: This template can be used even if the airport codes are displayed via {{tl|Infobox airport}} (as per [[Help:Infobox#What infoboxes do]], an infobox should &quot;summarize material from an article—the information should still be present in the main text&quot;).''

== Usage ==
The template requires at least one unnamed parameter.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Code:
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! Result:
| {{Airport codes|AAA}}
|}

The template accepts six unnamed parameters:
# [[IATA airport code]]
# [[ICAO airport code]]
# [[Federal Aviation Administration]] [[location identifier]] (for airports in the United States)
# [[Transport Canada]] [[location identifier]] (for airports in Canada)
# [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] code
# [[Civil Aviation Administration of China]] [[location identifier]] (for airports in China)

Using &lt;code&gt;|p=n&lt;/code&gt; after the last airport code will remove the parentheses.

== Examples ==
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Glasgow International Airport''' {{Airport codes|GLA|EGPF}} is ...&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

'''Glasgow International Airport''' {{Airport codes|GLA|EGPF}} is ...


&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Emmonak Airport''' {{Airport codes|EMK|PAEM|ENM}} is ...&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

'''Emmonak Airport''' {{Airport codes|EMK|PAEM|ENM}} is ...


&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Grand Canyon West Airport''' {{Airport codes|||1G4}} is ...&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

'''Grand Canyon West Airport''' {{Airport codes|||1G4}} is ...


&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Acme Airport''' {{Airport codes||||CEG2}} is ...&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

'''Acme Airport''' {{Airport codes||||CEG2}} is ...


&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Bremen Airport''' ({{Langx|de|Flughafen Bremen}}, {{Airport codes|BRE|EDDW|p=n}}) is ...&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

'''Bremen Airport''' ({{Langx|de|Flughafen Bremen}}, {{Airport codes|BRE|EDDW|p=n}}) is ...

== Formatting test ==
This section shows the formatting of different combinations of codes.
{{Airport codes/examples}}

== Tracking category ==
* {{clc|Category:Pages using airport codes with unknown parameters}}

== Template Data ==
{{TemplateData header}}
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;IATA Code&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;3-letter IATA code for this airport&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;JFK, LHR, FRA&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;ICAO Code&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;4-letter ICAO code for this airport&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;KJFK, EGPF&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;FAA LID (US)&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Federal Aviation Administration location identifier (for airports in the United States)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;ENM&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;TIC LID (Canada)&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Transport Canada location identifier (for airports in Canada) &quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;GPS code&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;CAAC LID (China)&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Civil Aviation Administration of China location identifier (for airports in China) &quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;p&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Show Parenthesis&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Set to \&quot;n\&quot; to remove parenthesis.&quot;,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;n&quot;
		}
	},
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template is used to display an airport's location identifiers or \&quot;airport codes\&quot;. It is usually included in the first paragraph of an airport article, immediately following the airport's name.&quot;
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons-inline|Template:Airport codes}}

&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:WikiProject Aviation template instructions|Airport codes]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
[[Category:Aviation code templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>br6atbdcv37a71aknbif7wjpyzcqkmp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Airport codes/examples</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>176227</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746867</id>
      <timestamp>2021-04-24T03:24:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Zyxw</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>update</comment>
      <origin>746867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4254" sha1="jibwcrj3vokrnoc8ux8mrdcfqhuj7ky" xml:space="preserve">;One code
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||CCC}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||CCC}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||CCC|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||CCC|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||||DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||||DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||||DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||||DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||||EEEE|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||||EEEE|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||||||FFFF}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||||||FFFF}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||||||FFFF|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||||||FFFF|p=n}}

;Two codes
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA||CCC}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA||CCC}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA||CCC|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA||CCC|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|||DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|||DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|||DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|||DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA||||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA||||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB||DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB||DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB||DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB||DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||CCC|DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||CCC|DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||CCC|DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||CCC|DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||CCC||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||CCC||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||||DDDD|EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||||DDDD|EEEE}}

;Three codes
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB||DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB||DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB||DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB||DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}

;Four codes
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB||DDDD|EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB||DDDD|EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA||CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA||CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}

;Five codes
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE|p=n}}
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD||FFFF}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD||FFFF}}
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD||FFFF|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD||FFFF|p=n}}

;Six codes
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE|FFFF}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE|FFFF}}
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE|FFFF|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE|FFFF|p=n}}</text>
      <sha1>jibwcrj3vokrnoc8ux8mrdcfqhuj7ky</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746868</id>
      <parentid>746867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:23:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Robertsky</username>
        <id>51025</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Airport_codes/examples]]</comment>
      <origin>746867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4254" sha1="jibwcrj3vokrnoc8ux8mrdcfqhuj7ky" xml:space="preserve">;One code
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||CCC}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||CCC}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||CCC|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||CCC|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||||DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||||DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||||DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||||DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||||EEEE|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||||EEEE|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||||||FFFF}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||||||FFFF}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||||||FFFF|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||||||FFFF|p=n}}

;Two codes
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA||CCC}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA||CCC}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA||CCC|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA||CCC|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|||DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|||DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|||DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|||DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA||||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA||||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB||DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB||DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB||DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB||DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||CCC|DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||CCC|DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||CCC|DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||CCC|DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||CCC||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||CCC||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||||DDDD|EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||||DDDD|EEEE}}

;Three codes
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB||DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB||DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB||DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB||DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|||CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|||CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}

;Four codes
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|p=n}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC||EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC||EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB||DDDD|EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB||DDDD|EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA||CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes|AAA||CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: {{Airport codes||BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}

;Five codes
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE}}
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE|p=n}}
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD||FFFF}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD||FFFF}}
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD||FFFF|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD||FFFF|p=n}}

;Six codes
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE|FFFF}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE|FFFF}}
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE|FFFF|p=n}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*: {{Airport codes|AAA|BBBB|CCC|DDDD|EEEE|FFFF|p=n}}</text>
      <sha1>jibwcrj3vokrnoc8ux8mrdcfqhuj7ky</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Langx</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>176228</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746869</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-11T17:59:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;MusikBot II</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Changed protection settings for &quot;[[Template:Langx]]&quot;: [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]]: 17315 transclusions ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require template editor access] (indefinite) [Move=Require template editor access] (indefinite))</comment>
      <origin>746869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="91" sha1="b2t9lzvo8lxg4ixz37k2ittlrezox1h" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:lang|langx}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>b2t9lzvo8lxg4ixz37k2ittlrezox1h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746870</id>
      <parentid>746869</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:23:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Robertsky</username>
        <id>51025</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Langx]]</comment>
      <origin>746869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="91" sha1="b2t9lzvo8lxg4ixz37k2ittlrezox1h" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:lang|langx}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>b2t9lzvo8lxg4ixz37k2ittlrezox1h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Lang/langx</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>176229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746871</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-15T19:17:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Trappist the monk</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>746871</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="6762" sha1="gwqe7k12n9zu6mivhd6gqfmpab6pi7r" xml:space="preserve">--[[--------------------------&lt; R T L _ T &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------------

table of language tags that render text right-to-left

Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |rtl=yes

keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase.

TODO: in the long run, do we need this table?  Can't {{langx}} apply dir=&quot;rtl&quot; attribute automatically?

]]

local rtl_t = {
----------&lt; I S O 6 3 9 - 1 &gt;----------
	['ae'] = true,
	['ar'] = true,
	['fa'] = true,
	['he'] = true,
	['ku'] = true,
	['ps'] = true,
	['sd'] = true,
	['ur'] = true,
	['yi'] = true,

----------&lt; I S O 6 3 9 - 2 , - 3 &gt;----------
	['acm'] = true,
	['aeb'] = true,
	['aec'] = true,
	['afb'] = true,
	['aii'] = true,
	['aij'] = true,
	['aiq'] = true,
	['ajp'] = true,
	['amw'] = true,
	['apc'] = true,
	['arb'] = true,
	['arc'] = true,
	['arq'] = true,
	['ary'] = true,
	['arz'] = true,
	['ayn'] = true,
	['bal'] = true,
	['bdz'] = true,
	['bej'] = true,
	['bgn'] = true,
	['bqi'] = true,
	['brh'] = true,
	['bsk'] = true,
	['ckb'] = true,
	['cld'] = true,
	['deh'] = true,
	['gay'] = true,
	['gbz'] = true,
	['glk'] = true,
	['hac'] = true,
	['haz'] = true,
	['hbo'] = true,
	['hnd'] = true,
	['hno'] = true,
	['jog'] = true,
	['jrb'] = true,
	['jye'] = true,
	['khw'] = true,
	['kls'] = true,
	['kvx'] = true,
	['lrc'] = true,
	['lss'] = true,
	['luz'] = true,
	['mey'] = true,
	['mid'] = true,
	['mki'] = true,
	['mnj'] = true,
	['mwr'] = true,
	['myz'] = true,
	['mzb'] = true,
	['mzn'] = true,
	['nlm'] = true,
	['nqo'] = true,
	['oru'] = true,
	['ota'] = true,
	['otk'] = true,
	['pal'] = true,
	['pes'] = true,
	['prs'] = true,
	['prx'] = true,
	['rif'] = true,
	['rys'] = true,
	['sbn'] = true,
	['scl'] = true,
	['sgh'] = true,
	['siz'] = true,
	['skr'] = true,
	['sqo'] = true,
	['sqr'] = true,
	['srh'] = true,
	['syc'] = true,
	['syr'] = true,
	['tru'] = true,
	['ttt'] = true,
	['wbl'] = true,
	['wne'] = true,
	['xaa'] = true,
	['xdm'] = true,
	['xhe'] = true,
	['xqa'] = true,
	['ydg'] = true,
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; S C R I P T _ T &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------

table of language tags that use script subtags

Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |script=&lt;script tag&gt;

keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase.

]]

local script_t = {
----------&lt; I S O 6 3 9 - 1 &gt;----------
	['ce'] = 'Cyrl',
	['ff'] = 'Latn',
	['sh'] = 'Latn',

----------&lt; I S O 6 3 9 - 2 , - 3 &gt;----------
	['bft'] = 'Aran',
	['brx'] = 'Deva',
	['bsk'] = 'Aran',
	['chr'] = 'Cher',
	['dgo'] = 'Deva',
	['dng'] = 'Cyrl',
	['dyu'] = 'Latn',
	['ess'] = 'Latn',
	['evn'] = 'Cyrl',
	['sat'] = 'Olck',
	['shn'] = 'Mymr',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; S I Z E _ T &gt;------------------------------------------------------------------

table of language tags that use |size=

Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |size=&lt;size&gt;

keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase.

]]

local size_t = {
	['bft'] = '125%',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; L I N K _ T &gt;------------------------------------------------------------------

table of language tags that use |link=

Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |link=

keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase.

]]

local link_t = {
	['en'] = 'no',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; U N S U P P O R T E D _ T &gt;----------------------------------------------------

these are language tags from {{lang-??}} templates that should not be converted to {{langx}} during the transition
from {{lang-??}} to {{langx|??}}.

this table used to add a category when {{langx}} templates are encountered with these language tags.

initial contents of this table copied from Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_September_27/lang-%3F%3F_templates#excluded_templates

2024-11-15: now that the conversion of the {{lang-??}} templates is complete, and User:Monkbot/task 20 has
completed its work, and now that Module:Lang detects unsupported parameters, those valid IETF tags listed here
can be stricken so that valid use of those tags with {{langx|&lt;tag&gt;|...}} can be allowed.

]]

local unsupported_t = {
	['bcs'] = true,																-- bcs is IANA Kohumono language not Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian grouped under tag sh
	['crh3'] = true,															-- being deleted; convert to something like {{lang-sr-latn-cyrl}}?
	['est-sea'] = true,															-- {{Language with name}} wrapper; convert to private use tag: et-x-seto?
	['fra-frc'] = true,															-- {{Language with name}} wrapper; convert to private use tag: fr-x-frainc?
	['grc-gre'] = true,															-- currently (2024-11-15) being discussed for deletion
	['my-name-mlcts'] = true,													-- wrapper around {{lang-my-Mymr}} to render a {{lang-??}}-like result
	['sq-definite'] = true,														-- definiteness is a linguistic construct
	['su-fonts'] = true,														-- styling
	['uniturk'] = true,															-- a writing system
	['1ca'] = true,																-- uses {{lang}} and trk-Arab-TR; add that tag to ~/data for Old Anatolian Turkish?

--	['ast-leo'] = true,															-- deleted; use ast-es
--	['lmo-cr'] = true,															-- deleted; use lmo-x-cremish
--	['lmo-it'] = true,															-- deleted; use lmo-x-berg
--	['pun'] = true,																-- deleted; was a template dab
--	['sa2'] = true,																-- deleted; use {{lang}}

--	['bcs-latn-cyrl'] = true,													-- {{lang-x2}} template wrappers; these tags not valid
--	['cnr-cyrl-latn'] = true,
--	['cnr-latn-cyrl'] = true,
--	['sh-cyrl-latn'] = true,
--	['sh-latn-cyrl'] = true,
--	['sr-cyrl-latn'] = true,
--	['sr-latn-cyrl'] = true,
--	['uz-cyrl-latn'] = true,
--	['uz-latn-cyrl'] = true,

--	['cnr-cyrl'] = true,														-- valid IETF tags; no reason to prevent their use with {{langx}}
--	['cnr-latn'] = true,
--	['hmd'] = true,
--	['ka'] = true,
--	['ku-arab'] = true,
--	['mnc'] = true,
--	['my-mymr'] = true,
--	['rus'] = true,																-- sort of valid IETF tag; should be promoted to 'ru'
--	['sh-cyrl'] = true,
--	['sh-latn'] = true,
--	['sr'] = true,																-- per Template_talk:Lang#tracking_sr_usage_with_issues; discussion died nothing being done
--	['sr-cyrl'] = true,
--	['sr-latn'] = true,
--	['uz-latn'] = true,
--	['zh'] = true,

--	Moldovan Cyrillic															-- now a redirect to Lang-ro-Cyrl
--	['vi-chunom'] = true,														-- now a redirect to {{Chunom}}
--	['vi-hantu'] = true,														-- now a redirect to {{Chuhan}}
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; E X P O R T S &gt;----------------------------------------------------------------
]]

return {
	link_t = link_t,
	rtl_t = rtl_t,
	script_t = script_t,
	size_t = size_t,
	unsupported_t = unsupported_t,
	}</text>
      <sha1>gwqe7k12n9zu6mivhd6gqfmpab6pi7r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746872</id>
      <parentid>746871</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:23:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Robertsky</username>
        <id>51025</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Lang/langx]]</comment>
      <origin>746871</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="6762" sha1="gwqe7k12n9zu6mivhd6gqfmpab6pi7r" xml:space="preserve">--[[--------------------------&lt; R T L _ T &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------------

table of language tags that render text right-to-left

Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |rtl=yes

keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase.

TODO: in the long run, do we need this table?  Can't {{langx}} apply dir=&quot;rtl&quot; attribute automatically?

]]

local rtl_t = {
----------&lt; I S O 6 3 9 - 1 &gt;----------
	['ae'] = true,
	['ar'] = true,
	['fa'] = true,
	['he'] = true,
	['ku'] = true,
	['ps'] = true,
	['sd'] = true,
	['ur'] = true,
	['yi'] = true,

----------&lt; I S O 6 3 9 - 2 , - 3 &gt;----------
	['acm'] = true,
	['aeb'] = true,
	['aec'] = true,
	['afb'] = true,
	['aii'] = true,
	['aij'] = true,
	['aiq'] = true,
	['ajp'] = true,
	['amw'] = true,
	['apc'] = true,
	['arb'] = true,
	['arc'] = true,
	['arq'] = true,
	['ary'] = true,
	['arz'] = true,
	['ayn'] = true,
	['bal'] = true,
	['bdz'] = true,
	['bej'] = true,
	['bgn'] = true,
	['bqi'] = true,
	['brh'] = true,
	['bsk'] = true,
	['ckb'] = true,
	['cld'] = true,
	['deh'] = true,
	['gay'] = true,
	['gbz'] = true,
	['glk'] = true,
	['hac'] = true,
	['haz'] = true,
	['hbo'] = true,
	['hnd'] = true,
	['hno'] = true,
	['jog'] = true,
	['jrb'] = true,
	['jye'] = true,
	['khw'] = true,
	['kls'] = true,
	['kvx'] = true,
	['lrc'] = true,
	['lss'] = true,
	['luz'] = true,
	['mey'] = true,
	['mid'] = true,
	['mki'] = true,
	['mnj'] = true,
	['mwr'] = true,
	['myz'] = true,
	['mzb'] = true,
	['mzn'] = true,
	['nlm'] = true,
	['nqo'] = true,
	['oru'] = true,
	['ota'] = true,
	['otk'] = true,
	['pal'] = true,
	['pes'] = true,
	['prs'] = true,
	['prx'] = true,
	['rif'] = true,
	['rys'] = true,
	['sbn'] = true,
	['scl'] = true,
	['sgh'] = true,
	['siz'] = true,
	['skr'] = true,
	['sqo'] = true,
	['sqr'] = true,
	['srh'] = true,
	['syc'] = true,
	['syr'] = true,
	['tru'] = true,
	['ttt'] = true,
	['wbl'] = true,
	['wne'] = true,
	['xaa'] = true,
	['xdm'] = true,
	['xhe'] = true,
	['xqa'] = true,
	['ydg'] = true,
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; S C R I P T _ T &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------

table of language tags that use script subtags

Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |script=&lt;script tag&gt;

keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase.

]]

local script_t = {
----------&lt; I S O 6 3 9 - 1 &gt;----------
	['ce'] = 'Cyrl',
	['ff'] = 'Latn',
	['sh'] = 'Latn',

----------&lt; I S O 6 3 9 - 2 , - 3 &gt;----------
	['bft'] = 'Aran',
	['brx'] = 'Deva',
	['bsk'] = 'Aran',
	['chr'] = 'Cher',
	['dgo'] = 'Deva',
	['dng'] = 'Cyrl',
	['dyu'] = 'Latn',
	['ess'] = 'Latn',
	['evn'] = 'Cyrl',
	['sat'] = 'Olck',
	['shn'] = 'Mymr',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; S I Z E _ T &gt;------------------------------------------------------------------

table of language tags that use |size=

Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |size=&lt;size&gt;

keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase.

]]

local size_t = {
	['bft'] = '125%',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; L I N K _ T &gt;------------------------------------------------------------------

table of language tags that use |link=

Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |link=

keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase.

]]

local link_t = {
	['en'] = 'no',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; U N S U P P O R T E D _ T &gt;----------------------------------------------------

these are language tags from {{lang-??}} templates that should not be converted to {{langx}} during the transition
from {{lang-??}} to {{langx|??}}.

this table used to add a category when {{langx}} templates are encountered with these language tags.

initial contents of this table copied from Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_September_27/lang-%3F%3F_templates#excluded_templates

2024-11-15: now that the conversion of the {{lang-??}} templates is complete, and User:Monkbot/task 20 has
completed its work, and now that Module:Lang detects unsupported parameters, those valid IETF tags listed here
can be stricken so that valid use of those tags with {{langx|&lt;tag&gt;|...}} can be allowed.

]]

local unsupported_t = {
	['bcs'] = true,																-- bcs is IANA Kohumono language not Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian grouped under tag sh
	['crh3'] = true,															-- being deleted; convert to something like {{lang-sr-latn-cyrl}}?
	['est-sea'] = true,															-- {{Language with name}} wrapper; convert to private use tag: et-x-seto?
	['fra-frc'] = true,															-- {{Language with name}} wrapper; convert to private use tag: fr-x-frainc?
	['grc-gre'] = true,															-- currently (2024-11-15) being discussed for deletion
	['my-name-mlcts'] = true,													-- wrapper around {{lang-my-Mymr}} to render a {{lang-??}}-like result
	['sq-definite'] = true,														-- definiteness is a linguistic construct
	['su-fonts'] = true,														-- styling
	['uniturk'] = true,															-- a writing system
	['1ca'] = true,																-- uses {{lang}} and trk-Arab-TR; add that tag to ~/data for Old Anatolian Turkish?

--	['ast-leo'] = true,															-- deleted; use ast-es
--	['lmo-cr'] = true,															-- deleted; use lmo-x-cremish
--	['lmo-it'] = true,															-- deleted; use lmo-x-berg
--	['pun'] = true,																-- deleted; was a template dab
--	['sa2'] = true,																-- deleted; use {{lang}}

--	['bcs-latn-cyrl'] = true,													-- {{lang-x2}} template wrappers; these tags not valid
--	['cnr-cyrl-latn'] = true,
--	['cnr-latn-cyrl'] = true,
--	['sh-cyrl-latn'] = true,
--	['sh-latn-cyrl'] = true,
--	['sr-cyrl-latn'] = true,
--	['sr-latn-cyrl'] = true,
--	['uz-cyrl-latn'] = true,
--	['uz-latn-cyrl'] = true,

--	['cnr-cyrl'] = true,														-- valid IETF tags; no reason to prevent their use with {{langx}}
--	['cnr-latn'] = true,
--	['hmd'] = true,
--	['ka'] = true,
--	['ku-arab'] = true,
--	['mnc'] = true,
--	['my-mymr'] = true,
--	['rus'] = true,																-- sort of valid IETF tag; should be promoted to 'ru'
--	['sh-cyrl'] = true,
--	['sh-latn'] = true,
--	['sr'] = true,																-- per Template_talk:Lang#tracking_sr_usage_with_issues; discussion died nothing being done
--	['sr-cyrl'] = true,
--	['sr-latn'] = true,
--	['uz-latn'] = true,
--	['zh'] = true,

--	Moldovan Cyrillic															-- now a redirect to Lang-ro-Cyrl
--	['vi-chunom'] = true,														-- now a redirect to {{Chunom}}
--	['vi-hantu'] = true,														-- now a redirect to {{Chuhan}}
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; E X P O R T S &gt;----------------------------------------------------------------
]]

return {
	link_t = link_t,
	rtl_t = rtl_t,
	script_t = script_t,
	size_t = size_t,
	unsupported_t = unsupported_t,
	}</text>
      <sha1>gwqe7k12n9zu6mivhd6gqfmpab6pi7r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Sister-inline/styles.css</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>176230</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746873</id>
      <timestamp>2025-10-12T02:36:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Jonesey95</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/1316352168|1316352168]] by [[Special:Contributions/Hike395|Hike395]] ([[User talk:Hike395|talk]]). rv for further testing</comment>
      <origin>746873</origin>
      <model>sanitized-css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="489" sha1="46oelqz6c7mopoxgs0u7m57xmjcr9ae" xml:space="preserve">/* {{pp-template}} */
/* Dark mode fixes for Wiktionary logo - as used on the site */
@media screen {
	html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .sister-inline-image img[src*=&quot;Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg&quot;] {
		filter: invert(1) brightness(55%) contrast(250%) hue-rotate(180deg);
	}
}
@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
	html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .sister-inline-image img[src*=&quot;Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg&quot;] {
		filter: invert(1) brightness(55%) contrast(250%) hue-rotate(180deg);
	}
}</text>
      <sha1>46oelqz6c7mopoxgs0u7m57xmjcr9ae</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>746874</id>
      <parentid>746873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:23:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Robertsky</username>
        <id>51025</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Sister-inline/styles.css]]</comment>
      <origin>746873</origin>
      <model>sanitized-css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="489" sha1="46oelqz6c7mopoxgs0u7m57xmjcr9ae" xml:space="preserve">/* {{pp-template}} */
/* Dark mode fixes for Wiktionary logo - as used on the site */
@media screen {
	html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .sister-inline-image img[src*=&quot;Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg&quot;] {
		filter: invert(1) brightness(55%) contrast(250%) hue-rotate(180deg);
	}
}
@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
	html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .sister-inline-image img[src*=&quot;Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg&quot;] {
		filter: invert(1) brightness(55%) contrast(250%) hue-rotate(180deg);
	}
}</text>
      <sha1>46oelqz6c7mopoxgs0u7m57xmjcr9ae</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:ARI/test.js</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>176231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746880</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T03:49:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ARI</username>
        <id>65433</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;$.when(mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.api']), $.ready).then(function () {     if (mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'view') return;      var link = null;     var portlets = ['p-views', 'p-cactions', 'p-tb', 'p-personal'];          for (var p = 0; p &lt; portlets.length; p++) {         link = mw.util.addPortletLink(portlets[p], '#', 'পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন খুঁজুন', 't-dup-check');         if (link) break;     }      if (!link) {...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>746880</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="13653" sha1="949stwc1n7sjn91trokdzfn5v138dy7" xml:space="preserve">$.when(mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.api']), $.ready).then(function () {
    if (mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'view') return;

    var link = null;
    var portlets = ['p-views', 'p-cactions', 'p-tb', 'p-personal'];
    
    for (var p = 0; p &lt; portlets.length; p++) {
        link = mw.util.addPortletLink(portlets[p], '#', 'পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন খুঁজুন', 't-dup-check');
        if (link) break;
    }

    if (!link) {
        var fallbackBtn = $('&lt;a&gt;').attr('href', '#').text('[পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন খুঁজুন]').css({
            'font-size': '14px', 'margin-left': '15px', 'vertical-align': 'middle', 'color': '#3366cc', 'cursor': 'pointer'
        });
        $('#firstHeading').append(fallbackBtn);
        link = fallbackBtn;
    }

    $(link).on('click', function (e) {
        e.preventDefault();
        showModal();
        processArticle();
    });

    function showModal() {
        if ($('#dup-modal-overlay').length) return;

        var overlay = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-overlay').css({
            position: 'fixed', inset: 0, background: 'rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.7)',
            display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', flexDirection: 'column', zIndex: 9999
        });

        var modal = $('&lt;div&gt;').css({
            background: '#ffffff', borderRadius: '8px', width: '600px', maxWidth: '95%',
            maxHeight: '90vh', display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column',
            boxShadow: '0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04)',
            overflow: 'hidden', fontFamily: 'sans-serif'
        });

        var header = $('&lt;div&gt;').css({
            padding: '20px', borderBottom: '1px solid #e2e8f0', display: 'flex',
            justifyContent: 'space-between', alignItems: 'center', background: '#f8fafc'
        });

        var title = $('&lt;h2&gt;').text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন পরীক্ষক').css({ margin: 0, fontSize: '18px', color: '#1e293b' });
        var closeBtn = $('&lt;button&gt;').text('✖').css({
            background: 'none', border: 'none', fontSize: '18px', cursor: 'pointer', color: '#64748b'
        }).on('click', function () { overlay.remove(); });

        header.append(title, closeBtn);

        var loadingHtml = '&lt;div style=&quot;background: #f1f5f9; padding: 24px; border-radius: 8px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: #64748b;&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;svg style=&quot;animation: spin 1s linear infinite; height: 32px; width: 32px; color: #3b82f6; margin-bottom: 16px;&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;' +
            '&lt;circle style=&quot;opacity: 0.25;&quot; cx=&quot;12&quot; cy=&quot;12&quot; r=&quot;10&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;/circle&gt;' +
            '&lt;path style=&quot;opacity: 0.75;&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot; d=&quot;M4 12a8 8 0 018-8V0C5.373 0 0 5.373 0 12h4zm2 5.291A7.962 7.962 0 014 12H0c0 3.042 1.135 5.824 3 7.938l3-2.647z&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;' +
            '&lt;/svg&gt;' +
            '&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;নিবন্ধের বিষয়বস্তু আনা হচ্ছে...&lt;/p&gt;' +
            '&lt;/div&gt;';

        var body = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-body').css({
            padding: '20px', overflowY: 'auto', background: '#ffffff', flexGrow: 1
        }).html(loadingHtml);

        var footer = $('&lt;div&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-modal-actions').css({
            padding: '16px 20px', borderTop: '1px solid #e2e8f0', background: '#f8fafc',
            display: 'none', justifyContent: 'flex-end'
        });

        var actionBtn = $('&lt;button&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-delete-btn').text('পুনরাবৃত্ত লাইন মুছুন').css({
            background: '#ef4444', color: '#ffffff', border: 'none', padding: '8px 16px',
            borderRadius: '6px', cursor: 'pointer', fontSize: '14px', fontWeight: 'bold'
        });

        footer.append(actionBtn);
        modal.append(header, body, footer);

        var creditHtml = '&lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/ব্যবহারকারী:Yahya&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;ব্যবহারকারী:Yahya&quot;&gt;ইয়াহিয়ার (Yahya)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://imyahya.com/dupchecker.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dupchecker&lt;/a&gt; টুল দ্বারা অনুপ্রাণিত, এবং &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/ব্যবহারকারী:ARI&quot; style=&quot;color: #93c5fd; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;ব্যবহারকারী:ARI&quot;&gt;ARI&lt;/a&gt; কর্তৃক অভিযোজিত।';
        
        var credit = $('&lt;div&gt;').html(creditHtml).css({
            marginTop: '16px', color: '#cbd5e1', fontSize: '13px', textAlign: 'center'
        });

        overlay.append(modal, credit);
        $('body').append(overlay);
        
        if (!$('style#dup-checker-styles').length) {
            $('&lt;style&gt;').attr('id', 'dup-checker-styles').text('@keyframes spin { to { transform: rotate(360deg); } }').appendTo('head');
        }
    }

    function processArticle() {
        var title = mw.config.get('wgPageName');
        var api = new mw.Api();

        api.get({
            action: 'query',
            prop: 'extracts',
            explaintext: 1,
            titles: title,
            formatversion: 2
        }).then(function (data) {
            var page = data.query.pages[0];
            if (page.missing) {
                showError('পৃষ্ঠাটি পাওয়া যায়নি।');
                return;
            }

            var text = page.extract || &quot;&quot;;
            if (!text) {
                showError('এই পৃষ্ঠার জন্য কোনো প্লেইন টেক্সট পাওয়া যায়নি।');
                return;
            }

            var lines = text.split('\n');
            var cleanLines = [];
            var rxSpace = new RegExp(&quot;^\\s+|\\s+$&quot;, &quot;g&quot;);
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  <page>
    <title>User:ARI/sandbox</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>176232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746882</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T03:51:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ARI</username>
        <id>65433</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{তথ্যছক ঘটনা | image = The_Cow_Boy_1888.jpg | image_upright =  | image_alt =  | caption = [[রাখাল বালক]], মার্কিন সীমান্তের এক অবিচ্ছেদ্য প্রতীক। | date = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|১৭শ শতাব্দী থেকে ২০শ শতাব্দীর শুরুর সময়কালে রাখাল বালক}}|{{idp| * জেমস...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1093423" sha1="g3ivwc66xtj8pngzco6wulwjkpu2dod" xml:space="preserve">{{তথ্যছক ঘটনা
| image = The_Cow_Boy_1888.jpg
| image_upright = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = [[রাখাল বালক]], মার্কিন সীমান্তের এক অবিচ্ছেদ্য প্রতীক।
| date = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|১৭শ শতাব্দী থেকে ২০শ শতাব্দীর শুরুর সময়কালে রাখাল বালক}}|{{idp|
* [[জেমসটাউন, ভার্জিনিয়া#১৬০৭–১৬০৯: আগমন ও সূচনা|১৬০৭]]–[[অ্যারিজোনা টেরিটরি#রাজ্যত্ব|অ্যারিজোনা টেরিটরি#রাজ্যত্ব]] (ভূখণ্ডগত সম্প্রসারণ)
* ১৮৬৫–১৯১৭ ([[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাস (১৮৬৫–১৯১৭)|জনপ্রিয় সংস্কৃতি]])
* ১৮৬৫–১৯২০ ([[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র শুমারি ব্যুরো|শুমারি ব্যুরো]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Population, Plate No. 3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1924-06-07 |title=Population, Plate No. 3 |url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/statistical-atlas-united-states-5191/population-527616?start_page=9 |journal=United States Bureau of the Census |series=Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1920 |language=en |pages=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ১৮৬০-এর দশক–১৯১০-এর দশক (ইতিহাসবিদদের মতে)&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian W. Dippie 1989&quot;&gt;Brian W. Dippie, &quot;American Wests: historiographical perspectives.&quot; ''American Studies International'' 27.2 (1989): 3–25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LOC TAW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The American West, 1865–1900 {{!}} Rise of Industrial America, 1876–1900 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/rise-of-industrial-america-1876-1900/american-west-1865-1900/ |access-date=January 7, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Milner |first1=Clyde A. |url=http://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00clyd |title=The Oxford history of the American West |last2=O'Connor |first2=Carol A. |last3=Sandweiss |first3=Martha A. |date=1994 |publisher= Oxford University Press  |location=New York |isbn=978-0195059687 |pages=326, 412–413, 424, 472}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ১৮৬৫–১৮৯০ ([[টার্নারের থিসিস|টার্নারের থিসিস]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nash |first1=Gerald D. |title=The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier |journal=The Pacific Northwest Quarterly |date=1980 |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=98–100 |jstor=40490574 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40490574}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Robert E. |last2=Popper |first2=Deborah E. |last3=Popper |first3=Frank J. |title=&quot;Progress of the Nation&quot;: The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier |journal=Western Historical Quarterly |date=1995 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=289–307 |doi=10.2307/970654 |jstor=970654 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}}}
| Location = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র]]}}|ঐতিহাসিকভাবে অন্তর্ভুক্তির ক্রমানুসারে:
* [[তেরোটি উপনিবেশ]]
* [[নব্য সুইডেন]]
* [[নব্য হল্যান্ড]]
* [[নব্য ফ্রান্স]]
* [[নব্য স্পেন]]
* [[মিসৌরি টেরিটরি]]
* [[ভার্মন্ট প্রজাতন্ত্র]]
* [[লুইজিয়ানা (নব্য ফ্রান্স)|লুইজিয়ানা টেরিটরি]]
* [[রুপার্টস ল্যান্ড]] 
* [[ডাকোটা টেরিটরি]]
* [[নেব্রাস্কা টেরিটরি]]
* [[স্প্যানিশ ফ্লোরিডা]]
* [[টেক্সাস প্রজাতন্ত্র]]
* [[ওরেগন কান্ট্রি]]
* [[ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া প্রজাতন্ত্র]]
* [[কলোরাডো টেরিটরি]]
* [[মন্টানা টেরিটরি]]
* [[ওয়াইওমিং টেরিটরি]]
* [[উটাহ টেরিটরি]]
* [[ওকলাহোমা টেরিটরি]]
* [[ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরি]]
* [[নব্য মেক্সিকো টেরিটরি]]
* [[অ্যারিজোনা টেরিটরি]]
* [[রুশ আমেরিকা|আলাস্কা]]}}
}}{{মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাস}}

'''মার্কিন সীমান্ত''' এলাকাটি '''ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট''' এবং জনমানসে '''ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট''' নামেও পরিচিত। এটি [[উত্তর আমেরিকা|উত্তর আমেরিকার]] মূল ভূখণ্ডে মার্কিন প্রসারের সেই অগ্রবর্তী প্রবাহের সাথে যুক্ত [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ভূগোল|ভূগোল]], [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাস|ইতিহাস]], লোকগাথা এবং সংস্কৃতির এক সামগ্রিক রূপ হলো এই সীমান্ত। সপ্তদশ শতাব্দীর শুরুর দিকে [[আমেরিকা মহাদেশে ইউরোপীয়দের উপনিবেশ স্থাপন|ইউরোপীয় ঔপনিবেশিক বসতি স্থাপনের]] মাধ্যমে এই প্রক্রিয়ার সূচনা হয়েছিল। পরবর্তীতে ১৯১২ সালে পশ্চিমের শেষ কয়েকটি অবিচ্ছিন্ন ভূখণ্ডকে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা প্রদানের মাধ্যমে এই দীর্ঘ প্রসারের সমাপ্তি ঘটে। লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের পরবর্তী সময়ে তৎকালীন রাষ্ট্রপতি [[টমাস জেফারসন|থমাস জেফারসন]]  বিপুল পরিমাণ পরিযান এবং নতুন বসতি স্থাপনের এই যুগটিকে বিশেষভাবে উৎসাহিত করেছিলেন। তাঁর এই উৎসাহের ফলে &quot;ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি&quot; বা বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্যের মতো এক [[সম্প্রসারণবাদ|সম্প্রসারণবাদী]] মনোভাব এবং ইতিহাসবিদদের বহুল আলোচিত &quot;ফ্রন্টিয়ার থিসিস&quot; বা সীমান্ত তত্ত্বের জন্ম হয়েছিল। মার্কিন সীমান্তের এই সমস্ত কিংবদন্তি, ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা এবং লোকগাথাগুলো একত্রে সীমান্ত রূপকথা বা &quot;ফ্রন্টিয়ার মিথ&quot; নামে পরিচিত। এই কাহিনীগুলো মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের সংস্কৃতির গভীরে এমন নিবিড়ভাবে প্রোথিত হয়েছে যে ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট এবং বিশেষভাবে পশ্চিমা ঘরানার বিনোদন মাধ্যমগুলো বর্তমানে মার্কিন জাতীয় পরিচয়ের অন্যতম প্রধান এবং সংজ্ঞায়িত বৈশিষ্ট্যে পরিণত হয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== কালানুক্রম ==
ইতিহাসবিদদের মধ্যে এই সীমান্ত যুগের শুরু এবং শেষ কবে হয়েছিল এবং এর প্রধান উপ-বিভাগগুলো কী কী ছিল, তা নিয়ে দীর্ঘকাল ধরে বিতর্ক চলেছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian W. Dippie 19892&quot;&gt;Brian W. Dippie, &quot;American Wests: historiographical perspectives.&quot; ''American Studies International'' 27.2 (1989): 3–25.&lt;/ref&gt; উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ১৮৬৫ সালে [[মার্কিন গৃহযুদ্ধ]] শেষ হওয়ার পর থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারি পর্যন্ত সময়কালকে ইতিহাসবিদরা অনেক সময় ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট বা প্রাচীন পশ্চিমা উপ-যুগ হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেন। এই সময়ে আদমশুমারির সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট উইলিয়াম রাশ মেরিয়াম ঘোষণা করেছিলেন যে, [[মার্কিন জনশুমারি দপ্তর|মার্কিন আদমশুমারি ব্যুরো]] ১৮৯০ সালের পর থেকে তাদের আদমশুমারির তালিকায় পশ্চিমী সীমান্তের জনবসতি রেকর্ড করা বন্ধ করে দেবে।&lt;ref name=&quot;porter&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=&quot;Progress of the Nation&quot;, in &quot;Report on Population of the [[United States]] at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part 1&quot;|শেষাংশ=Porter|প্রথমাংশ=Robert|শেষাংশ২=Gannett|প্রথমাংশ২=Henry|বছর=1895|প্রকাশক=Bureau of the Census|পাতাসমূহ=xviii–xxxiv}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Turner, Frederick Jackson 1920 293&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=The Frontier in American History|শেষাংশ=Turner, Frederick Jackson|অধ্যায়ের-ইউআরএল=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22994/22994-h/22994-h.htm|বছর=1920|পাতা=293|অধ্যায়=The Significance of the Frontier in American History}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে তার পরবর্তী উত্তরসূরিরা ১৯২০ সালের আদমশুমারি পর্যন্ত এই ব্যবস্থা জারি রেখেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Population, Plate No. 3&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=|প্রথমাংশ=|তারিখ=1924-06-07|শিরোনাম=Population, Plate No. 3|ইউআরএল=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/statistical-atlas-united-states-5191/population-527616?start_page=9|সাময়িকী=United States Bureau of the Census|ধারাবাহিক=Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1920|ভাষা=en|পাতাসমূহ=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[লাইব্রেরি অফ কংগ্রেস|কংগ্রেসের লাইব্রেরি]] এবং [[অক্সফোর্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] সহ আরও অনেকে এই সময়ের ব্যাপ্তি সম্পর্কে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন মত পোষণ করেন যা ১৯০০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত। সাধারণত [[প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ|প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধে]] আমেরিকার যোগদানের আগের প্রথম দুই দশক পর্যন্ত সময়কে এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত ধরা হয়।{{R|LOC TAW}}&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৫০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯১৯ সাল পর্যন্ত সময়কালটি &quot;দ্য ওয়েস্টার্ন সিভিল ওয়ার অফ ইনকর্পোরেশন&quot; বা অন্তর্ভুক্তিকরণ সংক্রান্ত পশ্চিমা গৃহযুদ্ধ নামে পরিচিত ছিল। এই যুগে এমন কিছু ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা ঘটেছিল যা মূলত প্রাচীন পশ্চিম বা &quot;ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টের&quot; মূল বৈশিষ্ট্যের সাথে মিলে যায়। এর মধ্যে উল্লেখযোগ্য হলো সীমান্ত এলাকায় নতুন বসতি স্থাপনের ফলে উদ্ভূত সহিংস সংঘাত, আদিবাসীদের উচ্ছেদ ও তাদের মূলধারার সাথে একীভূত করার চেষ্টা এবং বড় কর্পোরেশন ও সরকারের অধীনে সম্পত্তির কেন্দ্রীভূতকরণ। এ ছাড়াও সেই সময়ে সাধারণ মানুষের আইন হাতে তুলে নেওয়া এবং অপরাধীদের ওপর আইন প্রয়োগের আপ্রাণ চেষ্টার মতো ঘটনাগুলোও এই সময়ের অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

৮৯০ সালে আদমশুমারির সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট উইলিয়াম রাশ মেরিয়াম একটি মন্তব্য করেছিলেন। তিনি বলেছিলেন: &quot;১৮৮০ সাল পর্যন্ত এই দেশে একটি নির্দিষ্ট ভূখণ্ডগত সীমান্ত ছিল। কিন্তু বর্তমানে জনশূন্য এলাকাগুলো বিচ্ছিন্ন জনবসতির কারণে এত ছোট ছোট অংশে বিভক্ত হয়ে পড়েছে যে, সেখানে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সীমান্ত রেখা আছে বলে মনে হয় না। তাই এর পরিধি এবং পশ্চিম দিকে এর অগ্রসর হওয়ার মতো বিষয়গুলো আদমশুমারির প্রতিবেদনে আর অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা যাবে না।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তা সত্ত্বেও [[commons:File:Distribution_of_US_Rural_Population_during_1900.pdf|১৯০০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারিতে]] পশ্চিমমুখী সীমান্ত রেখাটি প্রদর্শন করা হয়েছিল এবং তাঁর উত্তরসূরিরা এই ধারা বজায় রেখেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=|প্রথমাংশ=|তারিখ=1914-07-01|শিরোনাম=Illustrations: Population|ইউআরএল=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/statistical-atlas-united-states-74/illustrations-population-492434|সাময়িকী=United States Bureau of the Census|ধারাবাহিক=Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1910|ভাষা=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে ১৯১০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির সময় পর্যন্ত এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটি এতটাই সংকুচিত হয়ে পড়েছিল যে, সেখানে পশ্চিমের দিকে এগোতে থাকা কোনো একক জনবসতি রেখা অবশিষ্ট ছিল না।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথম দুই দশকে বিপুল সংখ্যক মানুষ কৃষি কাজের জন্য জমি দখল করে বসতি গড়তে শুরু করেন। এই সময়ের মধ্যে গৃহহীনদের দেওয়া জমির পরিমাণ উনিশ শতকের মোট বরাদ্দের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি ছিল। মনে করা হয় যে, এই কারণেই উন্মুক্ত জমির পরিমাণ উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে হ্রাস পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআরএল=http://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00clyd|শিরোনাম=The Oxford history of the American West|শেষাংশ=Milner|প্রথমাংশ=Clyde A.|শেষাংশ২=O'Connor|প্রথমাংশ২=Carol A.|তারিখ=1994|প্রকাশক=Oxford University Press|পাতাসমূহ=472|আইএসবিএন=978-0195059687}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''সীমান্ত'' জনবসতি এলাকার প্রান্তসীমায় অবস্থিত একটি সংযোগকারী অঞ্চল। তাত্ত্বিক ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটিই ছিল মার্কিন সভ্যতা গঠনের মূল কেন্দ্রস্থল। তিনি জোরালোভাবে বলেছিলেন, &quot;সীমান্ত এলাকাটি মার্কিন জনগণের জন্য একটি মিশ্র জাতীয়তা গঠনের প্রক্রিয়াকে ত্বরান্বিত করেছে।&quot;। তিনি একে একটি উন্নয়নমূলক প্রক্রিয়া হিসেবে তাত্ত্বিকভাবে ব্যাখ্যা করেছিলেন। তাঁর মতে, &quot;আমেরিকান জীবনের এই চিরস্থায়ী পুনর্জন্ম, এর প্রবহমানতা এবং পশ্চিম দিকে এই যে ক্রমাগত বিস্তার, এগুলোই আসলে মার্কিন ...চরিত্র গঠনে মূল শক্তি হিসেবে কাজ করে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯৩ সাল থেকে টার্নারের এই ধারণাগুলো পরবর্তী প্রজন্মের অনেক ইতিহাসবিদ ও সমালোচককে আমেরিকার বিভিন্ন সীমান্ত অঞ্চল নিয়ে গবেষণা করতে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছে। তবে সাধারণ মানুষের কাছে সীমান্ত বলতে মূলত [[মিসিসিপি নদী|মিসিসিপি নদীর]] পশ্চিমে অবস্থিত আদিবাসীদের জমি দখল এবং সেখানে বসতি স্থাপনের কাহিনীকেই বোঝায়। বর্তমানের  [[মধ্যপশ্চিম যুক্তরাষ্ট্র|মধ্য-পশ্চিম]], [[টেক্সাস]], [[গ্রেট প্লেইনস]], [[রকি পর্বতমালা]], দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চল এবং পশ্চিম উপকূলীয় এলাকাগুলো এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর দ্বিতীয়ার্ধ থেকে বিংশ শতাব্দীর শুরু পর্যন্ত, অর্থাৎ ১৮৫০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯১০-এর দশক পর্যন্ত আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এবং বিশেষ করে দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলের প্রতি মানুষের ব্যাপক আগ্রহ তৈরি হয়েছিল। তৎকালীন বিভিন্ন প্রচারমাধ্যমে সেই সময়ের রোমান্টিকতা, অরাজকতা এবং বিশৃঙ্খল সহিংসতার চিত্রগুলো অনেক বেশি নাটকীয়ভাবে এবং অতিরঞ্জিত করে উপস্থাপন করা হতো। এই বিষয়গুলোই পরবর্তীকালে চলচ্চিত্র জগতের ওয়েস্টার্ন বা পশ্চিমা ঘরানাকে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছিল। এর পাশাপাশি টেলিভিশন শো, উপন্যাস, কমিক বই, ভিডিও গেম এবং এমনকি শিশুদের খেলনা ও পোশাকেও এই ঘরানার প্রভাব লক্ষ্য করা যায়।

হাইন এবং ফ্যারাঘারের দেওয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুযায়ী, &quot;সীমান্তের ইতিহাস আসলে বিভিন্ন গোষ্ঠী বা সম্প্রদায় তৈরি এবং তাদের রক্ষার কাহিনী। এটি ভূমির ব্যবহার, নতুন নতুন ফসলের চাষাবাদ, হোটেল নির্মাণ এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্য গঠনের গল্প।&quot; তাঁরা আরও ব্যাখ্যা করে বলেছেন যে, &quot;এটি যেমন জয়ের কাহিনী, তেমনই এটি টিকে থাকা, ধৈর্য এবং বিভিন্ন জাতি ও সংস্কৃতির মিলনের গল্প যা আমেরিকাকে জন্ম দিয়েছে এবং আজও সচল রেখেছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; টার্নার নিজেও বারবার উল্লেখ করেছেন যে, নতুন খামার তৈরির জন্য &quot;মুক্ত জমি&quot;র সহজলভ্যতা কীভাবে আমেরিকানদের এই অভিযানে আকৃষ্ট করেছিল। তিনি লিখেছিলেন, &quot;একটি নির্দিষ্ট মুক্ত জমির অস্তিত্ব, এর ক্রমাগত অপসরণ এবং পশ্চিমের দিকে মার্কিন জনবসতির অগ্রগমনই আসলে আমেরিকার সামগ্রিক উন্নয়নের মূল রহস্য।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বিদেশি রাষ্ট্র এবং স্থানীয় আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের সাথে স্বাক্ষরিত বিভিন্ন চুক্তি, রাজনৈতিক সমঝোতা, সামরিক অভিযান এবং আইন-শৃঙ্খলা প্রতিষ্ঠার মাধ্যমে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এক বিশাল সাম্রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়। খামার, গবাদি পশুর চারণভূমি ও নতুন শহর নির্মাণ এবং খনি খনন ও যাতায়াতের পথ তৈরির পাশাপাশি দলে দলে অভিবাসীদের আগমনের ফলে আমেরিকার সীমানা এক উপকূল থেকে অন্য উপকূলে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে। এর মাধ্যমেই শেষ পর্যন্ত ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি বা বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্যের আদর্শটি সফল হয়েছিল। ১৮৯৩ সালে তাঁর বিখ্যাত &quot;ফ্রন্টিয়ার থিসিস&quot; বা সীমান্ত তত্ত্বে টার্নার উল্লেখ করেছিলেন যে, এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটি ছিল এমন এক পরিবর্তনের প্রক্রিয়া যা ইউরোপীয়দের এক নতুন জাতি অর্থাৎ আমেরিকানদের রূপান্তরিত করেছিল। এই নতুন জাতির জীবনবোধ ছিল সাম্য, গণতন্ত্র এবং আশাবাদের ওপর ভিত্তি করে তৈরি। এর পাশাপাশি [[ব্যক্তিস্বাতন্ত্র্যবাদ|ব্যক্তিগতস্বাতন্ত্র্য]], আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা এবং ক্ষেত্রবিশেষে সহিংসতার মতো বৈশিষ্ট্যগুলোও তাদের চরিত্রের অংশ হয়ে উঠেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Distribution_of_US_Rural_Population_during_1900.pdf|থাম্ব|১৯০০ সালে মার্কিন আদমশুমারির মানচিত্র যেখানে বসতি স্থাপনের পরিমাণ এবং সীমান্তরেখা দেখানো হয়েছে]]
[[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র|মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের]] নির্ধারিত সীমান্ত রেখার বাইরে যে সমস্ত অনুন্নত বা অবিকশিত ভূখণ্ড ছিল, মূলত সেগুলোকেই ফ্রন্টিয়ার বা সীমান্ত এলাকা হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[মার্কিন জনশুমারি দপ্তর|মার্কিন আদমশুমারি ব্যুরো]] সীমান্ত অঞ্চল হিসেবে সাধারণত এমন জনশূন্য ভূখণ্ডকে চিহ্নিত করত, যেখানে জনঘনত্ব প্রতি বর্গমাইলে ২ জনেরও কম (প্রতি বর্গকিলোমিটারে ০.৭৭ জন)। এই জমিগুলোতে ইউরোপীয়-আমেরিকানদের বসতি স্থাপনের শেষ প্রান্তিক সীমানাটিই সীমান্ত রেখা হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৬০০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯০০-এর দশক পর্যন্ত এই রেখাটি [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পূর্ব উপকূল|পূর্ব উপকূলের]] প্রথম স্থায়ী ইউরোপীয় বসতি থেকে শুরু করে ক্রমাগত পশ্চিম দিকে অগ্রসর হয়েছে। তবে ক্ষেত্রবিশেষে এই রেখাটি উত্তরে মেইন এবং নিউ হ্যাম্পশায়ারের দিকে, দক্ষিণে ফ্লোরিডার দিকে এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া থেকে পূর্ব দিকে নেভাদার দিকেও সরে গিয়েছিল।

কখনও কখনও মূল সীমান্ত রেখা অতিক্রম করে অনেক দূরেও জনবসতি গড়ে উঠতে দেখা যেত। বিশেষ করে পশ্চিম উপকূলীয় অঞ্চল এবং দেশের গভীর অভ্যন্তরীণ অংশে যথাক্রমে [[লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেস]] এবং [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটির]] মতো শহরগুলোতে এমন বিচ্ছিন্ন জনবসতি লক্ষ করা যেত। সেই সীমানার কাছাকাছি সদ্য বসতি গড়ে তোলা এলাকাগুলোকেই মূলত &quot;ওয়েস্ট&quot; বা পশ্চিম বলা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই কারণে [[মধ্যপশ্চিম যুক্তরাষ্ট্র|মধ্য-পশ্চিম]] এবং মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের বেশ কিছু এলাকাকে বর্তমানে 'পশ্চিমাঞ্চল' হিসেবে গণ্য করা না হলেও, আধুনিক পশ্চিমা রাজ্যগুলোর মতো এই অঞ্চলগুলোতেও এক সময়ের সীমান্ত ঐতিহ্যের ছাপ রয়ে গিয়েছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamar1977&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআরএল=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJt5AAAAMAAJ|শিরোনাম=The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West|শেষাংশ=Lamar|প্রথমাংশ=Howard R.|বছর=1977|প্রকাশক=Crowell|আইএসবিএন=0690000081}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; রিচার্ড ডব্লিউ স্ল্যাটা সীমান্তের বিষয়ে তাঁর নিজস্ব অভিমত প্রকাশ করতে গিয়ে লিখেছেন যে, &quot;ইতিহাসবিদরা অনেক সময় মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে ''৯৮তম [[দ্রাঘিমারেখা|মেরিডিয়ান]]'' বা ৯৮° পশ্চিম [[দ্রাঘিমাংশ|দ্রাঘিমাংশের]] পশ্চিমে অবস্থিত ভূখণ্ড হিসেবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করেন,&quot; এবং এই অঞ্চলটির অন্যান্য সংজ্ঞায় &quot;মিসিসিপি বা মিসৌরি নদীর পশ্চিমে অবস্থিত সমস্ত জমিকেও অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা হয়েছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অঞ্চলগুলির মানচিত্র ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;210&quot; heights=&quot;145&quot;&gt;
চিত্র:United_States_1789-03-1789-08.png|alt=1789: The new nation| ১৭৮৯: নতুন জাতি
চিত্র:United_States_1819-12-1820.png|alt=1819–1820: Post-War of 1812| ১৮১৯–১৮২০: ১৮১২ সালের যুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী
চিত্র:United_States_1845-12-1846-06.png|alt=1845–1846: Before Mexican–American War| ১৮৪৫–১৮৪৬: মেক্সিকান-আমেরিকান যুদ্ধের আগে
চিত্র:United_States_1859-1860.png|alt=1859–1860: Pre-Civil War Expansion| ১৮৫৯–১৮৬০: গৃহযুদ্ধ-পূর্ব সম্প্রসারণ
চিত্র:United_States_1884-1889-11-02.png|alt=1884–1889: Post–Civil War expansion| ১৮৮৪-১৮৮৯: গৃহযুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী সম্প্রসারণ
চিত্র:United_States_1912-08-1959-01.png|alt=1912: Contiguous US, all states| ১৯১২: সংলগ্ন মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, সমস্ত রাজ্য
&lt;/gallery&gt;চাবি:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{Legend inline|ffcccc|States}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== ইতিহাস ==

=== ঔপনিবেশিক সীমান্ত ===
[[চিত্র:George_Caleb_Bingham_-_Daniel_Boone_escorting_settlers_through_the_Cumberland_Gap.jpg|থাম্ব|ড্যানিয়েল বুন কাম্বারল্যান্ড গ্যাপের মধ্য দিয়ে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের এসকর্ট করছেন]]
১৭৭৬ সালের আগের ঔপনিবেশিক যুগে, বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং রাজনীতিবিদের কাছে পশ্চিমাঞ্চল ছিল অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বিষয়। ১৬০৭ সালে ইংরেজরা যখন ভার্জিনিয়ার জেমসটাউন অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপন করে, মূলত তখনই মার্কিন সীমান্তের জয়যাত্রা শুরু হয়। আটলান্টিক উপকূলে ইউরোপীয়দের বসতি স্থাপনের শুরুর দিনগুলোতে, অর্থাৎ প্রায় ১৬৮০ সাল পর্যন্ত, আটলান্টিক উপকূলের বিদ্যমান জনবসতির বাইরের মহাদেশের অভ্যন্তরীণ যেকোনো অংশই মূলত সীমান্ত হিসেবে গণ্য হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ইংরেজি, ফরাসি, স্প্যানিশ এবং ডাচদের সীমানা বিস্তার ও বসতি স্থাপনের ধরণগুলো ছিল একে অপরের থেকে বেশ আলাদা। মাত্র কয়েক হাজার ফরাসি নাগরিক কানাডায় পাড়ি দিয়েছিলেন; এই অধিবাসীরা  [[সেন্ট লরেন্স নদী]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;বরাবর বিভিন্ন গ্রামে বসতি স্থাপন করেন এবং সেখানে দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে স্থিতিশীল সম্প্রদায় গড়ে তোলেন। যদিও ফরাসি পশম ব্যবসায়ীরা গ্রেট লেকস এবং মধ্য-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলে ব্যাপকভাবে ঘুরে বেড়াতেন, কিন্তু তাঁরা খুব কমই স্থায়ীভাবে সেখানে বসবাস শুরু করতেন। ফরাসিদের বসতি ইলিনয়ের কাসকাসকিয়ার মতো গুটি কয়েক অত্যন্ত ছোট গ্রাম এবং [[নিউ অর্লিন্স|নিউ অরলিন্সের]] আশেপাশের একটি বড় জনপদেই সীমাবদ্ধ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বর্তমানে যা নিউ ইয়র্ক স্টেট নামে পরিচিত, সেখানে ওলন্দাজরা হাডসন রিভার ভ্যালিতে পশম ব্যবসার কেন্দ্র স্থাপন করেছিল। এরপরে তারা ধনী ভূস্বামীদের বড় বড় জমি অনুদান দেয়, যারা আবার সেখানে ভাড়াটে কৃষকদের নিয়ে আসে। এই কৃষকরাই পরবর্তীতে নিবিড় এবং স্থায়ী গ্রাম গড়ে তোলে। তারা আপস্টেট নিউ ইয়র্কে ঘন গ্রামীণ জনবসতি তৈরি করলেও, পশ্চিমের দিকে খুব একটা অগ্রসর হয়নি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭০০ সালের দিকে উত্তরের যে অঞ্চলগুলো সীমান্ত পর্যায়ে ছিল, সেখানে সাধারণত উন্নত যোগাযোগ ব্যবস্থা ছিল না। ফলে বাণিজ্যিক কৃষিকাজের সুযোগও সেখানে ছিল বেশ কম। এই এলাকাগুলো মূলত জীবনধারণের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় কৃষিকাজের ওপরই নির্ভরশীল ছিল। এর ফলে ১৭৬০-এর দশকের মধ্যে এই সমাজগুলো অত্যন্ত [[সমানাধিকারবাদ|সাম্যবাদী]] হয়ে ওঠে, যা ইতিহাসবিদ জ্যাকসন টার্নার মেইন ব্যাখ্যা করেছেন:
{{Blockquote|সাধারণত একটি সীমান্ত সমাজ এমন ছিল যেখানে শ্রেণিগত পার্থক্য খুবই কম থাকত। কোনো ধনী ফাটকাবাজ বা ব্যবসায়ী যদি এর সাথে যুক্তও থাকতেন, তিনি সাধারণত নিজের বাড়িতেই থাকতেন, তাই স্বাভাবিকভাবে সেখানে কোনো বিত্তবান ব্যক্তি বসবাস করতেন না। ভূমিহীন দরিদ্র মানুষের সংখ্যাও ছিল নগণ্য। এলাকার সিংহভাগ মানুষই ছিলেন জমির মালিক, যাদের বেশিরভাগই আবার গরিব ছিলেন কারণ তারা খুব সামান্য সম্পত্তি নিয়ে জীবন শুরু করেছিলেন। তারা তখনও খুব বেশি জমি চাষযোগ্য করে তুলতে পারেননি কিংবা পর্যাপ্ত কৃষি সরঞ্জাম ও গবাদি পশু জোগাড় করতে পারেননি যা তাদের ভবিষ্যতে সমৃদ্ধশালী করে তুলতে পারে। কিছু কারিগর সীমান্তে বসতি স্থাপন করলেও তারা মূলত কৃষিকাজের পাশাপাশি বাড়তি আয়ের উৎস হিসেবে নিজেদের পেশা চর্চা করতেন। সেখানে হয়তো একজন দোকানদার, একজন ধর্মযাজক এবং সম্ভবত একজন ডাক্তার থাকতেন; আর ছিলেন কয়েকজন ভূমিহীন শ্রমিক, বাকি সবাই ছিলেন কৃষক।&lt;ref&gt;Jackson Turner Main, ''Social structure of revolutionary America'' (1965) p.&amp;nbsp;11.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
দক্ষিণাঞ্চলে [[অ্যাপালাচীয় পর্বতমালা|অ্যাপালাচিয়ান]] পর্বতমালা অঞ্চলের মতো যে সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোতে উন্নত যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থা ছিল না, সেগুলো জীবনধারণ ভিত্তিক কৃষিকাজের ওপরই নির্ভরশীল ছিল। উত্তরের মতো এই অঞ্চলগুলোও অনেকটা সাম্যবাদী ছিল, যদিও এখানে দাসমালিকদের একটি তুলনামূলক বড় উচ্চবিত্ত শ্রেণি বিদ্যমান ছিল। উত্তর ক্যারোলিনা ছিল এর একটি আদর্শ উদাহরণ। তবে ১৭০০ সালের দিকে যে সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোর সাথে উন্নত নদীপথের যোগাযোগ ছিল, সেগুলো ধীরে ধীরে বাগান ভিত্তিক কৃষিনির্ভর এলাকায় রূপান্তরিত হতে থাকে। বিত্তবানরা সেখানে এসে ভালো জমিগুলো কিনে নিতেন এবং দাসদের দিয়ে সেই জমিতে কাজ করাতেন। এর ফলে সেই এলাকাগুলো আর &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; থাকে না। সেখানে একটি স্তরবিন্যাসযুক্ত সমাজ গড়ে ওঠে, যার সামাজিক পিরামিডের শীর্ষে ছিল শক্তিশালী শ্বেতাঙ্গ ভূস্বামী গোষ্ঠী, মাঝে একটি ছোট মধ্যবিত্ত শ্রেণি এবং তাদের নিচে ভূমিহীন বা ভাড়াটে শ্বেতাঙ্গ কৃষকদের একটি বেশ বড় দল। আর পিরামিডের একেবারে নিচে ছিল ক্রমবর্ধমান ক্রীতদাস জনসংখ্যা। উত্তরের মতো এখানে ছোট ছোট শহর বা বড় নগর গড়ে ওঠার চল ছিল না, বরং দক্ষিণাঞ্চল ছিল মূলত গ্রামপ্রধান।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ব্রিটিশ কৃষক থেকে আমেরিকান কৃষক ====
সমুদ্রতীরবর্তী ঔপনিবেশিক জনপদগুলোতে বসবাসকারী সাধারণ মানুষের কাছে ব্যক্তিগতভাবে জমির মালিক হওয়ার বিষয়টি সবচেয়ে বেশি অগ্রাধিকার পেত। পরবর্তীতে যখন এই অঞ্চলগুলোতে জনসংখ্যা বাড়তে শুরু করে, তখন নতুন এবং উর্বর চাষযোগ্য জমির সন্ধানে তারা ক্রমশ পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হতে থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ব্রিটেনের সাথে আমেরিকার এই পরিস্থিতির একটি বড় পার্থক্য ছিল। ব্রিটেনে সাধারণত মুষ্টিমেয় কয়েকজন প্রভাবশালী ভূস্বামীর হাতে অধিকাংশ জমির মালিকানা কুক্ষিগত থাকত। কিন্তু সেই তুলনায় আমেরিকায় জমি কেনা ছিল বেশ সস্তা এবং সহজ, যার ফলে সাধারণ মানুষের মধ্যে জমির মালিকানা ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। জমির মালিকানা লাভের বিষয়টি মানুষের মনে যেমন এক ধরণের আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা বা স্বাধীনতার জন্ম দিত, তেমনই এটি তাদের স্থানীয় এবং প্রাদেশিক প্রশাসনিক পদগুলোর নির্বাচনের ক্ষেত্রে ভোট দেওয়ার অধিকারও প্রদান করত। নিউ ইংল্যান্ডের প্রথাগত জনবসতিগুলো ছিল বেশ ছোট এবং ঘনবদ্ধ, যা সচরাচর এক বর্গমাইলেরও কম এলাকা জুড়ে বিস্তৃত থাকত। আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সাথে এসব এলাকার মানুষের বিরোধের প্রধান কারণ ছিল রাজনৈতিক ক্ষমতার লড়াই, অর্থাৎ এই অঞ্চলগুলো আসলে কারা শাসন করবে তা নিয়ে মতপার্থক্য তৈরি হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পূর্ব দিকে গড়ে ওঠা প্রাথমিক সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোর মধ্যে কানেকটিকাট নদীর উপত্যকা অন্যতম ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; এছাড়া উত্তর নিউ ইংল্যান্ডের দিকেও মানুষ বসতি স্থাপন করতে শুরু করেছিল (যদিও এটি ছিল উত্তরমুখী অগ্রসর হওয়ার ঘটনা, পশ্চিমমুখী নয়)।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফরাসি এবং আদিবাসীদের সাথে যুদ্ধ ====
[[চিত্র:Siege_of_Fort_Detroit.jpg|থাম্ব|১৭৬৩ সালে পন্টিয়াকের যুদ্ধের সময় ফোর্ট ডেট্রয়েট অবরোধ]]
সীমান্তের বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা প্রায়শই তাদের ওপর ঘটা ছোটখাটো বা বিচ্ছিন্ন ঘটনাগুলোকে ইন্ডিয়ানদের একটি পরিকল্পিত ষড়যন্ত্র হিসেবে ব্যাখ্যা করতেন। তারা মনে করতেন যে আদিবাসীরা দলবদ্ধ হয়ে তাদের ওপর আক্রমণ করার প্রস্তুতি নিচ্ছে। তবে ১৭৬৩ সালের পর এই ঘটনাগুলোর সাথে ফরাসিদের কোনো কূটনৈতিক যোগসূত্র ছিল না এবং ১৮২০ সালের পর স্প্যানিশদের সাথেও কোনো সম্পর্ক খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়নি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সীমান্তের অধিকাংশ এলাকাকেই বহুবার ভয়াবহ সব সংঘাতের সাক্ষী হতে হয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ব্রিটেন ও ফ্রান্সের মধ্যে ফরাসি ও আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ শুরু হলে ফরাসিরা তাদের সীমিত জনশক্তির অভাব পূরণ করার জন্য স্থানীয় আদিবাসী যুদ্ধবাজ দলগুলোকে নিজেদের মিত্র হিসেবে গ্রহণ করে। ইউরোপীয় যুদ্ধগুলোর প্রভাবে শুরু হওয়া এই দীর্ঘকালীন লড়াইগুলো শেষ পর্যন্ত বিশ্বজুড়ে চলা সপ্তবর্ষব্যাপী যুদ্ধে ব্রিটিশদের এক বড় জয়ের মাধ্যমে সমাপ্ত হয়। [[প্যারিসের চুক্তি (১৭৬৩)|১৭৬৩ সালের শান্তি চুক্তিতে]] ফ্রান্স কার্যত তাদের সমস্ত দাবি ছেড়ে দেয়। এর ফলে ফ্লোরিডা এবং নিউ অরলিন্স ছাড়াও মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম তীরের জমিগুলো স্পেনের অধীনে চলে যায়। অন্য দিকে, মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকের ভূখণ্ড এবং বর্তমান কানাডার অঞ্চলগুলো ব্রিটেনের শাসনাধীনে চলে আসে।&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[উইকিপিডিয়া:তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)&quot;&gt;তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

==== সীমান্তবর্তী অঞ্চলে অবিচ্ছিন্ন অভিবাসন ====
যুদ্ধ বিগ্রহ চললেও সাধারণ আমেরিকানরা অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালা পেরিয়ে পশ্চিম পেনসিলভেনিয়া এবং বর্তমান পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া অভিমুখে যাত্রা থামিয়ে রাখেনি। তারা ওহিও কান্ট্রি, কেন্টাকি এবং টেনেসি অঞ্চলের দিকেও নিরন্তর অগ্রসর হতে থাকে। কাম্বারল্যান্ড গ্যাপ বা গিরিপথ ব্যবহার করে দক্ষিণের জনপদগুলোতে যাতায়াতের ক্ষেত্রে তাদের সবচেয়ে অগ্রগণ্য নেতা ছিলেন ড্যানিয়েল বুন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তৎকালীন তরুণ [[জর্জ ওয়াশিংটন]] পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া এবং বর্তমান পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া অঞ্চলের জমিগুলোতে জনবসতি গড়ে তোলার বিষয়টিকে বিশেষভাবে উৎসাহিত করেছিলেন। ভার্জিনিয়ার মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীতে যুদ্ধকালীন বীরত্বের পুরস্কার হিসেবে রাজকীয় সরকার তাঁকে এবং তাঁর অনুগত সৈন্যদের এই জমিগুলো বরাদ্দ দিয়েছিল। ১৭৬৩ সালের রয়্যাল প্রোক্লামেশন বা রাজকীয় ঘোষণার মাধ্যমে অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পশ্চিমে নতুন করে বসতি স্থাপনের ওপর সাময়িক একটি নিষেধাজ্ঞা জারি করা হয়েছিল। তবে পরবর্তীতে ১৭৬৮ সালে স্বাক্ষরিত ফোর্ট স্ট্যানউইক্স চুক্তির মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমের বেশিরভাগ জমি সীমান্তবাসীদের বসতি স্থাপনের জন্য পুনরায় খুলে দেওয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== নতুন জাতি ===
১৭৮৩ সালের পর থেকে নবগঠিত এই জাতিটি শান্তির মুখ দেখতে শুরু করে। অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলো পশ্চিমের জমিগুলোর প্রশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্রণ কংগ্রেসের হাতে তুলে দিয়েছিল এবং সেখানে জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধির জন্য একটি পরিকল্পিত ও কার্যকর ব্যবস্থা তৈরি করা হয়েছিল। ১৭৮৭ সালের নর্থওয়েস্ট অর্ডিন্যান্সের মাধ্যমে ওহিও নদীর উত্তর দিকের এলাকাগুলোতে দাসপ্রথা পুরোপুরি নিষিদ্ধ করা হয়। একই সাথে প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হয়েছিল যে, কোনো নির্দিষ্ট অঞ্চলের জনসংখ্যা যখন একটি নির্দিষ্ট সীমা অতিক্রম করবে, তখন তাকে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা দেওয়া হবে। ১৮০৩ সালে ওহিও এই নিয়মেই একটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৮১ সালে [[মার্কিন স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ|বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধ]] শেষ হওয়ার পরপরই পেনসিলভেনিয়া, ভার্জিনিয়া এবং উত্তর ক্যারোলিনা থেকে অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পশ্চিমে প্রথম বড় ধরণের অভিযান শুরু হয়। এই অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীরা বা পাইওনিয়াররা শুরুর দিকে কোনোমতে খড়কুটো দিয়ে তৈরি মাথা গোঁজার ঠাঁই অথবা বড়জোর এক কামরার একটি কাঠের কুঁড়েঘরে বসবাস করতেন। তাদের খাবারের মূল চাহিদা মেটাত মূলত হরিণ ও টার্কি শিকার এবং প্রকৃতিতে সহজলভ্য অন্যান্য বন্য প্রাণী।
{{Blockquote|একজন অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীর বাহ্যিক রূপ ছিল অত্যন্ত স্বতন্ত্র। তাদের পরনে থাকত হাতে তৈরি চামড়ার প্যান্ট, মোকাশিন জুতো, পশমের তৈরি টুপি এবং শিকার করার জন্য বিশেষভাবে তৈরি জামা। কোমরে একটি বেল্ট বা কোমরবন্ধনী বাঁধা থাকত যেখান থেকে একটি শিকারি ছুরি এবং কার্তুজের ব্যাগ ঝুলত। এই সমস্ত কিছুই তারা নিজেরা ঘরে বসে তৈরি করতেন। অল্প সময়ের মধ্যেই তিনি বনের একটি নির্দিষ্ট অংশ পরিষ্কার করে সেখানে ভুট্টা, গম, তিসি, তামাক এবং অন্যান্য ফসল চাষ করতে শুরু করতেন। এমনকি ফলের বাগানও তৈরি করতেন অনেকে।}}
কয়েক বছরের ব্যবধানে এই অগ্রগামীরা তাদের খামারে শুকর, ভেড়া এবং গবাদি পশু পালন শুরু করতেন এবং কেউ কেউ ঘোড়াও জোগাড় করে নিতেন। তখন পশুর চামড়ার তৈরি পোশাকের জায়গা দখল করে নিত হাতে বোনা সুতির কাপড়। তবে যারা একটু বেশি ডানপিটে বা অস্থির স্বভাবের ছিলেন, তারা সভ্য জীবনের অত্যধিক নিয়মশৃঙ্খলায় অসন্তুষ্ট হয়ে পড়তেন। তারা তখন আবার নিজেদের ঘরবাড়ি ছেড়ে আরও ৮০ বা ১৬০ কিলোমিটার (৫০ বা ১০০ মাইল) দূরে পশ্চিমের অজানা সীমানার দিকে পাড়ি জমাতেন।

==== ভূমি নীতি ====
[[চিত্র:Wilderness_road_en.png|থাম্ব|১৭৮৫ সালের ওয়াইল্ডারনেস রোডের মানচিত্র]]
নবগঠিত এই রাষ্ট্রটির ভূমি সংক্রান্ত নীতি ছিল বেশ রক্ষণশীল। যেখানে দেশের পূর্ব দিকে ইতিমধ্যে স্থাপিত জনবসতিগুলোর প্রয়োজনের দিকে বিশেষ নজর দেওয়া হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৭৯০ থেকে ১৮২০ সালের এই সময়কালে প্রধান রাজনৈতিক দলগুলোর লক্ষ্য ছিল দেশের অর্থনীতির চাকা সচল রাখা এবং পূর্ব দিকের রাজ্যগুলো থেকে দক্ষ কর্মীরা যাতে চলে না যায় সেদিকে খেয়াল রাখা। তারা জমির সুপরিকল্পিত বণ্টন নিশ্চিত করার পাশাপাশি এমন একটি মূল্য নির্ধারণ করতে চেয়েছিল যা সাধারণ মানুষের নাগালে থাকে এবং একইসাথে যা থেকে পাওয়া অর্থ জাতীয় ঋণ পরিশোধে সহায়তা করে। এ ছাড়া জমির আইনি মালিকানা স্পষ্ট করা এবং পশ্চিমের অর্থনীতিকে এমনভাবে বৈচিত্র্যময় করে তোলা তাদের উদ্দেশ্য ছিল যাতে তা মূল জনপদের সাথে নিবিড়ভাবে যুক্ত থাকে এবং সেখান থেকে কোনো বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী আন্দোলনের ঝুঁকি তৈরি না হয়। তবে ১৮৩০-এর দশকের মধ্যে পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এমন অনেক জবরদখলকারী বা চাষিদের দ্বারা পূর্ণ হয়ে ওঠে যাদের কাছে জমির কোনো বৈধ দলিলপত্র ছিল না। যদিও তারা হয়তো পূর্ববর্তী দখলদারদের অর্থের বিনিময়ে সেই জমি অধিকার করেছিল। জ্যাকসোনিয়ান ডেমোক্র্যাটরা সস্তায় জমি দ্রুত পাইয়ে দেওয়ার প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়ে এই জবরদখলকারী চাষিদের পক্ষ নিয়েছিলেন। এর বিপরীতে হেনরি ক্লে পশ্চিম অভিমুখে ধাবমান এই &quot;আইনহীন জনতা&quot;র বিষয়ে শঙ্কিত ছিলেন। তাঁর মতে এই মানুষগুলো একটি আইন মেনে চলা এবং স্থিতিশীল মধ্যবিত্ত প্রজাতান্ত্রিক সমাজব্যবস্থার আদর্শকে নষ্ট করে দিচ্ছিল। এই সময়ে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের ধনী ব্যক্তিরা বড় বড় বাগান বা ক্রীতদাস নির্ভর খামার গড়ে তোলার জন্য উন্নত মানের জমি কেনার সুযোগ খুঁজছিলেন। ১৮৪০-এর দশকের মুক্ত ভূমি আন্দোলন স্বাধীন শ্বেতাঙ্গ কৃষকদের জন্য সস্তায় জমির দাবি তুলেছিল। ১৮৬২ সালে নতুন রিপাবলিকান পার্টি এই দাবিটিকে আইনে রূপান্তর করে। এই আইনের অধীনে সমস্ত প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক পুরুষ ও মহিলাকে, তারা কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ বা শ্বেতাঙ্গ হোক অথবা জন্মগত মার্কিন বা অভিবাসী হোক, ১৬০ একর (৬৫ হেক্টর) করে চাষযোগ্য জমি বা বসতভিটা বিনা মূল্যে দেওয়ার কথা বলা হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৮৩ সালে [[মার্কিন স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ|বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধে]] জয়লাভের পর বিপুল সংখ্যক মার্কিন নাগরিক পশ্চিম দিকে পাড়ি দিতে শুরু করেন। ১৭৮৮ সালে নর্থওয়েস্ট টেরিটোরি বা উত্তর-পশ্চিম ভূখণ্ডে আসা অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীরা ওহাইওর মেরিয়েটা শহরটি প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। এটিই ছিল সেই অঞ্চলের প্রথম স্থায়ী মার্কিন বসতি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৭৫ সালে ড্যানিয়েল বুন ট্রান্সিলভানিয়া কোম্পানির জন্য ভার্জিনিয়া থেকে কাম্বারল্যান্ড গ্যাপ বা গিরিপথ হয়ে মধ্য কেন্টাকি পর্যন্ত একটি নতুন রাস্তা তৈরি করেন। পরবর্তীকালে এই পথটিকে [[লুভল|লুইভিলে]] ফলস অফ দ্য ওহাইও পর্যন্ত সম্প্রসারিত করা হয়েছিল। এই &quot;ওয়াইল্ডারনেস রোড&quot; বা বন্য পথটি ছিল অত্যন্ত খাড়া এবং দুর্গম। এই পথ দিয়ে কেবল পায়ে হেঁটে বা ঘোড়ায় চড়েই যাতায়াত করা সম্ভব ছিল। তা সত্ত্বেও [[কেন্টাকি|কেন্টাকিতে]] বসতি গড়তে যাওয়া হাজার হাজার মানুষের কাছে এটিই ছিল যাতায়াতের জন্য সবচেয়ে সুবিধাজনক পথ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিছু কিছু জায়গায় অভিযাত্রীদের স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের মুখোমুখি হতে হতো। শুধুমাত্র ১৭৮৪ সালেই আদিবাসীরা এই পথে যাতায়াতকারী ১০০-র বেশি মানুষকে হত্যা করেছিল। এই সময়ে কেন্টাকি প্রায় জনশূন্য হয়ে পড়েছিল এবং সেখানে &quot;আদিবাসীদের কোনো গ্রাম অবশিষ্ট ছিল ছিল না&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে মাঝে মাঝে আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণকারী দলগুলো সেখান দিয়ে যাতায়াত করত। এই ধরণের আক্রমণের কবলে পড়েছিলেন [[আব্রাহাম লিংকন|আব্রাহাম লিঙ্কনের]] দাদাও। ১৭৮৪ সালে লুইভিলের কাছে আদিবাসীদের হাতে তিনি প্রাণ হারান।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আদিবাসীদের জমি দখল ====
[[চিত্র:Death_tecumseh_1813.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮১৩ সালে রিচার্ড এম. জনসনের হাতে যুদ্ধে নিহত হন আদিবাসী নেতা টেকুমসেহ, যিনি পরে ভাইস প্রেসিডেন্ট হন।]]
১৮১২ সালের যুদ্ধটি ছিল একটি চূড়ান্ত লড়াই যেখানে ব্রিটিশ এবং স্থানীয় আদিবাসী বাহিনী একত্রিত হয়ে মার্কিন সীমানা বিস্তার রোধ করার চেষ্টা করেছিল। ব্রিটিশদের যুদ্ধের অন্যতম লক্ষ্য ছিল মধ্য-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলে তাদের নিজস্ব তত্ত্বাবধানে একটি আদিবাসী রাষ্ট্র তৈরি করা। এই রাষ্ট্রটি পশ্চিম দিকে আমেরিকার সীমানা বৃদ্ধিতে বাধার প্রাচীর হিসেবে কাজ করত। জেনারেল [[অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসন|অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসনের]] অধীনে মার্কিন সীমান্ত মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী ক্রিক উপজাতির আদিবাসীদের পরাজিত করে দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলকে উন্মুক্ত করে দেয়। অন্য দিকে ১৮১৩ সালে কানাডায় থেমস নদীর যুদ্ধে গভর্নর [[উইলিয়াম হেনরি হ্যারিসন|উইলিয়াম হেনরি হ্যারিসনের]] নেতৃত্বাধীন মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী আদিবাসী ও ব্রিটিশদের সম্মিলিত শক্তিকে পরাজিত করে। যুদ্ধের ময়দানে আদিবাসী নেতা টেকুমসের মৃত্যু হলে বিদ্রোহী আদিবাসী উপজাতিগুলোর মধ্যে গড়ে ওঠা জোটটি ভেঙে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  একই সময়ে ১৮১৪ সালে আলাবামার হরসশু বেন্ডের যুদ্ধে জেনারেল [[অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসন]] দক্ষিণ-পূর্বাঞ্চলে আদিবাসীদের সামরিক হুমকির অবসান ঘটান। সাধারণভাবে বলা যায় যে সীমান্তবাসীরা মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী বা ফেডারেল সরকারের খুব সামান্য সহায়তা নিয়েই আদিবাসীদের বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই চালিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

যুদ্ধের ইতি টানতে মার্কিন কূটনীতিকরা ব্রিটেনের সাথে আলোচনা শুরু করেন এবং ১৮১৪ সালের শেষ দিকে দুপক্ষের মধ্যে ঘেন্ট চুক্তি স্বাক্ষরিত হয়। গ্রেট লেকসের দক্ষিণে মার্কিন ভূখণ্ডে একটি স্বাধীন আদিবাসী রাষ্ট্র গড়ে তোলার যে পরিকল্পনা ব্রিটিশরা করেছিল তারা তা সরাসরি প্রত্যাখ্যান করেন। আদিবাসীদের জমি দখলের বিষয়ে আমেরিকার নীতি কী হবে তা তাঁরা স্পষ্টভাবে ব্যাখ্যা করেছিলেন:
{{Blockquote|মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র কখনোই আদিবাসীদের কাছ থেকে শান্তিপূর্ণ উপায় এবং তাদের অবাধ সম্মতি ছাড়া জমি দখল করতে চায় না। তবে এই প্রক্রিয়ার মাধ্যমেই ক্রমবর্ধমান জনসংখ্যার প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী নিজেদের স্বীকৃত সীমানার ভেতরের প্রতিটি অংশকে বন্য অবস্থা থেকে উদ্ধার করে চাষযোগ্য করে তুলতে তারা সম্পূর্ণ বদ্ধপরিকর। লক্ষ লক্ষ সভ্য মানুষের বাঁচার রসদ জোগানোর এই কাজে ন্যায়বিচার বা মানবতার কোনো আদর্শই ক্ষুণ্ণ হবে না। কারণ যে কয়েক হাজার অসভ্য মানুষ ঐ এলাকায় ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে আছেন তারা যে অধিকার ত্যাগ করবেন তার বিনিময়ে তাদের উপযুক্ত ক্ষতিপূরণ দেওয়া হবে। এর পাশাপাশি তাদের কাছে চাষাবাদের জন্য যতটা জমি প্রয়োজন বা জীবনধারণের জন্য যতটুকু জায়গা যথেষ্ট তার চেয়েও বেশি জমি তাদের মালিকানাতেই থাকবে। যদি একে ক্ষমতা বিস্তারের আকাঙ্ক্ষা বলা হয় তবে আমরা তা স্বীকার করতে প্রস্তুত। কিন্তু এর মাধ্যমে ইউরোপীয় দেশগুলোর সাথে বিদ্যমান সীমানা অসম্মান করার বা গ্রেট ব্রিটেনের ভূখণ্ড দখল করার বিন্দুমাত্র ইচ্ছা প্রকাশ পায় না। [...] তারা বিশ্বাস করে না যে সেই সরকার কেবল কিছু অসভ্য মানুষের জন্য এক চিরস্থায়ী মরুভূমি বজায় রাখার তাগিদে মার্কিন ভূখণ্ডের ভেতরে তাদের স্বাভাবিক বিকাশের পথে বাধা সৃষ্টি করবে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|jstor=1896318|at=quote on p.&amp;nbsp;507|title=The West in American Diplomacy, 1812–1815|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=26|issue=4|last1=Gates|first1=Charles M.|year=1940|doi=10.2307/1896318}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==== নতুন অঞ্চল এবং রাজ্য ====
[[চিত্র:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|[[টমাস জেফারসন]] নিজেকে সীমান্তের একজন মানুষ এবং একজন বিজ্ঞানী হিসেবে মনে করতেন; পশ্চিমের সীমানা বিস্তার এবং সেই অঞ্চল অনুসন্ধানে তার গভীর আগ্রহ ছিল।]]
যখন দলে দলে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা আসতে শুরু করেন, তখন সীমান্তের জেলাগুলো প্রথমে &quot;টেরিটরি&quot; বা বিশেষ ভূখণ্ডে রূপান্তরিত হতো। সেখানে জনগণের ভোটে নির্বাচিত একটি আইনসভা এবং রাষ্ট্রপতির নিযুক্ত একজন গভর্নর থাকতেন। পরবর্তীতে যখন কোনো ভূখণ্ডের জনসংখ্যা ১,০০,০০০ এ পৌঁছাত, তখন সেই অঞ্চলটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ অঙ্গরাজ্যের মর্যাদার জন্য আবেদন করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্তের এই মানুষগুলো সাধারণত পূর্ব উপকূলের উচ্চবিত্তদের পছন্দ করা জটিল আইনি আনুষ্ঠানিকতা এবং সীমিত ভোটাধিকারের প্রথাগুলোকে বর্জন করতেন। এর পরিবর্তে তারা অধিকতর গণতন্ত্র এবং সাম্যবাদী আদর্শকে গ্রহণ করে নিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮১০ সালের মধ্যে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পশ্চিম সীমান্ত [[মিসিসিপি নদী]] পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হয়েছিল। মিসৌরি অঙ্গরাজ্যের [[সেন্ট লুইস]] ছিল সেই সময়ের সীমান্তের বৃহত্তম শহর। এটি পশ্চিম দিকে যাত্রার প্রবেশদ্বার হওয়ার পাশাপাশি মিসিসিপি নদীর নৌ-চলাচল এবং অভ্যন্তরীণ বাণিজ্যের প্রধান কেন্দ্র হয়ে উঠেছিল। তবে ১৮০৩ সাল পর্যন্ত এই শহরটি স্প্যানিশদের অধীনে ছিল।

==== লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয় ====
[[টমাস জেফারসন]] নিজেকে সীমান্তের একজন মানুষ বলে ভাবতেন এবং পশ্চিমের সীমানা বাড়ানো ও নতুন এলাকা খুঁজে দেখার ব্যাপারে তাঁর বিশেষ উৎসাহ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮০৩ সালে জেফারসনের লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের ফলে ১ কোটি ৫০ লক্ষ ডলারের বিনিময়ে দেশটির আয়তন দ্বিগুণ হয়ে যায়। এতে প্রতি একর জমির দাম পড়েছিল মাত্র ৪ সেন্টের মতো (যা ২০২৪ সালের হিসেবে প্রায় ৩১ কোটি ৫০ লক্ষ ডলার এবং প্রতি একরে ৪২ সেন্টের কম)।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ফেডারেলিস্টরা এই সীমানা বিস্তারের বিরোধিতা করেছিলেন, কিন্তু জেফারসনপন্থীরা এই সুযোগটিকে স্বাগত জানান। তারা মনে করেছিলেন এর ফলে লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন খামার তৈরি হবে যা জমি-মালিক কৃষকদের বা ইওমেনদের প্রভাব বৃদ্ধি করবে। তারা বিশ্বাস করতেন যে জমির মালিকানা একটি আদর্শ প্রজাতান্ত্রিক সমাজকে শক্তিশালী করবে, যা বাণিজ্যের বদলে কৃষির ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠবে। এই সমাজ স্বল্প শাসিত হবে এবং মানুষের মধ্যে আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা ও নৈতিকতা বৃদ্ধি করবে। একইসাথে এটি জেফারসনীয় গণতন্ত্রের রাজনৈতিক ভিত্তি হিসেবেও কাজ করবে।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আন্তর্জাতিক আইন অনুযায়ী ফ্রান্সকে এই ভূখণ্ডের সার্বভৌমত্বের জন্য অর্থ প্রদান করা হয়েছিল। ১৮০৩ থেকে ১৮৭০-এর দশকের মধ্যে ফেডারেল সরকার সেই সময়ে জমির দখলে থাকা আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের কাছ থেকেও জমি কিনে নিয়েছিল। বিংশ শতাব্দীর হিসাবরক্ষক এবং আদালতগুলো আদিবাসীদের দেওয়া এই অর্থ বা পাওনার মূল্য নির্ধারণ করেছেন। এর মধ্যে ছিল নগদ টাকা, খাবার, ঘোড়া, গবাদি পশু, নিত্যপ্রয়োজনীয় সামগ্রী, দালানকোঠা নির্মাণ এবং শিক্ষা ও চিকিৎসা সেবার মতো ভবিষ্যৎ সুযোগ-সুবিধা। নগদ অর্থের হিসেবে লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয় এলাকার উপজাতিদের মোট প্রায় ২৬০ কোটি ডলার দেওয়া হয়েছিল, যা ২০১৬ সালের হিসেবে প্রায় ৯০০ কোটি ডলারের সমান। এ ছাড়াও মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকে বসবাসকারী আদিবাসীদের তাদের জমির জন্য অতিরিক্ত অর্থ দেওয়া হয়েছিল। সেই সাথে লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের বাইরে পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের অন্যান্য অংশে বসবাসকারী আদিবাসীদেরও পাওনা পরিশোধ করা হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জমি কেনার আগেই জেফারসন সেই এলাকাগুলো অনুসন্ধান এবং মানচিত্র তৈরির জন্য অভিযানের পরিকল্পনা করছিলেন। তিনি [[লুইস ও ক্লার্কের অভিযান|লুইস এবং ক্লার্ককে]] এই দায়িত্ব দিয়ে বলেছিলেন, &quot;মিসৌরি নদী এবং এর প্রধান শাখাগুলো অনুসন্ধান করুন যা প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরের জলধারার সাথে যুক্ত হতে পারে; সেটি কলম্বিয়া, ওরেগন, কলোরাডো বা অন্য যে কোনো নদী হতে পারে যা বাণিজ্যের জন্য মহাদেশের এপার থেকে ওপার যাতায়াতে সবচেয়ে সহজ এবং কার্যকর পথ হিসেবে কাজ করবে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জেফারসন এই অভিযাত্রী দলকে ওই অঞ্চলের আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের সম্পর্কে জানার নির্দেশ দিয়েছিলেন। তাদের নৈতিকতা, ভাষা এবং সংস্কৃতি ছাড়াও আবহাওয়া, মাটি, নদী, বাণিজ্যিক লেনদেন এবং পশুপাখি ও উদ্ভিদ জগত নিয়ে পড়াশোনা করার নির্দেশও তিনি দিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জন জ্যাকব অ্যাস্টরের মতো উদ্যোক্তারা দ্রুত এই সুযোগটি লুফে নেন এবং প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় উত্তর-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলে পশম ব্যবসার প্রসার ঘটান। কলম্বিয়া নদীর মোহনায় অ্যাস্টরের তৈরি &quot;ফোর্ট অ্যাস্টর&quot; (পরবর্তীতে ফোর্ট জর্জ) ছিল ওই এলাকার প্রথম স্থায়ী শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি, যদিও এটি অ্যাস্টরের জন্য খুব একটা লাভজনক হয়নি। তিনি হাডসন’স বে কোম্পানির একচেটিয়া আধিপত্য ভাঙার জন্য আমেরিকান ফার কোম্পানি প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছিলেন। ১৮২০ সালের মধ্যে অ্যাস্টর অন্যান্য স্বতন্ত্র ব্যবসায়ীদের নিজের অধীনে নিয়ে আসেন এবং একটি লাভজনক একচেটিয়া ব্যবসা গড়ে তোলেন। ১৮৩৪ সালে যখন তিনি এই ব্যবসা ছেড়ে দেন, ততদিনে তিনি কয়েক কোটি ডলারের মালিক হয়ে গিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পশম ব্যবসা ====
[[চিত্র:Fort_Nez_Perces_Trading_1841.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৪১ সালে ফোর্ট নেজ পারসেসে [[পশম বাণিজ্য|পশম ব্যবসা]]]]
[[চিত্র:353_I._Chesnut-backed_Titmouse_-_2._Black-capt_Titmouse_-_3._Chesnut-crowned_Titmouse_(cropped).jpg|থাম্ব|[[জন জেমস আদোবান|অডুবনের]] ''বার্ডস অফ আমেরিকার'' প্লেট]]
সীমান্ত যখন ক্রমশ পশ্চিম দিকে সরছিল, তখন ফাঁদ পেতে পশু শিকারি বা ট্র্যাপার এবং সাধারণ শিকারিরা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের আগেই সেই সব এলাকায় পৌঁছে যেতেন। তারা মূলত ইউরোপে পাঠানোর জন্য বিভার বা উদবিড়াল এবং অন্যান্য পশুর চামড়া বা পশম খুঁজতেন। ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট বা প্রাচীন পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বেশিরভাগ এলাকায় এই শিকারিরাই ছিলেন প্রথম পৌঁছানো ইউরোপীয়। তারাই পশ্চিমের আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সাথে প্রথম কাজের সম্পর্ক গড়ে তুলেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তারা উত্তর-পশ্চিমের ভূখণ্ড সম্পর্কে বিশদ জ্ঞান অর্জন করেছিলেন, যার মধ্যে মধ্য রকি পর্বতমালার গুরুত্বপূর্ণ &quot;সাউথ পাস&quot; বা দক্ষিণ গিরিপথটি অন্যতম ছিল। ১৮১২ সালের দিকে আবিষ্কৃত এই পথটি পরবর্তীতে ওরেগন এবং ওয়াশিংটনে যেতে চাওয়া বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের প্রধান রাস্তা হয়ে ওঠে। তবে ১৮২০ সালের মধ্যে একটি নতুন &quot;ব্রিগেড-রঁদেভ্যু&quot; বা দলগত সাক্ষাৎ ব্যবস্থা চালু হয়। এর মাধ্যমে কোম্পানির লোকেরা বড় দলে ভাগ হয়ে দীর্ঘ অভিযানের মাধ্যমে দেশজুড়ে যাতায়াত করতেন এবং অনেক আদিবাসী উপজাতিকে এড়িয়ে চলতেন। এই ব্যবস্থাটি &quot;মুক্ত শিকারি&quot;দের নিজেদের উদ্যোগে নতুন নতুন অঞ্চল খুঁজে দেখতে উৎসাহিত করেছিল। শিকারের মরসুম শেষে এই শিকারিরা [[সবুজ নদী (কলোরাডো নদীর উপনদী)|গ্রিন রিভার]], আপার মিসৌরি এবং আপার মিসিসিপি নদীর তীরের বন্দরগুলোতে নির্দিষ্ট জায়গায় বা রঁদেভ্যুতে সমবেত হতেন এবং তাদের সংগৃহীত পণ্যের বিনিময়ে পারিশ্রমিক বুঝে নিতেন। এই ধরণের মিলনস্থল বা রঁদেভ্যু শহরগুলোর মধ্যে সেন্ট লুইস ছিল বৃহত্তম। তবে ১৮৩০ সালের মধ্যে ফ্যাশন বদলে যায় এবং বিভার বা পশমের টুপির জায়গা দখল করে নেয় রেশমি টুপি। এর ফলে দামি আমেরিকান পশমের চাহিদা কমে যায়। এভাবেই জেডেডিয়া স্মিথ, হিউ গ্লাস, ডেভি ক্রকেট, জ্যাক ওমোহুন্ড্রো এবং তাঁদের মতো অন্যান্য মাউন্টেন মেন, শিকারি ও পথপ্রদর্শকদের যুগের অবসান ঘটে। ১৮৪৫ সালের মধ্যে বিভারের পশমের ব্যবসা কার্যত বন্ধ হয়ে গিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফেডারেল সরকার এবং পশ্চিমমুখী সম্প্রসারণ ====
নতুন ভূখণ্ডগুলোতে দ্রুত জনবসতি গড়ে তোলার প্রয়োজনীয়তা নিয়ে সর্বজনীন একমত থাকলেও, সরকার জমির জন্য কত মূল্য নির্ধারণ করবে তা নিয়ে রাজনৈতিক মহলে তীব্র বিতর্ক ছিল। রাষ্ট্রপতি [[জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামস|জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামসের]] মতো রক্ষণশীল এবং হুইগ দলের সদস্যরা চেয়েছিলেন এই প্রসারের গতি নিয়ন্ত্রিত হোক। তাঁরা নবাগতদের কাছ থেকে পর্যাপ্ত মূল্য আদায়ের পক্ষপাতী ছিলেন যাতে ফেডারেল সরকারের খরচ মেটানো সম্ভব হয়। তবে ডেমোক্র্যাটরা অত্যন্ত কম দামে জমি দেওয়ার মাধ্যমে এক ধরণের বিশৃঙ্খল প্রতিযোগিতাকেই সমর্থন করেছিলেন। এই বিতর্কের চূড়ান্ত সমাধান আসে ১৮৬২ সালের হোমস্টেড অ্যাক্ট বা বসতভিটা আইনের মাধ্যমে। এই আইনে একটি ভারসাম্য বজায় রাখা হয়েছিল; যেখানে বলা হয়েছিল যে কোনো বসতি স্থাপনকারী যদি একটি নির্দিষ্ট জমিতে একটানা পাঁচ বছর কাজ করেন, তবে তিনি ১৬০ একর জমি বিনামূল্যে পাবেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ব্যক্তিগত লাভের আকাঙ্ক্ষাই পশ্চিমমুখী এই অভিযানের মূল চালিকাশক্তি ছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Christine Bold 20132&quot;&gt;Christine Bold, ''The Frontier Club: Popular Westerns and Cultural Power, 1880–1924'' (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; তবে ফেডারেল সরকার বিভিন্ন চুক্তির মাধ্যমে জমির দখল নেওয়া এবং রাষ্ট্রপতির নিযুক্ত গভর্নরের মাধ্যমে আঞ্চলিক সরকার গঠনের মতো গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কাজগুলোতে সহায়ক ভূমিকা পালন করেছিল। ফেডারেল সরকার প্রথমে অন্যান্য রাষ্ট্র বা আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের সাথে চুক্তির মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় ভূখণ্ডগুলো অর্জন করত। এরপর সেই জমিগুলোর মানচিত্র তৈরি এবং নথিবদ্ধ করার জন্য জরিপকারীদের পাঠানো হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিংশ শতাব্দীর মধ্যে ওয়াশিংটনের আমলারা এইসব ফেডারেল জমি ব্যবস্থাপনার দায়িত্ব নেন। যেমন স্বরাষ্ট্র দপ্তরের অধীনে ইউনাইটেড স্টেটস জেনারেল ল্যান্ড অফিস এবং ১৮৯১ সালের পর কৃষি দপ্তরের অধীনে বন বিভাগ গঠিত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এবং ১৮৯১ সালের পরে, কৃষি বিভাগে বন পরিষেবা ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯০০ সালের পর বাঁধ নির্মাণ এবং বন্যা নিয়ন্ত্রণ সরকারের অন্যতম প্রধান উদ্বেগের বিষয় হয়ে দাঁড়ায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থা ছিল একটি অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়। নদীপথে নৌ-চলাচল সহজতর করার সম্পূর্ণ দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়েছিল সেনাবাহিনীর ওপর, বিশেষ করে আর্মি কোর অফ ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্সকে। ১৮১১ সালে ওহিও নদীতে প্রথম বাষ্পীয় চালিত নৌকা বা স্টিমবোট ব্যবহার করা হয়। এর ফলে নদীপথ ব্যবহার করে, বিশেষত মিসিসিপি ও মিসৌরি নদী এবং তাদের শাখা নদীগুলোর মাধ্যমে স্বল্প ব্যয়ে যাতায়াত করা সম্ভব হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১ ১৮১৮ থেকে ১৮২৫ সালের মধ্যে মিসৌরি নদীতে পরিচালিত সামরিক অভিযানগুলো প্রকৌশলীদের স্টিমবোট প্রযুক্তির উন্নয়নে সাহায্য করেছিল। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ১৮১৯ সালের সামরিক স্টিমবোট &quot;ওয়েস্টার্ন ইঞ্জিনিয়ার&quot; অগভীর জলে চলার ক্ষমতার সাথে শুরুর দিকের  পিছনের চাকাযুক্ত প্রযুক্তির সমন্বয় ঘটানো হয়েছিল। এ ছাড়া ১৮১৯ থেকে ১৮২৫ সালের মধ্যে কর্নেল হেনরি অ্যাটকিনসন হাতে চালিত প্যাডেল হুইল বিশিষ্ট বিশেষ ধরণের নৌকা তৈরি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জাতীয় সীমানা বিস্তারে ফেডারেল ডাক ব্যবস্থার ভূমিকা ছিল অপরিসীম। একটি সস্তা, দ্রুত এবং সুবিধাজনক যোগাযোগ ব্যবস্থা গড়ে তোলার মাধ্যমে এটি পশ্চিমের প্রসারে গতি এনেছিল। আদি বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের পাঠানো চিঠিগুলো থেকে পাওয়া তথ্য এবং উৎসাহমূলক বার্তাগুলো অন্যদেরও পশ্চিমে আসতে উৎসাহিত করত। এই ডাক ব্যবস্থার মাধ্যমেই ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে থাকা পরিবারগুলো একে অপরের সাথে যোগাযোগ রাখতে পারত এবং ব্যবসায়ীরা নতুন সুযোগের সন্ধান পেত। এ ছাড়া এটি পূর্বের পাইকারি বিক্রেতা ও কারখানাগুলোর সাথে পশ্চিমের বণিকদের নিয়মিত বাণিজ্যিক সম্পর্ক বজায় রাখতে সাহায্য করেছিল। ডাক পরিষেবা একইভাবে সেনাবাহিনীকে বিশাল পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় ভূখণ্ডের ওপর নিয়ন্ত্রণ বাড়াতেও সাহায্য করেছিল। ''নিউ ইয়র্ক উইকলি ট্রিবিউনের'' মতো গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সংবাদপত্রগুলো ডাকের মাধ্যমে ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়ায় বিভিন্ন রাজ্যের রাজনীতিকদের মধ্যে সমন্বয় করা সহজ হয়ে যায়। এই ডাক ব্যবস্থা বিদ্যমান জনপদগুলোর সাথে সীমান্ত এলাকার সেতুবন্ধন তৈরি করে জাতীয়তাবাদের জন্ম দেয় এবং একটি প্রয়োজনীয় পরিকাঠামো প্রদান করে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সেনাবাহিনী শুরু থেকেই পশ্চিমমুখী প্রসারের পথগুলো বরাবর বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের নিরাপত্তার দায়িত্ব গ্রহণ করেছিল। ১৮৫৭ সালে মার্কিন যুদ্ধ সচিব জন বি ফয়েড এই নীতিটি এভাবে বর্ণনা করেছিলেন:&lt;ref name=&quot;forts&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger, and D.A. Russell, 1849–1912|শেষাংশ=Hogland|প্রথমাংশ=Alison K.|প্রকাশক=University of Oklahoma Press|পাতা=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;আমাদের সীমান্তের সমান্তরালে অথচ আদিবাসীদের স্বাভাবিক বাসস্থানের কাছাকাছি নির্দিষ্ট দূরত্বে এবং উপযুক্ত স্থানে যদি পদাতিক বাহিনীর ঘাঁটি স্থাপন করা হয়, তবে তা উপজাতিগুলোর ওপর একটি কার্যকর নিয়ন্ত্রণ বজায় রাখবে। তারা অনুভব করতে পারবে যে শ্বেতাঙ্গদের জনপদে তাদের যোদ্ধারা কোনো আক্রমণ চালালে তাৎক্ষণিকভাবে তাদের নিজেদের ঘরবাড়িতেও পাল্টা আঘাত আসতে পারে।&lt;/blockquote&gt;সেই সময়ে দুর্গের সঠিক আকার কেমন হওয়া উচিত তা নিয়ে একটি বিতর্ক তৈরি হয়েছিল। জেফারসন ডেভিস, উইনফিল্ড স্কট এবং থমাস জেসাপ সংখ্যায় কম কিন্তু আকারে বড় দুর্গের পক্ষে ছিলেন। অন্যদিকে ফ্লয়েডের পরিকল্পনাটি ছিল বেশি ব্যয়বহুল কিন্তু সাধারণ মানুষ ও বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা এটিই বেশি পছন্দ করত, কারণ তারা চাইত সেনাবাহিনী যেন তাদের যতটা সম্ভব কাছাকাছি থাকে। সীমান্ত এলাকাটি ছিল বিশাল এবং ডেভিসও শেষ পর্যন্ত স্বীকার করেছিলেন যে, &quot;একই জায়গায় সেনাবাহিনী কেন্দ্রীভূত করলে সীমান্তের অনেক অংশ আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের মুখে অরক্ষিত হয়ে পড়বে।&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;forts&quot;/&gt;

==== বিজ্ঞানী, শিল্পী এবং অভিযাত্রী ====
[[চিত্র:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Fort_Laramie_-_Walters_37194049.jpg|ডান|থাম্ব|১৮৪০ সালের আগের চেহারার প্রথম ফোর্ট লারামি । আলফ্রেড জ্যাকব মিলারের স্মৃতি থেকে আঁকা ছবি]]
সরকারি এবং বেসরকারি বিভিন্ন উদ্যোগের মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমের অজানা অঞ্চলগুলো খুঁজে দেখার জন্য বহু অভিযাত্রীকে পাঠানো হয়েছিল। ১৮০৫-১৮০৬ সালের দিকে সেনাবাহিনীর লেফটেন্যান্ট জেবুলন পাইক (১৭৭৯-১৮১৩) ২০ জন সৈন্যের একটি দল নিয়ে মিসিসিপি নদীর উৎসের সন্ধানে যাত্রা করেছিলেন। পরবর্তীতে তিনি স্প্যানিশ ভূখণ্ডের রেড এবং আরকানসাস নদীগুলোর গতিপথ অনুসন্ধান করেন এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত [[রিও গ্রান্দে|রিও গ্র্যান্ডে]] গিয়ে পৌঁছান। ফেরার পথে পাইক কলোরাডোর সেই সুউচ্চ পর্বতশৃঙ্গটি দেখতে পান যা বর্তমানে তাঁর নামেই পরিচিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মেজর স্টিফেন হ্যারিম্যান লং (১৭৮৪-১৮৬৪) ১৮১৯-১৮২০ সালে ইয়েলোস্টোন এবং মিসৌরি অভিযান পরিচালনা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু ১৮২৩ সালে গ্রেট প্লেইনস অঞ্চলকে তিনি অত্যন্ত শুষ্ক এবং চাষবাসের অযোগ্য হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেন। এর ফলে এলাকাটি &quot;গ্রেট আমেরিকান মরুভূমি&quot;  হিসেবে কুখ্যাতি পায়। এই নেতিবাচক প্রচারের কারণে পরবর্তী কয়েক দশক ধরে সেই এলাকায় জনবসতি স্থাপনের বিষয়ে সাধারণ মানুষ নিরুৎসাহিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮১১ সালে প্রকৃতিবিদ থমাস নাটল (১৭৮৬-১৮৫৯) এবং জন ব্র্যাডবেরি (১৭৬৮-১৮২৩) মিসৌরি নদী বরাবর ভ্রমণ করে সেখানকার বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ ও প্রাণিজগত সম্পর্কে তথ্য সংগ্রহ করেন এবং সেগুলোর চিত্র অঙ্কন করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; শিল্পী জর্জ ক্যাটলিন (১৭৯৬-১৮৭২) আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সংস্কৃতির অত্যন্ত নিঁখুত ও জীবন্ত ছবি এঁকেছিলেন। অন্যদিকে সুইজারল্যান্ডের শিল্পী কার্ল বডমার এই অঞ্চলের বিচিত্র ভূচিত্র এবং মানুষের প্রতিকৃতি তৈরি করে সকলকে মুগ্ধ করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[জন জেমস আদোবান|জন জেমস অডুবন]] (১৭৮৫-১৮৫১) ৫০০ প্রজাতির পাখির অত্যন্ত সূক্ষ্ম বর্ণনা দেওয়া এবং সেগুলোর ছবি আঁকার জন্য বিশ্বজুড়ে বিখ্যাত হয়ে আছেন যা ''বার্ডস অফ আমেরিকা''  নামক গ্রন্থে প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

এই অভিযাত্রীদের মধ্যে সবচেয়ে জনপ্রিয় ও প্রভাবশালী ব্যক্তিত্ব ছিলেন টপোগ্রাফিক্যাল ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স কোরের সেনা কর্মকর্তা জন চার্লস ফ্রেমন্ট (১৮১৩-১৮৯০)। তাঁর মধ্যে ভৌগোলিক অনুসন্ধানের যেমন প্রতিভা ছিল, তেমনই নিজের কাজের প্রচার করার এক অসাধারণ ক্ষমতাও ছিল। এই গুণের কারণে তিনি &quot;পশ্চিমের পথপ্রদর্শক&quot; উপাধি লাভ করেন এবং ১৮৫৬ সালে নতুন গঠিত রিপাবলিকান পার্টির হয়ে রাষ্ট্রপতি পদের মনোনয়ন পান।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৪০-এর দশকে তিনি ধারাবাহিকভাবে বেশ কিছু সফল অভিযান পরিচালনা করেন যা সেই সময়ের স্বল্পপরিচিত অঞ্চলগুলো সম্পর্কে অনেক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভৌগোলিক প্রশ্নের উত্তর দিয়েছিল। তিনি পাঁচটি ভিন্ন পথ দিয়ে রকি পর্বতমালা অতিক্রম করেন এবং ওরেগন ও ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার কিছু অংশের মানচিত্র তৈরি করেন। ১৮৪৬-১৮৪৭ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া জয়ের ক্ষেত্রেও তিনি বিশেষ ভূমিকা পালন করেছিলেন। ১৮৪৮-১৮৪৯ সালে ফ্রেমন্টকে প্রস্তাবিত আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের জন্য পাহাড়ের মধ্য দিয়ে একটি কেন্দ্রীয় পথ খুঁজে বের করার দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়। কিন্তু তাঁর এই অভিযানটি চরম বিপর্যয়ের মুখে পড়ে যখন তারা পথ হারিয়ে ফেলে এবং ভারী তুষারপাতের কবলে আটকা পড়ে প্রাণহানির উপক্রম হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তার প্রতিবেদনগুলোতে রোমাঞ্চকর অভিযানের গল্পের সাথে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য এবং ভ্রমণকারীদের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় ব্যবহারিক তথ্যের এক চমৎকার মিশেল থাকত। এটি সাধারণ মানুষের কল্পনাকে দারুণভাবে প্রভাবিত করে এবং অনেককেই পশ্চিমের অজানা সীমান্তের দিকে যাত্রা করতে গভীরভাবে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছিল। গেটজম্যানের মতে তার কাজ ছিল &quot;আয়তনে বিশাল এবং তা অন্বেষণমূলক বা ভ্রমণ সাহিত্যের একটি ধ্রুপদী নিদর্শন।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আমেরিকার উত্তর-পূর্বাঞ্চলে যখন একের পর এক নামী সব কলেজ গড়ে উঠছিল, তখন পশ্চিমের সীমান্তে ১৭৮০ সালে কেন্টাকির লেক্সিংটনে প্রতিষ্ঠিত ট্রান্সিলভানিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের তেমন কোনো প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বী ছিল না। স্নাতক এবং চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানের পাঠ্যক্রমের পাশাপাশি এখানে একটি উন্নত আইন বিভাগও ছিল। ট্রান্সিলভানিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় সমগ্র দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলের রাজনৈতিকভাবে উচ্চাভিলাষী তরুণদের বিশেষভাবে আকৃষ্ট করত। এখান থেকে পড়াশোনা করা শিক্ষার্থীদের মধ্যে ৫০ জন পরবর্তীকালে মার্কিন সিনেটর, ১০১ জন প্রতিনিধি পরিষদের সদস্য, ৩৬ জন গভর্নর এবং ৩৪ জন রাষ্ট্রদূত হিসেবে নিযুক্ত হয়েছিলেন। এমনকি কনফেডারেসির প্রেসিডেন্ট জেফারসন ডেভিসও এই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের একজন প্রাক্তনী ছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গৃহযুদ্ধ-পূর্ব পশ্চিমাঞ্চল ===

==== ধর্ম ====
[[চিত্র:Circuit_rider_illustration_Eggleston.png|থাম্ব|এডওয়ার্ড এগলস্টনের লেখা ''&quot;দ্য সার্কিট রাইডার: আ টেল অফ দ্য হিরোইক এজ&quot;'' বই থেকে চিত্রিত। সুসংগঠিত মেথডিস্টরা একটি ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলে একাধিক গির্জা তৈরি এবং পরিবেশন করার জন্য সার্কিট রাইডারকে পাঠিয়েছিলেন।]]
সীমান্তের অধিকাংশ মানুষ ধর্মের প্রতি তেমন একটা আগ্রহ দেখাতেন না যতক্ষণ না বিভিন্ন জায়গায় ঘুরে বেড়ানো ধর্মপ্রচারকরা সেখানে এসে &quot;ধর্মীয় পুনর্জাগরণ&quot; শুরু করেছিলেন। স্থানীয় অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীরা এই অনুষ্ঠানগুলোতে অত্যন্ত উৎসাহের সাথে সাড়া দিতেন এবং কার্যত তারা তাদের নিজস্ব গণমুখী ধর্মমত গড়ে তুলেছিলেন। বিশেষ করে ১৭৯০ থেকে ১৮৪০ সালের মধ্যে দ্বিতীয় মহাজাগরণের সময়কালে এই প্রবণতা অনেক বেশি দেখা গিয়েছিল। এই সময়ে খোলা জায়গায় এক সপ্তাহ বা তার বেশি সময় ধরে বিশাল ক্যাম্প করে ধর্মসভার আয়োজন করা হতো যা অনেক মানুষকে প্রথমবারের মতো একটি সুসংগঠিত ধর্মের সাথে পরিচয় করিয়ে দেয়। ১৮০১ সালে কেন্টাকির ক্যান রিজে এই ধরণের একটি অত্যন্ত বড় এবং বিখ্যাত ধর্মসভা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

স্থানীয় ব্যাপটিস্টরা অনেকগুলো ছোট ছোট স্বাধীন গির্জা স্থাপন করেছিলেন কারণ তারা কোনো কেন্দ্রীয় প্রশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্রণ পছন্দ করতেন না। প্রতিটি স্থানীয় গির্জা নিজস্ব উপাসনাকারীদের স্বাধীনতার নীতির ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। অন্যদিকে সুসংগঠিত এবং কেন্দ্রীয়ভাবে নিয়ন্ত্রিত মেথডিস্টদের বিশপরা নির্দিষ্ট এলাকার জন্য সার্কিট রাইডার বা ভ্রাম্যমাণ ধর্মপ্রচারক নিয়োগ করতেন। এই প্রচারকরা কয়েক বছর একটি নির্দিষ্ট এলাকায় কাজ করার পর তাদের আবার নতুন কোনো অঞ্চলে ধর্ম প্রচারের জন্য পাঠিয়ে দেওয়া হতো। এই সময়ে বেশ কিছু নতুন ধর্মীয় শাখা বা গোষ্ঠী তৈরি হয়েছিল যার মধ্যে খ্রীষ্টের শিষ্যরা ছিল বৃহত্তম।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পূর্ব উপকূলের সুপ্রতিষ্ঠিত গির্জাগুলো সীমান্তের মানুষের এই আধ্যাত্মিক প্রয়োজনীয়তা মেটাতে কিছুটা সময় নিয়েছিল। প্রেসবিটেরিয়ান এবং কংগ্রিগেশনালিস্টরা যেহেতু মূলত সুশিক্ষিত ধর্মযাজকদের ওপর নির্ভর করতেন, তাই সীমান্তের মানুষের মধ্যে ধর্ম প্রচারের জন্য তাদের প্রয়োজনীয় জনবলের অভাব দেখা দিয়েছিল। সীমান্তে নিজেদের সম্পদ ও শক্তিকে একত্রিত করে কাজ করার জন্য তারা ১৮০১ সালে একটি ঐক্য পরিকল্পনা বা প্ল্যান অফ ইউনিয়ন তৈরি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মধ্য-পশ্চিমে গণতন্ত্র ====
ইতিহাসবিদ মার্ক ওয়াইম্যান উইসকনসিনকে একটি &quot;একের ওপর এক লেখা প্রাচীন পাণ্ডুলিপি&quot; বলে অভিহিত করেছেন যেখানে বিভিন্ন জাতি এবং শক্তির প্রভাবে স্থায়ী ছাপ রয়ে গিয়েছে। তিনি গত তিন শতাব্দী ধরে গড়ে ওঠা এই স্তরগুলোকে বিভিন্ন &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেছেন। যেমন আদিবাসী আমেরিকান সীমান্ত, ফরাসি সীমান্ত, ব্রিটিশ সীমান্ত, পশম ব্যবসার সীমান্ত, খনিজ উত্তোলনের সীমান্ত এবং কাঠ কাটার সীমান্ত। সবশেষে রেলপথের আগমনের মাধ্যমেই এই সীমান্ত যুগের অবসান ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার উইসকনসিনের সীমান্তের শেষ পর্যায়ে সেখানে বড় হয়েছিলেন এবং অঙ্গরাজ্যটি ভ্রমণের সময় তিনি এই সামাজিক ও রাজনৈতিক বিবর্তনের স্তরগুলো প্রত্যক্ষ করেছিলেন। টার্নারের শেষ ছাত্রদের মধ্যে একজন ছিলেন মার্লে কার্টি। তিনি গণতন্ত্র সম্পর্কে টার্নারের তত্ত্বটি যাচাই করার জন্য উইসকনসিনের স্থানীয় ইতিহাসের ওপর একটি গভীর বিশ্লেষণ পরিচালনা করেন। টার্নারের মতে আমেরিকান গণতন্ত্রের অর্থ ছিল &quot;সাধারণ জীবনকে প্রভাবিত করে এমন সিদ্ধান্ত গ্রহণের ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণ মানুষের ব্যাপক অংশগ্রহণ, ব্যক্তিগত উদ্যোগ ও আত্মনির্ভরশীলতার বিকাশ এবং অর্থনৈতিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক সুযোগের সমতা। এর সাথে অভিবাসীদের আমেরিকান হিসেবে গড়ে তোলার প্রক্রিয়াটিও জড়িয়ে ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কার্টি তথ্য সংগ্রহ করে দেখেন যে ১৮৪০ থেকে ১৮৬০ সালের মধ্যে উইসকনসিনের দরিদ্রতম গোষ্ঠীগুলো খুব দ্রুত জমির মালিকানা লাভ করেছিল এবং তারা প্রায়শই স্থানীয় পর্যায়ের রাজনৈতিক নেতৃত্বে উঠে আসত। তিনি আরও লক্ষ্য করেন যে এমনকি ভূমিহীন তরুণ খামার শ্রমিকরাও খুব শীঘ্রই নিজেদের খামারের মালিক হতে সক্ষম হতেন। তাই সীমান্তের এই মুক্ত জমি ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসী এবং পুরোনো শ্বেতাঙ্গ মার্কিনি বা ইয়াঙ্কি উভয় পক্ষের জন্যই সুযোগ এবং গণতন্ত্র তৈরি করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম ====
[[চিত্র:Map_of_Santa_Fe_Trail-NPS.jpg|থাম্ব|সান্তা ফে ট্রেইলের মানচিত্র]]
১৭৭০ থেকে ১৮৩০ এর দশক পর্যন্ত অভিযাত্রীরা কেন্টাকি থেকে শুরু করে অ্যালাবামা এবং টেক্সাস পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত নতুন জমিগুলোতে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন। তাদের মধ্যে অধিকাংশই ছিলেন কৃষক যারা দলবদ্ধভাবে সপরিবারে সেখানে যেতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ইতিহাসবিদ লুই হ্যাকার দেখিয়েছেন যে প্রথম প্রজন্মের অভিযাত্রীরা কতটা অপচয়কারী ছিলেন। সঠিকভাবে জমি চাষ করার বিষয়ে তাদের পর্যাপ্ত জ্ঞান ছিল না এবং যখন কুমারী জমির প্রাকৃতিক উর্বরতা শেষ হয়ে যেত তখন তারা সেই জমি বিক্রি করে দিয়ে আবার নতুন করে চেষ্টা করার জন্য পশ্চিম দিকে চলে যেতেন। হ্যাকার ১৮১২ সালের দিকে কেন্টাকির অবস্থা বর্ণনা করতে গিয়ে লিখেছেন:
{{Blockquote|দশ থেকে পঞ্চাশ একর পরিষ্কার করা জমি সম্বলিত খামারগুলো বিক্রির জন্য তৈরি ছিল। সেখানে কাঠের বাড়ি, পিচ ফলের বাগান এবং কখনও কখনও আপেল বাগানও থাকত। এই জমিগুলো বেড়া দিয়ে ঘেরা ছিল এবং জ্বালানি হিসেবে ব্যবহারের জন্য সেখানে প্রচুর গাছপালাও ছিল। এই জমিগুলোতে মূলত প্রধান ফসল হিসেবে গম ও ভুট্টা বোনা হতো। তবে দড়ি তৈরির জন্য উর্বর নদী উপত্যকায় ক্রমশ শণ চাষের পরিমাণও বাড়ছিল...। তবুও সামগ্রিকভাবে এটি ছিল এমন একটি কৃষিভিত্তিক সমাজ যেখানে দক্ষতা বা সম্পদের অভাব ছিল। তারা সেই সমস্ত ভুল কাজ করত যা একজন অপচয়কারী এবং অজ্ঞ চাষির পরিচায়ক। ঘাস থেকে খড় তৈরির জন্য তারা বীজ বুনত না এবং এর ফলে খামারের পশুদের খাবারের জন্য বনের ওপর নির্ভর করতে হতো। মাঠগুলোকে চারণভূমি হিসেবে ব্যবহারের সুযোগ দেওয়া হতো না। জমির উর্বরতা পুরোপুরি শেষ না হওয়া পর্যন্ত সেখানে বারবার একই ফসল চাষ করা হতো। জমির পুষ্টি ফেরানোর জন্য পুনরায় সেখানে গোবর বা সার ব্যবহার করা হতো না। খামারের জমির মাত্র একটি ছোট অংশে চাষ করা হতো এবং বাকি অংশে গাছপালা জন্মানোর জন্য ফেলে রাখা হতো। চাষের সরঞ্জামগুলো ছিল অত্যন্ত স্থূল ও আনাড়ি ধরণের এবং সেগুলোর সংখ্যাও ছিল খুব কম কারণ তার বেশিরভাগই খামারে তৈরি করা হতো। আমেরিকান সীমান্তবাসীরা কেন সবসময় এক জায়গা থেকে অন্য জায়গায় ঘুরে বেড়াতেন তা এখন পরিষ্কার। সভ্য সমাজের সুযোগ-সুবিধা বা কঠোর নিয়মের প্রতি ভয় তাদের এই বিরামহীন ছোটাছুটির কারণ ছিল না কিংবা নবাগতদের কাছে লাভজনক মূল্যে জমি বিক্রি করার সুযোগও এর প্রধান কারণ ছিল না। মূলত জমির ক্ষয়ই তাদের তাড়িয়ে নিয়ে বেড়াত। ক্ষুধাই ছিল তাদের একমাত্র তাড়না। এই অগ্রগামী কৃষকদের অজ্ঞতা, চাষাবাদের অপর্যাপ্ত সুযোগ এবং যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থার সীমাবদ্ধতা তাদের ঘন ঘন জায়গা বদলাতে বাধ্য করত। তারা কেবল কুমারী বা নতুন উর্বর জমিতেই সফল হতে পারতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 1892931|title = Western Land Hunger and the War of 1812: A Conjecture|journal = The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume = 10|issue = 4|pages = 365–395|last1 = Hacker|first1 = Louis Morton|year = 1924|doi = 10.2307/1892931}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
হ্যাকার আরও উল্লেখ করেন যে দ্বিতীয় তরঙ্গে আসা বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা জমিগুলো উদ্ধার করেন এবং ক্ষতিগুলো মেরামত করে আরও টেকসই কৃষিব্যবস্থা গড়ে তোলেন। ইতিহাসবিদ ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার প্রথম প্রজন্মের এই ব্যক্তিগত স্বাতন্ত্র্যবাদী বিশ্ববীক্ষা ও মূল্যবোধ নিয়ে গবেষণা করেছিলেন:
{{Blockquote|তারা মূলত সেই সমস্ত অযৌক্তিক বাধা বা কৃত্রিম সীমাবদ্ধতার বিরোধিতা করত যা এই সীমান্তবাসীদের কারো পক্ষপাতিত্ব বা ভয় ছাড়াই নিজের জীবন গড়ে তোলার পথে অন্তরায় হয়ে দাঁড়াত। পার্থক্যের এই যে দীর্ঘস্থায়ী রূপ, সুযোগের একচেটিয়া অধিকার এবং সরকার বা সামাজিক প্রথার মাধ্যমে সেই একচেটিয়া অধিকারকে স্থায়ী করে দেওয়া—এই বিষয়গুলোকেই তারা সহজাতভাবে ঘৃণা করত। পথ সবসময় খোলা রাখতে হবে। খেলার নিয়ম মেনেই খেলা চলতে হবে। সুযোগের সমতাকে কৃত্রিমভাবে দমিয়ে রাখা যাবে না, দক্ষ মানুষের জন্য দরজা বন্ধ করা চলবে না এবং খেলা শেষ না হওয়া পর্যন্ত এই অবাধ প্রতিযোগিতাকে থামানো যাবে না। এর চেয়েও বড় কথা ছিল একটি অনুক্ত কিন্তু বাস্তব অনুভূতি। এই প্রতিযোগিতায় সফল হওয়ার মাধ্যমে কোনো দক্ষ ব্যক্তি শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব অর্জন করতে পারেন, কিন্তু সেই সাফল্য তাকে তার প্রতিবেশীদের নিচু চোখে দেখার কোনো অধিকার দেয় না। শ্রেষ্ঠত্বের দোহাই দিয়ে অহংকার করা বা কম সফলদের সমান অধিকার ও মর্যাদাকে খর্ব করার কোনো চিরস্থায়ী অধিকারও তার নেই।&lt;ref&gt;Frederick Jackson Turner, ''The Frontier in American History'' (1920) p.&amp;nbsp;342.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==== প্রকাশ্য নিয়তি ====
[[চিত্র:United_States_1834-1836-03.png|থাম্ব|১৮৩৪-১৮৩৬ সালে মার্কিন অঞ্চলগুলি]]
ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি বা বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্য ছিল একটি বিতর্কিত বিশ্বাস যে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের সীমানা আটলান্টিক উপকূল থেকে প্রশান্ত মহাসাগর পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হওয়া পূর্বনির্ধারিত ছিল এবং এই বিশ্বাসকে বাস্তবে রূপ দেওয়ার জন্য নানা প্রচেষ্টা চালানো হয়েছিল। এই ধারণাটি ঔপনিবেশিক আমলেই পরিলক্ষিত হয়েছিল, কিন্তু ১৮৪০-এর দশকে একটি জনপ্রিয় সাময়িকী প্রথম এই শব্দবন্ধটি ব্যবহার করে। সেখানে সম্পাদকীয়তে লেখা হয়েছিল, &quot;আমাদের বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্য পূরণ করাই হলো... সেই মহাদেশে ছড়িয়ে পড়া যা বিধাতা আমাদের প্রতি বছর বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া লক্ষ লক্ষ মানুষের অবাধ বিকাশের জন্য বরাদ্দ করেছেন।&quot;। দেশের উন্নতির সাথে সাথে &quot;ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি&quot; ডেমোক্র্যাটিক পার্টির সম্প্রসারণবাদীদের কাছে একটি প্রধান স্লোগান হয়ে ওঠে। ১৮৪০-এর দশকে টাইলার এবং পোল্ক প্রশাসন (১৮৪১-১৮৪৯) সফলভাবে এই জাতীয়তাবাদী মতবাদটির প্রচার চালিয়েছিল। তবে ব্যবসায়িক এবং আর্থিক স্বার্থের প্রতিনিধিত্বকারী হুইগ পার্টি এই বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্যের আদর্শের বিরোধিতা করেছিল। হেনরি ক্লে এবং আব্রাহাম লিনকনের মতো হুইগ নেতারা সাধারণ ভৌগোলিক প্রসারের বদলে আধুনিকায়ন এবং নগরায়নের মাধ্যমে সমাজকে আরও উন্নত করার আহ্বান জানিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্সাসকে অন্তর্ভুক্ত করার মাধ্যমে সম্প্রসারণবাদীরা জয়লাভ করেন। ১৮৪৫ সালে টেক্সাসকে যুক্ত করার ঘটনাটি দাসপ্রথা বিরোধী হুইগ নেতা [[জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামস|জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামসের]] কাছে &quot;আমার নিজের এবং আমার দেশের জন্য ঘটা সবচেয়ে বড় বিপর্যয়&quot; বলে মনে হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪০-এর দশকে পশম ব্যবসায়ী এবং ফ্রেমন্টের অভিযানের মাধ্যমে পাওয়া রাস্তার খবরাখবর নিয়ে প্রকাশিত অভিবাসীদের &quot;পথনির্দেশিকা বই&quot;গুলো বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের পশ্চিম দিকে যেতে অনেক সাহায্য করেছিল। এই বইগুলো রকি পর্বতমালার ওপারে উর্বর চাষযোগ্য জমির প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;, For example, see {{বই উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআরএল=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXgUAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA160|শিরোনাম=Life on the plains and among the diggings: being scenes and adventures of an overland journey to California: with particular incidents of the route, mistakes and sufferings of the emigrants, the Indian tribes, the present and the future of the great West|শেষাংশ=Delano|প্রথমাংশ=Alonzo|বছর=1854|প্রকাশক=Miller, Orton &amp; Mulligan|পাতা=160}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মেক্সিকো এবং টেক্সাস ====
[[চিত্র:SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৩৬ সালে মেক্সিকান জেনারেল সান্তা আনার আত্মসমর্পণ গ্রহণ করছেন স্যাম হিউস্টন]]
১৮২১ সালে মেক্সিকো স্পেনের হাত থেকে স্বাধীনতা লাভ করে এবং টেক্সাস থেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত স্পেনের উত্তরের এলাকাগুলো নিজেদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে নেয়। আমেরিকান ক্যারাভান বা পণ্যবাহী দলগুলো সান্টা ফে ট্রেইল ধরে মেক্সিকোর সান্টা ফে শহরে পণ্য সরবরাহ করতে শুরু করে। মিসৌরির কানসাস সিটি (যা তখন ওয়েস্টপোর্ট নামে পরিচিত ছিল) থেকে ১,৪০০ কিলোমিটার (৮৭০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ এই পথ পাড়ি দিতে ৪৮ দিন সময় লাগত। সান্টা ফে শহরটি &quot;এল কামিনো রিয়াল&quot; বা রাজপথের যাত্রাপথ হিসেবেও ব্যবহৃত হতো। এটি ছিল এমন একটি বাণিজ্য পথ যার মাধ্যমে আমেরিকার তৈরি পণ্য মেক্সিকোর গভীর অভ্যন্তরে পাঠানো হতো এবং বিনিময়ে রূপো, পশুর পশম ও খচ্চর উত্তরে নিয়ে আসা হতো (ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার মিশনগুলোকে যুক্ত করা অন্য একটি &quot;কামিনো রিয়ালের&quot; সাথে এটিকে গুলিয়ে ফেললে চলবে না)। এই পথের একটি শাখা মেক্সিকো উপসাগরের পাশ দিয়ে পূর্ব দিকেও গিয়েছিল যাকে ওল্ড সান আন্তোনিও রোড বলা হতো। সান্টা ফে শহরটি ওল্ড স্প্যানিশ ট্রেইল বা প্রাচীন স্প্যানিশ পথের মাধ্যমে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার সাথে সরাসরি যুক্ত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

স্পেনীয় এবং মেক্সিকান সরকার অত্যন্ত উদার সব শর্ত দিয়ে মার্কিন বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের টেক্সাসের প্রতি আকৃষ্ট করেছিল। স্টিফেন এফ অস্টিন একজন &quot;এমপ্রিসারিও&quot; বা অভিবাসনের ব্যবস্থাপক হিসেবে নিযুক্ত হয়েছিলেন। তিনি মেক্সিকান কর্মকর্তাদের কাছ থেকে নতুন অভিবাসীদের নিয়ে আসার জন্য বিভিন্ন চুক্তি বা কন্টাক্ট লাভ করেন। এই দায়িত্ব পালন করতে গিয়ে তিনি কার্যত ওই অঞ্চলের রাজনৈতিক ও সামরিক প্রধান বা কমান্ডার হয়ে ওঠেন। তবে ১৮২৬ সালে ফ্রেডোনিয়া নামে একটি স্বাধীন রাষ্ট্র গঠনের ব্যর্থ চেষ্টার ফলে সেখানে উত্তেজনার সৃষ্টি হয়। উইলিয়াম ট্রাভিস তার &quot;যুদ্ধকামী দলের&quot; হয়ে মেক্সিকো থেকে পূর্ণ স্বাধীনতার পক্ষে সওয়াল করেন। অন্যদিকে অস্টিনের নেতৃত্বাধীন &quot;শান্তিকামী দল&quot; বিদ্যমান সম্পর্কের মধ্যেই আরও বেশি স্বায়ত্তশাসন লাভের চেষ্টা চালিয়েছিল। যখন মেক্সিকোর রাষ্ট্রপতি সান্টা আন্না তার রাজনৈতিক অবস্থান পরিবর্তন করেন এবং রক্ষণশীল সেন্ট্রালিস্ট দলে যোগ দেন, তখন তিনি নিজেকে স্বৈরাচারী শাসক হিসেবে ঘোষণা করেন। তিনি নতুন অভিবাসন বন্ধ করতে এবং বিশৃঙ্খলা দমন করার জন্য টেক্সাসে সৈন্য পাঠানোর নির্দেশ দেন। তা সত্ত্বেও অভিবাসন প্রক্রিয়া থামেনি এবং ১৮৩৫ সাল নাগাদ ৩,০০০ ক্রীতদাস সহ প্রায় ৩০,০০০ শ্বেতাঙ্গ বা অ্যাংলো বসতি স্থাপনকারী টেক্সাসে বসবাস শুরু করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৩৬ সালে টেক্সাস বিপ্লব শুরু হয়। অ্যালামো এবং গোলিয়াডের যুদ্ধে পরাজিত হওয়ার পর টেক্সিয়ানরা সান জাসিন্টোর চূড়ান্ত যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করে। এই জয়ের মাধ্যমেই তাদের স্বাধীনতা নিশ্চিত হয়। সান জাসিন্টোর যুদ্ধক্ষেত্রে টেক্সিয়ান সেনাবাহিনীর প্রধান এবং টেক্সাস প্রজাতন্ত্রের হবু রাষ্ট্রপতি স্যাম হিউস্টন তাঁর সেই বিখ্যাত চিৎকার দিয়ে বলেছিলেন, &quot;অ্যালামোকে মনে রেখো! গোলিয়াডকে মনে রেখো।&quot; মার্কিন কংগ্রেস টেক্সাসকে যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্তর্ভুক্ত করতে অস্বীকার করে। কারণ সেখানে দাসপ্রথা এবং আঞ্চলিক ক্ষমতার লড়াই নিয়ে প্রবল বিতর্কের সৃষ্টি হয়েছিল এবং এর ফলে এক ধরণের রাজনৈতিক অচলাবস্থা তৈরি হয়। ফলে টেক্সাস প্রজাতন্ত্র প্রায় এক দশক ধরে একটি স্বাধীন শক্তি হিসেবে টিকে ছিল। শেষ পর্যন্ত ১৮৪৫ সালে এটি ২৮তম অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে আমেরিকার অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। তবে মেক্সিকো সরকার টেক্সাসকে তাদের হাতছাড়া হয়ে যাওয়া একটি প্রদেশ হিসেবেই গণ্য করত এবং এর ওপর নিজেদের মালিকানা দাবি করে যেত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মেক্সিকান-আমেরিকান যুদ্ধ ====
[[চিত্র:Kearny-Las-Vegas-Aug-1846-engraving-1882.jpg|থাম্ব|জেনারেল কার্নির [[নিউ মেক্সিকো]] দখল, ১৫ আগস্ট, ১৮৪৬]]
মেক্সিকো ১৮৩৬ সালে টেক্সাসের স্বাধীনতা স্বীকার করতে অস্বীকার করলেও মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এবং ইউরোপীয় শক্তিগুলো তা মেনে নিয়েছিল। মেক্সিকো হুমকি দিয়েছিল যে টেক্সাস যদি আমেরিকার সাথে যুক্ত হয় তবে তারা যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা করবে। ১৮৪৫ সালে টেক্সাসের অন্তর্ভুক্তির পর ঠিক সেটাই ঘটেছিল। মেক্সিকোর অভ্যন্তরীণ রাজনৈতিক ডামাডোলের কারণে আমেরিকার আলোচনাকারীরা সেখান থেকে বিফল হয়ে ফিরে আসেন। যখন একটি বিতর্কিত এলাকায় মেক্সিকান সেনাবাহিনী ১৬ জন মার্কিন সৈন্যকে হত্যা করে, তখন যুদ্ধ অনিবার্য হয়ে পড়ে। কংগ্রেস সদস্য [[আব্রাহাম লিংকন|আব্রাহাম লিংকনের]] মতো হুইগ নেতারা এই যুদ্ধের তীব্র নিন্দা করেছিলেন। তবে নিউ ইংল্যান্ড অঞ্চলের বাইরে এই যুদ্ধ বেশ জনপ্রিয়তা পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মেক্সিকোর রণকৌশল ছিল মূলত প্রতিরক্ষামূলক। অন্যদিকে আমেরিকা বিপুল সংখ্যক স্বেচ্ছাসেবী সৈন্য নিয়ে তিন দিক থেকে আক্রমণ করার পরিকল্পনা গ্রহণ করে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকার স্থলবাহিনী খুব সামান্য প্রতিরোধের মাধ্যমেই নিউ মেক্সিকো দখল করে নেয়। এরপর তারা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দিকে অগ্রসর হয়। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া খুব দ্রুত আমেরিকার স্থল ও নৌবাহিনীর নিয়ন্ত্রণে চলে আসে। নিউ অরলিন্সের প্রধান ঘাঁটি থেকে জেনারেল [[জ্যাকারি টেইলার|জ্যাকারি টেলর]] উত্তর মেক্সিকোতে সৈন্য পরিচালনা করেন। তিনি সেখানে ধারাবাহিকভাবে বেশ কিছু যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করেন। মার্কিন নৌবাহিনী জেনারেল উইনফিল্ড স্কটকে ভেরাক্রুজ বন্দরে পৌঁছে দেয়। এরপর তিনি তাঁর ১২,০০০ সৈন্যের বাহিনী নিয়ে পশ্চিম দিকে মেক্সিকো সিটির অভিমুখে যাত্রা করেন এবং চ্যাপুল্টেপেক নামক স্থানে চূড়ান্ত যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করেন। সমগ্র মেক্সিকো দখল করে নেওয়ার পরিকল্পনাটি শেষ পর্যন্ত বাতিল করা হয়। কারণ মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী বুঝতে পারে যে মেক্সিকোর রাজনৈতিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক মূল্যবোধ আমেরিকার তুলনায় একেবারেই আলাদা। যেমনটা ''সিনসিনাটি হেরাল্ড'' পত্রিকায় প্রশ্ন তোলা হয়েছিল যে, মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র ৮০ লক্ষ মেক্সিকানদের নিয়ে কী করবে &quot;যাদের মূর্তিপূজা, পৌত্তলিক কুসংস্কার এবং অধঃপতিত মিশ্র জাতি বিদ্যমান?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪৮ সালের গুয়াদালুপে হিডালগো চুক্তির মাধ্যমে ১ কোটি ৮৫ লক্ষ ডলারের বিনিময়ে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলগুলো মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের হাতে তুলে দেওয়া হয়। এই চুক্তির মধ্যে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মেক্সিকোর প্রতি পাওনার ভার নেওয়াও অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল। ১৮৫৩ সালের গ্যাডসডেন ক্রয়ের ফলে দক্ষিণ অ্যারিজোনা আমেরিকার অংশ হয়। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া পর্যন্ত রেললাইন তৈরির পথের জন্য এই ভূখণ্ডটি অত্যন্ত প্রয়োজনীয় ছিল। সব মিলিয়ে মেক্সিকো প্রায় ১৩ লক্ষ বর্গকিলোমিটার বা ৫ লক্ষ বর্গমাইল জমি ছেড়ে দেয়। এর ফলে টেক্সাস ছাড়াও ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া, ইউটা, অ্যারিজোনা, নেভাদা, নিউ মেক্সিকো এবং কলোরাডো ও ওয়াইমিং-এর কিছু অংশ আমেরিকার অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। এই নতুন ভূখণ্ডগুলোর শাসন ব্যবস্থা এবং দাসপ্রথা সংক্রান্ত বিষয়টি নিয়ে তীব্র বিতর্কের সৃষ্টি হয়। বিশেষ করে উইলমোট প্রভিসো নিয়ে অনেক বাদানুবাদ হয়, যা নতুন এলাকায় দাসপ্রথা নিষিদ্ধ করার প্রস্তাব দিয়েছিল। কংগ্রেস এটি কখনোই পাস করেনি। বরং কম্প্রোমাইজ অফ ১৮৫০-এর মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমে দাসপ্রথা সংক্রান্ত সমস্যার একটি সাময়িক সমাধান করা হয়েছিল। ১৮৫০ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া একটি মুক্ত অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইউনিয়নে যোগ দেয়। তবে অন্যান্য এলাকাগুলো আরও অনেক বছর ধরে কেবল বিশেষ ভূখণ্ড বা টেরিটরি হিসেবেই রয়ে গিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== টেক্সাসের বৃদ্ধি ====
দলে দলে অভিবাসীরা পূর্ব টেক্সাসের উর্বর তুলা চাষের জমিতে আসতে শুরু করার ফলে নতুন এই অঙ্গরাজ্যটি খুব দ্রুত উন্নতির পথে এগিয়ে চলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জার্মানিতে তৈরি হওয়া অর্থনৈতিক, সামাজিক এবং রাজনৈতিক অস্থিরতার কারণে ১৮৪০-এর দশকের শুরুর দিকে সেখান থেকে অনেক জার্মান অভিবাসী এখানে আসতে শুরু করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; পূর্ব দিকের জেলাগুলোতে বড় বড় চাষিরা তুলা চাষের জমি এবং ক্রীতদাসের ওপর অর্থ বিনিয়োগ করে বিশালাকার তুলার বাগান গড়ে তোলেন। অঙ্গরাজ্যটির মধ্য অঞ্চল মূলত সেইসব চাষিদের মাধ্যমে বিকশিত হয়েছিল যারা শুধু নিজেদের জীবনধারণের জন্য কৃষিকাজ করতেন এবং যাদের খুব একটা ক্রীতদাস ছিল না।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

টেক্সাস তার ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টেরর দিনগুলোতে এমন সাহসী পুরুষদের আকৃষ্ট করত যারা নির্ভুল লক্ষ্যভেদ করতে পারতেন এবং যাদের মধ্যে ছিল অজানাকে জানার প্রবল নেশা। তারা &quot;পুরুষোচিত খ্যাতি, দেশপ্রেমমূলক সেবা, যুদ্ধের গৌরব এবং বীরের মতো মৃত্যুকে বরণ করে নিতে&quot; সবসময় প্রস্তুত থাকতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া গোল্ড রাশ ====
[[চিত্র:California_Clipper_500.jpg|থাম্ব|ক্লিপার জাহাজগুলি ১৭,০০০ মাইল (২৭,০০০ মাইল) পথ পাড়ি দিতে পাঁচ মাস সময় নিয়েছিল&amp;nbsp;কিমি) নিউ ইয়র্ক সিটি থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত।]]
[[চিত্র:SanFranciscoharbor1851c_sharp.jpg|থাম্ব|সান ফ্রান্সিসকো বন্দর {{আনুমানিক|1850}} ১৮৪৭ থেকে ১৮৭০ সালের মধ্যে, সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর জনসংখ্যা ৫০০ থেকে ১৫০,০০০-এ উন্নীত হয়।]]
১৮৪৬ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় প্রায় ১০,০০০ ক্যালিফোর্নিও বা হিস্পানিক মানুষ বসবাস করতেন। তাদের বেশিরভাগই বর্তমান লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেস এলাকার পশুপালনের খামারগুলোতে থাকতেন। উত্তরের জেলাগুলোতে কয়েকশ বিদেশি ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে ছিলেন যাদের মধ্যে কিছু আমেরিকানও ছিলেন। ১৮৪৬ সালে মেক্সিকোর সাথে যুদ্ধ শুরু হওয়ার পর মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র সেখানে ফ্রেমন্ট এবং [[মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী|সেনাবাহিনীর]] একটি দল পাঠায়। সেই সাথে নৌবাহিনীর সহায়তায় তারা দ্রুত ওই অঞ্চলের নিয়ন্ত্রণ নিয়ে নেয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যুদ্ধ যখন শেষ পর্যায়ে, ঠিক তখনই উত্তরের অঞ্চলে সোনার সন্ধান পাওয়া যায় এবং এই খবরটি খুব দ্রুত সারা বিশ্বে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে।

হাজার হাজার &quot;ফর্টি-নাইনার্স&quot; বা সোনার সন্ধানে আসা মানুষ ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় পৌঁছান। কেউ দক্ষিণ আমেরিকা ঘুরে জাহাজে চড়ে এসেছিলেন অথবা রোগব্যাধি ছড়ানো পানামা হয়ে সংক্ষিপ্ত পথ ধরেছিলেন। আবার অনেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দুর্গম পথ হেঁটে পাড়ি দিয়েছিলেন। ১৮৫২ সালের মধ্যে জনসংখ্যা বেড়ে ২,০০,০০০ ছাড়িয়ে যায়। তাদের বেশিরভাগই সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর পূর্ব দিকের পাহাড়ি এলাকার স্বর্ণ সমৃদ্ধ অঞ্চলে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন।

সান ফ্রান্সিসকোতে বাসস্থানের প্রচণ্ড সংকট ছিল। খনিগুলোতে কাজ করতে আসা জাহাজের কর্মীরা তাদের জাহাজগুলো ফেলে যেতেন এবং সেই পরিত্যক্ত জাহাজগুলোকেই অনেক সময় অস্থায়ী আবাসে পরিণত করা হতো। খনি অঞ্চলগুলোতে জীবনযাত্রার মান ছিল একেবারেই আদিম ধরণের, যদিও সেখানকার মনোরম আবহাওয়া সবার কাছে আকর্ষণীয় ছিল। প্রয়োজনীয় সামগ্রীর দাম ছিল অনেক বেশি এবং খাবারের মান ছিল অত্যন্ত নিম্ন। তাদের নিত্যদিনের তালিকায় মূলত শুকরের মাংস, মটরশুঁটি এবং হুইস্কি থাকত। মূলত পুরুষ প্রধান এবং অস্থায়ী এই জনপদগুলোতে কোনো প্রতিষ্ঠিত প্রতিষ্ঠান ছিল না। ফলে সেখানে হিংসা, মদ্যপান, গালিগালাজ এবং লোভী আচরণের মতো ঘটনা খুব বেশি ঘটত। খনি এলাকাগুলোতে বিভিন্ন দাবি এবং ন্যায়বিচার কার্যকর করার জন্য কোনো আদালত বা পুলিশ ছিল না। তাই খনি শ্রমিকরা নিজেরাই একটি অস্থায়ী বিচার ব্যবস্থা তৈরি করেছিলেন। এটি বিদেশের অন্যান্য খনি অঞ্চলের &quot;খনি আইনের&quot; ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। প্রতিটি শিবিরের নিজস্ব নিয়ম ছিল এবং তারা প্রায়ই জনমতের ভিত্তিতে বিচার করত। কখনও কখনও তারা সঠিক বিচার করলেও অনেক সময় আইন হাতে তুলে নিত। আদিবাসী আমেরিকান (ইন্ডিয়ান), মেক্সিকান এবং চীনাদের সাধারণত সবচেয়ে কঠোর সাজা দেওয়া হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গোল্ড রাশ বা সোনার সন্ধানে এই উন্মাদনা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার অর্থনীতিকে আমূল বদলে দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে সেখানে খনি শ্রমিক, পানশালার মালিক, জুয়াড়ি এবং যৌনকর্মীদের পাশাপাশি ধাতু বিশেষজ্ঞ, ব্যবসায়ী, ডাক্তার এবং আইনজীবীদের মতো পেশাদার মানুষের সমাগম ঘটে। সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর একটি সংবাদপত্র জানিয়েছিল, &quot;পুরো দেশজুড়ে... কেবল সোনার সেই কর্কশ চিৎকার শোনা যাচ্ছে! সোনা! সোনা! ''সোনা''! মাঠগুলো অর্ধেক চাষ করা অবস্থায় পড়ে আছে, বাড়ি অর্ধেক তৈরি হয়েই থেমে আছে। কোদাল এবং গাঁইতি তৈরি ছাড়া মানুষ বাকি সবকিছু অবহেলা করছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার গোল্ড রাশের সেই পাঁচ বছরে ২,৫০,০০০-এর বেশি খনি শ্রমিক সর্বমোট ২০ কোটি ডলারের বেশি মূল্যের সোনা খুঁজে পেয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard R. Lamar 1977, pp. 446–472&quot;&gt;Howard R. Lamar (1977), pp.&amp;nbsp;446–447&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে হাজার হাজার মানুষের ভিড়ে খুব কম শ্রমিকের ভাগ্যেই এই সোনার দেখা মিলত। শেষ পর্যন্ত তাদের অধিকাংশেরই অবস্থা হতো অত্যন্ত শোচনীয় এবং নিঃস্ব।

হিংস্র ডাকাতরা প্রায়ই খনি শ্রমিকদের ওপর আক্রমণ করত। যেমন জোনাথন আর ডেভিস একাই এগারোজন ডাকাতকে হত্যা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Davis2&quot;&gt;Fournier, Richard. &quot;Mexican War Vet Wages Deadliest Gunfight in American History&quot;, ''VFW Magazine'' (January 2012), p.&amp;nbsp;30.&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকান নদীর উত্তর ও দক্ষিণ দিকে এবং পূর্বের সিয়েরা পর্বতমালা পর্যন্ত অসংখ্য শিবির গড়ে উঠেছিল। কয়েক বছরের মধ্যেই প্রায় সমস্ত স্বাধীন খনি শ্রমিকরা তাদের জায়গা হারান। বড় বড় কোম্পানিগুলো খনিগুলো কিনে নেয় এবং সেখানে খুব সামান্য বেতনে শ্রমিকদের নিয়োগ করে। সোনা খুঁজে পাওয়া এবং তা বের করা যখন আরও কঠিন হয়ে পড়ল, তখন একাকী সোনা সন্ধানী বা প্রস্পেক্টরদের জায়গা দখল করে নিল বেতনভুক্ত শ্রমিকের দল, বিশেষ দক্ষতা এবং খনি চালানোর বড় বড় যন্ত্রপাতি। তবে বড় খনিগুলোর কারণে পরিবেশের অনেক বেশি ক্ষতি হয়েছিল। পাহাড়গুলোতে সুড়ঙ্গ খুঁড়ে খনিজ সংগ্রহের ফলে প্রচুর পরিমাণে বর্জ্য তৈরি হতো। ১৮৫২ সালে গোল্ড রাশের শেষ দিক থেকে ১৮৮৩ সাল পর্যন্ত হাইড্রোলাইক বা জলচালিত খনি ব্যবস্থা ব্যবহার করা হতো। এতে প্রচুর মুনাফা হলেও এটি মুষ্টিমেয় কিছু পুঁজিপতির হাতে চলে যায় এবং সাধারণ শ্রমিকরা কাজ হারান। এর ফলে নদীগুলোতে বিপুল পরিমাণ বর্জ্য মিশে যেত এবং পরিবেশের ওপর মারাত্মক প্রভাব ফেলত। চাষের জমি নষ্ট হওয়ার বিরুদ্ধে জনগণের তীব্র প্রতিবাদের মুখে হাইড্রোলাইক খনি ব্যবস্থা নিষিদ্ধ করা হলে এই প্রক্রিয়ার অবসান ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

নিউ মেক্সিকো থেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং দক্ষিণ ডাকোটা পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত ত্রিভুজাকার পাহাড়ি এলাকায় কয়েকশ খনি অঞ্চল ছিল। সেখানে প্রস্পেক্টররা সোনা, রূপো, তামা এবং অন্যান্য খনিজ পদার্থের (সেই সাথে কিছু নরম পাথরের কয়লা) সন্ধান পেয়েছিলেন। রাতারাতি অসংখ্য অস্থায়ী খনি শিবির গড়ে উঠেছিল। কিন্তু খনিজ ফুরিয়ে যাওয়ার সাথে সাথে এর বেশিরভাগই জনশূন্য বা ভূতুড়ে শহরে পরিণত হয়েছিল। অভিযাত্রীরা রকি পর্বতমালা এবং দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চল বরাবর সোনা ও রূপোর সন্ধানে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন। শীঘ্রই ১৮৬৪ সালের মধ্যে কলোরাডো, ইউটা, অ্যারিজোনা, নিউ মেক্সিকো, আইডাহো, মন্টানা এবং দক্ষিণ ডাকোটায় সোনার খোঁজ পাওয়া যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

রূপোর এক বিশাল খনি আবিষ্কৃত হওয়ার ফলে নেভাদার ভার্জিনিয়া সিটি, [[কারসন সিটি, নেভাডা|কারসন সিটি]] এবং সিলভার সিটির মতো শহরগুলোতে হঠাৎ করেই সমৃদ্ধি আসে। সোনার চেয়ে রূপোর মাধ্যমে পাওয়া সম্পদ ১৮৬০-এর দশকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর পূর্ণ বিকাশে অনেক বেশি সাহায্য করেছিল। এটি জর্জ হার্স্টের মতো বেশ কিছু অত্যন্ত ধনী পরিবারের উত্থানেও বড় ভূমিকা রেখেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ওরেগন ট্রেইল ====
[[চিত্র:Wpdms_nasa_topo_oregon_trail.jpg|থাম্ব|৪,০০,০০০ পুরুষ, মহিলা এবং শিশু ২,০০০ মাইল (৩,২০০&amp;nbsp;কিমি) ওরেগন ট্রেইলে ছয় মাসের যাত্রায়।]]
পশ্চিম উপকূলের সেই সমৃদ্ধ নতুন ভূখণ্ডে পৌঁছানোর জন্য তিনটি পথ খোলা ছিল: কেউ জাহাজে করে দক্ষিণ আমেরিকার দক্ষিণ প্রান্ত ঘুরে ছয় মাসের এক দীর্ঘ সমুদ্রযাত্রা করতেন, কেউ পানামা যোজকের বিপজ্জনক পথ বেছে নিতেন, আবার প্রায় ৪,০০,০০০ মানুষ ৩,২০০ কিলোমিটার (২,০০০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ স্থলপথ হেঁটে পাড়ি দিতেন; তাদের মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরগুলো সাধারণত মিসৌরি থেকে যাত্রা শুরু করত। তারা একজন অভিজ্ঞ মালবাহী গাড়ির চালকের অধীনে বড় বড় দলে ভাগ হয়ে যাতায়াত করতেন এবং সাথে নিতেন নিজেদের জামাকাপড়, চাষবাসের সরঞ্জাম, অস্ত্রশস্ত্র এবং গবাদি পশু। এই গাড়ির বহরগুলো বড় বড় নদী অনুসরণ করে সমতল ভূমি ও পাহাড় অতিক্রম করত এবং সাধারণত ওরেগন ও ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় গিয়ে যাত্রা শেষ করত। অগ্রগামীরা সাধারণত একটি গ্রীষ্মকালীন মরসুমের মধ্যে, অর্থাৎ ছয় মাসের মধ্যে এই ভ্রমণ শেষ করার চেষ্টা করতেন। ১৮৩৬ সালে যখন [[ইন্ডিপেন্ডেন্স, মিজুরি|মিসৌরির ইন্ডিপেন্ডেন্সে]] প্রথম অভিবাসী মালবাহী গাড়ির বহর সংগঠিত হয়, ততদিনে আইডাহোর ফোর্ট হল পর্যন্ত একটি পথ তৈরি হয়ে গিয়েছিল। ধীরে ধীরে আরও পশ্চিমের পথ পরিষ্কার করা হয় এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত তা ওরেগনের উইল্যামেট উপত্যকা পর্যন্ত পৌঁছায়। প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় উত্তর-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলের দিকে যাওয়া এই মালবাহী গাড়ির রাস্তার নেটওয়ার্কটিই পরে ওরেগন ট্রেইল নামে পরিচিতি পায়। ১৮৪৩ সাল থেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ট্রেইল, ১৮৪৭ সাল থেকে মরমোন ট্রেইল এবং ১৮৬৩ সাল থেকে বোজম্যান ট্রেইলের যাত্রীরাও তাদের নির্দিষ্ট গন্তব্যের দিকে মোড় নেওয়ার আগে এই পথের পূর্ব অর্ধাংশ ব্যবহার করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;১৮৪৩ সালের মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরে&quot; প্রায় ৭০০ থেকে ১,০০০ অভিবাসী ওরেগনের উদ্দেশ্যে যাত্রা করেন; ধর্মপ্রচারক মার্কাস হুইটম্যান এই যাত্রার শেষ ধাপে গাড়িগুলোর নেতৃত্ব দিয়েছিলেন। ১৮৪৬ সালে মাউন্ট হুডের চারপাশ দিয়ে বার্লো রোড তৈরি করা হয়, যার ফলে মিসৌরি নদী থেকে উইল্যামেট উপত্যকা পর্যন্ত প্রায় ৩,২০০ কিলোমিটার (২,০০০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ একটি অসমতল কিন্তু চলাচলযোগ্য পথ তৈরি হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; শুরুর দিকের এই পথগুলোতে যাত্রার মূল অভিমুখ পশ্চিম দিকে থাকলেও, অনেকে ওরেগন ট্রেইল ব্যবহার করে পূর্ব দিকেও ফিরে যেতেন। কেউ কেউ নিরাশ ও পরাজিত হয়ে ফিরে আসতেন। আবার কেউ কেউ সোনা ও রূপোর ব্যাগ নিয়ে ফিরতেন। বেশিরভাগ মানুষই তাদের পরিবারকে নিয়ে আসার জন্য ফিরতেন যাতে সবাইকে একসাথে পশ্চিমে সরিয়ে নিয়ে যাওয়া যায়। এই &quot;ফিরে আসা মানুষ&quot; ছিলেন দূর পশ্চিমের বিস্ময় ও সম্ভাবনা—এবং সেখানকার বিপদ ও হতাশা সম্পর্কে খবরাখবর এবং উত্তেজনার প্রধান উৎস।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সব অভিবাসী তাদের গন্তব্যে পৌঁছাতে পারতেন না। স্থলপথের এই যাত্রায় বিপদের কোনো শেষ ছিল না: সাপের কামড়, মালবাহী গাড়ির দুর্ঘটনা, সহযাত্রীদের সহিংসতা, আত্মহত্যা, অপুষ্টি, পশুর পালের হুড়োহুড়ি, আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণ, নানা ধরণের রোগব্যাধি (যার মধ্যে [[আমাশয়]], [[আন্ত্রিক জ্বর|টাইফয়েড]] এবং [[কলেরা]]  ছিল সবচেয়ে সাধারণ), প্রতিকূল আবহাওয়া, তুষারধস ইত্যাদি। এই যাত্রার ভয়াবহ প্রকৃতির একটি বিশেষ পরিচিত উদাহরণ হলো দুর্ভাগা ডনার পার্টির কাহিনী, যারা ১৮৪৬–১৮৪৭ সালের শীতকালে [[সিয়েরা নেভাদা]] পাহাড়ে আটকা পড়েছিলেন। এই দলের ৯০ জন মানুষের অর্ধেকই ক্ষুধা ও প্রচণ্ড ঠান্ডায় মারা যান এবং কেউ কেউ বেঁচে থাকার জন্য মানুষের মাংস খেতেও বাধ্য হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; নরমাংসভক্ষণের অন্য একটি কাহিনীতে অ্যালফার্ড প্যাকার এবং ১৮৭৪ সালে কলোরাডোতে তাঁর অভিযানের কথা উঠে আসে। এ ছাড়া ডাকাত এবং হাইওয়েম্যানদেরও ঘনঘন আক্রমণ চলত, যেমন কুখ্যাত হার্প ব্রাদার্স যারা সীমান্ত পথে টহল দিত এবং অভিবাসী দলগুলোকে লক্ষ্যবস্তু বানাত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মরমোন এবং ইউটা ====
[[চিত্র:Mountain_Meadows_Massacre.jpg|থাম্ব|মাউন্টেন মিডোজ গণহত্যাটি ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় আবদ্ধ ১২০ জন বেসামরিক নাগরিকের উপর মর্মন এবং পাইউট আদিবাসীদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হয়েছিল।]]
[[চিত্র:Mormon_Pioneer_handcart_statue.jpg|থাম্ব|উটাহের সল্ট লেক সিটির টেম্পল স্কোয়ারে অবস্থিত টরলেফ এস. ন্যাফাসের লেখা ''হ্যান্ডকার্ট পাইওনিয়ার মনুমেন্ট'' ।]]
মিসৌরি এবং ইলিনয়ে মরমোন বসতি স্থাপনকারী ও স্থানীয়দের মধ্যে শত্রুতা ক্রমেই বাড়তে থাকে, যা কয়েক বছর পর ইউটার মতো অন্যান্য অঙ্গরাজ্যেও দেখা গিয়েছিল। ১৮৩৮ সালের ২৪ অক্টোবর শেষ পর্যন্ত এই সহিংসতা ছড়িয়ে পড়ে যখন উভয় পক্ষের মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী সংঘর্ষে লিপ্ত হয় এবং এর ৬ দিন পরে লিভিংস্টন কাউন্টিতে মরমোনদের ব্যাপক হারে হত্যা করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এএই সংঘর্ষের সময় একটি &quot;মরমোন উচ্ছেদ আদেশ&quot; জারি করা হয় এবং মরমোনরা ছত্রভঙ্গ হয়ে যেতে বাধ্য হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ইলিনয় এবং মিসৌরিতে ধর্মীয় নিপীড়ন থেকে বাঁচতে এবং আমেরিকার বিচারিক এলাকা থেকে বাইরে যাওয়ার উদ্দেশ্যে ব্রিঘাম ইয়ং মরমোনদের [[গ্রেট সল্ট লেক|গ্রেট সল্ট লেকে]] উপত্যকায় নিয়ে যান, যা সেই সময় মেক্সিকোর অধীনে থাকলেও তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে ছিল না। ইয়ং যাকে &quot;ডেসেরেট&quot; বলতেন, সেখানে শ’খানেক গ্রামীণ মরমোন জনপদ গড়ে ওঠে যা তিনি একটি ধর্মরাষ্ট্র হিসেবে শাসন করতেন। পরবর্তীতে এটি ইউটা টেরিটরিতে পরিণত হয়। [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটি]] জনপদটি তাদের নেটওয়ার্কের কেন্দ্র হিসেবে কাজ করত, যা পার্শ্ববর্তী অঞ্চলগুলোতেও ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। মরমোনদের সাম্প্রদায়িক জীবনযাত্রা এবং উন্নত কৃষিপদ্ধতি তাদের সফল হতে সাহায্য করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; মরমোনরা প্রায়শই সেখান দিয়ে যাওয়া মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরগুলোর কাছে পণ্য বিক্রি করত। ১৮৫০ সালে ফোর্ট ইউটার যুদ্ধের পর ব্রিঘাম ইয়ং আদিবাসীদের বিষয়ে একটি বিশেষ নীতি গ্রহণ করেন যাকে প্রায়ই এভাবে বলা হয় &quot;তাদের সাথে যুদ্ধ করার চেয়ে তাদের খাওয়ানো সস্তা।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে ওয়াকারার যুদ্ধ এবং ইউটার ব্ল্যাক হক যুদ্ধ প্রমাণ করে যে শত্রুতা চলতেই থাকে, যতক্ষণ না ফেডারেল এবং আঞ্চলিক নেতারা একমত হন যে নিকটবর্তী আদিবাসীদের সবাইকে উইন্টা রিজার্ভেশনে সরিয়ে দেওয়া উচিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই বিপদগ্রস্ত গোষ্ঠীটিকে রক্ষা করতে, ধর্মীয় মতবিরোধ কমাতে এবং গোষ্ঠীর সংহতি বজায় রাখতে শিক্ষাকে উচ্চ অগ্রাধিকার দেওয়া হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪৮ সালে মেক্সিকো–আমেরিকান যুদ্ধ শেষ হওয়ার পর মেক্সিকো ইউটা অঞ্চলটি মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের কাছে হস্তান্তর করে। যদিও যুদ্ধের সময় ইউটার মরমোনরা আমেরিকার প্রচেষ্টাকে সমর্থন করেছিল; কিন্তু প্রটেস্ট্যান্ট গির্জাগুলোর চাপে ফেডারেল সরকার ধর্মশাসন এবং বহুবিবাহ প্রথা প্রত্যাখ্যান করে। ১৮৫২ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত রিপাবলিকান পার্টি বহুবিবাহের কারণে ইউটার চার্চ অফ জেসাস ক্রাইস্ট অফ ল্যাটার-ডে সেন্টস (এলডিএস চার্চ) এর প্রতি প্রকাশ্যে শত্রুতা পোষণ করত। তৎকালীন অধিকাংশ আমেরিকান জনগণের কাছে এই বহুবিবাহ প্রথা আধুনিক সভ্যতার ধর্মীয়, সাংস্কৃতিক ও নৈতিক মূল্যবোধের ওপর এক চরম আঘাত হিসেবে বিবেচিত হতো। ১৮৫০-এর দশকের শেষের দিকে পরিস্থিতি যুদ্ধের কাছাকাছি পৌঁছে যায় যখন রাষ্ট্রপতি বিউকানান সেখানে সৈন্য পাঠান। যদিও সেখানে বড় কোনো সামরিক যুদ্ধ হয়নি এবং আলোচনার মাধ্যমে পরিস্থিতি শান্ত হয়, তবুও সহিংসতা বৃদ্ধি পেয়েছিল এবং বেশ কয়েকজন হতাহত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গৃহযুদ্ধের পর ফেডারেল সরকার পদ্ধতিগতভাবে ইউটার নিয়ন্ত্রণ গ্রহণ করে। ওই অঞ্চলে এলডিএস চার্চকে আইনত বিলুপ্ত করা হয় এবং ইয়ং সহ চার্চের উচ্চপদস্থ ব্যক্তিদের কার্যত সমস্ত সরকারি অফিস থেকে সরিয়ে দেওয়া হয় এবং নিষিদ্ধ করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এরই মধ্যে আমেরিকা এবং ইউরোপে সফল ধর্মপ্রচারের ফলে ইউটাতে মরমোন ধর্মান্তরিতদের ঢল নামে। এই সময়ে কংগ্রেস ইউটাকে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা দিতে অস্বীকার করেছিল কারণ রাজ্য হওয়ার অর্থ ছিল অঞ্চলের ওপর থেকে সরাসরি ফেডারেল নিয়ন্ত্রণ শেষ হওয়া এবং এলডিএস চার্চের পছন্দ করা বা তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রিত রাজনীতিকদের সম্ভাব্য উত্থান ঘটা। অবশেষে ১৮৯০ সালে চার্চের নেতৃত্ব ঘোষণা করেন যে বহুবিবাহ আর তাদের মূল আদর্শের অংশ নয়, যা ছিল মূলত একটি আপস। ১৮৯৬ সালে ইউটা ৪৫তম অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয় এবং মরমোনরা রিপাবলিকান ও ডেমোক্র্যাট এই দুই ভাগে বিভক্ত হয়ে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পনি এক্সপ্রেস এবং টেলিগ্রাফ ====
[[চিত্র:Ponymap.jpg|থাম্ব|পনি এক্সপ্রেস রুটের মানচিত্র]]
চিঠি এবং মালপত্র আদানপ্রদানের অগ্রগতির জন্য ফেডারেল সরকার ভর্তুকি প্রদান করেছিল। ১৮৫৬ সালের মধ্যে কংগ্রেস ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় যাওয়ার সড়ক ব্যবস্থার উন্নয়ন এবং একটি স্থলপথের ডাক পরিষেবা চালু করার অনুমতি প্রদান করে। নতুন এই বাণিজ্যিক মালবাহী গাড়ির পরিষেবাটি মূলত পণ্য পরিবহনের কাজে ব্যবহৃত হতো। ১৮৫৮ সালে জন বাটারফিল্ড (১৮০১-১৮৬৯) একটি ঘোড়ায় টানা যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ির পরিষেবা চালু করেছিলেন। এই পরিষেবাটি একটি দক্ষিণ পথ ধরে সেন্ট লুইস থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত পৌঁছাতে মাত্র ২৪ দিন সময় নিত। ১৮৬১ সালে টেক্সাস কনফেডারেসিতে যোগ দেওয়ার পর এই পথটি পরিত্যক্ত হয়। এর পরিবর্তে ফোর্ট লারামি এবং [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটির]] মধ্য দিয়ে একটি নতুন যাত্রাপথ তৈরি করা হয় যা ছিল ২৪ দিনের এক দীর্ঘ যাত্রা। এই পথে ওয়েলস ফার্গো অ্যান্ড কোম্পানি প্রধান পরিষেবা প্রদানকারী হিসেবে আবির্ভূত হয় যারা শুরুর দিকে পুরনো &quot;বাটারফিল্ড&quot; নামটিই ব্যবহার করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সরকারি একটি বড় চুক্তি পাওয়ার আশায় উইলিয়াম রাসেল ১৮৬০ সালে পনি এক্সপ্রেস শুরু করেন। তিনি চেয়েছিলেন ডাক পরিষেবা আরও দ্রুত পৌঁছে দিতে। এর ফলে চিঠি পৌঁছানোর সময় কমে মাত্র ১০ দিনে এসে দাঁড়ায়। এই ব্যবস্থা সচল রাখতে তিনি প্রায় ২৪ কিলোমিটার (১৫ মাইল) অন্তর ১৫০টিরও বেশি স্টেশন বা বিশ্রামাগার স্থাপন করেছিলেন।

১৮৬১ সালে কংগ্রেস ল্যান্ড-গ্রান্ট টেলিগ্রাফ অ্যাক্ট পাস করে যা ওয়েস্টার্ন ইউনিয়নের আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় টেলিগ্রাম লাইন তৈরির খরচ মেটানোয় সাহায্য করেছিল। ওয়েস্টার্ন ইউনিয়নের প্রধান হিরাম সিবলি রেলপথগুলোর সাথে একটি বিশেষ চুক্তি করেন যাতে তাদের নির্ধারিত সংরক্ষিত পথে টেলিগ্রাম লাইন বসানো যায়। ১৮৬১ সালের ২৪ অক্টোবর আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ চালু হওয়ার আট বছর আগেই নেব্রাস্কার ওমাহা থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত প্রথম আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় টেলিগ্রামের সংযোগ স্থাপিত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; টেলিগ্রামের গতির সাথে কোনোভাবেই পাল্লা দিতে না পারায় মাত্র ১৮ মাসের মধ্যেই পনি এক্সপ্রেসের পরিসমাপ্তি ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== রক্তাক্ত কানসাস ====
[[চিত্র:Marais-massacre.jpg|alt=Men lined up along a tree line are shot by men on horseback.|থাম্ব|দাসত্ব বিরোধী কানসানের মারাইস ডেস সিগনেস গণহত্যা, ১৯ মে, ১৮৫৮]]
সাংবিধানিক কারণে কংগ্রেস অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলোর ভেতরে প্রচলিত দাসপ্রথা নিয়ে সরাসরি কোনো হস্তক্ষেপ করতে না পারলেও পশ্চিমের বিশেষ ভূখণ্ড বা টেরিটরিগুলোর ওপর তাদের আইনি নিয়ন্ত্রণ ছিল। ১৮৫০ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া সর্বসম্মতিক্রমে দাসপ্রথা প্রত্যাখ্যান করে এবং একটি মুক্ত রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়। নিউ মেক্সিকোতে দাসপ্রথা বৈধ থাকলেও সেখানে এর প্রভাব ছিল খুব সামান্য। ১৮২০ সালের আপস অনুযায়ী কানসাস অঞ্চলে দাসপ্রথা নিষিদ্ধ ছিল। মুক্ত ভূমি আন্দোলনের সমর্থকরা ভয় পাচ্ছিলেন যে সেখানে যদি দাসপ্রথার অনুমতি দেওয়া হয় তবে ধনী বাগান মালিকরা সমস্ত ভালো জমি নিজেদের দখলে নিয়ে নেবে। তারা ক্রীতদাসের দল দিয়ে সেই জমি চাষ করাবে যার ফলে সাধারণ শ্বেতাঙ্গ মানুষের খামারের মালিক হওয়ার সুযোগ থাকবে না। দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের খুব কম বাগান মালিকই কানসাসের প্রতি আগ্রহী ছিলেন। তবে সেখানে দাসপ্রথা অবৈধ হওয়ার মানে ছিল যে তাদের সম্মান ক্ষুণ্ণ হচ্ছে এবং তারা দ্বিতীয় শ্রেণির নাগরিক হিসেবে গণ্য হচ্ছে যা তাদের কাছে অত্যন্ত অপমানজনক ছিল। এ ছাড়াও তারা মনে করতেন এটি অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলোর নিজস্ব অধিকারকে খর্ব করছে। ১৮৫৪ সালে অত্যন্ত বিতর্কিত কানসাস-নেব্রাস্কা আইন পাসের মাধ্যমে কংগ্রেস দাসপ্রথার বিষয়ে সিদ্ধান্ত নেওয়ার ভার সরাসরি কানসাসের ভোটারদের ওপর ছেড়ে দেয়। দাসপ্রথার বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই করার জন্য উত্তরের রাজ্যগুলো জুড়ে রিপাবলিকান পার্টি নামক একটি বড় রাজনৈতিক দল গঠিত হয়। এই দলের নেতৃত্বে পশ্চিমের অনেক মানুষ ছিলেন যাদের মধ্যে ইলিনয়ের [[আব্রাহাম লিংকন]] । ছিলেন অগ্রগণ্য। ওই অঞ্চলের সিদ্ধান্তকে প্রভাবিত করার জন্য দাসপ্রথা বিরোধী শক্তিগুলো যাদের &quot;জেহকার্স&quot; বা &quot;ফ্রি-সয়েলার্স&quot; বলা হতো তারা রাজনৈতিকভাবে সচেতন বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের সেখানে যাওয়ার জন্য অর্থ সাহায্য প্রদান করতে থাকে। কিন্তু দাসপ্রথার সমর্থকরাও দমে যাননি এবং তারা মিসৌরি থেকে আসা দাসপ্রথা পন্থী বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের দিয়ে পাল্টা প্রতিরোধ গড়ে তোলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  এর ফলে উভয় পক্ষের মধ্যে চরম সহিংসতা ছড়িয়ে পড়ে। ১৮৫৯ সালে যখন এই অশান্তি কমে আসে ততদিনে মোট ৫৬ জন মানুষ প্রাণ হারিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৬০ সালের মধ্যে দাসপ্রথা পন্থীরা ক্ষমতার দখল নিলেও অবাক করার মতো বিষয় হলো কানসাসে তখন মাত্র দু'জন ক্রীতদাস ছিল। ১৮৬১ সালের মধ্যে দাসপ্রথা বিরোধীরা আবার নিয়ন্ত্রণ ফিরে পায় এবং কানসাস একটি মুক্ত অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে আত্মপ্রকাশ করে। এই ঘটনাটি স্পষ্ট করে দিয়েছিল যে দাসপ্রথা নিয়ে উত্তর ও দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের মধ্যে কোনো গণতান্ত্রিক সমঝোতা সম্ভব নয় এবং এটি [[মার্কিন গৃহযুদ্ধ|গৃহযুদ্ধ]] শুরু হওয়ার পথকে আরও প্রশস্ত করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== পশ্চিমে গৃহযুদ্ধ ===
[[চিত্র:Execution_of_38_Sioux_Indians_at_Mankato_Minnesota_1862_(cleaned).jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬২ সালে মিনেসোটার মানকাটোতে হত্যা ও ধর্ষণের দায়ে দোষী সাব্যস্ত সিউক্স যোদ্ধাদের গণহত্যা]]
বিশাল ভূখণ্ড হওয়া সত্ত্বেও, ট্রান্স-মিসিসিপি পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে জনসংখ্যা ছিল অত্যন্ত কম। এই কারণে আমেরিকান গৃহযুদ্ধের ইতিহাসচর্চায় এই অঞ্চলের যুদ্ধকালীন কাহিনীগুলো অনেকাংশেই উপেক্ষিত থেকে গিয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ট্রান্স-মিসিসিপি পেক্ষাগৃহ ====
কনফেডারেসি পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে বেশ কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সামরিক অভিযান পরিচালনা করেছিল। তবে যুদ্ধের আগে কানসাস চরম সংঘাতের কেন্দ্রবিন্দু থাকলেও, যুদ্ধ চলাকালীন সেখানে শুধুমাত্র একটি যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল যা মাইন ক্রিক যুদ্ধ নামে পরিচিত। কিন্তু কনফেডারেট সীমানার কাছাকাছি হওয়ায় কোয়ান্ট্রিলস রেইডার্সের মতো কনফেডারেট-পন্থী গেরিলা দলগুলো ইউনিয়নের শক্ত ঘাঁটিগুলোতে আক্রমণ করার এবং সেখানকার বাসিন্দাদের নির্বিচারে হত্যা করার সুযোগ পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

টেক্সাসের নাগরিকরা ভোট দিয়ে কনফেডারেসিতে যোগ দেওয়ার সিদ্ধান্ত নিয়েছিলেন; সেখানে যুদ্ধ-বিরোধী জার্মানদের ফাঁসিকাষ্ঠে ঝোলানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; স্থানীয় সৈন্যরা সান আন্তোনিওর ফেডারেল অস্ত্রাগার দখল করে নেয়। তাদের পরিকল্পনা ছিল উত্তর নিউ মেক্সিকো, ইউটা, কলোরাডো এবং সম্ভব হলে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া দখল করা। মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী ওই এলাকা থেকে চলে যাওয়ার পর অ্যাপাচি উপজাতির আক্রমণ থেকে রক্ষা পেতে অ্যারিজোনার নাগরিকরাই  কনফেডারেট অ্যারিজোনা গঠন করেন। এরপর কনফেডারেসির লক্ষ্য ছিল নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলের নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেওয়া। জেনারেল হেনরি হপকিন্স সিবলিকে এই অভিযানের দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়। তিনি তাঁর নিউ মেক্সিকো বাহিনী নিয়ে রিও গ্র্যান্ডে অভিমুখে যাত্রা করেন যাতে কলোরাডো এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার খনিজ সম্পদ দখল করা যায়। তবে ফার্স্ট রেজিমেন্ট অফ ভলান্টিয়ার্স এই বিদ্রোহীদের গতিবিধি টের পেয়ে যায় এবং তারা ফোর্ট ইউনিয়নে থাকা ইয়াঙ্কিদের সতর্ক করে তাদের সাথে যোগ দেয়। শীঘ্রই গ্লোরিয়েটা পাস যুদ্ধ শুরু হয় এবং ইউনিয়ন বাহিনী কনফেডারেটদের অভিযান থামিয়ে দেয়। এর ফলে টেক্সাসের পশ্চিম দিকের এলাকাগুলো ইউনিয়নের নিয়ন্ত্রণেই থেকে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মিসৌরি ছিল দক্ষিণ সীমান্তের এমন একটি রাজ্য যেখানে দাসপ্রথা বৈধ ছিল। সেখানকার আইনসভার ভোটের বিরুদ্ধে গিয়ে বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী গভর্নর যখন সেন্ট লুইসের ফেডারেল অস্ত্রাগারে সৈন্য পরিচালনা করেন, তখন এটি যুদ্ধক্ষেত্রে পরিণত হয়। আরকানসাস এবং লুইজিয়ানা থেকে আসা কনফেডারেট বাহিনী তাঁকে সাহায্য করেছিল। মিসৌরির গভর্নর এবং রাজ্য আইনসভার একাংশ নিওশোতে একটি বিচ্ছিন্নকরণ অধ্যাদেশ বা অর্ডিন্যান্স অফ সেসেশন স্বাক্ষর করেন এবং মিসৌরিতে কনফেডারেট সরকার গঠন করেন। এর ফলে দক্ষিণ মিসৌরি কনফেডারেটদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে চলে যায়। তবে ইউনিয়ন জেনারেল স্যামুয়েল কার্টিস সেন্ট লুইস এবং পুরো মিসৌরিকে পুনরায় ইউনিয়নের অধীনে ফিরিয়ে আনেন। এই রাজ্যটি পশ্চিমে অসংখ্য হামলা এবং গেরিলা যুদ্ধের সাক্ষী হয়ে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== শান্তিরক্ষা ====
[[চিত্র:Dakota_War_of_1862-stereo-right.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬২ সালের ডাকোটা যুদ্ধ থেকে পালিয়ে আসা বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা]]
১৮৫০ সালের পর মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী সীমান্ত জুড়ে কতগুলো সামরিক ঘাঁটি বা পোস্ট স্থাপন করেছিল। এগুলোর উদ্দেশ্য ছিল আদিবাসী উপজাতিগুলোর নিজেদের মধ্যকার লড়াই অথবা আদিবাসী ও বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মধ্যকার যুদ্ধ বন্ধ করা। উনিশ শতক জুড়ে সেনাবাহিনীর কর্মকর্তাদের ক্যারিয়ার সাধারণত এক দুর্গ থেকে অন্য দুর্গে শান্তি রক্ষাকারীর ভূমিকা পালন করার মধ্য দিয়েই কাটত। একজন সাধারণ সৈনিকের জন্য সরাসরি যুদ্ধক্ষেত্রে লড়াই করার অভিজ্ঞতা ছিল বেশ বিরল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সবচেয়ে নাটকীয় সংঘাতটি ছিল ১৮৬২ সালে মিনেসোটার সিওক্স যুদ্ধ। তখন ডাকোটা উপজাতিরা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের বিতাড়িত করার জন্য জার্মানি থেকে আসা কৃষকদের খামারে পরিকল্পিতভাবে আক্রমণ শুরু করে। বেশ কয়েক দিন ধরে লোয়ার সিওক্স এজেন্সি, নিউ আলম এবং হাচিনসনে ডাকোটাদের আক্রমণে প্রায় ৩০০ থেকে ৪০০ শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারী নিহত হন। রাজ্য মিলিশিয়া পাল্টা লড়াই শুরু করে এবং রাষ্ট্রপতি লিনকন সেখানে ফেডারেল সৈন্য পাঠান। এরপর ফোর্ট রিজলি, বার্চ কুলি, ফোর্ট অ্যাবারক্রম্বি এবং উড লেকের যুদ্ধগুলোর মাধ্যমে ছয় সপ্তাহের এই লড়াই শেষ হয় যেখানে আমেরিকানরা জয়লাভ করে। ফেডারেল সরকার ৪২৫ জন আদিবাসীর বিরুদ্ধে খুনের মামলা চালায় এবং ৩০৩ জনকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত করে মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেয়। লিনকন তাদের অধিকাংশকেই ক্ষমা করে দিয়েছিলেন, তবে ৩৮ জন নেতাকে ফাঁসিতে ঝোলানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে ইউনিয়ন সৈন্যদের উপস্থিতি কমে যাওয়ার ফলে সেখানে প্রশিক্ষণহীন মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী অবশিষ্ট ছিল। শত্রুভাবাপন্ন উপজাতিরা এই সুযোগটি কাজে লাগিয়ে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর আক্রমণ চালায়। মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীও এর কঠোর জবাব দিয়েছিল। ১৮৬৪ সালের শেষের দিকে পূর্ব কলোরাডোর স্যান্ড ক্রিক গণহত্যা এর একটি বড় উদাহরণ। সেখানে শায়েন এবং আরাপাহো উপজাতির শীতকালীন আস্তানায় আক্রমণ চালানো হয়েছিল যেখানে মূলত নারী ও শিশুরাই বেশি ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৪ সালে কিট কারসন এবং মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী নিউ মেক্সিকোতে পুরো [[নাভাহো|নাভাজো]] উপজাতিকে ফাঁদে ফেলে। তারা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর আক্রমণ চালাত বলে তাদের ধরে একটি সংরক্ষিত এলাকা বা রিজার্ভেশনে রাখা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বর্তমান ওকলাহোমা বা তৎকালীন ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরিতে পাঁচটি সভ্য উপজাতির মধ্যেও সংঘাত দেখা দেয়। তাদের মধ্যে বেশিরভাগই নিজেরা ক্রীতদাসের মালিক হওয়ায় দক্ষিণ পক্ষকে সমর্থন করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালে কংগ্রেস পশ্চিমে বসতি স্থাপন সহজতর করার জন্য দুটি বড় আইন পাস করে: হোমস্টেড অ্যাক্ট এবং প্যাসিফিক রেলরোড অ্যাক্ট। এর ফলে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে সমতল অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতে লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন খামার গড়ে ওঠে। এগুলোর মধ্যে অনেকগুলোই জার্মানি এবং স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়া থেকে আসা নতুন অভিবাসীদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হতো।

=== যুদ্ধোত্তর পশ্চিম ===

==== গৃহযুদ্ধের পর আঞ্চলিক শাসনব্যবস্থা ====
[[চিত্র:Fsstockade.jpg|থাম্ব|ক্যাম্প সাপ্লাই স্টকেড, ফেব্রুয়ারি ১৮৬৯]]
যুদ্ধ শেষ হওয়ার এবং দাসপ্রথা বিলুপ্ত হওয়ার পর, ফেডারেল সরকার বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলের শাসনব্যবস্থা উন্নত করার দিকে মনোনিবেশ করে। ১৭৮৭ সালের &quot;নর্থওয়েস্ট অর্ডিন্যান্স&quot; বা উত্তর-পশ্চিম অধ্যাদেশের নজির অনুসরণ করে তারা বেশ কিছু অঞ্চলকে ছোট ছোট ভাগে বিভক্ত করে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদার জন্য প্রস্তুত করে। সরকার আঞ্চলিক সরকারগুলোর তত্ত্বাবধান এবং কার্যপ্রণালীকে একটি নির্দিষ্ট মানদণ্ডে নিয়ে আসে, যার ফলে স্থানীয় কিছু ক্ষমতা কেড়ে নেওয়া হয় এবং প্রচুর পরিমাণে &quot;রেড টেপ&quot; বা আমলাতান্ত্রিক জটিলতা আরোপ করা হয়। এর ফলে ফেডারেল আমলাতন্ত্রের পরিধি উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে বৃদ্ধি পায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

অঞ্চলগুলোতে ফেডারেল সরকারের সম্পৃক্ততা ছিল বিশাল। সরাসরি ভর্তুকি দেওয়ার পাশাপাশি, ফেডারেল সরকার সামরিক ঘাঁটিগুলো রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ করত, আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণ থেকে নিরাপত্তা নিশ্চিত করত, চুক্তিবদ্ধ দায়বদ্ধতা মেটানোর জন্য অর্থ জোগান দিত, ভূমি জরিপ ও জমি বিক্রির কাজ পরিচালনা করত এবং রাস্তাঘাট নির্মাণ করত। এ ছাড়াও তারা ভূমি অফিসের জন্য কর্মী নিয়োগ, বন্দরগুলোর উন্নয়ন এবং স্থলপথের ডাক পরিষেবায় ভর্তুকি প্রদান করত। ওই অঞ্চলের নাগরিকরা একদিকে যেমন ফেডারেল ক্ষমতা এবং স্থানীয় দুর্নীতির নিন্দা করত, ঠিক তেমনই আবার তাদের এলাকায় আরও বেশি ফেডারেল অর্থ পাঠানো হচ্ছে না কেন তা নিয়েও আক্ষেপ প্রকাশ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আঞ্চলিক গভর্নররা ছিলেন রাজনৈতিকভাবে নিযুক্ত ব্যক্তি এবং ওয়াশিংটনের কাছে দায়বদ্ধ। তাই তাঁরা সাধারণত খুব নমনীয়ভাবে শাসন পরিচালনা করতেন এবং স্থানীয় সমস্যাগুলো সমাধানের ভার আইনসভার ওপর ছেড়ে দিতেন। একজন বেসামরিক গভর্নরের ভূমিকার পাশাপাশি, আঞ্চলিক গভর্নর একই সাথে মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীর কমান্ডার, আদিবাসী বিষয়ক স্থানীয় সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট এবং ফেডারেল সংস্থাগুলোর সাথে রাজ্যের সংযোগকারী বা লিয়াজোঁ হিসেবে কাজ করতেন। অন্যদিকে, আইনসভাগুলো স্থানীয় নাগরিকদের কথা বলত এবং ফেডারেল সরকার তাদের স্থানীয় আইন তৈরির ক্ষেত্রে যথেষ্ট স্বাধীনতা প্রদান করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

শাসনব্যবস্থার এই উন্নতি সত্ত্বেও অসাধু উপায়ে মুনাফা অর্জনের প্রচুর সুযোগ থেকে গিয়েছিল। নেভাদার সচিব হিসেবে কর্মরত নিজের ভাইয়ের অধীনে কাজ করার সময় মার্ক টোয়েন লিখেছিলেন, &quot;আমার দেশের সরকার সততাকে অবজ্ঞা করে কিন্তু শৈল্পিক ধূর্ততাকে আদর করে; আমার মনে হয় আমি একজন খুব দক্ষ পকেটমার হয়ে উঠতে পারতাম যদি আমি আরও এক বা দুই বছর জনসেবায় নিয়োজিত থাকতাম।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;আঞ্চলিক চক্রগুলো&quot; ছিল স্থানীয় রাজনীতিবিদ এবং ব্যবসায়ীদের এমন এক দুর্নীতিগ্রস্ত গোষ্ঠী যারা ফেডারেল পৃষ্ঠপোষকতায় পুষ্ট ছিল। তারা আদিবাসী উপজাতি এবং স্থানীয় নাগরিকদের অর্থ তছরুপ করত, বিশেষ করে ডাকোটা এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলগুলোতে এই প্রবণতা বেশি ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফেডারেল ভূমি ব্যবস্থা ====
[[চিত্র:Photograph_of_a_Family_with_Their_Covered_Wagon_During_the_Great_Western_Migration,_1866_-_NARA_-_518267.jpg|থাম্ব|গৃহস্থ, {{আনুমানিক}} ১৮৬৬]]
সরকারি জমি অধিগ্রহণ, প্রস্তুতি এবং তা ব্যক্তিগত মালিকানায় হস্তান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে ফেডারেল সরকার সাধারণত ১৭৮৫ সালের &quot;ল্যান্ড অর্ডিন্যান্স&quot; বা ভূমি অধ্যাদেশ দ্বারা নির্ধারিত ব্যবস্থা অনুসরণ করত। ফেডারেল অনুসন্ধান এবং বৈজ্ঞানিক দলগুলো জমির প্রাথমিক জরিপ চালাত এবং সেখানে আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের বসবাসের বিষয়টি নির্ধারণ করত। বিভিন্ন চুক্তির মাধ্যমে বসবাসকারী উপজাতিরা জমির মালিকানা ছেড়ে দিত। এরপর জরিপকারীরা বিস্তারিত মানচিত্র তৈরি করতেন যেখানে জমিকে প্রতি দিকে ছয় মাইল (১০ কিমি) দীর্ঘ বর্গাকার অংশে চিহ্নিত করা হতো। এগুলোকে প্রথমে এক বর্গমাইল ব্লকে এবং পরে ১৬০ একরের (০.৬৫ বর্গ কিমি) প্লটে ভাগ করা হতো। এই প্লটগুলো থেকে টাউনশিপ বা জনপদ গঠন করা হতো এবং সর্বসাধারণের কাছে নিলামে বিক্রি করা হতো। অবিক্রিত জমিগুলো ভূমি অফিস থেকে একর প্রতি সর্বনিম্ন ১.২৫ ডলার মূল্যে কেনা যেত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সরকারি নীতির অংশ হিসেবে সরকার &quot;ভূমি লিপি&quot; ব্যবহারের মাধ্যমে নির্দিষ্ট কিছু গোষ্ঠী যেমন যুদ্ধফেরত সৈনিকদের সরকারি জমি প্রদান করত। এই স্ক্রিপগুলো আর্থিক বাজারে লেনদেন হতো এবং প্রায়ই আইনগতভাবে নির্ধারিত সর্বনিম্ন ১.২৫ ডলারের চেয়ে কম দামে বিক্রি হতো। এটি ফাটকাবাজ, বিনিয়োগকারী এবং ডেভলপারদের বড় বড় জমির অংশ সস্তায় কিনে নেওয়ার আরেকটি সুযোগ করে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিভিন্ন প্রতিযোগী গোষ্ঠী ও স্বার্থান্বেষী মহলের কারণে ভূমি নীতি রাজনৈতিক রূপ নেয় এবং নতুন জমিগুলোতে দাসপ্রথার প্রশ্নটি বিবাদের বিষয় হয়ে দাঁড়ায়। ভূমি ফাটকাবাজদের মোকাবিলা করতে কৃষকরা &quot;দাবি ক্লাব&quot; গঠন করেন যা তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রিত মূল্যে নিজেদের মধ্যে কেনাবেচার মাধ্যমে ১৬০ একরের বরাদ্দের চেয়েও বড় ভূখণ্ড কিনতে সাহায্য করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালে কংগ্রেস তিনটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিল পাস করে যা ভূমি ব্যবস্থার খোলনলচে বদলে দেয়। হোমস্টেড আইন বা বসতভিটা আইনের মাধ্যমে এমন প্রত্যেক বসতি স্থাপনকারীকে ১৬০ একর জমি বিনামূল্যে দেওয়া হয় যারা পাঁচ বছর সেই জমির উন্নয়ন ঘটিয়েছে; নাগরিক এবং অ-নাগরিক সহ জবরদখলকারী ও মহিলারাও এই সুবিধার যোগ্য ছিলেন। এর একমাত্র খরচ ছিল সামান্য আবেদন ফি। সমতল অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতে জনবসতি স্থাপনের ক্ষেত্রে এই আইনটি বিশেষভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ছিল। অনেকে বিনামূল্যে বসতভিটা গ্রহণ করেছিলেন এবং অন্যরা রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর কাছ থেকে কম দামে জমি কিনেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালের প্যাসিফিক রেলরোড অ্যাক্ট আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ তৈরির জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় জমির ব্যবস্থা করেছিল। রেলপথের জন্য বরাদ্দ করা জমিগুলো সরকারি জমির সাথে পর্যায়ক্রমে বণ্টন করা হতো যা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের বিনামূল্যে বিতরণের জন্য রাখা হয়েছিল। সাম্যতা বজায় রাখার জন্য ফেডারেল সরকার প্রতিটি জমির পরিমাণ কমিয়ে ৮০ একর (৩২ হেক্টর) করেছিল কারণ রেললাইনের কাছে হওয়ায় এগুলোর মূল্য অনেক বেশি বলে মনে করা হতো। রেললাইন বসানোর পর রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো তাদের জমি বিক্রি বা বন্ধক রাখার জন্য পাঁচ বছর পর্যন্ত সময় পেত এবং এরপর যে কেউ অবিক্রিত জমিগুলো কিনতে পারত। প্রায়ই রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো তাদের সরকারিভাবে পাওয়া জমির কিছু অংশ অবিলম্বে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের কাছে বিক্রি করে দিত যাতে সেখানে জনবসতি গড়ে ওঠে এবং বাজারের প্রসার ঘটে যা পরবর্তীতে রেল পরিষেবাগুলোর গ্রাহক হতে পারে। ১৮৭০-এর দশকে নেব্রাস্কার রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো তাদের যাত্রাপথের ধারের জমিগুলোর ব্যাপক প্রচার চালিয়েছিল। তারা জার্মানি এবং স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়াতে প্রতিনিধি পাঠিয়েছিল যারা পরিবারের যাতায়াত সহ আসবাবপত্র ও চাষের সরঞ্জামের সস্তা পরিবহনের প্যাকেজ অফার করত। তারা খুব কম সুদে দীর্ঘমেয়াদী ঋণের সুবিধাও দিত। এই প্রচার অভিযানে সাফল্য এসেছিল এবং প্রচুর সাহসী আমেরিকান ও ইউরোপীয় পরিবার নেব্রাস্কার প্রতি আকৃষ্ট হয়েছিল যা তাদের ভালো শর্তে জমির মালিক হতে সাহায্য করেছিল। জমির বিক্রয় মূল্য মাটির গুণমান, পানির সহজলভ্যতা এবং রেলপথ থেকে দূরত্বের মতো বিষয়গুলোর ওপর নির্ভর করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালের মরিল অ্যাক্ট অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলোকে কৃষি এবং কারিগরি বিদ্যা (প্রকৌশল) কলেজ শুরু করার জন্য ভূমি অনুদান দিয়েছিল। ১৮৯০ সালে কৃষ্ণাঙ্গদের কলেজগুলোও এই অনুদানের জন্য যোগ্য বলে বিবেচিত হয়। নতুন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় তৈরি করা এবং কৃষিকাজকে আরও বৈজ্ঞানিক ও লাভজনক করে তোলার ক্ষেত্রে এই আইনটি তার লক্ষ্য পূরণে সফল হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ ====
[[চিত্র:Pacific_Railroad_Profile_1867.jpg|কেন্দ্র|থাম্ব|সান ফ্রান্সিসকো (বামে) থেকে ওমাহা পর্যন্ত প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথের প্রোফাইল। ''হার্পার'স উইকলি'' ৭ ডিসেম্বর, ১৮৬৭]]
১৮৫০-এর দশকে আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের জন্য সম্ভাব্য পথ নির্ধারণের উদ্দেশ্যে মার্কিন সরকার পশ্চিমের অবশিষ্ট অনাবিষ্কৃত অঞ্চলগুলোতে জরিপ চালানোর উদ্যোগ নিয়েছিল। এই কাজের বেশিরভাগই সম্পন্ন করেছিল কর্পস অফ ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স, কর্পস অফ টপোগ্রাফিক্যাল ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স এবং ব্যুরো অফ এক্সপ্লোরেশনস অ্যান্ড সার্ভেস। এই বিশাল অভিযানটি &quot;দ্য গ্রেট রিকনেসাঁ&quot; বা মহান অনুসন্ধান নামে পরিচিতি লাভ করে। রেলপথের জন্য উত্তর, মধ্য না কি দক্ষিণ—কোন পথটি বেছে নেওয়া হবে তা নিয়ে কংগ্রেসে আঞ্চলিক রেষারেষি ও বিতর্ক দেখা দেয়। সেকালের দুর্বল ইঞ্জিনের কথা মাথায় রেখে রেলপথের জন্য পর্যাপ্ত জল ও কাঠের যোগান থাকা এবং যতটা সম্ভব সমতল পথ বেছে নেওয়া ছিল কারিগরি দিক থেকে অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Transcontinental_railroad_route.png|থাম্ব|পশ্চিম মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র জুড়ে প্রথম আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের রুট (নির্মিত, ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৯)]]
সপ্রথা নিয়ে কংগ্রেসে দলাদলির কারণে আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ নির্মাণের শুরুর দিকের প্রস্তাবগুলো ভেস্তে গিয়েছিল। ১৮৬১ সালে কনফেডারেট রাজ্যগুলো আলাদা হয়ে যাওয়ার পর রিপাবলিকান পার্টির আধুনিকমনস্ক নেতারা কংগ্রেসের নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেন। তাঁরা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার সাথে সংযোগকারী একটি রেললাইন তৈরির বিষয়ে বিশেষ আগ্রহী ছিলেন। এই রেললাইন নির্মাণ ও পরিচালনার দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়েছিল মূলত বেসরকারি কোম্পানিগুলোর ওপর। অদক্ষ শ্রমিকরা এই কঠিন নির্মাণ কাজ সম্পন্ন করেছিলেন যারা রেললাইনের ধারের অস্থায়ী শিবিরে বসবাস করতেন। চীন ও আয়ারল্যান্ড থেকে আসা অভিবাসীরাই নির্মাণের বেশিরভাগ কাজ সম্পন্ন করেছিলেন। [[মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ|মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরের]] প্রধান প্রকৌশলী থিওডোর জুডাহ সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর পূর্ব দিকের পথটি জরিপ করেছিলেন। ১৮৬২ সালের প্যাসিফিক রেলরোড অ্যাক্ট পাসের নেপথ্যে ওয়াশিংটনে জুডাহর নিরলস তদ্বিরের বড় ভূমিকা ছিল। এই আইনের মাধ্যমেই সেন্ট্রাল প্যাসিফিক এবং ইউনিয়ন প্যাসিফিক (যা ওমাহা থেকে পশ্চিম দিকে রেললাইন তৈরি করেছিল) নির্মাণের অনুমতি দেওয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৬২ সালে সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর চারজন ধনী ব্যবসায়ী (লেল্যান্ড স্ট্যানফোর্ড, কলিস হান্টিংটন, চার্লস ক্রোকার এবং মার্ক হপকিন্স) এর দায়িত্বভার গ্রহণ করেন। এদের মধ্যে ক্রোকার ছিলেন নির্মাণ কাজের দায়িত্বে। ১৮৬৯ সালের মে মাসে এই রেললাইন নির্মাণের কাজ সফলভাবে শেষ হয়। এর ফলে এখন মাত্র ৮ দিনে এক উপকূল থেকে অন্য উপকূলে যাত্রী পরিবহন করা সম্ভব হলো। এর আগে মালবাহী গাড়ি বা জাহাজে করে এই দীর্ঘ পথ পাড়ি দিতে ৬ থেকে ১০ মাস সময় লাগত এবং খরচও হতো অনেক বেশি।

এই রেলপথ নির্মাণের জন্য নিউ ইয়র্ক, বোস্টন এবং লন্ডন থেকে বন্ধকি ঋণ নেওয়া হয়েছিল যার গ্যারান্টি ছিল ভূমি অনুদান। ফেডারেল সরকারের পক্ষ থেকে সরাসরি কোনো নগদ ভর্তুকি দেওয়া হয়নি। তবে মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথকে একটি ঋণ দেওয়া হয়েছিল যা পরবর্তীতে ছয় শতাংশ সুদসহ পরিশোধ করা হয়। ফেডারেল সরকার দাবাবোর্ডের ছকের মতো নকশায় জমি অনুদান দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো একটি করে বর্গাকার প্লট বিক্রি করত আর তার পাশের প্লটটি সরকার বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের জন্য খুলে রাখত। এ ছাড়াও সরকার সমতল এলাকায় প্রতি মাইলে ১৬,০০০ ডলার এবং পাহাড়ি এলাকায় ৩২,০০০ থেকে ৪৮,০০০ ডলার ঋণ দিয়েছিল যা পরবর্তীতে কোম্পানিগুলো ফেরত দিয়েছিল। স্থানীয় এবং অঙ্গরাজ্য সরকারগুলোও এই বিশাল কর্মকাণ্ডে অর্থায়নে সহায়তা করেছিল।

মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথে কর্মরত বেশিরভাগ কায়িক শ্রমিকই ছিলেন চীন থেকে আসা নতুন অভিবাসী।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই মানুষগুলো কীভাবে বসবাস করতেন, কীভাবে কাজ করতেন এবং নিজেদের উপার্জিত অর্থ কীভাবে পরিচালনা করতেন তা ক্রাউস বিস্তারিতভাবে দেখিয়েছেন। তার গবেষণা অনুযায়ী রেলের ঊর্ধ্বতন কর্মকর্তারা খুব শীঘ্রই বুঝতে পেরেছিলেন যে চীনা শ্রমিকরা অত্যন্ত পরিষ্কার-পরিচ্ছন্ন এবং নির্ভরযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ ১২,০০০-এর বেশি চীনা শ্রমিক নিয়োগ করেছিল যা ছিল তাদের মোট কায়িক শ্রমশক্তির ৯০ শতাংশ। অং তাঁর গবেষণায় খতিয়ে দেখেছেন যে শ্বেতাঙ্গদের তুলনায় চীনা শ্রমিকরা বৈষম্যের শিকার হয়েছিলেন কি না। তিনি লক্ষ্য করেন যে রেলপথ কর্তৃপক্ষ শ্বেতাঙ্গ ও চীনাদের জন্য আলাদা মজুরি নির্ধারণ করেছিল এবং চীনাদের দিয়ে বেশি বিপজ্জনক কাজ করানো হতো। যেমন [[নাইট্রোগ্লিসারিন]] নাড়াচাড়া করা বা তা ঢালার মতো কাজগুলো চীনাদের করতে হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে রেলপথ কর্তৃপক্ষ চীনাদের পছন্দমতো খাবার ও শিবিরের ব্যবস্থা নিশ্চিত করত এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গদের হুমকি থেকে চীনা শ্রমিকদের নিরাপত্তা দিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Union_pacific_poster.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬৯ সালে ইউনিয়ন প্যাসিফিক রেলপথের উদ্বোধনী দিনের পোস্টার]]
রেলপথ তৈরির কাজে মূলত ছয়টি প্রধান পর্যায় ছিল। এগুলো হলো পথের জরিপ করা, চলাচলের পথ পরিষ্কার করার জন্য বিস্ফোরণ ঘটানো, সুড়ঙ্গ ও সেতু তৈরি করা, রেলের রাস্তা পরিষ্কার করে তা বিছানো, স্লিপার ও রেললাইন বসানো এবং শ্রমিকদের খাবার ও সরঞ্জাম সরবরাহ করা। এই কাজটি ছিল অত্যন্ত পরিশ্রমসাধ্য যেখানে ঘোড়ায় টানা লাঙল, মাটি কাটার যন্ত্র, গাঁইতি, কুঠার, হাতুড়ি ও হাতগাড়ি ব্যবহার করা হতো। খুব সামান্য কিছু বাষ্পচালিত যন্ত্র যেমন বাষ্পীয় বেলচা ব্যবহার করা হয়েছিল। রেললাইনগুলো লোহার তৈরি ছিল কারণ ইস্পাতের লাইন আরও কয়েক বছর পরে বাজারে আসে। প্রতিটি রেলের ওজন ছিল ৩২০ কেজি (৭০০ পাউন্ড) এবং এটি তুলতে অন্তত পাঁচজন মানুষের প্রয়োজন হতো। বিস্ফোরণের জন্য তারা কালো বারুদ ব্যবহার করত। ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথের নির্মাণকর্মীরা যাদের বেশিরভাগই ছিলেন আইরিশ আমেরিকান তারা প্রতিদিন গড়ে প্রায় ৩ কিলোমিটার (২ মাইল) নতুন রেললাইন বসাতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

স্বর্ণালী যুগে আমেরিকায় ছয়টি আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ তৈরি করা হয়েছিল এবং সেই সাথে কানাডায় আরও দুটি রেলপথ নির্মিত হয়। এই পথগুলো কৃষক ও পশুপালকদের জন্য পশ্চিমের দ্বার খুলে দেয়। উত্তর থেকে দক্ষিণে এই রেলপথগুলো ছিল কানাডা-মার্কিন সীমান্ত বরাবর নর্দান প্যাসিফিক, মিলওয়াকি রোড এবং গ্রেট নর্দান; মাঝখানে ছিল ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ ও মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ এবং দক্ষিণে ছিল সান্টা ফে ও সাউদার্ন প্যাসিফিক। জেমস জে হিলের গ্রেট নর্দান ছাড়া বাকি সব কটি রেলপথই সরকারি জমি অনুদানের ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। এই রেলপথগুলোর আর্থিক লেনদেনের কাহিনী ছিল বেশ জটিল। উদাহরণস্বরূপ নর্দান প্যাসিফিক ১৮৬৪ সালে তাদের প্রধান ভূমি অনুদান পায়। অর্থদাতা জে কুক ১৮৭৩ সালে দেউলিয়া হওয়ার আগে পর্যন্ত এর দায়িত্বে ছিলেন। তবে ফেডারেল আদালতগুলো দেউলিয়া হয়ে যাওয়া রেলপথগুলোকে সচল রেখেছিল। ১৮৮১ সালে হেনরি ভিলার্ড দায়িত্ব গ্রহণ করেন এবং অবশেষে সিয়াটেল পর্যন্ত লাইনটি সম্পূর্ণ করেন। কিন্তু ১৮৯৩ সালের অর্থনৈতিক মন্দার সময় এটি দেউলিয়া হয়ে যায় এবং হিল এর নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেন। এরপর তিনি [[জে. পি. মরগান|জে পি মরগানের]] অর্থায়নে বেশ কয়েকটি লাইনকে একত্রিত করেন কিন্তু ১৯০৪ সালে রাষ্ট্রপতি থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট সেগুলো ভেঙে দেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৯-৭০ সালে রেলপথ চালুর প্রথম বছরেই ১,৫০,০০০ যাত্রী এই দীর্ঘ পথে ভ্রমণ করেন। কয়েক বছর ধরে কিস্তিতে রেলপথের জমি কেনার জন্য বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের উৎসাহিত করা হতো। তাদের বিনামূল্যে এলাকা ঘুরে দেখার সুযোগ দেওয়া হতো যাতে তারা জমি দেখে সিদ্ধান্ত নিতে পারেন। রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর &quot;অভিবাসন দপ্তর&quot; ছিল যা জার্মানি ও স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়ার কৃষকদের জন্য সস্তায় যাতায়াত এবং সহজ শর্তে জমি কেনার বিশেষ প্যাকেজ অফার করত। তাদের প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হয়েছিল যে প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে কাজ করা মানে হাড়ভাঙা খাটুনি নয়। কারণ বলা হয়েছিল যে &quot;লাঙল দেওয়ার জন্য প্রস্তুত প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপন করা আর গাছপালায় ঘেরা জঙ্গলে বসতি স্থাপন করা এক বিষয় নয়।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই বসতি স্থাপনকারীরাই ছিলেন রেলপথের প্রধান গ্রাহক যারা তাদের উৎপাদিত ফসল ও গবাদি পশু বাইরে পাঠাতেন এবং বিনিময়ে শিল্পজাত পণ্য কিনতেন। পরিবহনের খরচ কমে যাওয়ায় এবং ব্যবসার পরিধি বেড়ে যাওয়ায় সমস্ত উৎপাদনকারীরাই দারুণভাবে লাভবান হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

হোয়াইট এক মিশ্র পর্যবেক্ষণের মাধ্যমে এই রেল যুগের ইতি টেনেছেন। আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথগুলো অবশ্যই জনবসতি স্থাপনের জন্য পশ্চিমের পথ খুলে দিয়েছিল। এটি হাজার হাজার উচ্চ প্রযুক্তিজ্ঞানসম্পন্ন ও উচ্চবেতনভোগী শ্রমিক এবং ব্যবস্থাপকদের কর্মসংস্থানের সুযোগ করে দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে হাজার হাজার শহর ও নগর গড়ে উঠেছিল এবং গোটা দেশ একটি পূর্ব-পশ্চিম অক্ষে পরিচালিত হতে শুরু করেছিল। সামগ্রিকভাবে এটি দেশের অগ্রগতির জন্য অত্যন্ত মূল্যবান প্রমাণিত হয়েছিল। অন্যদিকে চাহিদার তুলনায় অনেক বেশি রেলপথ তৈরি করা হয়েছিল এবং প্রয়োজনের অনেক আগেই এগুলো নির্মিত হয়েছিল। এর ফলে একটি অর্থনৈতিক বুদবুদ তৈরি হয় যার কারণে বিনিয়োগকারীরা ব্যাপক ক্ষতির সম্মুখীন হন এবং দুর্বল ব্যবস্থাপনা গড়ে ওঠে। এর বিপরীতে হোয়াইট উল্লেখ করেছেন যে মধ্য-পশ্চিম ও পূর্ব দিকের লাইনগুলো বিপুল জনসংখ্যার ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। সেগুলো কৃষিকাজ, শিল্প ও খনি শিল্পকে সহায়তা করার পাশাপাশি নিয়মিত মুনাফা অর্জন করত এবং সরকারের কাছ থেকে খুব সামান্য সুবিধাই গ্রহণ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== গৃহযুদ্ধের পর অভিবাসন ====
[[চিত্র:Picturesque_America58.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৭২ সালের ''&quot;এমিগ্রান্টস ক্রসিং দ্যা প্লেনস&quot;'' ছবিতে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের [[গ্রেট প্লেইনস|গ্রেট প্লেইন]] অতিক্রম করতে দেখা যাচ্ছে। এফওসি ডার্লির লেখা এবং এইচবি হলের লেখায় খোদাই করা।]]
[[মার্কিন গৃহযুদ্ধ|গৃহযুদ্ধের]] সমাপ্তি এবং দাসপ্রথা বিলুপ্ত হওয়ার পর, আমেরিকার পূর্ব উপকূল এবং ইউরোপের বহু মানুষ পশ্চিমের দিকে পাড়ি দিতে আগ্রহী হয়ে ওঠেন। আত্মীয়স্বজনদের কাছ থেকে পাওয়া ইতিবাচক খবরাখবর এবং বিভিন্ন কোম্পানির ব্যাপক প্রচার অভিযান তাদের এই আগ্রহকে প্রবলভাবে উসকে দিয়েছিল। সেই বিজ্ঞাপনগুলোতে &quot;সেরা প্রেইরি জমি&quot;, &quot;অল্প দাম&quot;, &quot;নগদ অর্থে বিশাল ছাড়&quot; এবং &quot;আগের তুলনায় অনেক ভালো সুযোগ!&quot; দেওয়ার মতো লোভনীয় সব প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হতো। নতুন স্থাপিত রেলপথগুলো এই অভিবাসীদের জন্য এলাকাটি সশরীরে গিয়ে দেখার এক সুবর্ণ সুযোগ করে দেয়। এর জন্য বিশেষ ধরণের পারিবারিক টিকিটের ব্যবস্থা করা হয়েছিল। এই টিকিটের জন্য ব্যয় করা অর্থ পরবর্তীতে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর কাছ থেকে জমি কেনার সময় মূল দামের সাথে সমন্বয় করে নেওয়া যেত। তবে সমতল ভূমিতে চাষবাস করা পূর্বের এলাকাগুলোর তুলনায় অনেক বেশি কঠিন ছিল। সেখানে জল ব্যবস্থাপনা ছিল অত্যন্ত জরুরি একটি বিষয়। এ ছাড়াও ঘনঘন বজ্রপাত থেকে অগ্নিকাণ্ড, প্রতিকূল আবহাওয়া এবং বৃষ্টিপাতের অনিশ্চয়তা চাষিদের জন্য বড় চ্যালেঞ্জ হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ভীতু স্বভাবের মানুষেরা নিজেদের বাড়িতেই রয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। তবে প্রকৃত অভিযাত্রীরা অজানার ভয়কে জয় করে এগিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। তাঁদের পশ্চিমের দিকে যাওয়ার প্রধান উদ্দেশ্য ছিল বর্তমান জীবনের চেয়ে আরও উন্নত একটি অর্থনৈতিক জীবন খুঁজে পাওয়া। কৃষকরা বড়, সস্তা এবং আরও উর্বর জমির সন্ধানে ছিলেন; অন্যদিকে ব্যবসায়ী ও কারিগররা নতুন গ্রাহক এবং নেতৃত্বের সুযোগ খুঁজছিলেন। শ্রমিকরা চেয়েছিলেন আরও ভালো পরিবেশ এবং বেশি বেতনের কাজ। বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা যখন পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হচ্ছিলেন, তখন তাঁদের পথে নানা ধরণের কঠিন সমস্যার মুখোমুখি হতে হয়েছিল। এর মধ্যে ছিল বাড়ি তৈরির জন্য কাঠের অভাব, তুষারঝড় ও খরা সহ অত্যন্ত খারাপ আবহাওয়া এবং বিধ্বংসী টর্নেডোর আতঙ্ক।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গাছপালাহীন প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা মাটির চাপড়া দিয়ে ঘর তৈরি করতেন। ১৮৭৪ সালে পঙ্গপালের আক্রমণ ছিল এই বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর নেমে আসা অন্যতম বড় একটি বিপর্যয়, যা সমগ্র গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চলকে লণ্ডভণ্ড করে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই সমস্ত প্রতিকূলতা এবং চ্যালেঞ্জগুলো সীমান্ত জয় করার লড়াইয়ে এই মানুষগুলোকে আরও কঠোর ও সহনশীল করে তুলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আলাস্কা ক্রয় ====
ক্রিমিয়ার যুদ্ধে রাশিয়ার পরাজয়ের পর, [[রুশ সাম্রাজ্য|রাশিয়ার]] জার দ্বিতীয় আলেকজান্ডার রাশিয়ার আমেরিকান ভূখণ্ড [[আলাস্কা|আলাস্কাকে]] মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের কাছে বিক্রি করার সিদ্ধান্ত নেন। এই সিদ্ধান্তের পেছনে একদিকে যেমন অর্থের প্রয়োজন ছিল, অন্যদিকে রাশিয়ার প্রশাসনের একটি ভয়ও কাজ করছিল। তারা মনে করেছিল যে ভবিষ্যতে ব্রিটেনের সাথে কোনো যুদ্ধ বাঁধলে ব্রিটেন খুব সহজেই আলাস্কা দখল করে নিতে পারে। তৎকালীন মার্কিন বিদেশ সচিব উইলিয়াম সিওয়ার্ড রাশিয়ার সাথে আলোচনার মাধ্যমে আলাস্কার এই বিশাল ভূখণ্ডটি অর্জনের প্রক্রিয়া সম্পন্ন করেন। এই অঞ্চলটি আয়তনে অবশিষ্ট মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের প্রায় পাঁচ ভাগের এক ভাগ ছিল। ১৮৬৭ সালের ৩০ শে মার্চ মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র রাশিয়ার কাছ থেকে ৭২ লক্ষ ডলারের বিনিময়ে এই ভূখণ্ডটি কিনে নেয় (যা ২০২৪ সালের হিসেবে প্রায় ১৬ কোটি ২০ লক্ষ ডলারের সমান)। ১৮৬৭ সালের ১৮ ই অক্টোবর সিটকা নামক স্থানে একটি আনুষ্ঠানিক অনুষ্ঠানের মাধ্যমে হস্তান্তর প্রক্রিয়া সম্পন্ন হয়, যেখানে রুশ সৈন্যরা মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর হাতে এই ভূখণ্ডের দায়িত্ব তুলে দেন।

সিওয়ার্ড এবং আলাস্কা ক্রয়ের অন্যান্য সমর্থকরা উত্তরের সীমান্তে আরও ভূখণ্ড দখলের পরিকল্পনা করেছিলেন। [[গ্রিনল্যান্ড|গ্রিনল্যান্ডের]] মতো সুমেরু অঞ্চলগুলো কিনে শেষ পর্যন্ত কানাডাকে অন্তর্ভুক্ত করার উদ্দেশ্যও তাঁদের ছিল। অন্তত ১৮৬৭ সালের কনফেডারেশনের পর কানাডায় যোগ না দেওয়া পশ্চিমাঞ্চলগুলোকে তাঁরা অধিকার করতে চেয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সেই সময় সমালোচকরা এই ক্রয়কে &quot;সিওয়ার্ডের বোকামি&quot; বলে উপহাস করেছিলেন। তাঁদের যুক্তি ছিল যে এই নতুন ভূখণ্ডে কোনো প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ নেই এবং কেউ এই চরম শীতল ও তুষারাবৃত এলাকায় বাস করার কথা ভাবতেই পারে না। যদিও আলাস্কার উন্নয়ন এবং সেখানে বসতি স্থাপনের গতি প্রথমে ধীর ছিল, কিন্তু ১৮৯৬ সালের ক্লোনডাইক গোল্ড রাশ, ১৮৯৮ সালের নোম গোল্ড রাশ এবং ১৯০২ সালের ফেয়ারব্যাঙ্কস গোল্ড রাশের সময় সেখানে সোনার খনি আবিষ্কৃত হওয়ার ফলে হাজার হাজার খনি শ্রমিক এই অঞ্চলে আসতে শুরু করেন। এর ফলে পরবর্তী কয়েক দশক ধরে আলাস্কার অভাবনীয় উন্নতি ঘটে। বিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষ দিকে সেখানে বড় বড় তেলের খনি আবিষ্কৃত হওয়ায় এই অঙ্গরাজ্যটি অনেক বেশি সমৃদ্ধশালী হয়ে ওঠে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ওকলাহোমা ল্যান্ড রাশ ====
১৮৮৯ সালে ওয়াশিংটন প্রশাসন ওকলাহোমা অঞ্চলের ২০ লক্ষ একর (৮,১০০ বর্গ কিমি) খালি জমি সর্বসাধারণের জন্য উন্মুক্ত করে দেয়। ২২ শে এপ্রিল ১ লক্ষেরও বেশি বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং পশুপালক (যারা &quot;বুমার&quot; নামে পরিচিত ছিলেন) সীমান্তে ভিড় জমান।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যখন সেনাবাহিনীর বন্দুক এবং বিউগলের মাধ্যমে সংকেত দেওয়া হলো, তখন ১৮৮৯ সালের এই ভূমি দখলের দৌড়ে নিজের জমির দাবি নিশ্চিত করার জন্য সবাই পাগলের মতো ছুটে চললেন। একজন প্রত্যক্ষদর্শী লিখেছেন, &quot;ঘোড়সওয়াররা শুরু থেকেই সবচেয়ে সুবিধাজনক অবস্থানে ছিলেন। প্রথম কয়েক মিনিট এটি একটি চমৎকার দৌড় প্রতিযোগিতা মনে হয়েছিল, কিন্তু শীঘ্রই আরোহীরা পাখার মতো চারিদিকে ছড়িয়ে পড়তে শুরু করলেন। যখন তাঁরা দিগন্ত রেখায় পৌঁছালেন, ততক্ষণে চোখের দৃষ্টি যতদূর যায় তাঁরা সব জায়গায় ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মাত্র একদিনের ব্যবধানে [[ওকলাহোমা সিটি]], নরম্যান এবং গাথরি নামে নতুন তিনটি শহর মানচিত্রে জায়গা করে নেয়। একইভাবে পরবর্তী চার বছরে আরও লক্ষ লক্ষ একর জমি উন্মুক্ত করা হয় এবং সেখানে জনবসতি গড়ে ওঠে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ ===
[[চিত্র:Sitting_Bull.jpg|থাম্ব|সিওক্স চিফ সিটিং বুল]]
[[চিত্র:Plenty_Coups_Edward_Curtis_Portrait_(c1908).jpg|থাম্ব|ক্রো চিফ প্লেন্টি অভ্যুত্থান]]
আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র জুড়ে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। তবে সাধারণত এই সংঘাতগুলোকে দুটি প্রধান ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়; মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ এবং মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ। [[মার্কিন জনশুমারি দপ্তর|মার্কিন আদমশুমারি ব্যুরো]] (১৮৯৪) মৃত্যুর একটি সম্ভাব্য খতিয়ান প্রদান করে:
{{Blockquote|তাদের হিসেবে, মার্কিন সরকারের অধীনে &quot;আদিবাসীদের&quot; সাথে ৪০টিরও বেশি যুদ্ধ হয়েছে। এতে প্রায় ১৯,০০০ শ্বেতাঙ্গ পুরুষ, মহিলা এবং শিশু প্রাণ হারিয়েছেন যার মধ্যে ব্যক্তিগত লড়াইয়ে নিহতরাও অন্তর্ভুক্ত। অন্যদিকে প্রায় ৩০,০০০ আদিবাসী এই যুদ্ধে মারা গেছেন। তবে নিহত ও আহত আদিবাসীদের প্রকৃত সংখ্যা এই হিসাবের চেয়ে অনেক বেশি হওয়া স্বাভাবিক... অতিরিক্ত পঞ্চাশ শতাংশ যোগ করলে তা একটি নির্ভরযোগ্য অনুমান হতে পারে...&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Bureau of the Census|title=Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWkUAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA637|year=1894|page=637|publisher=Norman Ross Pub. |isbn=978-0883544624}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
ইতিহাসবিদ রাসেল থর্নটনের অনুমান অনুযায়ী ১৮০০ থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে আদিবাসীদের জনসংখ্যা ৬,০০,০০০ থেকে কমে মাত্র ২,৫০,০০০-এ দাঁড়িয়েছিল। এই জনসংখ্যা হ্রাসের প্রধান কারণ ছিল [[গুটিবসন্ত]] এবং অন্যান্য [[সংক্রমণ|সংক্রামক রোগ]]। টেক্সাসের কারানকাওয়ান, আকোকিসা এবং বিডুইয়ের মতো অনেক উপজাতি টেক্সাসের বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের সাথে যুদ্ধের ফলে পুরোপুরি বিলুপ্ত হয়ে গিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  গৃহযুদ্ধের পর আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের জনসংখ্যার এই দ্রুত হ্রাস মার্কিন সরকারকে চিন্তিত করে তোলে। এর ফলে ডুলিটল কমিটি গঠন করা হয় যার কাজ ছিল এই ধ্বংসের কারণগুলো অনুসন্ধান করা এবং জনসংখ্যা রক্ষার জন্য সুপারিশ প্রদান করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; আদিবাসীদের ওপর হওয়া অত্যাচার রোধ করার জন্য এই কমিটি পাঁচটি পরিদর্শন বোর্ড গঠনের মতো যে সমাধানগুলো প্রস্তাব করেছিল, পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বিশাল পরিযান শুরু হওয়ার ফলে সেগুলোর খুব একটা প্রভাব পড়েনি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ ====
বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধের পর (১৭৮৩-১৮১২) ব্রিটিশ ব্যবসায়ীরা এবং সরকারি প্রতিনিধিরা মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে বসবাসকারী আদিবাসীদের অস্ত্র সরবরাহ শুরু করেন। তাঁদের আশা ছিল যদি কোনো যুদ্ধ বাধে তবে আদিবাসীরা ব্রিটিশদের পক্ষে লড়াই করবে। ব্রিটিশরা আরও পরিকল্পনা করেছিল যে ওহিও-উইসকনসিন এলাকায় একটি আদিবাসী রাষ্ট্র গড়ে তুলবে যাতে আমেরিকার প্রসারের পথ বন্ধ করা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এর প্রতিবাদ জানায় এবং ১৮১২ সালে যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা করে। বেশিরভাগ আদিবাসী উপজাতি ব্রিটিশদের সমর্থন করেছিল বিশেষ করে যারা টেকুমসের মিত্র ছিল, কিন্তু শেষ পর্যন্ত জেনারেল [[উইলিয়াম হেনরি হ্যারিসন]] তাদের পরাজিত করেন। পরাজিত উপজাতিদের অনেক শরণার্থী সীমান্ত পেরিয়ে কানাডায় চলে যান। অন্যদিকে দক্ষিণের আদিবাসীরা ফ্লোরিডার দিকে চলে যান যা তখন নিউ স্পেনের ভাইসরয়্যালিটির অধীনে স্প্যানীয়দের নিয়ন্ত্রণে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র স্পেনের কাছ থেকে ফ্লোরিডা কিনে নেওয়ার পর স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের ওকলাহোমায় চলে যাওয়ার জন্য অর্থ প্রদান করে এবং বেশিরভাগই তা মেনে নেন। তবে সেমিনোল যুদ্ধগুলো ছিল এমন কয়েকশ সেমিনোল যোদ্ধার বিরুদ্ধে পরিচালিত সামরিক অভিযান যারা নিজেদের পূর্বপুরুষদের সমাধি ছেড়ে যেতে অস্বীকার করেছিলেন। জলাভূমি অঞ্চলে অতর্কিত হামলা ও খণ্ডযুদ্ধের মাধ্যমে এই লড়াই চলেছিল এবং ১৮৪২ সালে সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে এর অবসান ঘটে। এই সংঘাত বছরের পর বছর ধরে চলেছিল এবং সংবাদপত্রে এর ব্যাপক প্রচারের ফলে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের আত্মপরিচয় গঠনে এটি সহায়তা করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ ====
[[চিত্র:Western_Indian_Wars.jpg|থাম্ব|ট্রান্স মিসিসিপি পশ্চিমে আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ (১৮৬০-১৮৯০)]]
পশ্চিমের আদিবাসী যোদ্ধারা তাদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী সীমিত ও যুদ্ধমুখী লড়াইয়ের মাধ্যমে মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর মোকাবিলা করেছিলেন। আদিবাসীরা ব্যক্তিগত সাহসিকতার ওপর জোর দিতেন। অন্যদিকে সেনাবাহিনী ব্যক্তিগত লড়াইয়ের চেয়ে দুর্গের নেটওয়ার্ক তৈরি, রসদ সরবরাহ ব্যবস্থার উন্নয়ন এবং বাহিনীগুলোর মধ্যে সমন্বয় বজায় রাখতে টেলিগ্রাফ ও রেলপথ ব্যবহারের ওপর বেশি গুরুত্ব দিয়েছিল। সমতল ভূমির আদিবাসীদের আন্তঃউপজাতি লড়াইয়ের সাথে জনসংখ্যা ও সম্পদে এগিয়ে থাকা আমেরিকানদের ইউরোপীয় কায়দার আধুনিক যুদ্ধের কোনো মিল ছিল না। অনেক উপজাতি যুদ্ধ এড়িয়ে চলতেন এবং অনেকে মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীকে সাহায্যও করতেন। সরকারের প্রতি শত্রুভাবাপন্ন উপজাতিগুলো তাদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী লড়াইয়ের পদ্ধতি বজায় রেখেছিল। এই কারণেই তারা সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে স্থায়ী কোনো সাফল্য লাভ করতে পারেনি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমের সমস্ত অঞ্চল জুড়েই আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। তবে অভ্যন্তরীণ রাজ্যগুলোর তুলনায় মেক্সিকো সীমান্ত সংলগ্ন রাজ্যগুলোতে সংঘাতের পরিমাণ ছিল অনেক বেশি। অ্যারিজোনা এক্ষেত্রে তালিকার শীর্ষে ছিল। সেখানে আমেরিকান ও আদিবাসীদের মধ্যে ৩১০টি যুদ্ধের কথা জানা যায়। যুদ্ধে নিহতের সংখ্যার দিক থেকেও অ্যারিজোনা সবার উপরে ছিল। সেখানে সৈন্য, সাধারণ নাগরিক এবং আদিবাসী মিলিয়ে মোট ৪,৩৪০ জন নিহত হয়েছিলেন। এই সংখ্যাটি তালিকায় দ্বিতীয় স্থানে থাকা টেক্সাসে নিহতের সংখ্যার দ্বিগুণেরও বেশি ছিল। অ্যারিজোনার অধিকাংশ মৃত্যুর জন্য অ্যাপাচি উপজাতি দায়ী ছিল। মিচনো আরও জানিয়েছেন যে ১৮৫০ থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে হওয়া আদিবাসী যুদ্ধের ৫১ শতাংশই অ্যারিজোনা, টেক্সাস এবং নিউ মেক্সিকোতে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। এ ছাড়া মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিমের অঞ্চলগুলোতে হওয়া হতাহতের ৩৭ শতাংশও এই রাজ্যগুলোতে হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কোমাঞ্চি উপজাতি স্পেনীয় এবং পরবর্তীতে মেক্সিকান ও আমেরিকান সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে বেশ কিছু লড়াই করেছিল। ১৮৪০-এর দশকে কোমাঞ্চিদের শক্তি চরমে পৌঁছেছিল যখন তারা মেক্সিকোর কয়েকশ মাইল ভেতরে বড় ধরণের আক্রমণ চালিয়েছিল। একইসাথে তারা স্বাধীন টেক্সাসে বসতি স্থাপন করা অ্যাংলো-আমেরিকান এবং তেজানোদের বিরুদ্ধেও যুদ্ধ করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৪-১৮৬৮ সালের স্নৈক যুদ্ধ ছিল অন্যতম একটি ভয়াবহ সংঘাত। এটি নর্দান পাইউট, ব্যানক এবং শশোন আদিবাসীদের একটি জোট পরিচালনা করেছিল যারা সম্মিলিতভাবে &quot;স্নৈক ইন্ডিয়ানস&quot; নামে পরিচিত ছিল। ওরেগন, নেভাদা, ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং আইডাহো রাজ্যের স্নৈক নদী বরাবর মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে এই লড়াই চলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের এলাকায় অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীদের ঢল নামার ফলে এবং সম্পদের ভাগ নিয়ে উত্তেজনার সৃষ্টি হলে এই যুদ্ধের সূত্রপাত হয়। এই আদিবাসী গোষ্ঠীর সদস্যরা [[স্নেক নদী]] উপত্যকা দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী অভিবাসী দল এবং খনি শ্রমিকদের ওপর আক্রমণ ও হয়রানি শুরু করেন। এর জবাবে শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা পাল্টা আক্রমণ চালায় এবং মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী হস্তক্ষেপ করে। এই যুদ্ধে উভয় পক্ষের মোট ১,৭৬২ জন নিহত, আহত বা বন্দি হয়েছিলেন। অন্যান্য আদিবাসী যুদ্ধের তুলনায় এই যুদ্ধের কাহিনী মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাসে অনেকটাই বিস্মৃত হয়ে গিয়েছে কারণ সেই সময় এর সংবাদ প্রচার ছিল খুব সীমিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

শায়েন, আরাপাহো এবং সিওক্স উপজাতিরা কলোরাডো থেকে নেব্রাস্কা পর্যন্ত এলাকায় কলোরাডো যুদ্ধে লিপ্ত হয়েছিলেন। গৃহযুদ্ধ চলাকালীন ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৫ সালের মধ্যে এই সংঘাতটি হয়েছিল। আদিবাসী এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মধ্যে তৈরি হওয়া তিক্ততা থেকে এই যুদ্ধের জন্ম হয়। উভয় পক্ষের করা নৃশংসতার জন্য এই যুদ্ধ কুখ্যাত হয়ে আছে। শ্বেতাঙ্গ মিলিশিয়ারা আদিবাসীদের গ্রাম ধ্বংস করে দিত এবং স্যান্ড ক্রিক গণহত্যার মতো ঘটনায় আদিবাসী নারী ও শিশুদের হত্যা করত। এর পাল্টায় আদিবাসীরাও বিভিন্ন খামার ও বসতিতে আক্রমণ চালাত এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ পরিবারগুলোকে হত্যা করত। আমেরিকান র‍্যাঞ্চ গণহত্যা এবং গডফ্রে র‍্যাঞ্চের আক্রমণ এর অন্যতম উদাহরণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালে কর্নেল ক্রিস্টোফার &quot;কিট&quot; কারসন মেসকালেরো অ্যাপাচিদের একটি সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে বাধ্য করেন। ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৪ সালে কারসন নাভাজো অভিযানে পোড়ামাটি নীতি ব্যবহার করেন। তিনি নাভাজোদের ঘরবাড়ি ও ফসলের খেত পুড়িয়ে দেন এবং তাদের গবাদি পশু মেরে ফেলেন বা দখল করে নেন। ইউটেস উপজাতির মতো যে আদিবাসীদের সাথে নাভাজোদের দীর্ঘদিনের শত্রুতা ছিল তারা কারসনকে সাহায্য করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই যুদ্ধের আরেকটি উল্লেখযোগ্য ঘটনা ছিল ১৮৮০-এর দশকে টেক্সাসের জনপদগুলোতে জেরোনিমোর লড়াই। তাঁর অধীনে থাকা অ্যাপাচিরা মার্কিন অশ্বারোহী বাহিনী এবং দুর্গের ওপর অতর্কিত হামলা চালাত যেমন সিবেকু ক্রিকে তাদের আক্রমণ। এ ছাড়াও তারা বিভিন্ন খামার ও চারণভূমিতে হামলা চালাত যেমন এম্পায়ার র‍্যাঞ্চে তাদের কুখ্যাত আক্রমণ যেখানে তিনজন কাউবয় নিহত হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiefs&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=The Great Chiefs|শেষাংশ=Capps|প্রথমাংশ=Benjamin|বছর=1975|প্রকাশক=Time-Life Education|পাতা=240|আইএসবিএন=978-0316847858}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অবশেষে ১৮৮৬ সালে জেরোনিমোর নেতৃত্বাধীন শেষ বিদ্রোহী অ্যাপাচি দলটি আত্মসমর্পণ করতে বাধ্য হয়।

১৮৭৪-১৮৭৫ সালে রেড রিভার যুদ্ধ শুরু হয়েছিল কারণ কোমাঞ্চিদের প্রধান খাদ্য মহিষের সংখ্যা কমে আসছিল এবং কিছু দল সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে অস্বীকার করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কোমাঞ্চিরা টেক্সাসের ছোট ছোট জনপদে আক্রমণ শুরু করলে মহিষ শিকারিদের সাথে বাফেলো ওয়ালো এবং দ্বিতীয় অ্যাডোবি ওয়ালস যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়। এ ছাড়াও টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সদের সাথে লস্ট ভ্যালি যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল। শেষ পর্যন্ত প্যালো ডুরো ক্যানিয়নে মার্কিন অশ্বারোহী বাহিনীর সাথে কোমাঞ্চিদের চূড়ান্ত লড়াইয়ের মাধ্যমে যুদ্ধের অবসান ঘটে। ১৮৭৫ সালের জুন মাসে শেষ কোমাঞ্চি প্রধান কুয়ানা পার্কার আত্মসমর্পণ করেন যার ফলে টেক্সাসবাসী এবং আদিবাসীদের দীর্ঘ যুদ্ধের সমাপ্তি ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বোজম্যান ট্রেইল বরাবর সেনাবাহিনী যে দুর্গগুলো তৈরি করছিল তার প্রতিবাদে লাকোটা প্রধান রেড ক্লাউড এক যুদ্ধের নেতৃত্ব দিয়েছিলেন। আদিবাসী যুদ্ধের ইতিহাসে এটি মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে সবচেয়ে সফল অভিযান ছিল। ১৮৬৮ সালের ফোর্ট লারামি চুক্তির মাধ্যমে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র লাকোটাদের একটি বিশাল সংরক্ষিত এলাকা প্রদান করে যেখানে সেনাবাহিনীর কোনো উপস্থিতি ছিল না; সমগ্র ব্ল্যাক হিলস এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্যাপ্টেন জ্যাক ছিলেন ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ও [[ওরেগন|ওরেগনের]] মোডক উপজাতির প্রধান এবং মোডক যুদ্ধের সময় তিনি তাদের নেতৃত্ব দিয়েছিলেন। মাত্র ৫৩ জন মোডক যোদ্ধা নিয়ে ক্যাপ্টেন জ্যাক সাত মাস ধরে ১,০০০ [[মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী|মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর]] মোকাবিলা করেছিলেন। তিনি এডওয়ার্ড ক্যানবিকে হত্যা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Fetterman_massacre.jpg|থাম্ব|ডাকোটা টেরিটরির ফোর্ট ফিল কার্নির কাছে যুদ্ধ, ২১ ডিসেম্বর, ১৮৬৬]]
[[চিত্র:ScalpedHunter.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬৮ সালে ক্যানসাসের ফোর্ট ডজের কাছে শায়েনেসের সাথে সংঘর্ষের পর মহিষ শিকারীর খোঁচা কাটা মৃতদেহ পাওয়া গেছে।]]
১৮৭৭ সালের জুন মাসে নেজ পার্স যুদ্ধে চিফ জোসেফের নেতৃত্বে আদিবাসীরা নিজেদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী ভূমি ছেড়ে সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে অস্বীকার করেন। ওরেগন থেকে মন্টানা সীমান্ত পর্যন্ত ২,০০০ কিলোমিটার (১,২০০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ পথ তারা লড়াই করতে করতে পিছিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। মাত্র ২০০ জন যোদ্ধা নিয়ে নেজ পার্স উপজাতি &quot;বিভিন্ন সামরিক ইউনিটের প্রায় ২,০০০ নিয়মিত ও স্বেচ্ছাসেবী আমেরিকান সৈন্য এবং তাদের সহযোগী বহু উপজাতির আদিবাসীদের সাথে মোট ১৮টি লড়াই করেছিলেন যার মধ্যে চারটি বড় যুদ্ধ এবং অন্তত চারটি তীব্র সংঘর্ষ অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিয়ার প’র যুদ্ধে নেজ পার্সরা চারদিক থেকে ঘেরাও হয়ে যান এবং আত্মসমর্পণ করেন। ১৮৭৬ সালের মহান সিওক্স যুদ্ধ সিটিং বুল এবং ক্রেজি হর্সের নেতৃত্বে লাকোটা উপজাতিরা শুরু করেছিলেন। পাহাড়ে সোনার সন্ধান পাওয়ার পর ১৮৬৮ সালের ফোর্ট লারামি চুক্তির বারবার লঙ্ঘনের ফলে এই সংঘাতের সূত্রপাত হয়। এই যুদ্ধের একটি বিখ্যাত লড়াই হলো লিটল বিগহর্ন যুদ্ধ যেখানে সিওক্স এবং শায়েনদের সম্মিলিত বাহিনী জেনারেল জর্জ আর্মস্ট্রং কাস্টারের নেতৃত্বাধীন সপ্তম অশ্বারোহী বাহিনীকে পরাজিত করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইউটা এবং কলোরাডোর বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের বিরুদ্ধে ইউট উপজাতির লড়াইয়ে দুটি বড় যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল; মিকার গণহত্যায় ১১ জন প্রতিনিধি নিহত হন এবং পিনহুক গণহত্যায় ১৩ জন সশস্ত্র খামারি ও কাউবয় প্রাণ হারান।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯২৩ সালের পোসি যুদ্ধের মাধ্যমে ইউট উপজাতির দীর্ঘ সংঘাতের ইতি ঘটে যা মূলত বসতি স্থাপনকারী ও আইন-শৃঙ্খলা রক্ষাকারী বাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Utah History Encyclopedia|ইউআরএল=https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POSEY_WAR.shtml|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 14, 2020|ওয়েবসাইট=www.uen.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৯০ সালের ২৯ শে ডিসেম্বর উন্ডেড নি গণহত্যার মাধ্যমে প্রধান আদিবাসী যুদ্ধগুলোর অবসান ঘটে। সেখানে সপ্তম অশ্বারোহী বাহিনী একজন সিওক্স ব্যক্তিকে নিরস্ত্রীকরণ করতে গিয়ে এক হত্যাযজ্ঞ চালিয়েছিল যেখানে প্রায় ১৫০ জন সিওক্স পুরুষ, মহিলা ও শিশু নিহত হন। এর মাত্র তেরো দিন আগে সিটিং বুলকে তাঁর ছেলে ক্রাউ ফুটের সাথে গুলিবিদ্ধ হয়ে মারা যেতে হয়েছিল। আমেরিকান সরকার তাঁকে গ্রেপ্তার করার জন্য একদল আদিবাসী পুলিশ পাঠিয়েছিল যাদের সাথে লড়াইয়ে তিনি নিহত হন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  তা সত্ত্বেও ১৯২০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্ত ব্লাফ যুদ্ধ (১৯১৪-১৯১৫) এবং পোসি যুদ্ধের মতো আরও কিছু সংঘাত ও বিচ্ছিন্ন ঘটনা ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; তবে মার্কিন সেনা সদস্য এবং আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের মধ্যে সর্বশেষ সরাসরি যুদ্ধটি সংঘটিত হয়েছিল ১৯১৮ সালের ৯ ই জানুয়ারি বিয়ার ভ্যালি যুদ্ধে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|তারিখ=April 19, 2005|শিরোনাম=Squadron History|ইউআরএল=http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm|আর্কাইভের-ইউআরএল=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419173045/http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm|আর্কাইভের-তারিখ=April 19, 2005|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== দুর্গ এবং ফাঁড়ি ====
সীমান্ত যখন ক্রমশ পশ্চিমের দিকে সরে যাচ্ছিল, তখন তার সাথে তাল মিলিয়ে মার্কিন সামরিক দুর্গগুলোও নতুন নতুন এলাকায় গড়ে উঠতে থাকে। এই দুর্গগুলো নতুন ভূখণ্ডগুলোর ওপর ফেডারেল সরকারের সার্বভৌমত্ব বজায় রাখার এবং কেন্দ্রীয় কর্তৃত্বের প্রতীক হিসেবে কাজ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই সামরিক ঘাঁটিগুলোতে সাধারণত প্রতিরক্ষার জন্য বড় কোনো দেওয়াল থাকত না, তবে সেখানে আক্রমণের ঘটনাও খুব কমই দেখা যেত। এগুলো মূলত কৌশলগতভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ এলাকাগুলোতে বা তার সন্নিকটে সৈন্যদের ঘাঁটি হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতো যাতে সেখানে আদিবাসীদের উপস্থিতিকে কার্যকরভাবে মোকাবিলা করা যায়। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, অ্যারিজোনার দক্ষিণাঞ্চলে টুসঁ এবং এল পাসোর মধ্যবর্তী ডাক চলাচলের পথে অবস্থিত অ্যাপাচি পাসকে রক্ষা করার দায়িত্ব ছিল ফোর্ট বোয়ির ওপর। কোচিস এবং জেরোনিমোর মতো আদিবাসী নেতাদের বিরুদ্ধে অভিযান চালানোর জন্য এই দুর্গটিকে প্রধান কেন্দ্র হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা হতো। ফোর্ট লারামি এবং ফোর্ট কিয়ার্নি গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চল অতিক্রমকারী অভিবাসীদের সুরক্ষা নিশ্চিত করতে সাহায্য করত। এ ছাড়া ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার বেশ কয়েকটি সামরিক ঘাঁটি খনি শ্রমিকদের নিরাপত্তা দেওয়ার জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছিল। সিওক্স উপজাতির বিরুদ্ধে আক্রমণ পরিচালনার উদ্দেশ্যেও বেশ কিছু দুর্গ নির্মাণ করা হয়েছিল। যখন ইন্ডিয়ান রিজার্ভেশন বা আদিবাসীদের জন্য সংরক্ষিত এলাকাগুলো তৈরি হতে শুরু করে, তখন সেগুলোকে পাহারা দেওয়ার জন্য সেনাবাহিনী নতুন দুর্গ স্থাপন করে। দুর্গগুলো ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ এবং অন্যান্য প্রধান রেললাইনগুলোকেও পাহারা দিত। পশ্চিমের অন্যান্য গুরুত্বপূর্ণ দুর্গগুলোর মধ্যে ছিল ওকলাহোমার ফোর্ট সিল, আরকানসাসের ফোর্ট স্মিথ, মিনেসোটার ফোর্ট স্নেলিং, নিউ মেক্সিকোর ফোর্ট ইউনিয়ন, টেক্সাসের ফোর্ট ওয়ার্থ এবং ওয়াশিংটনের ফোর্ট ওয়ালা ওয়ালা। নেব্রাস্কার ফোর্ট ওমাহা ছিল ডিপার্টমেন্ট অফ দ্য প্ল্যাট-এর প্রধান কার্যালয়। ১৮৭০-এর দশকের শেষ দিকে এটি প্রতিষ্ঠার পর থেকে পরবর্তী ২০ বছরেরও বেশি সময় ধরে পশ্চিমের অধিকাংশ ঘাঁটিগুলোতে প্রয়োজনীয় রসদ ও সরঞ্জাম সরবরাহের গুরুদায়িত্ব ছিল এর ওপর। অ্যারিজোনার ফোর্ট হুয়াচুকাও শুরুতে একটি সীমান্ত ঘাঁটি হিসেবে তৈরি করা হয়েছিল যা বর্তমানেও মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী ব্যবহার করে থাকে।

==== আদিবাসী সংরক্ষিত এলাকা ====
[[চিত্র:Native_American_Chiefs_1865.jpg|থাম্ব|আদি আমেরিকান প্রধানরা, ১৮৬৫]]
ওরেগন এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দিকে স্থলপথে যাত্রা করা বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা প্রায়শই আদিবাসীদের হুমকির লক্ষ্যবস্তুতে পরিণত হতেন। রবার্ট এল মানক্রেস ১৮৩৪ থেকে ১৮৬০ সালের মধ্যে ওরেগন ট্রেইল দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী দলের ৬৬টি ডায়েরি পর্যালোচনা করেছিলেন। এর মূল উদ্দেশ্য ছিল নেব্রাস্কা এবং ওয়াইমিং অঞ্চলে আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের ফলে পর্যটকরা আসলে কতটা বিপদের সম্মুখীন হয়েছিলেন তার একটি বাস্তবসম্মত হিসাব বের করা। ডায়েরি লেখকদের বিশাল একটি অংশ সশস্ত্র আক্রমণের কোনো অভিজ্ঞতার কথা উল্লেখ করেননি। তবে অনেকেই আদিবাসীদের হাতে হয়রানির শিকার হওয়ার কথা জানিয়েছিলেন। সেই আদিবাসীরা অনেক সময় ভিক্ষা চাইত অথবা জোর করে পথকর দাবি করত এবং মাঝেমধ্যে ঘোড়া ও গবাদি পশু চুরি করে নিয়ে যেত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ম্যাডসেনের দেওয়া তথ্য অনুযায়ী, ইউটার উত্তর ও পশ্চিম দিকের শশোন এবং ব্যানক উপজাতিরা মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরের প্রতি অনেক বেশি আক্রমণাত্মক মনোভাব পোষণ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৫০ সালের শুরুর দিকে দুটি নতুন চুক্তির মাধ্যমে ফেডারেল সরকার উত্তেজনা কমানোর এবং গ্রেট প্লেইনস অঞ্চলে নতুন উপজাতীয় সীমানা নির্ধারণের চেষ্টা করেছিল। ফোর্ট লারামি চুক্তির মাধ্যমে সিওক্স, শায়েন, আরাপাহো, ক্রো এবং অন্যান্য উপজাতিদের জন্য নির্দিষ্ট এলাকা বা জোন চিহ্নিত করে দেওয়া হয়। একইসাথে উপজাতীয় ভূখণ্ডের মধ্য দিয়ে রাস্তা ও সামরিক ঘাঁটি তৈরির অনুমতি প্রদান করা হয়েছিল। দ্বিতীয় একটি চুক্তির মাধ্যমে সান্টা ফে ট্রেইল দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী মালবাহী গাড়িগুলোর জন্য নিরাপদ পথ নিশ্চিত করা হয়। এর বিনিময়ে এই উপজাতিরা অভিবাসীদের কারণে হওয়া ক্ষয়ক্ষতির জন্য পরবর্তী দশ বছর পর্যন্ত বার্ষিক ক্ষতিপূরণ পাওয়ার আশ্বাস পায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কানসাস এবং নেব্রাস্কা অঞ্চলগুলোও বিবাদের কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হয়েছিল কারণ ফেডারেল সরকার ভবিষ্যৎ আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ নির্মাণের জন্য ওই জমিগুলো অধিকার করতে চেয়েছিল। সুদূর পশ্চিমে ফেডারেল সরকার আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের কাছ থেকে জমির মালিকানা বা স্বত্ব পাওয়ার আগেই অনেক বসতি স্থাপনকারী ওরেগন এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার জমি দখল করতে শুরু করেন। এর ফলে উভয় পক্ষের মধ্যে প্রবল তিক্ততা ও সংঘাতের সৃষ্টি হয়। ইউটাতেও মরমোনরা ফেডারেল সরকারের আইনি মালিকানা পাওয়ার আগেই সেখানে বসতি স্থাপন করেছিলেন।

&quot;ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরি&quot; বা আদিবাসী অঞ্চলের সীমানা যখন ক্রমশ লঙ্ঘিত হতে শুরু করে, তখন ধীরে ধীরে সংরক্ষিত এলাকা বা রিজার্ভেশন স্থাপনের এক নতুন নীতি রূপ নিতে থাকে। আদিবাসীদের জন্য এই সংরক্ষিত এলাকার ব্যবস্থা করার মাধ্যমে কংগ্রেস এবং অফিস অফ ইন্ডিয়ান অ্যাফেয়ার্স আশা করেছিল যে এর ফলে আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের উপজাতীয় মানসিকতা দূর করা সম্ভব হবে। তাদের মূল আমেরিকান সমাজের সাথে একীভূত হওয়ার জন্য প্রস্তুত করাই ছিল এর লক্ষ্য যা ছিল মূলত &quot;আমাদের নাগরিক জনসংখ্যার মূল স্রোতের সাথে চূড়ান্ত সংযুক্তি&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এর ফলে কানসাস-নেব্রাস্কা আইনের পর লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের অবশিষ্ট অংশ থেকে তৈরি হওয়া নতুন নেব্রাস্কা অঞ্চলে মিসৌরি নদী বরাবর ডজনখানেক নদী তীরবর্তী শহর গড়ে ওঠার পথ প্রশস্ত হয়। এই সময়ের প্রভাবশালী অগ্রগামী শহরগুলোর মধ্যে ছিল ওমাহা, নেব্রাস্কা সিটি এবং সেন্ট জোসেফ।

এই সময়কালে আদিবাসীদের প্রতি আমেরিকানদের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি ছিল অত্যন্ত বিচিত্র। এর এক প্রান্তে ছিল চরম বিদ্বেষ যেমন &quot;একজন মৃত ইন্ডিয়ানই হলো একমাত্র ভালো ইন্ডিয়ান&quot;। আবার অন্য প্রান্তে ছিল এক ধরণের ভুল পথে পরিচালিত মানবতাবাদ যেখানে মনে করা হতো ইন্ডিয়ানরা &quot;নিম্নমানের&quot; সমাজে বাস করে এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ সমাজের সাথে মিশে যাওয়ার মাধ্যমেই কেবল তাদের অবস্থার উন্নতি সম্ভব। এ ছাড়াও ছিল কিছুটা বাস্তববাদী দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি যেখানে ভাবা হতো আদিবাসী এবং বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা পশ্চিমের অবশিষ্ট জমি নিজেদের মধ্যে ভাগ করে নিয়ে আলাদা অথচ সমান সমাজে সহাবস্থান করতে পারে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যাযাবর উপজাতিদের সামলানোর বিষয়টি রিজার্ভেশন তৈরির পরিকল্পনাকে জটিল করে তুলেছিল। সমতল ভূমির আদিবাসীদের মধ্যে কোনো কেন্দ্রীয় ক্ষমতা বা নেতৃত্ব না থাকায় তাদের সাথে যেকোনো চুক্তি করা ছিল একটি অত্যন্ত কঠিন কাজ। ১৮৫০-এর দশকে এই সংঘাতগুলো আরও বৃদ্ধি পায় যার ফলশ্রুতিতে বিভিন্ন আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ শুরু হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সংঘাতের এই দিনগুলোতে আদিবাসীরা তাদের নিজস্ব এলাকায় শ্বেতাঙ্গদের প্রবেশের ব্যাপারে অনেক বেশি কঠোর ও কড়া হয়ে ওঠেন। যেমন অলিভার লাভিংয়ের ক্ষেত্রে দেখা গিয়েছিল যে তারা তাদের এলাকার সীমানা অতিক্রম করার সময় [[রাখাল বালক|কাউবয়]] এবং তাদের গবাদি পশুর ওপর আক্রমণ চালাত।&lt;ref name=&quot;richardmelzer2&quot;&gt;Richard Melzer, ''Buried Treasures: Famous and Unusual Gravesites in New Mexico History'', Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press, 2007, p.&amp;nbsp;105&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarah2&quot;&gt;Carter, Sarah, ''Cowboys, Ranchers and the Cattle Business: Cross-Border Perspectives on Ranching History'', Univ Pr of Colorado (2000) p.&amp;nbsp;95.&lt;/ref&gt; এমনকি অভাবের সময় খাবারের সংস্থান না থাকলে তারা গৃহপালিত পশুর ওপর হামলা চালাত। তবে কাউবয় এবং আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সম্পর্ক সাধারণত যেমনটা নাটকীয়ভাবে প্রচার করা হয় তার চেয়ে অনেক বেশি পারস্পরিক ছিল। অনেক সময় কাউবয়রা আদিবাসীদের এলাকার ভেতর দিয়ে যাতায়াতের অনুমতি পাওয়ার জন্য প্রতি গরুর পিছু ১০ সেন্ট করে জরিমানা বা ফি প্রদান করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; আদিবাসীরা অনেক সময় ঘোড়া এবং অন্যান্য মূল্যবান সামগ্রীর লোভে সীমান্ত দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচগুলোর ওপরও হামলা চালাতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গৃহযুদ্ধের পর যখন স্বেচ্ছাসেবী বাহিনীগুলো ভেঙে দেওয়া হয়, তখন নিয়মিত সেনাবাহিনীর অশ্বারোহী রেজিমেন্টের সংখ্যা ছয় থেকে বাড়িয়ে দশ করা হয়। এর মধ্যে ছিল লিটল বিগহর্ন যুদ্ধের জন্য বিখ্যাত কাস্টারের সপ্তম অশ্বারোহী রেজিমেন্ট এবং আফ্রিকান-আমেরিকানদের নিয়ে গঠিত নবম ও দশম অশ্বারোহী রেজিমেন্ট। এই কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ ইউনিটগুলো অন্যান্য অশ্বারোহী ও পদাতিক বাহিনীর সাথে একত্রে &quot;বাফেলো সোলজার্স&quot; বা মহিষ সৈনিক নামে পরিচিতি লাভ করে। রবার্ট এম আর্টলির মতে:
{{Blockquote|সীমান্তের এই সেনাবাহিনী ছিল একটি প্রথাগত সামরিক শক্তি যারা চিরাচরিত যুদ্ধরীতি ব্যবহার করে এমন একদল মানুষকে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করার চেষ্টা করছিল যাদের আচরণ সাধারণ শত্রুর মতো ছিল না। এমনকি প্রকৃতপক্ষে তারা অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রেই আমেরিকার শত্রু ছিল না। সামরিক বাহিনীর জন্য এটিই হলো সবচেয়ে কঠিনতম দায়িত্ব, তা সে আফ্রিকা বা এশিয়াতেই হোক কিংবা আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Robert M.|last=Utley|title=Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojYrdQ-IBaMC&amp;pg=PA411|year=1984|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|page=411|isbn=0803295510}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== সামাজিক ইতিহাস ===

==== গণতান্ত্রিক সমাজ ====
[[চিত্র:Henry Mayer, The Awakening, 1915 Cornell CUL PJM 1176 01 - Restoration.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|&quot;জাগরণ&quot; [[নারীর ভোটাধিকার|ভোটাধিকারবাদীরা]] পশ্চিমে সফল হয়েছিল; তাদের মশাল উত্তর ও দক্ষিণে সংগ্রামরত নারীদের জাগিয়ে তোলে হাই মেয়ারের এই কার্টুনে, যা ২০শে ফেব্রুয়ারী, ১৯১৫ সালে ''পাকে লেখা হয়েছিল'' ।]]
পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের মানুষেরা গণতন্ত্র এবং সাম্যের আন্দোলনে তাঁদের নেতৃত্বের জন্য অত্যন্ত গর্ববোধ করতেন, যা ছিল ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নারের আলোচনার অন্যতম প্রধান বিষয়। রাজনীতি এবং সমাজের প্রেক্ষাপটে কেন্টাকি, টেনেসি, অ্যালাবামা এবং ওহাইওর মতো নতুন অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলো পূর্ব উপকূলের আদি রাজ্যগুলোর তুলনায় অনেক বেশি গণতান্ত্রিক ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় রাজ্যগুলোই প্রথম নারীদের ভোটাধিকার প্রদান করেছিল। ১৯০০ সালের মধ্যে সমগ্র পশ্চিমে, বিশেষ করে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং ওরেগনে প্রগতিশীল আন্দোলন দারুণ গতি পায়।

আমেরিকান চরিত্রের স্বরূপ সন্ধানে পণ্ডিতেরা পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের সামাজিক ইতিহাস গভীরভাবে পর্যবেক্ষণ করেছেন। ইতিহাসবিদ কার্ল এল বেকারের মতে, এক শতাব্দী আগের কানসাসের ইতিহাস আমেরিকার আদর্শকেই প্রতিফলিত করে। তিনি লিখেছিলেন, &quot;কানসাসের চেতনা হলো আমেরিকার চেতনারই এক ঘনীভূত রূপ। এটি আমেরিকান ব্যক্তিস্বাতন্ত্র্যবাদ, আদর্শবাদ এবং অসহিষ্ণুতার সংমিশ্রণে তৈরি এক নতুন ফসল। কানসাস হলো ক্ষুদ্রাকৃতির এক আমেরিকা।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== নগর সীমান্ত ====
নগর সীমান্ত সীমান্তের উন্নয়নে শহরগুলো অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করেছিল। এগুলো যাতায়াতের কেন্দ্রবিন্দু, আর্থিক ও যোগাযোগ কেন্দ্র এবং বিভিন্ন পণ্য, পরিষেবা ও বিনোদনের জোগানদাতা হিসেবে কাজ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৬০ সালের পর রেলপথ যখন জনশূন্য এলাকা দিয়ে পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হতে শুরু করে, তখন রেললাইন নির্মাণের কর্মী, ট্রেনের কর্মী এবং যাত্রীদের প্রয়োজন মেটানোর জন্য ছোট ছোট শহর গড়ে তোলা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের বেশিরভাগ জায়গায় মাইলের পর মাইল বড় কোনো শহর ছিল না। টেক্সাসের ক্ষেত্রেও একই চিত্র দেখা গিয়েছিল, তাই ১৮৮০-এর দশকের আগে সেখানে রেলপথ পৌঁছাতে পারেনি। রেলপথ আসার পর গবাদি পশু বাইরে পাঠানো শুরু হলে দীর্ঘপথ ধরে গরু তাড়িয়ে নিয়ে যাওয়ার বিষয়টি কমে আসে। তবে সেই সময়ের যাত্রীবাহী ট্রেনগুলো প্রায়শই সশস্ত্র ডাকাত দলের লক্ষ্যবস্তু হয়ে উঠত।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{প্রশস্ত চিত্র|Denver Colorado 1898 - LOC - restoration1.jpg|783px|Panorama of [[Denver]] circa 1898}}
১৮৭০ সালের আগে ডেনভারের অর্থনীতি মূলত খনি শিল্পের ওপর ভিত্তি করে টিকে ছিল। পরবর্তীতে রেলপথ, পাইকারি বাণিজ্য, উৎপাদন শিল্প, খাদ্য প্রক্রিয়াকরণ এবং ক্রমবর্ধমান কৃষি ও গবাদি পশুর খামারগুলোকে পরিষেবা দেওয়ার মাধ্যমে শহরটি দ্রুত বড় হয়ে ওঠে। ১৮৭০ থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে শিল্প উৎপাদন ৬ লক্ষ ডলার থেকে বেড়ে ৪ কোটি ডলারে পৌঁছায় এবং জনসংখ্যা ২০ গুণ বৃদ্ধি পেয়ে ১,০৭,০০০-এ দাঁড়ায়। ডেনভার সবসময়ই খনি শ্রমিক, সাধারণ কর্মী এবং পর্যটকদের আকর্ষণ করত। সেখানে রাতারাতি অজস্র পানশালা এবং জুয়ার আড্ডা গড়ে উঠেছিল। শহরের গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তিরা সেখানকার চমৎকার থিয়েটার এবং বিশেষ করে ১৮৮১ সালে নির্মিত টেবর গ্র্যান্ড অপেরা হাউস নিয়ে গর্ব করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে ডেনভার আমেরিকার ২৬তম বৃহত্তম শহর এবং মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিমে পঞ্চম বৃহত্তম শহরে পরিণত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই উন্নতির সময়ে যেমন কোটিপতিদের বড় বড় অট্টালিকা তৈরি হয়েছিল, তেমনই প্রতারক, দারিদ্র্য এবং অপরাধও পাল্লা দিয়ে বেড়েছিল। ডেনভার তার বারবণিতাদের গৃহের জন্য ওই অঞ্চলে কুখ্যাত হয়ে উঠেছিল যার মধ্যে আভিজাত্যপূর্ণ এলাকা থেকে শুরু করে কিছুটা দূরে অবস্থিত নোংরা বস্তিও ছিল। ব্যবসা ছিল রমরমা; আগন্তুকরা দুহাতে টাকা খরচ করতেন এবং তারপর শহর ছেড়ে চলে যেতেন। যতদিন এই নারীরা গোপনে তাঁদের ব্যবসা চালাতেন এবং খুব কুরুচিপূর্ণভাবে প্রচার করতেন না, ততদিন কর্তৃপক্ষ ঘুষ নিয়ে সব দেখেও না দেখার ভান করত। তবে মাঝে মাঝে সংস্কারের দাবিতে পুলিশের ধরপাকড়ও চলত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বিশাল তামা খনির শহর মন্টানার বিউট ছিল সীমান্তের বৃহত্তম এবং সবচেয়ে ধনী খনি শিবির। এটি ছিল একটি জাতিগত দুর্গ যেখানে আইরিশ ক্যাথলিকদের হাতে রাজনীতি এবং অ্যানাকোন্ডা কপার নামক শীর্ষস্থানীয় খনি কোম্পানির সেরা কাজগুলোর নিয়ন্ত্রণ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯৪ সালে শহরের উৎসাহী নাগরিকেরা একটি পাবলিক লাইব্রেরি বা গণগ্রন্থাগার স্থাপন করেন। রিংয়ের মতে এই লাইব্রেরিটি আসলে সমাজকে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করার একটি কৌশল ছিল যা &quot;খনি শ্রমিকদের মদ্যপান এবং জুয়ার আসক্তির প্রতিষেধক&quot; হিসেবে কাজ করত। এটি মধ্যবিত্ত মূল্যবোধের প্রচার এবং পূর্ব উপকূলের মানুষকে এটা বোঝানোর জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছিল যে বিউট আসলে একটি সুসংস্কৃত শহর।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== জাতি এবং নৃতাত্ত্বিক পরিচয় ====

===== ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসীরা =====
[[চিত্র:Volga-Germans-US.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৭৫ সালে মধ্য [[ক্যান্সাস|কানসাসে]] ভোলগা জার্মানদের জন্য অস্থায়ী আবাসস্থল]]
ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসী ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসীরা প্রায়ই একই ধর্মীয় এবং জাতিগত পটভূমির মানুষের সাথে মিলে নিজেদের জনপদ গড়ে তুলতেন। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ফিনল্যান্ডের অনেক মানুষ মিনেসোটা ও মিশিগানে বসতি স্থাপন করেছিলেন। সুইডিশ এবং নরওয়েজিয়ানরা মিনেসোটা ও ডাকোটা অঞ্চলে এবং আইরিশরা আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের কেন্দ্রগুলোতে জমায়েত হয়েছিলেন। এ ছাড়াও ভলগা জার্মানরা উত্তর ডাকোটায় এবং ব্রিটিশরা এলডিএস চার্চের অনুসারী হয়ে ইউটাতে চলে যান। [[রকি পর্বতমালা|রকি মাউন্টেন]] অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতেও (কলোরাডো, ওয়াইমিং এবং আইডাহো) অনেক ব্রিটিশ অভিবাসী বসতি গড়েছিলেন এবং [[জার্মান সাম্রাজ্যে ইহুদি নৃগোষ্ঠী|জার্মান ইহুদিরা]] ওরেগনের পোর্টল্যান্ডে থিতু হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== আফ্রিকান আমেরিকানরা =====
[[চিত্র:Army_buffalo_soldiers.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|একজন মহিষ সৈনিক। কালো সৈনিকদের এই ডাকনামটি তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রিত স্থানীয় উপজাতিরা দিয়েছিল।]]
আফ্রিকান আমেরিকানরা সৈনিক হওয়ার পাশাপাশি কাউবয়, খামারের কর্মী, পানশালার কর্মচারী, বাবুর্চি এবং এমনকি ডাকাত হিসেবেও পশ্চিমের দিকে পাড়ি দিয়েছিলেন। বাফেলো সোলজার্স বা মহিষ সৈনিকরা ছিলেন মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর সম্পূর্ণ কৃষ্ণাঙ্গদের নিয়ে গঠিত ৯ম ও ১০ম অশ্বারোহী রেজিমেন্ট এবং ২৪তম ও ২৫তম পদাতিক রেজিমেন্টের সদস্য। শ্বেতাঙ্গ অফিসারদের অধীনে তাঁরা পশ্চিমের অসংখ্য দুর্গে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার গোল্ড রাশের দিনগুলোতে প্রায় ৪,০০০ কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মানুষ সেখানে এসেছিলেন। ১৮৭৯ সালে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলে পুনর্গঠন পর্বের সমাপ্তির পর কয়েক হাজার মুক্ত মানুষ দক্ষিণ থেকে কানসাসের দিকে চলে যান। তাঁরা এক্সোডাস্টার নামে পরিচিত ছিলেন এবং মূলত হোমস্টেড আইনের আওতায় সস্তায় ভালো জমি পাওয়ার আশা ও উন্নত আচরণের প্রত্যাশায় এই যাত্রায় উৎসাহিত হয়েছিলেন। কানসাসের নিকোডেমাস শহরটি ১৮৭৭ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল যা ছিল কৃষ্ণাঙ্গদের একটি সুসংগঠিত জনপদ। এটি এক্সোডাস্টারদের আগমনের আগেই তৈরি হলেও সাধারণত তাঁদের সাথেই এই শহরের নাম যুক্ত করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সেই সময় আমেরিকায় নারীদের অধিকার ছিল অত্যন্ত নগণ্য এবং তাঁরা মূলত গৃহস্থালি কাজের মধ্যেই সীমাবদ্ধ থাকতেন। শ্বেতাঙ্গ নারীদের তুলনায় কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ এবং অন্যান্য সংখ্যালঘু নারীদের অধিকার ও সুযোগ-সুবিধা আরও অনেক কম ছিল। ১৮০০ এবং ১৯০০-এর দশকের শুরুর দিকে পশ্চিমে যাওয়া কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ নারীদের যে সংখ্যার নথি পাওয়া যায় তা বেশ কম, তবে তাঁরা সেখানে অবশ্যই উপস্থিত ছিলেন। অনেকে সমতল ভূমিতে স্কুলের শিক্ষিকা হিসেবে কাজ করতেন, আবার কেউ কেউ ঘোড়া পোষ মানানো, ধাত্রীবিদ্যা, ব্যবসা, পানশালা পরিচালনা, নার্স এবং ডাক বাহকের কাজ করতেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience on the North American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://archive.org/details/blackpioneersima00rava|শেষাংশ=Ravage|প্রথমাংশ=John W.|বছর=1997|প্রকাশক=University of Utah Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলারা জাতিগত ও লিঙ্গ বৈষম্যের শিকার হলেও মার্কিন সীমান্তের নতুন ও বৈচিত্র্যময় প্রকৃতির কারণে তাঁরা পূর্ব উপকূলের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি স্বাধীনতা ভোগ করতেন।

মার্কিন পশ্চিমের ইতিহাসে অনেক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ নারীর কথা প্রায়ই এড়িয়ে যাওয়া হয়। মেরি ফিল্ডস, যাঁকে সাধারণত &quot;স্টেজকোচ মেরি&quot; বা &quot;ব্ল্যাক মেরি&quot; বলা হতো, তিনি পশ্চিমে নিজের জন্য এক স্বতন্ত্র পথ তৈরি করেছিলেন। তিনি টেনেসি রাজ্যে একজন ক্রীতদাস ছিলেন এবং পরে পশ্চিমে চলে যান। সেখানে তিনি ডাক বাহক এবং মন্টানার মাইলস সিটিতে একটি পানশালা ও একটি বারবণিতা গৃহের মালিক হিসেবে কাজ করেছেন। বিশাল দেহ এবং শক্ত মেজাজের জন্য পরিচিত ফিল্ডস তাঁর আচরণ এবং ব্যবসায়িক কাজের মাধ্যমে সেই সময়ের লিঙ্গ ও বর্ণবাদী ধ্যানধারণাকে দারুণভাবে চ্যালেঞ্জ জানিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; ক্লারা ব্রাউন বা &quot;আন্ট ক্লারা&quot; হলেন এই অঞ্চলে নিজের পথ তৈরি করা আরেকজন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলার উদাহরণ। ব্রাউন কলোরাডোতে পৌঁছে খুব মিতব্যয়ী জীবন যাপন করে ধীরে ধীরে সেন্ট্রাল সিটি এবং ডেনভারের কাছে জমি ও মূলধন অর্জন করেন। তিনি অত্যন্ত দয়ালু এবং পরোপকারী হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিলেন। তিনি প্রায়শই অভাবী খনি শ্রমিকদের খাবার দিতেন এবং তাঁর বাড়িতে ভাগ্যহীনদের আশ্রয় দিতেন। দুর্ভাগ্যবশত ক্লারার গল্পের শেষটা ভালো ছিল না। একটি বন্যায় তাঁর জমির সমস্ত নথিপত্র নষ্ট হয়ে যাওয়ার ফলে তিনি আর মালিকানা প্রমাণ করতে পারেননি এবং প্রায় সমস্ত সম্পত্তি হারিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

মেরি এলেন প্লিজ্যান্ট, যাঁকে &quot;ম্যামি প্লিজ&quot; বা &quot;পশ্চিমের দেবদূত&quot; বলা হতো, তিনি ছিলেন এই অঞ্চলের আরেকজন উল্লেখযোগ্য কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ নারী ব্যক্তিত্ব। তিনি তাঁর এলাকার বিপদগ্রস্ত পুরুষ, মহিলা এবং শিশুদের যত্ন নেওয়ার জন্য পরিচিত ছিলেন। নির্যাতিত মহিলাদের জন্য তিনি নিরাপদ আশ্রয়স্থল তৈরি করেছিলেন যা সেই সময়ে ওই অঞ্চলে একটি বিরল ঘটনা ছিল। লিঙ্গ এবং বর্ণবাদী বৈষম্যকে তুচ্ছ করে তিনি কেবল গৃহস্থালি কাজের মধ্যে নিজেকে সীমাবদ্ধ রাখেননি। গোল্ড রাশের সময় তিনি ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার একজন সফল ব্যবসায়ী, নাগরিক অধিকার কর্মী এবং একজন স্বপ্রতিষ্ঠিত কোটিপতি হয়ে উঠেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

===== এশীয়রা =====
ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার গোল্ড রাশে হাজার হাজার মেক্সিকান এবং চীনা মানুষের সমাগম ঘটেছিল। চীনা অভিবাসীদের মধ্যে অনেকেই ছিলেন দরিদ্র কৃষক। তারা আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় অংশের নির্মাণ কাজে প্রধান শ্রমশক্তি হিসেবে কাজ করেছিলেন। রেলপথের কাজ শেষ হলে ১৮৭০ সালের মধ্যে তাঁদের বেশিরভাগই নিজেদের দেশে ফিরে গিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; থেকে গিয়েছিলেন তাঁরা খনি শিল্প, কৃষিকাজ এবং মুদি দোকান, লন্ড্রি ও রেস্তোরাঁর মতো ছোট ছোট ব্যবসা শুরু করেন। পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় অঙ্গরাজ্য এবং এলাকাগুলোতে চীনাদের প্রতি প্রবল বিদ্বেষ বজায় ছিল যা চীনা গণহত্যা কোভ এবং রক স্প্রিংস গণহত্যার মতো ঘটনাগুলোর মাধ্যমে স্পষ্ট হয়। সাধারণত চীনাদের সান ফ্রান্সিসকো, পোর্টল্যান্ড, সিয়াটেল এবং লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেসের মতো শহরগুলোতে স্বতন্ত্র এবং স্বনির্ভর &quot;চায়নাটাউন&quot; বা চীনা পল্লীগুলোতে থাকতে বাধ্য করা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৭১ সালে লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেসে চীনা বিরোধী সর্বশেষ বড় দাঙ্গাটি হয়েছিল যার পর থেকে স্থানীয় আইন-শৃঙ্খলা ব্যবস্থা আরও কঠোর করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে এই চীনা পল্লীগুলো ছিল অত্যন্ত ঘিঞ্জি বস্তি এলাকা যা অনৈতিক কাজ, পতিতাবৃত্তি, মাদক এবং বিভিন্ন দলের মধ্যে সশস্ত্র লড়াইয়ের জন্য কুখ্যাত ছিল। তবে ১৯৩০-এর দশকের মধ্যে এই চায়নাটাউনগুলো পরিষ্কার-পরিচ্ছন্ন, নিরাপদ এবং আকর্ষণীয় পর্যটন কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৯ সালে জাপান থেকে প্রথম ২২ জন মানুষ একটি সামুরাই পরিবারের সদস্য হিসেবে আমেরিকায় আসেন। তাঁরা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার প্লেসার কাউন্টিতে থিতু হন এবং সেখানে &quot;ওয়াকামাতসু চা ও রেশম খামার উপনিবেশ&quot; স্থাপন করেন। ১৮৮৫ সাল থেকে হাওয়াইয়ের বাগানগুলোতে কাজ করার জন্য জাপানিদের নিয়োগ করা শুরু হয়। উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে আরও অনেক জাপানি মানুষ হাওয়াই এবং আমেরিকার মূল ভূখণ্ডে অভিবাসী হিসেবে আসতে থাকেন। ১৭৯০ সালের মার্কিন ন্যাচারালাইজেশন আইন অনুযায়ী এই প্রথম প্রজন্মের জাপানি অভিবাসীদের বা &quot;ইসেই&quot;দের মার্কিন নাগরিক হওয়ার অনুমতি দেওয়া হয়নি কারণ তাঁরা &quot;মুক্ত শ্বেতাঙ্গ ব্যক্তি&quot; ছিলেন না। ১৯৫২ সালে ইমিগ্রেশন অ্যান্ড ন্যাশনালিটি অ্যাক্ট বা &quot;ম্যাককারান-ওয়াল্টার অ্যাক্ট&quot; পাস না হওয়া পর্যন্ত এই পরিস্থিতির কোনো পরিবর্তন হয়নি। এই আইনের মাধ্যমেই জাপানি অভিবাসীরা প্রথমবার মার্কিন নাগরিকত্ব পাওয়ার সুযোগ পান।

১৯২০ সালের মধ্যে জাপানি-আমেরিকান কৃষকরা ৬ কোটি ৭০ লক্ষ ডলার মূল্যের ফসল উৎপাদন করেছিলেন যা ছিল ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার মোট ফসলের মূল্যের ১০ শতাংশেরও বেশি। সেই সময়ে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে ১,১১,০০০ জাপানি আমেরিকান ছিলেন যাঁদের মধ্যে ৮২,০০০ জন ছিলেন অভিবাসী এবং ২৯,০০০ জন আমেরিকায় জন্মগ্রহণ করেছিলেন&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯২৪ সালে কংগ্রেস ইমিগ্রেশন অ্যাক্ট পাস করে যার ফলে আমেরিকায় জাপানিদের অভিবাসন কার্যত বন্ধ হয়ে যায়। তবে মার্কিন সংবিধানের চতুর্দশ সংশোধনী অনুযায়ী জাপানি অভিবাসীদের আমেরিকায় জন্ম নেওয়া সন্তানরা সরাসরি নাগরিকত্বের অধিকার লাভ করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== হিস্পানিক সম্প্রদায় =====
[[চিত্র:Exterior_of_the_Mission_Xavier_del_Bac.jpg|থাম্ব|১৭০০ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত টুকসনের কাছে সান জেভিয়ার দেল বাকের স্প্যানিশ মিশন]]
নিউ স্পেনের প্রাক্তন ভূখণ্ডগুলোতে বসবাসকারী হিস্পানিক সম্প্রদায়ের বিশাল একটি অংশ সেখানেই থেকে গিয়েছিলেন এবং ১৮৪৮ সালে তাঁরা আমেরিকার নাগরিকত্ব লাভ করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; প্রায় ১০,০০০ '''ক্যালিফোর্নিও''' নাগরিকও মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের নাগরিক হিসেবে অন্তর্ভুক্ত হন। তাঁরা মূলত দক্ষিণ ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় বসবাস করতেন এবং ১৮৮০ সালের পর পূর্ব দিকের রাজ্যগুলো থেকে আসা লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন অভিবাসীদের প্রভাবে তাঁদের প্রাধান্য ম্লান হয়ে যায়। নিউ মেক্সিকোর শহর ও গ্রামগুলোতে তাঁদের আধিপত্য বিংশ শতাব্দীর মাঝামাঝি পর্যন্ত প্রায় অপরিবর্তিত ছিল। মেক্সিকো থেকে নতুন অভিবাসীদের আগমন অব্যাহত থাকে, বিশেষ করে ১৯১১ সালের মেক্সিকান বিপ্লবের সময় হাজার হাজার গ্রাম আক্রান্ত হওয়ার পর সেখান থেকে মানুষ প্রাণভয়ে পালিয়ে আসতে শুরু করেন। এই শরণার্থীদের বেশিরভাগই টেক্সাস বা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় আশ্রয় নেন এবং শীঘ্রই অনেক সীমান্ত শহরে দরিদ্র '''বারিও''' বা বস্তি এলাকা গড়ে ওঠে। ১৮৫০-এর দশকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার &quot;রবিন হুড&quot; নামে পরিচিত হোয়াকিন মুরিয়েতা একটি সশস্ত্র দল গঠন করেছিলেন। তাঁর দল শোষক খনি শ্রমিকদের বাড়ি পুড়িয়ে দিত, তাদের হত্যা করত এবং জমিদারদের যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচ লুট করত। তিনি মূলত লাতিন আমেরিকানদের ওপর হওয়া সহিংসতা ও বৈষম্যের বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই করেছিলেন। টেক্সাসে হুয়ান কর্তিনা ১৮৫৯ সালের দিকে অ্যাংলো বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সদের বিরুদ্ধে এক দীর্ঘ ২০ বছরের লড়াই পরিচালনা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পারিবারিক জীবন ====
[[গ্রেট প্লেইনস|গ্রেট প্লেইনে]] অঞ্চলে খুব কম অবিবাহিত পুরুষই একা খামার বা চারণভূমি পরিচালনা করার ঝুঁকি নিতেন। কৃষকরা খুব ভালোভাবেই বুঝতেন যে বাড়ির অজস্র কাজ সামলানোর জন্য একজন কঠোর পরিশ্রমী স্ত্রী এবং অনেকগুলো সন্তানের প্রয়োজন। এই কাজের তালিকায় ছিল সন্তান লালন-পালন, পরিবারের সবার অন্ন ও বস্ত্রের সংস্থান, ঘরের কাজ সামলানো এবং খামারের মজুরদের খাবারের ব্যবস্থা করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বসতি স্থাপনের শুরুর বছরগুলোতে খামারের মহিলারা বাইরে কাজ করার মাধ্যমে পরিবারের টিকে থাকা নিশ্চিত করতে অবিচ্ছেদ্য ভূমিকা পালন করতেন। এক প্রজন্ম পার হওয়ার পর, মহিলারা ধীরে ধীরে বাইরের কাজ কমিয়ে ঘরের কাজে বেশি মনোনিবেশ করেন, যা পরিবারে তাদের ভূমিকাকে নতুনভাবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করে। সেলাই মেশিন এবং কাপড় ধোয়ার মেশিনের মতো নতুন উদ্ভাবনগুলো মহিলাদের গৃহস্থালি কাজের প্রতি আরও আগ্রহী করে তোলে। গণমাধ্যম এবং সরকারি প্রতিনিধিদের মাধ্যমে প্রচারিত বৈজ্ঞানিক গৃহস্থালি আন্দোলন, মেলাগুলোতে ঘরোয়া রান্না ও খাবার সংরক্ষণের প্রদর্শন এবং খবরের কাগজে মহিলাদের জন্য পরামর্শমূলক কলাম—এই সবই তাঁদের ঘরমুখী হওয়ার প্রবণতাকে বাড়িয়ে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

যদিও প্রেইরি অঞ্চলের খামার জীবনকে সাধারণত অত্যন্ত একাকী এবং বিচ্ছিন্ন হিসেবে কল্পনা করা হয়, বাস্তবে গ্রামীণ মানুষেরা নিজেদের জন্য এক সমৃদ্ধ সামাজিক জীবন গড়ে তুলেছিলেন। তাঁরা প্রায়ই এমন সব অনুষ্ঠানের আয়োজন করতেন যেখানে কাজ, খাবার এবং বিনোদনের এক চমৎকার মিশেল থাকত। যেমন শস্যাগার নির্মাণ, ভুট্টা ছাড়ানো, কাঁথা সেলাইয়ের আড্ডা&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্রেঞ্জ সভা, &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গির্জার অনুষ্ঠান এবং স্কুলের বিভিন্ন কর্মকাণ্ড। মহিলারা মিলেমিশে রান্নাবান্না এবং প্রীতিভোজের আয়োজন করতেন, যা পরিবারগুলোর মধ্যে সুসম্পর্ক বজায় রাখতে সাহায্য করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== শৈশব =====
আমেরিকান সীমান্তে শৈশব কাটানো নিয়ে পণ্ডিতদের মধ্যে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন মত রয়েছে। ঔপন্যাসিক [[উইলা ক্যাদার|উইলা ক্যাথার]] এবং [[লরা ইঙ্গলস ওয়াইল্ডার|লরা ইঙ্গলস ওয়াইল্ডারের]] দেখানো পথ অনুসরণ করে একদল বিশেষজ্ঞ মনে করেন যে গ্রামীণ পরিবেশ শিশুদের বড় হওয়ার জন্য সহায়ক ছিল। ইতিহাসবিদ ক্যাথরিন হ্যারিস&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এবং এলিয়ট ওয়েস্ট&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; লিখেছেন যে গ্রামীণ প্রতিপালন শিশুদের বয়স এবং লিঙ্গভিত্তিক শহুরে কঠোর সামাজিক কাঠামো থেকে মুক্তি দিয়েছিল। এটি পরিবারের সদস্যদের মধ্যে পারস্পরিক নির্ভরতা বাড়িয়েছিল এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত এমন এক প্রজন্মের জন্ম দিয়েছিল যারা তাদের শহুরে বা পূর্ব অঞ্চলের সমসাময়িকদের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি আত্মনির্ভরশীল, গতিশীল, মানিয়ে নেওয়ার ক্ষমতাসম্পন্ন, দায়িত্বশীল, স্বাধীন এবং প্রকৃতির কাছাকাছি ছিল। অন্যদিকে, ইতিহাসবিদ এলিজাবেথ হ্যাম্পস্টেন&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এবং লিলিয়ান শ্লিসেল&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; একাকীত্ব, বঞ্চনা, নির্যাতন এবং অল্প বয়স থেকেই হাড়ভাঙা কায়িক শ্রমের এক করুণ চিত্র তুলে ধরেছেন। রিনে-কেহরবার্গ এই দুই চরম মতের মাঝামাঝি একটি অবস্থানে রয়েছেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পতিতাবৃত্তি এবং জুয়া ====
উদ্যোক্তারা খনি শ্রমিকদের প্রয়োজন মেটাতে বিভিন্ন দোকান এবং ব্যবসা প্রতিষ্ঠান গড়ে তুলেছিলেন। বিশ্বজুড়ে প্রতিটি খনি শিবিরে গড়ে ওঠা বারবণিতা গৃহগুলো সে সময় বেশ পরিচিত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে পতিতাবৃত্তি|পতিতাবৃত্তি]] তখন ছিল একটি ক্রমবর্ধমান শিল্প যা সারা বিশ্বের যৌনকর্মীদের আকৃষ্ট করত। অত্যন্ত কঠিন ও বিপজ্জনক কর্মপরিবেশ এবং সামাজিক মর্যাদাহীনতা সত্ত্বেও কেবল উপার্জনের আশায় তারা এখানে আসতেন। অনেক সময় চীনা মহিলারা তাঁদের পরিবারের মাধ্যমে বিক্রি হয়ে যেতেন এবং তাঁদের খনি শিবিরে যৌনকর্মী হিসেবে আনা হতো; তাঁদের আয়ের অর্থ চীনে তাঁদের পরিবারের কাছে পাঠাতে হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; নেভাদার ভার্জিনিয়া সিটিতে [[জুলিয়া বুলেট]] মর্যাদা অর্জন করতে পেরেছিলেন। তিনি ইনফ্লুয়েঞ্জা মহামারীর শিকার ব্যক্তিদের সেবা করেছিলেন; এটি তাঁকে সমাজ ও শেরিফের গ্রহণযোগ্যতা পেতে সাহায্য করেছিল। ১৮৬৭ সালে যখন তিনি খুন হন, তখন শহরের মানুষ স্তব্ধ হয়ে গিয়েছিলেন; তাঁরা ধুমধাম করে তাঁর শেষকৃত্য সম্পন্ন করেন এবং দ্রুত বিচার করে তার হত্যাকারীকে ফাঁসিতে ঝোলান।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯০-এর দশক পর্যন্ত মহিলারা প্রধানত এই ব্যবসাগুলো পরিচালনা করতেন, কিন্তু পরে পুরুষ দালালরা এর নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেয় এবং মেয়েদের ওপর ব্যবহারের মান সাধারণত নিম্নমুখী হয়। পশ্চিমের শহরগুলোতে পতিতালয়গুলো প্রকাশ্যে পরিচালনা করা অস্বাভাবিক ছিল না, যা পূর্ব উপকূলের শহরগুলোর মতো কলঙ্কজনক হিসেবে দেখা হতো না। জুয়া এবং পতিতাবৃত্তি ছিল এই পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় শহরগুলোর জীবনের অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ। পরে যখন সেখানে মহিলাদের সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পায় এবং সমাজ সংস্কারকরা আসতে শুরু করেন, তখন এই বিষয়গুলো কম প্রকাশ্যে এবং অনিয়মিত হয়ে পড়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; প্রায় এক দশক পর খনি শহরগুলো অনেক ভদ্র মহিলাদের আকৃষ্ট করতে শুরু করে যারা বোর্ডিং হাউস চালাতেন, গির্জার সংগঠন গড়ে তুলেছিলেন এবং ধোপানি বা দর্জি হিসেবে কাজ করে স্বনির্ভর হওয়ার চেষ্টা করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

যেকোনো নতুন জনপদ বা খনি শিবির শুরু হলে সবার আগে সেখানে একটি জুয়ার আসর বা গ্যাম্বলিং হল তৈরি হতো। জনসংখ্যা বাড়ার সাথে সাথে এই জুয়ার হলগুলোই সাধারণত শহরের বৃহত্তম এবং সবচেয়ে জমকালো ভবনে পরিণত হতো। এগুলোতে প্রায়ই পানশালা, বিনোদনের মঞ্চ এবং অতিথিদের থাকার জন্য হোটেলের ঘর থাকত। এই প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলো স্থানীয় অর্থনীতির মূল চালিকাশক্তি ছিল এবং অনেক শহরের সমৃদ্ধি মাপা হতো সেখানে কতগুলো জুয়ার আসর বা পেশাদার জুয়াড়ি রয়েছে তার ওপর ভিত্তি করে। জুয়া খেলার প্রতি নমনীয় শহরগুলোকে সাধারণত &quot;প্রশস্ত-জাগ্রত&quot; বা &quot;প্রশস্ত-খোলা&quot; হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; টেক্সাস, ওকলাহোমা, কানসাস এবং নেব্রাস্কার গবাদি পশুর শহরগুলো জুয়া খেলার প্রধান কেন্দ্র হিসেবে বিখ্যাত হয়ে উঠেছিল। কাউবয়রা অনেক দিন ধরে জমানো মজুরি নিয়ে আনন্দ করার জন্য এই শহরগুলোতে আসতেন। অ্যাবিলিন, ডজ সিটি, [[উইচিটা, কানসাস|উইচিটা]], [[ওমাহা]] এবং [[ক্যানসাস সিটি, মিজুরি|কানসাস সিটির]] পরিবেশ জুয়া খেলার জন্য অত্যন্ত অনুকূল ছিল। তবে এমন পরিবেশ বিশৃঙ্খলাও ডেকে আনত এবং এই শহরগুলো আইনহীন ও বিপজ্জনক জায়গা হিসেবে পরিচিতি পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আইন শৃঙ্খলা ====
[[চিত্র:DodgeCityPeaceCommission.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৮৩ সালের ১০ই জুন তোলা &quot;ডজ সিটি শান্তি কমিশনের&quot; একটি ঐতিহাসিক ছবি। (দাঁড়িয়ে বাম থেকে) উইলিয়াম এইচ. হ্যারিস, লিউক শর্ট, উইলিয়াম &quot;ব্যাট&quot; মাস্টারসন, উইলিয়াম এফ. পেটিলন; (বসে বাম থেকে) চার্লি ব্যাসেট, ওয়ায়াট ইয়ার্প, মাইকেল ফ্রান্সিস &quot;ফ্র্যাঙ্ক&quot; ম্যাকলিন এবং কর্নেলিয়াস &quot;নিল&quot; ব্রাউন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
ইতিহাসবিদ ওয়াদি ডব্লিউ. মুর আদালতের নথিপত্র ব্যবহার করে দেখিয়েছেন যে, আরকানসাসের জনবিরল সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে আইনহীনতা ছিল একটি সাধারণ বিষয়। তিনি অপরাধগুলোকে দুটি ভাগে ভাগ করেছেন: &quot;অেশাদার&quot; (দ্বৈরথ, মদ্যপানজনিত অপরাধ, আদিবাসীদের কাছে হুইস্কি বিক্রি করা, সরকারি জমির গাছ কাটা) এবং &quot;পেশাদার&quot; (গবাদি পশু চুরি, রাজপথে ডাকাতি, জালিয়াতি)।&lt;ref name=&quot;MooreCrimeArkansas&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Moore|প্রথমাংশ=Waddy W.|তারিখ=Spring 1964|শিরোনাম=Some Aspects of Crime and Punishment on the Arkansas Frontier|সাময়িকী=Arkansas Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=23|সংখ্যা নং=1|পাতাসমূহ=50–64|doi=10.2307/40021171|jstor=40021171}}&lt;/ref&gt; দস্যুরা বসতি স্থাপনকারী পরিবারগুলোর সর্বস্ব লুটে নেওয়ার অনেক সুযোগ পেত, অন্যদিকে অর্থের অভাবে ধুঁকতে থাকা অল্প কয়েকজন আইন রক্ষাকারীর পক্ষে অপরাধীদের শনাক্ত করা, গ্রেপ্তার করা বা দোষী সাব্যস্ত করা ছিল অত্যন্ত কঠিন। সাধারণত দুই বা তিনজনের দলে থাকা ডাকাতরা খুব কমই এমন যাত্রীবাহী গাড়িতে আক্রমণ করত যেটির পাহারাদারের কাছে দুই নলা বন্দুক থাকত। বরং মালবাহী গাড়ির চালক, পথচারী বা একাকী ঘোড়সওয়ারদের লুট করা অনেক কম ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অন্যদিকে ব্যাংকগুলো সুরক্ষিত থাকায় সেখানে ডাকাতি করা ছিল অনেক বেশি কঠিন। ইতিহাসবিদ ব্রায়ান রবের মতে, আমেরিকায় সংগঠিত অপরাধের আদি রূপটি এই &quot;পুরানো পশ্চিম&quot;-এর ডাকাত দলগুলোর মাধ্যমেই জন্ম নিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

অপরাধী যখন দোষী সাব্যস্ত হতো, তখন তার শাস্তি হতো অত্যন্ত কঠোর।&lt;ref name=&quot;MooreCrimeArkansas&quot;/&gt; শ্চিমাঞ্চলের শেরিফ এবং মার্শাল ছাড়াও আমেরিকান সীমান্ত জুড়ে টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সের মতো বিভিন্ন আইন প্রয়োগকারী সংস্থা সক্রিয় ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই আইন রক্ষাকারীরা কেবল শান্তি বজায় রাখতেই নয়, বরং সীমান্ত এলাকায় আদিবাসী এবং মেক্সিকানদের হুমকি থেকেও স্থানীয়দের রক্ষা করতে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্রামীণ এলাকার তুলনায় শহরগুলোতে আইন প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্রে অনেক বেশি কঠোরতা দেখা যেত। আইন রক্ষাকারীরা সশস্ত্র যুদ্ধের চেয়ে স্থিতিশীলতা বজায় রাখার ওপর বেশি জোর দিতেন। তাঁদের মূল লক্ষ্য ছিল মদ্যপান নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা, বন্দুক নিয়ন্ত্রণ আইন লঙ্ঘনকারী কাউবয়দের নিরস্ত্রীকরণ করা এবং জুয়া ও পতিতাবৃত্তি সংক্রান্ত আইন ভঙ্গকারীদের বিরুদ্ধে ব্যবস্থা নেওয়া।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডাইকস্ট্রা যুক্তি দিয়েছেন যে, চলচ্চিত্র এবং উপন্যাসে গবাদি পশুর শহরগুলোর যে সহিংস চিত্র দেখা যায় তা মূলত একটি মিথ বা কল্পনা। তাঁর মতে, প্রকৃত ডজ সিটি ছিল দক্ষিণ সমভূমির মহিষের চামড়া ব্যবসার প্রধান কেন্দ্র এবং পশ্চিমের অন্যতম প্রধান গবাদি পশুর শহর। এটি টেক্সাস থেকে আসা গরু কেনাবেচা এবং পাঠানোর একটি প্রধান জায়গা ছিল। তিনি উল্লেখ করেন যে, মানুষের কল্পনায় একটি &quot;দ্বিতীয় ডজ সিটি&quot; বাস করে যা মূলত সহিংসতা, বিশৃঙ্খলা এবং অধঃপতনের একটি সাংস্কৃতিক প্রতীক হিসেবে টিকে আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; দুই মাস ধরে ট্রেইল পাড়ি দিয়ে টাকা হাতে আসা কাউবয়দের কাছে এই শহর ছিল উত্তেজনার জায়গা। কানসাসের হেইস সিটির একজন প্রত্যক্ষদর্শী এই গবাদি পশুর শহরের একটি জীবন্ত বর্ণনা দিয়েছেন:
{{Blockquote|ল্যাম্পের আলোয় হেইস সিটি ছিল অসাধারণ চঞ্চল, কিন্তু খুব একটা নীতিবান নয়। পানশালাগুলোর আলোয় রাস্তাগুলো ঝলমল করত এবং ভেতরে উঁকি দিলে দেখা যেত নর্তকীতে ঠাসা মেঝে; উজ্জ্বল পোশাক পরা মহিলারা ফিতে এবং রঙ দিয়ে তাঁদের মুখের সেই ভয়াবহ রেখাগুলো ঢাকার চেষ্টা করছেন যা 'উশৃঙ্খলতা' নামক কঠোর শিল্পী তাঁদের মুখে এঁকে দিতে ভালোবাসেন... বেহালা আর পায়ের শব্দের তালে তালে নাচ চলতে থাকে, আর আমরা সেই উন্মাদনার গোলকধাঁধায় এমন বৃদ্ধদেরও দেখেছি যারা হয়তো তাঁদের কবরের একদম কিনারে দাঁড়িয়ে নাচছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=William Edward |last=Webb |title=Buffalo land: an authentic narrative of the adventures and misadventures of a late scientific and sporting party upon the great plains of the West. With full descriptions of the buffalo, wolf, and wild horse, etc., etc. Also an appendix, constituting the work a manual for sportsmen and hand-book for emigrants seeking homes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ug5LAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA142 |year=1873 |page=142 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
এটা স্বীকৃত যে ডজ সিটির জনপ্রিয় চিত্রায়ণে কিছুটা সত্যতাও আছে, কারণ স্থানীয় সরকার প্রতিষ্ঠার আগে সেখানে বন্দুক সংক্রান্ত অপরাধ ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। তবে শহরের বাসিন্দারা আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে তাঁদের প্রথম পৌর সরকার গঠন করার পরেই প্রকাশ্যে বা গোপনে আগ্নেয়াস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করে একটি আইন পাস করেন এবং এর ফলে অপরাধের হার দ্রুত কমে যায়। অন্যান্য সীমান্ত শহরেও বন্দুকের সহিংসতা কমাতে একই ধরণের আইন পাস করা হয়েছিল। ইউসিএলএর আইনের অধ্যাপক অ্যাডাম রিঙ্কলার যেমনটা উল্লেখ করেছেন:
{{Blockquote|সীমান্ত শহরের সীমানার ভেতরে বন্দুক বহন করা সাধারণত নিষিদ্ধ ছিল। ডজ সিটি থেকে টুম্বস্টোন পর্যন্ত সব জায়গাতেই অস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করার আইন ছিল সাধারণ বিষয়। যখন ডজ সিটির বাসিন্দারা তাঁদের প্রথম পৌর সরকার গঠন করেন, তখন একদম শুরুর দিকে পাস হওয়া আইনগুলোর একটি ছিল গোপনে অস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করা। শীঘ্রই এই নিষেধাজ্ঞা প্রকাশ্যে অস্ত্র বহনের ক্ষেত্রেও কার্যকর হয়। হলিউডের চলচ্চিত্রে যে চিত্র দেখা যায় যে একজন বন্দুকধারী কোমরের দুই পাশে দুটি কোল্ট নিয়ে শহরের বুক চিরে হেঁটে যাচ্ছেন—তা কেবলই একটি হলিউড চিত্র, যা স্রেফ নাটকীয়তা তৈরির জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2014/04/29/rick-santorums-misguided-view-of-gun-control-in-the-wild-west/ |title=Rick Santorum's misguided view of gun control in the Wild West |first=Glenn |last=Kassler |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 29, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[টম্বস্টোন|অ্যারিজোনার টম্বস্টোন]] ছিল একটি অশান্ত খনি শহর যা ১৮৭৭ থেকে ১৯২৯ সাল পর্যন্ত দীর্ঘ সময় টিকে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৭৭ সালে সেখানে রূপোর সন্ধান পাওয়া যায় এবং ১৮৮১ সালের মধ্যে শহরটির জনসংখ্যা ১০,০০০ ছাড়িয়ে যায়। ১৮৭৯ সালে নবাগত ইয়ার্প ভাইয়েরা খনির শেয়ার এবং জুয়া খেলার অনুমতিপত্র কিনে নেন। কিন্তু ভার্জিল, ওয়ায়াট এবং মরগান ইয়ার্প বিভিন্ন সময়ে ফেডারেল ও স্থানীয় আইন রক্ষাকারী হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছিলেন। এক বছরেরও বেশি সময় ধরে চলা হুমকি এবং শত্রুতার পর তাঁরা ডক হলিডে-কে সাথে নিয়ে &quot;ও.কে. কোরাল বন্দুকযুদ্ধ&quot;-এ তিন দস্যুকে হত্যা করেন, যা ছিল পুরানো পশ্চিমের সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত বন্দুকযুদ্ধ। এর রেশ ধরে ভার্জিল ইয়ার্প এক অতর্কিত হামলায় পঙ্গু হয়ে যান এবং মরগান ইয়ার্প বিলিয়ার্ড খেলার সময় আততায়ীর হাতে নিহত হন। ওয়ায়াট এবং তাঁর অন্য ভাইয়েরা (জেমস এবং ওয়ারেন ইয়ার্প) আইনের তোয়াক্কা না করেই প্রতিশোধ নেওয়ার অভিযানে নামেন এবং ফ্র্যাঙ্ক স্টিলওয়েল খুনের ঘটনায় তাঁদের বিরুদ্ধে গ্রেপ্তারি পরোয়ানা জারি করা হয়। কোচিস কাউন্টি কাউবয়রা ছিল মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্যতম প্রথম সংগঠিত অপরাধ সিন্ডিকেট এবং ওয়ায়াট ইয়ার্পের হাতেই তাদের পতন ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের গল্পকার এবং চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাতারা তাঁদের অনেক সৃষ্টিতে এই বন্দুকযুদ্ধকে তুলে ধরেছেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ওয়াল্টার নোবেল বার্নসের উপন্যাস ''টম্বস্টোন'' (১৯২৭) ইয়ার্পকে বিখ্যাত করে তোলে। হলিউড ইয়ার্পের টম্বস্টোন দিবস উদযাপন করে জন ফোর্ডের ''মাই ডার্লিং ক্লেমেন্টাইন'' (১৯৪৬), জন স্টার্জেসের ''গানফাইট অ্যাট দ্য ওকে কোরাল'' (১৯৫৭) এবং ''আওয়ার অফ দ্য গান'' (১৯৬৭), ফ্রাঙ্ক পেরির ''ডক'' (১৯৭১), জর্জ কসম্যাটসের ''[[টম্বস্টোন (চলচ্চিত্র)|টম্বস্টোন]]'' (১৯৯৩) এবং লরেন্স কাসদানের ''ওয়াট ইয়ার্প'' (১৯৯৪)-এর মতো চলচ্চিত্রের মাধ্যমে উদযাপন করেছে। এই কাজগুলোই আধুনিক সমাজে ইয়ার্পের ভাবমূর্তিকে পুরানো পশ্চিমের সবচেয়ে ভয়ংকর বন্দুকধারী হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত করেছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== ডাকাতি =====
{{একাধিক চিত্র
| align             = 
| total_width       = 550
| image1            = Dalton Gang memento mori 1892.jpg
| image2            = Cherokeebill posing with captors.jpg
| image3            = Cherokee bill death.jpg
| footer            = (বামে): ১৮৯২ সালে কফিভিল যুদ্ধের পর ডাল্টন গ্যাং-এর সদস্যরা; (মাঝখানে): ১৮৯৫ সালে ওকলাহোমার নোয়াটাতে ট্রেন থামার সময় ক্রফোর্ড &quot;চেরোকি বিল&quot; গোল্ডসবি তাঁর বন্দিকারীদের সাথে পোজ দিচ্ছেন। বাম থেকে ডানে যথাক্রমে #৫) জেকে ক্রিটেনডেন; #৪) ডিক ক্রিটেনডেন; চেরোকি বিল; #২) ক্লিন্ট স্কেলস, #১) আইক রজার্স; #৩) ডেপুটি মার্শাল বিল স্মিথ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weE1AQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Clint+scales+photograph+with+Cherokee+Bill&amp;pg=PA398|title=Hell on the Border: He Hanged Eighty-eight Men. A History of the Great United States Criminal Court at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and of Crime and Criminals in the Indian Territory, and the Trial and Punishment Thereof Before ... Judge Isaac C. Parker ... and by the Courts of Said Territory, Embracing the Leading Sentences and Charges to Grand and Petit Juries Delivered by the World Famous Jurist – his Acknowledged Masterpieces, Besides Much Other Legal Lore ... Illustrated with Over Fifty Fine Half-tones|first=S. W.|last=Harman|date=January 10, 1898|publisher=Phoenix publishing Company|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ডানে): ১৮৯৬ সালের ১৭ই মার্চ চেরোকি বিলের ফাঁসির চিত্রায়ন, যা তাঁর মৃত্যুদণ্ডের পর সংবাদপত্রগুলোতে প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল।
}}
প্রধান ধরণের ডাকাতি পশ্চিমের কুখ্যাত দস্যুদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হত, যার মধ্যে ছিল জেমস-ইয়ংগার গ্যাং, [[বিলি দ্য কিড]], ডাল্টন গ্যাং, ব্ল্যাক বার্ট, স্যাম বাস, বুচ ক্যাসিডি'স ওয়াইল্ড বাঞ্চ এবং আরও শত শত অপরাধী যারা ব্যাংক, ট্রেন, যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচ এবং এমনকি কিছু ক্ষেত্রে হোয়াম পে-মাস্টার ডাকাতি ও স্কেলিটন ক্যানিয়ন ডাকাতির মতো সশস্ত্র সরকারি পরিবহনেও হামলা চালাত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জেসি জেমসের মতো কিছু দস্যু ছিল গৃহযুদ্ধের সহিংসতার ফল (জেমস কোয়ান্ট্রিলস রেইডার্সের সাথে কাজ করেছিলেন), আবার অনেকে গবাদি পশু শিল্পের দুর্দিনেও দস্যু হয়ে উঠেছিলেন। তাঁদের মধ্যে অনেকেই ছিলেন সমাজের সাথে মানিয়ে নিতে না পারা মানুষ বা ভবঘুরে যারা আইনের হাত থেকে বাঁচতে পশ্চিমে ঘুরে বেড়াতেন। গ্রামীণ এলাকাগুলোতে হোয়াকিন মুরিয়েতা, জ্যাক পাওয়ারস, অগাস্টিন চ্যাকন এবং অন্যান্য দস্যুরা ত্রাসের রাজত্ব কায়েম করেছিল। যখন কোনো দস্যু দল কাছাকাছি থাকত, তখন শহরগুলো তাদের তাড়ানোর জন্য বা ধরার জন্য মাঝেমধ্যে একটি &quot;সশস্ত্র দল&quot; গঠন করত। দস্যুদের মোকাবিলা করা একটি ক্রমবর্ধমান ব্যবসার সুযোগ হিসেবে দেখে অ্যালান পিঙ্কারটন ১৮৫০ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত তাঁর ন্যাশনাল ডিটেকটিভ এজেন্সিকে পশ্চিমে শাখা খোলার নির্দেশ দেন এবং তাঁরা দস্যুদের তাড়া করা ও ধরার ব্যবসায় নেমে পড়েন।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; আইনের হাত থেকে বাঁচতে দস্যুরা লুকানোর জন্য উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমি, প্রত্যন্ত গিরিপথ এবং দুর্গম অঞ্চলের সুবিধা নিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্তের কিছু জনপদ এবং শহরেও দস্যু ও অপরাধীরা আশ্রয় নিত, যেগুলোকে &quot;দস্যু শহর&quot; বলা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বন্য পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের কিছু স্বল্প পরিচিত দস্যু এবং দস্যুর তালিকায় কিছু কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলাও ছিলেন। এলিজা স্টুয়ার্ট, যিনি বন্ধুদের কাছে &quot;বিগ জ্যাক&quot; নামে পরিচিত ছিলেন, তার প্রেমিকের ওপর হত্যার চেষ্টার দায়ে এবং পরবর্তীতে মারধরের দায়ে গ্রেপ্তার হয়েছিলেন। স্টুয়ার্ট ওয়াইমিংয়ের লারামির একটি কারাগারে সাজা খেটেছিলেন। ক্যারোলিন হেইস ছিলেন আরেকজন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলা দস্যু যিনি চুরির জন্য কুখ্যাত ছিলেন এবং ওয়াইমিংয়ের লারামি ও শায়েন কারাগারে বন্দি ছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

১৮৪৯ সালের পর ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় দস্যুবৃত্তি একটি বড় সমস্যা হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছিল, কারণ পরিবার বা সমাজ থেকে বিচ্ছিন্ন হাজার হাজার যুবক এমন একটি ভূখণ্ডে চলে এসেছিল যেখানে আইন প্রয়োগের ব্যবস্থা ছিল খুব সামান্য। এটি মোকাবিলা করার জন্য সান ফ্রান্সিসকো সতর্কতা কমিটি বা ভিজিল্যান্স কমিটি গঠন করা হয় যাতে কুখ্যাত অপরাধীদের &quot;সংক্ষিপ্ত বিচার&quot; এবং মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেওয়া যায়। একইভাবে, শান্তি-রক্ষণকারী প্রতিষ্ঠানের অভাবে অন্যান্য আদি জনপদগুলোও সমাজ রক্ষার জন্য তাদের নিজস্ব বেসরকারি সংস্থা তৈরি করেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;CultureViolence&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=DiLorenzo|প্রথমাংশ=Thomas J.|শিরোনাম=The Culture of Violence in the American West: Myth versus Reality|ইউআরএল=http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=803|ওয়েবসাইট=The Independent Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  এই সতর্কতা কমিটিগুলো সীমান্তের বিভিন্ন পেশার প্রতিফলন ঘটাত, যেমন ভূমি ক্লাব, গবাদি পশু মালিকদের সমিতি এবং খনি শিবির। টেক্সাসেও একই ধরণের সতর্কতা কমিটি বিদ্যমান ছিল এবং তাদের মূল উদ্দেশ্য ছিল আইনহীনতা দমন করা এবং সমাজকে দুশ্চরিত্র ও গবাদি পশু চোরদের হাত থেকে মুক্ত করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই কমিটিগুলো মাঝেমধ্যে ব্যক্তিগত সতর্কতা গোষ্ঠীগুলোর জন্য উগ্র ভিড়ের শাসনে পরিণত হতো, কিন্তু সাধারণত এগুলো দায়িত্বশীল নাগরিকদের নিয়ে গঠিত হতো যারা কেবল শৃঙ্খলা বজায় রাখতে চাইতেন। এই সতর্কতা কমিটিগুলোর হাতে ধরা পড়া অপরাধীদের সাথে নিষ্ঠুর আচরণ করা হতো; প্রায়ই কোনো ধরণের বিচার ছাড়াই তাঁদের ফাঁসি দেওয়া হতো বা গুলি করা হতো।&lt;ref name=&quot;Vigil&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Gard|প্রথমাংশ=Wayne|তারিখ=June 15, 2010|প্রকাশক=Handbook of Texas|শিরোনাম=Vigilantes and Vigilance Committees|ইউআরএল=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jnv01|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পুরানো পশ্চিমে সাধারণ মানুষও নিজেদের রক্ষার জন্য অস্ত্র তুলে নিত, কখনো কখনো আইন রক্ষাকারীদের পাশে দাঁড়িয়ে (কফিভিল ব্যাংক ডাকাতি), আবার কখনো দস্যুদের পাশে দাঁড়িয়ে (ইনগ্যালস যুদ্ধ)। মেরি ফিল্ডস, যিনি পশ্চিমে প্রথম মহিলা ডাক কর্মী হিসেবে তাঁর ভূমিকার জন্য &quot;স্টেজকোচ মেরি&quot; নামেও পরিচিত ছিলেন, তিনি একজন ঝগড়াটে এবং শটগান চালক হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিলেন। একজন সাধারণ নাগরিক এবং কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলা হিসেবে তিনি তাঁর শটগান দিয়ে নিজেকে রক্ষা করতেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; গৃহযুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী সীমান্তে ৫২৩ জনেরও বেশি শ্বেতাঙ্গ, ৩৪ জন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ এবং আরও ৭৫ জন গণপিটুনি বা লিঞ্চিং-এর শিকার হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বে পুরানো পশ্চিমে লিঞ্চিং-এর ঘটনাগুলো মূলত বিচারব্যবস্থার অভাবের কারণে ঘটেনি, বরং সামাজিক শ্রেণির কারণেও ঘটেছিল। ইতিহাসবিদ মাইকেল জে. ফিফার লিখেছেন, &quot;জনপ্রিয় ধারণার বিপরীতে, শুরুর দিকের আঞ্চলিক লিঞ্চিং আইন প্রয়োগের অনুপস্থিতি বা দূরত্ব থেকে তৈরি হয়নি, বরং তৈরি হয়েছিল প্রাথমিক জনপদগুলোর সামাজিক অস্থিরতা এবং সম্পত্তি, মর্যাদা ও সামাজিক শৃঙ্খলার সংজ্ঞা নির্ধারণের লড়াই থেকে&quot;।&lt;ref name=&quot;pfeifer-frontier-quote2&quot;&gt;Michael J. Pfeifer, ''Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947'' (U of Illinois Press, 2004), p.&amp;nbsp;30.&lt;/ref&gt;
===== গোষ্ঠীদ্বন্দ্ব =====
[[File:What an Unbranded Cow Has Cost by Frederic Remington 1895.jpeg|right|thumb|ফ্রেডেরিক রেমিংটনের ''একটি অচিহ্নিত গরুর মূল্য যা দিতে হয়েছে'', যা কাউবয় এবং সন্দেহভাজন গবাদি পশু চোরদের মধ্যে একটি চারণভূমি যুদ্ধের পরিণাম চিত্রিত করে। ১৮৯৫।]]

চারণভূমি যুদ্ধগুলো ছিল আমেরিকান সীমান্তের &quot;উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমিতে&quot; সংঘটিত কুখ্যাত সশস্ত্র সংঘাত। চাষাবাদ এবং গবাদি পশু চরানোর জন্য অবাধে ব্যবহৃত জমির নিয়ন্ত্রণ ছিল এই সংঘাতগুলোর মূল বিষয়, যার ফলে এই নাম দেওয়া হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Marilynn S. Johnson, ''Violence in the West: The Johnson County Range War and Ludlow Massacre: A Brief History with Documents''. (2008) p.&amp;nbsp;12. {{ISBN|978-0312445799}}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকান গৃহযুদ্ধের শেষের দিকে চারণভূমি যুদ্ধগুলো আরও সাধারণ হয়ে ওঠে এবং অসংখ্য সংঘাত সংঘটিত হয় যেমন প্লিজ্যান্ট ভ্যালি যুদ্ধ, জনসন কাউন্টি যুদ্ধ, পেকোস যুদ্ধ, মেসন কাউন্টি যুদ্ধ, কলোরাডো চারণভূমি যুদ্ধ, বেড়া কাটা যুদ্ধ, কোলফ্যাক্স কাউন্টি যুদ্ধ, ক্যাসটাইক চারণভূমি যুদ্ধ, স্প্রিং ক্রিক অভিযান, পোরাম চারণভূমি যুদ্ধ, বারবার-মিজেল দ্বন্দ্ব, সান এলিজারিও সল্ট যুদ্ধ এবং অন্যান্য।&lt;ref&gt;Randy McFerrin and Douglas Wills, &quot;High Noon on the Western Range: A Property Rights Analysis of the Johnson County War&quot;, ''Journal of Economic History'' (2007) 67#1 pp.&amp;nbsp;69–92&lt;/ref&gt; মন্টানায় একটি চারণভূমি যুদ্ধের সময় &quot;স্টুয়ার্ট'স স্ট্র্যাংলারস&quot; নামক একটি সতর্কতা গোষ্ঠী, যারা গবাদি পশু মালিক এবং কাউবয়দের নিয়ে গঠিত ছিল, তারা ১৮৮৪ সালেই প্রায় ২০ জন অপরাধী এবং অনধিকার প্রবেশকারীকে হত্যা করেছিল।&lt;ref name=Howard&gt;{{cite book |author=Joseph Kinsey Howard |title=Montana, high, wide, and handsome |year=2003 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln |isbn=978-0803273399 |pages=129–137 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vDLc6nfBc1kC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.historynet.com/gang-crackdown-when-stuarts-stranglers-raided-the-rustlers.htm |title=Gang Crackdown: When Stuart's Stranglers Raided |last=DeArment |first=R.K. |work=Wild West Magazine |date=June 7, 2007 }} June 7, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; নেব্রাস্কায় গবাদি পশু পালনকারী আইসোম অলিভ ১৮৭৮ সালে একটি চারণভূমি যুদ্ধের নেতৃত্ব দিয়েছিলেন যেখানে বেশ কিছু বসতি স্থাপনকারী লিঞ্চিং এবং গোলাগুলিতে নিহত হন, যা শেষ পর্যন্ত তাঁর নিজের হত্যাকাণ্ডের দিকে নিয়ে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/johnson.html |title=Johnson County War |publisher=Wyoming Tails and Trails |access-date=February 2, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108082126/http://wyomingtalesandtrails.com/johnson.html |archive-date=January 8, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমি সংঘাতের আরেকটি কুখ্যাত ধরণ ছিল &quot;ভেড়া যুদ্ধ&quot;, যা ভেড়া পালনকারী এবং গবাদি পশু পালনকারীদের মধ্যে চারণভূমির অধিকার নিয়ে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল এবং মূলত টেক্সাস, অ্যারিজোনা এবং ওয়াইমিং ও কলোরাডোর সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;tshaonline1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/azs01 |title=Sheep Wars &amp;#124; The Handbook of Texas Online&amp;#124; Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) |publisher=Tshaonline.org |access-date=February 10, 2012|date=June 15, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jcs-group1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jcs-group.com/oldwest/wars/sheepmen.html |title=Feuds &amp; Range Wars – Sheepmen vs. Cattlemen |publisher=Jcs-group.com |access-date=February 10, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেশিরভাগ ক্ষেত্রে এই সংঘাতগুলো দ্রুত থামানোর জন্য আনুষ্ঠানিক সামরিক হস্তক্ষেপ ব্যবহার করা হতো। জমি এবং ভূখণ্ড নিয়ে অন্যান্য সংঘাতও সংঘটিত হয়েছিল যেমন রেগুলেটর-মডারেটর যুদ্ধ, কর্তিনা গোলযোগ, লাস কুয়েভাস যুদ্ধ এবং দস্যু যুদ্ধ।

পরিবার এবং রক্তধারা নিয়ে জড়িত গোষ্ঠীদ্বন্দ্বও সীমান্তে অনেক দেখা যেত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-feuds.html|title=Legends of America: Feuds and Range Wars|access-date=September 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; যেহেতু বেসরকারি সংস্থা এবং সতর্কতা কমিটিগুলোই ছিল যথাযথ আদালতের বিকল্প, তাই অনেক পরিবার প্রাথমিকভাবে তাদের নিরাপত্তা ও বিচারের জন্য নিজেদের এবং তাদের সমাজের ওপর নির্ভর করত। এই যুদ্ধগুলোর মধ্যে রয়েছে লিংকন কাউন্টি যুদ্ধ, টুট-এভারেট যুদ্ধ, ফ্লিন-ডোরান দ্বন্দ্ব, আর্লি-হাসলে দ্বন্দ্ব, ব্রুকস-ব্যাক্সটার যুদ্ধ, সাটন-টেলর দ্বন্দ্ব, হরেল ব্রাদার্স দ্বন্দ্ব, ব্রুকস-ম্যাকফারল্যান্ড দ্বন্দ্ব, রিস-টাউনসেন্ড দ্বন্দ্ব এবং ইয়ার্প ভেন্ডেটা রাইড।

====গবাদি পশু====
[[File:Charles Marion Russell - Buccaroos (1902).jpg|thumb|আমেরিকান কাউবয়ের একটি ধ্রুপদী ছবি, যা সি. এম. রাসেলের তুলিতে ফুটে উঠেছে।]]

মহিষের পালের সমাপ্তি গবাদি পশুর খামার তৈরির জন্য লক্ষ লক্ষ একর জমি উন্মুক্ত করে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[[Lewis Eldon Atherton|Atherton, Lewis E]], ''The Cattle Kings'' (1961), is an influential interpretive study&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;For a brief survey and bibliography see {{cite book|first1=Ray Allen|last1=Billington|first2=Martin|last2=Ridge|title=Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoV-k7VcyZ0C|year=2001|publisher=U. of New Mexico Press|pages=611–628, 837–842|isbn=978-0826319814}}&lt;/ref&gt; স্পেনীয় পশুপালকরা ১৭শ শতাব্দীতে দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে গবাদি পশুর খামার এবং লংহর্ন প্রজাতির গরুর প্রচলন করেছিলেন। এই খামারগুলোতে যারা কাজ করতেন তাঁদের &quot;ভাকুয়েরো&quot; বলা হতো, যারা ছিলেন পশ্চিমের প্রথম &quot;কাউবয়&quot;। গৃহযুদ্ধের পর টেক্সাসের খামারিরা বিপুল সংখ্যক লংহর্ন গরুর পাল লালন-পালন শুরু করেন। নিকটতম রেলহেডগুলো ছিল টেক্সাস থেকে ৮০০ মাইল বা তারও বেশি (১৩০০+ কিমি) উত্তরে কানসাসে (অ্যাবিলিন, কানসাস সিটি, ডজ সিটি এবং উইচিটা)। তাই গবাদি পশুগুলো হৃষ্টপুষ্ট হওয়ার পর খামারি এবং কাউবয়রা সেই পালের দলগুলোকে ওয়েস্টার্ন, চিজম এবং শনি ট্রেইল ধরে উত্তরের দিকে নিয়ে যেতেন। সেখান থেকে দ্রুত বর্ধনশীল শহরগুলোতে মাংসের চাহিদা মেটানোর জন্য গবাদি পশুগুলো শিকাগো, সেন্ট লুইস এবং পূর্বের বিভিন্ন প্রান্তে পাঠানো হতো। জেসি চিজমের চিহ্নিত একটি পুরনো পথ ধরে খামারি জোসেফ ম্যাককয় চিজম ট্রেইল তৈরি করেছিলেন। এটি ছিল গবাদি পশু ব্যবসার প্রধান পথ। ১৮৬৭ থেকে ১৮৭১ সালের মধ্যে এই পথ দিয়ে দক্ষিণ টেক্সাস থেকে কানসাসের অ্যাবিলিন পর্যন্ত ৮০০ মাইল (১,৩০০ কিমি) দূরত্বে ১৫ লক্ষেরও বেশি গবাদি পশু নিয়ে যাওয়া হয়েছিল। এই দীর্ঘ যাত্রাগুলো ছিল অত্যন্ত বিপজ্জনক। বিশেষ করে ব্রাজোস এবং রেড রিভারের মতো নদীগুলো পার হওয়া এবং আদিবাসী ও দস্যুদের আক্রমণ মোকাবিলা করা ছিল বড় চ্যালেঞ্জ। সাধারণত একটি যাত্রায় তিন থেকে চার মাস সময় লাগত এবং সারিবদ্ধভাবে থাকা গরুর পাল প্রায় দুই মাইল (৩ কিমি) দীর্ঘ হতো। ঝুঁকি থাকা সত্ত্বেও একটি সফল যাত্রা সংশ্লিষ্ট সবার জন্য অত্যন্ত লাভজনক ছিল। কারণ টেক্সাসে একটি ষাঁড়ের দাম ছিল ৪ ডলার এবং আমেরিকার পূর্ব অঞ্চলে তার দাম ছিল ৪০ ডলার।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Ted|last=Morgan|title=Shovel of Stars: The Making of the American West 1800 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aveRrVPqc0UC&amp;pg=PA257|year=1996|publisher=Simon and Schuster|page=257|isbn=978-0684814926}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৭০ এবং ১৮৮০-এর দশকের মধ্যে গবাদি পশুর খামারগুলো আরও উত্তরে নতুন চারণভূমিতে বিস্তৃত হয়। এগুলো ওয়াইমিং, মন্টানা, কলোরাডো, নেব্রাস্কা এবং ডাকোটা অঞ্চলে মহিষের পালের জায়গা দখল করে নেয়। উভয় উপকূলে গবাদি পশু পাঠানোর জন্য রেলপথ ব্যবহার করা হতো। অনেক বড় খামারের মালিক ছিলেন স্কটিশ এবং ইংরেজ অর্থদাতারা। সমগ্র পশ্চিমের বৃহত্তম গবাদি পশুর খামারটির মালিক ছিলেন জন ডব্লিউ ইলিফ, যাকে &quot;সমতলের গবাদি পশুর রাজা&quot; বলা হতো। তিনি কলোরাডো এবং ওয়াইমিং-এ ব্যবসা পরিচালনা করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Daniel|last=Boorstin|title=The Americans: The Democratic Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RicRyr47FMgC&amp;pg=PT23|year=1974|publisher=Random House|page=23|isbn=978-0307756497}}&lt;/ref&gt; ধীরে ধীরে উত্তর-পশ্চিমের বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মাধ্যমে আসা ব্রিটিশ ব্রিড হেয়ারফোর্ড এবং অ্যাঙ্গাস দিয়ে লংহর্ন গরুর জায়গা পূরণ করা হয়। যদিও এই নতুন প্রজাতির গরুগুলো কম সহনশীল এবং রোগাক্রান্ত হওয়ার সম্ভাবনা বেশি ছিল, তবে এগুলোর মাংস ছিল অনেক সুস্বাদু এবং এগুলো খুব দ্রুত বড় হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard W.|last=Slatta|title=The Cowboy Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_08YPVPGE_MC&amp;pg=PA227|year=1996|publisher=W. W. Norton|page=227|isbn=978-0393314731}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গবাদি পশু শিল্পের প্রয়োজনীয় অর্থের বেশিরভাগই আসত ব্রিটিশ উৎস থেকে। ইউরোপীয় বিনিয়োগকারীরা এই ব্যবসায় এক ধরণের উন্মাদনায় মেতেছিলেন, যা ছিল মূলত একটি অর্থনৈতিক &quot;বুদবুদ&quot; বা বাবল। গ্রাহাম মনে করেন যে এই উন্মাদনা যেমন প্রকৃত সুযোগের ওপর ভিত্তি করে তৈরি হয়েছিল, তেমনই এর পেছনে &quot;অতিরঞ্জন, অতিবিশ্বাস, অপর্যাপ্ত যোগাযোগ, অসততা এবং অযোগ্যতা&quot;র ভূমিকাও ছিল। ১৮৮৬ সালের শেষের দিকে এবং ১৮৮৭ সাল পর্যন্ত সমতল অঞ্চলে এক ভয়াবহ শীতের প্রকোপ দেখা দেয়। প্রেইরি অঞ্চলের ঘাস বরফের নিচে ঢাকা পড়ে যায় যা ক্ষুধার্ত গরুর পাল ভেদ করতে পারেনি। এর ফলে ব্রিটিশ বিনিয়োগকারীরা এবং থিওডোর রুজভেল্টের মতো পূর্বের বিনিয়োগকারীরা তাঁদের বেশিরভাগ অর্থ হারান। তবে তাঁদের এই বিনিয়োগ একটি বিশাল শিল্প তৈরি করেছিল যা আজও উত্থান-পতনের মধ্য দিয়ে টিকে আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 3111428|title = The Investment Boom in British-Texan Cattle Companies 1880–1885|journal = The Business History Review|volume = 34|issue = 4|pages = 421–445|last1 = Graham|first1 = Richard|year = 1960|doi = 10.2307/3111428| s2cid=153932584 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

তুলনামূলকভাবে ছোট পরিসরে ভেড়া পালন বেশ জনপ্রিয় ছিল কারণ ভেড়া খাওয়ানো সহজ এবং এদের জলের প্রয়োজনও কম হতো। তবে আমেরিকানরা ভেড়ার মাংস বা মাটন খুব একটা খেত না। যখন কৃষকরা উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমিতে আসতে শুরু করলেন, তখন গবাদি পশুর খামারগুলোর সেই আদি যুগ শেষ হয়ে যায়। এর বদলে কাঁটাতারের বেড়া দেওয়া এলাকা তৈরি হয় যেখানে জল, প্রজনন এবং ঘাস খাওয়ার বিষয়টি নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা সম্ভব হতো। এটি পরবর্তীতে জলের অধিকার নিয়ে বিতর্কের জেরে &quot;বেড়া যুদ্ধে&quot;র জন্ম দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Everett Dick, ''Vanguards of the Frontier: A Social History of the Northern Plains and the Rocky Mountains from the Fur Traders to the Busters'' (1941) pp. 497–508.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=David|last=Montejano|author-link=David Montejano|title=[[Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986]]|year=1987|publisher=[[U. of Texas Press]]|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YnUKT4f_fZQC&amp;pg=PA87 87]|isbn=978-0292788077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====গবাদি পশুর শহর=====
১৮৬০ এবং ১৮৭০-এর দশকের উদীয়মান গবাদি পশু শিল্পের প্রধান ভিত্তি ছিল কানসাস এবং মিসৌরির এই শহরগুলো। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ও নেভাদার খনি শহরগুলোর মতো অ্যাবিলিন, ডজ সিটি এবং এলসওয়ার্থের মতো গবাদি পশুর শহরগুলোও প্রায় পাঁচ বছর স্থায়ী এক দ্রুত উত্থান ও পতনের মধ্য দিয়ে গিয়েছিল। জমির ফাটকাবাজরা সম্ভাব্য রেললাইনের কথা মাথায় রেখে আগেভাগেই সেখানে হাজির হতেন এবং পশুপালক ও কাউবয়দের জন্য আকর্ষণীয় পরিষেবা সহ একটি শহর গড়ে তুলতেন। রেলপথের সংযোগ পেলে নতুন চারণভূমি এবং সেই শহরটি গবাদি পশুর ব্যবসার একটি নিরাপদ কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হতো। তবে খনি শহরগুলো আকরিক শেষ হওয়ার পর অনেক ক্ষেত্রেই পরিত্যক্ত বা ভুতুড়ে শহরে পরিণত হলেও, এই শহরগুলোর বিবর্তন ছিল ভিন্ন। চারণভূমি শেষ হয়ে যাওয়ার পর এই শহরগুলো সাধারণত গবাদি পশুর ব্যবসা থেকে কৃষিভিত্তিক জনপদে রূপান্তরিত হতো এবং নিজেদের অস্তিত্ব টিকিয়ে রাখত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Robert R.|last=Dykstra|title=The Cattle Towns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t15L9AfXlPcC&amp;pg=PA131|year=1983|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0803265615}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===সংরক্ষণ এবং পরিবেশবাদ===

[[File:TR-Enviro.JPG|thumb|১৯০৮ সালের একটি সম্পাদকীয় কার্টুনে প্রেসিডেন্ট থিওডোর রুজভেল্টকে তাঁর কাউবয় বেশে এবং প্রকৃতি সংরক্ষণের আন্দোলনে তাঁর জেহাদি ভূমিকার সাথে ফুটিয়ে তোলা হয়েছে।]]

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে পরিবেশ রক্ষার বিষয়টি একটি নতুন ইস্যু হিসেবে আবির্ভূত হয়, যা বিভিন্ন স্বার্থের মধ্যে দ্বন্দ্ব তৈরি করেছিল। একদিকে ছিল কাঠ এবং কয়লা কোম্পানিগুলো, যারা কর্মসংস্থান, অর্থনৈতিক প্রবৃদ্ধি এবং নিজেদের মুনাফা বাড়াতে প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদের সর্বোচ্চ ব্যবহারের দাবি জানিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Char Miller, ''Gifford Pinchot and the making of modern environmentalism'' (2001) p.&amp;nbsp;4&lt;/ref&gt;

মাঝখানে ছিলেন সংরক্ষণবাদীরা, যাদের নেতৃত্বে ছিলেন থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট এবং তাঁর মিত্র আউটডোরম্যান, ক্রীড়াবিদ, পাখি পর্যবেক্ষক ও বিজ্ঞানীরা। তাঁরা অপচয় কমাতে চেয়েছিলেন; পর্যটনের জন্য প্রাকৃতিক সৌন্দর্য এবং শিকারিদের জন্য প্রচুর বন্যপ্রাণীর মূল্যের ওপর জোর দিয়েছিলেন। তারা যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, সঠিক ব্যবস্থাপনার মাধ্যমে পরিকল্পিত আহরণ এবং পরিবেশগত সুরক্ষা নিশ্চিত করলে সমাজের দীর্ঘমেয়াদী অর্থনৈতিক সুবিধা বৃদ্ধি পাবে। রুজভেল্ট তাঁর পুরো কর্মজীবন জুড়ে এই বিষয়টিকে জাতীয় এজেন্ডার শীর্ষে রাখার চেষ্টা করেছেন। তিনি প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ সংরক্ষণের বিষয়ে গভীরভাবে প্রতিশ্রুতিবদ্ধ ছিলেন। তিনি গিফোর্ড পিনচোর সাথে নিবিড়ভাবে কাজ করেছিলেন এবং ক্ষুদ্র খামারে সেচ দেওয়ার জন্য ফেডারেল বাঁধ নির্মাণকে উৎসাহিত করতে ১৯০২ সালের নিউল্যান্ডস রিক্লেমেশন অ্যাক্ট ব্যবহার করেছিলেন। তিনি প্রায় ২৩০ মিলিয়ন একর (৯,৩০,০০০ বর্গ কিমি) জমিকে ফেডারেল সুরক্ষার অধীনে নিয়ে আসেন। রুজভেল্ট তাঁর পূর্বসূরিদের সবার মিলিত সংখ্যার চেয়েও বেশি ফেডারেল ভূমি, জাতীয় উদ্যান এবং প্রকৃতি সংরক্ষণ কেন্দ্র তৈরি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;Douglas G. Brinkley, ''The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America'' (2010)&lt;/ref&gt;

১৯১০ সালে রুজভেল্ট তার অবস্থান ব্যাখ্যা করেছিলেন:

{{blockquote|সংরক্ষণ বলতে সুরক্ষার পাশাপাশি উন্নয়নকেও বোঝায়। আমাদের ভূখণ্ডের প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ উন্নয়ন ও ব্যবহারের ক্ষেত্রে বর্তমান প্রজন্মের অধিকার ও কর্তব্যকে আমি স্বীকার করি, কিন্তু সেগুলোকে অপচয় করার অথবা অপব্যয়ের মাধ্যমে আমাদের পরবর্তী প্রজন্মকে বঞ্চিত করার অধিকার আমি স্বীকার করি না।&lt;ref&gt;W. Todd Benson, ''President Theodore Roosevelt's Conservation Legacy'' (2003) p.&amp;nbsp;25&lt;/ref&gt;}}

তৃতীয় পক্ষে ছিল পরিবেশবাদীরা, যারা প্রথমে সংখ্যায় কম থাকলেও ১৮৭০ সালের পর দ্রুত বাড়তে থাকেন। তাঁরা প্রকৃতির নিজস্ব সত্তার প্রতি শ্রদ্ধাশীল ছিলেন এবং মানুষের সর্বোচ্চ সুবিধা পাওয়ার লক্ষ্যকে প্রত্যাখ্যান করেছিলেন। তাঁদের নেতা ছিলেন জন মুইর (১৮৩৮-১৯১৪), একজন জনপ্রিয় লেখক, প্রকৃতিবিদ এবং বন্যভূমি রক্ষার পথিকৃৎ প্রবক্তা। তিনি সিয়েরা ক্লাব প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ভিত্তিক স্কটিশ-আমেরিকান মুইর ১৮৮৯ সালে ইয়োসেমাইট উপত্যকার সেকুইয়া গাছগুলো রক্ষার জন্য জনমত গঠন শুরু করেন; এর ফলে কংগ্রেস ইয়োসেমাইট ন্যাশনাল পার্ক বিল (১৮৯০) পাস করে। ১৮৯৭ সালে প্রেসিডেন্ট গ্রোভার ক্লিভল্যান্ড তেরোটি সংরক্ষিত অরণ্য তৈরি করেছিলেন, কিন্তু কাঠের ব্যবসায়ীদের প্রভাবে কংগ্রেস সেই উদ্যোগ বাতিল করে দেয়। মুইর তখন একজন ধর্মপ্রচারকের মতো কাঠুরেদের বিরুদ্ধে জেহাদ ঘোষণা করেন এবং একে &quot;প্রাকৃতিক ন্যায়পরায়ণতা বনাম শয়তানের&quot; লড়াই হিসেবে চিত্রিত করেন।&lt;ref&gt;Dennis C. Williams, ''God's wilds: John Muir's vision of nature'' (2002) p.&amp;nbsp;134&lt;/ref&gt; একজন দক্ষ প্রচারক হিসেবে মুইরের ম্যাগাজিন নিবন্ধগুলো, যা ''হার্পারস উইকলি'' (৫ জুন, ১৮৯৭) এবং ''দ্য আটলান্টিক মান্থলিতে'' প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল, জনমতের মোড় ঘুরিয়ে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;John Muir, [https://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=atla;idno=atla0080-2 &quot;The American Forests&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; তিনি রুজভেল্টের জাতীয় স্মৃতিসৌধ, জাতীয় বন সংরক্ষণ এবং জাতীয় উদ্যান কর্মসূচিকে সমর্থন করার জন্য জনমতকে সংগঠিত করেছিলেন। তবে ইয়োসেমাইট জাতীয় উদ্যানে সান ফ্রান্সিসকোতে জল সরবরাহের জন্য নির্মিত হেচ হেচি বাঁধের প্রশ্নে মুইর রুজভেল্ট এবং বিশেষ করে প্রেসিডেন্ট উইলিয়াম হাওয়ার্ড ট্যাফ্টের সাথে সম্পর্ক ছিন্ন করেন। জীবনীকার ডোনাল্ড ওরস্টার বলেন, &quot;আমেরিকান আত্মাকে বস্তুবাদের কাছে সম্পূর্ণ আত্মসমর্পণ থেকে বাঁচানোই ছিল তাঁর লড়াইয়ের মূল কারণ।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Donald|last=Worster|title=A Passion for Nature: The Life of John Muir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuAsAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Oxford U. Press|page=403|isbn=978-0195166828}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====মহিষ====

[[File:Alfred Jacob Miller - Wounded Buffalo - Walters 37194056.jpg|thumb|আলফ্রেড জ্যাকব মিলারের আঁকা &quot;আহত মহিষ&quot;।]]

গবাদি পশু শিল্প এবং কাউবয়দের উত্থান সরাসরি ম&quot;হিষের&quot; বিশাল পালের বিলুপ্তির সাথে জড়িত। একসময় গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চলে এদের সংখ্যা আড়াই কোটিরও বেশি ছিল। এই তৃণভোজী প্রাণীর পালগুলো সমতল ভূমির আদিবাসীদের জন্য একটি অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সম্পদ ছিল; যা তাদের খাবার, পোশাক ও আশ্রয়ের জন্য চামড়া এবং বিভিন্ন সরঞ্জাম তৈরির জন্য হাড় সরবরাহ করত। বাসস্থানের অভাব, রোগবালাই এবং অতিরিক্ত শিকারের ফলে উনবিংশ শতাব্দী জুড়ে এই পালের সংখ্যা ক্রমাগত কমতে থাকে এবং একপর্যায়ে তা প্রায় বিলুপ্তির কাছাকাছি পৌঁছে যায়। ১৮৭২ থেকে ১৮৮৩ সালের মধ্যবর্তী মাত্র এক দশকে শেষ ১ থেকে ১.৫ কোটি মহিষ মারা যায়; শেষ পর্যন্ত মাত্র ১০০টি মহিষ টিকে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;M. Scott Taylor, &quot;Buffalo Hunt: International Trade and the Virtual Extinction of the North American Bison&quot;, ''[[American Economic Review]]'', (Dec 2011) 101#7 pp.&amp;nbsp;3162–3195&lt;/ref&gt; যেসব উপজাতি টিকে থাকার জন্য মহিষের ওপর নির্ভরশীল ছিল, তাদের কাছে সরকারের দেওয়া সংরক্ষিত এলাকার প্রস্তাব মেনে নেওয়া ছাড়া আর কোনো উপায় ছিল না। সেখানে সরকার তাদের খাবার এবং প্রয়োজনীয় রসদ সরবরাহের প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়েছিল। ১৯০৫ সালে সংরক্ষণবাদীরা &quot;আমেরিকান মহিষ সমিতি&quot; প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন; এই সংস্থাটি সরকারিভাবে মহিষের পাল গঠনের জন্য কংগ্রেসের ওপর চাপ সৃষ্টি করেছিল। মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এবং কানাডায় বেশ কিছু জাতীয় উদ্যান তৈরি করা হয়েছিল মূলত মহিষ এবং অন্যান্য বড় বন্যপ্রাণীদের অভয়ারণ্য হিসেবে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Glenn E. |last1=Plumb |first2=Rosemary |last2=Sucec |title=A Bison Conservation History in the U.S. National Parks |journal=[[Journal of the West]] |date=2006 |volume=45 |issue=2 |citeseerx=10.1.1.470.4476 |pages=22–28}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০০৩ সালের মধ্যে মহিষের সংখ্যা ৫,০০,০০০-এ পৌঁছায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Delaney P. |last1=Boyd  |first2=C. Cormack |last2=Gates |title=A Brief Review of the Status of Plains Bison in North America |journal=Journal of the West |date=2006 |volume= 45|issue=2|pages=15–21|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237633250}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== সরকার ===
মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম দিকের আঞ্চলিক সরকারগুলো মার্কিন সরকার কর্তৃক পাস হওয়া &quot;সাংগঠনিক আইন&quot; (Organic Acts)-এর মাধ্যমে তৈরি করা হয়েছিল এবং এদের কাঠামো খুব সামান্য পার্থক্য ছাড়া প্রায় একই রকম ছিল। প্রতিটি অঞ্চলের জন্য একজন গভর্নর, একজন আঞ্চলিক সচিব, &quot;ইন্ডিয়ান এজেন্ট&quot; এবং আদালতের জন্য তিনজন বিচারক ছিলেন; এঁরা সবাই মার্কিন প্রেসিডেন্ট কর্তৃক নিযুক্ত হতেন এবং মার্কিন সেনেটের &quot;পরামর্শ ও সম্মতি&quot;র ভিত্তিতে নিশ্চিত হতেন। প্রতিটি অঞ্চলের একটি দ্বিকক্ষবিশিষ্ট আইনসভা ছিল। বিচারক, বিচারপতি, আঞ্চলিক অ্যাটর্নি, মার্শাল এবং কাউন্টি অফিসের পদগুলো হয় জনগণের ভোটে নির্বাচিত হতো অথবা আঞ্চলিক গভর্নর দ্বারা মনোনীত হয়ে আইনসভার উচ্চকক্ষ কর্তৃক অনুমোদিত হতো। কোনো অঞ্চলের পাস করা যেকোনো আইনের জন্য কংগ্রেসের অনুমোদনের প্রয়োজন ছিল, অন্যথায় তা অবৈধ বলে গণ্য হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bakken |first=Gordon Morris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjHQWyttp6QC |title=Law in the Western United States |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2000 |pages=293 &amp; 294 |isbn=978-0-8061-3215-0 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===সীমান্তের অবসান===
[[File:Distribution of US Rural Population during 1910.pdf|thumb|১৯১০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির একটি মানচিত্র, যা আমেরিকান সীমান্তের অবশিষ্ট বিস্তৃতি দেখাচ্ছে।]]

১৮৯০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির পর, সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট ঘোষণা করেন যে জনবসতি এগিয়ে যাওয়ার আর কোনো স্পষ্ট রেখা নেই এবং সেই অনুযায়ী মহাদেশীয় মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে আর কোনো অবিচ্ছিন্ন সীমান্ত অবশিষ্ট নেই। তবে ১৯০০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির [[c:File:Distribution of US Rural Population during 1900.pdf|জনসংখ্যার বিন্যাস]] পর্যবেক্ষণ করলে দেখা যায় যে, অবিচ্ছিন্ন সীমান্তরেখা তখনও বজায় ছিল। কিন্তু ১৯১০ সালের আদমশুমারির সময় সীমান্তের কেবল কিছু বিচ্ছিন্ন অংশই অবশিষ্ট ছিল এবং কোনো স্পষ্ট পশ্চিমমুখী রেখা ছিল না। এর ফলে কোনো সীমান্তরেখা অতিক্রম না করেই পুরো মহাদেশ পাড়ি দেওয়া সম্ভব হয়ে ওঠে।

১৮৯০ সালের পর চাষযোগ্য নতুন জমি পাওয়া ক্রমশ কঠিন হয়ে পড়েছিল—যদিও রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো পূর্ব মন্টানায় এমন কিছু জমির বিজ্ঞাপন দিত। বিচা দেখিয়েছেন যে, ১৮৯৭ থেকে ১৯১৪ সালের মধ্যে প্রায় ৬,০০,০০০ মার্কিন কৃষক সস্তায় জমির আশায় কানাডিয়ান পশ্চিমের প্রেইরি সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে চলে গিয়েছিলেন। তবে তাঁদের মধ্যে প্রায় দুই-তৃতীয়াংশ মানুষই হতাশ হয়ে যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে ফিরে আসেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Murdoch&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first=David | last=Murdoch | title=The American West: The Invention of a Myth | publisher=[[University of Nevada Press]] | isbn= 978-0874173697 | year = 2001| page= vii | location=Reno | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8OkTAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=no%20other%20nation%20has%20taken%20a%20time%20and%20a%20place%20from%20its%20past}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 986139|title = The Plains Farmer and the Prairie Province Frontier, 1897–1914|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-american-philosophical-society_1965-12-10_109_6/page/398|journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume = 109|issue = 6|pages = 398–440|last1 = Bicha|first1 = Karel Denis|year = 1965}}&lt;/ref&gt; তা সত্ত্বেও, উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর তুলনায় বিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথম দুই দশকে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা অনেক বেশি জমি নিজেদের নামে দাবি করেছিলেন। সীমান্ত সঙ্কুচিত হওয়ার পেছনে হোমস্টেড অ্যাক্টস বা বসতভিটা আইন এবং রেলপথের দ্রুত প্রসারকে প্রধান কারণ হিসেবে ধরা হয়, কারণ এগুলো অত্যন্ত দক্ষভাবে বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং প্রয়োজনীয় অবকাঠামো পৌঁছে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Railroads Forever Changed the Frontier {{!}} American Heritage|url=https://www.americanheritage.com/how-railroads-forever-changed-frontier|access-date=August 10, 2021|website=www.americanheritage.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; T১৯০৯ সালে জমি বরাদ্দের পরিমাণ ১৬০ একর থেকে বাড়িয়ে ৩২০ একর এবং ১৯১৬ সালে চারণভূমির ক্ষেত্রে তা ৬৪০ একর করা হলে এই প্রক্রিয়া আরও ত্বরান্বিত হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; কাঁটাতারের বেড়ার ব্যবহারও ঐতিহ্যবাহী উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমি কমিয়ে দেওয়ার অন্যতম কারণ হিসেবে বিবেচিত হয়। এ ছাড়াও অটোমোবাইলের ক্রমবর্ধমান ব্যবহার এবং ১৯১৬ সালের ফেডারেল এইড হাইওয়ে অ্যাক্টের মাধ্যমে প্রথমবারের মতো সরকারি ভর্তুকিতে তৈরি রাস্তাঘাট সীমান্তের চূড়ান্ত অবসান নিশ্চিত করে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Barbed Wire {{!}} The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture|url=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=BA016|access-date=August 10, 2021|website=www.okhistory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Milner |first1=Clyde A. |url=http://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00clyd |title=The Oxford history of the American West |last2=O'Connor |first2=Carol A. |last3=Sandweiss |first3=Martha A. |date=1994 |publisher= Oxford University Press  |location=New York |isbn=978-0195059687 |page=745}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৯০৭ সালে ওকলাহোমা অঞ্চল এবং অবশিষ্ট ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরি একত্রিত হয়ে ওকলাহোমা একটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়। এরপর ১৯১২ সালে অ্যারিজোনা এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো রাজ্য হিসেবে স্বীকৃতি পেলে অনেক পণ্ডিতের মতে সীমান্তের গল্পের সমাপ্তি ঘটে। যদিও সেই সময়ে এই অঞ্চলগুলোতে জনসংখ্যা অত্যন্ত কম এবং অসম ছিল, তাই সীমান্ত অঞ্চল হিসেবে এগুলো আরও কিছুদিন টিকে ছিল। তবে সীমান্তের চিরচেনা কিছু ঘটনা তখনও মাঝেমধ্যে ঘটত; যেমন ১৯১৬ সালের ডিসেম্বরে নেভাদার অবশিষ্ট সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে সর্বশেষ যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচ ডাকাতির ঘটনা ঘটে। ১৮৫০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯১৯ সাল পর্যন্ত চলা এক দীর্ঘ সহিংস সময়কে &quot;একীভূতকরণের পশ্চিমা গৃহযুদ্ধ&quot; হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হয়।

মেক্সিকান বিপ্লবের ফলেও মার্কিন-মেক্সিকো সীমান্ত জুড়ে উল্লেখযোগ্য সংঘাত ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল যা মূলত সীমান্ত অঞ্চলের মধ্যেই সীমাবদ্ধ ছিল; এটি মেক্সিকান বর্ডার ওয়ার (১৯১০-১৯১৯) নামে পরিচিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Illustrations: Population|date=July 1914|url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/statistical-atlas-united-states-74/illustrations-population-492434|work=Statistical Atlas of the United States|others=United States. Bureau of the Census|series=Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1910 |access-date=August 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯১৬ সালের কলম্বাস যুদ্ধ এবং পুনিটিভ এক্সপিডিশন ছিল এই যুদ্ধের প্রধান কেন্দ্রবিন্দু। এ ছাড়া ১৯১৫ থেকে ১৯১৯ সালের ব্যান্ডিট ওয়ার বা দস্যু যুদ্ধের সময় টেক্সাসের বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের লক্ষ্য করে আক্রমণ চালানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=TSHA {{!}} Plan of San Diego|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/plan-of-san-diego|access-date=August 9, 2021|website=www.tshaonline.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; আদিবাসীদের সাথে খণ্ডযুদ্ধ ১৯২০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্তও চলেছিল, যার উদাহরণ হলো ব্লাফ যুদ্ধ (১৯১৪-১৯১৫) এবং পোসি যুদ্ধ (১৯২৩)।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় অঞ্চলে মার্কিন প্রভাব ও বিচারিক ক্ষমতার বিস্তার ছিল এক অর্থে নতুন একটি &quot;এশিয়া-প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় সীমান্ত&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Azuma |first=Eiichiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbmkDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA31 |title=In Search of Our Frontier: Japanese America and Settler Colonialism in the Construction of Japan's Borderless Empire |date=2019-10-08 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-30438-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের বিকাশের জন্য এটি একটি প্রয়োজনীয় উপাদান ছিল। তাঁর মতে, একটি সভ্য এবং আদর্শবাদী জাতি হিসেবে আমেরিকার আত্মপরিচয় টিকে ছিল ক্রমাগত কোনো এক 'অসভ্য অন্যকে' জয় করার ওপর।&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Turner |first=Oliver |title=US imperial hegemony in the American Pacific |date=2020-02-28 |work=The United States in the Indo-Pacific |pages=13–28 |url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/display/9781526135025/9781526135025.00008.xml |access-date=2024-09-06 |publisher=Manchester University Press |language=en-US |isbn=978-1-5261-3502-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৯৫৯ সালের আগে আলাস্কা পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা পায়নি। এর মাধ্যমেই &quot;আমেরিকান সীমান্তের&quot; চালিকাশক্তি এবং মূল কাহিনীর চিরস্থায়ী অবসান ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Barbara|last=Cloud|title=The Coming of the Frontier Press: How the West Was Really Won|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LVzRxYMIOMC&amp;pg=PA17|year=2008|publisher=Northwestern University Press|pages=17–18|isbn=978-0810125087}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:পশ্চিম যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের সংস্কৃতি]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:মার্কিন লোককাহিনি]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:২০শ শতাব্দীতে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র]]

== পপ সংস্কৃতিতে আমেরিকান সীমান্ত ==

&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Buffalo_bill_wild_west_show_c1899.jpg|থাম্ব|''বাফেলো বিলের ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট'' শোর একটি পোস্টার।]]
&quot;আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট&quot;-এর অনুসন্ধান, জনবসতি স্থাপন, শোষণ এবং সংঘাতগুলো এমন একটি সাংস্কৃতিক পরিমণ্ডল তৈরি করেছে যা আমেরিকান এবং বিদেশি—উভয় পক্ষই শিল্পকলা, সংগীত, নৃত্য, উপন্যাস, ম্যাগাজিন, ছোটগল্প, কবিতা, থিয়েটার, ভিডিও গেম, চলচ্চিত্র, রেডিও, টেলিভিশন, গান এবং মৌখিক ঐতিহ্যের মাধ্যমে উদযাপন করেছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; বেথ ই. লেভি যুক্তি দেন যে, বাস্তব এবং পৌরাণিক পশ্চিমাঞ্চল অ্যারন কোপল্যান্ড, রায় হ্যারিস, ভার্জিল থমসন, চার্লস ওয়েকফিল্ড ক্যাডম্যান এবং আর্থার ফারওয়েলের মতো সুরকারদের অনুপ্রাণিত করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

ধর্মীয় ভাবধারা অনেক পরিবেশবাদীকে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছে যখন তারা সীমান্তবাসীদের দ্বারা এর আধ্যাত্মিকতা লঙ্ঘিত হওয়ার আগে আদিম পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে নিয়ে চিন্তা করেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; প্রকৃতপক্ষে, ইতিহাসবিদ উইলিয়াম ক্রোনন যেমনটি দেখিয়েছেন, উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর রোমান্টিক আন্দোলনের আগে &quot;বন্যভূমি&quot;র ধারণাটি ছিল অত্যন্ত নেতিবাচক এবং তা ধর্মীয় চেতনার সম্পূর্ণ বিপরীত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৯৩ সালে ঘোষিত ইতিহাসবিদ ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নারের সীমান্ত তত্ত্ব ইতিহাস রচনার প্রধান ধারাগুলো প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; এটি তিন বা চার প্রজন্মের পাণ্ডিত্যকে গভীরভাবে প্রভাবিত করেছিল এবং কার্যত সব আমেরিকান ছাত্রছাত্রীদের ব্যবহৃত পাঠ্যপুস্তকে স্থান পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

=== পশ্চিমা লোকগাথার জনপ্রিয়করণ ===
১৮৪০-এর দশকে লোকগীতি ও অভিনয়ের আসর এবং জনপ্রিয় সঙ্গীতের মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের এই পৌরাণিক রূপান্তরের সূচনা ঘটে। একই সময়ে, পি. টি. বারনাম তাঁর জাদুঘরগুলোতে আদিবাসী প্রধানদের জীবনযাত্রা, তাঁদের নাচ এবং অন্যান্য বন্য পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় প্রদর্শনী তুলে ধরতেন। তবে এর ব্যাপক প্রচার শুরু হয় ১৮৫৯ সালে সস্তা জনপ্রিয় উপন্যাসের আবির্ভাবের মাধ্যমে, যার মধ্যে প্রথমটি ছিল ''ম্যালেস্কা, দ্য ইন্ডিয়ান ওয়াইফ অফ দ্য হোয়াইট হান্টার''।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; বাস্তবতাকে অতিসরল করে এবং সত্যকে ব্যাপকভাবে অতিরঞ্জিত করে এই উপন্যাসগুলো সহিংসতা ও বীরত্বের রোমাঞ্চকর গল্পের মাধ্যমে সাধারণ মানুষের নজর কেড়েছিল। এগুলো মানুষের মনে বীর এবং খলনায়কের নির্দিষ্ট কিছু ধারণা গেঁথে দিয়েছিল—যেমন সাহসী কাউবয় বনাম বন্য আদিবাসী, গুণী আইন রক্ষাকারী বনাম নিষ্ঠুর দস্যু, সাহসী বসতি স্থাপনকারী বনাম শিকারি পশুপালক। এই ধরণের উপন্যাসের হাজার হাজার শিরোনাম লক্ষ লক্ষ সংখ্যায় বিক্রি হতো। জনপ্রিয় রুচির কথা মাথায় রেখে এগুলো সাধারণত গতানুগতিক কিছু সাহিত্যিক ফর্মুলা মেনে লেখা হতো এবং অনেক ক্ষেত্রে মাত্র কয়েক দিনেই একটি বই শেষ করা হতো। এই সস্তা উপন্যাসগুলোর মধ্যে সবচেয়ে সফল ছিল এডওয়ার্ড এস. এলিসের ''সেথ জোন্স'' (১৮৬০)। নেড বান্টলাইনের গল্পগুলো বাফেলো বিল কোডি-কে মহিমান্বিত করেছিল এবং এডওয়ার্ড এল. হুইলার ক্যালামিটি জেন-এর জীবনীর ওপর ভিত্তি করে &quot;ডেডউড ডিক&quot; ও &quot;হারিকেন নেলের&quot; মতো চরিত্র সৃষ্টি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

বাফেলো বিল কোডি ছিলেন আমেরিকা এবং ইউরোপে পুরানো পশ্চিমকে জনপ্রিয় করার ক্ষেত্রে সবচেয়ে প্রভাবশালী ব্যক্তি। ১৮৮৩ সালে তিনি প্রথম &quot;বন্য পশ্চিমাঞ্চল&quot; বা ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শো উপস্থাপন করেন, যেখানে বিখ্যাত যুদ্ধগুলোর (বিশেষ করে কাস্টারের শেষ লড়াই) পুনর্নির্মাণ, অব্যর্থ লক্ষ্যভেদের প্রদর্শনী এবং কাউবয় ও আদিবাসীদের রোমাঞ্চকর অশ্বচালনা দেখানো হতো। এই শোর অন্যতম আকর্ষণ ছিলেন নির্ভুল নিশানাবাজ অ্যানি ওকলি।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে পূর্ব উপকূলের অভিজাত লেখক ও শিল্পীরা পশ্চিমা লোকগাথার প্রচার ও প্রসারে অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Christine Bold 20132&quot;&gt;Christine Bold, ''The Frontier Club: Popular Westerns and Cultural Power, 1880–1924'' (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; একজন ইতিহাসবিদ, অভিযাত্রী, শিকারি, খামারি এবং প্রকৃতিবিদ হিসেবে থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট এক্ষেত্রে বিশেষভাবে সক্রিয় ছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; তাদের কাজগুলো ''হার্পারস উইকলির'' মতো নামী জাতীয় ম্যাগাজিনগুলোতে প্রকাশিত হতো, যেখানে ফ্রেডরিক রেমিংটন এবং চার্লস এম. রাসেলের মতো শিল্পীদের আঁকা ছবি স্থান পেত। পাঠকরা ওয়েন উইস্টারের মতো লেখকদের অ্যাকশনধর্মী গল্পগুলো আগ্রহ নিয়ে কিনতেন, যা পুরানো পশ্চিমের এক জীবন্ত প্রতিচ্ছবি তুলে ধরত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; রেমিংটন সেই যুগের অবসান নিয়ে আক্ষেপ করে লিখেছিলেন যা তিনি নিজেই নথিবদ্ধ করতে সাহায্য করেছিলেন:
{{Blockquote|আমি জানতাম যে বন্য আরোহীরা এবং সেই জনশূন্য ভূমি চিরতরে হারিয়ে যেতে বসেছে... আমি আমেরিকার তিন শতাব্দীর ধোঁয়া, ধুলো আর ঘামের এক জীবন্ত এবং সশব্দ পরিসমাপ্তি দেখেছিলাম।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-first=Nicolas S.|editor-last=Witschi|title=A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gm0vRsG7jZ8C&amp;pg=PA271|year=2011|publisher=Wiley|page=271|isbn=978-1444396577}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== বিংশ শতাব্দীর চিত্রায়ন ===
[[চিত্র:SearchersPoster-BillGold.jpg|থাম্ব|''[[দ্য সার্চার্স]]'', ১৯৫৬ সালের একটি চলচ্চিত্র যেখানে ১৮৬০-এর দশকের জাতিগত সংঘাত চিত্রিত হয়েছে।]]
[[থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট]] পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এবং সীমান্ত নিয়ে অনেক বই লিখেছিলেন এবং প্রেসিডেন্ট থাকাকালীন সময়ে তিনি প্রায়ই এই বিষয়ের উল্লেখ করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষভাগ থেকে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো পশ্চিমে পর্যটন শিল্পের প্রচার শুরু করে। তারা পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বিভিন্ন দর্শনীয় স্থানে এবং বিশেষ করে [[ইয়েলোস্টোন জাতীয় উদ্যান|ইয়েলোস্টোন জাতীয় উদ্যানের]] মতো জাতীয় উদ্যানগুলোতে গাইডসহ ভ্রমণের ব্যবস্থা করত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমে আসা পর্যটক এবং কল্পকাহিনীর উৎসাহী পাঠক—উভয় পক্ষই সীমান্তের সেই দৃশ্যপটগুলো দারুণ উপভোগ করতেন। ১৯০০ সালের পর পশ্চিমা চলচ্চিত্রগুলি এর সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত উদাহরণ হয়ে ওঠে, যেমন জন ফোর্ডের অসংখ্য সিনেমা। তিনি বিশেষ করে মনুমেন্ট ভ্যালির সৌন্দর্যে মুগ্ধ ছিলেন। সমালোচক কিথ ফিপস বলেন, &quot;এর ১৩ বর্গকিলোমিটার (৫ বর্গমাইল) এলাকা দশকের পর দশক ধরে চলচ্চিত্র দর্শকদের মনে আমেরিকান পশ্চিমাঞ্চল সম্পর্কে এক বিশেষ ধারণা তৈরি করে দিয়েছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৬০-এর দশকের মাঝামাঝি সময়ে আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ নির্মাণের বীরত্বগাথাগুলো বহু সস্তা জনপ্রিয় উপন্যাসকে প্রাণবন্ত করে তুলেছিল। আধুনিকতার প্রতীক লোহার ঘোড়ার সাথে চিরচেনা প্রাকৃতিক পরিবেশের সহাবস্থান চিত্রিত করে সেই সময়কার বহু সংবাদপত্র ও ম্যাগাজিন সাজানো হতো।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

==== কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তি ====
এক শতাব্দীরও বেশি সময় ধরে কাউবয় আমেরিকার একটি আইকনিক ভাবমূর্তি হিসেবে দেশে এবং বিদেশে সমাদৃত হয়ে আসছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

হিদার কক্স রিচার্ডসন কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তির একটি রাজনৈতিক প্রেক্ষাপট নিয়ে যুক্তি দিয়েছেন:&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;গবাদি পশু শিল্পের প্রসারের সময়কালটি এমন ছিল যে কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তি এক অসাধারণ ক্ষমতা অর্জন করেছিল। যুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী বছরগুলোর জটিল রাজনীতির সাথে জড়িয়ে ডেমোক্র্যাটরা, বিশেষ করে পুরনো কনফেডারেসির লোকেরা, পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে এমন এক ভূমি হিসেবে কল্পনা করতেন যা তাঁদের অপছন্দের রিপাবলিকান রাজনীতিকদের প্রভাবমুক্ত। তাঁরা কাউবয়দের এমন এক মানুষ হিসেবে চিত্রিত করেছিলেন যারা কঠোর পরিশ্রম করে, প্রাণ খুলে আনন্দ করে, একটি নির্দিষ্ট সম্মানবোধ নিয়ে চলে, নিজেদের রক্ষা করে এবং সরকারের কাছে কিছুই দাবি করে না। ডেমোক্র্যাটিক সংবাদপত্র সম্পাদকদের হাতে কাউবয় জীবনের বাস্তব পরিস্থিতি—দারিদ্র্য, বিপদ, ক্লান্তিকর কর্মঘণ্টা—সবই রোমান্টিক হয়ে উঠেছিল। কাউবয়রা এমন সব গুণের প্রতীক হয়ে উঠেছিল যা ডেমোক্র্যাটদের মতে রিপাবলিকানরা অলস প্রাক্তন ক্রীতদাসদের তুষ্ট করার জন্য একটি দানবীয় সরকার তৈরির মাধ্যমে ধ্বংস করে দিচ্ছিল। ১৮৬০-এর দশকের মধ্যে গবাদি পশুর দীর্ঘ যাত্রাগুলো সমতল ভূমির দৃশ্যের একটি অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ হয়ে ওঠে এবং ডেমোক্র্যাটরা কাউবয়দের কঠোর ব্যক্তিগত স্বাধীনতার প্রতীকে পরিণত করেন, যা তাঁদের মতে রিপাবলিকানরা ধ্বংস করতে উদ্যত ছিল।&lt;/blockquote&gt;এই ভাবমূর্তির সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত প্রচারকদের মধ্যে ছিলেন খণ্ডকালীন কাউবয় এবং &quot;রাফ রাইডার&quot; প্রেসিডেন্ট থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট (১৮৫৮–১৯১৯)। তিনি ছিলেন একজন রিপাবলিকান যিনি &quot;কাউবয়&quot; শব্দটিকে আন্তর্জাতিকভাবে এক উদ্ধত এবং আক্রমণাত্মক আমেরিকানের সমার্থক করে তুলেছিলেন। তাঁর পরে আসেন ১৯২০-এর দশকের প্রধান কৌতুক অভিনেতা এবং দড়ি নিয়ে খেলা দেখানো উইল রজার্স (১৮৭৯–১৯৩৫)।

রুজভেল্ট গবাদি পশু পালনকারীকে (কাউবয়) স্থায়ী কৃষকের থেকে আলাদা এক সভ্যতার স্তর হিসেবে কল্পনা করেছিলেন এই থিমটি ১৯৪৪ সালের হলিউড হিট সিনেমাট ''ওকলাহোমা!'' -তে খুব সুন্দরভাবে প্রকাশিত হয়েছে যা কাউবয় এবং কৃষকদের মধ্যে দীর্ঘস্থায়ী সংঘাতকে তুলে ধরে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; রুজভেল্ট যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, কাউবয়দের মতো পৌরুষ এবং বাইরে বিভিন্ন শারীরিক কর্মকাণ্ড ও খেলাধুলা আমেরিকান পুরুষদের জন্য অপরিহার্য ছিল যাতে তাঁরা শহরের আরামদায়ক জীবনের ফলে তৈরি হওয়া অলসতা ও নৈতিক অবক্ষয় এড়াতে পারেন।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

ওকলাহোমার একজন চেরোকি বিচারকের ছেলে উইল রজার্স দড়ি নিয়ে খেলা এবং চমৎকার অশ্বচালনা দিয়ে শুরু করেছিলেন। কিন্তু ১৯১৯ সালের মধ্যে তিনি আবিষ্কার করেন যে দর্শকরা সাধারণ মানুষের প্রজ্ঞার উপস্থাপনে তাঁর বুদ্ধিমত্তায় আরও বেশি মুগ্ধ।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

আমেরিকান কাউবয়ের রোমান্টিক ভাবমূর্তি বৃদ্ধিতে অবদান রাখা অন্যদের মধ্যে রয়েছেন চার্লস সিরিঙ্গো (১৮৫৫–১৯২৮) এবং অ্যান্ডি অ্যাডামস (১৮৫৯–১৯৩৫)।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; সিরিঙ্গো ছিলেন একাধারে কাউবয়, পিঙ্কারটন গোয়েন্দা এবং পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় লেখক; তিনি প্রথম নির্ভরযোগ্য কাউবয় আত্মজীবনীকার। অ্যাডামস ১৮৮০-এর দশকে টেক্সাসের গবাদি পশু শিল্পে এবং ১৮৯০-এর দশকে রকি পর্বতে খনি শিল্পে কাজ করেছিলেন। ১৮৯৮ সালের একটি নাটকে টেক্সাসবাসীর ভুল চিত্রায়নে ক্ষুব্ধ হয়ে অ্যাডামস নিজের অভিজ্ঞতা থেকে নাটক, ছোটগল্প এবং উপন্যাস লিখতে শুরু করেন। তার ''দ্য লগ অফ আ কাউবয়'' (১৯০৩) গবাদি পশু ব্যবসার বিশেষ করে পশুপালের দীর্ঘ যাত্রার একটি ধ্রুপদী উপন্যাসে পরিণত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; এটি ১৮৮২ সালে টেক্সাস থেকে মন্টানা পর্যন্ত সার্কেল ডট নামক গবাদি পশুর পালের একটি কাল্পনিক যাত্রার বর্ণনা দেয় এবং কাউবয় জীবনের একটি প্রধান উৎসে পরিণত হয়। ১৯৬০-এর দশকে ইতিহাসবিদরা এই যাত্রার পথটি পুনরায় অনুসরণ করেন এবং এর নির্ভুলতা নিশ্চিত করেন। তার লেখাগুলো একদিকে যেমন খুঁটিনাটি বর্ণনার জন্য প্রশংসিত, অন্যদিকে সাহিত্যিক গুণের অভাবের জন্য সমালোচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; অনেকেই হাওয়ার্ড হকস পরিচালিত এবং জন ওয়েন ও মন্টগোমারি ক্লিফট অভিনীত &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwC38&quot;&gt;রেড রিভার&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (১৯৪৮) চলচ্চিত্রটিকে গবাদি পশুর যাত্রার একটি নির্ভরযোগ্য চিত্রায়ন হিসেবে বিবেচনা করেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

কাউবয়দের অনন্য দক্ষতাগুলো রোডিওর মাধ্যমে বিশেষভাবে ফুটিয়ে তোলা হয়। ১৮৮০-এর দশকে পশ্চিমে এটি একটি সংগঠিত রূপ পায় যখন বেশ কিছু শহর ভ্রমণকারী ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শো অনুসরণ করে বিভিন্ন উৎসবের আয়োজন করে যেখানে রোডিও কর্মকাণ্ড অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল। ১৯২০-এর দশকে পূর্বের বড় শহরগুলোতে কাউবয়দের প্রতিযোগিতার ফলে রোডিও ক্রীড়া হিসেবে জনপ্রিয় হয়ে ওঠে। ট্রেইল কাউবয়রা যারা জন ওয়েসলি হার্ডিন, লিউক শর্ট এবং অন্যদের মতো বন্দুকধারী বা &quot;গানফাইটার&quot; হিসেবেও পরিচিত ছিলেন, তাঁরা তাঁদের পিস্তল ও অন্যান্য আগ্নেয়াস্ত্র চালনায় দক্ষতা এবং গতির জন্য বিখ্যাত ছিলেন। সময়ের সাথে সাথে তাঁদের হিংস্র কর্মকাণ্ড এবং খ্যাতি &quot;কাউবয় হিরো&quot; বা বীর কাউবয়ের সেই গতানুগতিক সহিংস ভাবমূর্তিতে রূপান্তরিত হয়েছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Watts2&quot;&gt;Linda S. Watts, ''Encyclopedia of American Folklore'' (2007) pp.&amp;nbsp;36, 224, 252&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== পশ্চিমের নীতি ===
আমেরিকান পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের ইতিহাসবিদরা পৌরাণিক পশ্চিমাঞ্চল নিয়ে অনেক লিখেছেন; যা মূলত পশ্চিমা সাহিত্য, শিল্পকলা এবং মানুষের যৌথ স্মৃতির একটি সংমিশ্রণ।&lt;ref name=&quot;Milner MT Shared Memory&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Milner, II|প্রথমাংশ=Clyde A.|তারিখ=Winter 1987|শিরোনাম=The Shard Memory of Montana Pioneers|ইউআরএল=https://archive.org/details/sim_montana-the-magazine-of-western-history_winter-1987_37_1/page/n3|সাময়িকী=Montana: The Magazine of Western History|খণ্ড=37|সংখ্যা নং=1|পাতাসমূহ=2–13|jstor=4519027}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই বিষয়টি &quot;কাল্পনিক পশ্চিমাঞ্চল&quot; হিসেবে পরিচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;পশ্চিমের নীতিসংহিতা&quot; ছিল একটি অলিখিত এবং সামাজিকভাবে স্বীকৃত অনানুষ্ঠানিক নিয়মাবলী, যা পুরানো পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের কাউবয় সংস্কৃতিকে গড়ে তুলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; সময়ের সাথে সাথে কাউবয়রা নিজেদের একটি স্বতন্ত্র সংস্কৃতি গড়ে তোলেন, যা ছিল বিভিন্ন মূল্যবোধের সংমিশ্রণ এবং এমনকি সেখানে বীরত্ব ও সৌজন্যবোধের অবশিষ্টাংশও বিদ্যমান ছিল। বিচ্ছিন্ন পরিবেশে এমন ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ কাজ তাঁদের মধ্যে আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা এবং ব্যক্তিবাদের ঐতিহ্য তৈরি করেছিল, যেখানে ব্যক্তিগত সততাকে অনেক গুরুত্ব দেওয়া হতো। এই গুণগুলো বিভিন্ন গান এবং কাউবয় কবিতায় বিশেষভাবে ফুটে উঠেছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;CattleKings2412&quot;&gt;[[Lewis Eldon Atherton|Atherton, Lewis E]] ''The Cattle Kings'', (University of Nebraska Press 1961) pp.&amp;nbsp;241–262.&lt;/ref&gt; এই নীতিসংহিতার মধ্যে বন্দুকধারীরাও অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিলেন, যারা বিরোধ মেটানোর জন্য এবং দ্বৈরথের ক্ষেত্রে মাঝেমধ্যে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের প্রাচীন দ্বৈরথের নিয়মাবলী অনুসরণ করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Willy&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|তারিখ=November 16, 2009|প্রকাশক=History.com|শিরোনাম=Wild Bill Hickok fights first western showdown|ইউআরএল=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/wild-bill-hickok-fights-first-western-showdown|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=October 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে দেখা যাওয়া বিচারবহির্ভূত বিচার যেমন [[গণপিটুনি]], ভিজিলান্টিজম এবং বন্দুকযুদ্ধ যা পরবর্তীতে পশ্চিমা ঘরানার সাহিত্য ও চলচ্চিত্রের মাধ্যমে জনপ্রিয় হয়েছে—আধুনিক সময়ে ''সীমান্তবর্তী অঞ্চলের বিচারের'' উদাহরণ হিসেবে পরিচিত।&lt;ref name=&quot;wyatt_kingseed2&quot;&gt;Wyatt Kingseed, &quot;Teddy Roosevelt's Frontier Justice&quot;. ''American History'' 36 (2002): pp.&amp;nbsp;22–28.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস লিখনধারা ==

ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নারের অসংখ্য ছাত্র পশ্চিমা অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলোর ইতিহাস বিভাগে অধ্যাপক হয়েছিলেন এবং তার চিন্তাধারায় প্রভাবিত হয়ে সীমান্তের ওপর পাঠদান করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; পণ্ডিতরা সীমান্তের অনেক লোকগাথাকে খণ্ডন করেছেন, কিন্তু সেগুলো তবুও সামাজিক ঐতিহ্য, লোককাহিনি এবং কল্পকাহিনিতে টিকে আছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯৭০-এর দশকে প্রথাগত সীমান্ত গবেষণা এবং &quot;নব্য পশ্চিমা ইতিহাসের&quot; মধ্যে ইতিহাস লিখনধারা নিয়ে একটি বিবাদ শুরু হয়। প্রথাগত গবেষণা পুরো আমেরিকান ইতিহাস ও সংস্কৃতির ওপর সীমান্তের প্রভাবকে গুরুত্ব দেয়, যেখানে &quot;নব্য পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস&quot; ভৌগোলিক ও সময়ের কাঠামোকে সংকুচিত করে ১৮৫০ পরবর্তী মিসিসিপি-পারবর্তী পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের ওপর আলোকপাত করে। এটি &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; শব্দটি এড়িয়ে চলে এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ সংস্কৃতির সাথে আদিবাসী ও হিস্পানিকদের মতো গোষ্ঠীগুলোর সাংস্কৃতিক মিথস্ক্রিয়ার ওপর জোর দেয়। সান ডিয়েগো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ইতিহাসের অধ্যাপক উইলিয়াম উইকস যুক্তি দেন যে এই &quot;নব্য পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস&quot; পদ্ধতিতে:

{{Blockquote|কারা খারাপ লোক তা বলা সহজ—তারা প্রায় সবসময়ই শ্বেতাঙ্গ, পুরুষ এবং মধ্যবিত্ত বা তার চেয়ে উচ্চবিত্ত, অন্যদিকে ভালো লোকরা প্রায় সবসময়ই অ-শ্বেতাঙ্গ, নারী বা নিম্নবিত্ত শ্রেণীর... অ্যাংলো-আমেরিকান সভ্যতাকে পিতৃতান্ত্রিক, বর্ণবাদী, গণহত্যাকারী এবং পরিবেশ ধ্বংসকারী হিসেবে উপস্থাপন করা হয়; সেইসাথে অভিযোগ করা হয় যে তারা ভণ্ডামির মাধ্যমে সেইসব আদর্শের সাথে বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা করেছে যার ওপর ভিত্তি করে এই সভ্যতা গড়ে ওঠার কথা ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=William E. |last=Weeks|chapter=American Expansionism, 1815–1860|editor-first=Robert D.|editor-last=Schulzinger|title=A Companion to American Foreign Relations|publisher=Blackwell|date=2006|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_jk8rKq5_MC&amp;pg=PA65|page=65|isbn=978-0470999035}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

২০০৫ সালের মধ্যে স্টিভেন অ্যারন যুক্তি দেন যে উভয় পক্ষই তাদের &quot;তাত্ত্বিক যুক্তি এবং সমালোচনার ক্ষেত্রে একটি ভারসাম্যপূর্ণ অবস্থায় পৌঁছেছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; তবে তারপর থেকে আমেরিকান সীমান্ত এবং পশ্চিমা আঞ্চলিক ইতিহাসের ক্ষেত্রটি ক্রমশ আরও অন্তর্ভুক্তিমূলক হয়ে উঠেছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;WHA 2024&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Western History Association – 2024 Kansas City|ইউআরএল=https://www.westernhistory.org/2024|ওয়েবসাইট=westernhistory.org}}{{অকার্যকর সংযোগ|তারিখ=এপ্রিল ২০২৬ |bot=InternetArchiveBot |ঠিক করার প্রচেষ্টা=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[উইকিপিডিয়া:তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন|&lt;span title=&quot;while this claim seems to be a given, more reliable, independent sources are needed (November 2023)&quot;&gt;অতিরিক্ত উদ্ধৃতি প্রয়োজন&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতির ২০২৪ সালের একটি বিবৃতিতে এই ক্ষেত্রের সাম্প্রতিক দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি ফুটে উঠেছে:

{{Blockquote|পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতি একসময় শ্বেতাঙ্গ পুরুষ পণ্ডিতদের দ্বারা নিয়ন্ত্রিত ছিল যারা সাধারণত বিজয়োল্লাসধর্মী ইতিহাস লিখতেন। আমরা এখন আর সেই সংস্থা নই। আমরা এখন প্রথাগত সম্প্রসারণের কাহিনী থেকে ইতিপূর্বে বাদ পড়া অনেক সম্প্রদায়ের সদস্যদের নিয়ে যুগান্তকারী গবেষণা পরিচালনা করছি। এই নতুন কাজ এবং লেখকরা পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতি, মার্কিন পশ্চিমের ইতিহাস এবং সামগ্রিকভাবে এই পেশাকে রূপান্তরিত করেছেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;WHA 2024&quot;/&gt;}}

ইতিমধ্যে, সীমান্ত ইতিহাস লিখনধারা থেকে অনেকাংশেই পরিবেশগত ইতিহাসের উদ্ভব ঘটেছে, যার ফলে এটি বন্যভূমির ওপর গুরুত্ব দেয়।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্ত গবেষণায় এটি ক্রমশ বড় ভূমিকা পালন করছে&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; ইতিহাসবিদরা পরিবেশকে দুটি দৃষ্টিভঙ্গিতে দেখেন। প্রথম গোষ্ঠী পরিবেশের ওপর মানুষের প্রভাবকে গুরুত্ব দেয়; দ্বিতীয় গোষ্ঠী পরিবেশের প্রভাবকে দেখে। উইলিয়াম ক্রোনন যুক্তি দিয়েছেন যে টার্নারের ১৮৯৩ সালের বিখ্যাত প্রবন্ধটি ছিল ভ্রূণ অবস্থায় থাকা পরিবেশগত ইতিহাস। এটি বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের আকৃষ্ট ও রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে মুক্ত জমির বিশাল শক্তির ওপর জোর দিয়েছিল, যা বন্যভূমি থেকে সভ্যতায় রূপান্তর ঘটায়।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt;

সাংবাদিক স্যামুয়েল লুবেল টার্নারের বর্ণিত অভিবাসীদের মার্কিনীকরণ এবং পরবর্তীকালে বড় শহরগুলোতে অভিবাসীদের ধনী পাড়ায় চলে যাওয়ার মাধ্যমে সামাজিক পদমর্যাদায় উত্তরণের মধ্যে মিল খুঁজে পেয়েছেন। তিনি পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় জমি উন্মুক্ত করার ক্ষেত্রে রেলপথের প্রভাবকে শহুরে পরিবহন ব্যবস্থা এবং অটোমোবাইলের সাথে তুলনা করেছেন; এবং সামাজিক মর্যাদা প্রত্যাশী দরিদ্র শহরবাসীদের সাথে পশ্চিমা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের &quot;জমির ক্ষুধা&quot;-র তুলনা করেছেন। ঠিক যেমন রিপাবলিকান পার্টি সীমান্তে বসতি স্থাপন করা &quot;পুরানো&quot; অভিবাসী গোষ্ঠীগুলোর সমর্থন থেকে লাভবান হয়েছিল, তেমনি &quot;নতুন&quot; শহুরে অভিবাসীরা ডেমোক্র্যাটিক &quot;নিউ ডিল জোটের&quot; একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অংশ হয়ে ওঠে যা ১৯৩২ সালের প্রেসিডেন্ট নির্বাচনে [[ফ্রাঙ্কলিন ডি. রুজভেল্ট|ফ্র্যাঙ্কলিন ডেলানো রুজভেল্টের]] বিজয়ের মাধ্যমে শুরু হয়েছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;lubell1956&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=The Future of American Politics|শেষাংশ=Lubell|প্রথমাংশ=Samuel|বছর=1956|প্রকাশক=Anchor Press|পাতাসমূহ=65–68, 82–83|ol=6193934M|সংস্করণ=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

নিউ মেক্সিকো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ইতিহাস বিভাগ এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস ১৯৬০-এর দশক থেকে গবেষণার একটি সক্রিয় কেন্দ্র হিসেবে কাজ করছে। সেখানকার শীর্ষস্থানীয় ইতিহাসবিদদের মধ্যে রয়েছেন জেরাল্ড ডি. ন্যাশ, ডোনাল্ড সি. কাটার, রিচার্ড এন. এলিস, রিচার্ড এটুলিন, ফেরেঙ্ক সাজ, মার্গারেট কনেল-সাজ, পল হাটন, ভার্জিনিয়া স্কার্ফ এবং স্যামুয়েল ট্রুয়েট। এই বিভাগটি অন্যান্য বিভাগের সাথে সহযোগিতা করে এবং দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় আঞ্চলিকতা, দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমের সংখ্যালঘু গোষ্ঠী এবং ইতিহাস লিখনধারার ওপর গুরুত্ব দেয়।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt;

== ব্যাখ্যামূলক টীকা ==
{{সূত্র তালিকা|দল=nb}}
== তথ্যসূত্র ==
{{মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাস}}&lt;gallery widths=&quot;210&quot; heights=&quot;145&quot;&gt;
চিত্র:United_States_1789-03-1789-08.png|alt=1789: The new nation| ১৭৮৯: নতুন জাতি
চিত্র:United_States_1819-12-1820.png|alt=1819–1820: Post-War of 1812| ১৮১৯–১৮২০: ১৮১২ সালের যুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী
চিত্র:United_States_1845-12-1846-06.png|alt=1845–1846: Before Mexican–American War| ১৮৪৫–১৮৪৬: মেক্সিকান-আমেরিকান যুদ্ধের আগে
চিত্র:United_States_1859-1860.png|alt=1859–1860: Pre-Civil War Expansion| ১৮৫৯–১৮৬০: গৃহযুদ্ধ-পূর্ব সম্প্রসারণ
চিত্র:United_States_1884-1889-11-02.png|alt=1884–1889: Post–Civil War expansion| ১৮৮৪-১৮৮৯: গৃহযুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী সম্প্রসারণ
চিত্র:United_States_1912-08-1959-01.png|alt=1912: Contiguous US, all states| ১৯১২: সংলগ্ন মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, সমস্ত রাজ্য
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== কালানুক্রম ==
ইতিহাসবিদদের মধ্যে এই সীমান্ত যুগের শুরু এবং শেষ কবে হয়েছিল এবং এর প্রধান উপ-বিভাগগুলো কী কী ছিল, তা নিয়ে দীর্ঘকাল ধরে বিতর্ক চলেছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian W. Dippie 19892&quot;&gt;Brian W. Dippie, &quot;American Wests: historiographical perspectives.&quot; ''American Studies International'' 27.2 (1989): 3–25.&lt;/ref&gt; উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ১৮৬৫ সালে [[মার্কিন গৃহযুদ্ধ]] শেষ হওয়ার পর থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারি পর্যন্ত সময়কালকে ইতিহাসবিদরা অনেক সময় ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট বা প্রাচীন পশ্চিমা উপ-যুগ হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেন। এই সময়ে আদমশুমারির সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট উইলিয়াম রাশ মেরিয়াম ঘোষণা করেছিলেন যে, [[মার্কিন জনশুমারি দপ্তর|মার্কিন আদমশুমারি ব্যুরো]] ১৮৯০ সালের পর থেকে তাদের আদমশুমারির তালিকায় পশ্চিমী সীমান্তের জনবসতি রেকর্ড করা বন্ধ করে দেবে।&lt;ref name=&quot;porter&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Turner, Frederick Jackson 1920 293&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে তার পরবর্তী উত্তরসূরিরা ১৯২০ সালের আদমশুমারি পর্যন্ত এই ব্যবস্থা জারি রেখেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Population, Plate No. 3&quot;/&gt;

[[লাইব্রেরি অফ কংগ্রেস|কংগ্রেসের লাইব্রেরি]] এবং [[অক্সফোর্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] সহ আরও অনেকে এই সময়ের ব্যাপ্তি সম্পর্কে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন মত পোষণ করেন যা ১৯০০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত। সাধারণত [[প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ|প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধে]] আমেরিকার যোগদানের আগের প্রথম দুই দশক পর্যন্ত সময়কে এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত ধরা হয়।{{R|LOC TAW}}&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৫০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯১৯ সাল পর্যন্ত সময়কালটি &quot;দ্য ওয়েস্টার্ন সিভিল ওয়ার অফ ইনকর্পোরেশন&quot; বা অন্তর্ভুক্তিকরণ সংক্রান্ত পশ্চিমা গৃহযুদ্ধ নামে পরিচিত ছিল। এই যুগে এমন কিছু ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা ঘটেছিল যা মূলত প্রাচীন পশ্চিম বা &quot;ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টের&quot; মূল বৈশিষ্ট্যের সাথে মিলে যায়। এর মধ্যে উল্লেখযোগ্য হলো সীমান্ত এলাকায় নতুন বসতি স্থাপনের ফলে উদ্ভূত সহিংস সংঘাত, আদিবাসীদের উচ্ছেদ ও তাদের মূলধারার সাথে একীভূত করার চেষ্টা এবং বড় কর্পোরেশন ও সরকারের অধীনে সম্পত্তির কেন্দ্রীভূতকরণ। এ ছাড়াও সেই সময়ে সাধারণ মানুষের আইন হাতে তুলে নেওয়া এবং অপরাধীদের ওপর আইন প্রয়োগের আপ্রাণ চেষ্টার মতো ঘটনাগুলোও এই সময়ের অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

৮৯০ সালে আদমশুমারির সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট উইলিয়াম রাশ মেরিয়াম একটি মন্তব্য করেছিলেন। তিনি বলেছিলেন: &quot;১৮৮০ সাল পর্যন্ত এই দেশে একটি নির্দিষ্ট ভূখণ্ডগত সীমান্ত ছিল। কিন্তু বর্তমানে জনশূন্য এলাকাগুলো বিচ্ছিন্ন জনবসতির কারণে এত ছোট ছোট অংশে বিভক্ত হয়ে পড়েছে যে, সেখানে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সীমান্ত রেখা আছে বলে মনে হয় না। তাই এর পরিধি এবং পশ্চিম দিকে এর অগ্রসর হওয়ার মতো বিষয়গুলো আদমশুমারির প্রতিবেদনে আর অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা যাবে না।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তা সত্ত্বেও [[commons:File:Distribution_of_US_Rural_Population_during_1900.pdf|১৯০০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারিতে]] পশ্চিমমুখী সীমান্ত রেখাটি প্রদর্শন করা হয়েছিল এবং তাঁর উত্তরসূরিরা এই ধারা বজায় রেখেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{উদ্ধৃতি |last=United States. Bureau of the Census |title=Statistical Atlases of the United States Series |url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/series/statistical-atlases-united-states-series-5578 |access-date=2024-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; তবে ১৯১০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির সময় পর্যন্ত এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটি এতটাই সংকুচিত হয়ে পড়েছিল যে, সেখানে পশ্চিমের দিকে এগোতে থাকা কোনো একক জনবসতি রেখা অবশিষ্ট ছিল না।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথম দুই দশকে বিপুল সংখ্যক মানুষ কৃষি কাজের জন্য জমি দখল করে বসতি গড়তে শুরু করেন। এই সময়ের মধ্যে গৃহহীনদের দেওয়া জমির পরিমাণ উনিশ শতকের মোট বরাদ্দের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি ছিল। মনে করা হয় যে, এই কারণেই উন্মুক্ত জমির পরিমাণ উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে হ্রাস পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

''সীমান্ত'' জনবসতি এলাকার প্রান্তসীমায় অবস্থিত একটি সংযোগকারী অঞ্চল। তাত্ত্বিক ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটিই ছিল মার্কিন সভ্যতা গঠনের মূল কেন্দ্রস্থল। তিনি জোরালোভাবে বলেছিলেন, &quot;সীমান্ত এলাকাটি মার্কিন জনগণের জন্য একটি মিশ্র জাতীয়তা গঠনের প্রক্রিয়াকে ত্বরান্বিত করেছে।&quot;। তিনি একে একটি উন্নয়নমূলক প্রক্রিয়া হিসেবে তাত্ত্বিকভাবে ব্যাখ্যা করেছিলেন। তাঁর মতে, &quot;আমেরিকান জীবনের এই চিরস্থায়ী পুনর্জন্ম, এর প্রবহমানতা এবং পশ্চিম দিকে এই যে ক্রমাগত বিস্তার, এগুলোই আসলে মার্কিন ...চরিত্র গঠনে মূল শক্তি হিসেবে কাজ করে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯৩ সাল থেকে টার্নারের এই ধারণাগুলো পরবর্তী প্রজন্মের অনেক ইতিহাসবিদ ও সমালোচককে আমেরিকার বিভিন্ন সীমান্ত অঞ্চল নিয়ে গবেষণা করতে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছে। তবে সাধারণ মানুষের কাছে সীমান্ত বলতে মূলত [[মিসিসিপি নদী|মিসিসিপি নদীর]] পশ্চিমে অবস্থিত আদিবাসীদের জমি দখল এবং সেখানে বসতি স্থাপনের কাহিনীকেই বোঝায়। বর্তমানের  [[মধ্যপশ্চিম যুক্তরাষ্ট্র|মধ্য-পশ্চিম]], [[টেক্সাস]], [[গ্রেট প্লেইনস]], [[রকি পর্বতমালা]], দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চল এবং পশ্চিম উপকূলীয় এলাকাগুলো এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর দ্বিতীয়ার্ধ থেকে বিংশ শতাব্দীর শুরু পর্যন্ত, অর্থাৎ ১৮৫০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯১০-এর দশক পর্যন্ত আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এবং বিশেষ করে দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলের প্রতি মানুষের ব্যাপক আগ্রহ তৈরি হয়েছিল। তৎকালীন বিভিন্ন প্রচারমাধ্যমে সেই সময়ের রোমান্টিকতা, অরাজকতা এবং বিশৃঙ্খল সহিংসতার চিত্রগুলো অনেক বেশি নাটকীয়ভাবে এবং অতিরঞ্জিত করে উপস্থাপন করা হতো। এই বিষয়গুলোই পরবর্তীকালে চলচ্চিত্র জগতের ওয়েস্টার্ন বা পশ্চিমা ঘরানাকে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছিল। এর পাশাপাশি টেলিভিশন শো, উপন্যাস, কমিক বই, ভিডিও গেম এবং এমনকি শিশুদের খেলনা ও পোশাকেও এই ঘরানার প্রভাব লক্ষ্য করা যায়।

হাইন এবং ফ্যারাঘারের দেওয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুযায়ী, &quot;সীমান্তের ইতিহাস আসলে বিভিন্ন গোষ্ঠী বা সম্প্রদায় তৈরি এবং তাদের রক্ষার কাহিনী। এটি ভূমির ব্যবহার, নতুন নতুন ফসলের চাষাবাদ, হোটেল নির্মাণ এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্য গঠনের গল্প।&quot; তাঁরা আরও ব্যাখ্যা করে বলেছেন যে, &quot;এটি যেমন জয়ের কাহিনী, তেমনই এটি টিকে থাকা, ধৈর্য এবং বিভিন্ন জাতি ও সংস্কৃতির মিলনের গল্প যা আমেরিকাকে জন্ম দিয়েছে এবং আজও সচল রেখেছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; টার্নার নিজেও বারবার উল্লেখ করেছেন যে, নতুন খামার তৈরির জন্য &quot;মুক্ত জমি&quot;র সহজলভ্যতা কীভাবে আমেরিকানদের এই অভিযানে আকৃষ্ট করেছিল। তিনি লিখেছিলেন, &quot;একটি নির্দিষ্ট মুক্ত জমির অস্তিত্ব, এর ক্রমাগত অপসরণ এবং পশ্চিমের দিকে মার্কিন জনবসতির অগ্রগমনই আসলে আমেরিকার সামগ্রিক উন্নয়নের মূল রহস্য।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বিদেশি রাষ্ট্র এবং স্থানীয় আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের সাথে স্বাক্ষরিত বিভিন্ন চুক্তি, রাজনৈতিক সমঝোতা, সামরিক অভিযান এবং আইন-শৃঙ্খলা প্রতিষ্ঠার মাধ্যমে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এক বিশাল সাম্রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়। খামার, গবাদি পশুর চারণভূমি ও নতুন শহর নির্মাণ এবং খনি খনন ও যাতায়াতের পথ তৈরির পাশাপাশি দলে দলে অভিবাসীদের আগমনের ফলে আমেরিকার সীমানা এক উপকূল থেকে অন্য উপকূলে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে। এর মাধ্যমেই শেষ পর্যন্ত ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি বা বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্যের আদর্শটি সফল হয়েছিল। ১৮৯৩ সালে তাঁর বিখ্যাত &quot;ফ্রন্টিয়ার থিসিস&quot; বা সীমান্ত তত্ত্বে টার্নার উল্লেখ করেছিলেন যে, এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটি ছিল এমন এক পরিবর্তনের প্রক্রিয়া যা ইউরোপীয়দের এক নতুন জাতি অর্থাৎ আমেরিকানদের রূপান্তরিত করেছিল। এই নতুন জাতির জীবনবোধ ছিল সাম্য, গণতন্ত্র এবং আশাবাদের ওপর ভিত্তি করে তৈরি। এর পাশাপাশি [[ব্যক্তিস্বাতন্ত্র্যবাদ|ব্যক্তিগতস্বাতন্ত্র্য]], আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা এবং ক্ষেত্রবিশেষে সহিংসতার মতো বৈশিষ্ট্যগুলোও তাদের চরিত্রের অংশ হয়ে উঠেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Distribution_of_US_Rural_Population_during_1900.pdf|থাম্ব|১৯০০ সালে মার্কিন আদমশুমারির মানচিত্র যেখানে বসতি স্থাপনের পরিমাণ এবং সীমান্তরেখা দেখানো হয়েছে]]
[[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র|মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের]] নির্ধারিত সীমান্ত রেখার বাইরে যে সমস্ত অনুন্নত বা অবিকশিত ভূখণ্ড ছিল, মূলত সেগুলোকেই ফ্রন্টিয়ার বা সীমান্ত এলাকা হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[মার্কিন জনশুমারি দপ্তর|মার্কিন আদমশুমারি ব্যুরো]] সীমান্ত অঞ্চল হিসেবে সাধারণত এমন জনশূন্য ভূখণ্ডকে চিহ্নিত করত, যেখানে জনঘনত্ব প্রতি বর্গমাইলে ২ জনেরও কম (প্রতি বর্গকিলোমিটারে ০.৭৭ জন)। এই জমিগুলোতে ইউরোপীয়-আমেরিকানদের বসতি স্থাপনের শেষ প্রান্তিক সীমানাটিই সীমান্ত রেখা হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৬০০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯০০-এর দশক পর্যন্ত এই রেখাটি [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পূর্ব উপকূল|পূর্ব উপকূলের]] প্রথম স্থায়ী ইউরোপীয় বসতি থেকে শুরু করে ক্রমাগত পশ্চিম দিকে অগ্রসর হয়েছে। তবে ক্ষেত্রবিশেষে এই রেখাটি উত্তরে মেইন এবং নিউ হ্যাম্পশায়ারের দিকে, দক্ষিণে ফ্লোরিডার দিকে এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া থেকে পূর্ব দিকে নেভাদার দিকেও সরে গিয়েছিল।

কখনও কখনও মূল সীমান্ত রেখা অতিক্রম করে অনেক দূরেও জনবসতি গড়ে উঠতে দেখা যেত। বিশেষ করে পশ্চিম উপকূলীয় অঞ্চল এবং দেশের গভীর অভ্যন্তরীণ অংশে যথাক্রমে [[লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেস]] এবং [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটির]] মতো শহরগুলোতে এমন বিচ্ছিন্ন জনবসতি লক্ষ করা যেত। সেই সীমানার কাছাকাছি সদ্য বসতি গড়ে তোলা এলাকাগুলোকেই মূলত &quot;ওয়েস্ট&quot; বা পশ্চিম বলা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই কারণে [[মধ্যপশ্চিম যুক্তরাষ্ট্র|মধ্য-পশ্চিম]] এবং মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের বেশ কিছু এলাকাকে বর্তমানে 'পশ্চিমাঞ্চল' হিসেবে গণ্য করা না হলেও, আধুনিক পশ্চিমা রাজ্যগুলোর মতো এই অঞ্চলগুলোতেও এক সময়ের সীমান্ত ঐতিহ্যের ছাপ রয়ে গিয়েছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamar1977&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; রিচার্ড ডব্লিউ স্ল্যাটা সীমান্তের বিষয়ে তাঁর নিজস্ব অভিমত প্রকাশ করতে গিয়ে লিখেছেন যে, &quot;ইতিহাসবিদরা অনেক সময় মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে ''৯৮তম [[দ্রাঘিমারেখা|মেরিডিয়ান]]'' বা ৯৮° পশ্চিম [[দ্রাঘিমাংশ|দ্রাঘিমাংশের]] পশ্চিমে অবস্থিত ভূখণ্ড হিসেবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করেন,&quot; এবং এই অঞ্চলটির অন্যান্য সংজ্ঞায় &quot;মিসিসিপি বা মিসৌরি নদীর পশ্চিমে অবস্থিত সমস্ত জমিকেও অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা হয়েছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অঞ্চলগুলির মানচিত্র ==
{{Blockquote|তাদের হিসেবে, মার্কিন সরকারের অধীনে &quot;আদিবাসীদের&quot; সাথে ৪০টিরও বেশি যুদ্ধ হয়েছে। এতে প্রায় ১৯,০০০ শ্বেতাঙ্গ পুরুষ, মহিলা এবং শিশু প্রাণ হারিয়েছেন যার মধ্যে ব্যক্তিগত লড়াইয়ে নিহতরাও অন্তর্ভুক্ত। অন্যদিকে প্রায় ৩০,০০০ আদিবাসী এই যুদ্ধে মারা গেছেন। তবে নিহত ও আহত আদিবাসীদের প্রকৃত সংখ্যা এই হিসাবের চেয়ে অনেক বেশি হওয়া স্বাভাবিক... অতিরিক্ত পঞ্চাশ শতাংশ যোগ করলে তা একটি নির্ভরযোগ্য অনুমান হতে পারে...&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Bureau of the Census|title=Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWkUAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA637|year=1894|page=637|publisher=Norman Ross Pub. |isbn=978-0883544624}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
চাবি:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{Legend inline|ffcccc|States}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== ইতিহাস ==

=== ঔপনিবেশিক সীমান্ত ===
{{Blockquote|সীমান্তের এই সেনাবাহিনী ছিল একটি প্রথাগত সামরিক শক্তি যারা চিরাচরিত যুদ্ধরীতি ব্যবহার করে এমন একদল মানুষকে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করার চেষ্টা করছিল যাদের আচরণ সাধারণ শত্রুর মতো ছিল না। এমনকি প্রকৃতপক্ষে তারা অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রেই আমেরিকার শত্রু ছিল না। সামরিক বাহিনীর জন্য এটিই হলো সবচেয়ে কঠিনতম দায়িত্ব, তা সে আফ্রিকা বা এশিয়াতেই হোক কিংবা আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Robert M.|last=Utley|title=Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojYrdQ-IBaMC&amp;pg=PA411|year=1984|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|page=411|isbn=0803295510}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
১৭৭৬ সালের আগের ঔপনিবেশিক যুগে, বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং রাজনীতিবিদের কাছে পশ্চিমাঞ্চল ছিল অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বিষয়। ১৬০৭ সালে ইংরেজরা যখন ভার্জিনিয়ার জেমসটাউন অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপন করে, মূলত তখনই মার্কিন সীমান্তের জয়যাত্রা শুরু হয়। আটলান্টিক উপকূলে ইউরোপীয়দের বসতি স্থাপনের শুরুর দিনগুলোতে, অর্থাৎ প্রায় ১৬৮০ সাল পর্যন্ত, আটলান্টিক উপকূলের বিদ্যমান জনবসতির বাইরের মহাদেশের অভ্যন্তরীণ যেকোনো অংশই মূলত সীমান্ত হিসেবে গণ্য হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ইংরেজি, ফরাসি, স্প্যানিশ এবং ডাচদের সীমানা বিস্তার ও বসতি স্থাপনের ধরণগুলো ছিল একে অপরের থেকে বেশ আলাদা। মাত্র কয়েক হাজার ফরাসি নাগরিক কানাডায় পাড়ি দিয়েছিলেন; এই অধিবাসীরা  [[সেন্ট লরেন্স নদী]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;বরাবর বিভিন্ন গ্রামে বসতি স্থাপন করেন এবং সেখানে দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে স্থিতিশীল সম্প্রদায় গড়ে তোলেন। যদিও ফরাসি পশম ব্যবসায়ীরা গ্রেট লেকস এবং মধ্য-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলে ব্যাপকভাবে ঘুরে বেড়াতেন, কিন্তু তাঁরা খুব কমই স্থায়ীভাবে সেখানে বসবাস শুরু করতেন। ফরাসিদের বসতি ইলিনয়ের কাসকাসকিয়ার মতো গুটি কয়েক অত্যন্ত ছোট গ্রাম এবং [[নিউ অর্লিন্স|নিউ অরলিন্সের]] আশেপাশের একটি বড় জনপদেই সীমাবদ্ধ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বর্তমানে যা নিউ ইয়র্ক স্টেট নামে পরিচিত, সেখানে ওলন্দাজরা হাডসন রিভার ভ্যালিতে পশম ব্যবসার কেন্দ্র স্থাপন করেছিল। এরপরে তারা ধনী ভূস্বামীদের বড় বড় জমি অনুদান দেয়, যারা আবার সেখানে ভাড়াটে কৃষকদের নিয়ে আসে। এই কৃষকরাই পরবর্তীতে নিবিড় এবং স্থায়ী গ্রাম গড়ে তোলে। তারা আপস্টেট নিউ ইয়র্কে ঘন গ্রামীণ জনবসতি তৈরি করলেও, পশ্চিমের দিকে খুব একটা অগ্রসর হয়নি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭০০ সালের দিকে উত্তরের যে অঞ্চলগুলো সীমান্ত পর্যায়ে ছিল, সেখানে সাধারণত উন্নত যোগাযোগ ব্যবস্থা ছিল না। ফলে বাণিজ্যিক কৃষিকাজের সুযোগও সেখানে ছিল বেশ কম। এই এলাকাগুলো মূলত জীবনধারণের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় কৃষিকাজের ওপরই নির্ভরশীল ছিল। এর ফলে ১৭৬০-এর দশকের মধ্যে এই সমাজগুলো অত্যন্ত [[সমানাধিকারবাদ|সাম্যবাদী]] হয়ে ওঠে, যা ইতিহাসবিদ জ্যাকসন টার্নার মেইন ব্যাখ্যা করেছেন:
{{প্রশস্ত চিত্র|Denver Colorado 1898 - LOC - restoration1.jpg|783px|Panorama of [[Denver]] circa 1898}}
দক্ষিণাঞ্চলে [[অ্যাপালাচীয় পর্বতমালা|অ্যাপালাচিয়ান]] পর্বতমালা অঞ্চলের মতো যে সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোতে উন্নত যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থা ছিল না, সেগুলো জীবনধারণ ভিত্তিক কৃষিকাজের ওপরই নির্ভরশীল ছিল। উত্তরের মতো এই অঞ্চলগুলোও অনেকটা সাম্যবাদী ছিল, যদিও এখানে দাসমালিকদের একটি তুলনামূলক বড় উচ্চবিত্ত শ্রেণি বিদ্যমান ছিল। উত্তর ক্যারোলিনা ছিল এর একটি আদর্শ উদাহরণ। তবে ১৭০০ সালের দিকে যে সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোর সাথে উন্নত নদীপথের যোগাযোগ ছিল, সেগুলো ধীরে ধীরে বাগান ভিত্তিক কৃষিনির্ভর এলাকায় রূপান্তরিত হতে থাকে। বিত্তবানরা সেখানে এসে ভালো জমিগুলো কিনে নিতেন এবং দাসদের দিয়ে সেই জমিতে কাজ করাতেন। এর ফলে সেই এলাকাগুলো আর &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; থাকে না। সেখানে একটি স্তরবিন্যাসযুক্ত সমাজ গড়ে ওঠে, যার সামাজিক পিরামিডের শীর্ষে ছিল শক্তিশালী শ্বেতাঙ্গ ভূস্বামী গোষ্ঠী, মাঝে একটি ছোট মধ্যবিত্ত শ্রেণি এবং তাদের নিচে ভূমিহীন বা ভাড়াটে শ্বেতাঙ্গ কৃষকদের একটি বেশ বড় দল। আর পিরামিডের একেবারে নিচে ছিল ক্রমবর্ধমান ক্রীতদাস জনসংখ্যা। উত্তরের মতো এখানে ছোট ছোট শহর বা বড় নগর গড়ে ওঠার চল ছিল না, বরং দক্ষিণাঞ্চল ছিল মূলত গ্রামপ্রধান।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ব্রিটিশ কৃষক থেকে আমেরিকান কৃষক ====
সমুদ্রতীরবর্তী ঔপনিবেশিক জনপদগুলোতে বসবাসকারী সাধারণ মানুষের কাছে ব্যক্তিগতভাবে জমির মালিক হওয়ার বিষয়টি সবচেয়ে বেশি অগ্রাধিকার পেত। পরবর্তীতে যখন এই অঞ্চলগুলোতে জনসংখ্যা বাড়তে শুরু করে, তখন নতুন এবং উর্বর চাষযোগ্য জমির সন্ধানে তারা ক্রমশ পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হতে থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ব্রিটেনের সাথে আমেরিকার এই পরিস্থিতির একটি বড় পার্থক্য ছিল। ব্রিটেনে সাধারণত মুষ্টিমেয় কয়েকজন প্রভাবশালী ভূস্বামীর হাতে অধিকাংশ জমির মালিকানা কুক্ষিগত থাকত। কিন্তু সেই তুলনায় আমেরিকায় জমি কেনা ছিল বেশ সস্তা এবং সহজ, যার ফলে সাধারণ মানুষের মধ্যে জমির মালিকানা ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। জমির মালিকানা লাভের বিষয়টি মানুষের মনে যেমন এক ধরণের আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা বা স্বাধীনতার জন্ম দিত, তেমনই এটি তাদের স্থানীয় এবং প্রাদেশিক প্রশাসনিক পদগুলোর নির্বাচনের ক্ষেত্রে ভোট দেওয়ার অধিকারও প্রদান করত। নিউ ইংল্যান্ডের প্রথাগত জনবসতিগুলো ছিল বেশ ছোট এবং ঘনবদ্ধ, যা সচরাচর এক বর্গমাইলেরও কম এলাকা জুড়ে বিস্তৃত থাকত। আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সাথে এসব এলাকার মানুষের বিরোধের প্রধান কারণ ছিল রাজনৈতিক ক্ষমতার লড়াই, অর্থাৎ এই অঞ্চলগুলো আসলে কারা শাসন করবে তা নিয়ে মতপার্থক্য তৈরি হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পূর্ব দিকে গড়ে ওঠা প্রাথমিক সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোর মধ্যে কানেকটিকাট নদীর উপত্যকা অন্যতম ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; এছাড়া উত্তর নিউ ইংল্যান্ডের দিকেও মানুষ বসতি স্থাপন করতে শুরু করেছিল (যদিও এটি ছিল উত্তরমুখী অগ্রসর হওয়ার ঘটনা, পশ্চিমমুখী নয়)।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফরাসি এবং আদিবাসীদের সাথে যুদ্ধ ====
[[চিত্র:Siege_of_Fort_Detroit.jpg|থাম্ব|১৭৬৩ সালে পন্টিয়াকের যুদ্ধের সময় ফোর্ট ডেট্রয়েট অবরোধ]]
সীমান্তের বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা প্রায়শই তাদের ওপর ঘটা ছোটখাটো বা বিচ্ছিন্ন ঘটনাগুলোকে ইন্ডিয়ানদের একটি পরিকল্পিত ষড়যন্ত্র হিসেবে ব্যাখ্যা করতেন। তারা মনে করতেন যে আদিবাসীরা দলবদ্ধ হয়ে তাদের ওপর আক্রমণ করার প্রস্তুতি নিচ্ছে। তবে ১৭৬৩ সালের পর এই ঘটনাগুলোর সাথে ফরাসিদের কোনো কূটনৈতিক যোগসূত্র ছিল না এবং ১৮২০ সালের পর স্প্যানিশদের সাথেও কোনো সম্পর্ক খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়নি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সীমান্তের অধিকাংশ এলাকাকেই বহুবার ভয়াবহ সব সংঘাতের সাক্ষী হতে হয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ব্রিটেন ও ফ্রান্সের মধ্যে ফরাসি ও আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ শুরু হলে ফরাসিরা তাদের সীমিত জনশক্তির অভাব পূরণ করার জন্য স্থানীয় আদিবাসী যুদ্ধবাজ দলগুলোকে নিজেদের মিত্র হিসেবে গ্রহণ করে। ইউরোপীয় যুদ্ধগুলোর প্রভাবে শুরু হওয়া এই দীর্ঘকালীন লড়াইগুলো শেষ পর্যন্ত বিশ্বজুড়ে চলা সপ্তবর্ষব্যাপী যুদ্ধে ব্রিটিশদের এক বড় জয়ের মাধ্যমে সমাপ্ত হয়। [[প্যারিসের চুক্তি (১৭৬৩)|১৭৬৩ সালের শান্তি চুক্তিতে]] ফ্রান্স কার্যত তাদের সমস্ত দাবি ছেড়ে দেয়। এর ফলে ফ্লোরিডা এবং নিউ অরলিন্স ছাড়াও মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম তীরের জমিগুলো স্পেনের অধীনে চলে যায়। অন্য দিকে, মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকের ভূখণ্ড এবং বর্তমান কানাডার অঞ্চলগুলো ব্রিটেনের শাসনাধীনে চলে আসে।&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[উইকিপিডিয়া:তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)&quot;&gt;তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

==== সীমান্তবর্তী অঞ্চলে অবিচ্ছিন্ন অভিবাসন ====
যুদ্ধ বিগ্রহ চললেও সাধারণ আমেরিকানরা অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালা পেরিয়ে পশ্চিম পেনসিলভেনিয়া এবং বর্তমান পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া অভিমুখে যাত্রা থামিয়ে রাখেনি। তারা ওহিও কান্ট্রি, কেন্টাকি এবং টেনেসি অঞ্চলের দিকেও নিরন্তর অগ্রসর হতে থাকে। কাম্বারল্যান্ড গ্যাপ বা গিরিপথ ব্যবহার করে দক্ষিণের জনপদগুলোতে যাতায়াতের ক্ষেত্রে তাদের সবচেয়ে অগ্রগণ্য নেতা ছিলেন ড্যানিয়েল বুন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তৎকালীন তরুণ [[জর্জ ওয়াশিংটন]] পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া এবং বর্তমান পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া অঞ্চলের জমিগুলোতে জনবসতি গড়ে তোলার বিষয়টিকে বিশেষভাবে উৎসাহিত করেছিলেন। ভার্জিনিয়ার মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীতে যুদ্ধকালীন বীরত্বের পুরস্কার হিসেবে রাজকীয় সরকার তাঁকে এবং তাঁর অনুগত সৈন্যদের এই জমিগুলো বরাদ্দ দিয়েছিল। ১৭৬৩ সালের রয়্যাল প্রোক্লামেশন বা রাজকীয় ঘোষণার মাধ্যমে অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পশ্চিমে নতুন করে বসতি স্থাপনের ওপর সাময়িক একটি নিষেধাজ্ঞা জারি করা হয়েছিল। তবে পরবর্তীতে ১৭৬৮ সালে স্বাক্ষরিত ফোর্ট স্ট্যানউইক্স চুক্তির মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমের বেশিরভাগ জমি সীমান্তবাসীদের বসতি স্থাপনের জন্য পুনরায় খুলে দেওয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== নতুন জাতি ===
১৭৮৩ সালের পর থেকে নবগঠিত এই জাতিটি শান্তির মুখ দেখতে শুরু করে। অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলো পশ্চিমের জমিগুলোর প্রশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্রণ কংগ্রেসের হাতে তুলে দিয়েছিল এবং সেখানে জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধির জন্য একটি পরিকল্পিত ও কার্যকর ব্যবস্থা তৈরি করা হয়েছিল। ১৭৮৭ সালের নর্থওয়েস্ট অর্ডিন্যান্সের মাধ্যমে ওহিও নদীর উত্তর দিকের এলাকাগুলোতে দাসপ্রথা পুরোপুরি নিষিদ্ধ করা হয়। একই সাথে প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হয়েছিল যে, কোনো নির্দিষ্ট অঞ্চলের জনসংখ্যা যখন একটি নির্দিষ্ট সীমা অতিক্রম করবে, তখন তাকে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা দেওয়া হবে। ১৮০৩ সালে ওহিও এই নিয়মেই একটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৮১ সালে [[মার্কিন স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ|বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধ]] শেষ হওয়ার পরপরই পেনসিলভেনিয়া, ভার্জিনিয়া এবং উত্তর ক্যারোলিনা থেকে অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পশ্চিমে প্রথম বড় ধরণের অভিযান শুরু হয়। এই অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীরা বা পাইওনিয়াররা শুরুর দিকে কোনোমতে খড়কুটো দিয়ে তৈরি মাথা গোঁজার ঠাঁই অথবা বড়জোর এক কামরার একটি কাঠের কুঁড়েঘরে বসবাস করতেন। তাদের খাবারের মূল চাহিদা মেটাত মূলত হরিণ ও টার্কি শিকার এবং প্রকৃতিতে সহজলভ্য অন্যান্য বন্য প্রাণী।
{{Blockquote|সাধারণত একটি সীমান্ত সমাজ এমন ছিল যেখানে শ্রেণিগত পার্থক্য খুবই কম থাকত। কোনো ধনী ফাটকাবাজ বা ব্যবসায়ী যদি এর সাথে যুক্তও থাকতেন, তিনি সাধারণত নিজের বাড়িতেই থাকতেন, তাই স্বাভাবিকভাবে সেখানে কোনো বিত্তবান ব্যক্তি বসবাস করতেন না। ভূমিহীন দরিদ্র মানুষের সংখ্যাও ছিল নগণ্য। এলাকার সিংহভাগ মানুষই ছিলেন জমির মালিক, যাদের বেশিরভাগই আবার গরিব ছিলেন কারণ তারা খুব সামান্য সম্পত্তি নিয়ে জীবন শুরু করেছিলেন। তারা তখনও খুব বেশি জমি চাষযোগ্য করে তুলতে পারেননি কিংবা পর্যাপ্ত কৃষি সরঞ্জাম ও গবাদি পশু জোগাড় করতে পারেননি যা তাদের ভবিষ্যতে সমৃদ্ধশালী করে তুলতে পারে। কিছু কারিগর সীমান্তে বসতি স্থাপন করলেও তারা মূলত কৃষিকাজের পাশাপাশি বাড়তি আয়ের উৎস হিসেবে নিজেদের পেশা চর্চা করতেন। সেখানে হয়তো একজন দোকানদার, একজন ধর্মযাজক এবং সম্ভবত একজন ডাক্তার থাকতেন; আর ছিলেন কয়েকজন ভূমিহীন শ্রমিক, বাকি সবাই ছিলেন কৃষক।&lt;ref&gt;Jackson Turner Main, ''Social structure of revolutionary America'' (1965) p.&amp;nbsp;11.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
কয়েক বছরের ব্যবধানে এই অগ্রগামীরা তাদের খামারে শুকর, ভেড়া এবং গবাদি পশু পালন শুরু করতেন এবং কেউ কেউ ঘোড়াও জোগাড় করে নিতেন। তখন পশুর চামড়ার তৈরি পোশাকের জায়গা দখল করে নিত হাতে বোনা সুতির কাপড়। তবে যারা একটু বেশি ডানপিটে বা অস্থির স্বভাবের ছিলেন, তারা সভ্য জীবনের অত্যধিক নিয়মশৃঙ্খলায় অসন্তুষ্ট হয়ে পড়তেন। তারা তখন আবার নিজেদের ঘরবাড়ি ছেড়ে আরও ৮০ বা ১৬০ কিলোমিটার (৫০ বা ১০০ মাইল) দূরে পশ্চিমের অজানা সীমানার দিকে পাড়ি জমাতেন।

==== ভূমি নীতি ====
[[চিত্র:Wilderness_road_en.png|থাম্ব|১৭৮৫ সালের ওয়াইল্ডারনেস রোডের মানচিত্র]]
নবগঠিত এই রাষ্ট্রটির ভূমি সংক্রান্ত নীতি ছিল বেশ রক্ষণশীল। যেখানে দেশের পূর্ব দিকে ইতিমধ্যে স্থাপিত জনবসতিগুলোর প্রয়োজনের দিকে বিশেষ নজর দেওয়া হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৭৯০ থেকে ১৮২০ সালের এই সময়কালে প্রধান রাজনৈতিক দলগুলোর লক্ষ্য ছিল দেশের অর্থনীতির চাকা সচল রাখা এবং পূর্ব দিকের রাজ্যগুলো থেকে দক্ষ কর্মীরা যাতে চলে না যায় সেদিকে খেয়াল রাখা। তারা জমির সুপরিকল্পিত বণ্টন নিশ্চিত করার পাশাপাশি এমন একটি মূল্য নির্ধারণ করতে চেয়েছিল যা সাধারণ মানুষের নাগালে থাকে এবং একইসাথে যা থেকে পাওয়া অর্থ জাতীয় ঋণ পরিশোধে সহায়তা করে। এ ছাড়া জমির আইনি মালিকানা স্পষ্ট করা এবং পশ্চিমের অর্থনীতিকে এমনভাবে বৈচিত্র্যময় করে তোলা তাদের উদ্দেশ্য ছিল যাতে তা মূল জনপদের সাথে নিবিড়ভাবে যুক্ত থাকে এবং সেখান থেকে কোনো বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী আন্দোলনের ঝুঁকি তৈরি না হয়। তবে ১৮৩০-এর দশকের মধ্যে পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এমন অনেক জবরদখলকারী বা চাষিদের দ্বারা পূর্ণ হয়ে ওঠে যাদের কাছে জমির কোনো বৈধ দলিলপত্র ছিল না। যদিও তারা হয়তো পূর্ববর্তী দখলদারদের অর্থের বিনিময়ে সেই জমি অধিকার করেছিল। জ্যাকসোনিয়ান ডেমোক্র্যাটরা সস্তায় জমি দ্রুত পাইয়ে দেওয়ার প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়ে এই জবরদখলকারী চাষিদের পক্ষ নিয়েছিলেন। এর বিপরীতে হেনরি ক্লে পশ্চিম অভিমুখে ধাবমান এই &quot;আইনহীন জনতা&quot;র বিষয়ে শঙ্কিত ছিলেন। তাঁর মতে এই মানুষগুলো একটি আইন মেনে চলা এবং স্থিতিশীল মধ্যবিত্ত প্রজাতান্ত্রিক সমাজব্যবস্থার আদর্শকে নষ্ট করে দিচ্ছিল। এই সময়ে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের ধনী ব্যক্তিরা বড় বড় বাগান বা ক্রীতদাস নির্ভর খামার গড়ে তোলার জন্য উন্নত মানের জমি কেনার সুযোগ খুঁজছিলেন। ১৮৪০-এর দশকের মুক্ত ভূমি আন্দোলন স্বাধীন শ্বেতাঙ্গ কৃষকদের জন্য সস্তায় জমির দাবি তুলেছিল। ১৮৬২ সালে নতুন রিপাবলিকান পার্টি এই দাবিটিকে আইনে রূপান্তর করে। এই আইনের অধীনে সমস্ত প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক পুরুষ ও মহিলাকে, তারা কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ বা শ্বেতাঙ্গ হোক অথবা জন্মগত মার্কিন বা অভিবাসী হোক, ১৬০ একর (৬৫ হেক্টর) করে চাষযোগ্য জমি বা বসতভিটা বিনা মূল্যে দেওয়ার কথা বলা হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৮৩ সালে [[মার্কিন স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ|বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধে]] জয়লাভের পর বিপুল সংখ্যক মার্কিন নাগরিক পশ্চিম দিকে পাড়ি দিতে শুরু করেন। ১৭৮৮ সালে নর্থওয়েস্ট টেরিটোরি বা উত্তর-পশ্চিম ভূখণ্ডে আসা অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীরা ওহাইওর মেরিয়েটা শহরটি প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। এটিই ছিল সেই অঞ্চলের প্রথম স্থায়ী মার্কিন বসতি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৭৫ সালে ড্যানিয়েল বুন ট্রান্সিলভানিয়া কোম্পানির জন্য ভার্জিনিয়া থেকে কাম্বারল্যান্ড গ্যাপ বা গিরিপথ হয়ে মধ্য কেন্টাকি পর্যন্ত একটি নতুন রাস্তা তৈরি করেন। পরবর্তীকালে এই পথটিকে [[লুভল|লুইভিলে]] ফলস অফ দ্য ওহাইও পর্যন্ত সম্প্রসারিত করা হয়েছিল। এই &quot;ওয়াইল্ডারনেস রোড&quot; বা বন্য পথটি ছিল অত্যন্ত খাড়া এবং দুর্গম। এই পথ দিয়ে কেবল পায়ে হেঁটে বা ঘোড়ায় চড়েই যাতায়াত করা সম্ভব ছিল। তা সত্ত্বেও [[কেন্টাকি|কেন্টাকিতে]] বসতি গড়তে যাওয়া হাজার হাজার মানুষের কাছে এটিই ছিল যাতায়াতের জন্য সবচেয়ে সুবিধাজনক পথ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিছু কিছু জায়গায় অভিযাত্রীদের স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের মুখোমুখি হতে হতো। শুধুমাত্র ১৭৮৪ সালেই আদিবাসীরা এই পথে যাতায়াতকারী ১০০-র বেশি মানুষকে হত্যা করেছিল। এই সময়ে কেন্টাকি প্রায় জনশূন্য হয়ে পড়েছিল এবং সেখানে &quot;আদিবাসীদের কোনো গ্রাম অবশিষ্ট ছিল ছিল না&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে মাঝে মাঝে আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণকারী দলগুলো সেখান দিয়ে যাতায়াত করত। এই ধরণের আক্রমণের কবলে পড়েছিলেন [[আব্রাহাম লিংকন|আব্রাহাম লিঙ্কনের]] দাদাও। ১৭৮৪ সালে লুইভিলের কাছে আদিবাসীদের হাতে তিনি প্রাণ হারান।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আদিবাসীদের জমি দখল ====
[[চিত্র:Death_tecumseh_1813.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮১৩ সালে রিচার্ড এম. জনসনের হাতে যুদ্ধে নিহত হন আদিবাসী নেতা টেকুমসেহ, যিনি পরে ভাইস প্রেসিডেন্ট হন।]]
১৮১২ সালের যুদ্ধটি ছিল একটি চূড়ান্ত লড়াই যেখানে ব্রিটিশ এবং স্থানীয় আদিবাসী বাহিনী একত্রিত হয়ে মার্কিন সীমানা বিস্তার রোধ করার চেষ্টা করেছিল। ব্রিটিশদের যুদ্ধের অন্যতম লক্ষ্য ছিল মধ্য-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলে তাদের নিজস্ব তত্ত্বাবধানে একটি আদিবাসী রাষ্ট্র তৈরি করা। এই রাষ্ট্রটি পশ্চিম দিকে আমেরিকার সীমানা বৃদ্ধিতে বাধার প্রাচীর হিসেবে কাজ করত। জেনারেল [[অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসন|অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসনের]] অধীনে মার্কিন সীমান্ত মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী ক্রিক উপজাতির আদিবাসীদের পরাজিত করে দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলকে উন্মুক্ত করে দেয়। অন্য দিকে ১৮১৩ সালে কানাডায় থেমস নদীর যুদ্ধে গভর্নর [[উইলিয়াম হেনরি হ্যারিসন|উইলিয়াম হেনরি হ্যারিসনের]] নেতৃত্বাধীন মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী আদিবাসী ও ব্রিটিশদের সম্মিলিত শক্তিকে পরাজিত করে। যুদ্ধের ময়দানে আদিবাসী নেতা টেকুমসের মৃত্যু হলে বিদ্রোহী আদিবাসী উপজাতিগুলোর মধ্যে গড়ে ওঠা জোটটি ভেঙে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  একই সময়ে ১৮১৪ সালে আলাবামার হরসশু বেন্ডের যুদ্ধে জেনারেল [[অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসন]] দক্ষিণ-পূর্বাঞ্চলে আদিবাসীদের সামরিক হুমকির অবসান ঘটান। সাধারণভাবে বলা যায় যে সীমান্তবাসীরা মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী বা ফেডারেল সরকারের খুব সামান্য সহায়তা নিয়েই আদিবাসীদের বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই চালিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Blockquote|ল্যাম্পের আলোয় হেইস সিটি ছিল অসাধারণ চঞ্চল, কিন্তু খুব একটা নীতিবান নয়। পানশালাগুলোর আলোয় রাস্তাগুলো ঝলমল করত এবং ভেতরে উঁকি দিলে দেখা যেত নর্তকীতে ঠাসা মেঝে; উজ্জ্বল পোশাক পরা মহিলারা ফিতে এবং রঙ দিয়ে তাঁদের মুখের সেই ভয়াবহ রেখাগুলো ঢাকার চেষ্টা করছেন যা 'উশৃঙ্খলতা' নামক কঠোর শিল্পী তাঁদের মুখে এঁকে দিতে ভালোবাসেন... বেহালা আর পায়ের শব্দের তালে তালে নাচ চলতে থাকে, আর আমরা সেই উন্মাদনার গোলকধাঁধায় এমন বৃদ্ধদেরও দেখেছি যারা হয়তো তাঁদের কবরের একদম কিনারে দাঁড়িয়ে নাচছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=William Edward |last=Webb |title=Buffalo land: an authentic narrative of the adventures and misadventures of a late scientific and sporting party upon the great plains of the West. With full descriptions of the buffalo, wolf, and wild horse, etc., etc. Also an appendix, constituting the work a manual for sportsmen and hand-book for emigrants seeking homes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ug5LAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA142 |year=1873 |page=142 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==== নতুন অঞ্চল এবং রাজ্য ====
[[চিত্র:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|[[টমাস জেফারসন]] নিজেকে সীমান্তের একজন মানুষ এবং একজন বিজ্ঞানী হিসেবে মনে করতেন; পশ্চিমের সীমানা বিস্তার এবং সেই অঞ্চল অনুসন্ধানে তার গভীর আগ্রহ ছিল।]]
যখন দলে দলে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা আসতে শুরু করেন, তখন সীমান্তের জেলাগুলো প্রথমে &quot;টেরিটরি&quot; বা বিশেষ ভূখণ্ডে রূপান্তরিত হতো। সেখানে জনগণের ভোটে নির্বাচিত একটি আইনসভা এবং রাষ্ট্রপতির নিযুক্ত একজন গভর্নর থাকতেন। পরবর্তীতে যখন কোনো ভূখণ্ডের জনসংখ্যা ১,০০,০০০ এ পৌঁছাত, তখন সেই অঞ্চলটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ অঙ্গরাজ্যের মর্যাদার জন্য আবেদন করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্তের এই মানুষগুলো সাধারণত পূর্ব উপকূলের উচ্চবিত্তদের পছন্দ করা জটিল আইনি আনুষ্ঠানিকতা এবং সীমিত ভোটাধিকারের প্রথাগুলোকে বর্জন করতেন। এর পরিবর্তে তারা অধিকতর গণতন্ত্র এবং সাম্যবাদী আদর্শকে গ্রহণ করে নিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮১০ সালের মধ্যে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পশ্চিম সীমান্ত [[মিসিসিপি নদী]] পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হয়েছিল। মিসৌরি অঙ্গরাজ্যের [[সেন্ট লুইস]] ছিল সেই সময়ের সীমান্তের বৃহত্তম শহর। এটি পশ্চিম দিকে যাত্রার প্রবেশদ্বার হওয়ার পাশাপাশি মিসিসিপি নদীর নৌ-চলাচল এবং অভ্যন্তরীণ বাণিজ্যের প্রধান কেন্দ্র হয়ে উঠেছিল। তবে ১৮০৩ সাল পর্যন্ত এই শহরটি স্প্যানিশদের অধীনে ছিল।

==== লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয় ====
{{Blockquote|সীমান্ত শহরের সীমানার ভেতরে বন্দুক বহন করা সাধারণত নিষিদ্ধ ছিল। ডজ সিটি থেকে টুম্বস্টোন পর্যন্ত সব জায়গাতেই অস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করার আইন ছিল সাধারণ বিষয়। যখন ডজ সিটির বাসিন্দারা তাঁদের প্রথম পৌর সরকার গঠন করেন, তখন একদম শুরুর দিকে পাস হওয়া আইনগুলোর একটি ছিল গোপনে অস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করা। শীঘ্রই এই নিষেধাজ্ঞা প্রকাশ্যে অস্ত্র বহনের ক্ষেত্রেও কার্যকর হয়। হলিউডের চলচ্চিত্রে যে চিত্র দেখা যায় যে একজন বন্দুকধারী কোমরের দুই পাশে দুটি কোল্ট নিয়ে শহরের বুক চিরে হেঁটে যাচ্ছেন—তা কেবলই একটি হলিউড চিত্র, যা স্রেফ নাটকীয়তা তৈরির জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2014/04/29/rick-santorums-misguided-view-of-gun-control-in-the-wild-west/ |title=Rick Santorum's misguided view of gun control in the Wild West |first=Glenn |last=Kassler |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 29, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[টমাস জেফারসন]] নিজেকে সীমান্তের একজন মানুষ বলে ভাবতেন এবং পশ্চিমের সীমানা বাড়ানো ও নতুন এলাকা খুঁজে দেখার ব্যাপারে তাঁর বিশেষ উৎসাহ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮০৩ সালে জেফারসনের লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের ফলে ১ কোটি ৫০ লক্ষ ডলারের বিনিময়ে দেশটির আয়তন দ্বিগুণ হয়ে যায়। এতে প্রতি একর জমির দাম পড়েছিল মাত্র ৪ সেন্টের মতো (যা ২০২৪ সালের হিসেবে প্রায় ৩১ কোটি ৫০ লক্ষ ডলার এবং প্রতি একরে ৪২ সেন্টের কম)।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ফেডারেলিস্টরা এই সীমানা বিস্তারের বিরোধিতা করেছিলেন, কিন্তু জেফারসনপন্থীরা এই সুযোগটিকে স্বাগত জানান। তারা মনে করেছিলেন এর ফলে লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন খামার তৈরি হবে যা জমি-মালিক কৃষকদের বা ইওমেনদের প্রভাব বৃদ্ধি করবে। তারা বিশ্বাস করতেন যে জমির মালিকানা একটি আদর্শ প্রজাতান্ত্রিক সমাজকে শক্তিশালী করবে, যা বাণিজ্যের বদলে কৃষির ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠবে। এই সমাজ স্বল্প শাসিত হবে এবং মানুষের মধ্যে আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা ও নৈতিকতা বৃদ্ধি করবে। একইসাথে এটি জেফারসনীয় গণতন্ত্রের রাজনৈতিক ভিত্তি হিসেবেও কাজ করবে।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আন্তর্জাতিক আইন অনুযায়ী ফ্রান্সকে এই ভূখণ্ডের সার্বভৌমত্বের জন্য অর্থ প্রদান করা হয়েছিল। ১৮০৩ থেকে ১৮৭০-এর দশকের মধ্যে ফেডারেল সরকার সেই সময়ে জমির দখলে থাকা আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের কাছ থেকেও জমি কিনে নিয়েছিল। বিংশ শতাব্দীর হিসাবরক্ষক এবং আদালতগুলো আদিবাসীদের দেওয়া এই অর্থ বা পাওনার মূল্য নির্ধারণ করেছেন। এর মধ্যে ছিল নগদ টাকা, খাবার, ঘোড়া, গবাদি পশু, নিত্যপ্রয়োজনীয় সামগ্রী, দালানকোঠা নির্মাণ এবং শিক্ষা ও চিকিৎসা সেবার মতো ভবিষ্যৎ সুযোগ-সুবিধা। নগদ অর্থের হিসেবে লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয় এলাকার উপজাতিদের মোট প্রায় ২৬০ কোটি ডলার দেওয়া হয়েছিল, যা ২০১৬ সালের হিসেবে প্রায় ৯০০ কোটি ডলারের সমান। এ ছাড়াও মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকে বসবাসকারী আদিবাসীদের তাদের জমির জন্য অতিরিক্ত অর্থ দেওয়া হয়েছিল। সেই সাথে লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের বাইরে পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের অন্যান্য অংশে বসবাসকারী আদিবাসীদেরও পাওনা পরিশোধ করা হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জমি কেনার আগেই জেফারসন সেই এলাকাগুলো অনুসন্ধান এবং মানচিত্র তৈরির জন্য অভিযানের পরিকল্পনা করছিলেন। তিনি [[লুইস ও ক্লার্কের অভিযান|লুইস এবং ক্লার্ককে]] এই দায়িত্ব দিয়ে বলেছিলেন, &quot;মিসৌরি নদী এবং এর প্রধান শাখাগুলো অনুসন্ধান করুন যা প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরের জলধারার সাথে যুক্ত হতে পারে; সেটি কলম্বিয়া, ওরেগন, কলোরাডো বা অন্য যে কোনো নদী হতে পারে যা বাণিজ্যের জন্য মহাদেশের এপার থেকে ওপার যাতায়াতে সবচেয়ে সহজ এবং কার্যকর পথ হিসেবে কাজ করবে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জেফারসন এই অভিযাত্রী দলকে ওই অঞ্চলের আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের সম্পর্কে জানার নির্দেশ দিয়েছিলেন। তাদের নৈতিকতা, ভাষা এবং সংস্কৃতি ছাড়াও আবহাওয়া, মাটি, নদী, বাণিজ্যিক লেনদেন এবং পশুপাখি ও উদ্ভিদ জগত নিয়ে পড়াশোনা করার নির্দেশও তিনি দিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{একাধিক চিত্র
| align             = 
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| image1            = Dalton Gang memento mori 1892.jpg
| image2            = Cherokeebill posing with captors.jpg
| image3            = Cherokee bill death.jpg
| footer            = (বামে): ১৮৯২ সালে কফিভিল যুদ্ধের পর ডাল্টন গ্যাং-এর সদস্যরা; (মাঝখানে): ১৮৯৫ সালে ওকলাহোমার নোয়াটাতে ট্রেন থামার সময় ক্রফোর্ড &quot;চেরোকি বিল&quot; গোল্ডসবি তাঁর বন্দিকারীদের সাথে পোজ দিচ্ছেন। বাম থেকে ডানে যথাক্রমে #৫) জেকে ক্রিটেনডেন; #৪) ডিক ক্রিটেনডেন; চেরোকি বিল; #২) ক্লিন্ট স্কেলস, #১) আইক রজার্স; #৩) ডেপুটি মার্শাল বিল স্মিথ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weE1AQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Clint+scales+photograph+with+Cherokee+Bill&amp;pg=PA398|title=Hell on the Border: He Hanged Eighty-eight Men. A History of the Great United States Criminal Court at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and of Crime and Criminals in the Indian Territory, and the Trial and Punishment Thereof Before ... Judge Isaac C. Parker ... and by the Courts of Said Territory, Embracing the Leading Sentences and Charges to Grand and Petit Juries Delivered by the World Famous Jurist – his Acknowledged Masterpieces, Besides Much Other Legal Lore ... Illustrated with Over Fifty Fine Half-tones|first=S. W.|last=Harman|date=January 10, 1898|publisher=Phoenix publishing Company|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ডানে): ১৮৯৬ সালের ১৭ই মার্চ চেরোকি বিলের ফাঁসির চিত্রায়ন, যা তাঁর মৃত্যুদণ্ডের পর সংবাদপত্রগুলোতে প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল।
}}

[[চিত্র:Fort_Nez_Perces_Trading_1841.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৪১ সালে ফোর্ট নেজ পারসেসে [[পশম বাণিজ্য|পশম ব্যবসা]]]]
[[চিত্র:353_I._Chesnut-backed_Titmouse_-_2._Black-capt_Titmouse_-_3._Chesnut-crowned_Titmouse_(cropped).jpg|থাম্ব|[[জন জেমস আদোবান|অডুবনের]] ''বার্ডস অফ আমেরিকার'' প্লেট]]
সীমান্ত যখন ক্রমশ পশ্চিম দিকে সরছিল, তখন ফাঁদ পেতে পশু শিকারি বা ট্র্যাপার এবং সাধারণ শিকারিরা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের আগেই সেই সব এলাকায় পৌঁছে যেতেন। তারা মূলত ইউরোপে পাঠানোর জন্য বিভার বা উদবিড়াল এবং অন্যান্য পশুর চামড়া বা পশম খুঁজতেন। ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট বা প্রাচীন পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বেশিরভাগ এলাকায় এই শিকারিরাই ছিলেন প্রথম পৌঁছানো ইউরোপীয়। তারাই পশ্চিমের আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সাথে প্রথম কাজের সম্পর্ক গড়ে তুলেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তারা উত্তর-পশ্চিমের ভূখণ্ড সম্পর্কে বিশদ জ্ঞান অর্জন করেছিলেন, যার মধ্যে মধ্য রকি পর্বতমালার গুরুত্বপূর্ণ &quot;সাউথ পাস&quot; বা দক্ষিণ গিরিপথটি অন্যতম ছিল। ১৮১২ সালের দিকে আবিষ্কৃত এই পথটি পরবর্তীতে ওরেগন এবং ওয়াশিংটনে যেতে চাওয়া বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের প্রধান রাস্তা হয়ে ওঠে। তবে ১৮২০ সালের মধ্যে একটি নতুন &quot;ব্রিগেড-রঁদেভ্যু&quot; বা দলগত সাক্ষাৎ ব্যবস্থা চালু হয়। এর মাধ্যমে কোম্পানির লোকেরা বড় দলে ভাগ হয়ে দীর্ঘ অভিযানের মাধ্যমে দেশজুড়ে যাতায়াত করতেন এবং অনেক আদিবাসী উপজাতিকে এড়িয়ে চলতেন। এই ব্যবস্থাটি &quot;মুক্ত শিকারি&quot;দের নিজেদের উদ্যোগে নতুন নতুন অঞ্চল খুঁজে দেখতে উৎসাহিত করেছিল। শিকারের মরসুম শেষে এই শিকারিরা [[সবুজ নদী (কলোরাডো নদীর উপনদী)|গ্রিন রিভার]], আপার মিসৌরি এবং আপার মিসিসিপি নদীর তীরের বন্দরগুলোতে নির্দিষ্ট জায়গায় বা রঁদেভ্যুতে সমবেত হতেন এবং তাদের সংগৃহীত পণ্যের বিনিময়ে পারিশ্রমিক বুঝে নিতেন। এই ধরণের মিলনস্থল বা রঁদেভ্যু শহরগুলোর মধ্যে সেন্ট লুইস ছিল বৃহত্তম। তবে ১৮৩০ সালের মধ্যে ফ্যাশন বদলে যায় এবং বিভার বা পশমের টুপির জায়গা দখল করে নেয় রেশমি টুপি। এর ফলে দামি আমেরিকান পশমের চাহিদা কমে যায়। এভাবেই জেডেডিয়া স্মিথ, হিউ গ্লাস, ডেভি ক্রকেট, জ্যাক ওমোহুন্ড্রো এবং তাঁদের মতো অন্যান্য মাউন্টেন মেন, শিকারি ও পথপ্রদর্শকদের যুগের অবসান ঘটে। ১৮৪৫ সালের মধ্যে বিভারের পশমের ব্যবসা কার্যত বন্ধ হয়ে গিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফেডারেল সরকার এবং পশ্চিমমুখী সম্প্রসারণ ====
যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থা ছিল একটি অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়। নদীপথে নৌ-চলাচল সহজতর করার সম্পূর্ণ দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়েছিল সেনাবাহিনীর ওপর, বিশেষ করে আর্মি কোর অফ ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্সকে। ১৮১১ সালে ওহিও নদীতে প্রথম বাষ্পীয় চালিত নৌকা বা স্টিমবোট ব্যবহার করা হয়। এর ফলে নদীপথ ব্যবহার করে, বিশেষত মিসিসিপি ও মিসৌরি নদী এবং তাদের শাখা নদীগুলোর মাধ্যমে স্বল্প ব্যয়ে যাতায়াত করা সম্ভব হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১ ১৮১৮ থেকে ১৮২৫ সালের মধ্যে মিসৌরি নদীতে পরিচালিত সামরিক অভিযানগুলো প্রকৌশলীদের স্টিমবোট প্রযুক্তির উন্নয়নে সাহায্য করেছিল। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ১৮১৯ সালের সামরিক স্টিমবোট &quot;ওয়েস্টার্ন ইঞ্জিনিয়ার&quot; অগভীর জলে চলার ক্ষমতার সাথে শুরুর দিকের  পিছনের চাকাযুক্ত প্রযুক্তির সমন্বয় ঘটানো হয়েছিল। এ ছাড়া ১৮১৯ থেকে ১৮২৫ সালের মধ্যে কর্নেল হেনরি অ্যাটকিনসন হাতে চালিত প্যাডেল হুইল বিশিষ্ট বিশেষ ধরণের নৌকা তৈরি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জাতীয় সীমানা বিস্তারে ফেডারেল ডাক ব্যবস্থার ভূমিকা ছিল অপরিসীম। একটি সস্তা, দ্রুত এবং সুবিধাজনক যোগাযোগ ব্যবস্থা গড়ে তোলার মাধ্যমে এটি পশ্চিমের প্রসারে গতি এনেছিল। আদি বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের পাঠানো চিঠিগুলো থেকে পাওয়া তথ্য এবং উৎসাহমূলক বার্তাগুলো অন্যদেরও পশ্চিমে আসতে উৎসাহিত করত। এই ডাক ব্যবস্থার মাধ্যমেই ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে থাকা পরিবারগুলো একে অপরের সাথে যোগাযোগ রাখতে পারত এবং ব্যবসায়ীরা নতুন সুযোগের সন্ধান পেত। এ ছাড়া এটি পূর্বের পাইকারি বিক্রেতা ও কারখানাগুলোর সাথে পশ্চিমের বণিকদের নিয়মিত বাণিজ্যিক সম্পর্ক বজায় রাখতে সাহায্য করেছিল। ডাক পরিষেবা একইভাবে সেনাবাহিনীকে বিশাল পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় ভূখণ্ডের ওপর নিয়ন্ত্রণ বাড়াতেও সাহায্য করেছিল। ''নিউ ইয়র্ক উইকলি ট্রিবিউনের'' মতো গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সংবাদপত্রগুলো ডাকের মাধ্যমে ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়ায় বিভিন্ন রাজ্যের রাজনীতিকদের মধ্যে সমন্বয় করা সহজ হয়ে যায়। এই ডাক ব্যবস্থা বিদ্যমান জনপদগুলোর সাথে সীমান্ত এলাকার সেতুবন্ধন তৈরি করে জাতীয়তাবাদের জন্ম দেয় এবং একটি প্রয়োজনীয় পরিকাঠামো প্রদান করে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সেনাবাহিনী শুরু থেকেই পশ্চিমমুখী প্রসারের পথগুলো বরাবর বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের নিরাপত্তার দায়িত্ব গ্রহণ করেছিল। ১৮৫৭ সালে মার্কিন যুদ্ধ সচিব জন বি ফয়েড এই নীতিটি এভাবে বর্ণনা করেছিলেন:&lt;ref name=&quot;forts&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger, and D.A. Russell, 1849–1912|শেষাংশ=Hogland|প্রথমাংশ=Alison K.|প্রকাশক=University of Oklahoma Press|পাতা=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;আমাদের সীমান্তের সমান্তরালে অথচ আদিবাসীদের স্বাভাবিক বাসস্থানের কাছাকাছি নির্দিষ্ট দূরত্বে এবং উপযুক্ত স্থানে যদি পদাতিক বাহিনীর ঘাঁটি স্থাপন করা হয়, তবে তা উপজাতিগুলোর ওপর একটি কার্যকর নিয়ন্ত্রণ বজায় রাখবে। তারা অনুভব করতে পারবে যে শ্বেতাঙ্গদের জনপদে তাদের যোদ্ধারা কোনো আক্রমণ চালালে তাৎক্ষণিকভাবে তাদের নিজেদের ঘরবাড়িতেও পাল্টা আঘাত আসতে পারে।&lt;/blockquote&gt;সেই সময়ে দুর্গের সঠিক আকার কেমন হওয়া উচিত তা নিয়ে একটি বিতর্ক তৈরি হয়েছিল। জেফারসন ডেভিস, উইনফিল্ড স্কট এবং থমাস জেসাপ সংখ্যায় কম কিন্তু আকারে বড় দুর্গের পক্ষে ছিলেন। অন্যদিকে ফ্লয়েডের পরিকল্পনাটি ছিল বেশি ব্যয়বহুল কিন্তু সাধারণ মানুষ ও বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা এটিই বেশি পছন্দ করত, কারণ তারা চাইত সেনাবাহিনী যেন তাদের যতটা সম্ভব কাছাকাছি থাকে। সীমান্ত এলাকাটি ছিল বিশাল এবং ডেভিসও শেষ পর্যন্ত স্বীকার করেছিলেন যে, &quot;একই জায়গায় সেনাবাহিনী কেন্দ্রীভূত করলে সীমান্তের অনেক অংশ আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের মুখে অরক্ষিত হয়ে পড়বে।&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;forts&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger, and D.A. Russell, 1849–1912|শেষাংশ=Hogland|প্রথমাংশ=Alison K.|প্রকাশক=University of Oklahoma Press|পাতা=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== বিজ্ঞানী, শিল্পী এবং অভিযাত্রী ====
[[চিত্র:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Fort_Laramie_-_Walters_37194049.jpg|ডান|থাম্ব|১৮৪০ সালের আগের চেহারার প্রথম ফোর্ট লারামি । আলফ্রেড জ্যাকব মিলারের স্মৃতি থেকে আঁকা ছবি]]
সরকারি এবং বেসরকারি বিভিন্ন উদ্যোগের মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমের অজানা অঞ্চলগুলো খুঁজে দেখার জন্য বহু অভিযাত্রীকে পাঠানো হয়েছিল। ১৮০৫-১৮০৬ সালের দিকে সেনাবাহিনীর লেফটেন্যান্ট জেবুলন পাইক (১৭৭৯-১৮১৩) ২০ জন সৈন্যের একটি দল নিয়ে মিসিসিপি নদীর উৎসের সন্ধানে যাত্রা করেছিলেন। পরবর্তীতে তিনি স্প্যানিশ ভূখণ্ডের রেড এবং আরকানসাস নদীগুলোর গতিপথ অনুসন্ধান করেন এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত [[রিও গ্রান্দে|রিও গ্র্যান্ডে]] গিয়ে পৌঁছান। ফেরার পথে পাইক কলোরাডোর সেই সুউচ্চ পর্বতশৃঙ্গটি দেখতে পান যা বর্তমানে তাঁর নামেই পরিচিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মেজর স্টিফেন হ্যারিম্যান লং (১৭৮৪-১৮৬৪) ১৮১৯-১৮২০ সালে ইয়েলোস্টোন এবং মিসৌরি অভিযান পরিচালনা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু ১৮২৩ সালে গ্রেট প্লেইনস অঞ্চলকে তিনি অত্যন্ত শুষ্ক এবং চাষবাসের অযোগ্য হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেন। এর ফলে এলাকাটি &quot;গ্রেট আমেরিকান মরুভূমি&quot;  হিসেবে কুখ্যাতি পায়। এই নেতিবাচক প্রচারের কারণে পরবর্তী কয়েক দশক ধরে সেই এলাকায় জনবসতি স্থাপনের বিষয়ে সাধারণ মানুষ নিরুৎসাহিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গৃহযুদ্ধ-পূর্ব পশ্চিমাঞ্চল ===

==== ধর্ম ====
[[চিত্র:Circuit_rider_illustration_Eggleston.png|থাম্ব|এডওয়ার্ড এগলস্টনের লেখা ''&quot;দ্য সার্কিট রাইডার: আ টেল অফ দ্য হিরোইক এজ&quot;'' বই থেকে চিত্রিত। সুসংগঠিত মেথডিস্টরা একটি ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলে একাধিক গির্জা তৈরি এবং পরিবেশন করার জন্য সার্কিট রাইডারকে পাঠিয়েছিলেন।]]
{{Blockquote|একজন অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীর বাহ্যিক রূপ ছিল অত্যন্ত স্বতন্ত্র। তাদের পরনে থাকত হাতে তৈরি চামড়ার প্যান্ট, মোকাশিন জুতো, পশমের তৈরি টুপি এবং শিকার করার জন্য বিশেষভাবে তৈরি জামা। কোমরে একটি বেল্ট বা কোমরবন্ধনী বাঁধা থাকত যেখান থেকে একটি শিকারি ছুরি এবং কার্তুজের ব্যাগ ঝুলত। এই সমস্ত কিছুই তারা নিজেরা ঘরে বসে তৈরি করতেন। অল্প সময়ের মধ্যেই তিনি বনের একটি নির্দিষ্ট অংশ পরিষ্কার করে সেখানে ভুট্টা, গম, তিসি, তামাক এবং অন্যান্য ফসল চাষ করতে শুরু করতেন। এমনকি ফলের বাগানও তৈরি করতেন অনেকে।}}
স্থানীয় ব্যাপটিস্টরা অনেকগুলো ছোট ছোট স্বাধীন গির্জা স্থাপন করেছিলেন কারণ তারা কোনো কেন্দ্রীয় প্রশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্রণ পছন্দ করতেন না। প্রতিটি স্থানীয় গির্জা নিজস্ব উপাসনাকারীদের স্বাধীনতার নীতির ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। অন্যদিকে সুসংগঠিত এবং কেন্দ্রীয়ভাবে নিয়ন্ত্রিত মেথডিস্টদের বিশপরা নির্দিষ্ট এলাকার জন্য সার্কিট রাইডার বা ভ্রাম্যমাণ ধর্মপ্রচারক নিয়োগ করতেন। এই প্রচারকরা কয়েক বছর একটি নির্দিষ্ট এলাকায় কাজ করার পর তাদের আবার নতুন কোনো অঞ্চলে ধর্ম প্রচারের জন্য পাঠিয়ে দেওয়া হতো। এই সময়ে বেশ কিছু নতুন ধর্মীয় শাখা বা গোষ্ঠী তৈরি হয়েছিল যার মধ্যে খ্রীষ্টের শিষ্যরা ছিল বৃহত্তম।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পূর্ব উপকূলের সুপ্রতিষ্ঠিত গির্জাগুলো সীমান্তের মানুষের এই আধ্যাত্মিক প্রয়োজনীয়তা মেটাতে কিছুটা সময় নিয়েছিল। প্রেসবিটেরিয়ান এবং কংগ্রিগেশনালিস্টরা যেহেতু মূলত সুশিক্ষিত ধর্মযাজকদের ওপর নির্ভর করতেন, তাই সীমান্তের মানুষের মধ্যে ধর্ম প্রচারের জন্য তাদের প্রয়োজনীয় জনবলের অভাব দেখা দিয়েছিল। সীমান্তে নিজেদের সম্পদ ও শক্তিকে একত্রিত করে কাজ করার জন্য তারা ১৮০১ সালে একটি ঐক্য পরিকল্পনা বা প্ল্যান অফ ইউনিয়ন তৈরি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মধ্য-পশ্চিমে গণতন্ত্র ====
ইতিহাসবিদ মার্ক ওয়াইম্যান উইসকনসিনকে একটি &quot;একের ওপর এক লেখা প্রাচীন পাণ্ডুলিপি&quot; বলে অভিহিত করেছেন যেখানে বিভিন্ন জাতি এবং শক্তির প্রভাবে স্থায়ী ছাপ রয়ে গিয়েছে। তিনি গত তিন শতাব্দী ধরে গড়ে ওঠা এই স্তরগুলোকে বিভিন্ন &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেছেন। যেমন আদিবাসী আমেরিকান সীমান্ত, ফরাসি সীমান্ত, ব্রিটিশ সীমান্ত, পশম ব্যবসার সীমান্ত, খনিজ উত্তোলনের সীমান্ত এবং কাঠ কাটার সীমান্ত। সবশেষে রেলপথের আগমনের মাধ্যমেই এই সীমান্ত যুগের অবসান ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার উইসকনসিনের সীমান্তের শেষ পর্যায়ে সেখানে বড় হয়েছিলেন এবং অঙ্গরাজ্যটি ভ্রমণের সময় তিনি এই সামাজিক ও রাজনৈতিক বিবর্তনের স্তরগুলো প্রত্যক্ষ করেছিলেন। টার্নারের শেষ ছাত্রদের মধ্যে একজন ছিলেন মার্লে কার্টি। তিনি গণতন্ত্র সম্পর্কে টার্নারের তত্ত্বটি যাচাই করার জন্য উইসকনসিনের স্থানীয় ইতিহাসের ওপর একটি গভীর বিশ্লেষণ পরিচালনা করেন। টার্নারের মতে আমেরিকান গণতন্ত্রের অর্থ ছিল &quot;সাধারণ জীবনকে প্রভাবিত করে এমন সিদ্ধান্ত গ্রহণের ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণ মানুষের ব্যাপক অংশগ্রহণ, ব্যক্তিগত উদ্যোগ ও আত্মনির্ভরশীলতার বিকাশ এবং অর্থনৈতিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক সুযোগের সমতা। এর সাথে অভিবাসীদের আমেরিকান হিসেবে গড়ে তোলার প্রক্রিয়াটিও জড়িয়ে ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কার্টি তথ্য সংগ্রহ করে দেখেন যে ১৮৪০ থেকে ১৮৬০ সালের মধ্যে উইসকনসিনের দরিদ্রতম গোষ্ঠীগুলো খুব দ্রুত জমির মালিকানা লাভ করেছিল এবং তারা প্রায়শই স্থানীয় পর্যায়ের রাজনৈতিক নেতৃত্বে উঠে আসত। তিনি আরও লক্ষ্য করেন যে এমনকি ভূমিহীন তরুণ খামার শ্রমিকরাও খুব শীঘ্রই নিজেদের খামারের মালিক হতে সক্ষম হতেন। তাই সীমান্তের এই মুক্ত জমি ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসী এবং পুরোনো শ্বেতাঙ্গ মার্কিনি বা ইয়াঙ্কি উভয় পক্ষের জন্যই সুযোগ এবং গণতন্ত্র তৈরি করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম ====
১৭৭০ থেকে ১৮৩০ এর দশক পর্যন্ত অভিযাত্রীরা কেন্টাকি থেকে শুরু করে অ্যালাবামা এবং টেক্সাস পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত নতুন জমিগুলোতে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন। তাদের মধ্যে অধিকাংশই ছিলেন কৃষক যারা দলবদ্ধভাবে সপরিবারে সেখানে যেতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ইতিহাসবিদ লুই হ্যাকার দেখিয়েছেন যে প্রথম প্রজন্মের অভিযাত্রীরা কতটা অপচয়কারী ছিলেন। সঠিকভাবে জমি চাষ করার বিষয়ে তাদের পর্যাপ্ত জ্ঞান ছিল না এবং যখন কুমারী জমির প্রাকৃতিক উর্বরতা শেষ হয়ে যেত তখন তারা সেই জমি বিক্রি করে দিয়ে আবার নতুন করে চেষ্টা করার জন্য পশ্চিম দিকে চলে যেতেন। হ্যাকার ১৮১২ সালের দিকে কেন্টাকির অবস্থা বর্ণনা করতে গিয়ে লিখেছেন:
{{Blockquote|মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র কখনোই আদিবাসীদের কাছ থেকে শান্তিপূর্ণ উপায় এবং তাদের অবাধ সম্মতি ছাড়া জমি দখল করতে চায় না। তবে এই প্রক্রিয়ার মাধ্যমেই ক্রমবর্ধমান জনসংখ্যার প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী নিজেদের স্বীকৃত সীমানার ভেতরের প্রতিটি অংশকে বন্য অবস্থা থেকে উদ্ধার করে চাষযোগ্য করে তুলতে তারা সম্পূর্ণ বদ্ধপরিকর। লক্ষ লক্ষ সভ্য মানুষের বাঁচার রসদ জোগানোর এই কাজে ন্যায়বিচার বা মানবতার কোনো আদর্শই ক্ষুণ্ণ হবে না। কারণ যে কয়েক হাজার অসভ্য মানুষ ঐ এলাকায় ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে আছেন তারা যে অধিকার ত্যাগ করবেন তার বিনিময়ে তাদের উপযুক্ত ক্ষতিপূরণ দেওয়া হবে। এর পাশাপাশি তাদের কাছে চাষাবাদের জন্য যতটা জমি প্রয়োজন বা জীবনধারণের জন্য যতটুকু জায়গা যথেষ্ট তার চেয়েও বেশি জমি তাদের মালিকানাতেই থাকবে। যদি একে ক্ষমতা বিস্তারের আকাঙ্ক্ষা বলা হয় তবে আমরা তা স্বীকার করতে প্রস্তুত। কিন্তু এর মাধ্যমে ইউরোপীয় দেশগুলোর সাথে বিদ্যমান সীমানা অসম্মান করার বা গ্রেট ব্রিটেনের ভূখণ্ড দখল করার বিন্দুমাত্র ইচ্ছা প্রকাশ পায় না। [...] তারা বিশ্বাস করে না যে সেই সরকার কেবল কিছু অসভ্য মানুষের জন্য এক চিরস্থায়ী মরুভূমি বজায় রাখার তাগিদে মার্কিন ভূখণ্ডের ভেতরে তাদের স্বাভাবিক বিকাশের পথে বাধা সৃষ্টি করবে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|jstor=1896318|at=quote on p.&amp;nbsp;507|title=The West in American Diplomacy, 1812–1815|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=26|issue=4|last1=Gates|first1=Charles M.|year=1940|doi=10.2307/1896318}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
হ্যাকার আরও উল্লেখ করেন যে দ্বিতীয় তরঙ্গে আসা বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা জমিগুলো উদ্ধার করেন এবং ক্ষতিগুলো মেরামত করে আরও টেকসই কৃষিব্যবস্থা গড়ে তোলেন। ইতিহাসবিদ ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার প্রথম প্রজন্মের এই ব্যক্তিগত স্বাতন্ত্র্যবাদী বিশ্ববীক্ষা ও মূল্যবোধ নিয়ে গবেষণা করেছিলেন:
{{Blockquote|দশ থেকে পঞ্চাশ একর পরিষ্কার করা জমি সম্বলিত খামারগুলো বিক্রির জন্য তৈরি ছিল। সেখানে কাঠের বাড়ি, পিচ ফলের বাগান এবং কখনও কখনও আপেল বাগানও থাকত। এই জমিগুলো বেড়া দিয়ে ঘেরা ছিল এবং জ্বালানি হিসেবে ব্যবহারের জন্য সেখানে প্রচুর গাছপালাও ছিল। এই জমিগুলোতে মূলত প্রধান ফসল হিসেবে গম ও ভুট্টা বোনা হতো। তবে দড়ি তৈরির জন্য উর্বর নদী উপত্যকায় ক্রমশ শণ চাষের পরিমাণও বাড়ছিল...। তবুও সামগ্রিকভাবে এটি ছিল এমন একটি কৃষিভিত্তিক সমাজ যেখানে দক্ষতা বা সম্পদের অভাব ছিল। তারা সেই সমস্ত ভুল কাজ করত যা একজন অপচয়কারী এবং অজ্ঞ চাষির পরিচায়ক। ঘাস থেকে খড় তৈরির জন্য তারা বীজ বুনত না এবং এর ফলে খামারের পশুদের খাবারের জন্য বনের ওপর নির্ভর করতে হতো। মাঠগুলোকে চারণভূমি হিসেবে ব্যবহারের সুযোগ দেওয়া হতো না। জমির উর্বরতা পুরোপুরি শেষ না হওয়া পর্যন্ত সেখানে বারবার একই ফসল চাষ করা হতো। জমির পুষ্টি ফেরানোর জন্য পুনরায় সেখানে গোবর বা সার ব্যবহার করা হতো না। খামারের জমির মাত্র একটি ছোট অংশে চাষ করা হতো এবং বাকি অংশে গাছপালা জন্মানোর জন্য ফেলে রাখা হতো। চাষের সরঞ্জামগুলো ছিল অত্যন্ত স্থূল ও আনাড়ি ধরণের এবং সেগুলোর সংখ্যাও ছিল খুব কম কারণ তার বেশিরভাগই খামারে তৈরি করা হতো। আমেরিকান সীমান্তবাসীরা কেন সবসময় এক জায়গা থেকে অন্য জায়গায় ঘুরে বেড়াতেন তা এখন পরিষ্কার। সভ্য সমাজের সুযোগ-সুবিধা বা কঠোর নিয়মের প্রতি ভয় তাদের এই বিরামহীন ছোটাছুটির কারণ ছিল না কিংবা নবাগতদের কাছে লাভজনক মূল্যে জমি বিক্রি করার সুযোগও এর প্রধান কারণ ছিল না। মূলত জমির ক্ষয়ই তাদের তাড়িয়ে নিয়ে বেড়াত। ক্ষুধাই ছিল তাদের একমাত্র তাড়না। এই অগ্রগামী কৃষকদের অজ্ঞতা, চাষাবাদের অপর্যাপ্ত সুযোগ এবং যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থার সীমাবদ্ধতা তাদের ঘন ঘন জায়গা বদলাতে বাধ্য করত। তারা কেবল কুমারী বা নতুন উর্বর জমিতেই সফল হতে পারতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 1892931|title = Western Land Hunger and the War of 1812: A Conjecture|journal = The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume = 10|issue = 4|pages = 365–395|last1 = Hacker|first1 = Louis Morton|year = 1924|doi = 10.2307/1892931}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==== প্রকাশ্য নিয়তি ====
{{Blockquote|তারা মূলত সেই সমস্ত অযৌক্তিক বাধা বা কৃত্রিম সীমাবদ্ধতার বিরোধিতা করত যা এই সীমান্তবাসীদের কারো পক্ষপাতিত্ব বা ভয় ছাড়াই নিজের জীবন গড়ে তোলার পথে অন্তরায় হয়ে দাঁড়াত। পার্থক্যের এই যে দীর্ঘস্থায়ী রূপ, সুযোগের একচেটিয়া অধিকার এবং সরকার বা সামাজিক প্রথার মাধ্যমে সেই একচেটিয়া অধিকারকে স্থায়ী করে দেওয়া—এই বিষয়গুলোকেই তারা সহজাতভাবে ঘৃণা করত। পথ সবসময় খোলা রাখতে হবে। খেলার নিয়ম মেনেই খেলা চলতে হবে। সুযোগের সমতাকে কৃত্রিমভাবে দমিয়ে রাখা যাবে না, দক্ষ মানুষের জন্য দরজা বন্ধ করা চলবে না এবং খেলা শেষ না হওয়া পর্যন্ত এই অবাধ প্রতিযোগিতাকে থামানো যাবে না। এর চেয়েও বড় কথা ছিল একটি অনুক্ত কিন্তু বাস্তব অনুভূতি। এই প্রতিযোগিতায় সফল হওয়ার মাধ্যমে কোনো দক্ষ ব্যক্তি শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব অর্জন করতে পারেন, কিন্তু সেই সাফল্য তাকে তার প্রতিবেশীদের নিচু চোখে দেখার কোনো অধিকার দেয় না। শ্রেষ্ঠত্বের দোহাই দিয়ে অহংকার করা বা কম সফলদের সমান অধিকার ও মর্যাদাকে খর্ব করার কোনো চিরস্থায়ী অধিকারও তার নেই।&lt;ref&gt;Frederick Jackson Turner, ''The Frontier in American History'' (1920) p.&amp;nbsp;342.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[চিত্র:United_States_1834-1836-03.png|থাম্ব|১৮৩৪-১৮৩৬ সালে মার্কিন অঞ্চলগুলি]]
ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি বা বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্য ছিল একটি বিতর্কিত বিশ্বাস যে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের সীমানা আটলান্টিক উপকূল থেকে প্রশান্ত মহাসাগর পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হওয়া পূর্বনির্ধারিত ছিল এবং এই বিশ্বাসকে বাস্তবে রূপ দেওয়ার জন্য নানা প্রচেষ্টা চালানো হয়েছিল। এই ধারণাটি ঔপনিবেশিক আমলেই পরিলক্ষিত হয়েছিল, কিন্তু ১৮৪০-এর দশকে একটি জনপ্রিয় সাময়িকী প্রথম এই শব্দবন্ধটি ব্যবহার করে। সেখানে সম্পাদকীয়তে লেখা হয়েছিল, &quot;আমাদের বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্য পূরণ করাই হলো... সেই মহাদেশে ছড়িয়ে পড়া যা বিধাতা আমাদের প্রতি বছর বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া লক্ষ লক্ষ মানুষের অবাধ বিকাশের জন্য বরাদ্দ করেছেন।&quot;। দেশের উন্নতির সাথে সাথে &quot;ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি&quot; ডেমোক্র্যাটিক পার্টির সম্প্রসারণবাদীদের কাছে একটি প্রধান স্লোগান হয়ে ওঠে। ১৮৪০-এর দশকে টাইলার এবং পোল্ক প্রশাসন (১৮৪১-১৮৪৯) সফলভাবে এই জাতীয়তাবাদী মতবাদটির প্রচার চালিয়েছিল। তবে ব্যবসায়িক এবং আর্থিক স্বার্থের প্রতিনিধিত্বকারী হুইগ পার্টি এই বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্যের আদর্শের বিরোধিতা করেছিল। হেনরি ক্লে এবং আব্রাহাম লিনকনের মতো হুইগ নেতারা সাধারণ ভৌগোলিক প্রসারের বদলে আধুনিকায়ন এবং নগরায়নের মাধ্যমে সমাজকে আরও উন্নত করার আহ্বান জানিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্সাসকে অন্তর্ভুক্ত করার মাধ্যমে সম্প্রসারণবাদীরা জয়লাভ করেন। ১৮৪৫ সালে টেক্সাসকে যুক্ত করার ঘটনাটি দাসপ্রথা বিরোধী হুইগ নেতা [[জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামস|জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামসের]] কাছে &quot;আমার নিজের এবং আমার দেশের জন্য ঘটা সবচেয়ে বড় বিপর্যয়&quot; বলে মনে হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪০-এর দশকে পশম ব্যবসায়ী এবং ফ্রেমন্টের অভিযানের মাধ্যমে পাওয়া রাস্তার খবরাখবর নিয়ে প্রকাশিত অভিবাসীদের &quot;পথনির্দেশিকা বই&quot;গুলো বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের পশ্চিম দিকে যেতে অনেক সাহায্য করেছিল। এই বইগুলো রকি পর্বতমালার ওপারে উর্বর চাষযোগ্য জমির প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;, For example, see {{বই উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআরএল=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXgUAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA160|শিরোনাম=Life on the plains and among the diggings: being scenes and adventures of an overland journey to California: with particular incidents of the route, mistakes and sufferings of the emigrants, the Indian tribes, the present and the future of the great West|শেষাংশ=Delano|প্রথমাংশ=Alonzo|বছর=1854|প্রকাশক=Miller, Orton &amp; Mulligan|পাতা=160}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মেক্সিকো এবং টেক্সাস ====
{{Blockquote|আমি জানতাম যে বন্য আরোহীরা এবং সেই জনশূন্য ভূমি চিরতরে হারিয়ে যেতে বসেছে... আমি আমেরিকার তিন শতাব্দীর ধোঁয়া, ধুলো আর ঘামের এক জীবন্ত এবং সশব্দ পরিসমাপ্তি দেখেছিলাম।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-first=Nicolas S.|editor-last=Witschi|title=A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gm0vRsG7jZ8C&amp;pg=PA271|year=2011|publisher=Wiley|page=271|isbn=978-1444396577}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[চিত্র:SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৩৬ সালে মেক্সিকান জেনারেল সান্তা আনার আত্মসমর্পণ গ্রহণ করছেন স্যাম হিউস্টন]]
১৮২১ সালে মেক্সিকো স্পেনের হাত থেকে স্বাধীনতা লাভ করে এবং টেক্সাস থেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত স্পেনের উত্তরের এলাকাগুলো নিজেদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে নেয়। আমেরিকান ক্যারাভান বা পণ্যবাহী দলগুলো সান্টা ফে ট্রেইল ধরে মেক্সিকোর সান্টা ফে শহরে পণ্য সরবরাহ করতে শুরু করে। মিসৌরির কানসাস সিটি (যা তখন ওয়েস্টপোর্ট নামে পরিচিত ছিল) থেকে ১,৪০০ কিলোমিটার (৮৭০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ এই পথ পাড়ি দিতে ৪৮ দিন সময় লাগত। সান্টা ফে শহরটি &quot;এল কামিনো রিয়াল&quot; বা রাজপথের যাত্রাপথ হিসেবেও ব্যবহৃত হতো। এটি ছিল এমন একটি বাণিজ্য পথ যার মাধ্যমে আমেরিকার তৈরি পণ্য মেক্সিকোর গভীর অভ্যন্তরে পাঠানো হতো এবং বিনিময়ে রূপো, পশুর পশম ও খচ্চর উত্তরে নিয়ে আসা হতো (ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার মিশনগুলোকে যুক্ত করা অন্য একটি &quot;কামিনো রিয়ালের&quot; সাথে এটিকে গুলিয়ে ফেললে চলবে না)। এই পথের একটি শাখা মেক্সিকো উপসাগরের পাশ দিয়ে পূর্ব দিকেও গিয়েছিল যাকে ওল্ড সান আন্তোনিও রোড বলা হতো। সান্টা ফে শহরটি ওল্ড স্প্যানিশ ট্রেইল বা প্রাচীন স্প্যানিশ পথের মাধ্যমে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার সাথে সরাসরি যুক্ত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মেক্সিকান-আমেরিকান যুদ্ধ ====
{{Blockquote|কারা খারাপ লোক তা বলা সহজ—তারা প্রায় সবসময়ই শ্বেতাঙ্গ, পুরুষ এবং মধ্যবিত্ত বা তার চেয়ে উচ্চবিত্ত, অন্যদিকে ভালো লোকরা প্রায় সবসময়ই অ-শ্বেতাঙ্গ, নারী বা নিম্নবিত্ত শ্রেণীর... অ্যাংলো-আমেরিকান সভ্যতাকে পিতৃতান্ত্রিক, বর্ণবাদী, গণহত্যাকারী এবং পরিবেশ ধ্বংসকারী হিসেবে উপস্থাপন করা হয়। সেইসাথে অভিযোগ করা হয় যে তারা ভণ্ডামির মাধ্যমে সেইসব আদর্শের সাথে বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা করেছে যার ওপর ভিত্তি করে এই সভ্যতা গড়ে ওঠার কথা ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=William E. |last=Weeks|chapter=American Expansionism, 1815–1860|editor-first=Robert D.|editor-last=Schulzinger|title=A Companion to American Foreign Relations|publisher=Blackwell|date=2006|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_jk8rKq5_MC&amp;pg=PA65|page=65|isbn=978-0470999035}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[চিত্র:Kearny-Las-Vegas-Aug-1846-engraving-1882.jpg|থাম্ব|জেনারেল কার্নির [[নিউ মেক্সিকো]] দখল, ১৫ আগস্ট, ১৮৪৬]]
মেক্সিকো ১৮৩৬ সালে টেক্সাসের স্বাধীনতা স্বীকার করতে অস্বীকার করলেও মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এবং ইউরোপীয় শক্তিগুলো তা মেনে নিয়েছিল। মেক্সিকো হুমকি দিয়েছিল যে টেক্সাস যদি আমেরিকার সাথে যুক্ত হয় তবে তারা যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা করবে। ১৮৪৫ সালে টেক্সাসের অন্তর্ভুক্তির পর ঠিক সেটাই ঘটেছিল। মেক্সিকোর অভ্যন্তরীণ রাজনৈতিক ডামাডোলের কারণে আমেরিকার আলোচনাকারীরা সেখান থেকে বিফল হয়ে ফিরে আসেন। যখন একটি বিতর্কিত এলাকায় মেক্সিকান সেনাবাহিনী ১৬ জন মার্কিন সৈন্যকে হত্যা করে, তখন যুদ্ধ অনিবার্য হয়ে পড়ে। কংগ্রেস সদস্য [[আব্রাহাম লিংকন|আব্রাহাম লিংকনের]] মতো হুইগ নেতারা এই যুদ্ধের তীব্র নিন্দা করেছিলেন। তবে নিউ ইংল্যান্ড অঞ্চলের বাইরে এই যুদ্ধ বেশ জনপ্রিয়তা পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মেক্সিকোর রণকৌশল ছিল মূলত প্রতিরক্ষামূলক। অন্যদিকে আমেরিকা বিপুল সংখ্যক স্বেচ্ছাসেবী সৈন্য নিয়ে তিন দিক থেকে আক্রমণ করার পরিকল্পনা গ্রহণ করে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকার স্থলবাহিনী খুব সামান্য প্রতিরোধের মাধ্যমেই নিউ মেক্সিকো দখল করে নেয়। এরপর তারা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দিকে অগ্রসর হয়। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া খুব দ্রুত আমেরিকার স্থল ও নৌবাহিনীর নিয়ন্ত্রণে চলে আসে। নিউ অরলিন্সের প্রধান ঘাঁটি থেকে জেনারেল [[জ্যাকারি টেইলার|জ্যাকারি টেলর]] উত্তর মেক্সিকোতে সৈন্য পরিচালনা করেন। তিনি সেখানে ধারাবাহিকভাবে বেশ কিছু যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করেন। মার্কিন নৌবাহিনী জেনারেল উইনফিল্ড স্কটকে ভেরাক্রুজ বন্দরে পৌঁছে দেয়। এরপর তিনি তাঁর ১২,০০০ সৈন্যের বাহিনী নিয়ে পশ্চিম দিকে মেক্সিকো সিটির অভিমুখে যাত্রা করেন এবং চ্যাপুল্টেপেক নামক স্থানে চূড়ান্ত যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করেন। সমগ্র মেক্সিকো দখল করে নেওয়ার পরিকল্পনাটি শেষ পর্যন্ত বাতিল করা হয়। কারণ মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী বুঝতে পারে যে মেক্সিকোর রাজনৈতিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক মূল্যবোধ আমেরিকার তুলনায় একেবারেই আলাদা। যেমনটা ''সিনসিনাটি হেরাল্ড'' পত্রিকায় প্রশ্ন তোলা হয়েছিল যে, মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র ৮০ লক্ষ মেক্সিকানদের নিয়ে কী করবে &quot;যাদের মূর্তিপূজা, পৌত্তলিক কুসংস্কার এবং অধঃপতিত মিশ্র জাতি বিদ্যমান?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== টেক্সাসের বৃদ্ধি ====
দলে দলে অভিবাসীরা পূর্ব টেক্সাসের উর্বর তুলা চাষের জমিতে আসতে শুরু করার ফলে নতুন এই অঙ্গরাজ্যটি খুব দ্রুত উন্নতির পথে এগিয়ে চলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জার্মানিতে তৈরি হওয়া অর্থনৈতিক, সামাজিক এবং রাজনৈতিক অস্থিরতার কারণে ১৮৪০-এর দশকের শুরুর দিকে সেখান থেকে অনেক জার্মান অভিবাসী এখানে আসতে শুরু করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; পূর্ব দিকের জেলাগুলোতে বড় বড় চাষিরা তুলা চাষের জমি এবং ক্রীতদাসের ওপর অর্থ বিনিয়োগ করে বিশালাকার তুলার বাগান গড়ে তোলেন। অঙ্গরাজ্যটির মধ্য অঞ্চল মূলত সেইসব চাষিদের মাধ্যমে বিকশিত হয়েছিল যারা শুধু নিজেদের জীবনধারণের জন্য কৃষিকাজ করতেন এবং যাদের খুব একটা ক্রীতদাস ছিল না।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

টেক্সাস তার ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টেরর দিনগুলোতে এমন সাহসী পুরুষদের আকৃষ্ট করত যারা নির্ভুল লক্ষ্যভেদ করতে পারতেন এবং যাদের মধ্যে ছিল অজানাকে জানার প্রবল নেশা। তারা &quot;পুরুষোচিত খ্যাতি, দেশপ্রেমমূলক সেবা, যুদ্ধের গৌরব এবং বীরের মতো মৃত্যুকে বরণ করে নিতে&quot; সবসময় প্রস্তুত থাকতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া গোল্ড রাশ ====
{{Blockquote|পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতি একসময় শ্বেতাঙ্গ পুরুষ পণ্ডিতদের দ্বারা নিয়ন্ত্রিত ছিল যারা সাধারণত বিজয়োল্লাসধর্মী ইতিহাস লিখতেন। আমরা এখন আর সেই সংস্থা নই। আমরা এখন প্রথাগত সম্প্রসারণের কাহিনী থেকে ইতিপূর্বে বাদ পড়া অনেক সম্প্রদায়ের সদস্যদের নিয়ে যুগান্তকারী গবেষণা পরিচালনা করছি। এই নতুন কাজ এবং লেখকরা পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতি, মার্কিন পশ্চিমের ইতিহাস এবং সামগ্রিকভাবে এই পেশাকে রূপান্তরিত করেছেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;WHA 2024&quot;/&gt;}}
[[চিত্র:California_Clipper_500.jpg|থাম্ব|ক্লিপার জাহাজগুলি ১৭,০০০ মাইল (২৭,০০০ মাইল) পথ পাড়ি দিতে পাঁচ মাস সময় নিয়েছিল&amp;nbsp;কিমি) নিউ ইয়র্ক সিটি থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত।]]
[[চিত্র:SanFranciscoharbor1851c_sharp.jpg|থাম্ব|সান ফ্রান্সিসকো বন্দর {{আনুমানিক|1850}} ১৮৪৭ থেকে ১৮৭০ সালের মধ্যে, সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর জনসংখ্যা ৫০০ থেকে ১৫০,০০০-এ উন্নীত হয়।]]
১৮৪৬ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় প্রায় ১০,০০০ ক্যালিফোর্নিও বা হিস্পানিক মানুষ বসবাস করতেন। তাদের বেশিরভাগই বর্তমান লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেস এলাকার পশুপালনের খামারগুলোতে থাকতেন। উত্তরের জেলাগুলোতে কয়েকশ বিদেশি ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে ছিলেন যাদের মধ্যে কিছু আমেরিকানও ছিলেন। ১৮৪৬ সালে মেক্সিকোর সাথে যুদ্ধ শুরু হওয়ার পর মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র সেখানে ফ্রেমন্ট এবং [[মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী|সেনাবাহিনীর]] একটি দল পাঠায়। সেই সাথে নৌবাহিনীর সহায়তায় তারা দ্রুত ওই অঞ্চলের নিয়ন্ত্রণ নিয়ে নেয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যুদ্ধ যখন শেষ পর্যায়ে, ঠিক তখনই উত্তরের অঞ্চলে সোনার সন্ধান পাওয়া যায় এবং এই খবরটি খুব দ্রুত সারা বিশ্বে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে।

হাজার হাজার &quot;ফর্টি-নাইনার্স&quot; বা সোনার সন্ধানে আসা মানুষ ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় পৌঁছান। কেউ দক্ষিণ আমেরিকা ঘুরে জাহাজে চড়ে এসেছিলেন অথবা রোগব্যাধি ছড়ানো পানামা হয়ে সংক্ষিপ্ত পথ ধরেছিলেন। আবার অনেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দুর্গম পথ হেঁটে পাড়ি দিয়েছিলেন। ১৮৫২ সালের মধ্যে জনসংখ্যা বেড়ে ২,০০,০০০ ছাড়িয়ে যায়। তাদের বেশিরভাগই সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর পূর্ব দিকের পাহাড়ি এলাকার স্বর্ণ সমৃদ্ধ অঞ্চলে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন।

সান ফ্রান্সিসকোতে বাসস্থানের প্রচণ্ড সংকট ছিল। খনিগুলোতে কাজ করতে আসা জাহাজের কর্মীরা তাদের জাহাজগুলো ফেলে যেতেন এবং সেই পরিত্যক্ত জাহাজগুলোকেই অনেক সময় অস্থায়ী আবাসে পরিণত করা হতো। খনি অঞ্চলগুলোতে জীবনযাত্রার মান ছিল একেবারেই আদিম ধরণের, যদিও সেখানকার মনোরম আবহাওয়া সবার কাছে আকর্ষণীয় ছিল। প্রয়োজনীয় সামগ্রীর দাম ছিল অনেক বেশি এবং খাবারের মান ছিল অত্যন্ত নিম্ন। তাদের নিত্যদিনের তালিকায় মূলত শুকরের মাংস, মটরশুঁটি এবং হুইস্কি থাকত। মূলত পুরুষ প্রধান এবং অস্থায়ী এই জনপদগুলোতে কোনো প্রতিষ্ঠিত প্রতিষ্ঠান ছিল না। ফলে সেখানে হিংসা, মদ্যপান, গালিগালাজ এবং লোভী আচরণের মতো ঘটনা খুব বেশি ঘটত। খনি এলাকাগুলোতে বিভিন্ন দাবি এবং ন্যায়বিচার কার্যকর করার জন্য কোনো আদালত বা পুলিশ ছিল না। তাই খনি শ্রমিকরা নিজেরাই একটি অস্থায়ী বিচার ব্যবস্থা তৈরি করেছিলেন। এটি বিদেশের অন্যান্য খনি অঞ্চলের &quot;খনি আইনের&quot; ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। প্রতিটি শিবিরের নিজস্ব নিয়ম ছিল এবং তারা প্রায়ই জনমতের ভিত্তিতে বিচার করত। কখনও কখনও তারা সঠিক বিচার করলেও অনেক সময় আইন হাতে তুলে নিত। আদিবাসী আমেরিকান (ইন্ডিয়ান), মেক্সিকান এবং চীনাদের সাধারণত সবচেয়ে কঠোর সাজা দেওয়া হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গোল্ড রাশ বা সোনার সন্ধানে এই উন্মাদনা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার অর্থনীতিকে আমূল বদলে দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে সেখানে খনি শ্রমিক, পানশালার মালিক, জুয়াড়ি এবং যৌনকর্মীদের পাশাপাশি ধাতু বিশেষজ্ঞ, ব্যবসায়ী, ডাক্তার এবং আইনজীবীদের মতো পেশাদার মানুষের সমাগম ঘটে। সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর একটি সংবাদপত্র জানিয়েছিল, &quot;পুরো দেশজুড়ে... কেবল সোনার সেই কর্কশ চিৎকার শোনা যাচ্ছে! সোনা! সোনা! ''সোনা''! মাঠগুলো অর্ধেক চাষ করা অবস্থায় পড়ে আছে, বাড়ি অর্ধেক তৈরি হয়েই থেমে আছে। কোদাল এবং গাঁইতি তৈরি ছাড়া মানুষ বাকি সবকিছু অবহেলা করছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার গোল্ড রাশের সেই পাঁচ বছরে ২,৫০,০০০-এর বেশি খনি শ্রমিক সর্বমোট ২০ কোটি ডলারের বেশি মূল্যের সোনা খুঁজে পেয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard R. Lamar 1977, pp. 446–472&quot;&gt;Howard R. Lamar (1977), pp.&amp;nbsp;446–447&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে হাজার হাজার মানুষের ভিড়ে খুব কম শ্রমিকের ভাগ্যেই এই সোনার দেখা মিলত। শেষ পর্যন্ত তাদের অধিকাংশেরই অবস্থা হতো অত্যন্ত শোচনীয় এবং নিঃস্ব।

হিংস্র ডাকাতরা প্রায়ই খনি শ্রমিকদের ওপর আক্রমণ করত। যেমন জোনাথন আর ডেভিস একাই এগারোজন ডাকাতকে হত্যা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Davis2&quot;&gt;Fournier, Richard. &quot;Mexican War Vet Wages Deadliest Gunfight in American History&quot;, ''VFW Magazine'' (January 2012), p.&amp;nbsp;30.&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকান নদীর উত্তর ও দক্ষিণ দিকে এবং পূর্বের সিয়েরা পর্বতমালা পর্যন্ত অসংখ্য শিবির গড়ে উঠেছিল। কয়েক বছরের মধ্যেই প্রায় সমস্ত স্বাধীন খনি শ্রমিকরা তাদের জায়গা হারান। বড় বড় কোম্পানিগুলো খনিগুলো কিনে নেয় এবং সেখানে খুব সামান্য বেতনে শ্রমিকদের নিয়োগ করে। সোনা খুঁজে পাওয়া এবং তা বের করা যখন আরও কঠিন হয়ে পড়ল, তখন একাকী সোনা সন্ধানী বা প্রস্পেক্টরদের জায়গা দখল করে নিল বেতনভুক্ত শ্রমিকের দল, বিশেষ দক্ষতা এবং খনি চালানোর বড় বড় যন্ত্রপাতি। তবে বড় খনিগুলোর কারণে পরিবেশের অনেক বেশি ক্ষতি হয়েছিল। পাহাড়গুলোতে সুড়ঙ্গ খুঁড়ে খনিজ সংগ্রহের ফলে প্রচুর পরিমাণে বর্জ্য তৈরি হতো। ১৮৫২ সালে গোল্ড রাশের শেষ দিক থেকে ১৮৮৩ সাল পর্যন্ত হাইড্রোলাইক বা জলচালিত খনি ব্যবস্থা ব্যবহার করা হতো। এতে প্রচুর মুনাফা হলেও এটি মুষ্টিমেয় কিছু পুঁজিপতির হাতে চলে যায় এবং সাধারণ শ্রমিকরা কাজ হারান। এর ফলে নদীগুলোতে বিপুল পরিমাণ বর্জ্য মিশে যেত এবং পরিবেশের ওপর মারাত্মক প্রভাব ফেলত। চাষের জমি নষ্ট হওয়ার বিরুদ্ধে জনগণের তীব্র প্রতিবাদের মুখে হাইড্রোলাইক খনি ব্যবস্থা নিষিদ্ধ করা হলে এই প্রক্রিয়ার অবসান ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

নিউ মেক্সিকো থেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং দক্ষিণ ডাকোটা পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত ত্রিভুজাকার পাহাড়ি এলাকায় কয়েকশ খনি অঞ্চল ছিল। সেখানে প্রস্পেক্টররা সোনা, রূপো, তামা এবং অন্যান্য খনিজ পদার্থের (সেই সাথে কিছু নরম পাথরের কয়লা) সন্ধান পেয়েছিলেন। রাতারাতি অসংখ্য অস্থায়ী খনি শিবির গড়ে উঠেছিল। কিন্তু খনিজ ফুরিয়ে যাওয়ার সাথে সাথে এর বেশিরভাগই জনশূন্য বা ভূতুড়ে শহরে পরিণত হয়েছিল। অভিযাত্রীরা রকি পর্বতমালা এবং দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চল বরাবর সোনা ও রূপোর সন্ধানে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন। শীঘ্রই ১৮৬৪ সালের মধ্যে কলোরাডো, ইউটা, অ্যারিজোনা, নিউ মেক্সিকো, আইডাহো, মন্টানা এবং দক্ষিণ ডাকোটায় সোনার খোঁজ পাওয়া যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

রূপোর এক বিশাল খনি আবিষ্কৃত হওয়ার ফলে নেভাদার ভার্জিনিয়া সিটি, [[কারসন সিটি, নেভাডা|কারসন সিটি]] এবং সিলভার সিটির মতো শহরগুলোতে হঠাৎ করেই সমৃদ্ধি আসে। সোনার চেয়ে রূপোর মাধ্যমে পাওয়া সম্পদ ১৮৬০-এর দশকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর পূর্ণ বিকাশে অনেক বেশি সাহায্য করেছিল। এটি জর্জ হার্স্টের মতো বেশ কিছু অত্যন্ত ধনী পরিবারের উত্থানেও বড় ভূমিকা রেখেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ওরেগন ট্রেইল ====
{{প্রবেশদ্বার|United States}}
[[চিত্র:Wpdms_nasa_topo_oregon_trail.jpg|থাম্ব|৪,০০,০০০ পুরুষ, মহিলা এবং শিশু ২,০০০ মাইল (৩,২০০&amp;nbsp;কিমি) ওরেগন ট্রেইলে ছয় মাসের যাত্রায়।]]
পশ্চিম উপকূলের সেই সমৃদ্ধ নতুন ভূখণ্ডে পৌঁছানোর জন্য তিনটি পথ খোলা ছিল: কেউ জাহাজে করে দক্ষিণ আমেরিকার দক্ষিণ প্রান্ত ঘুরে ছয় মাসের এক দীর্ঘ সমুদ্রযাত্রা করতেন, কেউ পানামা যোজকের বিপজ্জনক পথ বেছে নিতেন, আবার প্রায় ৪,০০,০০০ মানুষ ৩,২০০ কিলোমিটার (২,০০০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ স্থলপথ হেঁটে পাড়ি দিতেন। তাদের মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরগুলো সাধারণত মিসৌরি থেকে যাত্রা শুরু করত। তারা একজন অভিজ্ঞ মালবাহী গাড়ির চালকের অধীনে বড় বড় দলে ভাগ হয়ে যাতায়াত করতেন এবং সাথে নিতেন নিজেদের জামাকাপড়, চাষবাসের সরঞ্জাম, অস্ত্রশস্ত্র এবং গবাদি পশু। এই গাড়ির বহরগুলো বড় বড় নদী অনুসরণ করে সমতল ভূমি ও পাহাড় অতিক্রম করত এবং সাধারণত ওরেগন ও ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় গিয়ে যাত্রা শেষ করত। অগ্রগামীরা সাধারণত একটি গ্রীষ্মকালীন মরসুমের মধ্যে, অর্থাৎ ছয় মাসের মধ্যে এই ভ্রমণ শেষ করার চেষ্টা করতেন। ১৮৩৬ সালে যখন [[ইন্ডিপেন্ডেন্স, মিজুরি|মিসৌরির ইন্ডিপেন্ডেন্সে]] প্রথম অভিবাসী মালবাহী গাড়ির বহর সংগঠিত হয়, ততদিনে আইডাহোর ফোর্ট হল পর্যন্ত একটি পথ তৈরি হয়ে গিয়েছিল। ধীরে ধীরে আরও পশ্চিমের পথ পরিষ্কার করা হয় এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত তা ওরেগনের উইল্যামেট উপত্যকা পর্যন্ত পৌঁছায়। প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় উত্তর-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলের দিকে যাওয়া এই মালবাহী গাড়ির রাস্তার নেটওয়ার্কটিই পরে ওরেগন ট্রেইল নামে পরিচিতি পায়। ১৮৪৩ সাল থেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ট্রেইল, ১৮৪৭ সাল থেকে মরমোন ট্রেইল এবং ১৮৬৩ সাল থেকে বোজম্যান ট্রেইলের যাত্রীরাও তাদের নির্দিষ্ট গন্তব্যের দিকে মোড় নেওয়ার আগে এই পথের পূর্ব অর্ধাংশ ব্যবহার করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সব অভিবাসী তাদের গন্তব্যে পৌঁছাতে পারতেন না। স্থলপথের এই যাত্রায় বিপদের কোনো শেষ ছিল না: সাপের কামড়, মালবাহী গাড়ির দুর্ঘটনা, সহযাত্রীদের সহিংসতা, আত্মহত্যা, অপুষ্টি, পশুর পালের হুড়োহুড়ি, আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণ, নানা ধরণের রোগব্যাধি (যার মধ্যে [[আমাশয়]], [[আন্ত্রিক জ্বর|টাইফয়েড]] এবং [[কলেরা]]  ছিল সবচেয়ে সাধারণ), প্রতিকূল আবহাওয়া, তুষারধস ইত্যাদি। এই যাত্রার ভয়াবহ প্রকৃতির একটি বিশেষ পরিচিত উদাহরণ হলো দুর্ভাগা ডনার পার্টির কাহিনী, যারা ১৮৪৬–১৮৪৭ সালের শীতকালে [[সিয়েরা নেভাদা]] পাহাড়ে আটকা পড়েছিলেন। এই দলের ৯০ জন মানুষের অর্ধেকই ক্ষুধা ও প্রচণ্ড ঠান্ডায় মারা যান এবং কেউ কেউ বেঁচে থাকার জন্য মানুষের মাংস খেতেও বাধ্য হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; নরমাংসভক্ষণের অন্য একটি কাহিনীতে অ্যালফার্ড প্যাকার এবং ১৮৭৪ সালে কলোরাডোতে তাঁর অভিযানের কথা উঠে আসে। এ ছাড়া ডাকাত এবং হাইওয়েম্যানদেরও ঘনঘন আক্রমণ চলত, যেমন কুখ্যাত হার্প ব্রাদার্স যারা সীমান্ত পথে টহল দিত এবং অভিবাসী দলগুলোকে লক্ষ্যবস্তু বানাত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মরমোন এবং ইউটা ====
{{সূত্র তালিকা|দল=nb}}
[[চিত্র:Mountain_Meadows_Massacre.jpg|থাম্ব|মাউন্টেন মিডোজ গণহত্যাটি ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় আবদ্ধ ১২০ জন বেসামরিক নাগরিকের উপর মর্মন এবং পাইউট আদিবাসীদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হয়েছিল।]]
[[চিত্র:Mormon_Pioneer_handcart_statue.jpg|থাম্ব|উটাহের সল্ট লেক সিটির টেম্পল স্কোয়ারে অবস্থিত টরলেফ এস. ন্যাফাসের লেখা ''হ্যান্ডকার্ট পাইওনিয়ার মনুমেন্ট'' ।]]
মিসৌরি এবং ইলিনয়ে মরমোন বসতি স্থাপনকারী ও স্থানীয়দের মধ্যে শত্রুতা ক্রমেই বাড়তে থাকে, যা কয়েক বছর পর ইউটার মতো অন্যান্য অঙ্গরাজ্যেও দেখা গিয়েছিল। ১৮৩৮ সালের ২৪ অক্টোবর শেষ পর্যন্ত এই সহিংসতা ছড়িয়ে পড়ে যখন উভয় পক্ষের মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী সংঘর্ষে লিপ্ত হয় এবং এর ৬ দিন পরে লিভিংস্টন কাউন্টিতে মরমোনদের ব্যাপক হারে হত্যা করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এএই সংঘর্ষের সময় একটি &quot;মরমোন উচ্ছেদ আদেশ&quot; জারি করা হয় এবং মরমোনরা ছত্রভঙ্গ হয়ে যেতে বাধ্য হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ইলিনয় এবং মিসৌরিতে ধর্মীয় নিপীড়ন থেকে বাঁচতে এবং আমেরিকার বিচারিক এলাকা থেকে বাইরে যাওয়ার উদ্দেশ্যে ব্রিঘাম ইয়ং মরমোনদের [[গ্রেট সল্ট লেক|গ্রেট সল্ট লেকে]] উপত্যকায় নিয়ে যান, যা সেই সময় মেক্সিকোর অধীনে থাকলেও তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে ছিল না। ইয়ং যাকে &quot;ডেসেরেট&quot; বলতেন, সেখানে শ’খানেক গ্রামীণ মরমোন জনপদ গড়ে ওঠে যা তিনি একটি ধর্মরাষ্ট্র হিসেবে শাসন করতেন। পরবর্তীতে এটি ইউটা টেরিটরিতে পরিণত হয়। [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটি]] জনপদটি তাদের নেটওয়ার্কের কেন্দ্র হিসেবে কাজ করত, যা পার্শ্ববর্তী অঞ্চলগুলোতেও ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। মরমোনদের সাম্প্রদায়িক জীবনযাত্রা এবং উন্নত কৃষিপদ্ধতি তাদের সফল হতে সাহায্য করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; মরমোনরা প্রায়শই সেখান দিয়ে যাওয়া মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরগুলোর কাছে পণ্য বিক্রি করত। ১৮৫০ সালে ফোর্ট ইউটার যুদ্ধের পর ব্রিঘাম ইয়ং আদিবাসীদের বিষয়ে একটি বিশেষ নীতি গ্রহণ করেন যাকে প্রায়ই এভাবে বলা হয় &quot;তাদের সাথে যুদ্ধ করার চেয়ে তাদের খাওয়ানো সস্তা।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে ওয়াকারার যুদ্ধ এবং ইউটার ব্ল্যাক হক যুদ্ধ প্রমাণ করে যে শত্রুতা চলতেই থাকে, যতক্ষণ না ফেডারেল এবং আঞ্চলিক নেতারা একমত হন যে নিকটবর্তী আদিবাসীদের সবাইকে উইন্টা রিজার্ভেশনে সরিয়ে দেওয়া উচিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই বিপদগ্রস্ত গোষ্ঠীটিকে রক্ষা করতে, ধর্মীয় মতবিরোধ কমাতে এবং গোষ্ঠীর সংহতি বজায় রাখতে শিক্ষাকে উচ্চ অগ্রাধিকার দেওয়া হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪৮ সালে মেক্সিকো–আমেরিকান যুদ্ধ শেষ হওয়ার পর মেক্সিকো ইউটা অঞ্চলটি মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের কাছে হস্তান্তর করে। যদিও যুদ্ধের সময় ইউটার মরমোনরা আমেরিকার প্রচেষ্টাকে সমর্থন করেছিল। কিন্তু প্রটেস্ট্যান্ট গির্জাগুলোর চাপে ফেডারেল সরকার ধর্মশাসন এবং বহুবিবাহ প্রথা প্রত্যাখ্যান করে। ১৮৫২ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত রিপাবলিকান পার্টি বহুবিবাহের কারণে ইউটার চার্চ অফ জেসাস ক্রাইস্ট অফ ল্যাটার-ডে সেন্টস (এলডিএস চার্চ) এর প্রতি প্রকাশ্যে শত্রুতা পোষণ করত। তৎকালীন অধিকাংশ আমেরিকান জনগণের কাছে এই বহুবিবাহ প্রথা আধুনিক সভ্যতার ধর্মীয়, সাংস্কৃতিক ও নৈতিক মূল্যবোধের ওপর এক চরম আঘাত হিসেবে বিবেচিত হতো। ১৮৫০-এর দশকের শেষের দিকে পরিস্থিতি যুদ্ধের কাছাকাছি পৌঁছে যায় যখন রাষ্ট্রপতি বিউকানান সেখানে সৈন্য পাঠান। যদিও সেখানে বড় কোনো সামরিক যুদ্ধ হয়নি এবং আলোচনার মাধ্যমে পরিস্থিতি শান্ত হয়, তবুও সহিংসতা বৃদ্ধি পেয়েছিল এবং বেশ কয়েকজন হতাহত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গৃহযুদ্ধের পর ফেডারেল সরকার পদ্ধতিগতভাবে ইউটার নিয়ন্ত্রণ গ্রহণ করে। ওই অঞ্চলে এলডিএস চার্চকে আইনত বিলুপ্ত করা হয় এবং ইয়ং সহ চার্চের উচ্চপদস্থ ব্যক্তিদের কার্যত সমস্ত সরকারি অফিস থেকে সরিয়ে দেওয়া হয় এবং নিষিদ্ধ করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এরই মধ্যে আমেরিকা এবং ইউরোপে সফল ধর্মপ্রচারের ফলে ইউটাতে মরমোন ধর্মান্তরিতদের ঢল নামে। এই সময়ে কংগ্রেস ইউটাকে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা দিতে অস্বীকার করেছিল কারণ রাজ্য হওয়ার অর্থ ছিল অঞ্চলের ওপর থেকে সরাসরি ফেডারেল নিয়ন্ত্রণ শেষ হওয়া এবং এলডিএস চার্চের পছন্দ করা বা তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রিত রাজনীতিকদের সম্ভাব্য উত্থান ঘটা। অবশেষে ১৮৯০ সালে চার্চের নেতৃত্ব ঘোষণা করেন যে বহুবিবাহ আর তাদের মূল আদর্শের অংশ নয়, যা ছিল মূলত একটি আপস। ১৮৯৬ সালে ইউটা ৪৫তম অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয় এবং মরমোনরা রিপাবলিকান ও ডেমোক্র্যাট এই দুই ভাগে বিভক্ত হয়ে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পনি এক্সপ্রেস এবং টেলিগ্রাফ ====
{{সূত্র তালিকা}}
[[চিত্র:Ponymap.jpg|থাম্ব|পনি এক্সপ্রেস রুটের মানচিত্র]]
চিঠি এবং মালপত্র আদানপ্রদানের অগ্রগতির জন্য ফেডারেল সরকার ভর্তুকি প্রদান করেছিল। ১৮৫৬ সালের মধ্যে কংগ্রেস ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় যাওয়ার সড়ক ব্যবস্থার উন্নয়ন এবং একটি স্থলপথের ডাক পরিষেবা চালু করার অনুমতি প্রদান করে। নতুন এই বাণিজ্যিক মালবাহী গাড়ির পরিষেবাটি মূলত পণ্য পরিবহনের কাজে ব্যবহৃত হতো। ১৮৫৮ সালে জন বাটারফিল্ড (১৮০১-১৮৬৯) একটি ঘোড়ায় টানা যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ির পরিষেবা চালু করেছিলেন। এই পরিষেবাটি একটি দক্ষিণ পথ ধরে সেন্ট লুইস থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত পৌঁছাতে মাত্র ২৪ দিন সময় নিত। ১৮৬১ সালে টেক্সাস কনফেডারেসিতে যোগ দেওয়ার পর এই পথটি পরিত্যক্ত হয়। এর পরিবর্তে ফোর্ট লারামি এবং [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটির]] মধ্য দিয়ে একটি নতুন যাত্রাপথ তৈরি করা হয় যা ছিল ২৪ দিনের এক দীর্ঘ যাত্রা। এই পথে ওয়েলস ফার্গো অ্যান্ড কোম্পানি প্রধান পরিষেবা প্রদানকারী হিসেবে আবির্ভূত হয় যারা শুরুর দিকে পুরনো &quot;বাটারফিল্ড&quot; নামটিই ব্যবহার করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬১ সালে কংগ্রেস ল্যান্ড-গ্রান্ট টেলিগ্রাফ অ্যাক্ট পাস করে যা ওয়েস্টার্ন ইউনিয়নের আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় টেলিগ্রাম লাইন তৈরির খরচ মেটানোয় সাহায্য করেছিল। ওয়েস্টার্ন ইউনিয়নের প্রধান হিরাম সিবলি রেলপথগুলোর সাথে একটি বিশেষ চুক্তি করেন যাতে তাদের নির্ধারিত সংরক্ষিত পথে টেলিগ্রাম লাইন বসানো যায়। ১৮৬১ সালের ২৪ অক্টোবর আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ চালু হওয়ার আট বছর আগেই নেব্রাস্কার ওমাহা থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত প্রথম আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় টেলিগ্রামের সংযোগ স্থাপিত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; টেলিগ্রামের গতির সাথে কোনোভাবেই পাল্লা দিতে না পারায় মাত্র ১৮ মাসের মধ্যেই পনি এক্সপ্রেসের পরিসমাপ্তি ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== রক্তাক্ত কানসাস ====
[[চিত্র:Marais-massacre.jpg|alt=Men lined up along a tree line are shot by men on horseback.|থাম্ব|দাসত্ব বিরোধী কানসানের মারাইস ডেস সিগনেস গণহত্যা, ১৯ মে, ১৮৫৮]]

=== পশ্চিমে গৃহযুদ্ধ ===
[[চিত্র:Execution_of_38_Sioux_Indians_at_Mankato_Minnesota_1862_(cleaned).jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬২ সালে মিনেসোটার মানকাটোতে হত্যা ও ধর্ষণের দায়ে দোষী সাব্যস্ত সিউক্স যোদ্ধাদের গণহত্যা]]
বিশাল ভূখণ্ড হওয়া সত্ত্বেও, ট্রান্স-মিসিসিপি পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে জনসংখ্যা ছিল অত্যন্ত কম। এই কারণে আমেরিকান গৃহযুদ্ধের ইতিহাসচর্চায় এই অঞ্চলের যুদ্ধকালীন কাহিনীগুলো অনেকাংশেই উপেক্ষিত থেকে গিয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ট্রান্স-মিসিসিপি পেক্ষাগৃহ ====
কনফেডারেসি পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে বেশ কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সামরিক অভিযান পরিচালনা করেছিল। তবে যুদ্ধের আগে কানসাস চরম সংঘাতের কেন্দ্রবিন্দু থাকলেও, যুদ্ধ চলাকালীন সেখানে শুধুমাত্র একটি যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল যা মাইন ক্রিক যুদ্ধ নামে পরিচিত। কিন্তু কনফেডারেট সীমানার কাছাকাছি হওয়ায় কোয়ান্ট্রিলস রেইডার্সের মতো কনফেডারেট-পন্থী গেরিলা দলগুলো ইউনিয়নের শক্ত ঘাঁটিগুলোতে আক্রমণ করার এবং সেখানকার বাসিন্দাদের নির্বিচারে হত্যা করার সুযোগ পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

টেক্সাসের নাগরিকরা ভোট দিয়ে কনফেডারেসিতে যোগ দেওয়ার সিদ্ধান্ত নিয়েছিলেন। সেখানে যুদ্ধ-বিরোধী জার্মানদের ফাঁসিকাষ্ঠে ঝোলানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; স্থানীয় সৈন্যরা সান আন্তোনিওর ফেডারেল অস্ত্রাগার দখল করে নেয়। তাদের পরিকল্পনা ছিল উত্তর নিউ মেক্সিকো, ইউটা, কলোরাডো এবং সম্ভব হলে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া দখল করা। মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী ওই এলাকা থেকে চলে যাওয়ার পর অ্যাপাচি উপজাতির আক্রমণ থেকে রক্ষা পেতে অ্যারিজোনার নাগরিকরাই  কনফেডারেট অ্যারিজোনা গঠন করেন। এরপর কনফেডারেসির লক্ষ্য ছিল নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলের নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেওয়া। জেনারেল হেনরি হপকিন্স সিবলিকে এই অভিযানের দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়। তিনি তাঁর নিউ মেক্সিকো বাহিনী নিয়ে রিও গ্র্যান্ডে অভিমুখে যাত্রা করেন যাতে কলোরাডো এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার খনিজ সম্পদ দখল করা যায়। তবে ফার্স্ট রেজিমেন্ট অফ ভলান্টিয়ার্স এই বিদ্রোহীদের গতিবিধি টের পেয়ে যায় এবং তারা ফোর্ট ইউনিয়নে থাকা ইয়াঙ্কিদের সতর্ক করে তাদের সাথে যোগ দেয়। শীঘ্রই গ্লোরিয়েটা পাস যুদ্ধ শুরু হয় এবং ইউনিয়ন বাহিনী কনফেডারেটদের অভিযান থামিয়ে দেয়। এর ফলে টেক্সাসের পশ্চিম দিকের এলাকাগুলো ইউনিয়নের নিয়ন্ত্রণেই থেকে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মিসৌরি ছিল দক্ষিণ সীমান্তের এমন একটি রাজ্য যেখানে দাসপ্রথা বৈধ ছিল। সেখানকার আইনসভার ভোটের বিরুদ্ধে গিয়ে বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী গভর্নর যখন সেন্ট লুইসের ফেডারেল অস্ত্রাগারে সৈন্য পরিচালনা করেন, তখন এটি যুদ্ধক্ষেত্রে পরিণত হয়। আরকানসাস এবং লুইজিয়ানা থেকে আসা কনফেডারেট বাহিনী তাঁকে সাহায্য করেছিল। মিসৌরির গভর্নর এবং রাজ্য আইনসভার একাংশ নিওশোতে একটি বিচ্ছিন্নকরণ অধ্যাদেশ বা অর্ডিন্যান্স অফ সেসেশন স্বাক্ষর করেন এবং মিসৌরিতে কনফেডারেট সরকার গঠন করেন। এর ফলে দক্ষিণ মিসৌরি কনফেডারেটদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে চলে যায়। তবে ইউনিয়ন জেনারেল স্যামুয়েল কার্টিস সেন্ট লুইস এবং পুরো মিসৌরিকে পুনরায় ইউনিয়নের অধীনে ফিরিয়ে আনেন। এই রাজ্যটি পশ্চিমে অসংখ্য হামলা এবং গেরিলা যুদ্ধের সাক্ষী হয়ে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== শান্তিরক্ষা ====
[[চিত্র:Dakota_War_of_1862-stereo-right.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬২ সালের ডাকোটা যুদ্ধ থেকে পালিয়ে আসা বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা]]
১৮৫০ সালের পর মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী সীমান্ত জুড়ে কতগুলো সামরিক ঘাঁটি বা পোস্ট স্থাপন করেছিল। এগুলোর উদ্দেশ্য ছিল আদিবাসী উপজাতিগুলোর নিজেদের মধ্যকার লড়াই অথবা আদিবাসী ও বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মধ্যকার যুদ্ধ বন্ধ করা। উনিশ শতক জুড়ে সেনাবাহিনীর কর্মকর্তাদের ক্যারিয়ার সাধারণত এক দুর্গ থেকে অন্য দুর্গে শান্তি রক্ষাকারীর ভূমিকা পালন করার মধ্য দিয়েই কাটত। একজন সাধারণ সৈনিকের জন্য সরাসরি যুদ্ধক্ষেত্রে লড়াই করার অভিজ্ঞতা ছিল বেশ বিরল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সবচেয়ে নাটকীয় সংঘাতটি ছিল ১৮৬২ সালে মিনেসোটার সিওক্স যুদ্ধ। তখন ডাকোটা উপজাতিরা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের বিতাড়িত করার জন্য জার্মানি থেকে আসা কৃষকদের খামারে পরিকল্পিতভাবে আক্রমণ শুরু করে। বেশ কয়েক দিন ধরে লোয়ার সিওক্স এজেন্সি, নিউ আলম এবং হাচিনসনে ডাকোটাদের আক্রমণে প্রায় ৩০০ থেকে ৪০০ শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারী নিহত হন। রাজ্য মিলিশিয়া পাল্টা লড়াই শুরু করে এবং রাষ্ট্রপতি লিনকন সেখানে ফেডারেল সৈন্য পাঠান। এরপর ফোর্ট রিজলি, বার্চ কুলি, ফোর্ট অ্যাবারক্রম্বি এবং উড লেকের যুদ্ধগুলোর মাধ্যমে ছয় সপ্তাহের এই লড়াই শেষ হয় যেখানে আমেরিকানরা জয়লাভ করে। ফেডারেল সরকার ৪২৫ জন আদিবাসীর বিরুদ্ধে খুনের মামলা চালায় এবং ৩০৩ জনকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত করে মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেয়। লিনকন তাদের অধিকাংশকেই ক্ষমা করে দিয়েছিলেন, তবে ৩৮ জন নেতাকে ফাঁসিতে ঝোলানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে ইউনিয়ন সৈন্যদের উপস্থিতি কমে যাওয়ার ফলে সেখানে প্রশিক্ষণহীন মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী অবশিষ্ট ছিল। শত্রুভাবাপন্ন উপজাতিরা এই সুযোগটি কাজে লাগিয়ে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর আক্রমণ চালায়। মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীও এর কঠোর জবাব দিয়েছিল। ১৮৬৪ সালের শেষের দিকে পূর্ব কলোরাডোর স্যান্ড ক্রিক গণহত্যা এর একটি বড় উদাহরণ। সেখানে শায়েন এবং আরাপাহো উপজাতির শীতকালীন আস্তানায় আক্রমণ চালানো হয়েছিল যেখানে মূলত নারী ও শিশুরাই বেশি ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৪ সালে কিট কারসন এবং মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী নিউ মেক্সিকোতে পুরো [[নাভাহো|নাভাজো]] উপজাতিকে ফাঁদে ফেলে। তারা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর আক্রমণ চালাত বলে তাদের ধরে একটি সংরক্ষিত এলাকা বা রিজার্ভেশনে রাখা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বর্তমান ওকলাহোমা বা তৎকালীন ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরিতে পাঁচটি সভ্য উপজাতির মধ্যেও সংঘাত দেখা দেয়। তাদের মধ্যে বেশিরভাগই নিজেরা ক্রীতদাসের মালিক হওয়ায় দক্ষিণ পক্ষকে সমর্থন করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালে কংগ্রেস পশ্চিমে বসতি স্থাপন সহজতর করার জন্য দুটি বড় আইন পাস করে: হোমস্টেড অ্যাক্ট এবং প্যাসিফিক রেলরোড অ্যাক্ট। এর ফলে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে সমতল অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতে লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন খামার গড়ে ওঠে। এগুলোর মধ্যে অনেকগুলোই জার্মানি এবং স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়া থেকে আসা নতুন অভিবাসীদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হতো।

=== যুদ্ধোত্তর পশ্চিম ===

==== গৃহযুদ্ধের পর অভিবাসন ====
[[চিত্র:Fsstockade.jpg|থাম্ব|ক্যাম্প সাপ্লাই স্টকেড, ফেব্রুয়ারি ১৮৬৯]]
যুদ্ধ শেষ হওয়ার এবং দাসপ্রথা বিলুপ্ত হওয়ার পর, ফেডারেল সরকার বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলের শাসনব্যবস্থা উন্নত করার দিকে মনোনিবেশ করে। ১৭৮৭ সালের &quot;নর্থওয়েস্ট অর্ডিন্যান্স&quot; বা উত্তর-পশ্চিম অধ্যাদেশের নজির অনুসরণ করে তারা বেশ কিছু অঞ্চলকে ছোট ছোট ভাগে বিভক্ত করে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদার জন্য প্রস্তুত করে। সরকার আঞ্চলিক সরকারগুলোর তত্ত্বাবধান এবং কার্যপ্রণালীকে একটি নির্দিষ্ট মানদণ্ডে নিয়ে আসে, যার ফলে স্থানীয় কিছু ক্ষমতা কেড়ে নেওয়া হয় এবং প্রচুর পরিমাণে &quot;রেড টেপ&quot; বা আমলাতান্ত্রিক জটিলতা আরোপ করা হয়। এর ফলে ফেডারেল আমলাতন্ত্রের পরিধি উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে বৃদ্ধি পায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

অঞ্চলগুলোতে ফেডারেল সরকারের সম্পৃক্ততা ছিল বিশাল। সরাসরি ভর্তুকি দেওয়ার পাশাপাশি, ফেডারেল সরকার সামরিক ঘাঁটিগুলো রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ করত, আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণ থেকে নিরাপত্তা নিশ্চিত করত, চুক্তিবদ্ধ দায়বদ্ধতা মেটানোর জন্য অর্থ জোগান দিত, ভূমি জরিপ ও জমি বিক্রির কাজ পরিচালনা করত এবং রাস্তাঘাট নির্মাণ করত। এ ছাড়াও তারা ভূমি অফিসের জন্য কর্মী নিয়োগ, বন্দরগুলোর উন্নয়ন এবং স্থলপথের ডাক পরিষেবায় ভর্তুকি প্রদান করত। ওই অঞ্চলের নাগরিকরা একদিকে যেমন ফেডারেল ক্ষমতা এবং স্থানীয় দুর্নীতির নিন্দা করত, ঠিক তেমনই আবার তাদের এলাকায় আরও বেশি ফেডারেল অর্থ পাঠানো হচ্ছে না কেন তা নিয়েও আক্ষেপ প্রকাশ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আঞ্চলিক গভর্নররা ছিলেন রাজনৈতিকভাবে নিযুক্ত ব্যক্তি এবং ওয়াশিংটনের কাছে দায়বদ্ধ। তাই তাঁরা সাধারণত খুব নমনীয়ভাবে শাসন পরিচালনা করতেন এবং স্থানীয় সমস্যাগুলো সমাধানের ভার আইনসভার ওপর ছেড়ে দিতেন। একজন বেসামরিক গভর্নরের ভূমিকার পাশাপাশি, আঞ্চলিক গভর্নর একই সাথে মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীর কমান্ডার, আদিবাসী বিষয়ক স্থানীয় সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট এবং ফেডারেল সংস্থাগুলোর সাথে রাজ্যের সংযোগকারী বা লিয়াজোঁ হিসেবে কাজ করতেন। অন্যদিকে, আইনসভাগুলো স্থানীয় নাগরিকদের কথা বলত এবং ফেডারেল সরকার তাদের স্থানীয় আইন তৈরির ক্ষেত্রে যথেষ্ট স্বাধীনতা প্রদান করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

শাসনব্যবস্থার এই উন্নতি সত্ত্বেও অসাধু উপায়ে মুনাফা অর্জনের প্রচুর সুযোগ থেকে গিয়েছিল। নেভাদার সচিব হিসেবে কর্মরত নিজের ভাইয়ের অধীনে কাজ করার সময় মার্ক টোয়েন লিখেছিলেন, &quot;আমার দেশের সরকার সততাকে অবজ্ঞা করে কিন্তু শৈল্পিক ধূর্ততাকে আদর করে; আমার মনে হয় আমি একজন খুব দক্ষ পকেটমার হয়ে উঠতে পারতাম যদি আমি আরও এক বা দুই বছর জনসেবায় নিয়োজিত থাকতাম।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;আঞ্চলিক চক্রগুলো&quot; ছিল স্থানীয় রাজনীতিবিদ এবং ব্যবসায়ীদের এমন এক দুর্নীতিগ্রস্ত গোষ্ঠী যারা ফেডারেল পৃষ্ঠপোষকতায় পুষ্ট ছিল। তারা আদিবাসী উপজাতি এবং স্থানীয় নাগরিকদের অর্থ তছরুপ করত, বিশেষ করে ডাকোটা এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলগুলোতে এই প্রবণতা বেশি ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফেডারেল ভূমি ব্যবস্থা ====
[[চিত্র:Photograph_of_a_Family_with_Their_Covered_Wagon_During_the_Great_Western_Migration,_1866_-_NARA_-_518267.jpg|থাম্ব|গৃহস্থ, {{আনুমানিক}} ১৮৬৬]]
১৮৬২ সালে কংগ্রেস তিনটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিল পাস করে যা ভূমি ব্যবস্থার খোলনলচে বদলে দেয়। হোমস্টেড আইন বা বসতভিটা আইনের মাধ্যমে এমন প্রত্যেক বসতি স্থাপনকারীকে ১৬০ একর জমি বিনামূল্যে দেওয়া হয় যারা পাঁচ বছর সেই জমির উন্নয়ন ঘটিয়েছে। নাগরিক এবং অ-নাগরিক সহ জবরদখলকারী ও মহিলারাও এই সুবিধার যোগ্য ছিলেন। এর একমাত্র খরচ ছিল সামান্য আবেদন ফি। সমতল অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতে জনবসতি স্থাপনের ক্ষেত্রে এই আইনটি বিশেষভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ছিল। অনেকে বিনামূল্যে বসতভিটা গ্রহণ করেছিলেন এবং অন্যরা রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর কাছ থেকে কম দামে জমি কিনেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালের প্যাসিফিক রেলরোড অ্যাক্ট আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ তৈরির জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় জমির ব্যবস্থা করেছিল। রেলপথের জন্য বরাদ্দ করা জমিগুলো সরকারি জমির সাথে পর্যায়ক্রমে বণ্টন করা হতো যা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের বিনামূল্যে বিতরণের জন্য রাখা হয়েছিল। সাম্যতা বজায় রাখার জন্য ফেডারেল সরকার প্রতিটি জমির পরিমাণ কমিয়ে ৮০ একর (৩২ হেক্টর) করেছিল কারণ রেললাইনের কাছে হওয়ায় এগুলোর মূল্য অনেক বেশি বলে মনে করা হতো। রেললাইন বসানোর পর রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো তাদের জমি বিক্রি বা বন্ধক রাখার জন্য পাঁচ বছর পর্যন্ত সময় পেত এবং এরপর যে কেউ অবিক্রিত জমিগুলো কিনতে পারত। প্রায়ই রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো তাদের সরকারিভাবে পাওয়া জমির কিছু অংশ অবিলম্বে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের কাছে বিক্রি করে দিত যাতে সেখানে জনবসতি গড়ে ওঠে এবং বাজারের প্রসার ঘটে যা পরবর্তীতে রেল পরিষেবাগুলোর গ্রাহক হতে পারে। ১৮৭০-এর দশকে নেব্রাস্কার রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো তাদের যাত্রাপথের ধারের জমিগুলোর ব্যাপক প্রচার চালিয়েছিল। তারা জার্মানি এবং স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়াতে প্রতিনিধি পাঠিয়েছিল যারা পরিবারের যাতায়াত সহ আসবাবপত্র ও চাষের সরঞ্জামের সস্তা পরিবহনের প্যাকেজ অফার করত। তারা খুব কম সুদে দীর্ঘমেয়াদী ঋণের সুবিধাও দিত। এই প্রচার অভিযানে সাফল্য এসেছিল এবং প্রচুর সাহসী আমেরিকান ও ইউরোপীয় পরিবার নেব্রাস্কার প্রতি আকৃষ্ট হয়েছিল যা তাদের ভালো শর্তে জমির মালিক হতে সাহায্য করেছিল। জমির বিক্রয় মূল্য মাটির গুণমান, পানির সহজলভ্যতা এবং রেলপথ থেকে দূরত্বের মতো বিষয়গুলোর ওপর নির্ভর করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ ====
১৮৫০-এর দশকে আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের জন্য সম্ভাব্য পথ নির্ধারণের উদ্দেশ্যে মার্কিন সরকার পশ্চিমের অবশিষ্ট অনাবিষ্কৃত অঞ্চলগুলোতে জরিপ চালানোর উদ্যোগ নিয়েছিল। এই কাজের বেশিরভাগই সম্পন্ন করেছিল কর্পস অফ ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স, কর্পস অফ টপোগ্রাফিক্যাল ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স এবং ব্যুরো অফ এক্সপ্লোরেশনস অ্যান্ড সার্ভেস। এই বিশাল অভিযানটি &quot;দ্য গ্রেট রিকনেসাঁ&quot; বা মহান অনুসন্ধান নামে পরিচিতি লাভ করে। রেলপথের জন্য উত্তর, মধ্য না কি দক্ষিণ—কোন পথটি বেছে নেওয়া হবে তা নিয়ে কংগ্রেসে আঞ্চলিক রেষারেষি ও বিতর্ক দেখা দেয়। সেকালের দুর্বল ইঞ্জিনের কথা মাথায় রেখে রেলপথের জন্য পর্যাপ্ত জল ও কাঠের যোগান থাকা এবং যতটা সম্ভব সমতল পথ বেছে নেওয়া ছিল কারিগরি দিক থেকে অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Transcontinental_railroad_route.png|থাম্ব|পশ্চিম মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র জুড়ে প্রথম আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের রুট (নির্মিত, ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৯)]]
এই রেলপথ নির্মাণের জন্য নিউ ইয়র্ক, বোস্টন এবং লন্ডন থেকে বন্ধকি ঋণ নেওয়া হয়েছিল যার গ্যারান্টি ছিল ভূমি অনুদান। ফেডারেল সরকারের পক্ষ থেকে সরাসরি কোনো নগদ ভর্তুকি দেওয়া হয়নি। তবে মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথকে একটি ঋণ দেওয়া হয়েছিল যা পরবর্তীতে ছয় শতাংশ সুদসহ পরিশোধ করা হয়। ফেডারেল সরকার দাবাবোর্ডের ছকের মতো নকশায় জমি অনুদান দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো একটি করে বর্গাকার প্লট বিক্রি করত আর তার পাশের প্লটটি সরকার বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের জন্য খুলে রাখত। এ ছাড়াও সরকার সমতল এলাকায় প্রতি মাইলে ১৬,০০০ ডলার এবং পাহাড়ি এলাকায় ৩২,০০০ থেকে ৪৮,০০০ ডলার ঋণ দিয়েছিল যা পরবর্তীতে কোম্পানিগুলো ফেরত দিয়েছিল। স্থানীয় এবং অঙ্গরাজ্য সরকারগুলোও এই বিশাল কর্মকাণ্ডে অর্থায়নে সহায়তা করেছিল।

মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথে কর্মরত বেশিরভাগ কায়িক শ্রমিকই ছিলেন চীন থেকে আসা নতুন অভিবাসী।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই মানুষগুলো কীভাবে বসবাস করতেন, কীভাবে কাজ করতেন এবং নিজেদের উপার্জিত অর্থ কীভাবে পরিচালনা করতেন তা ক্রাউস বিস্তারিতভাবে দেখিয়েছেন। তার গবেষণা অনুযায়ী রেলের ঊর্ধ্বতন কর্মকর্তারা খুব শীঘ্রই বুঝতে পেরেছিলেন যে চীনা শ্রমিকরা অত্যন্ত পরিষ্কার-পরিচ্ছন্ন এবং নির্ভরযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ ১২,০০০-এর বেশি চীনা শ্রমিক নিয়োগ করেছিল যা ছিল তাদের মোট কায়িক শ্রমশক্তির ৯০ শতাংশ। অং তাঁর গবেষণায় খতিয়ে দেখেছেন যে শ্বেতাঙ্গদের তুলনায় চীনা শ্রমিকরা বৈষম্যের শিকার হয়েছিলেন কি না। তিনি লক্ষ্য করেন যে রেলপথ কর্তৃপক্ষ শ্বেতাঙ্গ ও চীনাদের জন্য আলাদা মজুরি নির্ধারণ করেছিল এবং চীনাদের দিয়ে বেশি বিপজ্জনক কাজ করানো হতো। যেমন [[নাইট্রোগ্লিসারিন]] নাড়াচাড়া করা বা তা ঢালার মতো কাজগুলো চীনাদের করতে হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে রেলপথ কর্তৃপক্ষ চীনাদের পছন্দমতো খাবার ও শিবিরের ব্যবস্থা নিশ্চিত করত এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গদের হুমকি থেকে চীনা শ্রমিকদের নিরাপত্তা দিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Union_pacific_poster.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬৯ সালে ইউনিয়ন প্যাসিফিক রেলপথের উদ্বোধনী দিনের পোস্টার]]
রেলপথ তৈরির কাজে মূলত ছয়টি প্রধান পর্যায় ছিল। এগুলো হলো পথের জরিপ করা, চলাচলের পথ পরিষ্কার করার জন্য বিস্ফোরণ ঘটানো, সুড়ঙ্গ ও সেতু তৈরি করা, রেলের রাস্তা পরিষ্কার করে তা বিছানো, স্লিপার ও রেললাইন বসানো এবং শ্রমিকদের খাবার ও সরঞ্জাম সরবরাহ করা। এই কাজটি ছিল অত্যন্ত পরিশ্রমসাধ্য যেখানে ঘোড়ায় টানা লাঙল, মাটি কাটার যন্ত্র, গাঁইতি, কুঠার, হাতুড়ি ও হাতগাড়ি ব্যবহার করা হতো। খুব সামান্য কিছু বাষ্পচালিত যন্ত্র যেমন বাষ্পীয় বেলচা ব্যবহার করা হয়েছিল। রেললাইনগুলো লোহার তৈরি ছিল কারণ ইস্পাতের লাইন আরও কয়েক বছর পরে বাজারে আসে। প্রতিটি রেলের ওজন ছিল ৩২০ কেজি (৭০০ পাউন্ড) এবং এটি তুলতে অন্তত পাঁচজন মানুষের প্রয়োজন হতো। বিস্ফোরণের জন্য তারা কালো বারুদ ব্যবহার করত। ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথের নির্মাণকর্মীরা যাদের বেশিরভাগই ছিলেন আইরিশ আমেরিকান তারা প্রতিদিন গড়ে প্রায় ৩ কিলোমিটার (২ মাইল) নতুন রেললাইন বসাতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

স্বর্ণালী যুগে আমেরিকায় ছয়টি আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ তৈরি করা হয়েছিল এবং সেই সাথে কানাডায় আরও দুটি রেলপথ নির্মিত হয়। এই পথগুলো কৃষক ও পশুপালকদের জন্য পশ্চিমের দ্বার খুলে দেয়। উত্তর থেকে দক্ষিণে এই রেলপথগুলো ছিল কানাডা-মার্কিন সীমান্ত বরাবর নর্দান প্যাসিফিক, মিলওয়াকি রোড এবং গ্রেট নর্দান। মাঝখানে ছিল ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ ও মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ এবং দক্ষিণে ছিল সান্টা ফে ও সাউদার্ন প্যাসিফিক। জেমস জে হিলের গ্রেট নর্দান ছাড়া বাকি সব কটি রেলপথই সরকারি জমি অনুদানের ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। এই রেলপথগুলোর আর্থিক লেনদেনের কাহিনী ছিল বেশ জটিল। উদাহরণস্বরূপ নর্দান প্যাসিফিক ১৮৬৪ সালে তাদের প্রধান ভূমি অনুদান পায়। অর্থদাতা জে কুক ১৮৭৩ সালে দেউলিয়া হওয়ার আগে পর্যন্ত এর দায়িত্বে ছিলেন। তবে ফেডারেল আদালতগুলো দেউলিয়া হয়ে যাওয়া রেলপথগুলোকে সচল রেখেছিল। ১৮৮১ সালে হেনরি ভিলার্ড দায়িত্ব গ্রহণ করেন এবং অবশেষে সিয়াটেল পর্যন্ত লাইনটি সম্পূর্ণ করেন। কিন্তু ১৮৯৩ সালের অর্থনৈতিক মন্দার সময় এটি দেউলিয়া হয়ে যায় এবং হিল এর নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেন। এরপর তিনি [[জে. পি. মরগান|জে পি মরগানের]] অর্থায়নে বেশ কয়েকটি লাইনকে একত্রিত করেন কিন্তু ১৯০৪ সালে রাষ্ট্রপতি থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট সেগুলো ভেঙে দেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৯-৭০ সালে রেলপথ চালুর প্রথম বছরেই ১,৫০,০০০ যাত্রী এই দীর্ঘ পথে ভ্রমণ করেন। কয়েক বছর ধরে কিস্তিতে রেলপথের জমি কেনার জন্য বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের উৎসাহিত করা হতো। তাদের বিনামূল্যে এলাকা ঘুরে দেখার সুযোগ দেওয়া হতো যাতে তারা জমি দেখে সিদ্ধান্ত নিতে পারেন। রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর &quot;অভিবাসন দপ্তর&quot; ছিল যা জার্মানি ও স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়ার কৃষকদের জন্য সস্তায় যাতায়াত এবং সহজ শর্তে জমি কেনার বিশেষ প্যাকেজ অফার করত। তাদের প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হয়েছিল যে প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে কাজ করা মানে হাড়ভাঙা খাটুনি নয়। কারণ বলা হয়েছিল যে &quot;লাঙল দেওয়ার জন্য প্রস্তুত প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপন করা আর গাছপালায় ঘেরা জঙ্গলে বসতি স্থাপন করা এক বিষয় নয়।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই বসতি স্থাপনকারীরাই ছিলেন রেলপথের প্রধান গ্রাহক যারা তাদের উৎপাদিত ফসল ও গবাদি পশু বাইরে পাঠাতেন এবং বিনিময়ে শিল্পজাত পণ্য কিনতেন। পরিবহনের খরচ কমে যাওয়ায় এবং ব্যবসার পরিধি বেড়ে যাওয়ায় সমস্ত উৎপাদনকারীরাই দারুণভাবে লাভবান হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

হোয়াইট এক মিশ্র পর্যবেক্ষণের মাধ্যমে এই রেল যুগের ইতি টেনেছেন। আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথগুলো অবশ্যই জনবসতি স্থাপনের জন্য পশ্চিমের পথ খুলে দিয়েছিল। এটি হাজার হাজার উচ্চ প্রযুক্তিজ্ঞানসম্পন্ন ও উচ্চবেতনভোগী শ্রমিক এবং ব্যবস্থাপকদের কর্মসংস্থানের সুযোগ করে দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে হাজার হাজার শহর ও নগর গড়ে উঠেছিল এবং গোটা দেশ একটি পূর্ব-পশ্চিম অক্ষে পরিচালিত হতে শুরু করেছিল। সামগ্রিকভাবে এটি দেশের অগ্রগতির জন্য অত্যন্ত মূল্যবান প্রমাণিত হয়েছিল। অন্যদিকে চাহিদার তুলনায় অনেক বেশি রেলপথ তৈরি করা হয়েছিল এবং প্রয়োজনের অনেক আগেই এগুলো নির্মিত হয়েছিল। এর ফলে একটি অর্থনৈতিক বুদবুদ তৈরি হয় যার কারণে বিনিয়োগকারীরা ব্যাপক ক্ষতির সম্মুখীন হন এবং দুর্বল ব্যবস্থাপনা গড়ে ওঠে। এর বিপরীতে হোয়াইট উল্লেখ করেছেন যে মধ্য-পশ্চিম ও পূর্ব দিকের লাইনগুলো বিপুল জনসংখ্যার ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। সেগুলো কৃষিকাজ, শিল্প ও খনি শিল্পকে সহায়তা করার পাশাপাশি নিয়মিত মুনাফা অর্জন করত এবং সরকারের কাছ থেকে খুব সামান্য সুবিধাই গ্রহণ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Picturesque_America58.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৭২ সালের ''&quot;এমিগ্রান্টস ক্রসিং দ্যা প্লেনস&quot;'' ছবিতে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের [[গ্রেট প্লেইনস|গ্রেট প্লেইন]] অতিক্রম করতে দেখা যাচ্ছে। এফওসি ডার্লির লেখা এবং এইচবি হলের লেখায় খোদাই করা।]]
[[মার্কিন গৃহযুদ্ধ|গৃহযুদ্ধের]] সমাপ্তি এবং দাসপ্রথা বিলুপ্ত হওয়ার পর, আমেরিকার পূর্ব উপকূল এবং ইউরোপের বহু মানুষ পশ্চিমের দিকে পাড়ি দিতে আগ্রহী হয়ে ওঠেন। আত্মীয়স্বজনদের কাছ থেকে পাওয়া ইতিবাচক খবরাখবর এবং বিভিন্ন কোম্পানির ব্যাপক প্রচার অভিযান তাদের এই আগ্রহকে প্রবলভাবে উসকে দিয়েছিল। সেই বিজ্ঞাপনগুলোতে &quot;সেরা প্রেইরি জমি&quot;, &quot;অল্প দাম&quot;, &quot;নগদ অর্থে বিশাল ছাড়&quot; এবং &quot;আগের তুলনায় অনেক ভালো সুযোগ!&quot; দেওয়ার মতো লোভনীয় সব প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হতো। নতুন স্থাপিত রেলপথগুলো এই অভিবাসীদের জন্য এলাকাটি সশরীরে গিয়ে দেখার এক সুবর্ণ সুযোগ করে দেয়। এর জন্য বিশেষ ধরণের পারিবারিক টিকিটের ব্যবস্থা করা হয়েছিল। এই টিকিটের জন্য ব্যয় করা অর্থ পরবর্তীতে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর কাছ থেকে জমি কেনার সময় মূল দামের সাথে সমন্বয় করে নেওয়া যেত। তবে সমতল ভূমিতে চাষবাস করা পূর্বের এলাকাগুলোর তুলনায় অনেক বেশি কঠিন ছিল। সেখানে জল ব্যবস্থাপনা ছিল অত্যন্ত জরুরি একটি বিষয়। এ ছাড়াও ঘনঘন বজ্রপাত থেকে অগ্নিকাণ্ড, প্রতিকূল আবহাওয়া এবং বৃষ্টিপাতের অনিশ্চয়তা চাষিদের জন্য বড় চ্যালেঞ্জ হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ভীতু স্বভাবের মানুষেরা নিজেদের বাড়িতেই রয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। তবে প্রকৃত অভিযাত্রীরা অজানার ভয়কে জয় করে এগিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। তাঁদের পশ্চিমের দিকে যাওয়ার প্রধান উদ্দেশ্য ছিল বর্তমান জীবনের চেয়ে আরও উন্নত একটি অর্থনৈতিক জীবন খুঁজে পাওয়া। কৃষকরা বড়, সস্তা এবং আরও উর্বর জমির সন্ধানে ছিলেন। অন্যদিকে ব্যবসায়ী ও কারিগররা নতুন গ্রাহক এবং নেতৃত্বের সুযোগ খুঁজছিলেন। শ্রমিকরা চেয়েছিলেন আরও ভালো পরিবেশ এবং বেশি বেতনের কাজ। বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা যখন পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হচ্ছিলেন, তখন তাঁদের পথে নানা ধরণের কঠিন সমস্যার মুখোমুখি হতে হয়েছিল। এর মধ্যে ছিল বাড়ি তৈরির জন্য কাঠের অভাব, তুষারঝড় ও খরা সহ অত্যন্ত খারাপ আবহাওয়া এবং বিধ্বংসী টর্নেডোর আতঙ্ক।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গাছপালাহীন প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা মাটির চাপড়া দিয়ে ঘর তৈরি করতেন। ১৮৭৪ সালে পঙ্গপালের আক্রমণ ছিল এই বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর নেমে আসা অন্যতম বড় একটি বিপর্যয়, যা সমগ্র গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চলকে লণ্ডভণ্ড করে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই সমস্ত প্রতিকূলতা এবং চ্যালেঞ্জগুলো সীমান্ত জয় করার লড়াইয়ে এই মানুষগুলোকে আরও কঠোর ও সহনশীল করে তুলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আলাস্কা ক্রয় ====
ক্রিমিয়ার যুদ্ধে রাশিয়ার পরাজয়ের পর, [[রুশ সাম্রাজ্য|রাশিয়ার]] জার দ্বিতীয় আলেকজান্ডার রাশিয়ার আমেরিকান ভূখণ্ড [[আলাস্কা|আলাস্কাকে]] মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের কাছে বিক্রি করার সিদ্ধান্ত নেন। এই সিদ্ধান্তের পেছনে একদিকে যেমন অর্থের প্রয়োজন ছিল, অন্যদিকে রাশিয়ার প্রশাসনের একটি ভয়ও কাজ করছিল। তারা মনে করেছিল যে ভবিষ্যতে ব্রিটেনের সাথে কোনো যুদ্ধ বাঁধলে ব্রিটেন খুব সহজেই আলাস্কা দখল করে নিতে পারে। তৎকালীন মার্কিন বিদেশ সচিব উইলিয়াম সিওয়ার্ড রাশিয়ার সাথে আলোচনার মাধ্যমে আলাস্কার এই বিশাল ভূখণ্ডটি অর্জনের প্রক্রিয়া সম্পন্ন করেন। এই অঞ্চলটি আয়তনে অবশিষ্ট মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের প্রায় পাঁচ ভাগের এক ভাগ ছিল। ১৮৬৭ সালের ৩০ শে মার্চ মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র রাশিয়ার কাছ থেকে ৭২ লক্ষ ডলারের বিনিময়ে এই ভূখণ্ডটি কিনে নেয় (যা ২০২৪ সালের হিসেবে প্রায় ১৬ কোটি ২০ লক্ষ ডলারের সমান)। ১৮৬৭ সালের ১৮ ই অক্টোবর সিটকা নামক স্থানে একটি আনুষ্ঠানিক অনুষ্ঠানের মাধ্যমে হস্তান্তর প্রক্রিয়া সম্পন্ন হয়, যেখানে রুশ সৈন্যরা মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর হাতে এই ভূখণ্ডের দায়িত্ব তুলে দেন।

==== ওকলাহোমা ল্যান্ড রাশ ====
১৮৮৯ সালে ওয়াশিংটন প্রশাসন ওকলাহোমা অঞ্চলের ২০ লক্ষ একর (৮,১০০ বর্গ কিমি) খালি জমি সর্বসাধারণের জন্য উন্মুক্ত করে দেয়। ২২ শে এপ্রিল ১ লক্ষেরও বেশি বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং পশুপালক (যারা &quot;বুমার&quot; নামে পরিচিত ছিলেন) সীমান্তে ভিড় জমান।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যখন সেনাবাহিনীর বন্দুক এবং বিউগলের মাধ্যমে সংকেত দেওয়া হলো, তখন ১৮৮৯ সালের এই ভূমি দখলের দৌড়ে নিজের জমির দাবি নিশ্চিত করার জন্য সবাই পাগলের মতো ছুটে চললেন। একজন প্রত্যক্ষদর্শী লিখেছেন, &quot;ঘোড়সওয়াররা শুরু থেকেই সবচেয়ে সুবিধাজনক অবস্থানে ছিলেন। প্রথম কয়েক মিনিট এটি একটি চমৎকার দৌড় প্রতিযোগিতা মনে হয়েছিল, কিন্তু শীঘ্রই আরোহীরা পাখার মতো চারিদিকে ছড়িয়ে পড়তে শুরু করলেন। যখন তাঁরা দিগন্ত রেখায় পৌঁছালেন, ততক্ষণে চোখের দৃষ্টি যতদূর যায় তাঁরা সব জায়গায় ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মাত্র একদিনের ব্যবধানে [[ওকলাহোমা সিটি]], নরম্যান এবং গাথরি নামে নতুন তিনটি শহর মানচিত্রে জায়গা করে নেয়। একইভাবে পরবর্তী চার বছরে আরও লক্ষ লক্ষ একর জমি উন্মুক্ত করা হয় এবং সেখানে জনবসতি গড়ে ওঠে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ ===
[[চিত্র:Sitting_Bull.jpg|থাম্ব|সিওক্স চিফ সিটিং বুল]]
[[চিত্র:Plenty_Coups_Edward_Curtis_Portrait_(c1908).jpg|থাম্ব|ক্রো চিফ প্লেন্টি অভ্যুত্থান]]
আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র জুড়ে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। তবে সাধারণত এই সংঘাতগুলোকে দুটি প্রধান ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়। মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ এবং মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ। [[মার্কিন জনশুমারি দপ্তর|মার্কিন আদমশুমারি ব্যুরো]] (১৮৯৪) মৃত্যুর একটি সম্ভাব্য খতিয়ান প্রদান করে:

ইতিহাসবিদ রাসেল থর্নটনের অনুমান অনুযায়ী ১৮০০ থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে আদিবাসীদের জনসংখ্যা ৬,০০,০০০ থেকে কমে মাত্র ২,৫০,০০০-এ দাঁড়িয়েছিল। এই জনসংখ্যা হ্রাসের প্রধান কারণ ছিল [[গুটিবসন্ত]] এবং অন্যান্য [[সংক্রমণ|সংক্রামক রোগ]]। টেক্সাসের কারানকাওয়ান, আকোকিসা এবং বিডুইয়ের মতো অনেক উপজাতি টেক্সাসের বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের সাথে যুদ্ধের ফলে পুরোপুরি বিলুপ্ত হয়ে গিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  গৃহযুদ্ধের পর আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের জনসংখ্যার এই দ্রুত হ্রাস মার্কিন সরকারকে চিন্তিত করে তোলে। এর ফলে ডুলিটল কমিটি গঠন করা হয় যার কাজ ছিল এই ধ্বংসের কারণগুলো অনুসন্ধান করা এবং জনসংখ্যা রক্ষার জন্য সুপারিশ প্রদান করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; আদিবাসীদের ওপর হওয়া অত্যাচার রোধ করার জন্য এই কমিটি পাঁচটি পরিদর্শন বোর্ড গঠনের মতো যে সমাধানগুলো প্রস্তাব করেছিল, পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বিশাল পরিযান শুরু হওয়ার ফলে সেগুলোর খুব একটা প্রভাব পড়েনি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ ====
বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধের পর (১৭৮৩-১৮১২) ব্রিটিশ ব্যবসায়ীরা এবং সরকারি প্রতিনিধিরা মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে বসবাসকারী আদিবাসীদের অস্ত্র সরবরাহ শুরু করেন। তাঁদের আশা ছিল যদি কোনো যুদ্ধ বাধে তবে আদিবাসীরা ব্রিটিশদের পক্ষে লড়াই করবে। ব্রিটিশরা আরও পরিকল্পনা করেছিল যে ওহিও-উইসকনসিন এলাকায় একটি আদিবাসী রাষ্ট্র গড়ে তুলবে যাতে আমেরিকার প্রসারের পথ বন্ধ করা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এর প্রতিবাদ জানায় এবং ১৮১২ সালে যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা করে। বেশিরভাগ আদিবাসী উপজাতি ব্রিটিশদের সমর্থন করেছিল বিশেষ করে যারা টেকুমসের মিত্র ছিল, কিন্তু শেষ পর্যন্ত জেনারেল [[উইলিয়াম হেনরি হ্যারিসন]] তাদের পরাজিত করেন। পরাজিত উপজাতিদের অনেক শরণার্থী সীমান্ত পেরিয়ে কানাডায় চলে যান। অন্যদিকে দক্ষিণের আদিবাসীরা ফ্লোরিডার দিকে চলে যান যা তখন নিউ স্পেনের ভাইসরয়্যালিটির অধীনে স্প্যানীয়দের নিয়ন্ত্রণে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র স্পেনের কাছ থেকে ফ্লোরিডা কিনে নেওয়ার পর স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের ওকলাহোমায় চলে যাওয়ার জন্য অর্থ প্রদান করে এবং বেশিরভাগই তা মেনে নেন। তবে সেমিনোল যুদ্ধগুলো ছিল এমন কয়েকশ সেমিনোল যোদ্ধার বিরুদ্ধে পরিচালিত সামরিক অভিযান যারা নিজেদের পূর্বপুরুষদের সমাধি ছেড়ে যেতে অস্বীকার করেছিলেন। জলাভূমি অঞ্চলে অতর্কিত হামলা ও খণ্ডযুদ্ধের মাধ্যমে এই লড়াই চলেছিল এবং ১৮৪২ সালে সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে এর অবসান ঘটে। এই সংঘাত বছরের পর বছর ধরে চলেছিল এবং সংবাদপত্রে এর ব্যাপক প্রচারের ফলে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের আত্মপরিচয় গঠনে এটি সহায়তা করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ ====
[[চিত্র:Western_Indian_Wars.jpg|থাম্ব|ট্রান্স মিসিসিপি পশ্চিমে আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ (১৮৬০-১৮৯০)]]
পশ্চিমের আদিবাসী যোদ্ধারা তাদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী সীমিত ও যুদ্ধমুখী লড়াইয়ের মাধ্যমে মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর মোকাবিলা করেছিলেন। আদিবাসীরা ব্যক্তিগত সাহসিকতার ওপর জোর দিতেন। অন্যদিকে সেনাবাহিনী ব্যক্তিগত লড়াইয়ের চেয়ে দুর্গের নেটওয়ার্ক তৈরি, রসদ সরবরাহ ব্যবস্থার উন্নয়ন এবং বাহিনীগুলোর মধ্যে সমন্বয় বজায় রাখতে টেলিগ্রাফ ও রেলপথ ব্যবহারের ওপর বেশি গুরুত্ব দিয়েছিল। সমতল ভূমির আদিবাসীদের আন্তঃউপজাতি লড়াইয়ের সাথে জনসংখ্যা ও সম্পদে এগিয়ে থাকা আমেরিকানদের ইউরোপীয় কায়দার আধুনিক যুদ্ধের কোনো মিল ছিল না। অনেক উপজাতি যুদ্ধ এড়িয়ে চলতেন এবং অনেকে মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীকে সাহায্যও করতেন। সরকারের প্রতি শত্রুভাবাপন্ন উপজাতিগুলো তাদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী লড়াইয়ের পদ্ধতি বজায় রেখেছিল। এই কারণেই তারা সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে স্থায়ী কোনো সাফল্য লাভ করতে পারেনি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমের সমস্ত অঞ্চল জুড়েই আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। তবে অভ্যন্তরীণ রাজ্যগুলোর তুলনায় মেক্সিকো সীমান্ত সংলগ্ন রাজ্যগুলোতে সংঘাতের পরিমাণ ছিল অনেক বেশি। অ্যারিজোনা এক্ষেত্রে তালিকার শীর্ষে ছিল। সেখানে আমেরিকান ও আদিবাসীদের মধ্যে ৩১০টি যুদ্ধের কথা জানা যায়। যুদ্ধে নিহতের সংখ্যার দিক থেকেও অ্যারিজোনা সবার উপরে ছিল। সেখানে সৈন্য, সাধারণ নাগরিক এবং আদিবাসী মিলিয়ে মোট ৪,৩৪০ জন নিহত হয়েছিলেন। এই সংখ্যাটি তালিকায় দ্বিতীয় স্থানে থাকা টেক্সাসে নিহতের সংখ্যার দ্বিগুণেরও বেশি ছিল। অ্যারিজোনার অধিকাংশ মৃত্যুর জন্য অ্যাপাচি উপজাতি দায়ী ছিল। মিচনো আরও জানিয়েছেন যে ১৮৫০ থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে হওয়া আদিবাসী যুদ্ধের ৫১ শতাংশই অ্যারিজোনা, টেক্সাস এবং নিউ মেক্সিকোতে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। এ ছাড়া মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিমের অঞ্চলগুলোতে হওয়া হতাহতের ৩৭ শতাংশও এই রাজ্যগুলোতে হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কোমাঞ্চি উপজাতি স্পেনীয় এবং পরবর্তীতে মেক্সিকান ও আমেরিকান সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে বেশ কিছু লড়াই করেছিল। ১৮৪০-এর দশকে কোমাঞ্চিদের শক্তি চরমে পৌঁছেছিল যখন তারা মেক্সিকোর কয়েকশ মাইল ভেতরে বড় ধরণের আক্রমণ চালিয়েছিল। একইসাথে তারা স্বাধীন টেক্সাসে বসতি স্থাপন করা অ্যাংলো-আমেরিকান এবং তেজানোদের বিরুদ্ধেও যুদ্ধ করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৪-১৮৬৮ সালের স্নৈক যুদ্ধ ছিল অন্যতম একটি ভয়াবহ সংঘাত। এটি নর্দান পাইউট, ব্যানক এবং শশোন আদিবাসীদের একটি জোট পরিচালনা করেছিল যারা সম্মিলিতভাবে &quot;স্নৈক ইন্ডিয়ানস&quot; নামে পরিচিত ছিল। ওরেগন, নেভাদা, ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং আইডাহো রাজ্যের স্নৈক নদী বরাবর মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে এই লড়াই চলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের এলাকায় অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীদের ঢল নামার ফলে এবং সম্পদের ভাগ নিয়ে উত্তেজনার সৃষ্টি হলে এই যুদ্ধের সূত্রপাত হয়। এই আদিবাসী গোষ্ঠীর সদস্যরা [[স্নেক নদী]] উপত্যকা দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী অভিবাসী দল এবং খনি শ্রমিকদের ওপর আক্রমণ ও হয়রানি শুরু করেন। এর জবাবে শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা পাল্টা আক্রমণ চালায় এবং মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী হস্তক্ষেপ করে। এই যুদ্ধে উভয় পক্ষের মোট ১,৭৬২ জন নিহত, আহত বা বন্দি হয়েছিলেন। অন্যান্য আদিবাসী যুদ্ধের তুলনায় এই যুদ্ধের কাহিনী মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাসে অনেকটাই বিস্মৃত হয়ে গিয়েছে কারণ সেই সময় এর সংবাদ প্রচার ছিল খুব সীমিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

শায়েন, আরাপাহো এবং সিওক্স উপজাতিরা কলোরাডো থেকে নেব্রাস্কা পর্যন্ত এলাকায় কলোরাডো যুদ্ধে লিপ্ত হয়েছিলেন। গৃহযুদ্ধ চলাকালীন ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৫ সালের মধ্যে এই সংঘাতটি হয়েছিল। আদিবাসী এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মধ্যে তৈরি হওয়া তিক্ততা থেকে এই যুদ্ধের জন্ম হয়। উভয় পক্ষের করা নৃশংসতার জন্য এই যুদ্ধ কুখ্যাত হয়ে আছে। শ্বেতাঙ্গ মিলিশিয়ারা আদিবাসীদের গ্রাম ধ্বংস করে দিত এবং স্যান্ড ক্রিক গণহত্যার মতো ঘটনায় আদিবাসী নারী ও শিশুদের হত্যা করত। এর পাল্টায় আদিবাসীরাও বিভিন্ন খামার ও বসতিতে আক্রমণ চালাত এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ পরিবারগুলোকে হত্যা করত। আমেরিকান র‍্যাঞ্চ গণহত্যা এবং গডফ্রে র‍্যাঞ্চের আক্রমণ এর অন্যতম উদাহরণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালে কর্নেল ক্রিস্টোফার &quot;কিট&quot; কারসন মেসকালেরো অ্যাপাচিদের একটি সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে বাধ্য করেন। ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৪ সালে কারসন নাভাজো অভিযানে পোড়ামাটি নীতি ব্যবহার করেন। তিনি নাভাজোদের ঘরবাড়ি ও ফসলের খেত পুড়িয়ে দেন এবং তাদের গবাদি পশু মেরে ফেলেন বা দখল করে নেন। ইউটেস উপজাতির মতো যে আদিবাসীদের সাথে নাভাজোদের দীর্ঘদিনের শত্রুতা ছিল তারা কারসনকে সাহায্য করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই যুদ্ধের আরেকটি উল্লেখযোগ্য ঘটনা ছিল ১৮৮০-এর দশকে টেক্সাসের জনপদগুলোতে জেরোনিমোর লড়াই। তাঁর অধীনে থাকা অ্যাপাচিরা মার্কিন অশ্বারোহী বাহিনী এবং দুর্গের ওপর অতর্কিত হামলা চালাত যেমন সিবেকু ক্রিকে তাদের আক্রমণ। এ ছাড়াও তারা বিভিন্ন খামার ও চারণভূমিতে হামলা চালাত যেমন এম্পায়ার র‍্যাঞ্চে তাদের কুখ্যাত আক্রমণ যেখানে তিনজন কাউবয় নিহত হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiefs&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=The Great Chiefs|শেষাংশ=Capps|প্রথমাংশ=Benjamin|বছর=1975|প্রকাশক=Time-Life Education|পাতা=240|আইএসবিএন=978-0316847858}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অবশেষে ১৮৮৬ সালে জেরোনিমোর নেতৃত্বাধীন শেষ বিদ্রোহী অ্যাপাচি দলটি আত্মসমর্পণ করতে বাধ্য হয়।

১৮৭৪-১৮৭৫ সালে রেড রিভার যুদ্ধ শুরু হয়েছিল কারণ কোমাঞ্চিদের প্রধান খাদ্য মহিষের সংখ্যা কমে আসছিল এবং কিছু দল সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে অস্বীকার করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কোমাঞ্চিরা টেক্সাসের ছোট ছোট জনপদে আক্রমণ শুরু করলে মহিষ শিকারিদের সাথে বাফেলো ওয়ালো এবং দ্বিতীয় অ্যাডোবি ওয়ালস যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়। এ ছাড়াও টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সদের সাথে লস্ট ভ্যালি যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল। শেষ পর্যন্ত প্যালো ডুরো ক্যানিয়নে মার্কিন অশ্বারোহী বাহিনীর সাথে কোমাঞ্চিদের চূড়ান্ত লড়াইয়ের মাধ্যমে যুদ্ধের অবসান ঘটে। ১৮৭৫ সালের জুন মাসে শেষ কোমাঞ্চি প্রধান কুয়ানা পার্কার আত্মসমর্পণ করেন যার ফলে টেক্সাসবাসী এবং আদিবাসীদের দীর্ঘ যুদ্ধের সমাপ্তি ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Fetterman_massacre.jpg|থাম্ব|ডাকোটা টেরিটরির ফোর্ট ফিল কার্নির কাছে যুদ্ধ, ২১ ডিসেম্বর, ১৮৬৬]]
[[চিত্র:ScalpedHunter.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬৮ সালে ক্যানসাসের ফোর্ট ডজের কাছে শায়েনেসের সাথে সংঘর্ষের পর মহিষ শিকারীর খোঁচা কাটা মৃতদেহ পাওয়া গেছে।]]
১৮৭৭ সালের জুন মাসে নেজ পার্স যুদ্ধে চিফ জোসেফের নেতৃত্বে আদিবাসীরা নিজেদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী ভূমি ছেড়ে সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে অস্বীকার করেন। ওরেগন থেকে মন্টানা সীমান্ত পর্যন্ত ২,০০০ কিলোমিটার (১,২০০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ পথ তারা লড়াই করতে করতে পিছিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। মাত্র ২০০ জন যোদ্ধা নিয়ে নেজ পার্স উপজাতি &quot;বিভিন্ন সামরিক ইউনিটের প্রায় ২,০০০ নিয়মিত ও স্বেচ্ছাসেবী আমেরিকান সৈন্য এবং তাদের সহযোগী বহু উপজাতির আদিবাসীদের সাথে মোট ১৮টি লড়াই করেছিলেন যার মধ্যে চারটি বড় যুদ্ধ এবং অন্তত চারটি তীব্র সংঘর্ষ অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিয়ার প’র যুদ্ধে নেজ পার্সরা চারদিক থেকে ঘেরাও হয়ে যান এবং আত্মসমর্পণ করেন। ১৮৭৬ সালের মহান সিওক্স যুদ্ধ সিটিং বুল এবং ক্রেজি হর্সের নেতৃত্বে লাকোটা উপজাতিরা শুরু করেছিলেন। পাহাড়ে সোনার সন্ধান পাওয়ার পর ১৮৬৮ সালের ফোর্ট লারামি চুক্তির বারবার লঙ্ঘনের ফলে এই সংঘাতের সূত্রপাত হয়। এই যুদ্ধের একটি বিখ্যাত লড়াই হলো লিটল বিগহর্ন যুদ্ধ যেখানে সিওক্স এবং শায়েনদের সম্মিলিত বাহিনী জেনারেল জর্জ আর্মস্ট্রং কাস্টারের নেতৃত্বাধীন সপ্তম অশ্বারোহী বাহিনীকে পরাজিত করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইউটা এবং কলোরাডোর বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের বিরুদ্ধে ইউট উপজাতির লড়াইয়ে দুটি বড় যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল। মিকার গণহত্যায় ১১ জন প্রতিনিধি নিহত হন এবং পিনহুক গণহত্যায় ১৩ জন সশস্ত্র খামারি ও কাউবয় প্রাণ হারান।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯২৩ সালের পোসি যুদ্ধের মাধ্যমে ইউট উপজাতির দীর্ঘ সংঘাতের ইতি ঘটে যা মূলত বসতি স্থাপনকারী ও আইন-শৃঙ্খলা রক্ষাকারী বাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Utah History Encyclopedia|ইউআরএল=https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POSEY_WAR.shtml|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 14, 2020|ওয়েবসাইট=www.uen.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৯০ সালের ২৯ শে ডিসেম্বর উন্ডেড নি গণহত্যার মাধ্যমে প্রধান আদিবাসী যুদ্ধগুলোর অবসান ঘটে। সেখানে সপ্তম অশ্বারোহী বাহিনী একজন সিওক্স ব্যক্তিকে নিরস্ত্রীকরণ করতে গিয়ে এক হত্যাযজ্ঞ চালিয়েছিল যেখানে প্রায় ১৫০ জন সিওক্স পুরুষ, মহিলা ও শিশু নিহত হন। এর মাত্র তেরো দিন আগে সিটিং বুলকে তাঁর ছেলে ক্রাউ ফুটের সাথে গুলিবিদ্ধ হয়ে মারা যেতে হয়েছিল। আমেরিকান সরকার তাঁকে গ্রেপ্তার করার জন্য একদল আদিবাসী পুলিশ পাঠিয়েছিল যাদের সাথে লড়াইয়ে তিনি নিহত হন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  তা সত্ত্বেও ১৯২০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্ত ব্লাফ যুদ্ধ (১৯১৪-১৯১৫) এবং পোসি যুদ্ধের মতো আরও কিছু সংঘাত ও বিচ্ছিন্ন ঘটনা ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Utah History Encyclopedia|ইউআরএল=https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POSEY_WAR.shtml|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 14, 2020|ওয়েবসাইট=www.uen.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে মার্কিন সেনা সদস্য এবং আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের মধ্যে সর্বশেষ সরাসরি যুদ্ধটি সংঘটিত হয়েছিল ১৯১৮ সালের ৯ ই জানুয়ারি বিয়ার ভ্যালি যুদ্ধে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|তারিখ=April 19, 2005|শিরোনাম=Squadron History|ইউআরএল=http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm|আর্কাইভের-ইউআরএল=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419173045/http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm|আর্কাইভের-তারিখ=April 19, 2005|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== দুর্গ এবং ফাঁড়ি ====
সীমান্ত যখন ক্রমশ পশ্চিমের দিকে সরে যাচ্ছিল, তখন তার সাথে তাল মিলিয়ে মার্কিন সামরিক দুর্গগুলোও নতুন নতুন এলাকায় গড়ে উঠতে থাকে। এই দুর্গগুলো নতুন ভূখণ্ডগুলোর ওপর ফেডারেল সরকারের সার্বভৌমত্ব বজায় রাখার এবং কেন্দ্রীয় কর্তৃত্বের প্রতীক হিসেবে কাজ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই সামরিক ঘাঁটিগুলোতে সাধারণত প্রতিরক্ষার জন্য বড় কোনো দেওয়াল থাকত না, তবে সেখানে আক্রমণের ঘটনাও খুব কমই দেখা যেত। এগুলো মূলত কৌশলগতভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ এলাকাগুলোতে বা তার সন্নিকটে সৈন্যদের ঘাঁটি হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতো যাতে সেখানে আদিবাসীদের উপস্থিতিকে কার্যকরভাবে মোকাবিলা করা যায়। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, অ্যারিজোনার দক্ষিণাঞ্চলে টুসঁ এবং এল পাসোর মধ্যবর্তী ডাক চলাচলের পথে অবস্থিত অ্যাপাচি পাসকে রক্ষা করার দায়িত্ব ছিল ফোর্ট বোয়ির ওপর। কোচিস এবং জেরোনিমোর মতো আদিবাসী নেতাদের বিরুদ্ধে অভিযান চালানোর জন্য এই দুর্গটিকে প্রধান কেন্দ্র হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা হতো। ফোর্ট লারামি এবং ফোর্ট কিয়ার্নি গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চল অতিক্রমকারী অভিবাসীদের সুরক্ষা নিশ্চিত করতে সাহায্য করত। এ ছাড়া ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার বেশ কয়েকটি সামরিক ঘাঁটি খনি শ্রমিকদের নিরাপত্তা দেওয়ার জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছিল। সিওক্স উপজাতির বিরুদ্ধে আক্রমণ পরিচালনার উদ্দেশ্যেও বেশ কিছু দুর্গ নির্মাণ করা হয়েছিল। যখন ইন্ডিয়ান রিজার্ভেশন বা আদিবাসীদের জন্য সংরক্ষিত এলাকাগুলো তৈরি হতে শুরু করে, তখন সেগুলোকে পাহারা দেওয়ার জন্য সেনাবাহিনী নতুন দুর্গ স্থাপন করে। দুর্গগুলো ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ এবং অন্যান্য প্রধান রেললাইনগুলোকেও পাহারা দিত। পশ্চিমের অন্যান্য গুরুত্বপূর্ণ দুর্গগুলোর মধ্যে ছিল ওকলাহোমার ফোর্ট সিল, আরকানসাসের ফোর্ট স্মিথ, মিনেসোটার ফোর্ট স্নেলিং, নিউ মেক্সিকোর ফোর্ট ইউনিয়ন, টেক্সাসের ফোর্ট ওয়ার্থ এবং ওয়াশিংটনের ফোর্ট ওয়ালা ওয়ালা। নেব্রাস্কার ফোর্ট ওমাহা ছিল ডিপার্টমেন্ট অফ দ্য প্ল্যাট-এর প্রধান কার্যালয়। ১৮৭০-এর দশকের শেষ দিকে এটি প্রতিষ্ঠার পর থেকে পরবর্তী ২০ বছরেরও বেশি সময় ধরে পশ্চিমের অধিকাংশ ঘাঁটিগুলোতে প্রয়োজনীয় রসদ ও সরঞ্জাম সরবরাহের গুরুদায়িত্ব ছিল এর ওপর। অ্যারিজোনার ফোর্ট হুয়াচুকাও শুরুতে একটি সীমান্ত ঘাঁটি হিসেবে তৈরি করা হয়েছিল যা বর্তমানেও মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী ব্যবহার করে থাকে।

==== আদিবাসী সংরক্ষিত এলাকা ====
[[চিত্র:Native_American_Chiefs_1865.jpg|থাম্ব|আদি আমেরিকান প্রধানরা, ১৮৬৫]]
ওরেগন এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দিকে স্থলপথে যাত্রা করা বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা প্রায়শই আদিবাসীদের হুমকির লক্ষ্যবস্তুতে পরিণত হতেন। রবার্ট এল মানক্রেস ১৮৩৪ থেকে ১৮৬০ সালের মধ্যে ওরেগন ট্রেইল দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী দলের ৬৬টি ডায়েরি পর্যালোচনা করেছিলেন। এর মূল উদ্দেশ্য ছিল নেব্রাস্কা এবং ওয়াইমিং অঞ্চলে আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের ফলে পর্যটকরা আসলে কতটা বিপদের সম্মুখীন হয়েছিলেন তার একটি বাস্তবসম্মত হিসাব বের করা। ডায়েরি লেখকদের বিশাল একটি অংশ সশস্ত্র আক্রমণের কোনো অভিজ্ঞতার কথা উল্লেখ করেননি। তবে অনেকেই আদিবাসীদের হাতে হয়রানির শিকার হওয়ার কথা জানিয়েছিলেন। সেই আদিবাসীরা অনেক সময় ভিক্ষা চাইত অথবা জোর করে পথকর দাবি করত এবং মাঝেমধ্যে ঘোড়া ও গবাদি পশু চুরি করে নিয়ে যেত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ম্যাডসেনের দেওয়া তথ্য অনুযায়ী, ইউটার উত্তর ও পশ্চিম দিকের শশোন এবং ব্যানক উপজাতিরা মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরের প্রতি অনেক বেশি আক্রমণাত্মক মনোভাব পোষণ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৫০ সালের শুরুর দিকে দুটি নতুন চুক্তির মাধ্যমে ফেডারেল সরকার উত্তেজনা কমানোর এবং গ্রেট প্লেইনস অঞ্চলে নতুন উপজাতীয় সীমানা নির্ধারণের চেষ্টা করেছিল। ফোর্ট লারামি চুক্তির মাধ্যমে সিওক্স, শায়েন, আরাপাহো, ক্রো এবং অন্যান্য উপজাতিদের জন্য নির্দিষ্ট এলাকা বা জোন চিহ্নিত করে দেওয়া হয়। একইসাথে উপজাতীয় ভূখণ্ডের মধ্য দিয়ে রাস্তা ও সামরিক ঘাঁটি তৈরির অনুমতি প্রদান করা হয়েছিল। দ্বিতীয় একটি চুক্তির মাধ্যমে সান্টা ফে ট্রেইল দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী মালবাহী গাড়িগুলোর জন্য নিরাপদ পথ নিশ্চিত করা হয়। এর বিনিময়ে এই উপজাতিরা অভিবাসীদের কারণে হওয়া ক্ষয়ক্ষতির জন্য পরবর্তী দশ বছর পর্যন্ত বার্ষিক ক্ষতিপূরণ পাওয়ার আশ্বাস পায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কানসাস এবং নেব্রাস্কা অঞ্চলগুলোও বিবাদের কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হয়েছিল কারণ ফেডারেল সরকার ভবিষ্যৎ আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ নির্মাণের জন্য ওই জমিগুলো অধিকার করতে চেয়েছিল। সুদূর পশ্চিমে ফেডারেল সরকার আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের কাছ থেকে জমির মালিকানা বা স্বত্ব পাওয়ার আগেই অনেক বসতি স্থাপনকারী ওরেগন এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার জমি দখল করতে শুরু করেন। এর ফলে উভয় পক্ষের মধ্যে প্রবল তিক্ততা ও সংঘাতের সৃষ্টি হয়। ইউটাতেও মরমোনরা ফেডারেল সরকারের আইনি মালিকানা পাওয়ার আগেই সেখানে বসতি স্থাপন করেছিলেন।

&quot;ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরি&quot; বা আদিবাসী অঞ্চলের সীমানা যখন ক্রমশ লঙ্ঘিত হতে শুরু করে, তখন ধীরে ধীরে সংরক্ষিত এলাকা বা রিজার্ভেশন স্থাপনের এক নতুন নীতি রূপ নিতে থাকে। আদিবাসীদের জন্য এই সংরক্ষিত এলাকার ব্যবস্থা করার মাধ্যমে কংগ্রেস এবং অফিস অফ ইন্ডিয়ান অ্যাফেয়ার্স আশা করেছিল যে এর ফলে আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের উপজাতীয় মানসিকতা দূর করা সম্ভব হবে। তাদের মূল আমেরিকান সমাজের সাথে একীভূত হওয়ার জন্য প্রস্তুত করাই ছিল এর লক্ষ্য যা ছিল মূলত &quot;আমাদের নাগরিক জনসংখ্যার মূল স্রোতের সাথে চূড়ান্ত সংযুক্তি&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এর ফলে কানসাস-নেব্রাস্কা আইনের পর লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের অবশিষ্ট অংশ থেকে তৈরি হওয়া নতুন নেব্রাস্কা অঞ্চলে মিসৌরি নদী বরাবর ডজনখানেক নদী তীরবর্তী শহর গড়ে ওঠার পথ প্রশস্ত হয়। এই সময়ের প্রভাবশালী অগ্রগামী শহরগুলোর মধ্যে ছিল ওমাহা, নেব্রাস্কা সিটি এবং সেন্ট জোসেফ।

এই সময়কালে আদিবাসীদের প্রতি আমেরিকানদের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি ছিল অত্যন্ত বিচিত্র। এর এক প্রান্তে ছিল চরম বিদ্বেষ যেমন &quot;একজন মৃত ইন্ডিয়ানই হলো একমাত্র ভালো ইন্ডিয়ান&quot;। আবার অন্য প্রান্তে ছিল এক ধরণের ভুল পথে পরিচালিত মানবতাবাদ যেখানে মনে করা হতো ইন্ডিয়ানরা &quot;নিম্নমানের&quot; সমাজে বাস করে এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ সমাজের সাথে মিশে যাওয়ার মাধ্যমেই কেবল তাদের অবস্থার উন্নতি সম্ভব। এ ছাড়াও ছিল কিছুটা বাস্তববাদী দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি যেখানে ভাবা হতো আদিবাসী এবং বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা পশ্চিমের অবশিষ্ট জমি নিজেদের মধ্যে ভাগ করে নিয়ে আলাদা অথচ সমান সমাজে সহাবস্থান করতে পারে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যাযাবর উপজাতিদের সামলানোর বিষয়টি রিজার্ভেশন তৈরির পরিকল্পনাকে জটিল করে তুলেছিল। সমতল ভূমির আদিবাসীদের মধ্যে কোনো কেন্দ্রীয় ক্ষমতা বা নেতৃত্ব না থাকায় তাদের সাথে যেকোনো চুক্তি করা ছিল একটি অত্যন্ত কঠিন কাজ। ১৮৫০-এর দশকে এই সংঘাতগুলো আরও বৃদ্ধি পায় যার ফলশ্রুতিতে বিভিন্ন আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ শুরু হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সংঘাতের এই দিনগুলোতে আদিবাসীরা তাদের নিজস্ব এলাকায় শ্বেতাঙ্গদের প্রবেশের ব্যাপারে অনেক বেশি কঠোর ও কড়া হয়ে ওঠেন। যেমন অলিভার লাভিংয়ের ক্ষেত্রে দেখা গিয়েছিল যে তারা তাদের এলাকার সীমানা অতিক্রম করার সময় [[রাখাল বালক|কাউবয়]] এবং তাদের গবাদি পশুর ওপর আক্রমণ চালাত।&lt;ref name=&quot;richardmelzer2&quot;&gt;Richard Melzer, ''Buried Treasures: Famous and Unusual Gravesites in New Mexico History'', Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press, 2007, p.&amp;nbsp;105&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarah2&quot;&gt;Carter, Sarah, ''Cowboys, Ranchers and the Cattle Business: Cross-Border Perspectives on Ranching History'', Univ Pr of Colorado (2000) p.&amp;nbsp;95.&lt;/ref&gt; এমনকি অভাবের সময় খাবারের সংস্থান না থাকলে তারা গৃহপালিত পশুর ওপর হামলা চালাত। তবে কাউবয় এবং আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সম্পর্ক সাধারণত যেমনটা নাটকীয়ভাবে প্রচার করা হয় তার চেয়ে অনেক বেশি পারস্পরিক ছিল। অনেক সময় কাউবয়রা আদিবাসীদের এলাকার ভেতর দিয়ে যাতায়াতের অনুমতি পাওয়ার জন্য প্রতি গরুর পিছু ১০ সেন্ট করে জরিমানা বা ফি প্রদান করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; আদিবাসীরা অনেক সময় ঘোড়া এবং অন্যান্য মূল্যবান সামগ্রীর লোভে সীমান্ত দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচগুলোর ওপরও হামলা চালাতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== সামাজিক ইতিহাস ===
পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের মানুষেরা গণতন্ত্র এবং সাম্যের আন্দোলনে তাঁদের নেতৃত্বের জন্য অত্যন্ত গর্ববোধ করতেন, যা ছিল ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নারের আলোচনার অন্যতম প্রধান বিষয়। রাজনীতি এবং সমাজের প্রেক্ষাপটে কেন্টাকি, টেনেসি, অ্যালাবামা এবং ওহাইওর মতো নতুন অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলো পূর্ব উপকূলের আদি রাজ্যগুলোর তুলনায় অনেক বেশি গণতান্ত্রিক ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় রাজ্যগুলোই প্রথম নারীদের ভোটাধিকার প্রদান করেছিল। ১৯০০ সালের মধ্যে সমগ্র পশ্চিমে, বিশেষ করে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং ওরেগনে প্রগতিশীল আন্দোলন দারুণ গতি পায়।

==== নগর সীমান্ত ====
নগর সীমান্ত সীমান্তের উন্নয়নে শহরগুলো অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করেছিল। এগুলো যাতায়াতের কেন্দ্রবিন্দু, আর্থিক ও যোগাযোগ কেন্দ্র এবং বিভিন্ন পণ্য, পরিষেবা ও বিনোদনের জোগানদাতা হিসেবে কাজ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৬০ সালের পর রেলপথ যখন জনশূন্য এলাকা দিয়ে পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হতে শুরু করে, তখন রেললাইন নির্মাণের কর্মী, ট্রেনের কর্মী এবং যাত্রীদের প্রয়োজন মেটানোর জন্য ছোট ছোট শহর গড়ে তোলা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের বেশিরভাগ জায়গায় মাইলের পর মাইল বড় কোনো শহর ছিল না। টেক্সাসের ক্ষেত্রেও একই চিত্র দেখা গিয়েছিল, তাই ১৮৮০-এর দশকের আগে সেখানে রেলপথ পৌঁছাতে পারেনি। রেলপথ আসার পর গবাদি পশু বাইরে পাঠানো শুরু হলে দীর্ঘপথ ধরে গরু তাড়িয়ে নিয়ে যাওয়ার বিষয়টি কমে আসে। তবে সেই সময়ের যাত্রীবাহী ট্রেনগুলো প্রায়শই সশস্ত্র ডাকাত দলের লক্ষ্যবস্তু হয়ে উঠত।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বিশাল তামা খনির শহর মন্টানার বিউট ছিল সীমান্তের বৃহত্তম এবং সবচেয়ে ধনী খনি শিবির। এটি ছিল একটি জাতিগত দুর্গ যেখানে আইরিশ ক্যাথলিকদের হাতে রাজনীতি এবং অ্যানাকোন্ডা কপার নামক শীর্ষস্থানীয় খনি কোম্পানির সেরা কাজগুলোর নিয়ন্ত্রণ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯৪ সালে শহরের উৎসাহী নাগরিকেরা একটি পাবলিক লাইব্রেরি বা গণগ্রন্থাগার স্থাপন করেন। রিংয়ের মতে এই লাইব্রেরিটি আসলে সমাজকে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করার একটি কৌশল ছিল যা &quot;খনি শ্রমিকদের মদ্যপান এবং জুয়ার আসক্তির প্রতিষেধক&quot; হিসেবে কাজ করত। এটি মধ্যবিত্ত মূল্যবোধের প্রচার এবং পূর্ব উপকূলের মানুষকে এটা বোঝানোর জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছিল যে বিউট আসলে একটি সুসংস্কৃত শহর।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== জাতি এবং নৃতাত্ত্বিক পরিচয় ====

===== ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসীরা =====
[[চিত্র:Volga-Germans-US.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৭৫ সালে মধ্য [[ক্যান্সাস|কানসাসে]] ভোলগা জার্মানদের জন্য অস্থায়ী আবাসস্থল]]
ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসী ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসীরা প্রায়ই একই ধর্মীয় এবং জাতিগত পটভূমির মানুষের সাথে মিলে নিজেদের জনপদ গড়ে তুলতেন। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ফিনল্যান্ডের অনেক মানুষ মিনেসোটা ও মিশিগানে বসতি স্থাপন করেছিলেন। সুইডিশ এবং নরওয়েজিয়ানরা মিনেসোটা ও ডাকোটা অঞ্চলে এবং আইরিশরা আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের কেন্দ্রগুলোতে জমায়েত হয়েছিলেন। এ ছাড়াও ভলগা জার্মানরা উত্তর ডাকোটায় এবং ব্রিটিশরা এলডিএস চার্চের অনুসারী হয়ে ইউটাতে চলে যান। [[রকি পর্বতমালা|রকি মাউন্টেন]] অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতেও (কলোরাডো, ওয়াইমিং এবং আইডাহো) অনেক ব্রিটিশ অভিবাসী বসতি গড়েছিলেন এবং [[জার্মান সাম্রাজ্যে ইহুদি নৃগোষ্ঠী|জার্মান ইহুদিরা]] ওরেগনের পোর্টল্যান্ডে থিতু হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== আফ্রিকান আমেরিকানরা =====
[[চিত্র:Army_buffalo_soldiers.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|একজন মহিষ সৈনিক। কালো সৈনিকদের এই ডাকনামটি তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রিত স্থানীয় উপজাতিরা দিয়েছিল।]]
সেই সময় আমেরিকায় নারীদের অধিকার ছিল অত্যন্ত নগণ্য এবং তাঁরা মূলত গৃহস্থালি কাজের মধ্যেই সীমাবদ্ধ থাকতেন। শ্বেতাঙ্গ নারীদের তুলনায় কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ এবং অন্যান্য সংখ্যালঘু নারীদের অধিকার ও সুযোগ-সুবিধা আরও অনেক কম ছিল। ১৮০০ এবং ১৯০০-এর দশকের শুরুর দিকে পশ্চিমে যাওয়া কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ নারীদের যে সংখ্যার নথি পাওয়া যায় তা বেশ কম, তবে তাঁরা সেখানে অবশ্যই উপস্থিত ছিলেন। অনেকে সমতল ভূমিতে স্কুলের শিক্ষিকা হিসেবে কাজ করতেন, আবার কেউ কেউ ঘোড়া পোষ মানানো, ধাত্রীবিদ্যা, ব্যবসা, পানশালা পরিচালনা, নার্স এবং ডাক বাহকের কাজ করতেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience on the North American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://archive.org/details/blackpioneersima00rava|শেষাংশ=Ravage|প্রথমাংশ=John W.|বছর=1997|প্রকাশক=University of Utah Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলারা জাতিগত ও লিঙ্গ বৈষম্যের শিকার হলেও মার্কিন সীমান্তের নতুন ও বৈচিত্র্যময় প্রকৃতির কারণে তাঁরা পূর্ব উপকূলের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি স্বাধীনতা ভোগ করতেন।

মার্কিন পশ্চিমের ইতিহাসে অনেক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ নারীর কথা প্রায়ই এড়িয়ে যাওয়া হয়। মেরি ফিল্ডস, যাঁকে সাধারণত &quot;স্টেজকোচ মেরি&quot; বা &quot;ব্ল্যাক মেরি&quot; বলা হতো, তিনি পশ্চিমে নিজের জন্য এক স্বতন্ত্র পথ তৈরি করেছিলেন। তিনি টেনেসি রাজ্যে একজন ক্রীতদাস ছিলেন এবং পরে পশ্চিমে চলে যান। সেখানে তিনি ডাক বাহক এবং মন্টানার মাইলস সিটিতে একটি পানশালা ও একটি বারবণিতা গৃহের মালিক হিসেবে কাজ করেছেন। বিশাল দেহ এবং শক্ত মেজাজের জন্য পরিচিত ফিল্ডস তাঁর আচরণ এবং ব্যবসায়িক কাজের মাধ্যমে সেই সময়ের লিঙ্গ ও বর্ণবাদী ধ্যানধারণাকে দারুণভাবে চ্যালেঞ্জ জানিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience on the North American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://archive.org/details/blackpioneersima00rava|শেষাংশ=Ravage|প্রথমাংশ=John W.|বছর=1997|প্রকাশক=University of Utah Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্লারা ব্রাউন বা &quot;আন্ট ক্লারা&quot; হলেন এই অঞ্চলে নিজের পথ তৈরি করা আরেকজন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলার উদাহরণ। ব্রাউন কলোরাডোতে পৌঁছে খুব মিতব্যয়ী জীবন যাপন করে ধীরে ধীরে সেন্ট্রাল সিটি এবং ডেনভারের কাছে জমি ও মূলধন অর্জন করেন। তিনি অত্যন্ত দয়ালু এবং পরোপকারী হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিলেন। তিনি প্রায়শই অভাবী খনি শ্রমিকদের খাবার দিতেন এবং তাঁর বাড়িতে ভাগ্যহীনদের আশ্রয় দিতেন। দুর্ভাগ্যবশত ক্লারার গল্পের শেষটা ভালো ছিল না। একটি বন্যায় তাঁর জমির সমস্ত নথিপত্র নষ্ট হয়ে যাওয়ার ফলে তিনি আর মালিকানা প্রমাণ করতে পারেননি এবং প্রায় সমস্ত সম্পত্তি হারিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

===== এশীয়রা =====
ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার গোল্ড রাশে হাজার হাজার মেক্সিকান এবং চীনা মানুষের সমাগম ঘটেছিল। চীনা অভিবাসীদের মধ্যে অনেকেই ছিলেন দরিদ্র কৃষক। তারা আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় অংশের নির্মাণ কাজে প্রধান শ্রমশক্তি হিসেবে কাজ করেছিলেন। রেলপথের কাজ শেষ হলে ১৮৭০ সালের মধ্যে তাঁদের বেশিরভাগই নিজেদের দেশে ফিরে গিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; থেকে গিয়েছিলেন তাঁরা খনি শিল্প, কৃষিকাজ এবং মুদি দোকান, লন্ড্রি ও রেস্তোরাঁর মতো ছোট ছোট ব্যবসা শুরু করেন। পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় অঙ্গরাজ্য এবং এলাকাগুলোতে চীনাদের প্রতি প্রবল বিদ্বেষ বজায় ছিল যা চীনা গণহত্যা কোভ এবং রক স্প্রিংস গণহত্যার মতো ঘটনাগুলোর মাধ্যমে স্পষ্ট হয়। সাধারণত চীনাদের সান ফ্রান্সিসকো, পোর্টল্যান্ড, সিয়াটেল এবং লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেসের মতো শহরগুলোতে স্বতন্ত্র এবং স্বনির্ভর &quot;চায়নাটাউন&quot; বা চীনা পল্লীগুলোতে থাকতে বাধ্য করা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৭১ সালে লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেসে চীনা বিরোধী সর্বশেষ বড় দাঙ্গাটি হয়েছিল যার পর থেকে স্থানীয় আইন-শৃঙ্খলা ব্যবস্থা আরও কঠোর করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে এই চীনা পল্লীগুলো ছিল অত্যন্ত ঘিঞ্জি বস্তি এলাকা যা অনৈতিক কাজ, পতিতাবৃত্তি, মাদক এবং বিভিন্ন দলের মধ্যে সশস্ত্র লড়াইয়ের জন্য কুখ্যাত ছিল। তবে ১৯৩০-এর দশকের মধ্যে এই চায়নাটাউনগুলো পরিষ্কার-পরিচ্ছন্ন, নিরাপদ এবং আকর্ষণীয় পর্যটন কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৯ সালে জাপান থেকে প্রথম ২২ জন মানুষ একটি সামুরাই পরিবারের সদস্য হিসেবে আমেরিকায় আসেন। তাঁরা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার প্লেসার কাউন্টিতে থিতু হন এবং সেখানে &quot;ওয়াকামাতসু চা ও রেশম খামার উপনিবেশ&quot; স্থাপন করেন। ১৮৮৫ সাল থেকে হাওয়াইয়ের বাগানগুলোতে কাজ করার জন্য জাপানিদের নিয়োগ করা শুরু হয়। উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে আরও অনেক জাপানি মানুষ হাওয়াই এবং আমেরিকার মূল ভূখণ্ডে অভিবাসী হিসেবে আসতে থাকেন। ১৭৯০ সালের মার্কিন ন্যাচারালাইজেশন আইন অনুযায়ী এই প্রথম প্রজন্মের জাপানি অভিবাসীদের বা &quot;ইসেই&quot;দের মার্কিন নাগরিক হওয়ার অনুমতি দেওয়া হয়নি কারণ তাঁরা &quot;মুক্ত শ্বেতাঙ্গ ব্যক্তি&quot; ছিলেন না। ১৯৫২ সালে ইমিগ্রেশন অ্যান্ড ন্যাশনালিটি অ্যাক্ট বা &quot;ম্যাককারান-ওয়াল্টার অ্যাক্ট&quot; পাস না হওয়া পর্যন্ত এই পরিস্থিতির কোনো পরিবর্তন হয়নি। এই আইনের মাধ্যমেই জাপানি অভিবাসীরা প্রথমবার মার্কিন নাগরিকত্ব পাওয়ার সুযোগ পান।

১৯২০ সালের মধ্যে জাপানি-আমেরিকান কৃষকরা ৬ কোটি ৭০ লক্ষ ডলার মূল্যের ফসল উৎপাদন করেছিলেন যা ছিল ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার মোট ফসলের মূল্যের ১০ শতাংশেরও বেশি। সেই সময়ে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে ১,১১,০০০ জাপানি আমেরিকান ছিলেন যাঁদের মধ্যে ৮২,০০০ জন ছিলেন অভিবাসী এবং ২৯,০০০ জন আমেরিকায় জন্মগ্রহণ করেছিলেন&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯২৪ সালে কংগ্রেস ইমিগ্রেশন অ্যাক্ট পাস করে যার ফলে আমেরিকায় জাপানিদের অভিবাসন কার্যত বন্ধ হয়ে যায়। তবে মার্কিন সংবিধানের চতুর্দশ সংশোধনী অনুযায়ী জাপানি অভিবাসীদের আমেরিকায় জন্ম নেওয়া সন্তানরা সরাসরি নাগরিকত্বের অধিকার লাভ করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Exterior_of_the_Mission_Xavier_del_Bac.jpg|থাম্ব|১৭০০ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত টুকসনের কাছে সান জেভিয়ার দেল বাকের স্প্যানিশ মিশন]]
নিউ স্পেনের প্রাক্তন ভূখণ্ডগুলোতে বসবাসকারী হিস্পানিক সম্প্রদায়ের বিশাল একটি অংশ সেখানেই থেকে গিয়েছিলেন এবং ১৮৪৮ সালে তাঁরা আমেরিকার নাগরিকত্ব লাভ করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; প্রায় ১০,০০০ '''ক্যালিফোর্নিও''' নাগরিকও মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের নাগরিক হিসেবে অন্তর্ভুক্ত হন। তাঁরা মূলত দক্ষিণ ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় বসবাস করতেন এবং ১৮৮০ সালের পর পূর্ব দিকের রাজ্যগুলো থেকে আসা লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন অভিবাসীদের প্রভাবে তাঁদের প্রাধান্য ম্লান হয়ে যায়। নিউ মেক্সিকোর শহর ও গ্রামগুলোতে তাঁদের আধিপত্য বিংশ শতাব্দীর মাঝামাঝি পর্যন্ত প্রায় অপরিবর্তিত ছিল। মেক্সিকো থেকে নতুন অভিবাসীদের আগমন অব্যাহত থাকে, বিশেষ করে ১৯১১ সালের মেক্সিকান বিপ্লবের সময় হাজার হাজার গ্রাম আক্রান্ত হওয়ার পর সেখান থেকে মানুষ প্রাণভয়ে পালিয়ে আসতে শুরু করেন। এই শরণার্থীদের বেশিরভাগই টেক্সাস বা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় আশ্রয় নেন এবং শীঘ্রই অনেক সীমান্ত শহরে দরিদ্র '''বারিও''' বা বস্তি এলাকা গড়ে ওঠে। ১৮৫০-এর দশকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার &quot;রবিন হুড&quot; নামে পরিচিত হোয়াকিন মুরিয়েতা একটি সশস্ত্র দল গঠন করেছিলেন। তাঁর দল শোষক খনি শ্রমিকদের বাড়ি পুড়িয়ে দিত, তাদের হত্যা করত এবং জমিদারদের যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচ লুট করত। তিনি মূলত লাতিন আমেরিকানদের ওপর হওয়া সহিংসতা ও বৈষম্যের বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই করেছিলেন। টেক্সাসে হুয়ান কর্তিনা ১৮৫৯ সালের দিকে অ্যাংলো বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সদের বিরুদ্ধে এক দীর্ঘ ২০ বছরের লড়াই পরিচালনা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পারিবারিক জীবন ====
[[গ্রেট প্লেইনস|গ্রেট প্লেইনে]] অঞ্চলে খুব কম অবিবাহিত পুরুষই একা খামার বা চারণভূমি পরিচালনা করার ঝুঁকি নিতেন। কৃষকরা খুব ভালোভাবেই বুঝতেন যে বাড়ির অজস্র কাজ সামলানোর জন্য একজন কঠোর পরিশ্রমী স্ত্রী এবং অনেকগুলো সন্তানের প্রয়োজন। এই কাজের তালিকায় ছিল সন্তান লালন-পালন, পরিবারের সবার অন্ন ও বস্ত্রের সংস্থান, ঘরের কাজ সামলানো এবং খামারের মজুরদের খাবারের ব্যবস্থা করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বসতি স্থাপনের শুরুর বছরগুলোতে খামারের মহিলারা বাইরে কাজ করার মাধ্যমে পরিবারের টিকে থাকা নিশ্চিত করতে অবিচ্ছেদ্য ভূমিকা পালন করতেন। এক প্রজন্ম পার হওয়ার পর, মহিলারা ধীরে ধীরে বাইরের কাজ কমিয়ে ঘরের কাজে বেশি মনোনিবেশ করেন, যা পরিবারে তাদের ভূমিকাকে নতুনভাবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করে। সেলাই মেশিন এবং কাপড় ধোয়ার মেশিনের মতো নতুন উদ্ভাবনগুলো মহিলাদের গৃহস্থালি কাজের প্রতি আরও আগ্রহী করে তোলে। গণমাধ্যম এবং সরকারি প্রতিনিধিদের মাধ্যমে প্রচারিত বৈজ্ঞানিক গৃহস্থালি আন্দোলন, মেলাগুলোতে ঘরোয়া রান্না ও খাবার সংরক্ষণের প্রদর্শন এবং খবরের কাগজে মহিলাদের জন্য পরামর্শমূলক কলাম—এই সবই তাঁদের ঘরমুখী হওয়ার প্রবণতাকে বাড়িয়ে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== শৈশব =====
আমেরিকান সীমান্তে শৈশব কাটানো নিয়ে পণ্ডিতদের মধ্যে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন মত রয়েছে। ঔপন্যাসিক [[উইলা ক্যাদার|উইলা ক্যাথার]] এবং [[লরা ইঙ্গলস ওয়াইল্ডার|লরা ইঙ্গলস ওয়াইল্ডারের]] দেখানো পথ অনুসরণ করে একদল বিশেষজ্ঞ মনে করেন যে গ্রামীণ পরিবেশ শিশুদের বড় হওয়ার জন্য সহায়ক ছিল। ইতিহাসবিদ ক্যাথরিন হ্যারিস&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এবং এলিয়ট ওয়েস্ট&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; লিখেছেন যে গ্রামীণ প্রতিপালন শিশুদের বয়স এবং লিঙ্গভিত্তিক শহুরে কঠোর সামাজিক কাঠামো থেকে মুক্তি দিয়েছিল। এটি পরিবারের সদস্যদের মধ্যে পারস্পরিক নির্ভরতা বাড়িয়েছিল এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত এমন এক প্রজন্মের জন্ম দিয়েছিল যারা তাদের শহুরে বা পূর্ব অঞ্চলের সমসাময়িকদের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি আত্মনির্ভরশীল, গতিশীল, মানিয়ে নেওয়ার ক্ষমতাসম্পন্ন, দায়িত্বশীল, স্বাধীন এবং প্রকৃতির কাছাকাছি ছিল। অন্যদিকে, ইতিহাসবিদ এলিজাবেথ হ্যাম্পস্টেন&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এবং লিলিয়ান শ্লিসেল&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; একাকীত্ব, বঞ্চনা, নির্যাতন এবং অল্প বয়স থেকেই হাড়ভাঙা কায়িক শ্রমের এক করুণ চিত্র তুলে ধরেছেন। রিনে-কেহরবার্গ এই দুই চরম মতের মাঝামাঝি একটি অবস্থানে রয়েছেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পতিতাবৃত্তি এবং জুয়া ====
যেকোনো নতুন জনপদ বা খনি শিবির শুরু হলে সবার আগে সেখানে একটি জুয়ার আসর বা গ্যাম্বলিং হল তৈরি হতো। জনসংখ্যা বাড়ার সাথে সাথে এই জুয়ার হলগুলোই সাধারণত শহরের বৃহত্তম এবং সবচেয়ে জমকালো ভবনে পরিণত হতো। এগুলোতে প্রায়ই পানশালা, বিনোদনের মঞ্চ এবং অতিথিদের থাকার জন্য হোটেলের ঘর থাকত। এই প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলো স্থানীয় অর্থনীতির মূল চালিকাশক্তি ছিল এবং অনেক শহরের সমৃদ্ধি মাপা হতো সেখানে কতগুলো জুয়ার আসর বা পেশাদার জুয়াড়ি রয়েছে তার ওপর ভিত্তি করে। জুয়া খেলার প্রতি নমনীয় শহরগুলোকে সাধারণত &quot;প্রশস্ত-জাগ্রত&quot; বা &quot;প্রশস্ত-খোলা&quot; হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; টেক্সাস, ওকলাহোমা, কানসাস এবং নেব্রাস্কার গবাদি পশুর শহরগুলো জুয়া খেলার প্রধান কেন্দ্র হিসেবে বিখ্যাত হয়ে উঠেছিল। কাউবয়রা অনেক দিন ধরে জমানো মজুরি নিয়ে আনন্দ করার জন্য এই শহরগুলোতে আসতেন। অ্যাবিলিন, ডজ সিটি, [[উইচিটা, কানসাস|উইচিটা]], [[ওমাহা]] এবং [[ক্যানসাস সিটি, মিজুরি|কানসাস সিটির]] পরিবেশ জুয়া খেলার জন্য অত্যন্ত অনুকূল ছিল। তবে এমন পরিবেশ বিশৃঙ্খলাও ডেকে আনত এবং এই শহরগুলো আইনহীন ও বিপজ্জনক জায়গা হিসেবে পরিচিতি পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আইন শৃঙ্খলা ====
[[চিত্র:DodgeCityPeaceCommission.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৮৩ সালের ১০ই জুন তোলা &quot;ডজ সিটি শান্তি কমিশনের&quot; একটি ঐতিহাসিক ছবি। (দাঁড়িয়ে বাম থেকে) উইলিয়াম এইচ. হ্যারিস, লিউক শর্ট, উইলিয়াম &quot;ব্যাট&quot; মাস্টারসন, উইলিয়াম এফ. পেটিলন; (বসে বাম থেকে) চার্লি ব্যাসেট, ওয়ায়াট ইয়ার্প, মাইকেল ফ্রান্সিস &quot;ফ্র্যাঙ্ক&quot; ম্যাকলিন এবং কর্নেলিয়াস &quot;নিল&quot; ব্রাউন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
ইতিহাসবিদ ওয়াদি ডব্লিউ. মুর আদালতের নথিপত্র ব্যবহার করে দেখিয়েছেন যে, আরকানসাসের জনবিরল সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে আইনহীনতা ছিল একটি সাধারণ বিষয়। তিনি অপরাধগুলোকে দুটি ভাগে ভাগ করেছেন: &quot;অেশাদার&quot; (দ্বৈরথ, মদ্যপানজনিত অপরাধ, আদিবাসীদের কাছে হুইস্কি বিক্রি করা, সরকারি জমির গাছ কাটা) এবং &quot;পেশাদার&quot; (গবাদি পশু চুরি, রাজপথে ডাকাতি, জালিয়াতি)।&lt;ref name=&quot;MooreCrimeArkansas&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Moore|প্রথমাংশ=Waddy W.|তারিখ=Spring 1964|শিরোনাম=Some Aspects of Crime and Punishment on the Arkansas Frontier|সাময়িকী=Arkansas Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=23|সংখ্যা নং=1|পাতাসমূহ=50–64|doi=10.2307/40021171|jstor=40021171}}&lt;/ref&gt; দস্যুরা বসতি স্থাপনকারী পরিবারগুলোর সর্বস্ব লুটে নেওয়ার অনেক সুযোগ পেত, অন্যদিকে অর্থের অভাবে ধুঁকতে থাকা অল্প কয়েকজন আইন রক্ষাকারীর পক্ষে অপরাধীদের শনাক্ত করা, গ্রেপ্তার করা বা দোষী সাব্যস্ত করা ছিল অত্যন্ত কঠিন। সাধারণত দুই বা তিনজনের দলে থাকা ডাকাতরা খুব কমই এমন যাত্রীবাহী গাড়িতে আক্রমণ করত যেটির পাহারাদারের কাছে দুই নলা বন্দুক থাকত। বরং মালবাহী গাড়ির চালক, পথচারী বা একাকী ঘোড়সওয়ারদের লুট করা অনেক কম ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অন্যদিকে ব্যাংকগুলো সুরক্ষিত থাকায় সেখানে ডাকাতি করা ছিল অনেক বেশি কঠিন। ইতিহাসবিদ ব্রায়ান রবের মতে, আমেরিকায় সংগঠিত অপরাধের আদি রূপটি এই &quot;পুরানো পশ্চিম&quot;-এর ডাকাত দলগুলোর মাধ্যমেই জন্ম নিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

অপরাধী যখন দোষী সাব্যস্ত হতো, তখন তার শাস্তি হতো অত্যন্ত কঠোর।&lt;ref name=&quot;MooreCrimeArkansas&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Moore|প্রথমাংশ=Waddy W.|তারিখ=Spring 1964|শিরোনাম=Some Aspects of Crime and Punishment on the Arkansas Frontier|সাময়িকী=Arkansas Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=23|সংখ্যা নং=1|পাতাসমূহ=50–64|doi=10.2307/40021171|jstor=40021171}}&lt;/ref&gt; শ্চিমাঞ্চলের শেরিফ এবং মার্শাল ছাড়াও আমেরিকান সীমান্ত জুড়ে টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সের মতো বিভিন্ন আইন প্রয়োগকারী সংস্থা সক্রিয় ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই আইন রক্ষাকারীরা কেবল শান্তি বজায় রাখতেই নয়, বরং সীমান্ত এলাকায় আদিবাসী এবং মেক্সিকানদের হুমকি থেকেও স্থানীয়দের রক্ষা করতে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্রামীণ এলাকার তুলনায় শহরগুলোতে আইন প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্রে অনেক বেশি কঠোরতা দেখা যেত। আইন রক্ষাকারীরা সশস্ত্র যুদ্ধের চেয়ে স্থিতিশীলতা বজায় রাখার ওপর বেশি জোর দিতেন। তাঁদের মূল লক্ষ্য ছিল মদ্যপান নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা, বন্দুক নিয়ন্ত্রণ আইন লঙ্ঘনকারী কাউবয়দের নিরস্ত্রীকরণ করা এবং জুয়া ও পতিতাবৃত্তি সংক্রান্ত আইন ভঙ্গকারীদের বিরুদ্ধে ব্যবস্থা নেওয়া।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

এটা স্বীকৃত যে ডজ সিটির জনপ্রিয় চিত্রায়ণে কিছুটা সত্যতাও আছে, কারণ স্থানীয় সরকার প্রতিষ্ঠার আগে সেখানে বন্দুক সংক্রান্ত অপরাধ ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। তবে শহরের বাসিন্দারা আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে তাঁদের প্রথম পৌর সরকার গঠন করার পরেই প্রকাশ্যে বা গোপনে আগ্নেয়াস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করে একটি আইন পাস করেন এবং এর ফলে অপরাধের হার দ্রুত কমে যায়। অন্যান্য সীমান্ত শহরেও বন্দুকের সহিংসতা কমাতে একই ধরণের আইন পাস করা হয়েছিল। ইউসিএলএর আইনের অধ্যাপক অ্যাডাম রিঙ্কলার যেমনটা উল্লেখ করেছেন:

[[টম্বস্টোন|অ্যারিজোনার টম্বস্টোন]] ছিল একটি অশান্ত খনি শহর যা ১৮৭৭ থেকে ১৯২৯ সাল পর্যন্ত দীর্ঘ সময় টিকে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৭৭ সালে সেখানে রূপোর সন্ধান পাওয়া যায় এবং ১৮৮১ সালের মধ্যে শহরটির জনসংখ্যা ১০,০০০ ছাড়িয়ে যায়। ১৮৭৯ সালে নবাগত ইয়ার্প ভাইয়েরা খনির শেয়ার এবং জুয়া খেলার অনুমতিপত্র কিনে নেন। কিন্তু ভার্জিল, ওয়ায়াট এবং মরগান ইয়ার্প বিভিন্ন সময়ে ফেডারেল ও স্থানীয় আইন রক্ষাকারী হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছিলেন। এক বছরেরও বেশি সময় ধরে চলা হুমকি এবং শত্রুতার পর তাঁরা ডক হলিডে-কে সাথে নিয়ে &quot;ও.কে. কোরাল বন্দুকযুদ্ধ&quot;-এ তিন দস্যুকে হত্যা করেন, যা ছিল পুরানো পশ্চিমের সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত বন্দুকযুদ্ধ। এর রেশ ধরে ভার্জিল ইয়ার্প এক অতর্কিত হামলায় পঙ্গু হয়ে যান এবং মরগান ইয়ার্প বিলিয়ার্ড খেলার সময় আততায়ীর হাতে নিহত হন। ওয়ায়াট এবং তাঁর অন্য ভাইয়েরা (জেমস এবং ওয়ারেন ইয়ার্প) আইনের তোয়াক্কা না করেই প্রতিশোধ নেওয়ার অভিযানে নামেন এবং ফ্র্যাঙ্ক স্টিলওয়েল খুনের ঘটনায় তাঁদের বিরুদ্ধে গ্রেপ্তারি পরোয়ানা জারি করা হয়। কোচিস কাউন্টি কাউবয়রা ছিল মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্যতম প্রথম সংগঠিত অপরাধ সিন্ডিকেট এবং ওয়ায়াট ইয়ার্পের হাতেই তাদের পতন ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের গল্পকার এবং চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাতারা তাঁদের অনেক সৃষ্টিতে এই বন্দুকযুদ্ধকে তুলে ধরেছেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ওয়াল্টার নোবেল বার্নসের উপন্যাস ''টম্বস্টোন'' (১৯২৭) ইয়ার্পকে বিখ্যাত করে তোলে। হলিউড ইয়ার্পের টম্বস্টোন দিবস উদযাপন করে জন ফোর্ডের ''মাই ডার্লিং ক্লেমেন্টাইন'' (১৯৪৬), জন স্টার্জেসের ''গানফাইট অ্যাট দ্য ওকে কোরাল'' (১৯৫৭) এবং ''আওয়ার অফ দ্য গান'' (১৯৬৭), ফ্রাঙ্ক পেরির ''ডক'' (১৯৭১), জর্জ কসম্যাটসের ''[[টম্বস্টোন (চলচ্চিত্র)|টম্বস্টোন]]'' (১৯৯৩) এবং লরেন্স কাসদানের ''ওয়াট ইয়ার্প'' (১৯৯৪)-এর মতো চলচ্চিত্রের মাধ্যমে উদযাপন করেছে। এই কাজগুলোই আধুনিক সমাজে ইয়ার্পের ভাবমূর্তিকে পুরানো পশ্চিমের সবচেয়ে ভয়ংকর বন্দুকধারী হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত করেছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== ডাকাতি =====
প্রধান ধরণের ডাকাতি পশ্চিমের কুখ্যাত দস্যুদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হত, যার মধ্যে ছিল জেমস-ইয়ংগার গ্যাং, [[বিলি দ্য কিড]], ডাল্টন গ্যাং, ব্ল্যাক বার্ট, স্যাম বাস, বুচ ক্যাসিডি'স ওয়াইল্ড বাঞ্চ এবং আরও শত শত অপরাধী যারা ব্যাংক, ট্রেন, যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচ এবং এমনকি কিছু ক্ষেত্রে হোয়াম পে-মাস্টার ডাকাতি ও স্কেলিটন ক্যানিয়ন ডাকাতির মতো সশস্ত্র সরকারি পরিবহনেও হামলা চালাত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জেসি জেমসের মতো কিছু দস্যু ছিল গৃহযুদ্ধের সহিংসতার ফল (জেমস কোয়ান্ট্রিলস রেইডার্সের সাথে কাজ করেছিলেন), আবার অনেকে গবাদি পশু শিল্পের দুর্দিনেও দস্যু হয়ে উঠেছিলেন। তাঁদের মধ্যে অনেকেই ছিলেন সমাজের সাথে মানিয়ে নিতে না পারা মানুষ বা ভবঘুরে যারা আইনের হাত থেকে বাঁচতে পশ্চিমে ঘুরে বেড়াতেন। গ্রামীণ এলাকাগুলোতে হোয়াকিন মুরিয়েতা, জ্যাক পাওয়ারস, অগাস্টিন চ্যাকন এবং অন্যান্য দস্যুরা ত্রাসের রাজত্ব কায়েম করেছিল। যখন কোনো দস্যু দল কাছাকাছি থাকত, তখন শহরগুলো তাদের তাড়ানোর জন্য বা ধরার জন্য মাঝেমধ্যে একটি &quot;সশস্ত্র দল&quot; গঠন করত। দস্যুদের মোকাবিলা করা একটি ক্রমবর্ধমান ব্যবসার সুযোগ হিসেবে দেখে অ্যালান পিঙ্কারটন ১৮৫০ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত তাঁর ন্যাশনাল ডিটেকটিভ এজেন্সিকে পশ্চিমে শাখা খোলার নির্দেশ দেন এবং তাঁরা দস্যুদের তাড়া করা ও ধরার ব্যবসায় নেমে পড়েন।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; আইনের হাত থেকে বাঁচতে দস্যুরা লুকানোর জন্য উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমি, প্রত্যন্ত গিরিপথ এবং দুর্গম অঞ্চলের সুবিধা নিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্তের কিছু জনপদ এবং শহরেও দস্যু ও অপরাধীরা আশ্রয় নিত, যেগুলোকে &quot;দস্যু শহর&quot; বলা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪৯ সালের পর ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় দস্যুবৃত্তি একটি বড় সমস্যা হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছিল, কারণ পরিবার বা সমাজ থেকে বিচ্ছিন্ন হাজার হাজার যুবক এমন একটি ভূখণ্ডে চলে এসেছিল যেখানে আইন প্রয়োগের ব্যবস্থা ছিল খুব সামান্য। এটি মোকাবিলা করার জন্য সান ফ্রান্সিসকো সতর্কতা কমিটি বা ভিজিল্যান্স কমিটি গঠন করা হয় যাতে কুখ্যাত অপরাধীদের &quot;সংক্ষিপ্ত বিচার&quot; এবং মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেওয়া যায়। একইভাবে, শান্তি-রক্ষণকারী প্রতিষ্ঠানের অভাবে অন্যান্য আদি জনপদগুলোও সমাজ রক্ষার জন্য তাদের নিজস্ব বেসরকারি সংস্থা তৈরি করেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;CultureViolence&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=DiLorenzo|প্রথমাংশ=Thomas J.|শিরোনাম=The Culture of Violence in the American West: Myth versus Reality|ইউআরএল=http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=803|ওয়েবসাইট=The Independent Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  এই সতর্কতা কমিটিগুলো সীমান্তের বিভিন্ন পেশার প্রতিফলন ঘটাত, যেমন ভূমি ক্লাব, গবাদি পশু মালিকদের সমিতি এবং খনি শিবির। টেক্সাসেও একই ধরণের সতর্কতা কমিটি বিদ্যমান ছিল এবং তাদের মূল উদ্দেশ্য ছিল আইনহীনতা দমন করা এবং সমাজকে দুশ্চরিত্র ও গবাদি পশু চোরদের হাত থেকে মুক্ত করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই কমিটিগুলো মাঝেমধ্যে ব্যক্তিগত সতর্কতা গোষ্ঠীগুলোর জন্য উগ্র ভিড়ের শাসনে পরিণত হতো, কিন্তু সাধারণত এগুলো দায়িত্বশীল নাগরিকদের নিয়ে গঠিত হতো যারা কেবল শৃঙ্খলা বজায় রাখতে চাইতেন। এই সতর্কতা কমিটিগুলোর হাতে ধরা পড়া অপরাধীদের সাথে নিষ্ঠুর আচরণ করা হতো; প্রায়ই কোনো ধরণের বিচার ছাড়াই তাঁদের ফাঁসি দেওয়া হতো বা গুলি করা হতো।&lt;ref name=&quot;Vigil&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Gard|প্রথমাংশ=Wayne|তারিখ=June 15, 2010|প্রকাশক=Handbook of Texas|শিরোনাম=Vigilantes and Vigilance Committees|ইউআরএল=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jnv01|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পুরানো পশ্চিমে সাধারণ মানুষও নিজেদের রক্ষার জন্য অস্ত্র তুলে নিত, কখনো কখনো আইন রক্ষাকারীদের পাশে দাঁড়িয়ে (কফিভিল ব্যাংক ডাকাতি), আবার কখনো দস্যুদের পাশে দাঁড়িয়ে (ইনগ্যালস যুদ্ধ)। মেরি ফিল্ডস, যিনি পশ্চিমে প্রথম মহিলা ডাক কর্মী হিসেবে তাঁর ভূমিকার জন্য &quot;স্টেজকোচ মেরি&quot; নামেও পরিচিত ছিলেন, তিনি একজন ঝগড়াটে এবং শটগান চালক হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিলেন। একজন সাধারণ নাগরিক এবং কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলা হিসেবে তিনি তাঁর শটগান দিয়ে নিজেকে রক্ষা করতেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience on the North American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://archive.org/details/blackpioneersima00rava|শেষাংশ=Ravage|প্রথমাংশ=John W.|বছর=1997|প্রকাশক=University of Utah Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; গৃহযুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী সীমান্তে ৫২৩ জনেরও বেশি শ্বেতাঙ্গ, ৩৪ জন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ এবং আরও ৭৫ জন গণপিটুনি বা লিঞ্চিং-এর শিকার হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বে পুরানো পশ্চিমে লিঞ্চিং-এর ঘটনাগুলো মূলত বিচারব্যবস্থার অভাবের কারণে ঘটেনি, বরং সামাজিক শ্রেণির কারণেও ঘটেছিল। ইতিহাসবিদ মাইকেল জে. ফিফার লিখেছেন, &quot;জনপ্রিয় ধারণার বিপরীতে, শুরুর দিকের আঞ্চলিক লিঞ্চিং আইন প্রয়োগের অনুপস্থিতি বা দূরত্ব থেকে তৈরি হয়নি, বরং তৈরি হয়েছিল প্রাথমিক জনপদগুলোর সামাজিক অস্থিরতা এবং সম্পত্তি, মর্যাদা ও সামাজিক শৃঙ্খলার সংজ্ঞা নির্ধারণের লড়াই থেকে&quot;।&lt;ref name=&quot;pfeifer-frontier-quote2&quot;&gt;Michael J. Pfeifer, ''Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947'' (U of Illinois Press, 2004), p.&amp;nbsp;30.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Buffalo_bill_wild_west_show_c1899.jpg|থাম্ব|''বাফেলো বিলের ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট'' শোর একটি পোস্টার।]]
&quot;আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট&quot;-এর অনুসন্ধান, জনবসতি স্থাপন, শোষণ এবং সংঘাতগুলো এমন একটি সাংস্কৃতিক পরিমণ্ডল তৈরি করেছে যা আমেরিকান এবং বিদেশি—উভয় পক্ষই শিল্পকলা, সংগীত, নৃত্য, উপন্যাস, ম্যাগাজিন, ছোটগল্প, কবিতা, থিয়েটার, ভিডিও গেম, চলচ্চিত্র, রেডিও, টেলিভিশন, গান এবং মৌখিক ঐতিহ্যের মাধ্যমে উদযাপন করেছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; বেথ ই. লেভি যুক্তি দেন যে, বাস্তব এবং পৌরাণিক পশ্চিমাঞ্চল অ্যারন কোপল্যান্ড, রায় হ্যারিস, ভার্জিল থমসন, চার্লস ওয়েকফিল্ড ক্যাডম্যান এবং আর্থার ফারওয়েলের মতো সুরকারদের অনুপ্রাণিত করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

ধর্মীয় ভাবধারা অনেক পরিবেশবাদীকে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছে যখন তারা সীমান্তবাসীদের দ্বারা এর আধ্যাত্মিকতা লঙ্ঘিত হওয়ার আগে আদিম পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে নিয়ে চিন্তা করেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; প্রকৃতপক্ষে, ইতিহাসবিদ উইলিয়াম ক্রোনন যেমনটি দেখিয়েছেন, উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর রোমান্টিক আন্দোলনের আগে &quot;বন্যভূমি&quot;র ধারণাটি ছিল অত্যন্ত নেতিবাচক এবং তা ধর্মীয় চেতনার সম্পূর্ণ বিপরীত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৯৩ সালে ঘোষিত ইতিহাসবিদ ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নারের সীমান্ত তত্ত্ব ইতিহাস রচনার প্রধান ধারাগুলো প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; এটি তিন বা চার প্রজন্মের পাণ্ডিত্যকে গভীরভাবে প্রভাবিত করেছিল এবং কার্যত সব আমেরিকান ছাত্রছাত্রীদের ব্যবহৃত পাঠ্যপুস্তকে স্থান পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

=== পশ্চিমা লোকগাথার জনপ্রিয়করণ ===
১৮৪০-এর দশকে লোকগীতি ও অভিনয়ের আসর এবং জনপ্রিয় সঙ্গীতের মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের এই পৌরাণিক রূপান্তরের সূচনা ঘটে। একই সময়ে, পি. টি. বারনাম তাঁর জাদুঘরগুলোতে আদিবাসী প্রধানদের জীবনযাত্রা, তাঁদের নাচ এবং অন্যান্য বন্য পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় প্রদর্শনী তুলে ধরতেন। তবে এর ব্যাপক প্রচার শুরু হয় ১৮৫৯ সালে সস্তা জনপ্রিয় উপন্যাসের আবির্ভাবের মাধ্যমে, যার মধ্যে প্রথমটি ছিল ''ম্যালেস্কা, দ্য ইন্ডিয়ান ওয়াইফ অফ দ্য হোয়াইট হান্টার''।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; বাস্তবতাকে অতিসরল করে এবং সত্যকে ব্যাপকভাবে অতিরঞ্জিত করে এই উপন্যাসগুলো সহিংসতা ও বীরত্বের রোমাঞ্চকর গল্পের মাধ্যমে সাধারণ মানুষের নজর কেড়েছিল। এগুলো মানুষের মনে বীর এবং খলনায়কের নির্দিষ্ট কিছু ধারণা গেঁথে দিয়েছিল—যেমন সাহসী কাউবয় বনাম বন্য আদিবাসী, গুণী আইন রক্ষাকারী বনাম নিষ্ঠুর দস্যু, সাহসী বসতি স্থাপনকারী বনাম শিকারি পশুপালক। এই ধরণের উপন্যাসের হাজার হাজার শিরোনাম লক্ষ লক্ষ সংখ্যায় বিক্রি হতো। জনপ্রিয় রুচির কথা মাথায় রেখে এগুলো সাধারণত গতানুগতিক কিছু সাহিত্যিক ফর্মুলা মেনে লেখা হতো এবং অনেক ক্ষেত্রে মাত্র কয়েক দিনেই একটি বই শেষ করা হতো। এই সস্তা উপন্যাসগুলোর মধ্যে সবচেয়ে সফল ছিল এডওয়ার্ড এস. এলিসের ''সেথ জোন্স'' (১৮৬০)। নেড বান্টলাইনের গল্পগুলো বাফেলো বিল কোডি-কে মহিমান্বিত করেছিল এবং এডওয়ার্ড এল. হুইলার ক্যালামিটি জেন-এর জীবনীর ওপর ভিত্তি করে &quot;ডেডউড ডিক&quot; ও &quot;হারিকেন নেলের&quot; মতো চরিত্র সৃষ্টি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে পূর্ব উপকূলের অভিজাত লেখক ও শিল্পীরা পশ্চিমা লোকগাথার প্রচার ও প্রসারে অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Christine Bold 20132&quot;&gt;Christine Bold, ''The Frontier Club: Popular Westerns and Cultural Power, 1880–1924'' (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; একজন ইতিহাসবিদ, অভিযাত্রী, শিকারি, খামারি এবং প্রকৃতিবিদ হিসেবে থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট এক্ষেত্রে বিশেষভাবে সক্রিয় ছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; তাদের কাজগুলো ''হার্পারস উইকলির'' মতো নামী জাতীয় ম্যাগাজিনগুলোতে প্রকাশিত হতো, যেখানে ফ্রেডরিক রেমিংটন এবং চার্লস এম. রাসেলের মতো শিল্পীদের আঁকা ছবি স্থান পেত। পাঠকরা ওয়েন উইস্টারের মতো লেখকদের অ্যাকশনধর্মী গল্পগুলো আগ্রহ নিয়ে কিনতেন, যা পুরানো পশ্চিমের এক জীবন্ত প্রতিচ্ছবি তুলে ধরত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; রেমিংটন সেই যুগের অবসান নিয়ে আক্ষেপ করে লিখেছিলেন যা তিনি নিজেই নথিবদ্ধ করতে সাহায্য করেছিলেন:

=== বিংশ শতাব্দীর চিত্রায়ন ===
[[চিত্র:SearchersPoster-BillGold.jpg|থাম্ব|''[[দ্য সার্চার্স]]'', ১৯৫৬ সালের একটি চলচ্চিত্র যেখানে ১৮৬০-এর দশকের জাতিগত সংঘাত চিত্রিত হয়েছে।]]
[[থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট]] পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এবং সীমান্ত নিয়ে অনেক বই লিখেছিলেন এবং প্রেসিডেন্ট থাকাকালীন সময়ে তিনি প্রায়ই এই বিষয়ের উল্লেখ করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষভাগ থেকে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো পশ্চিমে পর্যটন শিল্পের প্রচার শুরু করে। তারা পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বিভিন্ন দর্শনীয় স্থানে এবং বিশেষ করে [[ইয়েলোস্টোন জাতীয় উদ্যান|ইয়েলোস্টোন জাতীয় উদ্যানের]] মতো জাতীয় উদ্যানগুলোতে গাইডসহ ভ্রমণের ব্যবস্থা করত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমে আসা পর্যটক এবং কল্পকাহিনীর উৎসাহী পাঠক—উভয় পক্ষই সীমান্তের সেই দৃশ্যপটগুলো দারুণ উপভোগ করতেন। ১৯০০ সালের পর পশ্চিমা চলচ্চিত্রগুলি এর সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত উদাহরণ হয়ে ওঠে, যেমন জন ফোর্ডের অসংখ্য সিনেমা। তিনি বিশেষ করে মনুমেন্ট ভ্যালির সৌন্দর্যে মুগ্ধ ছিলেন। সমালোচক কিথ ফিপস বলেন, &quot;এর ১৩ বর্গকিলোমিটার (৫ বর্গমাইল) এলাকা দশকের পর দশক ধরে চলচ্চিত্র দর্শকদের মনে আমেরিকান পশ্চিমাঞ্চল সম্পর্কে এক বিশেষ ধারণা তৈরি করে দিয়েছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৬০-এর দশকের মাঝামাঝি সময়ে আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ নির্মাণের বীরত্বগাথাগুলো বহু সস্তা জনপ্রিয় উপন্যাসকে প্রাণবন্ত করে তুলেছিল। আধুনিকতার প্রতীক লোহার ঘোড়ার সাথে চিরচেনা প্রাকৃতিক পরিবেশের সহাবস্থান চিত্রিত করে সেই সময়কার বহু সংবাদপত্র ও ম্যাগাজিন সাজানো হতো।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

এক শতাব্দীরও বেশি সময় ধরে কাউবয় আমেরিকার একটি আইকনিক ভাবমূর্তি হিসেবে দেশে এবং বিদেশে সমাদৃত হয়ে আসছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

হিদার কক্স রিচার্ডসন কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তির একটি রাজনৈতিক প্রেক্ষাপট নিয়ে যুক্তি দিয়েছেন:&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;গবাদি পশু শিল্পের প্রসারের সময়কালটি এমন ছিল যে কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তি এক অসাধারণ ক্ষমতা অর্জন করেছিল। যুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী বছরগুলোর জটিল রাজনীতির সাথে জড়িয়ে ডেমোক্র্যাটরা, বিশেষ করে পুরনো কনফেডারেসির লোকেরা, পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে এমন এক ভূমি হিসেবে কল্পনা করতেন যা তাঁদের অপছন্দের রিপাবলিকান রাজনীতিকদের প্রভাবমুক্ত। তাঁরা কাউবয়দের এমন এক মানুষ হিসেবে চিত্রিত করেছিলেন যারা কঠোর পরিশ্রম করে, প্রাণ খুলে আনন্দ করে, একটি নির্দিষ্ট সম্মানবোধ নিয়ে চলে, নিজেদের রক্ষা করে এবং সরকারের কাছে কিছুই দাবি করে না। ডেমোক্র্যাটিক সংবাদপত্র সম্পাদকদের হাতে কাউবয় জীবনের বাস্তব পরিস্থিতি—দারিদ্র্য, বিপদ, ক্লান্তিকর কর্মঘণ্টা—সবই রোমান্টিক হয়ে উঠেছিল। কাউবয়রা এমন সব গুণের প্রতীক হয়ে উঠেছিল যা ডেমোক্র্যাটদের মতে রিপাবলিকানরা অলস প্রাক্তন ক্রীতদাসদের তুষ্ট করার জন্য একটি দানবীয় সরকার তৈরির মাধ্যমে ধ্বংস করে দিচ্ছিল। ১৮৬০-এর দশকের মধ্যে গবাদি পশুর দীর্ঘ যাত্রাগুলো সমতল ভূমির দৃশ্যের একটি অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ হয়ে ওঠে এবং ডেমোক্র্যাটরা কাউবয়দের কঠোর ব্যক্তিগত স্বাধীনতার প্রতীকে পরিণত করেন, যা তাঁদের মতে রিপাবলিকানরা ধ্বংস করতে উদ্যত ছিল।&lt;/blockquote&gt;রুজভেল্ট গবাদি পশু পালনকারীকে (কাউবয়) স্থায়ী কৃষকের থেকে আলাদা এক সভ্যতার স্তর হিসেবে কল্পনা করেছিলেন এই থিমটি ১৯৪৪ সালের হলিউড হিট সিনেমাট ''ওকলাহোমা!'' -তে খুব সুন্দরভাবে প্রকাশিত হয়েছে যা কাউবয় এবং কৃষকদের মধ্যে দীর্ঘস্থায়ী সংঘাতকে তুলে ধরে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; রুজভেল্ট যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, কাউবয়দের মতো পৌরুষ এবং বাইরে বিভিন্ন শারীরিক কর্মকাণ্ড ও খেলাধুলা আমেরিকান পুরুষদের জন্য অপরিহার্য ছিল যাতে তাঁরা শহরের আরামদায়ক জীবনের ফলে তৈরি হওয়া অলসতা ও নৈতিক অবক্ষয় এড়াতে পারেন।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

ওকলাহোমার একজন চেরোকি বিচারকের ছেলে উইল রজার্স দড়ি নিয়ে খেলা এবং চমৎকার অশ্বচালনা দিয়ে শুরু করেছিলেন। কিন্তু ১৯১৯ সালের মধ্যে তিনি আবিষ্কার করেন যে দর্শকরা সাধারণ মানুষের প্রজ্ঞার উপস্থাপনে তাঁর বুদ্ধিমত্তায় আরও বেশি মুগ্ধ।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

আমেরিকান কাউবয়ের রোমান্টিক ভাবমূর্তি বৃদ্ধিতে অবদান রাখা অন্যদের মধ্যে রয়েছেন চার্লস সিরিঙ্গো (১৮৫৫–১৯২৮) এবং অ্যান্ডি অ্যাডামস (১৮৫৯–১৯৩৫)।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; সিরিঙ্গো ছিলেন একাধারে কাউবয়, পিঙ্কারটন গোয়েন্দা এবং পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় লেখক; তিনি প্রথম নির্ভরযোগ্য কাউবয় আত্মজীবনীকার। অ্যাডামস ১৮৮০-এর দশকে টেক্সাসের গবাদি পশু শিল্পে এবং ১৮৯০-এর দশকে রকি পর্বতে খনি শিল্পে কাজ করেছিলেন। ১৮৯৮ সালের একটি নাটকে টেক্সাসবাসীর ভুল চিত্রায়নে ক্ষুব্ধ হয়ে অ্যাডামস নিজের অভিজ্ঞতা থেকে নাটক, ছোটগল্প এবং উপন্যাস লিখতে শুরু করেন। তার ''দ্য লগ অফ আ কাউবয়'' (১৯০৩) গবাদি পশু ব্যবসার বিশেষ করে পশুপালের দীর্ঘ যাত্রার একটি ধ্রুপদী উপন্যাসে পরিণত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; এটি ১৮৮২ সালে টেক্সাস থেকে মন্টানা পর্যন্ত সার্কেল ডট নামক গবাদি পশুর পালের একটি কাল্পনিক যাত্রার বর্ণনা দেয় এবং কাউবয় জীবনের একটি প্রধান উৎসে পরিণত হয়। ১৯৬০-এর দশকে ইতিহাসবিদরা এই যাত্রার পথটি পুনরায় অনুসরণ করেন এবং এর নির্ভুলতা নিশ্চিত করেন। তার লেখাগুলো একদিকে যেমন খুঁটিনাটি বর্ণনার জন্য প্রশংসিত, অন্যদিকে সাহিত্যিক গুণের অভাবের জন্য সমালোচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; অনেকেই হাওয়ার্ড হকস পরিচালিত এবং জন ওয়েন ও মন্টগোমারি ক্লিফট অভিনীত &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwC38&quot;&gt;রেড রিভার&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (১৯৪৮) চলচ্চিত্রটিকে গবাদি পশুর যাত্রার একটি নির্ভরযোগ্য চিত্রায়ন হিসেবে বিবেচনা করেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

কাউবয়দের অনন্য দক্ষতাগুলো রোডিওর মাধ্যমে বিশেষভাবে ফুটিয়ে তোলা হয়। ১৮৮০-এর দশকে পশ্চিমে এটি একটি সংগঠিত রূপ পায় যখন বেশ কিছু শহর ভ্রমণকারী ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শো অনুসরণ করে বিভিন্ন উৎসবের আয়োজন করে যেখানে রোডিও কর্মকাণ্ড অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল। ১৯২০-এর দশকে পূর্বের বড় শহরগুলোতে কাউবয়দের প্রতিযোগিতার ফলে রোডিও ক্রীড়া হিসেবে জনপ্রিয় হয়ে ওঠে। ট্রেইল কাউবয়রা যারা জন ওয়েসলি হার্ডিন, লিউক শর্ট এবং অন্যদের মতো বন্দুকধারী বা &quot;গানফাইটার&quot; হিসেবেও পরিচিত ছিলেন, তাঁরা তাঁদের পিস্তল ও অন্যান্য আগ্নেয়াস্ত্র চালনায় দক্ষতা এবং গতির জন্য বিখ্যাত ছিলেন। সময়ের সাথে সাথে তাঁদের হিংস্র কর্মকাণ্ড এবং খ্যাতি &quot;কাউবয় হিরো&quot; বা বীর কাউবয়ের সেই গতানুগতিক সহিংস ভাবমূর্তিতে রূপান্তরিত হয়েছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Watts2&quot;&gt;Linda S. Watts, ''Encyclopedia of American Folklore'' (2007) pp.&amp;nbsp;36, 224, 252&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== পশ্চিমের নীতি ===
আমেরিকান পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের ইতিহাসবিদরা পৌরাণিক পশ্চিমাঞ্চল নিয়ে অনেক লিখেছেন; যা মূলত পশ্চিমা সাহিত্য, শিল্পকলা এবং মানুষের যৌথ স্মৃতির একটি সংমিশ্রণ।&lt;ref name=&quot;Milner MT Shared Memory&quot;/&gt; এই বিষয়টি &quot;কাল্পনিক পশ্চিমাঞ্চল&quot; হিসেবে পরিচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;পশ্চিমের নীতিসংহিতা&quot; ছিল একটি অলিখিত এবং সামাজিকভাবে স্বীকৃত অনানুষ্ঠানিক নিয়মাবলী, যা পুরানো পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের কাউবয় সংস্কৃতিকে গড়ে তুলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; সময়ের সাথে সাথে কাউবয়রা নিজেদের একটি স্বতন্ত্র সংস্কৃতি গড়ে তোলেন, যা ছিল বিভিন্ন মূল্যবোধের সংমিশ্রণ এবং এমনকি সেখানে বীরত্ব ও সৌজন্যবোধের অবশিষ্টাংশও বিদ্যমান ছিল। বিচ্ছিন্ন পরিবেশে এমন ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ কাজ তাঁদের মধ্যে আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা এবং ব্যক্তিবাদের ঐতিহ্য তৈরি করেছিল, যেখানে ব্যক্তিগত সততাকে অনেক গুরুত্ব দেওয়া হতো। এই গুণগুলো বিভিন্ন গান এবং কাউবয় কবিতায় বিশেষভাবে ফুটে উঠেছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;CattleKings2412&quot;&gt;[[Lewis Eldon Atherton|Atherton, Lewis E]] ''The Cattle Kings'', (University of Nebraska Press 1961) pp.&amp;nbsp;241–262.&lt;/ref&gt; এই নীতিসংহিতার মধ্যে বন্দুকধারীরাও অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিলেন, যারা বিরোধ মেটানোর জন্য এবং দ্বৈরথের ক্ষেত্রে মাঝেমধ্যে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের প্রাচীন দ্বৈরথের নিয়মাবলী অনুসরণ করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Willy&quot;/&gt; সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে দেখা যাওয়া বিচারবহির্ভূত বিচার যেমন [[গণপিটুনি]], ভিজিলান্টিজম এবং বন্দুকযুদ্ধ যা পরবর্তীতে পশ্চিমা ঘরানার সাহিত্য ও চলচ্চিত্রের মাধ্যমে জনপ্রিয় হয়েছে—আধুনিক সময়ে ''সীমান্তবর্তী অঞ্চলের বিচারের'' উদাহরণ হিসেবে পরিচিত।&lt;ref name=&quot;wyatt_kingseed2&quot;&gt;Wyatt Kingseed, &quot;Teddy Roosevelt's Frontier Justice&quot;. ''American History'' 36 (2002): pp.&amp;nbsp;22–28.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নারের অসংখ্য ছাত্র পশ্চিমা অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলোর ইতিহাস বিভাগে অধ্যাপক হয়েছিলেন এবং তার চিন্তাধারায় প্রভাবিত হয়ে সীমান্তের ওপর পাঠদান করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; পণ্ডিতরা সীমান্তের অনেক লোকগাথাকে খণ্ডন করেছেন, কিন্তু সেগুলো তবুও সামাজিক ঐতিহ্য, লোককাহিনি এবং কল্পকাহিনিতে টিকে আছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯৭০-এর দশকে প্রথাগত সীমান্ত গবেষণা এবং &quot;নব্য পশ্চিমা ইতিহাসের&quot; মধ্যে ইতিহাস লিখনধারা নিয়ে একটি বিবাদ শুরু হয়। প্রথাগত গবেষণা পুরো আমেরিকান ইতিহাস ও সংস্কৃতির ওপর সীমান্তের প্রভাবকে গুরুত্ব দেয়, যেখানে &quot;নব্য পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস&quot; ভৌগোলিক ও সময়ের কাঠামোকে সংকুচিত করে ১৮৫০ পরবর্তী মিসিসিপি-পারবর্তী পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের ওপর আলোকপাত করে। এটি &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; শব্দটি এড়িয়ে চলে এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ সংস্কৃতির সাথে আদিবাসী ও হিস্পানিকদের মতো গোষ্ঠীগুলোর সাংস্কৃতিক মিথস্ক্রিয়ার ওপর জোর দেয়। সান ডিয়েগো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ইতিহাসের অধ্যাপক উইলিয়াম উইকস যুক্তি দেন যে এই &quot;নব্য পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস&quot; পদ্ধতিতে:

২০০৫ সালের মধ্যে স্টিভেন অ্যারন যুক্তি দেন যে উভয় পক্ষই তাদের &quot;তাত্ত্বিক যুক্তি এবং সমালোচনার ক্ষেত্রে একটি ভারসাম্যপূর্ণ অবস্থায় পৌঁছেছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; তবে তারপর থেকে আমেরিকান সীমান্ত এবং পশ্চিমা আঞ্চলিক ইতিহাসের ক্ষেত্রটি ক্রমশ আরও অন্তর্ভুক্তিমূলক হয়ে উঠেছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;WHA 2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[উইকিপিডিয়া:তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন|&lt;span title=&quot;while this claim seems to be a given, more reliable, independent sources are needed (November 2023)&quot;&gt;অতিরিক্ত উদ্ধৃতি প্রয়োজন&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতির ২০২৪ সালের একটি বিবৃতিতে এই ক্ষেত্রের সাম্প্রতিক দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি ফুটে উঠেছে:

ইতিমধ্যে, সীমান্ত ইতিহাস লিখনধারা থেকে অনেকাংশেই পরিবেশগত ইতিহাসের উদ্ভব ঘটেছে, যার ফলে এটি বন্যভূমির ওপর গুরুত্ব দেয়।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্ত গবেষণায় এটি ক্রমশ বড় ভূমিকা পালন করছে&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; ইতিহাসবিদরা পরিবেশকে দুটি দৃষ্টিভঙ্গিতে দেখেন। প্রথম গোষ্ঠী পরিবেশের ওপর মানুষের প্রভাবকে গুরুত্ব দেয়; দ্বিতীয় গোষ্ঠী পরিবেশের প্রভাবকে দেখে। উইলিয়াম ক্রোনন যুক্তি দিয়েছেন যে টার্নারের ১৮৯৩ সালের বিখ্যাত প্রবন্ধটি ছিল ভ্রূণ অবস্থায় থাকা পরিবেশগত ইতিহাস। এটি বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের আকৃষ্ট ও রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে মুক্ত জমির বিশাল শক্তির ওপর জোর দিয়েছিল, যা বন্যভূমি থেকে সভ্যতায় রূপান্তর ঘটায়।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt;

নিউ মেক্সিকো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ইতিহাস বিভাগ এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস ১৯৬০-এর দশক থেকে গবেষণার একটি সক্রিয় কেন্দ্র হিসেবে কাজ করছে। সেখানকার শীর্ষস্থানীয় ইতিহাসবিদদের মধ্যে রয়েছেন জেরাল্ড ডি. ন্যাশ, ডোনাল্ড সি. কাটার, রিচার্ড এন. এলিস, রিচার্ড এটুলিন, ফেরেঙ্ক সাজ, মার্গারেট কনেল-সাজ, পল হাটন, ভার্জিনিয়া স্কার্ফ এবং স্যামুয়েল ট্রুয়েট। এই বিভাগটি অন্যান্য বিভাগের সাথে সহযোগিতা করে এবং দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় আঞ্চলিকতা, দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমের সংখ্যালঘু গোষ্ঠী এবং ইতিহাস লিখনধারার ওপর গুরুত্ব দেয়।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt;


== আরও দেখুন ==
{{প্রবেশদ্বার|মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র}}
=== সাধারণ ===
* আমেরিকান ইন্ডিয়ান যুদ্ধ, জমির মালিকানা নিয়ে আমেরিকান বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং আমেরিকান ইন্ডিয়ান উপজাতিদের মধ্যে সংঘটিত দ্বন্দ্ব।
* আমেরিকান পশ্চিমে ভুল-প্রজনন বিরোধী মামলা
* কানাডিয়ান সীমান্ত
* ভারতীয় গণহত্যা, ভারতীয় উপজাতি এবং আমেরিকান বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের একে অপরের বিরুদ্ধে করা গণহত্যার তালিকা।
* মার্চ (আঞ্চলিক সত্তা) : কিছু মিল সহ মধ্যযুগীয় ইউরোপীয় শব্দ
* ন্যাশনাল কাউবয় অ্যান্ড ওয়েস্টার্ন হেরিটেজ মিউজিয়াম : ওকলাহোমা সিটি, ওকলাহোমাতে অবস্থিত জাদুঘর এবং আর্ট গ্যালারি, যেখানে পশ্চিমা, আমেরিকান কাউবয়, আমেরিকান রোডিও এবং আমেরিকান নেটিভ শিল্প, নিদর্শন এবং সংরক্ষণাগারের উপকরণের বিশ্বের বৃহত্তম সংগ্রহ রয়েছে।
* ওরেগন-ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ট্রেইলস অ্যাসোসিয়েশন পশ্চিম দিকে এই ট্রেইলগুলি অনুসরণকারী অভিবাসীদের ইতিহাস সংরক্ষণ, সুরক্ষা এবং ভাগ করে নেয়।
* রোডিও : গবাদি পশুদের ঝগড়া করার দক্ষতার প্রদর্শন।
* মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অঞ্চলসমূহ
* পশ্চিম আমেরিকা হিসেবে
* আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্টের সময়রেখা
* ওয়ান্টেড পোস্টার : পশ্চিমা পৌরাণিক দৃশ্যে জনপ্রিয় একটি পোস্টার, যা জনসাধারণকে অপরাধীদের সম্পর্কে জানায় যাদের কর্তৃপক্ষ গ্রেপ্তার করতে চায়।
* পাশ্চাত্য জীবনধারা
* পশ্চিম মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, সীমান্ত সমাপ্তির পরে উন্নয়নের জন্য
* ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শো : আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ারের ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শোগুলির একটি অনুসরণ

=== মানুষ ===
* বন্দুকধারী
* আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট বহিরাগতদের তালিকা : আমেরিকান সীমান্তের পরিচিত [[আইন-বহির্ভূত অপরাধী|বহিরাগত]] এবং বন্দুকধারীদের তালিকা যারা &quot;ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট&quot; নামে পরিচিত।
* [[কাউবয় এবং কাউগার্লদের তালিকা]]
* পশ্চিমা আইনজীবিদের তালিকা : আমেরিকান সীমান্তের উল্লেখযোগ্য আইন প্রয়োগকারী কর্মকর্তাদের তালিকা। তারা পুলিশ, মার্শাল, টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্স এবং অন্যান্য পদে অধিষ্ঠিত ছিলেন।
* স্কুলমার্চ: একজন মহিলা শিক্ষিকা যিনি সাধারণত [[এক কক্ষের বিদ্যালয়]]ে কাজ করেন।
* [[বিষয়শ্রেণী:আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্টের বন্দুকধারীরা]]
* [[বিষয়শ্রেণী:আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্টের আইনজীবিরা]]
* [[বিষয়শ্রেণী:আমেরিকান পুরাতন পশ্চিমের অপরাধীরা]]

=== অধ্যয়ন ===

* ''[[ডেজার্ট ম্যাগাজিন]]''
* ''[[জার্নাল অফ দ্য ওয়েস্ট]]''
* ''[[ট্রু ওয়েস্ট ম্যাগাজিন]]''
* [[পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতি]]

=== সাহিত্য ===
* [[ক্রিস এনস]] : ঐতিহাসিক নন-ফিকশনের লেখক যা পুরাতন পশ্চিমের ভুলে যাওয়া নারীদের নথিভুক্ত করে।
* [[জেন গ্রে]] : পুরাতন পশ্চিমের উপর অনেক জনপ্রিয় উপন্যাসের লেখক
* [[লুই ল'আমোর]] : অনেক পশ্চিমা বইয়ের লেখক; &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; ধারার ১০০ টিরও বেশি উপন্যাসের লেখক
* [[কার্ল মে]] : সর্বকালের সর্বাধিক বিক্রিত জার্মান লেখক, মূলত আমেরিকান পশ্চিমে স্থাপিত ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট বইয়ের জন্য বিখ্যাত।
* [[লরিন মরগান-রিচার্ডস]] : ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট শিরোনাম এবং দ্য গুডবাই ফ্যামিলি সিরিজের লেখক।
* [[উইনেটো]] : কার্ল মে রচিত বেশ কয়েকটি উপন্যাসের আমেরিকান-ভারতীয় নায়ক।

=== খেলাসমূহ ===
* ''এসেস অ্যান্ড এইটস: শ্যাটারড ফ্রন্টিয়ার'' : একটি পুরস্কারপ্রাপ্ত বিকল্প ইতিহাসের পশ্চিমা রোল-প্লেয়িং গেম।
* বুট হিল: টিএসআরের প্রথম দিকের বিকল্প আরপিজিগুলির মধ্যে একটি এবং ''ডাঞ্জিয়ন্স এবং ড্রাগনের'' অনুরূপ সিস্টেম ব্যবহার করে।
* ''ডেডল্যান্ডস'' : একটি বিকল্প ইতিহাসের পশ্চিমা ভৌতিক ভূমিকা-প্লেয়িং গেম।
* ''ডাস্ট ডেভিলস'' : ক্লিন্ট ইস্টউড এবং অনুরূপ গাঢ় পশ্চিমা চলচ্চিত্রের অনুকরণে তৈরি একটি পশ্চিমা ভূমিকা-প্লেয়িং গেম।
* [[রেড ডেড|''রেড ডেড'' সিরিজটি]] ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টের সময়ে ঘটে।
* পশ্চিমা কম্পিউটার এবং ভিডিও গেমের তালিকা : পশ্চিমাদের অনুকরণে তৈরি [[ভিডিও গেম|কম্পিউটার এবং ভিডিও গেমের]] একটি তালিকা।
== তথ্যসূত্র ==
{{সূত্র তালিকা}}

==আরও পড়ুন==
{{Refbegin}}
* বিলিংটন, রে অ্যালেন। ''ওয়েস্টওয়ার্ড এক্সপ্যানশন: আ হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ার।'' (থার্ড এডিশন) নিউ ইয়র্ক: ম্যাকমিলান, ১৯৬৭। [https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio0000bill_j3p3 অনলাইন]
* বিলিংটন, রে অ্যালেন। ''দ্য ফার ওয়েস্টার্ন ফ্রন্টিয়ার, ১৮৩০–১৮৬০।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: হার্পার অ্যান্ড রো, ১৯৫৯।
* {{cite book
 |title=ড্রিমস অব এল দোরাদো: আ হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট
 |url=https://archive.org/details/dreamsofeldorado0000bran
 |year=২০১৯
 |first=এইচ. ডব্লিউ.
 |last=ব্র্যান্ডস
 |publisher=বেসিক বুকস
 |isbn=978-1541672529}}
* বুলে, আর. কার্লাইল। ''দ্য ওল্ড নর্থওয়েস্ট: পাইওনিয়ার পিরিয়ড, ১৮১৫–১৮৪০'' (২ ভলিউম, ইন্ডিয়ানা হিস্টোরিক্যাল সোসাইটি, ১৯৫০)। ওহাইও, ইন্ডিয়ানা, ইলিনয়, মিশিগান ও উইসকনসিনের প্রধান ইতিহাস; পুলিৎজার পুরস্কার। [https://archive.org/details/oldnorthwestpion0001rcar/page/n7/mode/1up ভলিউম ১ অনলাইন]; আরও দেখুন [https://archive.org/details/oldnorthwestpion0002bule/mode/1up ভলিউম ২ অনলাইন]
* ডেভিস, উইলিয়াম সি। ''দ্য আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ার: পাইওনিয়ার্স, সেটলার্স, অ্যান্ড কাউবয়েজ, ১৮০০–১৮৯৯।'' ইউনিভার্সিটি অব ওকলাহোমা প্রেস, ১৯৯৯। [https://books.google.com/books?id=u8FGYmBn8ZcC&amp;dq=cattle++%22American+frontier%22&amp;pg=PA72 অনলাইন]
* ডেভেরেল, উইলিয়াম, সম্পাদক। ''আ কম্প্যানিয়ন টু দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' হোবোকেন, নিউ জার্সি: ওয়াইলি-ব্ল্যাকওয়েল, ২০০৪।
* এটুলেইন, রিচার্ড ডব্লিউ। ''বিয়ন্ড দ্য মিসৌরি: দ্য স্টোরি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' আলবুকার্কি: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব নিউ মেক্সিকো প্রেস, ২০০৬।
* ফাইট, গিলবার্ট সি। ''দ্য ফার্মার’স ফ্রন্টিয়ার, ১৮৬৫–১৯০০।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: হোল্ট, রাইনহার্ট অ্যান্ড উইনস্টন, ১৯৬৬।
* হগউড, জন এ। ''[[America's Western Frontiers|আমেরিকা’স ওয়েস্টার্ন ফ্রন্টিয়ার্স: দ্য এক্সপ্লোরেশন অ্যান্ড সেটেলমেন্ট অব দ্য ট্রান্স-মিসিসিপি ওয়েস্ট]]।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: নফ্‌প, ১৯৬৯।
* হাইন, রবার্ট ভি., এবং [[John Mack Faragher|জন ম্যাক ফারাগার]]। ''দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট: আ নিউ ইন্টারপ্রেটিভ হিস্ট্রি।'' নিউ হেভেন: ইয়েল ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস, ২০০০।
* হাইড, অ্যান এফ। ''এম্পায়ার্স, নেশনস, অ্যান্ড ফ্যামিলিজ: আ হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য নর্থ আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট, ১৮০০–১৮৬০।'' লিঙ্কন: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব নেব্রাস্কা প্রেস, ২০১১।
* জোসেফি জুনিয়র, অ্যালভিন এম। ''দ্য আমেরিকান হেরিটেজ বুক অব দ্য পাইওনিয়ার স্পিরিট।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: আমেরিকান হেরিটেজ, ১৯৫৯।
* লামার, হাওয়ার্ড আর., সম্পাদক। ''দ্য নিউ এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' নিউ হেভেন: ইয়েল ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস, ১৯৯৮।
* লামার, হাওয়ার্ড আর., সম্পাদক। ''দ্য রিডার’স এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' ক্রোয়েল, ১৯৭৭। [https://archive.org/details/readersencyclope00lama/page/n6/mode/1up অনলাইন]
* {{Cite book
 |last=ম্যাকলাফলিন
 |first=ডেনিস
 |url=https://archive.org/details/wildwoolly00denn_0
 |title=ওয়াইল্ড অ্যান্ড উলি: অ্যান এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব দ্য ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট
 |date=১৯৯৫
 |publisher=[[Barnes &amp; Noble Books|বার্নস অ্যান্ড নোবেল বুকস]]
 |isbn=978-1-56619-961-2
 |location=নিউ ইয়র্ক}}
** এছাড়াও প্রকাশিত হয়েছে {{Cite book
 |last=ম্যাকলাফলিন
 |first=ডেনিস
 |title=দ্য এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব দ্য ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট
 |date=১৯৭৭
 |publisher=[[Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul|রাউটলেজ অ্যান্ড কেগান পল]]
 |isbn=978-0-7100-8628-0
 |location=লন্ডন
 |author-mask=2}} সহিংস ঘটনাবলির উপর বিশেষ গুরুত্ব।
* মিলনার, ক্লাইড; ক্যারোল ও’কনর; এবং মার্থা স্যান্ডওয়াইস, সম্পাদকগণ। ''দ্য অক্সফোর্ড হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: অক্সফোর্ড ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস, ১৯৯৪; গবেষকদের দীর্ঘ প্রবন্ধ; [https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00clyd অনলাইন]
* অটো, জন সলোমন। ''দ্য সাউদার্ন ফ্রন্টিয়ার্স, ১৬০৭–১৮৬০: দ্য এগ্রিকালচারাল ইভল্যুশন অব দ্য কলোনিয়াল অ্যান্ড অ্যান্টিবেলাম সাউথ।'' ওয়েস্টপোর্ট, কানেকটিকাট: প্রেগার, ১৯৮৯।
* প্যাক্সন, ফ্রেডেরিক লোগান। ''হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ার, ১৭৬৩–১৮৯৩।'' বোস্টন: হটন মিফলিন, ১৯২৪। প্রামাণ্য সমীক্ষা; পুলিৎজার পুরস্কার। [https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000paxs/page/n4/mode/1up অনলাইন]
* প্যাক্সন, ফ্রেডেরিক লোগান। ''দ্য লাস্ট আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ার।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: ম্যাকমিলান, ১৯১০। [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.60021 অনলাইন]
* [[পোমেরয়, আর্ল]]। “টুওয়ার্ড আ রিওরিয়েন্টেশন অব ওয়েস্টার্ন হিস্ট্রি: কন্টিনিউইটি অ্যান্ড এনভায়রনমেন্ট” ''জার্নাল অব আমেরিকান হিস্ট্রি'' ৪১#৪ (মার্চ ১৯৫৫), পৃষ্ঠা ৫৭৯–৬০০, https://doi.org/10.2307/1889178
* পোমেরয়, আর্ল। ''দ্য প্যাসিফিক স্লোপ: আ হিস্ট্রি অব ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া, ওরেগন, ওয়াশিংটন, আইডাহো, উটাহ, অ্যান্ড নেভাডা।'' সিয়াটল: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব ওয়াশিংটন প্রেস, ১৯৭৩। [https://archive.org/details/pacificslopehist0000pome_m4b4/mode/1up অনলাইন]
* রবিনসন, ডব্লিউ. স্টিট। ''দ্য সাউদার্ন কলোনিয়াল ফ্রন্টিয়ার, ১৬০৭–১৭৬৩।'' আলবুকার্কি: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব নিউ মেক্সিকো প্রেস, ১৯৭৯।
* টার্নার, ফ্রেডেরিক জ্যাকসন। ''দ্য ফ্রন্টিয়ার ইন আমেরিকান হিস্ট্রি।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: হোল্ট, ১৯২০।
* ইউটলি, রবার্ট এম। ''দ্য স্টোরি অব দ্য ওয়েস্ট: আ হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট অ্যান্ড ইটস পিপল।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: পেঙ্গুইন বুকস, ২০০৩।
* ওয়েব, ওয়াল্টার প্রেসকট। ''দ্য গ্রেট ফ্রন্টিয়ার।'' বোস্টন: হটন মিফলিন, ১৯৫২।
* ওয়েস্ট, এলিয়ট। ''কন্টিনেন্টাল রেকনিং: দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট ইন দ্য এজ অব এক্সপ্যানশন।'' লিঙ্কন: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব নেব্রাস্কা প্রেস, ২০২৩; পুলিৎজার পুরস্কার ফাইনালিস্ট।
* ওয়েক্সলার, অ্যালান প্রমুখ। ''অ্যাটলাস অব ওয়েস্টওয়ার্ড এক্সপ্যানশন'' (১৯৯৫) [https://archive.org/details/atlasofwestwarde00alan/page/n4/mode/1up অনলাইন]
* রাইট, উইল। ''দ্য ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট: দ্য মিথিক্যাল কাউবয় অ্যান্ড সোশ্যাল থিওরি'' (২০০১)
{{Refend}}

==বহিঃসংযোগ==
{{Commons category|Wild West}}
{{Wikivoyage|ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট}}

===সংস্কৃতি===
* [http://www.westernfolklife.org/ ওয়েস্টার্ন ফোকলাইফ সেন্টার]

===ইতিহাস===
* [http://www.geneautry.com/museum অট্রি ন্যাশনাল সেন্টার অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট – লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেস, ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া]
* [http://www.vlib.us/americanwest আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট হিস্ট্রি]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970607212146/http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/ নিউ পার্সপেকটিভস অন ‘দ্য ওয়েস্ট’]। দ্য ওয়েস্ট ফিল্ম প্রজেক্ট, [[WETA-TV|ডব্লিউইটিএ-টিভি]], ২০০১
* [http://www.skyways.org/orgs/fordco/dodgecity.html ডজ সিটি, কানসাস ‘কাউবয় ক্যাপিটাল’]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511113744/http://www.skyways.org/orgs/fordco/ftdodge.html ফোর্ট ডজ, কানসাস হিস্ট্রি] — আইডা এলেন রাথ কর্তৃক, ১৯৬৪; ফটোগ্রাফসহ
* [http://www.vlib.us/old_west ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট কানসাস]
* [http://www.tombstonetimes.com/ টুম্বস্টোন অ্যারিজোনা হিস্ট্রি]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548gg &quot;দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট&quot;], বিবিসি রেডিও ৪ আলোচনা — ফ্র্যাঙ্ক ম্যাকলিন, জেনি ক্যাল্ডার ও ক্রিস্টোফার ফ্রেইলিং-এর সঙ্গে (''ইন আওয়ার টাইম'', ১৩ জুন ২০০২)

===গণমাধ্যম===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180710144806/http://rack1.ul.cs.cmu.edu/is/frontier/ ''দ্য ফ্রন্টিয়ার: আ ফ্রন্টিয়ার টাউন থ্রি মান্থস ওল্ড'' — ওয়ার্ড প্ল্যাট কর্তৃক] — বাস্তব ওয়েস্ট নিয়ে ১৯০৮ সালের গ্রন্থ। বিনামূল্যে পড়া যায় এবং পূর্ণ-পাঠ অনুসন্ধানযোগ্য।
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170925043204/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/the-pageant-of-america-collection#/?tab=navigation&amp;roots=1:3b916bc0-c611-012f-f63c-58d385a7bc34 ফ্রন্টিয়ার ভূগোল ও ব্যক্তিত্বের ১৬১টি আলোকচিত্র; এগুলি ১৯২৩-পূর্ববর্তী এবং কপিরাইটমুক্ত]</text>
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      <text bytes="506746" sha1="knuancrgvir98by9v5ryoolf3jncp7x" xml:space="preserve">{{তথ্যছক ঘটনা
| image = The_Cow_Boy_1888.jpg
| image_upright = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = [[রাখাল বালক]], মার্কিন সীমান্তের এক অবিচ্ছেদ্য প্রতীক।
| date = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|১৭শ শতাব্দী থেকে ২০শ শতাব্দীর শুরুর সময়কালে রাখাল বালক}}|{{idp|
* [[জেমসটাউন, ভার্জিনিয়া#১৬০৭–১৬০৯: আগমন ও সূচনা|১৬০৭]]–[[অ্যারিজোনা টেরিটরি#রাজ্যত্ব|অ্যারিজোনা টেরিটরি#রাজ্যত্ব]] (ভূখণ্ডগত সম্প্রসারণ)
* ১৮৬৫–১৯১৭ ([[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাস (১৮৬৫–১৯১৭)|জনপ্রিয় সংস্কৃতি]])
* ১৮৬৫–১৯২০ ([[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র শুমারি ব্যুরো|শুমারি ব্যুরো]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Population, Plate No. 3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1924-06-07 |title=Population, Plate No. 3 |url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/statistical-atlas-united-states-5191/population-527616?start_page=9 |journal=United States Bureau of the Census |series=Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1920 |language=en |pages=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ১৮৬০-এর দশক–১৯১০-এর দশক (ইতিহাসবিদদের মতে)&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian W. Dippie 1989&quot;&gt;Brian W. Dippie, &quot;American Wests: historiographical perspectives.&quot; ''American Studies International'' 27.2 (1989): 3–25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LOC TAW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The American West, 1865–1900 {{!}} Rise of Industrial America, 1876–1900 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/rise-of-industrial-america-1876-1900/american-west-1865-1900/ |access-date=January 7, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Milner |first1=Clyde A. |url=http://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00clyd |title=The Oxford history of the American West |last2=O'Connor |first2=Carol A. |last3=Sandweiss |first3=Martha A. |date=1994 |publisher= Oxford University Press  |location=New York |isbn=978-0195059687 |pages=326, 412–413, 424, 472}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ১৮৬৫–১৮৯০ ([[টার্নারের থিসিস|টার্নারের থিসিস]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nash |first1=Gerald D. |title=The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier |journal=The Pacific Northwest Quarterly |date=1980 |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=98–100 |jstor=40490574 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40490574}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Robert E. |last2=Popper |first2=Deborah E. |last3=Popper |first3=Frank J. |title=&quot;Progress of the Nation&quot;: The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier |journal=Western Historical Quarterly |date=1995 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=289–307 |doi=10.2307/970654 |jstor=970654 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}}}
| Location = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র]]}}|ঐতিহাসিকভাবে অন্তর্ভুক্তির ক্রমানুসারে:
* [[তেরোটি উপনিবেশ]]
* [[নব্য সুইডেন]]
* [[নব্য হল্যান্ড]]
* [[নব্য ফ্রান্স]]
* [[নব্য স্পেন]]
* [[মিসৌরি টেরিটরি]]
* [[ভার্মন্ট প্রজাতন্ত্র]]
* [[লুইজিয়ানা (নব্য ফ্রান্স)|লুইজিয়ানা টেরিটরি]]
* [[রুপার্টস ল্যান্ড]] 
* [[ডাকোটা টেরিটরি]]
* [[নেব্রাস্কা টেরিটরি]]
* [[স্প্যানিশ ফ্লোরিডা]]
* [[টেক্সাস প্রজাতন্ত্র]]
* [[ওরেগন কান্ট্রি]]
* [[ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া প্রজাতন্ত্র]]
* [[কলোরাডো টেরিটরি]]
* [[মন্টানা টেরিটরি]]
* [[ওয়াইওমিং টেরিটরি]]
* [[উটাহ টেরিটরি]]
* [[ওকলাহোমা টেরিটরি]]
* [[ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরি]]
* [[নব্য মেক্সিকো টেরিটরি]]
* [[অ্যারিজোনা টেরিটরি]]
* [[রুশ আমেরিকা|আলাস্কা]]}}


== কালানুক্রম ==

[[লাইব্রেরি অফ কংগ্রেস|কংগ্রেসের লাইব্রেরি]] এবং [[অক্সফোর্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] সহ আরও অনেকে এই সময়ের ব্যাপ্তি সম্পর্কে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন মত পোষণ করেন যা ১৯০০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত। সাধারণত [[প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ|প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধে]] আমেরিকার যোগদানের আগের প্রথম দুই দশক পর্যন্ত সময়কে এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত ধরা হয়।{{R|LOC TAW}}&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৫০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯১৯ সাল পর্যন্ত সময়কালটি &quot;দ্য ওয়েস্টার্ন সিভিল ওয়ার অফ ইনকর্পোরেশন&quot; বা অন্তর্ভুক্তিকরণ সংক্রান্ত পশ্চিমা গৃহযুদ্ধ নামে পরিচিত ছিল। এই যুগে এমন কিছু ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা ঘটেছিল যা মূলত প্রাচীন পশ্চিম বা &quot;ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টের&quot; মূল বৈশিষ্ট্যের সাথে মিলে যায়। এর মধ্যে উল্লেখযোগ্য হলো সীমান্ত এলাকায় নতুন বসতি স্থাপনের ফলে উদ্ভূত সহিংস সংঘাত, আদিবাসীদের উচ্ছেদ ও তাদের মূলধারার সাথে একীভূত করার চেষ্টা এবং বড় কর্পোরেশন ও সরকারের অধীনে সম্পত্তির কেন্দ্রীভূতকরণ। এ ছাড়াও সেই সময়ে সাধারণ মানুষের আইন হাতে তুলে নেওয়া এবং অপরাধীদের ওপর আইন প্রয়োগের আপ্রাণ চেষ্টার মতো ঘটনাগুলোও এই সময়ের অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

৮৯০ সালে আদমশুমারির সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট উইলিয়াম রাশ মেরিয়াম একটি মন্তব্য করেছিলেন। তিনি বলেছিলেন: &quot;১৮৮০ সাল পর্যন্ত এই দেশে একটি নির্দিষ্ট ভূখণ্ডগত সীমান্ত ছিল। কিন্তু বর্তমানে জনশূন্য এলাকাগুলো বিচ্ছিন্ন জনবসতির কারণে এত ছোট ছোট অংশে বিভক্ত হয়ে পড়েছে যে, সেখানে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সীমান্ত রেখা আছে বলে মনে হয় না। তাই এর পরিধি এবং পশ্চিম দিকে এর অগ্রসর হওয়ার মতো বিষয়গুলো আদমশুমারির প্রতিবেদনে আর অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা যাবে না।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তা সত্ত্বেও [[commons:File:Distribution_of_US_Rural_Population_during_1900.pdf|১৯০০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারিতে]] পশ্চিমমুখী সীমান্ত রেখাটি প্রদর্শন করা হয়েছিল এবং তাঁর উত্তরসূরিরা এই ধারা বজায় রেখেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=|প্রথমাংশ=|তারিখ=1914-07-01|শিরোনাম=Illustrations: Population|ইউআরএল=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/statistical-atlas-united-states-74/illustrations-population-492434|সাময়িকী=United States Bureau of the Census|ধারাবাহিক=Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1910|ভাষা=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে ১৯১০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির সময় পর্যন্ত এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটি এতটাই সংকুচিত হয়ে পড়েছিল যে, সেখানে পশ্চিমের দিকে এগোতে থাকা কোনো একক জনবসতি রেখা অবশিষ্ট ছিল না।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথম দুই দশকে বিপুল সংখ্যক মানুষ কৃষি কাজের জন্য জমি দখল করে বসতি গড়তে শুরু করেন। এই সময়ের মধ্যে গৃহহীনদের দেওয়া জমির পরিমাণ উনিশ শতকের মোট বরাদ্দের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি ছিল। মনে করা হয় যে, এই কারণেই উন্মুক্ত জমির পরিমাণ উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে হ্রাস পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআরএল=http://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00clyd|শিরোনাম=The Oxford history of the American West|শেষাংশ=Milner|প্রথমাংশ=Clyde A.|শেষাংশ২=O'Connor|প্রথমাংশ২=Carol A.|তারিখ=1994|প্রকাশক=Oxford University Press|পাতাসমূহ=472|আইএসবিএন=978-0195059687}}&lt;/ref&gt;


উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর দ্বিতীয়ার্ধ থেকে বিংশ শতাব্দীর শুরু পর্যন্ত, অর্থাৎ ১৮৫০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯১০-এর দশক পর্যন্ত আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এবং বিশেষ করে দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলের প্রতি মানুষের ব্যাপক আগ্রহ তৈরি হয়েছিল। তৎকালীন বিভিন্ন প্রচারমাধ্যমে সেই সময়ের রোমান্টিকতা, অরাজকতা এবং বিশৃঙ্খল সহিংসতার চিত্রগুলো অনেক বেশি নাটকীয়ভাবে এবং অতিরঞ্জিত করে উপস্থাপন করা হতো। এই বিষয়গুলোই পরবর্তীকালে চলচ্চিত্র জগতের ওয়েস্টার্ন বা পশ্চিমা ঘরানাকে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছিল। এর পাশাপাশি টেলিভিশন শো, উপন্যাস, কমিক বই, ভিডিও গেম এবং এমনকি শিশুদের খেলনা ও পোশাকেও এই ঘরানার প্রভাব লক্ষ্য করা যায়।


বিদেশি রাষ্ট্র এবং স্থানীয় আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের সাথে স্বাক্ষরিত বিভিন্ন চুক্তি, রাজনৈতিক সমঝোতা, সামরিক অভিযান এবং আইন-শৃঙ্খলা প্রতিষ্ঠার মাধ্যমে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এক বিশাল সাম্রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়। খামার, গবাদি পশুর চারণভূমি ও নতুন শহর নির্মাণ এবং খনি খনন ও যাতায়াতের পথ তৈরির পাশাপাশি দলে দলে অভিবাসীদের আগমনের ফলে আমেরিকার সীমানা এক উপকূল থেকে অন্য উপকূলে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে। এর মাধ্যমেই শেষ পর্যন্ত ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি বা বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্যের আদর্শটি সফল হয়েছিল। ১৮৯৩ সালে তাঁর বিখ্যাত &quot;ফ্রন্টিয়ার থিসিস&quot; বা সীমান্ত তত্ত্বে টার্নার উল্লেখ করেছিলেন যে, এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটি ছিল এমন এক পরিবর্তনের প্রক্রিয়া যা ইউরোপীয়দের এক নতুন জাতি অর্থাৎ আমেরিকানদের রূপান্তরিত করেছিল। এই নতুন জাতির জীবনবোধ ছিল সাম্য, গণতন্ত্র এবং আশাবাদের ওপর ভিত্তি করে তৈরি। এর পাশাপাশি [[ব্যক্তিস্বাতন্ত্র্যবাদ|ব্যক্তিগতস্বাতন্ত্র্য]], আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা এবং ক্ষেত্রবিশেষে সহিংসতার মতো বৈশিষ্ট্যগুলোও তাদের চরিত্রের অংশ হয়ে উঠেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Distribution_of_US_Rural_Population_during_1900.pdf|থাম্ব|১৯০০ সালে মার্কিন আদমশুমারির মানচিত্র যেখানে বসতি স্থাপনের পরিমাণ এবং সীমান্তরেখা দেখানো হয়েছে]]
[[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র|মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের]] নির্ধারিত সীমান্ত রেখার বাইরে যে সমস্ত অনুন্নত বা অবিকশিত ভূখণ্ড ছিল, মূলত সেগুলোকেই ফ্রন্টিয়ার বা সীমান্ত এলাকা হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[মার্কিন জনশুমারি দপ্তর|মার্কিন আদমশুমারি ব্যুরো]] সীমান্ত অঞ্চল হিসেবে সাধারণত এমন জনশূন্য ভূখণ্ডকে চিহ্নিত করত, যেখানে জনঘনত্ব প্রতি বর্গমাইলে ২ জনেরও কম (প্রতি বর্গকিলোমিটারে ০.৭৭ জন)। এই জমিগুলোতে ইউরোপীয়-আমেরিকানদের বসতি স্থাপনের শেষ প্রান্তিক সীমানাটিই সীমান্ত রেখা হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৬০০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯০০-এর দশক পর্যন্ত এই রেখাটি [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পূর্ব উপকূল|পূর্ব উপকূলের]] প্রথম স্থায়ী ইউরোপীয় বসতি থেকে শুরু করে ক্রমাগত পশ্চিম দিকে অগ্রসর হয়েছে। তবে ক্ষেত্রবিশেষে এই রেখাটি উত্তরে মেইন এবং নিউ হ্যাম্পশায়ারের দিকে, দক্ষিণে ফ্লোরিডার দিকে এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া থেকে পূর্ব দিকে নেভাদার দিকেও সরে গিয়েছিল।


== মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অঞ্চলগুলির মানচিত্র ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;210&quot; heights=&quot;145&quot;&gt;
চিত্র:United_States_1819-12-1820.png|alt=1819–1820: Post-War of 1812| ১৮১৯–১৮২০: ১৮১২ সালের যুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী
চিত্র:United_States_1845-12-1846-06.png|alt=1845–1846: Before Mexican–American War| ১৮৪৫–১৮৪৬: মেক্সিকান-আমেরিকান যুদ্ধের আগে
চিত্র:United_States_1859-1860.png|alt=1859–1860: Pre-Civil War Expansion| ১৮৫৯–১৮৬০: গৃহযুদ্ধ-পূর্ব সম্প্রসারণ
চিত্র:United_States_1884-1889-11-02.png|alt=1884–1889: Post–Civil War expansion| ১৮৮৪-১৮৮৯: গৃহযুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী সম্প্রসারণ
চিত্র:United_States_1912-08-1959-01.png|alt=1912: Contiguous US, all states| ১৯১২: সংলগ্ন মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, সমস্ত রাজ্য
&lt;/gallery&gt;চাবি:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{Legend inline|ffcccc|States}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;


=== ঔপনিবেশিক সীমান্ত ===
[[চিত্র:George_Caleb_Bingham_-_Daniel_Boone_escorting_settlers_through_the_Cumberland_Gap.jpg|থাম্ব|ড্যানিয়েল বুন কাম্বারল্যান্ড গ্যাপের মধ্য দিয়ে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের এসকর্ট করছেন]]
১৭৭৬ সালের আগের ঔপনিবেশিক যুগে, বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং রাজনীতিবিদের কাছে পশ্চিমাঞ্চল ছিল অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বিষয়। ১৬০৭ সালে ইংরেজরা যখন ভার্জিনিয়ার জেমসটাউন অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপন করে, মূলত তখনই মার্কিন সীমান্তের জয়যাত্রা শুরু হয়। আটলান্টিক উপকূলে ইউরোপীয়দের বসতি স্থাপনের শুরুর দিনগুলোতে, অর্থাৎ প্রায় ১৬৮০ সাল পর্যন্ত, আটলান্টিক উপকূলের বিদ্যমান জনবসতির বাইরের মহাদেশের অভ্যন্তরীণ যেকোনো অংশই মূলত সীমান্ত হিসেবে গণ্য হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ইংরেজি, ফরাসি, স্প্যানিশ এবং ডাচদের সীমানা বিস্তার ও বসতি স্থাপনের ধরণগুলো ছিল একে অপরের থেকে বেশ আলাদা। মাত্র কয়েক হাজার ফরাসি নাগরিক কানাডায় পাড়ি দিয়েছিলেন; এই অধিবাসীরা  [[সেন্ট লরেন্স নদী]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;বরাবর বিভিন্ন গ্রামে বসতি স্থাপন করেন এবং সেখানে দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে স্থিতিশীল সম্প্রদায় গড়ে তোলেন। যদিও ফরাসি পশম ব্যবসায়ীরা গ্রেট লেকস এবং মধ্য-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলে ব্যাপকভাবে ঘুরে বেড়াতেন, কিন্তু তাঁরা খুব কমই স্থায়ীভাবে সেখানে বসবাস শুরু করতেন। ফরাসিদের বসতি ইলিনয়ের কাসকাসকিয়ার মতো গুটি কয়েক অত্যন্ত ছোট গ্রাম এবং [[নিউ অর্লিন্স|নিউ অরলিন্সের]] আশেপাশের একটি বড় জনপদেই সীমাবদ্ধ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বর্তমানে যা নিউ ইয়র্ক স্টেট নামে পরিচিত, সেখানে ওলন্দাজরা হাডসন রিভার ভ্যালিতে পশম ব্যবসার কেন্দ্র স্থাপন করেছিল। এরপরে তারা ধনী ভূস্বামীদের বড় বড় জমি অনুদান দেয়, যারা আবার সেখানে ভাড়াটে কৃষকদের নিয়ে আসে। এই কৃষকরাই পরবর্তীতে নিবিড় এবং স্থায়ী গ্রাম গড়ে তোলে। তারা আপস্টেট নিউ ইয়র্কে ঘন গ্রামীণ জনবসতি তৈরি করলেও, পশ্চিমের দিকে খুব একটা অগ্রসর হয়নি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Blockquote|সাধারণত একটি সীমান্ত সমাজ এমন ছিল যেখানে শ্রেণিগত পার্থক্য খুবই কম থাকত। কোনো ধনী ফাটকাবাজ বা ব্যবসায়ী যদি এর সাথে যুক্তও থাকতেন, তিনি সাধারণত নিজের বাড়িতেই থাকতেন, তাই স্বাভাবিকভাবে সেখানে কোনো বিত্তবান ব্যক্তি বসবাস করতেন না। ভূমিহীন দরিদ্র মানুষের সংখ্যাও ছিল নগণ্য। এলাকার সিংহভাগ মানুষই ছিলেন জমির মালিক, যাদের বেশিরভাগই আবার গরিব ছিলেন কারণ তারা খুব সামান্য সম্পত্তি নিয়ে জীবন শুরু করেছিলেন। তারা তখনও খুব বেশি জমি চাষযোগ্য করে তুলতে পারেননি কিংবা পর্যাপ্ত কৃষি সরঞ্জাম ও গবাদি পশু জোগাড় করতে পারেননি যা তাদের ভবিষ্যতে সমৃদ্ধশালী করে তুলতে পারে। কিছু কারিগর সীমান্তে বসতি স্থাপন করলেও তারা মূলত কৃষিকাজের পাশাপাশি বাড়তি আয়ের উৎস হিসেবে নিজেদের পেশা চর্চা করতেন। সেখানে হয়তো একজন দোকানদার, একজন ধর্মযাজক এবং সম্ভবত একজন ডাক্তার থাকতেন; আর ছিলেন কয়েকজন ভূমিহীন শ্রমিক, বাকি সবাই ছিলেন কৃষক।&lt;ref&gt;Jackson Turner Main, ''Social structure of revolutionary America'' (1965) p.&amp;nbsp;11.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
দক্ষিণাঞ্চলে [[অ্যাপালাচীয় পর্বতমালা|অ্যাপালাচিয়ান]] পর্বতমালা অঞ্চলের মতো যে সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোতে উন্নত যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থা ছিল না, সেগুলো জীবনধারণ ভিত্তিক কৃষিকাজের ওপরই নির্ভরশীল ছিল। উত্তরের মতো এই অঞ্চলগুলোও অনেকটা সাম্যবাদী ছিল, যদিও এখানে দাসমালিকদের একটি তুলনামূলক বড় উচ্চবিত্ত শ্রেণি বিদ্যমান ছিল। উত্তর ক্যারোলিনা ছিল এর একটি আদর্শ উদাহরণ। তবে ১৭০০ সালের দিকে যে সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোর সাথে উন্নত নদীপথের যোগাযোগ ছিল, সেগুলো ধীরে ধীরে বাগান ভিত্তিক কৃষিনির্ভর এলাকায় রূপান্তরিত হতে থাকে। বিত্তবানরা সেখানে এসে ভালো জমিগুলো কিনে নিতেন এবং দাসদের দিয়ে সেই জমিতে কাজ করাতেন। এর ফলে সেই এলাকাগুলো আর &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; থাকে না। সেখানে একটি স্তরবিন্যাসযুক্ত সমাজ গড়ে ওঠে, যার সামাজিক পিরামিডের শীর্ষে ছিল শক্তিশালী শ্বেতাঙ্গ ভূস্বামী গোষ্ঠী, মাঝে একটি ছোট মধ্যবিত্ত শ্রেণি এবং তাদের নিচে ভূমিহীন বা ভাড়াটে শ্বেতাঙ্গ কৃষকদের একটি বেশ বড় দল। আর পিরামিডের একেবারে নিচে ছিল ক্রমবর্ধমান ক্রীতদাস জনসংখ্যা। উত্তরের মতো এখানে ছোট ছোট শহর বা বড় নগর গড়ে ওঠার চল ছিল না, বরং দক্ষিণাঞ্চল ছিল মূলত গ্রামপ্রধান।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ব্রিটিশ কৃষক থেকে আমেরিকান কৃষক ====
সমুদ্রতীরবর্তী ঔপনিবেশিক জনপদগুলোতে বসবাসকারী সাধারণ মানুষের কাছে ব্যক্তিগতভাবে জমির মালিক হওয়ার বিষয়টি সবচেয়ে বেশি অগ্রাধিকার পেত। পরবর্তীতে যখন এই অঞ্চলগুলোতে জনসংখ্যা বাড়তে শুরু করে, তখন নতুন এবং উর্বর চাষযোগ্য জমির সন্ধানে তারা ক্রমশ পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হতে থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ব্রিটেনের সাথে আমেরিকার এই পরিস্থিতির একটি বড় পার্থক্য ছিল। ব্রিটেনে সাধারণত মুষ্টিমেয় কয়েকজন প্রভাবশালী ভূস্বামীর হাতে অধিকাংশ জমির মালিকানা কুক্ষিগত থাকত। কিন্তু সেই তুলনায় আমেরিকায় জমি কেনা ছিল বেশ সস্তা এবং সহজ, যার ফলে সাধারণ মানুষের মধ্যে জমির মালিকানা ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। জমির মালিকানা লাভের বিষয়টি মানুষের মনে যেমন এক ধরণের আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা বা স্বাধীনতার জন্ম দিত, তেমনই এটি তাদের স্থানীয় এবং প্রাদেশিক প্রশাসনিক পদগুলোর নির্বাচনের ক্ষেত্রে ভোট দেওয়ার অধিকারও প্রদান করত। নিউ ইংল্যান্ডের প্রথাগত জনবসতিগুলো ছিল বেশ ছোট এবং ঘনবদ্ধ, যা সচরাচর এক বর্গমাইলেরও কম এলাকা জুড়ে বিস্তৃত থাকত। আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সাথে এসব এলাকার মানুষের বিরোধের প্রধান কারণ ছিল রাজনৈতিক ক্ষমতার লড়াই, অর্থাৎ এই অঞ্চলগুলো আসলে কারা শাসন করবে তা নিয়ে মতপার্থক্য তৈরি হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পূর্ব দিকে গড়ে ওঠা প্রাথমিক সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোর মধ্যে কানেকটিকাট নদীর উপত্যকা অন্যতম ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; এছাড়া উত্তর নিউ ইংল্যান্ডের দিকেও মানুষ বসতি স্থাপন করতে শুরু করেছিল (যদিও এটি ছিল উত্তরমুখী অগ্রসর হওয়ার ঘটনা, পশ্চিমমুখী নয়)।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফরাসি এবং আদিবাসীদের সাথে যুদ্ধ ====
[[চিত্র:Siege_of_Fort_Detroit.jpg|থাম্ব|১৭৬৩ সালে পন্টিয়াকের যুদ্ধের সময় ফোর্ট ডেট্রয়েট অবরোধ]]
সীমান্তের বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা প্রায়শই তাদের ওপর ঘটা ছোটখাটো বা বিচ্ছিন্ন ঘটনাগুলোকে ইন্ডিয়ানদের একটি পরিকল্পিত ষড়যন্ত্র হিসেবে ব্যাখ্যা করতেন। তারা মনে করতেন যে আদিবাসীরা দলবদ্ধ হয়ে তাদের ওপর আক্রমণ করার প্রস্তুতি নিচ্ছে। তবে ১৭৬৩ সালের পর এই ঘটনাগুলোর সাথে ফরাসিদের কোনো কূটনৈতিক যোগসূত্র ছিল না এবং ১৮২০ সালের পর স্প্যানিশদের সাথেও কোনো সম্পর্ক খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়নি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সীমান্তের অধিকাংশ এলাকাকেই বহুবার ভয়াবহ সব সংঘাতের সাক্ষী হতে হয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ব্রিটেন ও ফ্রান্সের মধ্যে ফরাসি ও আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ শুরু হলে ফরাসিরা তাদের সীমিত জনশক্তির অভাব পূরণ করার জন্য স্থানীয় আদিবাসী যুদ্ধবাজ দলগুলোকে নিজেদের মিত্র হিসেবে গ্রহণ করে। ইউরোপীয় যুদ্ধগুলোর প্রভাবে শুরু হওয়া এই দীর্ঘকালীন লড়াইগুলো শেষ পর্যন্ত বিশ্বজুড়ে চলা সপ্তবর্ষব্যাপী যুদ্ধে ব্রিটিশদের এক বড় জয়ের মাধ্যমে সমাপ্ত হয়। [[প্যারিসের চুক্তি (১৭৬৩)|১৭৬৩ সালের শান্তি চুক্তিতে]] ফ্রান্স কার্যত তাদের সমস্ত দাবি ছেড়ে দেয়। এর ফলে ফ্লোরিডা এবং নিউ অরলিন্স ছাড়াও মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম তীরের জমিগুলো স্পেনের অধীনে চলে যায়। অন্য দিকে, মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকের ভূখণ্ড এবং বর্তমান কানাডার অঞ্চলগুলো ব্রিটেনের শাসনাধীনে চলে আসে।&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[উইকিপিডিয়া:তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)&quot;&gt;তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

==== সীমান্তবর্তী অঞ্চলে অবিচ্ছিন্ন অভিবাসন ====
যুদ্ধ বিগ্রহ চললেও সাধারণ আমেরিকানরা অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালা পেরিয়ে পশ্চিম পেনসিলভেনিয়া এবং বর্তমান পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া অভিমুখে যাত্রা থামিয়ে রাখেনি। তারা ওহিও কান্ট্রি, কেন্টাকি এবং টেনেসি অঞ্চলের দিকেও নিরন্তর অগ্রসর হতে থাকে। কাম্বারল্যান্ড গ্যাপ বা গিরিপথ ব্যবহার করে দক্ষিণের জনপদগুলোতে যাতায়াতের ক্ষেত্রে তাদের সবচেয়ে অগ্রগণ্য নেতা ছিলেন ড্যানিয়েল বুন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তৎকালীন তরুণ [[জর্জ ওয়াশিংটন]] পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া এবং বর্তমান পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া অঞ্চলের জমিগুলোতে জনবসতি গড়ে তোলার বিষয়টিকে বিশেষভাবে উৎসাহিত করেছিলেন। ভার্জিনিয়ার মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীতে যুদ্ধকালীন বীরত্বের পুরস্কার হিসেবে রাজকীয় সরকার তাঁকে এবং তাঁর অনুগত সৈন্যদের এই জমিগুলো বরাদ্দ দিয়েছিল। ১৭৬৩ সালের রয়্যাল প্রোক্লামেশন বা রাজকীয় ঘোষণার মাধ্যমে অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পশ্চিমে নতুন করে বসতি স্থাপনের ওপর সাময়িক একটি নিষেধাজ্ঞা জারি করা হয়েছিল। তবে পরবর্তীতে ১৭৬৮ সালে স্বাক্ষরিত ফোর্ট স্ট্যানউইক্স চুক্তির মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমের বেশিরভাগ জমি সীমান্তবাসীদের বসতি স্থাপনের জন্য পুনরায় খুলে দেওয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৮৩ সালের পর থেকে নবগঠিত এই জাতিটি শান্তির মুখ দেখতে শুরু করে। অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলো পশ্চিমের জমিগুলোর প্রশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্রণ কংগ্রেসের হাতে তুলে দিয়েছিল এবং সেখানে জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধির জন্য একটি পরিকল্পিত ও কার্যকর ব্যবস্থা তৈরি করা হয়েছিল। ১৭৮৭ সালের নর্থওয়েস্ট অর্ডিন্যান্সের মাধ্যমে ওহিও নদীর উত্তর দিকের এলাকাগুলোতে দাসপ্রথা পুরোপুরি নিষিদ্ধ করা হয়। একই সাথে প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হয়েছিল যে, কোনো নির্দিষ্ট অঞ্চলের জনসংখ্যা যখন একটি নির্দিষ্ট সীমা অতিক্রম করবে, তখন তাকে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা দেওয়া হবে। ১৮০৩ সালে ওহিও এই নিয়মেই একটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৮১ সালে [[মার্কিন স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ|বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধ]] শেষ হওয়ার পরপরই পেনসিলভেনিয়া, ভার্জিনিয়া এবং উত্তর ক্যারোলিনা থেকে অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পশ্চিমে প্রথম বড় ধরণের অভিযান শুরু হয়। এই অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীরা বা পাইওনিয়াররা শুরুর দিকে কোনোমতে খড়কুটো দিয়ে তৈরি মাথা গোঁজার ঠাঁই অথবা বড়জোর এক কামরার একটি কাঠের কুঁড়েঘরে বসবাস করতেন। তাদের খাবারের মূল চাহিদা মেটাত মূলত হরিণ ও টার্কি শিকার এবং প্রকৃতিতে সহজলভ্য অন্যান্য বন্য প্রাণী।
{{Blockquote|একজন অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীর বাহ্যিক রূপ ছিল অত্যন্ত স্বতন্ত্র। তাদের পরনে থাকত হাতে তৈরি চামড়ার প্যান্ট, মোকাশিন জুতো, পশমের তৈরি টুপি এবং শিকার করার জন্য বিশেষভাবে তৈরি জামা। কোমরে একটি বেল্ট বা কোমরবন্ধনী বাঁধা থাকত যেখান থেকে একটি শিকারি ছুরি এবং কার্তুজের ব্যাগ ঝুলত। এই সমস্ত কিছুই তারা নিজেরা ঘরে বসে তৈরি করতেন। অল্প সময়ের মধ্যেই তিনি বনের একটি নির্দিষ্ট অংশ পরিষ্কার করে সেখানে ভুট্টা, গম, তিসি, তামাক এবং অন্যান্য ফসল চাষ করতে শুরু করতেন। এমনকি ফলের বাগানও তৈরি করতেন অনেকে।}}
কয়েক বছরের ব্যবধানে এই অগ্রগামীরা তাদের খামারে শুকর, ভেড়া এবং গবাদি পশু পালন শুরু করতেন এবং কেউ কেউ ঘোড়াও জোগাড় করে নিতেন। তখন পশুর চামড়ার তৈরি পোশাকের জায়গা দখল করে নিত হাতে বোনা সুতির কাপড়। তবে যারা একটু বেশি ডানপিটে বা অস্থির স্বভাবের ছিলেন, তারা সভ্য জীবনের অত্যধিক নিয়মশৃঙ্খলায় অসন্তুষ্ট হয়ে পড়তেন। তারা তখন আবার নিজেদের ঘরবাড়ি ছেড়ে আরও ৮০ বা ১৬০ কিলোমিটার (৫০ বা ১০০ মাইল) দূরে পশ্চিমের অজানা সীমানার দিকে পাড়ি জমাতেন।

==== ভূমি নীতি ====
[[চিত্র:Wilderness_road_en.png|থাম্ব|১৭৮৫ সালের ওয়াইল্ডারনেস রোডের মানচিত্র]]
নবগঠিত এই রাষ্ট্রটির ভূমি সংক্রান্ত নীতি ছিল বেশ রক্ষণশীল। যেখানে দেশের পূর্ব দিকে ইতিমধ্যে স্থাপিত জনবসতিগুলোর প্রয়োজনের দিকে বিশেষ নজর দেওয়া হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৭৯০ থেকে ১৮২০ সালের এই সময়কালে প্রধান রাজনৈতিক দলগুলোর লক্ষ্য ছিল দেশের অর্থনীতির চাকা সচল রাখা এবং পূর্ব দিকের রাজ্যগুলো থেকে দক্ষ কর্মীরা যাতে চলে না যায় সেদিকে খেয়াল রাখা। তারা জমির সুপরিকল্পিত বণ্টন নিশ্চিত করার পাশাপাশি এমন একটি মূল্য নির্ধারণ করতে চেয়েছিল যা সাধারণ মানুষের নাগালে থাকে এবং একইসাথে যা থেকে পাওয়া অর্থ জাতীয় ঋণ পরিশোধে সহায়তা করে। এ ছাড়া জমির আইনি মালিকানা স্পষ্ট করা এবং পশ্চিমের অর্থনীতিকে এমনভাবে বৈচিত্র্যময় করে তোলা তাদের উদ্দেশ্য ছিল যাতে তা মূল জনপদের সাথে নিবিড়ভাবে যুক্ত থাকে এবং সেখান থেকে কোনো বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী আন্দোলনের ঝুঁকি তৈরি না হয়। তবে ১৮৩০-এর দশকের মধ্যে পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এমন অনেক জবরদখলকারী বা চাষিদের দ্বারা পূর্ণ হয়ে ওঠে যাদের কাছে জমির কোনো বৈধ দলিলপত্র ছিল না। যদিও তারা হয়তো পূর্ববর্তী দখলদারদের অর্থের বিনিময়ে সেই জমি অধিকার করেছিল। জ্যাকসোনিয়ান ডেমোক্র্যাটরা সস্তায় জমি দ্রুত পাইয়ে দেওয়ার প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়ে এই জবরদখলকারী চাষিদের পক্ষ নিয়েছিলেন। এর বিপরীতে হেনরি ক্লে পশ্চিম অভিমুখে ধাবমান এই &quot;আইনহীন জনতা&quot;র বিষয়ে শঙ্কিত ছিলেন। তাঁর মতে এই মানুষগুলো একটি আইন মেনে চলা এবং স্থিতিশীল মধ্যবিত্ত প্রজাতান্ত্রিক সমাজব্যবস্থার আদর্শকে নষ্ট করে দিচ্ছিল। এই সময়ে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের ধনী ব্যক্তিরা বড় বড় বাগান বা ক্রীতদাস নির্ভর খামার গড়ে তোলার জন্য উন্নত মানের জমি কেনার সুযোগ খুঁজছিলেন। ১৮৪০-এর দশকের মুক্ত ভূমি আন্দোলন স্বাধীন শ্বেতাঙ্গ কৃষকদের জন্য সস্তায় জমির দাবি তুলেছিল। ১৮৬২ সালে নতুন রিপাবলিকান পার্টি এই দাবিটিকে আইনে রূপান্তর করে। এই আইনের অধীনে সমস্ত প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক পুরুষ ও মহিলাকে, তারা কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ বা শ্বেতাঙ্গ হোক অথবা জন্মগত মার্কিন বা অভিবাসী হোক, ১৬০ একর (৬৫ হেক্টর) করে চাষযোগ্য জমি বা বসতভিটা বিনা মূল্যে দেওয়ার কথা বলা হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৮৩ সালে [[মার্কিন স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ|বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধে]] জয়লাভের পর বিপুল সংখ্যক মার্কিন নাগরিক পশ্চিম দিকে পাড়ি দিতে শুরু করেন। ১৭৮৮ সালে নর্থওয়েস্ট টেরিটোরি বা উত্তর-পশ্চিম ভূখণ্ডে আসা অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীরা ওহাইওর মেরিয়েটা শহরটি প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। এটিই ছিল সেই অঞ্চলের প্রথম স্থায়ী মার্কিন বসতি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৭৫ সালে ড্যানিয়েল বুন ট্রান্সিলভানিয়া কোম্পানির জন্য ভার্জিনিয়া থেকে কাম্বারল্যান্ড গ্যাপ বা গিরিপথ হয়ে মধ্য কেন্টাকি পর্যন্ত একটি নতুন রাস্তা তৈরি করেন। পরবর্তীকালে এই পথটিকে [[লুভল|লুইভিলে]] ফলস অফ দ্য ওহাইও পর্যন্ত সম্প্রসারিত করা হয়েছিল। এই &quot;ওয়াইল্ডারনেস রোড&quot; বা বন্য পথটি ছিল অত্যন্ত খাড়া এবং দুর্গম। এই পথ দিয়ে কেবল পায়ে হেঁটে বা ঘোড়ায় চড়েই যাতায়াত করা সম্ভব ছিল। তা সত্ত্বেও [[কেন্টাকি|কেন্টাকিতে]] বসতি গড়তে যাওয়া হাজার হাজার মানুষের কাছে এটিই ছিল যাতায়াতের জন্য সবচেয়ে সুবিধাজনক পথ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিছু কিছু জায়গায় অভিযাত্রীদের স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের মুখোমুখি হতে হতো। শুধুমাত্র ১৭৮৪ সালেই আদিবাসীরা এই পথে যাতায়াতকারী ১০০-র বেশি মানুষকে হত্যা করেছিল। এই সময়ে কেন্টাকি প্রায় জনশূন্য হয়ে পড়েছিল এবং সেখানে &quot;আদিবাসীদের কোনো গ্রাম অবশিষ্ট ছিল ছিল না&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে মাঝে মাঝে আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণকারী দলগুলো সেখান দিয়ে যাতায়াত করত। এই ধরণের আক্রমণের কবলে পড়েছিলেন [[আব্রাহাম লিংকন|আব্রাহাম লিঙ্কনের]] দাদাও। ১৭৮৪ সালে লুইভিলের কাছে আদিবাসীদের হাতে তিনি প্রাণ হারান।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আদিবাসীদের জমি দখল ====
[[চিত্র:Death_tecumseh_1813.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮১৩ সালে রিচার্ড এম. জনসনের হাতে যুদ্ধে নিহত হন আদিবাসী নেতা টেকুমসেহ, যিনি পরে ভাইস প্রেসিডেন্ট হন।]]

{{Blockquote|মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র কখনোই আদিবাসীদের কাছ থেকে শান্তিপূর্ণ উপায় এবং তাদের অবাধ সম্মতি ছাড়া জমি দখল করতে চায় না। তবে এই প্রক্রিয়ার মাধ্যমেই ক্রমবর্ধমান জনসংখ্যার প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী নিজেদের স্বীকৃত সীমানার ভেতরের প্রতিটি অংশকে বন্য অবস্থা থেকে উদ্ধার করে চাষযোগ্য করে তুলতে তারা সম্পূর্ণ বদ্ধপরিকর। লক্ষ লক্ষ সভ্য মানুষের বাঁচার রসদ জোগানোর এই কাজে ন্যায়বিচার বা মানবতার কোনো আদর্শই ক্ষুণ্ণ হবে না। কারণ যে কয়েক হাজার অসভ্য মানুষ ঐ এলাকায় ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে আছেন তারা যে অধিকার ত্যাগ করবেন তার বিনিময়ে তাদের উপযুক্ত ক্ষতিপূরণ দেওয়া হবে। এর পাশাপাশি তাদের কাছে চাষাবাদের জন্য যতটা জমি প্রয়োজন বা জীবনধারণের জন্য যতটুকু জায়গা যথেষ্ট তার চেয়েও বেশি জমি তাদের মালিকানাতেই থাকবে। যদি একে ক্ষমতা বিস্তারের আকাঙ্ক্ষা বলা হয় তবে আমরা তা স্বীকার করতে প্রস্তুত। কিন্তু এর মাধ্যমে ইউরোপীয় দেশগুলোর সাথে বিদ্যমান সীমানা অসম্মান করার বা গ্রেট ব্রিটেনের ভূখণ্ড দখল করার বিন্দুমাত্র ইচ্ছা প্রকাশ পায় না। [...] তারা বিশ্বাস করে না যে সেই সরকার কেবল কিছু অসভ্য মানুষের জন্য এক চিরস্থায়ী মরুভূমি বজায় রাখার তাগিদে মার্কিন ভূখণ্ডের ভেতরে তাদের স্বাভাবিক বিকাশের পথে বাধা সৃষ্টি করবে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|jstor=1896318|at=quote on p.&amp;nbsp;507|title=The West in American Diplomacy, 1812–1815|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=26|issue=4|last1=Gates|first1=Charles M.|year=1940|doi=10.2307/1896318}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==== নতুন অঞ্চল এবং রাজ্য ====
[[চিত্র:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|[[টমাস জেফারসন]] নিজেকে সীমান্তের একজন মানুষ এবং একজন বিজ্ঞানী হিসেবে মনে করতেন; পশ্চিমের সীমানা বিস্তার এবং সেই অঞ্চল অনুসন্ধানে তার গভীর আগ্রহ ছিল।]]
যখন দলে দলে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা আসতে শুরু করেন, তখন সীমান্তের জেলাগুলো প্রথমে &quot;টেরিটরি&quot; বা বিশেষ ভূখণ্ডে রূপান্তরিত হতো। সেখানে জনগণের ভোটে নির্বাচিত একটি আইনসভা এবং রাষ্ট্রপতির নিযুক্ত একজন গভর্নর থাকতেন। পরবর্তীতে যখন কোনো ভূখণ্ডের জনসংখ্যা ১,০০,০০০ এ পৌঁছাত, তখন সেই অঞ্চলটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ অঙ্গরাজ্যের মর্যাদার জন্য আবেদন করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্তের এই মানুষগুলো সাধারণত পূর্ব উপকূলের উচ্চবিত্তদের পছন্দ করা জটিল আইনি আনুষ্ঠানিকতা এবং সীমিত ভোটাধিকারের প্রথাগুলোকে বর্জন করতেন। এর পরিবর্তে তারা অধিকতর গণতন্ত্র এবং সাম্যবাদী আদর্শকে গ্রহণ করে নিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮১০ সালের মধ্যে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পশ্চিম সীমান্ত [[মিসিসিপি নদী]] পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হয়েছিল। মিসৌরি অঙ্গরাজ্যের [[সেন্ট লুইস]] ছিল সেই সময়ের সীমান্তের বৃহত্তম শহর। এটি পশ্চিম দিকে যাত্রার প্রবেশদ্বার হওয়ার পাশাপাশি মিসিসিপি নদীর নৌ-চলাচল এবং অভ্যন্তরীণ বাণিজ্যের প্রধান কেন্দ্র হয়ে উঠেছিল। তবে ১৮০৩ সাল পর্যন্ত এই শহরটি স্প্যানিশদের অধীনে ছিল।

==== লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয় ====


জমি কেনার আগেই জেফারসন সেই এলাকাগুলো অনুসন্ধান এবং মানচিত্র তৈরির জন্য অভিযানের পরিকল্পনা করছিলেন। তিনি [[লুইস ও ক্লার্কের অভিযান|লুইস এবং ক্লার্ককে]] এই দায়িত্ব দিয়ে বলেছিলেন, &quot;মিসৌরি নদী এবং এর প্রধান শাখাগুলো অনুসন্ধান করুন যা প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরের জলধারার সাথে যুক্ত হতে পারে; সেটি কলম্বিয়া, ওরেগন, কলোরাডো বা অন্য যে কোনো নদী হতে পারে যা বাণিজ্যের জন্য মহাদেশের এপার থেকে ওপার যাতায়াতে সবচেয়ে সহজ এবং কার্যকর পথ হিসেবে কাজ করবে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জেফারসন এই অভিযাত্রী দলকে ওই অঞ্চলের আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের সম্পর্কে জানার নির্দেশ দিয়েছিলেন। তাদের নৈতিকতা, ভাষা এবং সংস্কৃতি ছাড়াও আবহাওয়া, মাটি, নদী, বাণিজ্যিক লেনদেন এবং পশুপাখি ও উদ্ভিদ জগত নিয়ে পড়াশোনা করার নির্দেশও তিনি দিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জন জ্যাকব অ্যাস্টরের মতো উদ্যোক্তারা দ্রুত এই সুযোগটি লুফে নেন এবং প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় উত্তর-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলে পশম ব্যবসার প্রসার ঘটান। কলম্বিয়া নদীর মোহনায় অ্যাস্টরের তৈরি &quot;ফোর্ট অ্যাস্টর&quot; (পরবর্তীতে ফোর্ট জর্জ) ছিল ওই এলাকার প্রথম স্থায়ী শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি, যদিও এটি অ্যাস্টরের জন্য খুব একটা লাভজনক হয়নি। তিনি হাডসন’স বে কোম্পানির একচেটিয়া আধিপত্য ভাঙার জন্য আমেরিকান ফার কোম্পানি প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছিলেন। ১৮২০ সালের মধ্যে অ্যাস্টর অন্যান্য স্বতন্ত্র ব্যবসায়ীদের নিজের অধীনে নিয়ে আসেন এবং একটি লাভজনক একচেটিয়া ব্যবসা গড়ে তোলেন। ১৮৩৪ সালে যখন তিনি এই ব্যবসা ছেড়ে দেন, ততদিনে তিনি কয়েক কোটি ডলারের মালিক হয়ে গিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পশম ব্যবসা ====
[[চিত্র:Fort_Nez_Perces_Trading_1841.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৪১ সালে ফোর্ট নেজ পারসেসে [[পশম বাণিজ্য|পশম ব্যবসা]]]]
[[চিত্র:353_I._Chesnut-backed_Titmouse_-_2._Black-capt_Titmouse_-_3._Chesnut-crowned_Titmouse_(cropped).jpg|থাম্ব|[[জন জেমস আদোবান|অডুবনের]] ''বার্ডস অফ আমেরিকার'' প্লেট]]
সীমান্ত যখন ক্রমশ পশ্চিম দিকে সরছিল, তখন ফাঁদ পেতে পশু শিকারি বা ট্র্যাপার এবং সাধারণ শিকারিরা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের আগেই সেই সব এলাকায় পৌঁছে যেতেন। তারা মূলত ইউরোপে পাঠানোর জন্য বিভার বা উদবিড়াল এবং অন্যান্য পশুর চামড়া বা পশম খুঁজতেন। ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট বা প্রাচীন পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বেশিরভাগ এলাকায় এই শিকারিরাই ছিলেন প্রথম পৌঁছানো ইউরোপীয়। তারাই পশ্চিমের আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সাথে প্রথম কাজের সম্পর্ক গড়ে তুলেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তারা উত্তর-পশ্চিমের ভূখণ্ড সম্পর্কে বিশদ জ্ঞান অর্জন করেছিলেন, যার মধ্যে মধ্য রকি পর্বতমালার গুরুত্বপূর্ণ &quot;সাউথ পাস&quot; বা দক্ষিণ গিরিপথটি অন্যতম ছিল। ১৮১২ সালের দিকে আবিষ্কৃত এই পথটি পরবর্তীতে ওরেগন এবং ওয়াশিংটনে যেতে চাওয়া বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের প্রধান রাস্তা হয়ে ওঠে। তবে ১৮২০ সালের মধ্যে একটি নতুন &quot;ব্রিগেড-রঁদেভ্যু&quot; বা দলগত সাক্ষাৎ ব্যবস্থা চালু হয়। এর মাধ্যমে কোম্পানির লোকেরা বড় দলে ভাগ হয়ে দীর্ঘ অভিযানের মাধ্যমে দেশজুড়ে যাতায়াত করতেন এবং অনেক আদিবাসী উপজাতিকে এড়িয়ে চলতেন। এই ব্যবস্থাটি &quot;মুক্ত শিকারি&quot;দের নিজেদের উদ্যোগে নতুন নতুন অঞ্চল খুঁজে দেখতে উৎসাহিত করেছিল। শিকারের মরসুম শেষে এই শিকারিরা [[সবুজ নদী (কলোরাডো নদীর উপনদী)|গ্রিন রিভার]], আপার মিসৌরি এবং আপার মিসিসিপি নদীর তীরের বন্দরগুলোতে নির্দিষ্ট জায়গায় বা রঁদেভ্যুতে সমবেত হতেন এবং তাদের সংগৃহীত পণ্যের বিনিময়ে পারিশ্রমিক বুঝে নিতেন। এই ধরণের মিলনস্থল বা রঁদেভ্যু শহরগুলোর মধ্যে সেন্ট লুইস ছিল বৃহত্তম। তবে ১৮৩০ সালের মধ্যে ফ্যাশন বদলে যায় এবং বিভার বা পশমের টুপির জায়গা দখল করে নেয় রেশমি টুপি। এর ফলে দামি আমেরিকান পশমের চাহিদা কমে যায়। এভাবেই জেডেডিয়া স্মিথ, হিউ গ্লাস, ডেভি ক্রকেট, জ্যাক ওমোহুন্ড্রো এবং তাঁদের মতো অন্যান্য মাউন্টেন মেন, শিকারি ও পথপ্রদর্শকদের যুগের অবসান ঘটে। ১৮৪৫ সালের মধ্যে বিভারের পশমের ব্যবসা কার্যত বন্ধ হয়ে গিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফেডারেল সরকার এবং পশ্চিমমুখী সম্প্রসারণ ====
নতুন ভূখণ্ডগুলোতে দ্রুত জনবসতি গড়ে তোলার প্রয়োজনীয়তা নিয়ে সর্বজনীন একমত থাকলেও, সরকার জমির জন্য কত মূল্য নির্ধারণ করবে তা নিয়ে রাজনৈতিক মহলে তীব্র বিতর্ক ছিল। রাষ্ট্রপতি [[জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামস|জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামসের]] মতো রক্ষণশীল এবং হুইগ দলের সদস্যরা চেয়েছিলেন এই প্রসারের গতি নিয়ন্ত্রিত হোক। তাঁরা নবাগতদের কাছ থেকে পর্যাপ্ত মূল্য আদায়ের পক্ষপাতী ছিলেন যাতে ফেডারেল সরকারের খরচ মেটানো সম্ভব হয়। তবে ডেমোক্র্যাটরা অত্যন্ত কম দামে জমি দেওয়ার মাধ্যমে এক ধরণের বিশৃঙ্খল প্রতিযোগিতাকেই সমর্থন করেছিলেন। এই বিতর্কের চূড়ান্ত সমাধান আসে ১৮৬২ সালের হোমস্টেড অ্যাক্ট বা বসতভিটা আইনের মাধ্যমে। এই আইনে একটি ভারসাম্য বজায় রাখা হয়েছিল; যেখানে বলা হয়েছিল যে কোনো বসতি স্থাপনকারী যদি একটি নির্দিষ্ট জমিতে একটানা পাঁচ বছর কাজ করেন, তবে তিনি ১৬০ একর জমি বিনামূল্যে পাবেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ব্যক্তিগত লাভের আকাঙ্ক্ষাই পশ্চিমমুখী এই অভিযানের মূল চালিকাশক্তি ছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Christine Bold 20132&quot;&gt;Christine Bold, ''The Frontier Club: Popular Westerns and Cultural Power, 1880–1924'' (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; তবে ফেডারেল সরকার বিভিন্ন চুক্তির মাধ্যমে জমির দখল নেওয়া এবং রাষ্ট্রপতির নিযুক্ত গভর্নরের মাধ্যমে আঞ্চলিক সরকার গঠনের মতো গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কাজগুলোতে সহায়ক ভূমিকা পালন করেছিল। ফেডারেল সরকার প্রথমে অন্যান্য রাষ্ট্র বা আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের সাথে চুক্তির মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় ভূখণ্ডগুলো অর্জন করত। এরপর সেই জমিগুলোর মানচিত্র তৈরি এবং নথিবদ্ধ করার জন্য জরিপকারীদের পাঠানো হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিংশ শতাব্দীর মধ্যে ওয়াশিংটনের আমলারা এইসব ফেডারেল জমি ব্যবস্থাপনার দায়িত্ব নেন। যেমন স্বরাষ্ট্র দপ্তরের অধীনে ইউনাইটেড স্টেটস জেনারেল ল্যান্ড অফিস এবং ১৮৯১ সালের পর কৃষি দপ্তরের অধীনে বন বিভাগ গঠিত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এবং ১৮৯১ সালের পরে, কৃষি বিভাগে বন পরিষেবা ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯০০ সালের পর বাঁধ নির্মাণ এবং বন্যা নিয়ন্ত্রণ সরকারের অন্যতম প্রধান উদ্বেগের বিষয় হয়ে দাঁড়ায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থা ছিল একটি অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়। নদীপথে নৌ-চলাচল সহজতর করার সম্পূর্ণ দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়েছিল সেনাবাহিনীর ওপর, বিশেষ করে আর্মি কোর অফ ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্সকে। ১৮১১ সালে ওহিও নদীতে প্রথম বাষ্পীয় চালিত নৌকা বা স্টিমবোট ব্যবহার করা হয়। এর ফলে নদীপথ ব্যবহার করে, বিশেষত মিসিসিপি ও মিসৌরি নদী এবং তাদের শাখা নদীগুলোর মাধ্যমে স্বল্প ব্যয়ে যাতায়াত করা সম্ভব হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১ ১৮১৮ থেকে ১৮২৫ সালের মধ্যে মিসৌরি নদীতে পরিচালিত সামরিক অভিযানগুলো প্রকৌশলীদের স্টিমবোট প্রযুক্তির উন্নয়নে সাহায্য করেছিল। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ১৮১৯ সালের সামরিক স্টিমবোট &quot;ওয়েস্টার্ন ইঞ্জিনিয়ার&quot; অগভীর জলে চলার ক্ষমতার সাথে শুরুর দিকের  পিছনের চাকাযুক্ত প্রযুক্তির সমন্বয় ঘটানো হয়েছিল। এ ছাড়া ১৮১৯ থেকে ১৮২৫ সালের মধ্যে কর্নেল হেনরি অ্যাটকিনসন হাতে চালিত প্যাডেল হুইল বিশিষ্ট বিশেষ ধরণের নৌকা তৈরি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জাতীয় সীমানা বিস্তারে ফেডারেল ডাক ব্যবস্থার ভূমিকা ছিল অপরিসীম। একটি সস্তা, দ্রুত এবং সুবিধাজনক যোগাযোগ ব্যবস্থা গড়ে তোলার মাধ্যমে এটি পশ্চিমের প্রসারে গতি এনেছিল। আদি বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের পাঠানো চিঠিগুলো থেকে পাওয়া তথ্য এবং উৎসাহমূলক বার্তাগুলো অন্যদেরও পশ্চিমে আসতে উৎসাহিত করত। এই ডাক ব্যবস্থার মাধ্যমেই ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে থাকা পরিবারগুলো একে অপরের সাথে যোগাযোগ রাখতে পারত এবং ব্যবসায়ীরা নতুন সুযোগের সন্ধান পেত। এ ছাড়া এটি পূর্বের পাইকারি বিক্রেতা ও কারখানাগুলোর সাথে পশ্চিমের বণিকদের নিয়মিত বাণিজ্যিক সম্পর্ক বজায় রাখতে সাহায্য করেছিল। ডাক পরিষেবা একইভাবে সেনাবাহিনীকে বিশাল পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় ভূখণ্ডের ওপর নিয়ন্ত্রণ বাড়াতেও সাহায্য করেছিল। ''নিউ ইয়র্ক উইকলি ট্রিবিউনের'' মতো গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সংবাদপত্রগুলো ডাকের মাধ্যমে ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়ায় বিভিন্ন রাজ্যের রাজনীতিকদের মধ্যে সমন্বয় করা সহজ হয়ে যায়। এই ডাক ব্যবস্থা বিদ্যমান জনপদগুলোর সাথে সীমান্ত এলাকার সেতুবন্ধন তৈরি করে জাতীয়তাবাদের জন্ম দেয় এবং একটি প্রয়োজনীয় পরিকাঠামো প্রদান করে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সেনাবাহিনী শুরু থেকেই পশ্চিমমুখী প্রসারের পথগুলো বরাবর বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের নিরাপত্তার দায়িত্ব গ্রহণ করেছিল। ১৮৫৭ সালে মার্কিন যুদ্ধ সচিব জন বি ফয়েড এই নীতিটি এভাবে বর্ণনা করেছিলেন:&lt;ref name=&quot;forts&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger, and D.A. Russell, 1849–1912|শেষাংশ=Hogland|প্রথমাংশ=Alison K.|প্রকাশক=University of Oklahoma Press|পাতা=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;আমাদের সীমান্তের সমান্তরালে অথচ আদিবাসীদের স্বাভাবিক বাসস্থানের কাছাকাছি নির্দিষ্ট দূরত্বে এবং উপযুক্ত স্থানে যদি পদাতিক বাহিনীর ঘাঁটি স্থাপন করা হয়, তবে তা উপজাতিগুলোর ওপর একটি কার্যকর নিয়ন্ত্রণ বজায় রাখবে। তারা অনুভব করতে পারবে যে শ্বেতাঙ্গদের জনপদে তাদের যোদ্ধারা কোনো আক্রমণ চালালে তাৎক্ষণিকভাবে তাদের নিজেদের ঘরবাড়িতেও পাল্টা আঘাত আসতে পারে।&lt;/blockquote&gt;সেই সময়ে দুর্গের সঠিক আকার কেমন হওয়া উচিত তা নিয়ে একটি বিতর্ক তৈরি হয়েছিল। জেফারসন ডেভিস, উইনফিল্ড স্কট এবং থমাস জেসাপ সংখ্যায় কম কিন্তু আকারে বড় দুর্গের পক্ষে ছিলেন। অন্যদিকে ফ্লয়েডের পরিকল্পনাটি ছিল বেশি ব্যয়বহুল কিন্তু সাধারণ মানুষ ও বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা এটিই বেশি পছন্দ করত, কারণ তারা চাইত সেনাবাহিনী যেন তাদের যতটা সম্ভব কাছাকাছি থাকে। সীমান্ত এলাকাটি ছিল বিশাল এবং ডেভিসও শেষ পর্যন্ত স্বীকার করেছিলেন যে, &quot;একই জায়গায় সেনাবাহিনী কেন্দ্রীভূত করলে সীমান্তের অনেক অংশ আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের মুখে অরক্ষিত হয়ে পড়বে।&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;forts&quot;/&gt;

==== বিজ্ঞানী, শিল্পী এবং অভিযাত্রী ====
[[চিত্র:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Fort_Laramie_-_Walters_37194049.jpg|ডান|থাম্ব|১৮৪০ সালের আগের চেহারার প্রথম ফোর্ট লারামি । আলফ্রেড জ্যাকব মিলারের স্মৃতি থেকে আঁকা ছবি]]
সরকারি এবং বেসরকারি বিভিন্ন উদ্যোগের মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমের অজানা অঞ্চলগুলো খুঁজে দেখার জন্য বহু অভিযাত্রীকে পাঠানো হয়েছিল। ১৮০৫-১৮০৬ সালের দিকে সেনাবাহিনীর লেফটেন্যান্ট জেবুলন পাইক (১৭৭৯-১৮১৩) ২০ জন সৈন্যের একটি দল নিয়ে মিসিসিপি নদীর উৎসের সন্ধানে যাত্রা করেছিলেন। পরবর্তীতে তিনি স্প্যানিশ ভূখণ্ডের রেড এবং আরকানসাস নদীগুলোর গতিপথ অনুসন্ধান করেন এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত [[রিও গ্রান্দে|রিও গ্র্যান্ডে]] গিয়ে পৌঁছান। ফেরার পথে পাইক কলোরাডোর সেই সুউচ্চ পর্বতশৃঙ্গটি দেখতে পান যা বর্তমানে তাঁর নামেই পরিচিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মেজর স্টিফেন হ্যারিম্যান লং (১৭৮৪-১৮৬৪) ১৮১৯-১৮২০ সালে ইয়েলোস্টোন এবং মিসৌরি অভিযান পরিচালনা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু ১৮২৩ সালে গ্রেট প্লেইনস অঞ্চলকে তিনি অত্যন্ত শুষ্ক এবং চাষবাসের অযোগ্য হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেন। এর ফলে এলাকাটি &quot;গ্রেট আমেরিকান মরুভূমি&quot;  হিসেবে কুখ্যাতি পায়। এই নেতিবাচক প্রচারের কারণে পরবর্তী কয়েক দশক ধরে সেই এলাকায় জনবসতি স্থাপনের বিষয়ে সাধারণ মানুষ নিরুৎসাহিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮১১ সালে প্রকৃতিবিদ থমাস নাটল (১৭৮৬-১৮৫৯) এবং জন ব্র্যাডবেরি (১৭৬৮-১৮২৩) মিসৌরি নদী বরাবর ভ্রমণ করে সেখানকার বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ ও প্রাণিজগত সম্পর্কে তথ্য সংগ্রহ করেন এবং সেগুলোর চিত্র অঙ্কন করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; শিল্পী জর্জ ক্যাটলিন (১৭৯৬-১৮৭২) আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সংস্কৃতির অত্যন্ত নিঁখুত ও জীবন্ত ছবি এঁকেছিলেন। অন্যদিকে সুইজারল্যান্ডের শিল্পী কার্ল বডমার এই অঞ্চলের বিচিত্র ভূচিত্র এবং মানুষের প্রতিকৃতি তৈরি করে সকলকে মুগ্ধ করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[জন জেমস আদোবান|জন জেমস অডুবন]] (১৭৮৫-১৮৫১) ৫০০ প্রজাতির পাখির অত্যন্ত সূক্ষ্ম বর্ণনা দেওয়া এবং সেগুলোর ছবি আঁকার জন্য বিশ্বজুড়ে বিখ্যাত হয়ে আছেন যা ''বার্ডস অফ আমেরিকা''  নামক গ্রন্থে প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

এই অভিযাত্রীদের মধ্যে সবচেয়ে জনপ্রিয় ও প্রভাবশালী ব্যক্তিত্ব ছিলেন টপোগ্রাফিক্যাল ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স কোরের সেনা কর্মকর্তা জন চার্লস ফ্রেমন্ট (১৮১৩-১৮৯০)। তাঁর মধ্যে ভৌগোলিক অনুসন্ধানের যেমন প্রতিভা ছিল, তেমনই নিজের কাজের প্রচার করার এক অসাধারণ ক্ষমতাও ছিল। এই গুণের কারণে তিনি &quot;পশ্চিমের পথপ্রদর্শক&quot; উপাধি লাভ করেন এবং ১৮৫৬ সালে নতুন গঠিত রিপাবলিকান পার্টির হয়ে রাষ্ট্রপতি পদের মনোনয়ন পান।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৪০-এর দশকে তিনি ধারাবাহিকভাবে বেশ কিছু সফল অভিযান পরিচালনা করেন যা সেই সময়ের স্বল্পপরিচিত অঞ্চলগুলো সম্পর্কে অনেক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভৌগোলিক প্রশ্নের উত্তর দিয়েছিল। তিনি পাঁচটি ভিন্ন পথ দিয়ে রকি পর্বতমালা অতিক্রম করেন এবং ওরেগন ও ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার কিছু অংশের মানচিত্র তৈরি করেন। ১৮৪৬-১৮৪৭ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া জয়ের ক্ষেত্রেও তিনি বিশেষ ভূমিকা পালন করেছিলেন। ১৮৪৮-১৮৪৯ সালে ফ্রেমন্টকে প্রস্তাবিত আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের জন্য পাহাড়ের মধ্য দিয়ে একটি কেন্দ্রীয় পথ খুঁজে বের করার দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়। কিন্তু তাঁর এই অভিযানটি চরম বিপর্যয়ের মুখে পড়ে যখন তারা পথ হারিয়ে ফেলে এবং ভারী তুষারপাতের কবলে আটকা পড়ে প্রাণহানির উপক্রম হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তার প্রতিবেদনগুলোতে রোমাঞ্চকর অভিযানের গল্পের সাথে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য এবং ভ্রমণকারীদের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় ব্যবহারিক তথ্যের এক চমৎকার মিশেল থাকত। এটি সাধারণ মানুষের কল্পনাকে দারুণভাবে প্রভাবিত করে এবং অনেককেই পশ্চিমের অজানা সীমান্তের দিকে যাত্রা করতে গভীরভাবে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছিল। গেটজম্যানের মতে তার কাজ ছিল &quot;আয়তনে বিশাল এবং তা অন্বেষণমূলক বা ভ্রমণ সাহিত্যের একটি ধ্রুপদী নিদর্শন।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;


=== গৃহযুদ্ধ-পূর্ব পশ্চিমাঞ্চল ===

==== ধর্ম ====
[[চিত্র:Circuit_rider_illustration_Eggleston.png|থাম্ব|এডওয়ার্ড এগলস্টনের লেখা ''&quot;দ্য সার্কিট রাইডার: আ টেল অফ দ্য হিরোইক এজ&quot;'' বই থেকে চিত্রিত। সুসংগঠিত মেথডিস্টরা একটি ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলে একাধিক গির্জা তৈরি এবং পরিবেশন করার জন্য সার্কিট রাইডারকে পাঠিয়েছিলেন।]]
সীমান্তের অধিকাংশ মানুষ ধর্মের প্রতি তেমন একটা আগ্রহ দেখাতেন না যতক্ষণ না বিভিন্ন জায়গায় ঘুরে বেড়ানো ধর্মপ্রচারকরা সেখানে এসে &quot;ধর্মীয় পুনর্জাগরণ&quot; শুরু করেছিলেন। স্থানীয় অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীরা এই অনুষ্ঠানগুলোতে অত্যন্ত উৎসাহের সাথে সাড়া দিতেন এবং কার্যত তারা তাদের নিজস্ব গণমুখী ধর্মমত গড়ে তুলেছিলেন। বিশেষ করে ১৭৯০ থেকে ১৮৪০ সালের মধ্যে দ্বিতীয় মহাজাগরণের সময়কালে এই প্রবণতা অনেক বেশি দেখা গিয়েছিল। এই সময়ে খোলা জায়গায় এক সপ্তাহ বা তার বেশি সময় ধরে বিশাল ক্যাম্প করে ধর্মসভার আয়োজন করা হতো যা অনেক মানুষকে প্রথমবারের মতো একটি সুসংগঠিত ধর্মের সাথে পরিচয় করিয়ে দেয়। ১৮০১ সালে কেন্টাকির ক্যান রিজে এই ধরণের একটি অত্যন্ত বড় এবং বিখ্যাত ধর্মসভা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

স্থানীয় ব্যাপটিস্টরা অনেকগুলো ছোট ছোট স্বাধীন গির্জা স্থাপন করেছিলেন কারণ তারা কোনো কেন্দ্রীয় প্রশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্রণ পছন্দ করতেন না। প্রতিটি স্থানীয় গির্জা নিজস্ব উপাসনাকারীদের স্বাধীনতার নীতির ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। অন্যদিকে সুসংগঠিত এবং কেন্দ্রীয়ভাবে নিয়ন্ত্রিত মেথডিস্টদের বিশপরা নির্দিষ্ট এলাকার জন্য সার্কিট রাইডার বা ভ্রাম্যমাণ ধর্মপ্রচারক নিয়োগ করতেন। এই প্রচারকরা কয়েক বছর একটি নির্দিষ্ট এলাকায় কাজ করার পর তাদের আবার নতুন কোনো অঞ্চলে ধর্ম প্রচারের জন্য পাঠিয়ে দেওয়া হতো। এই সময়ে বেশ কিছু নতুন ধর্মীয় শাখা বা গোষ্ঠী তৈরি হয়েছিল যার মধ্যে খ্রীষ্টের শিষ্যরা ছিল বৃহত্তম।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পূর্ব উপকূলের সুপ্রতিষ্ঠিত গির্জাগুলো সীমান্তের মানুষের এই আধ্যাত্মিক প্রয়োজনীয়তা মেটাতে কিছুটা সময় নিয়েছিল। প্রেসবিটেরিয়ান এবং কংগ্রিগেশনালিস্টরা যেহেতু মূলত সুশিক্ষিত ধর্মযাজকদের ওপর নির্ভর করতেন, তাই সীমান্তের মানুষের মধ্যে ধর্ম প্রচারের জন্য তাদের প্রয়োজনীয় জনবলের অভাব দেখা দিয়েছিল। সীমান্তে নিজেদের সম্পদ ও শক্তিকে একত্রিত করে কাজ করার জন্য তারা ১৮০১ সালে একটি ঐক্য পরিকল্পনা বা প্ল্যান অফ ইউনিয়ন তৈরি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মধ্য-পশ্চিমে গণতন্ত্র ====


[[চিত্র:Map_of_Santa_Fe_Trail-NPS.jpg|থাম্ব|সান্তা ফে ট্রেইলের মানচিত্র]]
১৭৭০ থেকে ১৮৩০ এর দশক পর্যন্ত অভিযাত্রীরা কেন্টাকি থেকে শুরু করে অ্যালাবামা এবং টেক্সাস পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত নতুন জমিগুলোতে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন। তাদের মধ্যে অধিকাংশই ছিলেন কৃষক যারা দলবদ্ধভাবে সপরিবারে সেখানে যেতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Blockquote|দশ থেকে পঞ্চাশ একর পরিষ্কার করা জমি সম্বলিত খামারগুলো বিক্রির জন্য তৈরি ছিল। সেখানে কাঠের বাড়ি, পিচ ফলের বাগান এবং কখনও কখনও আপেল বাগানও থাকত। এই জমিগুলো বেড়া দিয়ে ঘেরা ছিল এবং জ্বালানি হিসেবে ব্যবহারের জন্য সেখানে প্রচুর গাছপালাও ছিল। এই জমিগুলোতে মূলত প্রধান ফসল হিসেবে গম ও ভুট্টা বোনা হতো। তবে দড়ি তৈরির জন্য উর্বর নদী উপত্যকায় ক্রমশ শণ চাষের পরিমাণও বাড়ছিল...। তবুও সামগ্রিকভাবে এটি ছিল এমন একটি কৃষিভিত্তিক সমাজ যেখানে দক্ষতা বা সম্পদের অভাব ছিল। তারা সেই সমস্ত ভুল কাজ করত যা একজন অপচয়কারী এবং অজ্ঞ চাষির পরিচায়ক। ঘাস থেকে খড় তৈরির জন্য তারা বীজ বুনত না এবং এর ফলে খামারের পশুদের খাবারের জন্য বনের ওপর নির্ভর করতে হতো। মাঠগুলোকে চারণভূমি হিসেবে ব্যবহারের সুযোগ দেওয়া হতো না। জমির উর্বরতা পুরোপুরি শেষ না হওয়া পর্যন্ত সেখানে বারবার একই ফসল চাষ করা হতো। জমির পুষ্টি ফেরানোর জন্য পুনরায় সেখানে গোবর বা সার ব্যবহার করা হতো না। খামারের জমির মাত্র একটি ছোট অংশে চাষ করা হতো এবং বাকি অংশে গাছপালা জন্মানোর জন্য ফেলে রাখা হতো। চাষের সরঞ্জামগুলো ছিল অত্যন্ত স্থূল ও আনাড়ি ধরণের এবং সেগুলোর সংখ্যাও ছিল খুব কম কারণ তার বেশিরভাগই খামারে তৈরি করা হতো। আমেরিকান সীমান্তবাসীরা কেন সবসময় এক জায়গা থেকে অন্য জায়গায় ঘুরে বেড়াতেন তা এখন পরিষ্কার। সভ্য সমাজের সুযোগ-সুবিধা বা কঠোর নিয়মের প্রতি ভয় তাদের এই বিরামহীন ছোটাছুটির কারণ ছিল না কিংবা নবাগতদের কাছে লাভজনক মূল্যে জমি বিক্রি করার সুযোগও এর প্রধান কারণ ছিল না। মূলত জমির ক্ষয়ই তাদের তাড়িয়ে নিয়ে বেড়াত। ক্ষুধাই ছিল তাদের একমাত্র তাড়না। এই অগ্রগামী কৃষকদের অজ্ঞতা, চাষাবাদের অপর্যাপ্ত সুযোগ এবং যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থার সীমাবদ্ধতা তাদের ঘন ঘন জায়গা বদলাতে বাধ্য করত। তারা কেবল কুমারী বা নতুন উর্বর জমিতেই সফল হতে পারতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 1892931|title = Western Land Hunger and the War of 1812: A Conjecture|journal = The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume = 10|issue = 4|pages = 365–395|last1 = Hacker|first1 = Louis Morton|year = 1924|doi = 10.2307/1892931}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Blockquote|তারা মূলত সেই সমস্ত অযৌক্তিক বাধা বা কৃত্রিম সীমাবদ্ধতার বিরোধিতা করত যা এই সীমান্তবাসীদের কারো পক্ষপাতিত্ব বা ভয় ছাড়াই নিজের জীবন গড়ে তোলার পথে অন্তরায় হয়ে দাঁড়াত। পার্থক্যের এই যে দীর্ঘস্থায়ী রূপ, সুযোগের একচেটিয়া অধিকার এবং সরকার বা সামাজিক প্রথার মাধ্যমে সেই একচেটিয়া অধিকারকে স্থায়ী করে দেওয়া—এই বিষয়গুলোকেই তারা সহজাতভাবে ঘৃণা করত। পথ সবসময় খোলা রাখতে হবে। খেলার নিয়ম মেনেই খেলা চলতে হবে। সুযোগের সমতাকে কৃত্রিমভাবে দমিয়ে রাখা যাবে না, দক্ষ মানুষের জন্য দরজা বন্ধ করা চলবে না এবং খেলা শেষ না হওয়া পর্যন্ত এই অবাধ প্রতিযোগিতাকে থামানো যাবে না। এর চেয়েও বড় কথা ছিল একটি অনুক্ত কিন্তু বাস্তব অনুভূতি। এই প্রতিযোগিতায় সফল হওয়ার মাধ্যমে কোনো দক্ষ ব্যক্তি শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব অর্জন করতে পারেন, কিন্তু সেই সাফল্য তাকে তার প্রতিবেশীদের নিচু চোখে দেখার কোনো অধিকার দেয় না। শ্রেষ্ঠত্বের দোহাই দিয়ে অহংকার করা বা কম সফলদের সমান অধিকার ও মর্যাদাকে খর্ব করার কোনো চিরস্থায়ী অধিকারও তার নেই।&lt;ref&gt;Frederick Jackson Turner, ''The Frontier in American History'' (1920) p.&amp;nbsp;342.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==== প্রকাশ্য নিয়তি ====
[[চিত্র:United_States_1834-1836-03.png|থাম্ব|১৮৩৪-১৮৩৬ সালে মার্কিন অঞ্চলগুলি]]
ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি বা বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্য ছিল একটি বিতর্কিত বিশ্বাস যে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের সীমানা আটলান্টিক উপকূল থেকে প্রশান্ত মহাসাগর পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হওয়া পূর্বনির্ধারিত ছিল এবং এই বিশ্বাসকে বাস্তবে রূপ দেওয়ার জন্য নানা প্রচেষ্টা চালানো হয়েছিল। এই ধারণাটি ঔপনিবেশিক আমলেই পরিলক্ষিত হয়েছিল, কিন্তু ১৮৪০-এর দশকে একটি জনপ্রিয় সাময়িকী প্রথম এই শব্দবন্ধটি ব্যবহার করে। সেখানে সম্পাদকীয়তে লেখা হয়েছিল, &quot;আমাদের বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্য পূরণ করাই হলো... সেই মহাদেশে ছড়িয়ে পড়া যা বিধাতা আমাদের প্রতি বছর বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া লক্ষ লক্ষ মানুষের অবাধ বিকাশের জন্য বরাদ্দ করেছেন।&quot;। দেশের উন্নতির সাথে সাথে &quot;ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি&quot; ডেমোক্র্যাটিক পার্টির সম্প্রসারণবাদীদের কাছে একটি প্রধান স্লোগান হয়ে ওঠে। ১৮৪০-এর দশকে টাইলার এবং পোল্ক প্রশাসন (১৮৪১-১৮৪৯) সফলভাবে এই জাতীয়তাবাদী মতবাদটির প্রচার চালিয়েছিল। তবে ব্যবসায়িক এবং আর্থিক স্বার্থের প্রতিনিধিত্বকারী হুইগ পার্টি এই বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্যের আদর্শের বিরোধিতা করেছিল। হেনরি ক্লে এবং আব্রাহাম লিনকনের মতো হুইগ নেতারা সাধারণ ভৌগোলিক প্রসারের বদলে আধুনিকায়ন এবং নগরায়নের মাধ্যমে সমাজকে আরও উন্নত করার আহ্বান জানিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্সাসকে অন্তর্ভুক্ত করার মাধ্যমে সম্প্রসারণবাদীরা জয়লাভ করেন। ১৮৪৫ সালে টেক্সাসকে যুক্ত করার ঘটনাটি দাসপ্রথা বিরোধী হুইগ নেতা [[জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামস|জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামসের]] কাছে &quot;আমার নিজের এবং আমার দেশের জন্য ঘটা সবচেয়ে বড় বিপর্যয়&quot; বলে মনে হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪০-এর দশকে পশম ব্যবসায়ী এবং ফ্রেমন্টের অভিযানের মাধ্যমে পাওয়া রাস্তার খবরাখবর নিয়ে প্রকাশিত অভিবাসীদের &quot;পথনির্দেশিকা বই&quot;গুলো বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের পশ্চিম দিকে যেতে অনেক সাহায্য করেছিল। এই বইগুলো রকি পর্বতমালার ওপারে উর্বর চাষযোগ্য জমির প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;, For example, see {{বই উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআরএল=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXgUAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA160|শিরোনাম=Life on the plains and among the diggings: being scenes and adventures of an overland journey to California: with particular incidents of the route, mistakes and sufferings of the emigrants, the Indian tribes, the present and the future of the great West|শেষাংশ=Delano|প্রথমাংশ=Alonzo|বছর=1854|প্রকাশক=Miller, Orton &amp; Mulligan|পাতা=160}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মেক্সিকো এবং টেক্সাস ====
[[চিত্র:SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৩৬ সালে মেক্সিকান জেনারেল সান্তা আনার আত্মসমর্পণ গ্রহণ করছেন স্যাম হিউস্টন]]
১৮২১ সালে মেক্সিকো স্পেনের হাত থেকে স্বাধীনতা লাভ করে এবং টেক্সাস থেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত স্পেনের উত্তরের এলাকাগুলো নিজেদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে নেয়। আমেরিকান ক্যারাভান বা পণ্যবাহী দলগুলো সান্টা ফে ট্রেইল ধরে মেক্সিকোর সান্টা ফে শহরে পণ্য সরবরাহ করতে শুরু করে। মিসৌরির কানসাস সিটি (যা তখন ওয়েস্টপোর্ট নামে পরিচিত ছিল) থেকে ১,৪০০ কিলোমিটার (৮৭০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ এই পথ পাড়ি দিতে ৪৮ দিন সময় লাগত। সান্টা ফে শহরটি &quot;এল কামিনো রিয়াল&quot; বা রাজপথের যাত্রাপথ হিসেবেও ব্যবহৃত হতো। এটি ছিল এমন একটি বাণিজ্য পথ যার মাধ্যমে আমেরিকার তৈরি পণ্য মেক্সিকোর গভীর অভ্যন্তরে পাঠানো হতো এবং বিনিময়ে রূপো, পশুর পশম ও খচ্চর উত্তরে নিয়ে আসা হতো (ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার মিশনগুলোকে যুক্ত করা অন্য একটি &quot;কামিনো রিয়ালের&quot; সাথে এটিকে গুলিয়ে ফেললে চলবে না)। এই পথের একটি শাখা মেক্সিকো উপসাগরের পাশ দিয়ে পূর্ব দিকেও গিয়েছিল যাকে ওল্ড সান আন্তোনিও রোড বলা হতো। সান্টা ফে শহরটি ওল্ড স্প্যানিশ ট্রেইল বা প্রাচীন স্প্যানিশ পথের মাধ্যমে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার সাথে সরাসরি যুক্ত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

স্পেনীয় এবং মেক্সিকান সরকার অত্যন্ত উদার সব শর্ত দিয়ে মার্কিন বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের টেক্সাসের প্রতি আকৃষ্ট করেছিল। স্টিফেন এফ অস্টিন একজন &quot;এমপ্রিসারিও&quot; বা অভিবাসনের ব্যবস্থাপক হিসেবে নিযুক্ত হয়েছিলেন। তিনি মেক্সিকান কর্মকর্তাদের কাছ থেকে নতুন অভিবাসীদের নিয়ে আসার জন্য বিভিন্ন চুক্তি বা কন্টাক্ট লাভ করেন। এই দায়িত্ব পালন করতে গিয়ে তিনি কার্যত ওই অঞ্চলের রাজনৈতিক ও সামরিক প্রধান বা কমান্ডার হয়ে ওঠেন। তবে ১৮২৬ সালে ফ্রেডোনিয়া নামে একটি স্বাধীন রাষ্ট্র গঠনের ব্যর্থ চেষ্টার ফলে সেখানে উত্তেজনার সৃষ্টি হয়। উইলিয়াম ট্রাভিস তার &quot;যুদ্ধকামী দলের&quot; হয়ে মেক্সিকো থেকে পূর্ণ স্বাধীনতার পক্ষে সওয়াল করেন। অন্যদিকে অস্টিনের নেতৃত্বাধীন &quot;শান্তিকামী দল&quot; বিদ্যমান সম্পর্কের মধ্যেই আরও বেশি স্বায়ত্তশাসন লাভের চেষ্টা চালিয়েছিল। যখন মেক্সিকোর রাষ্ট্রপতি সান্টা আন্না তার রাজনৈতিক অবস্থান পরিবর্তন করেন এবং রক্ষণশীল সেন্ট্রালিস্ট দলে যোগ দেন, তখন তিনি নিজেকে স্বৈরাচারী শাসক হিসেবে ঘোষণা করেন। তিনি নতুন অভিবাসন বন্ধ করতে এবং বিশৃঙ্খলা দমন করার জন্য টেক্সাসে সৈন্য পাঠানোর নির্দেশ দেন। তা সত্ত্বেও অভিবাসন প্রক্রিয়া থামেনি এবং ১৮৩৫ সাল নাগাদ ৩,০০০ ক্রীতদাস সহ প্রায় ৩০,০০০ শ্বেতাঙ্গ বা অ্যাংলো বসতি স্থাপনকারী টেক্সাসে বসবাস শুরু করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৩৬ সালে টেক্সাস বিপ্লব শুরু হয়। অ্যালামো এবং গোলিয়াডের যুদ্ধে পরাজিত হওয়ার পর টেক্সিয়ানরা সান জাসিন্টোর চূড়ান্ত যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করে। এই জয়ের মাধ্যমেই তাদের স্বাধীনতা নিশ্চিত হয়। সান জাসিন্টোর যুদ্ধক্ষেত্রে টেক্সিয়ান সেনাবাহিনীর প্রধান এবং টেক্সাস প্রজাতন্ত্রের হবু রাষ্ট্রপতি স্যাম হিউস্টন তাঁর সেই বিখ্যাত চিৎকার দিয়ে বলেছিলেন, &quot;অ্যালামোকে মনে রেখো! গোলিয়াডকে মনে রেখো।&quot; মার্কিন কংগ্রেস টেক্সাসকে যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্তর্ভুক্ত করতে অস্বীকার করে। কারণ সেখানে দাসপ্রথা এবং আঞ্চলিক ক্ষমতার লড়াই নিয়ে প্রবল বিতর্কের সৃষ্টি হয়েছিল এবং এর ফলে এক ধরণের রাজনৈতিক অচলাবস্থা তৈরি হয়। ফলে টেক্সাস প্রজাতন্ত্র প্রায় এক দশক ধরে একটি স্বাধীন শক্তি হিসেবে টিকে ছিল। শেষ পর্যন্ত ১৮৪৫ সালে এটি ২৮তম অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে আমেরিকার অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। তবে মেক্সিকো সরকার টেক্সাসকে তাদের হাতছাড়া হয়ে যাওয়া একটি প্রদেশ হিসেবেই গণ্য করত এবং এর ওপর নিজেদের মালিকানা দাবি করে যেত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[চিত্র:Kearny-Las-Vegas-Aug-1846-engraving-1882.jpg|থাম্ব|জেনারেল কার্নির [[নিউ মেক্সিকো]] দখল, ১৫ আগস্ট, ১৮৪৬]]
মেক্সিকো ১৮৩৬ সালে টেক্সাসের স্বাধীনতা স্বীকার করতে অস্বীকার করলেও মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এবং ইউরোপীয় শক্তিগুলো তা মেনে নিয়েছিল। মেক্সিকো হুমকি দিয়েছিল যে টেক্সাস যদি আমেরিকার সাথে যুক্ত হয় তবে তারা যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা করবে। ১৮৪৫ সালে টেক্সাসের অন্তর্ভুক্তির পর ঠিক সেটাই ঘটেছিল। মেক্সিকোর অভ্যন্তরীণ রাজনৈতিক ডামাডোলের কারণে আমেরিকার আলোচনাকারীরা সেখান থেকে বিফল হয়ে ফিরে আসেন। যখন একটি বিতর্কিত এলাকায় মেক্সিকান সেনাবাহিনী ১৬ জন মার্কিন সৈন্যকে হত্যা করে, তখন যুদ্ধ অনিবার্য হয়ে পড়ে। কংগ্রেস সদস্য [[আব্রাহাম লিংকন|আব্রাহাম লিংকনের]] মতো হুইগ নেতারা এই যুদ্ধের তীব্র নিন্দা করেছিলেন। তবে নিউ ইংল্যান্ড অঞ্চলের বাইরে এই যুদ্ধ বেশ জনপ্রিয়তা পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মেক্সিকোর রণকৌশল ছিল মূলত প্রতিরক্ষামূলক। অন্যদিকে আমেরিকা বিপুল সংখ্যক স্বেচ্ছাসেবী সৈন্য নিয়ে তিন দিক থেকে আক্রমণ করার পরিকল্পনা গ্রহণ করে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকার স্থলবাহিনী খুব সামান্য প্রতিরোধের মাধ্যমেই নিউ মেক্সিকো দখল করে নেয়। এরপর তারা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দিকে অগ্রসর হয়। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া খুব দ্রুত আমেরিকার স্থল ও নৌবাহিনীর নিয়ন্ত্রণে চলে আসে। নিউ অরলিন্সের প্রধান ঘাঁটি থেকে জেনারেল [[জ্যাকারি টেইলার|জ্যাকারি টেলর]] উত্তর মেক্সিকোতে সৈন্য পরিচালনা করেন। তিনি সেখানে ধারাবাহিকভাবে বেশ কিছু যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করেন। মার্কিন নৌবাহিনী জেনারেল উইনফিল্ড স্কটকে ভেরাক্রুজ বন্দরে পৌঁছে দেয়। এরপর তিনি তাঁর ১২,০০০ সৈন্যের বাহিনী নিয়ে পশ্চিম দিকে মেক্সিকো সিটির অভিমুখে যাত্রা করেন এবং চ্যাপুল্টেপেক নামক স্থানে চূড়ান্ত যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করেন। সমগ্র মেক্সিকো দখল করে নেওয়ার পরিকল্পনাটি শেষ পর্যন্ত বাতিল করা হয়। কারণ মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী বুঝতে পারে যে মেক্সিকোর রাজনৈতিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক মূল্যবোধ আমেরিকার তুলনায় একেবারেই আলাদা। যেমনটা ''সিনসিনাটি হেরাল্ড'' পত্রিকায় প্রশ্ন তোলা হয়েছিল যে, মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র ৮০ লক্ষ মেক্সিকানদের নিয়ে কী করবে &quot;যাদের মূর্তিপূজা, পৌত্তলিক কুসংস্কার এবং অধঃপতিত মিশ্র জাতি বিদ্যমান?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪৮ সালের গুয়াদালুপে হিডালগো চুক্তির মাধ্যমে ১ কোটি ৮৫ লক্ষ ডলারের বিনিময়ে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলগুলো মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের হাতে তুলে দেওয়া হয়। এই চুক্তির মধ্যে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মেক্সিকোর প্রতি পাওনার ভার নেওয়াও অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল। ১৮৫৩ সালের গ্যাডসডেন ক্রয়ের ফলে দক্ষিণ অ্যারিজোনা আমেরিকার অংশ হয়। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া পর্যন্ত রেললাইন তৈরির পথের জন্য এই ভূখণ্ডটি অত্যন্ত প্রয়োজনীয় ছিল। সব মিলিয়ে মেক্সিকো প্রায় ১৩ লক্ষ বর্গকিলোমিটার বা ৫ লক্ষ বর্গমাইল জমি ছেড়ে দেয়। এর ফলে টেক্সাস ছাড়াও ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া, ইউটা, অ্যারিজোনা, নেভাদা, নিউ মেক্সিকো এবং কলোরাডো ও ওয়াইমিং-এর কিছু অংশ আমেরিকার অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। এই নতুন ভূখণ্ডগুলোর শাসন ব্যবস্থা এবং দাসপ্রথা সংক্রান্ত বিষয়টি নিয়ে তীব্র বিতর্কের সৃষ্টি হয়। বিশেষ করে উইলমোট প্রভিসো নিয়ে অনেক বাদানুবাদ হয়, যা নতুন এলাকায় দাসপ্রথা নিষিদ্ধ করার প্রস্তাব দিয়েছিল। কংগ্রেস এটি কখনোই পাস করেনি। বরং কম্প্রোমাইজ অফ ১৮৫০-এর মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমে দাসপ্রথা সংক্রান্ত সমস্যার একটি সাময়িক সমাধান করা হয়েছিল। ১৮৫০ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া একটি মুক্ত অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইউনিয়নে যোগ দেয়। তবে অন্যান্য এলাকাগুলো আরও অনেক বছর ধরে কেবল বিশেষ ভূখণ্ড বা টেরিটরি হিসেবেই রয়ে গিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== টেক্সাসের বৃদ্ধি ====
দলে দলে অভিবাসীরা পূর্ব টেক্সাসের উর্বর তুলা চাষের জমিতে আসতে শুরু করার ফলে নতুন এই অঙ্গরাজ্যটি খুব দ্রুত উন্নতির পথে এগিয়ে চলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জার্মানিতে তৈরি হওয়া অর্থনৈতিক, সামাজিক এবং রাজনৈতিক অস্থিরতার কারণে ১৮৪০-এর দশকের শুরুর দিকে সেখান থেকে অনেক জার্মান অভিবাসী এখানে আসতে শুরু করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; পূর্ব দিকের জেলাগুলোতে বড় বড় চাষিরা তুলা চাষের জমি এবং ক্রীতদাসের ওপর অর্থ বিনিয়োগ করে বিশালাকার তুলার বাগান গড়ে তোলেন। অঙ্গরাজ্যটির মধ্য অঞ্চল মূলত সেইসব চাষিদের মাধ্যমে বিকশিত হয়েছিল যারা শুধু নিজেদের জীবনধারণের জন্য কৃষিকাজ করতেন এবং যাদের খুব একটা ক্রীতদাস ছিল না।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

টেক্সাস তার ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টেরর দিনগুলোতে এমন সাহসী পুরুষদের আকৃষ্ট করত যারা নির্ভুল লক্ষ্যভেদ করতে পারতেন এবং যাদের মধ্যে ছিল অজানাকে জানার প্রবল নেশা। তারা &quot;পুরুষোচিত খ্যাতি, দেশপ্রেমমূলক সেবা, যুদ্ধের গৌরব এবং বীরের মতো মৃত্যুকে বরণ করে নিতে&quot; সবসময় প্রস্তুত থাকতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া গোল্ড রাশ ====
[[চিত্র:California_Clipper_500.jpg|থাম্ব|ক্লিপার জাহাজগুলি ১৭,০০০ মাইল (২৭,০০০ মাইল) পথ পাড়ি দিতে পাঁচ মাস সময় নিয়েছিল&amp;nbsp;কিমি) নিউ ইয়র্ক সিটি থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত।]]
[[চিত্র:SanFranciscoharbor1851c_sharp.jpg|থাম্ব|সান ফ্রান্সিসকো বন্দর {{আনুমানিক|1850}} ১৮৪৭ থেকে ১৮৭০ সালের মধ্যে, সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর জনসংখ্যা ৫০০ থেকে ১৫০,০০০-এ উন্নীত হয়।]]
১৮৪৬ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় প্রায় ১০,০০০ ক্যালিফোর্নিও বা হিস্পানিক মানুষ বসবাস করতেন। তাদের বেশিরভাগই বর্তমান লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেস এলাকার পশুপালনের খামারগুলোতে থাকতেন। উত্তরের জেলাগুলোতে কয়েকশ বিদেশি ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে ছিলেন যাদের মধ্যে কিছু আমেরিকানও ছিলেন। ১৮৪৬ সালে মেক্সিকোর সাথে যুদ্ধ শুরু হওয়ার পর মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র সেখানে ফ্রেমন্ট এবং [[মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী|সেনাবাহিনীর]] একটি দল পাঠায়। সেই সাথে নৌবাহিনীর সহায়তায় তারা দ্রুত ওই অঞ্চলের নিয়ন্ত্রণ নিয়ে নেয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যুদ্ধ যখন শেষ পর্যায়ে, ঠিক তখনই উত্তরের অঞ্চলে সোনার সন্ধান পাওয়া যায় এবং এই খবরটি খুব দ্রুত সারা বিশ্বে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে।

হাজার হাজার &quot;ফর্টি-নাইনার্স&quot; বা সোনার সন্ধানে আসা মানুষ ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় পৌঁছান। কেউ দক্ষিণ আমেরিকা ঘুরে জাহাজে চড়ে এসেছিলেন অথবা রোগব্যাধি ছড়ানো পানামা হয়ে সংক্ষিপ্ত পথ ধরেছিলেন। আবার অনেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দুর্গম পথ হেঁটে পাড়ি দিয়েছিলেন। ১৮৫২ সালের মধ্যে জনসংখ্যা বেড়ে ২,০০,০০০ ছাড়িয়ে যায়। তাদের বেশিরভাগই সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর পূর্ব দিকের পাহাড়ি এলাকার স্বর্ণ সমৃদ্ধ অঞ্চলে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন।

সান ফ্রান্সিসকোতে বাসস্থানের প্রচণ্ড সংকট ছিল। খনিগুলোতে কাজ করতে আসা জাহাজের কর্মীরা তাদের জাহাজগুলো ফেলে যেতেন এবং সেই পরিত্যক্ত জাহাজগুলোকেই অনেক সময় অস্থায়ী আবাসে পরিণত করা হতো। খনি অঞ্চলগুলোতে জীবনযাত্রার মান ছিল একেবারেই আদিম ধরণের, যদিও সেখানকার মনোরম আবহাওয়া সবার কাছে আকর্ষণীয় ছিল। প্রয়োজনীয় সামগ্রীর দাম ছিল অনেক বেশি এবং খাবারের মান ছিল অত্যন্ত নিম্ন। তাদের নিত্যদিনের তালিকায় মূলত শুকরের মাংস, মটরশুঁটি এবং হুইস্কি থাকত। মূলত পুরুষ প্রধান এবং অস্থায়ী এই জনপদগুলোতে কোনো প্রতিষ্ঠিত প্রতিষ্ঠান ছিল না। ফলে সেখানে হিংসা, মদ্যপান, গালিগালাজ এবং লোভী আচরণের মতো ঘটনা খুব বেশি ঘটত। খনি এলাকাগুলোতে বিভিন্ন দাবি এবং ন্যায়বিচার কার্যকর করার জন্য কোনো আদালত বা পুলিশ ছিল না। তাই খনি শ্রমিকরা নিজেরাই একটি অস্থায়ী বিচার ব্যবস্থা তৈরি করেছিলেন। এটি বিদেশের অন্যান্য খনি অঞ্চলের &quot;খনি আইনের&quot; ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। প্রতিটি শিবিরের নিজস্ব নিয়ম ছিল এবং তারা প্রায়ই জনমতের ভিত্তিতে বিচার করত। কখনও কখনও তারা সঠিক বিচার করলেও অনেক সময় আইন হাতে তুলে নিত। আদিবাসী আমেরিকান (ইন্ডিয়ান), মেক্সিকান এবং চীনাদের সাধারণত সবচেয়ে কঠোর সাজা দেওয়া হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গোল্ড রাশ বা সোনার সন্ধানে এই উন্মাদনা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার অর্থনীতিকে আমূল বদলে দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে সেখানে খনি শ্রমিক, পানশালার মালিক, জুয়াড়ি এবং যৌনকর্মীদের পাশাপাশি ধাতু বিশেষজ্ঞ, ব্যবসায়ী, ডাক্তার এবং আইনজীবীদের মতো পেশাদার মানুষের সমাগম ঘটে। সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর একটি সংবাদপত্র জানিয়েছিল, &quot;পুরো দেশজুড়ে... কেবল সোনার সেই কর্কশ চিৎকার শোনা যাচ্ছে! সোনা! সোনা! ''সোনা''! মাঠগুলো অর্ধেক চাষ করা অবস্থায় পড়ে আছে, বাড়ি অর্ধেক তৈরি হয়েই থেমে আছে। কোদাল এবং গাঁইতি তৈরি ছাড়া মানুষ বাকি সবকিছু অবহেলা করছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার গোল্ড রাশের সেই পাঁচ বছরে ২,৫০,০০০-এর বেশি খনি শ্রমিক সর্বমোট ২০ কোটি ডলারের বেশি মূল্যের সোনা খুঁজে পেয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard R. Lamar 1977, pp. 446–472&quot;&gt;Howard R. Lamar (1977), pp.&amp;nbsp;446–447&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে হাজার হাজার মানুষের ভিড়ে খুব কম শ্রমিকের ভাগ্যেই এই সোনার দেখা মিলত। শেষ পর্যন্ত তাদের অধিকাংশেরই অবস্থা হতো অত্যন্ত শোচনীয় এবং নিঃস্ব।

হিংস্র ডাকাতরা প্রায়ই খনি শ্রমিকদের ওপর আক্রমণ করত। যেমন জোনাথন আর ডেভিস একাই এগারোজন ডাকাতকে হত্যা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Davis2&quot;&gt;Fournier, Richard. &quot;Mexican War Vet Wages Deadliest Gunfight in American History&quot;, ''VFW Magazine'' (January 2012), p.&amp;nbsp;30.&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকান নদীর উত্তর ও দক্ষিণ দিকে এবং পূর্বের সিয়েরা পর্বতমালা পর্যন্ত অসংখ্য শিবির গড়ে উঠেছিল। কয়েক বছরের মধ্যেই প্রায় সমস্ত স্বাধীন খনি শ্রমিকরা তাদের জায়গা হারান। বড় বড় কোম্পানিগুলো খনিগুলো কিনে নেয় এবং সেখানে খুব সামান্য বেতনে শ্রমিকদের নিয়োগ করে। সোনা খুঁজে পাওয়া এবং তা বের করা যখন আরও কঠিন হয়ে পড়ল, তখন একাকী সোনা সন্ধানী বা প্রস্পেক্টরদের জায়গা দখল করে নিল বেতনভুক্ত শ্রমিকের দল, বিশেষ দক্ষতা এবং খনি চালানোর বড় বড় যন্ত্রপাতি। তবে বড় খনিগুলোর কারণে পরিবেশের অনেক বেশি ক্ষতি হয়েছিল। পাহাড়গুলোতে সুড়ঙ্গ খুঁড়ে খনিজ সংগ্রহের ফলে প্রচুর পরিমাণে বর্জ্য তৈরি হতো। ১৮৫২ সালে গোল্ড রাশের শেষ দিক থেকে ১৮৮৩ সাল পর্যন্ত হাইড্রোলাইক বা জলচালিত খনি ব্যবস্থা ব্যবহার করা হতো। এতে প্রচুর মুনাফা হলেও এটি মুষ্টিমেয় কিছু পুঁজিপতির হাতে চলে যায় এবং সাধারণ শ্রমিকরা কাজ হারান। এর ফলে নদীগুলোতে বিপুল পরিমাণ বর্জ্য মিশে যেত এবং পরিবেশের ওপর মারাত্মক প্রভাব ফেলত। চাষের জমি নষ্ট হওয়ার বিরুদ্ধে জনগণের তীব্র প্রতিবাদের মুখে হাইড্রোলাইক খনি ব্যবস্থা নিষিদ্ধ করা হলে এই প্রক্রিয়ার অবসান ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;


রূপোর এক বিশাল খনি আবিষ্কৃত হওয়ার ফলে নেভাদার ভার্জিনিয়া সিটি, [[কারসন সিটি, নেভাডা|কারসন সিটি]] এবং সিলভার সিটির মতো শহরগুলোতে হঠাৎ করেই সমৃদ্ধি আসে। সোনার চেয়ে রূপোর মাধ্যমে পাওয়া সম্পদ ১৮৬০-এর দশকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর পূর্ণ বিকাশে অনেক বেশি সাহায্য করেছিল। এটি জর্জ হার্স্টের মতো বেশ কিছু অত্যন্ত ধনী পরিবারের উত্থানেও বড় ভূমিকা রেখেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ওরেগন ট্রেইল ====


সব অভিবাসী তাদের গন্তব্যে পৌঁছাতে পারতেন না। স্থলপথের এই যাত্রায় বিপদের কোনো শেষ ছিল না: সাপের কামড়, মালবাহী গাড়ির দুর্ঘটনা, সহযাত্রীদের সহিংসতা, আত্মহত্যা, অপুষ্টি, পশুর পালের হুড়োহুড়ি, আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণ, নানা ধরণের রোগব্যাধি (যার মধ্যে [[আমাশয়]], [[আন্ত্রিক জ্বর|টাইফয়েড]] এবং [[কলেরা]]  ছিল সবচেয়ে সাধারণ), প্রতিকূল আবহাওয়া, তুষারধস ইত্যাদি। এই যাত্রার ভয়াবহ প্রকৃতির একটি বিশেষ পরিচিত উদাহরণ হলো দুর্ভাগা ডনার পার্টির কাহিনী, যারা ১৮৪৬–১৮৪৭ সালের শীতকালে [[সিয়েরা নেভাদা]] পাহাড়ে আটকা পড়েছিলেন। এই দলের ৯০ জন মানুষের অর্ধেকই ক্ষুধা ও প্রচণ্ড ঠান্ডায় মারা যান এবং কেউ কেউ বেঁচে থাকার জন্য মানুষের মাংস খেতেও বাধ্য হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; নরমাংসভক্ষণের অন্য একটি কাহিনীতে অ্যালফার্ড প্যাকার এবং ১৮৭৪ সালে কলোরাডোতে তাঁর অভিযানের কথা উঠে আসে। এ ছাড়া ডাকাত এবং হাইওয়েম্যানদেরও ঘনঘন আক্রমণ চলত, যেমন কুখ্যাত হার্প ব্রাদার্স যারা সীমান্ত পথে টহল দিত এবং অভিবাসী দলগুলোকে লক্ষ্যবস্তু বানাত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মরমোন এবং ইউটা ====
[[চিত্র:Mountain_Meadows_Massacre.jpg|থাম্ব|মাউন্টেন মিডোজ গণহত্যাটি ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় আবদ্ধ ১২০ জন বেসামরিক নাগরিকের উপর মর্মন এবং পাইউট আদিবাসীদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হয়েছিল।]]
[[চিত্র:Mormon_Pioneer_handcart_statue.jpg|থাম্ব|উটাহের সল্ট লেক সিটির টেম্পল স্কোয়ারে অবস্থিত টরলেফ এস. ন্যাফাসের লেখা ''হ্যান্ডকার্ট পাইওনিয়ার মনুমেন্ট'' ।]]
মিসৌরি এবং ইলিনয়ে মরমোন বসতি স্থাপনকারী ও স্থানীয়দের মধ্যে শত্রুতা ক্রমেই বাড়তে থাকে, যা কয়েক বছর পর ইউটার মতো অন্যান্য অঙ্গরাজ্যেও দেখা গিয়েছিল। ১৮৩৮ সালের ২৪ অক্টোবর শেষ পর্যন্ত এই সহিংসতা ছড়িয়ে পড়ে যখন উভয় পক্ষের মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী সংঘর্ষে লিপ্ত হয় এবং এর ৬ দিন পরে লিভিংস্টন কাউন্টিতে মরমোনদের ব্যাপক হারে হত্যা করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এএই সংঘর্ষের সময় একটি &quot;মরমোন উচ্ছেদ আদেশ&quot; জারি করা হয় এবং মরমোনরা ছত্রভঙ্গ হয়ে যেতে বাধ্য হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ইলিনয় এবং মিসৌরিতে ধর্মীয় নিপীড়ন থেকে বাঁচতে এবং আমেরিকার বিচারিক এলাকা থেকে বাইরে যাওয়ার উদ্দেশ্যে ব্রিঘাম ইয়ং মরমোনদের [[গ্রেট সল্ট লেক|গ্রেট সল্ট লেকে]] উপত্যকায় নিয়ে যান, যা সেই সময় মেক্সিকোর অধীনে থাকলেও তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে ছিল না। ইয়ং যাকে &quot;ডেসেরেট&quot; বলতেন, সেখানে শ’খানেক গ্রামীণ মরমোন জনপদ গড়ে ওঠে যা তিনি একটি ধর্মরাষ্ট্র হিসেবে শাসন করতেন। পরবর্তীতে এটি ইউটা টেরিটরিতে পরিণত হয়। [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটি]] জনপদটি তাদের নেটওয়ার্কের কেন্দ্র হিসেবে কাজ করত, যা পার্শ্ববর্তী অঞ্চলগুলোতেও ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। মরমোনদের সাম্প্রদায়িক জীবনযাত্রা এবং উন্নত কৃষিপদ্ধতি তাদের সফল হতে সাহায্য করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; মরমোনরা প্রায়শই সেখান দিয়ে যাওয়া মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরগুলোর কাছে পণ্য বিক্রি করত। ১৮৫০ সালে ফোর্ট ইউটার যুদ্ধের পর ব্রিঘাম ইয়ং আদিবাসীদের বিষয়ে একটি বিশেষ নীতি গ্রহণ করেন যাকে প্রায়ই এভাবে বলা হয় &quot;তাদের সাথে যুদ্ধ করার চেয়ে তাদের খাওয়ানো সস্তা।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে ওয়াকারার যুদ্ধ এবং ইউটার ব্ল্যাক হক যুদ্ধ প্রমাণ করে যে শত্রুতা চলতেই থাকে, যতক্ষণ না ফেডারেল এবং আঞ্চলিক নেতারা একমত হন যে নিকটবর্তী আদিবাসীদের সবাইকে উইন্টা রিজার্ভেশনে সরিয়ে দেওয়া উচিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই বিপদগ্রস্ত গোষ্ঠীটিকে রক্ষা করতে, ধর্মীয় মতবিরোধ কমাতে এবং গোষ্ঠীর সংহতি বজায় রাখতে শিক্ষাকে উচ্চ অগ্রাধিকার দেওয়া হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪৮ সালে মেক্সিকো–আমেরিকান যুদ্ধ শেষ হওয়ার পর মেক্সিকো ইউটা অঞ্চলটি মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের কাছে হস্তান্তর করে। যদিও যুদ্ধের সময় ইউটার মরমোনরা আমেরিকার প্রচেষ্টাকে সমর্থন করেছিল; কিন্তু প্রটেস্ট্যান্ট গির্জাগুলোর চাপে ফেডারেল সরকার ধর্মশাসন এবং বহুবিবাহ প্রথা প্রত্যাখ্যান করে। ১৮৫২ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত রিপাবলিকান পার্টি বহুবিবাহের কারণে ইউটার চার্চ অফ জেসাস ক্রাইস্ট অফ ল্যাটার-ডে সেন্টস (এলডিএস চার্চ) এর প্রতি প্রকাশ্যে শত্রুতা পোষণ করত। তৎকালীন অধিকাংশ আমেরিকান জনগণের কাছে এই বহুবিবাহ প্রথা আধুনিক সভ্যতার ধর্মীয়, সাংস্কৃতিক ও নৈতিক মূল্যবোধের ওপর এক চরম আঘাত হিসেবে বিবেচিত হতো। ১৮৫০-এর দশকের শেষের দিকে পরিস্থিতি যুদ্ধের কাছাকাছি পৌঁছে যায় যখন রাষ্ট্রপতি বিউকানান সেখানে সৈন্য পাঠান। যদিও সেখানে বড় কোনো সামরিক যুদ্ধ হয়নি এবং আলোচনার মাধ্যমে পরিস্থিতি শান্ত হয়, তবুও সহিংসতা বৃদ্ধি পেয়েছিল এবং বেশ কয়েকজন হতাহত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গৃহযুদ্ধের পর ফেডারেল সরকার পদ্ধতিগতভাবে ইউটার নিয়ন্ত্রণ গ্রহণ করে। ওই অঞ্চলে এলডিএস চার্চকে আইনত বিলুপ্ত করা হয় এবং ইয়ং সহ চার্চের উচ্চপদস্থ ব্যক্তিদের কার্যত সমস্ত সরকারি অফিস থেকে সরিয়ে দেওয়া হয় এবং নিষিদ্ধ করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এরই মধ্যে আমেরিকা এবং ইউরোপে সফল ধর্মপ্রচারের ফলে ইউটাতে মরমোন ধর্মান্তরিতদের ঢল নামে। এই সময়ে কংগ্রেস ইউটাকে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা দিতে অস্বীকার করেছিল কারণ রাজ্য হওয়ার অর্থ ছিল অঞ্চলের ওপর থেকে সরাসরি ফেডারেল নিয়ন্ত্রণ শেষ হওয়া এবং এলডিএস চার্চের পছন্দ করা বা তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রিত রাজনীতিকদের সম্ভাব্য উত্থান ঘটা। অবশেষে ১৮৯০ সালে চার্চের নেতৃত্ব ঘোষণা করেন যে বহুবিবাহ আর তাদের মূল আদর্শের অংশ নয়, যা ছিল মূলত একটি আপস। ১৮৯৬ সালে ইউটা ৪৫তম অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয় এবং মরমোনরা রিপাবলিকান ও ডেমোক্র্যাট এই দুই ভাগে বিভক্ত হয়ে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পনি এক্সপ্রেস এবং টেলিগ্রাফ ====
[[চিত্র:Ponymap.jpg|থাম্ব|পনি এক্সপ্রেস রুটের মানচিত্র]]
চিঠি এবং মালপত্র আদানপ্রদানের অগ্রগতির জন্য ফেডারেল সরকার ভর্তুকি প্রদান করেছিল। ১৮৫৬ সালের মধ্যে কংগ্রেস ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় যাওয়ার সড়ক ব্যবস্থার উন্নয়ন এবং একটি স্থলপথের ডাক পরিষেবা চালু করার অনুমতি প্রদান করে। নতুন এই বাণিজ্যিক মালবাহী গাড়ির পরিষেবাটি মূলত পণ্য পরিবহনের কাজে ব্যবহৃত হতো। ১৮৫৮ সালে জন বাটারফিল্ড (১৮০১-১৮৬৯) একটি ঘোড়ায় টানা যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ির পরিষেবা চালু করেছিলেন। এই পরিষেবাটি একটি দক্ষিণ পথ ধরে সেন্ট লুইস থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত পৌঁছাতে মাত্র ২৪ দিন সময় নিত। ১৮৬১ সালে টেক্সাস কনফেডারেসিতে যোগ দেওয়ার পর এই পথটি পরিত্যক্ত হয়। এর পরিবর্তে ফোর্ট লারামি এবং [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটির]] মধ্য দিয়ে একটি নতুন যাত্রাপথ তৈরি করা হয় যা ছিল ২৪ দিনের এক দীর্ঘ যাত্রা। এই পথে ওয়েলস ফার্গো অ্যান্ড কোম্পানি প্রধান পরিষেবা প্রদানকারী হিসেবে আবির্ভূত হয় যারা শুরুর দিকে পুরনো &quot;বাটারফিল্ড&quot; নামটিই ব্যবহার করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সরকারি একটি বড় চুক্তি পাওয়ার আশায় উইলিয়াম রাসেল ১৮৬০ সালে পনি এক্সপ্রেস শুরু করেন। তিনি চেয়েছিলেন ডাক পরিষেবা আরও দ্রুত পৌঁছে দিতে। এর ফলে চিঠি পৌঁছানোর সময় কমে মাত্র ১০ দিনে এসে দাঁড়ায়। এই ব্যবস্থা সচল রাখতে তিনি প্রায় ২৪ কিলোমিটার (১৫ মাইল) অন্তর ১৫০টিরও বেশি স্টেশন বা বিশ্রামাগার স্থাপন করেছিলেন।


==== রক্তাক্ত কানসাস ====
[[চিত্র:Marais-massacre.jpg|alt=Men lined up along a tree line are shot by men on horseback.|থাম্ব|দাসত্ব বিরোধী কানসানের মারাইস ডেস সিগনেস গণহত্যা, ১৯ মে, ১৮৫৮]]
সাংবিধানিক কারণে কংগ্রেস অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলোর ভেতরে প্রচলিত দাসপ্রথা নিয়ে সরাসরি কোনো হস্তক্ষেপ করতে না পারলেও পশ্চিমের বিশেষ ভূখণ্ড বা টেরিটরিগুলোর ওপর তাদের আইনি নিয়ন্ত্রণ ছিল। ১৮৫০ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া সর্বসম্মতিক্রমে দাসপ্রথা প্রত্যাখ্যান করে এবং একটি মুক্ত রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়। নিউ মেক্সিকোতে দাসপ্রথা বৈধ থাকলেও সেখানে এর প্রভাব ছিল খুব সামান্য। ১৮২০ সালের আপস অনুযায়ী কানসাস অঞ্চলে দাসপ্রথা নিষিদ্ধ ছিল। মুক্ত ভূমি আন্দোলনের সমর্থকরা ভয় পাচ্ছিলেন যে সেখানে যদি দাসপ্রথার অনুমতি দেওয়া হয় তবে ধনী বাগান মালিকরা সমস্ত ভালো জমি নিজেদের দখলে নিয়ে নেবে। তারা ক্রীতদাসের দল দিয়ে সেই জমি চাষ করাবে যার ফলে সাধারণ শ্বেতাঙ্গ মানুষের খামারের মালিক হওয়ার সুযোগ থাকবে না। দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের খুব কম বাগান মালিকই কানসাসের প্রতি আগ্রহী ছিলেন। তবে সেখানে দাসপ্রথা অবৈধ হওয়ার মানে ছিল যে তাদের সম্মান ক্ষুণ্ণ হচ্ছে এবং তারা দ্বিতীয় শ্রেণির নাগরিক হিসেবে গণ্য হচ্ছে যা তাদের কাছে অত্যন্ত অপমানজনক ছিল। এ ছাড়াও তারা মনে করতেন এটি অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলোর নিজস্ব অধিকারকে খর্ব করছে। ১৮৫৪ সালে অত্যন্ত বিতর্কিত কানসাস-নেব্রাস্কা আইন পাসের মাধ্যমে কংগ্রেস দাসপ্রথার বিষয়ে সিদ্ধান্ত নেওয়ার ভার সরাসরি কানসাসের ভোটারদের ওপর ছেড়ে দেয়। দাসপ্রথার বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই করার জন্য উত্তরের রাজ্যগুলো জুড়ে রিপাবলিকান পার্টি নামক একটি বড় রাজনৈতিক দল গঠিত হয়। এই দলের নেতৃত্বে পশ্চিমের অনেক মানুষ ছিলেন যাদের মধ্যে ইলিনয়ের [[আব্রাহাম লিংকন]] । ছিলেন অগ্রগণ্য। ওই অঞ্চলের সিদ্ধান্তকে প্রভাবিত করার জন্য দাসপ্রথা বিরোধী শক্তিগুলো যাদের &quot;জেহকার্স&quot; বা &quot;ফ্রি-সয়েলার্স&quot; বলা হতো তারা রাজনৈতিকভাবে সচেতন বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের সেখানে যাওয়ার জন্য অর্থ সাহায্য প্রদান করতে থাকে। কিন্তু দাসপ্রথার সমর্থকরাও দমে যাননি এবং তারা মিসৌরি থেকে আসা দাসপ্রথা পন্থী বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের দিয়ে পাল্টা প্রতিরোধ গড়ে তোলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  এর ফলে উভয় পক্ষের মধ্যে চরম সহিংসতা ছড়িয়ে পড়ে। ১৮৫৯ সালে যখন এই অশান্তি কমে আসে ততদিনে মোট ৫৬ জন মানুষ প্রাণ হারিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৬০ সালের মধ্যে দাসপ্রথা পন্থীরা ক্ষমতার দখল নিলেও অবাক করার মতো বিষয় হলো কানসাসে তখন মাত্র দু'জন ক্রীতদাস ছিল। ১৮৬১ সালের মধ্যে দাসপ্রথা বিরোধীরা আবার নিয়ন্ত্রণ ফিরে পায় এবং কানসাস একটি মুক্ত অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে আত্মপ্রকাশ করে। এই ঘটনাটি স্পষ্ট করে দিয়েছিল যে দাসপ্রথা নিয়ে উত্তর ও দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের মধ্যে কোনো গণতান্ত্রিক সমঝোতা সম্ভব নয় এবং এটি [[মার্কিন গৃহযুদ্ধ|গৃহযুদ্ধ]] শুরু হওয়ার পথকে আরও প্রশস্ত করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== পশ্চিমে গৃহযুদ্ধ ===
[[চিত্র:Execution_of_38_Sioux_Indians_at_Mankato_Minnesota_1862_(cleaned).jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬২ সালে মিনেসোটার মানকাটোতে হত্যা ও ধর্ষণের দায়ে দোষী সাব্যস্ত সিউক্স যোদ্ধাদের গণহত্যা]]

==== ট্রান্স-মিসিসিপি পেক্ষাগৃহ ====
কনফেডারেসি পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে বেশ কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সামরিক অভিযান পরিচালনা করেছিল। তবে যুদ্ধের আগে কানসাস চরম সংঘাতের কেন্দ্রবিন্দু থাকলেও, যুদ্ধ চলাকালীন সেখানে শুধুমাত্র একটি যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল যা মাইন ক্রিক যুদ্ধ নামে পরিচিত। কিন্তু কনফেডারেট সীমানার কাছাকাছি হওয়ায় কোয়ান্ট্রিলস রেইডার্সের মতো কনফেডারেট-পন্থী গেরিলা দলগুলো ইউনিয়নের শক্ত ঘাঁটিগুলোতে আক্রমণ করার এবং সেখানকার বাসিন্দাদের নির্বিচারে হত্যা করার সুযোগ পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

টেক্সাসের নাগরিকরা ভোট দিয়ে কনফেডারেসিতে যোগ দেওয়ার সিদ্ধান্ত নিয়েছিলেন; সেখানে যুদ্ধ-বিরোধী জার্মানদের ফাঁসিকাষ্ঠে ঝোলানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; স্থানীয় সৈন্যরা সান আন্তোনিওর ফেডারেল অস্ত্রাগার দখল করে নেয়। তাদের পরিকল্পনা ছিল উত্তর নিউ মেক্সিকো, ইউটা, কলোরাডো এবং সম্ভব হলে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া দখল করা। মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী ওই এলাকা থেকে চলে যাওয়ার পর অ্যাপাচি উপজাতির আক্রমণ থেকে রক্ষা পেতে অ্যারিজোনার নাগরিকরাই  কনফেডারেট অ্যারিজোনা গঠন করেন। এরপর কনফেডারেসির লক্ষ্য ছিল নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলের নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেওয়া। জেনারেল হেনরি হপকিন্স সিবলিকে এই অভিযানের দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়। তিনি তাঁর নিউ মেক্সিকো বাহিনী নিয়ে রিও গ্র্যান্ডে অভিমুখে যাত্রা করেন যাতে কলোরাডো এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার খনিজ সম্পদ দখল করা যায়। তবে ফার্স্ট রেজিমেন্ট অফ ভলান্টিয়ার্স এই বিদ্রোহীদের গতিবিধি টের পেয়ে যায় এবং তারা ফোর্ট ইউনিয়নে থাকা ইয়াঙ্কিদের সতর্ক করে তাদের সাথে যোগ দেয়। শীঘ্রই গ্লোরিয়েটা পাস যুদ্ধ শুরু হয় এবং ইউনিয়ন বাহিনী কনফেডারেটদের অভিযান থামিয়ে দেয়। এর ফলে টেক্সাসের পশ্চিম দিকের এলাকাগুলো ইউনিয়নের নিয়ন্ত্রণেই থেকে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মিসৌরি ছিল দক্ষিণ সীমান্তের এমন একটি রাজ্য যেখানে দাসপ্রথা বৈধ ছিল। সেখানকার আইনসভার ভোটের বিরুদ্ধে গিয়ে বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী গভর্নর যখন সেন্ট লুইসের ফেডারেল অস্ত্রাগারে সৈন্য পরিচালনা করেন, তখন এটি যুদ্ধক্ষেত্রে পরিণত হয়। আরকানসাস এবং লুইজিয়ানা থেকে আসা কনফেডারেট বাহিনী তাঁকে সাহায্য করেছিল। মিসৌরির গভর্নর এবং রাজ্য আইনসভার একাংশ নিওশোতে একটি বিচ্ছিন্নকরণ অধ্যাদেশ বা অর্ডিন্যান্স অফ সেসেশন স্বাক্ষর করেন এবং মিসৌরিতে কনফেডারেট সরকার গঠন করেন। এর ফলে দক্ষিণ মিসৌরি কনফেডারেটদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে চলে যায়। তবে ইউনিয়ন জেনারেল স্যামুয়েল কার্টিস সেন্ট লুইস এবং পুরো মিসৌরিকে পুনরায় ইউনিয়নের অধীনে ফিরিয়ে আনেন। এই রাজ্যটি পশ্চিমে অসংখ্য হামলা এবং গেরিলা যুদ্ধের সাক্ষী হয়ে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== শান্তিরক্ষা ====
[[চিত্র:Dakota_War_of_1862-stereo-right.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬২ সালের ডাকোটা যুদ্ধ থেকে পালিয়ে আসা বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা]]

সবচেয়ে নাটকীয় সংঘাতটি ছিল ১৮৬২ সালে মিনেসোটার সিওক্স যুদ্ধ। তখন ডাকোটা উপজাতিরা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের বিতাড়িত করার জন্য জার্মানি থেকে আসা কৃষকদের খামারে পরিকল্পিতভাবে আক্রমণ শুরু করে। বেশ কয়েক দিন ধরে লোয়ার সিওক্স এজেন্সি, নিউ আলম এবং হাচিনসনে ডাকোটাদের আক্রমণে প্রায় ৩০০ থেকে ৪০০ শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারী নিহত হন। রাজ্য মিলিশিয়া পাল্টা লড়াই শুরু করে এবং রাষ্ট্রপতি লিনকন সেখানে ফেডারেল সৈন্য পাঠান। এরপর ফোর্ট রিজলি, বার্চ কুলি, ফোর্ট অ্যাবারক্রম্বি এবং উড লেকের যুদ্ধগুলোর মাধ্যমে ছয় সপ্তাহের এই লড়াই শেষ হয় যেখানে আমেরিকানরা জয়লাভ করে। ফেডারেল সরকার ৪২৫ জন আদিবাসীর বিরুদ্ধে খুনের মামলা চালায় এবং ৩০৩ জনকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত করে মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেয়। লিনকন তাদের অধিকাংশকেই ক্ষমা করে দিয়েছিলেন, তবে ৩৮ জন নেতাকে ফাঁসিতে ঝোলানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে ইউনিয়ন সৈন্যদের উপস্থিতি কমে যাওয়ার ফলে সেখানে প্রশিক্ষণহীন মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী অবশিষ্ট ছিল। শত্রুভাবাপন্ন উপজাতিরা এই সুযোগটি কাজে লাগিয়ে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর আক্রমণ চালায়। মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীও এর কঠোর জবাব দিয়েছিল। ১৮৬৪ সালের শেষের দিকে পূর্ব কলোরাডোর স্যান্ড ক্রিক গণহত্যা এর একটি বড় উদাহরণ। সেখানে শায়েন এবং আরাপাহো উপজাতির শীতকালীন আস্তানায় আক্রমণ চালানো হয়েছিল যেখানে মূলত নারী ও শিশুরাই বেশি ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৪ সালে কিট কারসন এবং মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী নিউ মেক্সিকোতে পুরো [[নাভাহো|নাভাজো]] উপজাতিকে ফাঁদে ফেলে। তারা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর আক্রমণ চালাত বলে তাদের ধরে একটি সংরক্ষিত এলাকা বা রিজার্ভেশনে রাখা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বর্তমান ওকলাহোমা বা তৎকালীন ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরিতে পাঁচটি সভ্য উপজাতির মধ্যেও সংঘাত দেখা দেয়। তাদের মধ্যে বেশিরভাগই নিজেরা ক্রীতদাসের মালিক হওয়ায় দক্ষিণ পক্ষকে সমর্থন করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালে কংগ্রেস পশ্চিমে বসতি স্থাপন সহজতর করার জন্য দুটি বড় আইন পাস করে: হোমস্টেড অ্যাক্ট এবং প্যাসিফিক রেলরোড অ্যাক্ট। এর ফলে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে সমতল অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতে লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন খামার গড়ে ওঠে। এগুলোর মধ্যে অনেকগুলোই জার্মানি এবং স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়া থেকে আসা নতুন অভিবাসীদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হতো।

=== যুদ্ধোত্তর পশ্চিম ===

==== গৃহযুদ্ধের পর আঞ্চলিক শাসনব্যবস্থা ====
[[চিত্র:Fsstockade.jpg|থাম্ব|ক্যাম্প সাপ্লাই স্টকেড, ফেব্রুয়ারি ১৮৬৯]]
যুদ্ধ শেষ হওয়ার এবং দাসপ্রথা বিলুপ্ত হওয়ার পর, ফেডারেল সরকার বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলের শাসনব্যবস্থা উন্নত করার দিকে মনোনিবেশ করে। ১৭৮৭ সালের &quot;নর্থওয়েস্ট অর্ডিন্যান্স&quot; বা উত্তর-পশ্চিম অধ্যাদেশের নজির অনুসরণ করে তারা বেশ কিছু অঞ্চলকে ছোট ছোট ভাগে বিভক্ত করে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদার জন্য প্রস্তুত করে। সরকার আঞ্চলিক সরকারগুলোর তত্ত্বাবধান এবং কার্যপ্রণালীকে একটি নির্দিষ্ট মানদণ্ডে নিয়ে আসে, যার ফলে স্থানীয় কিছু ক্ষমতা কেড়ে নেওয়া হয় এবং প্রচুর পরিমাণে &quot;রেড টেপ&quot; বা আমলাতান্ত্রিক জটিলতা আরোপ করা হয়। এর ফলে ফেডারেল আমলাতন্ত্রের পরিধি উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে বৃদ্ধি পায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

অঞ্চলগুলোতে ফেডারেল সরকারের সম্পৃক্ততা ছিল বিশাল। সরাসরি ভর্তুকি দেওয়ার পাশাপাশি, ফেডারেল সরকার সামরিক ঘাঁটিগুলো রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ করত, আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণ থেকে নিরাপত্তা নিশ্চিত করত, চুক্তিবদ্ধ দায়বদ্ধতা মেটানোর জন্য অর্থ জোগান দিত, ভূমি জরিপ ও জমি বিক্রির কাজ পরিচালনা করত এবং রাস্তাঘাট নির্মাণ করত। এ ছাড়াও তারা ভূমি অফিসের জন্য কর্মী নিয়োগ, বন্দরগুলোর উন্নয়ন এবং স্থলপথের ডাক পরিষেবায় ভর্তুকি প্রদান করত। ওই অঞ্চলের নাগরিকরা একদিকে যেমন ফেডারেল ক্ষমতা এবং স্থানীয় দুর্নীতির নিন্দা করত, ঠিক তেমনই আবার তাদের এলাকায় আরও বেশি ফেডারেল অর্থ পাঠানো হচ্ছে না কেন তা নিয়েও আক্ষেপ প্রকাশ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আঞ্চলিক গভর্নররা ছিলেন রাজনৈতিকভাবে নিযুক্ত ব্যক্তি এবং ওয়াশিংটনের কাছে দায়বদ্ধ। তাই তাঁরা সাধারণত খুব নমনীয়ভাবে শাসন পরিচালনা করতেন এবং স্থানীয় সমস্যাগুলো সমাধানের ভার আইনসভার ওপর ছেড়ে দিতেন। একজন বেসামরিক গভর্নরের ভূমিকার পাশাপাশি, আঞ্চলিক গভর্নর একই সাথে মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীর কমান্ডার, আদিবাসী বিষয়ক স্থানীয় সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট এবং ফেডারেল সংস্থাগুলোর সাথে রাজ্যের সংযোগকারী বা লিয়াজোঁ হিসেবে কাজ করতেন। অন্যদিকে, আইনসভাগুলো স্থানীয় নাগরিকদের কথা বলত এবং ফেডারেল সরকার তাদের স্থানীয় আইন তৈরির ক্ষেত্রে যথেষ্ট স্বাধীনতা প্রদান করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

শাসনব্যবস্থার এই উন্নতি সত্ত্বেও অসাধু উপায়ে মুনাফা অর্জনের প্রচুর সুযোগ থেকে গিয়েছিল। নেভাদার সচিব হিসেবে কর্মরত নিজের ভাইয়ের অধীনে কাজ করার সময় মার্ক টোয়েন লিখেছিলেন, &quot;আমার দেশের সরকার সততাকে অবজ্ঞা করে কিন্তু শৈল্পিক ধূর্ততাকে আদর করে; আমার মনে হয় আমি একজন খুব দক্ষ পকেটমার হয়ে উঠতে পারতাম যদি আমি আরও এক বা দুই বছর জনসেবায় নিয়োজিত থাকতাম।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;আঞ্চলিক চক্রগুলো&quot; ছিল স্থানীয় রাজনীতিবিদ এবং ব্যবসায়ীদের এমন এক দুর্নীতিগ্রস্ত গোষ্ঠী যারা ফেডারেল পৃষ্ঠপোষকতায় পুষ্ট ছিল। তারা আদিবাসী উপজাতি এবং স্থানীয় নাগরিকদের অর্থ তছরুপ করত, বিশেষ করে ডাকোটা এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলগুলোতে এই প্রবণতা বেশি ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফেডারেল ভূমি ব্যবস্থা ====
[[চিত্র:Photograph_of_a_Family_with_Their_Covered_Wagon_During_the_Great_Western_Migration,_1866_-_NARA_-_518267.jpg|থাম্ব|গৃহস্থ, {{আনুমানিক}} ১৮৬৬]]
সরকারি জমি অধিগ্রহণ, প্রস্তুতি এবং তা ব্যক্তিগত মালিকানায় হস্তান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে ফেডারেল সরকার সাধারণত ১৭৮৫ সালের &quot;ল্যান্ড অর্ডিন্যান্স&quot; বা ভূমি অধ্যাদেশ দ্বারা নির্ধারিত ব্যবস্থা অনুসরণ করত। ফেডারেল অনুসন্ধান এবং বৈজ্ঞানিক দলগুলো জমির প্রাথমিক জরিপ চালাত এবং সেখানে আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের বসবাসের বিষয়টি নির্ধারণ করত। বিভিন্ন চুক্তির মাধ্যমে বসবাসকারী উপজাতিরা জমির মালিকানা ছেড়ে দিত। এরপর জরিপকারীরা বিস্তারিত মানচিত্র তৈরি করতেন যেখানে জমিকে প্রতি দিকে ছয় মাইল (১০ কিমি) দীর্ঘ বর্গাকার অংশে চিহ্নিত করা হতো। এগুলোকে প্রথমে এক বর্গমাইল ব্লকে এবং পরে ১৬০ একরের (০.৬৫ বর্গ কিমি) প্লটে ভাগ করা হতো। এই প্লটগুলো থেকে টাউনশিপ বা জনপদ গঠন করা হতো এবং সর্বসাধারণের কাছে নিলামে বিক্রি করা হতো। অবিক্রিত জমিগুলো ভূমি অফিস থেকে একর প্রতি সর্বনিম্ন ১.২৫ ডলার মূল্যে কেনা যেত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;


১৮৬২ সালে কংগ্রেস তিনটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিল পাস করে যা ভূমি ব্যবস্থার খোলনলচে বদলে দেয়। হোমস্টেড আইন বা বসতভিটা আইনের মাধ্যমে এমন প্রত্যেক বসতি স্থাপনকারীকে ১৬০ একর জমি বিনামূল্যে দেওয়া হয় যারা পাঁচ বছর সেই জমির উন্নয়ন ঘটিয়েছে; নাগরিক এবং অ-নাগরিক সহ জবরদখলকারী ও মহিলারাও এই সুবিধার যোগ্য ছিলেন। এর একমাত্র খরচ ছিল সামান্য আবেদন ফি। সমতল অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতে জনবসতি স্থাপনের ক্ষেত্রে এই আইনটি বিশেষভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ছিল। অনেকে বিনামূল্যে বসতভিটা গ্রহণ করেছিলেন এবং অন্যরা রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর কাছ থেকে কম দামে জমি কিনেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;


১৮৬২ সালের মরিল অ্যাক্ট অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলোকে কৃষি এবং কারিগরি বিদ্যা (প্রকৌশল) কলেজ শুরু করার জন্য ভূমি অনুদান দিয়েছিল। ১৮৯০ সালে কৃষ্ণাঙ্গদের কলেজগুলোও এই অনুদানের জন্য যোগ্য বলে বিবেচিত হয়। নতুন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় তৈরি করা এবং কৃষিকাজকে আরও বৈজ্ঞানিক ও লাভজনক করে তোলার ক্ষেত্রে এই আইনটি তার লক্ষ্য পূরণে সফল হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[চিত্র:Pacific_Railroad_Profile_1867.jpg|কেন্দ্র|থাম্ব|সান ফ্রান্সিসকো (বামে) থেকে ওমাহা পর্যন্ত প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথের প্রোফাইল। ''হার্পার'স উইকলি'' ৭ ডিসেম্বর, ১৮৬৭]]

এই রেলপথ নির্মাণের জন্য নিউ ইয়র্ক, বোস্টন এবং লন্ডন থেকে বন্ধকি ঋণ নেওয়া হয়েছিল যার গ্যারান্টি ছিল ভূমি অনুদান। ফেডারেল সরকারের পক্ষ থেকে সরাসরি কোনো নগদ ভর্তুকি দেওয়া হয়নি। তবে মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথকে একটি ঋণ দেওয়া হয়েছিল যা পরবর্তীতে ছয় শতাংশ সুদসহ পরিশোধ করা হয়। ফেডারেল সরকার দাবাবোর্ডের ছকের মতো নকশায় জমি অনুদান দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো একটি করে বর্গাকার প্লট বিক্রি করত আর তার পাশের প্লটটি সরকার বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের জন্য খুলে রাখত। এ ছাড়াও সরকার সমতল এলাকায় প্রতি মাইলে ১৬,০০০ ডলার এবং পাহাড়ি এলাকায় ৩২,০০০ থেকে ৪৮,০০০ ডলার ঋণ দিয়েছিল যা পরবর্তীতে কোম্পানিগুলো ফেরত দিয়েছিল। স্থানীয় এবং অঙ্গরাজ্য সরকারগুলোও এই বিশাল কর্মকাণ্ডে অর্থায়নে সহায়তা করেছিল।

মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথে কর্মরত বেশিরভাগ কায়িক শ্রমিকই ছিলেন চীন থেকে আসা নতুন অভিবাসী।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই মানুষগুলো কীভাবে বসবাস করতেন, কীভাবে কাজ করতেন এবং নিজেদের উপার্জিত অর্থ কীভাবে পরিচালনা করতেন তা ক্রাউস বিস্তারিতভাবে দেখিয়েছেন। তার গবেষণা অনুযায়ী রেলের ঊর্ধ্বতন কর্মকর্তারা খুব শীঘ্রই বুঝতে পেরেছিলেন যে চীনা শ্রমিকরা অত্যন্ত পরিষ্কার-পরিচ্ছন্ন এবং নির্ভরযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ ১২,০০০-এর বেশি চীনা শ্রমিক নিয়োগ করেছিল যা ছিল তাদের মোট কায়িক শ্রমশক্তির ৯০ শতাংশ। অং তাঁর গবেষণায় খতিয়ে দেখেছেন যে শ্বেতাঙ্গদের তুলনায় চীনা শ্রমিকরা বৈষম্যের শিকার হয়েছিলেন কি না। তিনি লক্ষ্য করেন যে রেলপথ কর্তৃপক্ষ শ্বেতাঙ্গ ও চীনাদের জন্য আলাদা মজুরি নির্ধারণ করেছিল এবং চীনাদের দিয়ে বেশি বিপজ্জনক কাজ করানো হতো। যেমন [[নাইট্রোগ্লিসারিন]] নাড়াচাড়া করা বা তা ঢালার মতো কাজগুলো চীনাদের করতে হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে রেলপথ কর্তৃপক্ষ চীনাদের পছন্দমতো খাবার ও শিবিরের ব্যবস্থা নিশ্চিত করত এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গদের হুমকি থেকে চীনা শ্রমিকদের নিরাপত্তা দিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Union_pacific_poster.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬৯ সালে ইউনিয়ন প্যাসিফিক রেলপথের উদ্বোধনী দিনের পোস্টার]]
রেলপথ তৈরির কাজে মূলত ছয়টি প্রধান পর্যায় ছিল। এগুলো হলো পথের জরিপ করা, চলাচলের পথ পরিষ্কার করার জন্য বিস্ফোরণ ঘটানো, সুড়ঙ্গ ও সেতু তৈরি করা, রেলের রাস্তা পরিষ্কার করে তা বিছানো, স্লিপার ও রেললাইন বসানো এবং শ্রমিকদের খাবার ও সরঞ্জাম সরবরাহ করা। এই কাজটি ছিল অত্যন্ত পরিশ্রমসাধ্য যেখানে ঘোড়ায় টানা লাঙল, মাটি কাটার যন্ত্র, গাঁইতি, কুঠার, হাতুড়ি ও হাতগাড়ি ব্যবহার করা হতো। খুব সামান্য কিছু বাষ্পচালিত যন্ত্র যেমন বাষ্পীয় বেলচা ব্যবহার করা হয়েছিল। রেললাইনগুলো লোহার তৈরি ছিল কারণ ইস্পাতের লাইন আরও কয়েক বছর পরে বাজারে আসে। প্রতিটি রেলের ওজন ছিল ৩২০ কেজি (৭০০ পাউন্ড) এবং এটি তুলতে অন্তত পাঁচজন মানুষের প্রয়োজন হতো। বিস্ফোরণের জন্য তারা কালো বারুদ ব্যবহার করত। ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথের নির্মাণকর্মীরা যাদের বেশিরভাগই ছিলেন আইরিশ আমেরিকান তারা প্রতিদিন গড়ে প্রায় ৩ কিলোমিটার (২ মাইল) নতুন রেললাইন বসাতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;


১৮৬৯-৭০ সালে রেলপথ চালুর প্রথম বছরেই ১,৫০,০০০ যাত্রী এই দীর্ঘ পথে ভ্রমণ করেন। কয়েক বছর ধরে কিস্তিতে রেলপথের জমি কেনার জন্য বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের উৎসাহিত করা হতো। তাদের বিনামূল্যে এলাকা ঘুরে দেখার সুযোগ দেওয়া হতো যাতে তারা জমি দেখে সিদ্ধান্ত নিতে পারেন। রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর &quot;অভিবাসন দপ্তর&quot; ছিল যা জার্মানি ও স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়ার কৃষকদের জন্য সস্তায় যাতায়াত এবং সহজ শর্তে জমি কেনার বিশেষ প্যাকেজ অফার করত। তাদের প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হয়েছিল যে প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে কাজ করা মানে হাড়ভাঙা খাটুনি নয়। কারণ বলা হয়েছিল যে &quot;লাঙল দেওয়ার জন্য প্রস্তুত প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপন করা আর গাছপালায় ঘেরা জঙ্গলে বসতি স্থাপন করা এক বিষয় নয়।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই বসতি স্থাপনকারীরাই ছিলেন রেলপথের প্রধান গ্রাহক যারা তাদের উৎপাদিত ফসল ও গবাদি পশু বাইরে পাঠাতেন এবং বিনিময়ে শিল্পজাত পণ্য কিনতেন। পরিবহনের খরচ কমে যাওয়ায় এবং ব্যবসার পরিধি বেড়ে যাওয়ায় সমস্ত উৎপাদনকারীরাই দারুণভাবে লাভবান হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==== গৃহযুদ্ধের পর অভিবাসন ====
[[চিত্র:Picturesque_America58.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৭২ সালের ''&quot;এমিগ্রান্টস ক্রসিং দ্যা প্লেনস&quot;'' ছবিতে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের [[গ্রেট প্লেইনস|গ্রেট প্লেইন]] অতিক্রম করতে দেখা যাচ্ছে। এফওসি ডার্লির লেখা এবং এইচবি হলের লেখায় খোদাই করা।]]
[[মার্কিন গৃহযুদ্ধ|গৃহযুদ্ধের]] সমাপ্তি এবং দাসপ্রথা বিলুপ্ত হওয়ার পর, আমেরিকার পূর্ব উপকূল এবং ইউরোপের বহু মানুষ পশ্চিমের দিকে পাড়ি দিতে আগ্রহী হয়ে ওঠেন। আত্মীয়স্বজনদের কাছ থেকে পাওয়া ইতিবাচক খবরাখবর এবং বিভিন্ন কোম্পানির ব্যাপক প্রচার অভিযান তাদের এই আগ্রহকে প্রবলভাবে উসকে দিয়েছিল। সেই বিজ্ঞাপনগুলোতে &quot;সেরা প্রেইরি জমি&quot;, &quot;অল্প দাম&quot;, &quot;নগদ অর্থে বিশাল ছাড়&quot; এবং &quot;আগের তুলনায় অনেক ভালো সুযোগ!&quot; দেওয়ার মতো লোভনীয় সব প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হতো। নতুন স্থাপিত রেলপথগুলো এই অভিবাসীদের জন্য এলাকাটি সশরীরে গিয়ে দেখার এক সুবর্ণ সুযোগ করে দেয়। এর জন্য বিশেষ ধরণের পারিবারিক টিকিটের ব্যবস্থা করা হয়েছিল। এই টিকিটের জন্য ব্যয় করা অর্থ পরবর্তীতে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর কাছ থেকে জমি কেনার সময় মূল দামের সাথে সমন্বয় করে নেওয়া যেত। তবে সমতল ভূমিতে চাষবাস করা পূর্বের এলাকাগুলোর তুলনায় অনেক বেশি কঠিন ছিল। সেখানে জল ব্যবস্থাপনা ছিল অত্যন্ত জরুরি একটি বিষয়। এ ছাড়াও ঘনঘন বজ্রপাত থেকে অগ্নিকাণ্ড, প্রতিকূল আবহাওয়া এবং বৃষ্টিপাতের অনিশ্চয়তা চাষিদের জন্য বড় চ্যালেঞ্জ হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ভীতু স্বভাবের মানুষেরা নিজেদের বাড়িতেই রয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। তবে প্রকৃত অভিযাত্রীরা অজানার ভয়কে জয় করে এগিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। তাঁদের পশ্চিমের দিকে যাওয়ার প্রধান উদ্দেশ্য ছিল বর্তমান জীবনের চেয়ে আরও উন্নত একটি অর্থনৈতিক জীবন খুঁজে পাওয়া। কৃষকরা বড়, সস্তা এবং আরও উর্বর জমির সন্ধানে ছিলেন; অন্যদিকে ব্যবসায়ী ও কারিগররা নতুন গ্রাহক এবং নেতৃত্বের সুযোগ খুঁজছিলেন। শ্রমিকরা চেয়েছিলেন আরও ভালো পরিবেশ এবং বেশি বেতনের কাজ। বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা যখন পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হচ্ছিলেন, তখন তাঁদের পথে নানা ধরণের কঠিন সমস্যার মুখোমুখি হতে হয়েছিল। এর মধ্যে ছিল বাড়ি তৈরির জন্য কাঠের অভাব, তুষারঝড় ও খরা সহ অত্যন্ত খারাপ আবহাওয়া এবং বিধ্বংসী টর্নেডোর আতঙ্ক।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গাছপালাহীন প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা মাটির চাপড়া দিয়ে ঘর তৈরি করতেন। ১৮৭৪ সালে পঙ্গপালের আক্রমণ ছিল এই বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর নেমে আসা অন্যতম বড় একটি বিপর্যয়, যা সমগ্র গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চলকে লণ্ডভণ্ড করে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই সমস্ত প্রতিকূলতা এবং চ্যালেঞ্জগুলো সীমান্ত জয় করার লড়াইয়ে এই মানুষগুলোকে আরও কঠোর ও সহনশীল করে তুলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আলাস্কা ক্রয় ====
ক্রিমিয়ার যুদ্ধে রাশিয়ার পরাজয়ের পর, [[রুশ সাম্রাজ্য|রাশিয়ার]] জার দ্বিতীয় আলেকজান্ডার রাশিয়ার আমেরিকান ভূখণ্ড [[আলাস্কা|আলাস্কাকে]] মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের কাছে বিক্রি করার সিদ্ধান্ত নেন। এই সিদ্ধান্তের পেছনে একদিকে যেমন অর্থের প্রয়োজন ছিল, অন্যদিকে রাশিয়ার প্রশাসনের একটি ভয়ও কাজ করছিল। তারা মনে করেছিল যে ভবিষ্যতে ব্রিটেনের সাথে কোনো যুদ্ধ বাঁধলে ব্রিটেন খুব সহজেই আলাস্কা দখল করে নিতে পারে। তৎকালীন মার্কিন বিদেশ সচিব উইলিয়াম সিওয়ার্ড রাশিয়ার সাথে আলোচনার মাধ্যমে আলাস্কার এই বিশাল ভূখণ্ডটি অর্জনের প্রক্রিয়া সম্পন্ন করেন। এই অঞ্চলটি আয়তনে অবশিষ্ট মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের প্রায় পাঁচ ভাগের এক ভাগ ছিল। ১৮৬৭ সালের ৩০ শে মার্চ মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র রাশিয়ার কাছ থেকে ৭২ লক্ষ ডলারের বিনিময়ে এই ভূখণ্ডটি কিনে নেয় (যা ২০২৪ সালের হিসেবে প্রায় ১৬ কোটি ২০ লক্ষ ডলারের সমান)। ১৮৬৭ সালের ১৮ ই অক্টোবর সিটকা নামক স্থানে একটি আনুষ্ঠানিক অনুষ্ঠানের মাধ্যমে হস্তান্তর প্রক্রিয়া সম্পন্ন হয়, যেখানে রুশ সৈন্যরা মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর হাতে এই ভূখণ্ডের দায়িত্ব তুলে দেন।


==== ওকলাহোমা ল্যান্ড রাশ ====
১৮৮৯ সালে ওয়াশিংটন প্রশাসন ওকলাহোমা অঞ্চলের ২০ লক্ষ একর (৮,১০০ বর্গ কিমি) খালি জমি সর্বসাধারণের জন্য উন্মুক্ত করে দেয়। ২২ শে এপ্রিল ১ লক্ষেরও বেশি বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং পশুপালক (যারা &quot;বুমার&quot; নামে পরিচিত ছিলেন) সীমান্তে ভিড় জমান।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যখন সেনাবাহিনীর বন্দুক এবং বিউগলের মাধ্যমে সংকেত দেওয়া হলো, তখন ১৮৮৯ সালের এই ভূমি দখলের দৌড়ে নিজের জমির দাবি নিশ্চিত করার জন্য সবাই পাগলের মতো ছুটে চললেন। একজন প্রত্যক্ষদর্শী লিখেছেন, &quot;ঘোড়সওয়াররা শুরু থেকেই সবচেয়ে সুবিধাজনক অবস্থানে ছিলেন। প্রথম কয়েক মিনিট এটি একটি চমৎকার দৌড় প্রতিযোগিতা মনে হয়েছিল, কিন্তু শীঘ্রই আরোহীরা পাখার মতো চারিদিকে ছড়িয়ে পড়তে শুরু করলেন। যখন তাঁরা দিগন্ত রেখায় পৌঁছালেন, ততক্ষণে চোখের দৃষ্টি যতদূর যায় তাঁরা সব জায়গায় ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মাত্র একদিনের ব্যবধানে [[ওকলাহোমা সিটি]], নরম্যান এবং গাথরি নামে নতুন তিনটি শহর মানচিত্রে জায়গা করে নেয়। একইভাবে পরবর্তী চার বছরে আরও লক্ষ লক্ষ একর জমি উন্মুক্ত করা হয় এবং সেখানে জনবসতি গড়ে ওঠে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ ===
[[চিত্র:Sitting_Bull.jpg|থাম্ব|সিওক্স চিফ সিটিং বুল]]
[[চিত্র:Plenty_Coups_Edward_Curtis_Portrait_(c1908).jpg|থাম্ব|ক্রো চিফ প্লেন্টি অভ্যুত্থান]]
{{Blockquote|তাদের হিসেবে, মার্কিন সরকারের অধীনে &quot;আদিবাসীদের&quot; সাথে ৪০টিরও বেশি যুদ্ধ হয়েছে। এতে প্রায় ১৯,০০০ শ্বেতাঙ্গ পুরুষ, মহিলা এবং শিশু প্রাণ হারিয়েছেন যার মধ্যে ব্যক্তিগত লড়াইয়ে নিহতরাও অন্তর্ভুক্ত। অন্যদিকে প্রায় ৩০,০০০ আদিবাসী এই যুদ্ধে মারা গেছেন। তবে নিহত ও আহত আদিবাসীদের প্রকৃত সংখ্যা এই হিসাবের চেয়ে অনেক বেশি হওয়া স্বাভাবিক... অতিরিক্ত পঞ্চাশ শতাংশ যোগ করলে তা একটি নির্ভরযোগ্য অনুমান হতে পারে...&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Bureau of the Census|title=Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWkUAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA637|year=1894|page=637|publisher=Norman Ross Pub. |isbn=978-0883544624}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধের পর (১৭৮৩-১৮১২) ব্রিটিশ ব্যবসায়ীরা এবং সরকারি প্রতিনিধিরা মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে বসবাসকারী আদিবাসীদের অস্ত্র সরবরাহ শুরু করেন। তাঁদের আশা ছিল যদি কোনো যুদ্ধ বাধে তবে আদিবাসীরা ব্রিটিশদের পক্ষে লড়াই করবে। ব্রিটিশরা আরও পরিকল্পনা করেছিল যে ওহিও-উইসকনসিন এলাকায় একটি আদিবাসী রাষ্ট্র গড়ে তুলবে যাতে আমেরিকার প্রসারের পথ বন্ধ করা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এর প্রতিবাদ জানায় এবং ১৮১২ সালে যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা করে। বেশিরভাগ আদিবাসী উপজাতি ব্রিটিশদের সমর্থন করেছিল বিশেষ করে যারা টেকুমসের মিত্র ছিল, কিন্তু শেষ পর্যন্ত জেনারেল [[উইলিয়াম হেনরি হ্যারিসন]] তাদের পরাজিত করেন। পরাজিত উপজাতিদের অনেক শরণার্থী সীমান্ত পেরিয়ে কানাডায় চলে যান। অন্যদিকে দক্ষিণের আদিবাসীরা ফ্লোরিডার দিকে চলে যান যা তখন নিউ স্পেনের ভাইসরয়্যালিটির অধীনে স্প্যানীয়দের নিয়ন্ত্রণে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র স্পেনের কাছ থেকে ফ্লোরিডা কিনে নেওয়ার পর স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের ওকলাহোমায় চলে যাওয়ার জন্য অর্থ প্রদান করে এবং বেশিরভাগই তা মেনে নেন। তবে সেমিনোল যুদ্ধগুলো ছিল এমন কয়েকশ সেমিনোল যোদ্ধার বিরুদ্ধে পরিচালিত সামরিক অভিযান যারা নিজেদের পূর্বপুরুষদের সমাধি ছেড়ে যেতে অস্বীকার করেছিলেন। জলাভূমি অঞ্চলে অতর্কিত হামলা ও খণ্ডযুদ্ধের মাধ্যমে এই লড়াই চলেছিল এবং ১৮৪২ সালে সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে এর অবসান ঘটে। এই সংঘাত বছরের পর বছর ধরে চলেছিল এবং সংবাদপত্রে এর ব্যাপক প্রচারের ফলে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের আত্মপরিচয় গঠনে এটি সহায়তা করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[চিত্র:Western_Indian_Wars.jpg|থাম্ব|ট্রান্স মিসিসিপি পশ্চিমে আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ (১৮৬০-১৮৯০)]]
পশ্চিমের আদিবাসী যোদ্ধারা তাদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী সীমিত ও যুদ্ধমুখী লড়াইয়ের মাধ্যমে মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর মোকাবিলা করেছিলেন। আদিবাসীরা ব্যক্তিগত সাহসিকতার ওপর জোর দিতেন। অন্যদিকে সেনাবাহিনী ব্যক্তিগত লড়াইয়ের চেয়ে দুর্গের নেটওয়ার্ক তৈরি, রসদ সরবরাহ ব্যবস্থার উন্নয়ন এবং বাহিনীগুলোর মধ্যে সমন্বয় বজায় রাখতে টেলিগ্রাফ ও রেলপথ ব্যবহারের ওপর বেশি গুরুত্ব দিয়েছিল। সমতল ভূমির আদিবাসীদের আন্তঃউপজাতি লড়াইয়ের সাথে জনসংখ্যা ও সম্পদে এগিয়ে থাকা আমেরিকানদের ইউরোপীয় কায়দার আধুনিক যুদ্ধের কোনো মিল ছিল না। অনেক উপজাতি যুদ্ধ এড়িয়ে চলতেন এবং অনেকে মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীকে সাহায্যও করতেন। সরকারের প্রতি শত্রুভাবাপন্ন উপজাতিগুলো তাদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী লড়াইয়ের পদ্ধতি বজায় রেখেছিল। এই কারণেই তারা সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে স্থায়ী কোনো সাফল্য লাভ করতে পারেনি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমের সমস্ত অঞ্চল জুড়েই আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। তবে অভ্যন্তরীণ রাজ্যগুলোর তুলনায় মেক্সিকো সীমান্ত সংলগ্ন রাজ্যগুলোতে সংঘাতের পরিমাণ ছিল অনেক বেশি। অ্যারিজোনা এক্ষেত্রে তালিকার শীর্ষে ছিল। সেখানে আমেরিকান ও আদিবাসীদের মধ্যে ৩১০টি যুদ্ধের কথা জানা যায়। যুদ্ধে নিহতের সংখ্যার দিক থেকেও অ্যারিজোনা সবার উপরে ছিল। সেখানে সৈন্য, সাধারণ নাগরিক এবং আদিবাসী মিলিয়ে মোট ৪,৩৪০ জন নিহত হয়েছিলেন। এই সংখ্যাটি তালিকায় দ্বিতীয় স্থানে থাকা টেক্সাসে নিহতের সংখ্যার দ্বিগুণেরও বেশি ছিল। অ্যারিজোনার অধিকাংশ মৃত্যুর জন্য অ্যাপাচি উপজাতি দায়ী ছিল। মিচনো আরও জানিয়েছেন যে ১৮৫০ থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে হওয়া আদিবাসী যুদ্ধের ৫১ শতাংশই অ্যারিজোনা, টেক্সাস এবং নিউ মেক্সিকোতে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। এ ছাড়া মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিমের অঞ্চলগুলোতে হওয়া হতাহতের ৩৭ শতাংশও এই রাজ্যগুলোতে হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কোমাঞ্চি উপজাতি স্পেনীয় এবং পরবর্তীতে মেক্সিকান ও আমেরিকান সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে বেশ কিছু লড়াই করেছিল। ১৮৪০-এর দশকে কোমাঞ্চিদের শক্তি চরমে পৌঁছেছিল যখন তারা মেক্সিকোর কয়েকশ মাইল ভেতরে বড় ধরণের আক্রমণ চালিয়েছিল। একইসাথে তারা স্বাধীন টেক্সাসে বসতি স্থাপন করা অ্যাংলো-আমেরিকান এবং তেজানোদের বিরুদ্ধেও যুদ্ধ করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;


শায়েন, আরাপাহো এবং সিওক্স উপজাতিরা কলোরাডো থেকে নেব্রাস্কা পর্যন্ত এলাকায় কলোরাডো যুদ্ধে লিপ্ত হয়েছিলেন। গৃহযুদ্ধ চলাকালীন ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৫ সালের মধ্যে এই সংঘাতটি হয়েছিল। আদিবাসী এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মধ্যে তৈরি হওয়া তিক্ততা থেকে এই যুদ্ধের জন্ম হয়। উভয় পক্ষের করা নৃশংসতার জন্য এই যুদ্ধ কুখ্যাত হয়ে আছে। শ্বেতাঙ্গ মিলিশিয়ারা আদিবাসীদের গ্রাম ধ্বংস করে দিত এবং স্যান্ড ক্রিক গণহত্যার মতো ঘটনায় আদিবাসী নারী ও শিশুদের হত্যা করত। এর পাল্টায় আদিবাসীরাও বিভিন্ন খামার ও বসতিতে আক্রমণ চালাত এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ পরিবারগুলোকে হত্যা করত। আমেরিকান র‍্যাঞ্চ গণহত্যা এবং গডফ্রে র‍্যাঞ্চের আক্রমণ এর অন্যতম উদাহরণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালে কর্নেল ক্রিস্টোফার &quot;কিট&quot; কারসন মেসকালেরো অ্যাপাচিদের একটি সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে বাধ্য করেন। ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৪ সালে কারসন নাভাজো অভিযানে পোড়ামাটি নীতি ব্যবহার করেন। তিনি নাভাজোদের ঘরবাড়ি ও ফসলের খেত পুড়িয়ে দেন এবং তাদের গবাদি পশু মেরে ফেলেন বা দখল করে নেন। ইউটেস উপজাতির মতো যে আদিবাসীদের সাথে নাভাজোদের দীর্ঘদিনের শত্রুতা ছিল তারা কারসনকে সাহায্য করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই যুদ্ধের আরেকটি উল্লেখযোগ্য ঘটনা ছিল ১৮৮০-এর দশকে টেক্সাসের জনপদগুলোতে জেরোনিমোর লড়াই। তাঁর অধীনে থাকা অ্যাপাচিরা মার্কিন অশ্বারোহী বাহিনী এবং দুর্গের ওপর অতর্কিত হামলা চালাত যেমন সিবেকু ক্রিকে তাদের আক্রমণ। এ ছাড়াও তারা বিভিন্ন খামার ও চারণভূমিতে হামলা চালাত যেমন এম্পায়ার র‍্যাঞ্চে তাদের কুখ্যাত আক্রমণ যেখানে তিনজন কাউবয় নিহত হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiefs&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=The Great Chiefs|শেষাংশ=Capps|প্রথমাংশ=Benjamin|বছর=1975|প্রকাশক=Time-Life Education|পাতা=240|আইএসবিএন=978-0316847858}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অবশেষে ১৮৮৬ সালে জেরোনিমোর নেতৃত্বাধীন শেষ বিদ্রোহী অ্যাপাচি দলটি আত্মসমর্পণ করতে বাধ্য হয়।

১৮৭৪-১৮৭৫ সালে রেড রিভার যুদ্ধ শুরু হয়েছিল কারণ কোমাঞ্চিদের প্রধান খাদ্য মহিষের সংখ্যা কমে আসছিল এবং কিছু দল সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে অস্বীকার করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কোমাঞ্চিরা টেক্সাসের ছোট ছোট জনপদে আক্রমণ শুরু করলে মহিষ শিকারিদের সাথে বাফেলো ওয়ালো এবং দ্বিতীয় অ্যাডোবি ওয়ালস যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়। এ ছাড়াও টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সদের সাথে লস্ট ভ্যালি যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল। শেষ পর্যন্ত প্যালো ডুরো ক্যানিয়নে মার্কিন অশ্বারোহী বাহিনীর সাথে কোমাঞ্চিদের চূড়ান্ত লড়াইয়ের মাধ্যমে যুদ্ধের অবসান ঘটে। ১৮৭৫ সালের জুন মাসে শেষ কোমাঞ্চি প্রধান কুয়ানা পার্কার আত্মসমর্পণ করেন যার ফলে টেক্সাসবাসী এবং আদিবাসীদের দীর্ঘ যুদ্ধের সমাপ্তি ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[চিত্র:Fetterman_massacre.jpg|থাম্ব|ডাকোটা টেরিটরির ফোর্ট ফিল কার্নির কাছে যুদ্ধ, ২১ ডিসেম্বর, ১৮৬৬]]
[[চিত্র:ScalpedHunter.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬৮ সালে ক্যানসাসের ফোর্ট ডজের কাছে শায়েনেসের সাথে সংঘর্ষের পর মহিষ শিকারীর খোঁচা কাটা মৃতদেহ পাওয়া গেছে।]]

১৮৯০ সালের ২৯ শে ডিসেম্বর উন্ডেড নি গণহত্যার মাধ্যমে প্রধান আদিবাসী যুদ্ধগুলোর অবসান ঘটে। সেখানে সপ্তম অশ্বারোহী বাহিনী একজন সিওক্স ব্যক্তিকে নিরস্ত্রীকরণ করতে গিয়ে এক হত্যাযজ্ঞ চালিয়েছিল যেখানে প্রায় ১৫০ জন সিওক্স পুরুষ, মহিলা ও শিশু নিহত হন। এর মাত্র তেরো দিন আগে সিটিং বুলকে তাঁর ছেলে ক্রাউ ফুটের সাথে গুলিবিদ্ধ হয়ে মারা যেতে হয়েছিল। আমেরিকান সরকার তাঁকে গ্রেপ্তার করার জন্য একদল আদিবাসী পুলিশ পাঠিয়েছিল যাদের সাথে লড়াইয়ে তিনি নিহত হন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  তা সত্ত্বেও ১৯২০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্ত ব্লাফ যুদ্ধ (১৯১৪-১৯১৫) এবং পোসি যুদ্ধের মতো আরও কিছু সংঘাত ও বিচ্ছিন্ন ঘটনা ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; তবে মার্কিন সেনা সদস্য এবং আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের মধ্যে সর্বশেষ সরাসরি যুদ্ধটি সংঘটিত হয়েছিল ১৯১৮ সালের ৯ ই জানুয়ারি বিয়ার ভ্যালি যুদ্ধে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|তারিখ=April 19, 2005|শিরোনাম=Squadron History|ইউআরএল=http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm|আর্কাইভের-ইউআরএল=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419173045/http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm|আর্কাইভের-তারিখ=April 19, 2005|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== দুর্গ এবং ফাঁড়ি ====
সীমান্ত যখন ক্রমশ পশ্চিমের দিকে সরে যাচ্ছিল, তখন তার সাথে তাল মিলিয়ে মার্কিন সামরিক দুর্গগুলোও নতুন নতুন এলাকায় গড়ে উঠতে থাকে। এই দুর্গগুলো নতুন ভূখণ্ডগুলোর ওপর ফেডারেল সরকারের সার্বভৌমত্ব বজায় রাখার এবং কেন্দ্রীয় কর্তৃত্বের প্রতীক হিসেবে কাজ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই সামরিক ঘাঁটিগুলোতে সাধারণত প্রতিরক্ষার জন্য বড় কোনো দেওয়াল থাকত না, তবে সেখানে আক্রমণের ঘটনাও খুব কমই দেখা যেত। এগুলো মূলত কৌশলগতভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ এলাকাগুলোতে বা তার সন্নিকটে সৈন্যদের ঘাঁটি হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতো যাতে সেখানে আদিবাসীদের উপস্থিতিকে কার্যকরভাবে মোকাবিলা করা যায়। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, অ্যারিজোনার দক্ষিণাঞ্চলে টুসঁ এবং এল পাসোর মধ্যবর্তী ডাক চলাচলের পথে অবস্থিত অ্যাপাচি পাসকে রক্ষা করার দায়িত্ব ছিল ফোর্ট বোয়ির ওপর। কোচিস এবং জেরোনিমোর মতো আদিবাসী নেতাদের বিরুদ্ধে অভিযান চালানোর জন্য এই দুর্গটিকে প্রধান কেন্দ্র হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা হতো। ফোর্ট লারামি এবং ফোর্ট কিয়ার্নি গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চল অতিক্রমকারী অভিবাসীদের সুরক্ষা নিশ্চিত করতে সাহায্য করত। এ ছাড়া ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার বেশ কয়েকটি সামরিক ঘাঁটি খনি শ্রমিকদের নিরাপত্তা দেওয়ার জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছিল। সিওক্স উপজাতির বিরুদ্ধে আক্রমণ পরিচালনার উদ্দেশ্যেও বেশ কিছু দুর্গ নির্মাণ করা হয়েছিল। যখন ইন্ডিয়ান রিজার্ভেশন বা আদিবাসীদের জন্য সংরক্ষিত এলাকাগুলো তৈরি হতে শুরু করে, তখন সেগুলোকে পাহারা দেওয়ার জন্য সেনাবাহিনী নতুন দুর্গ স্থাপন করে। দুর্গগুলো ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ এবং অন্যান্য প্রধান রেললাইনগুলোকেও পাহারা দিত। পশ্চিমের অন্যান্য গুরুত্বপূর্ণ দুর্গগুলোর মধ্যে ছিল ওকলাহোমার ফোর্ট সিল, আরকানসাসের ফোর্ট স্মিথ, মিনেসোটার ফোর্ট স্নেলিং, নিউ মেক্সিকোর ফোর্ট ইউনিয়ন, টেক্সাসের ফোর্ট ওয়ার্থ এবং ওয়াশিংটনের ফোর্ট ওয়ালা ওয়ালা। নেব্রাস্কার ফোর্ট ওমাহা ছিল ডিপার্টমেন্ট অফ দ্য প্ল্যাট-এর প্রধান কার্যালয়। ১৮৭০-এর দশকের শেষ দিকে এটি প্রতিষ্ঠার পর থেকে পরবর্তী ২০ বছরেরও বেশি সময় ধরে পশ্চিমের অধিকাংশ ঘাঁটিগুলোতে প্রয়োজনীয় রসদ ও সরঞ্জাম সরবরাহের গুরুদায়িত্ব ছিল এর ওপর। অ্যারিজোনার ফোর্ট হুয়াচুকাও শুরুতে একটি সীমান্ত ঘাঁটি হিসেবে তৈরি করা হয়েছিল যা বর্তমানেও মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী ব্যবহার করে থাকে।

==== আদিবাসী সংরক্ষিত এলাকা ====
[[চিত্র:Native_American_Chiefs_1865.jpg|থাম্ব|আদি আমেরিকান প্রধানরা, ১৮৬৫]]


এই সময়কালে আদিবাসীদের প্রতি আমেরিকানদের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি ছিল অত্যন্ত বিচিত্র। এর এক প্রান্তে ছিল চরম বিদ্বেষ যেমন &quot;একজন মৃত ইন্ডিয়ানই হলো একমাত্র ভালো ইন্ডিয়ান&quot;। আবার অন্য প্রান্তে ছিল এক ধরণের ভুল পথে পরিচালিত মানবতাবাদ যেখানে মনে করা হতো ইন্ডিয়ানরা &quot;নিম্নমানের&quot; সমাজে বাস করে এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ সমাজের সাথে মিশে যাওয়ার মাধ্যমেই কেবল তাদের অবস্থার উন্নতি সম্ভব। এ ছাড়াও ছিল কিছুটা বাস্তববাদী দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি যেখানে ভাবা হতো আদিবাসী এবং বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা পশ্চিমের অবশিষ্ট জমি নিজেদের মধ্যে ভাগ করে নিয়ে আলাদা অথচ সমান সমাজে সহাবস্থান করতে পারে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যাযাবর উপজাতিদের সামলানোর বিষয়টি রিজার্ভেশন তৈরির পরিকল্পনাকে জটিল করে তুলেছিল। সমতল ভূমির আদিবাসীদের মধ্যে কোনো কেন্দ্রীয় ক্ষমতা বা নেতৃত্ব না থাকায় তাদের সাথে যেকোনো চুক্তি করা ছিল একটি অত্যন্ত কঠিন কাজ। ১৮৫০-এর দশকে এই সংঘাতগুলো আরও বৃদ্ধি পায় যার ফলশ্রুতিতে বিভিন্ন আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ শুরু হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সংঘাতের এই দিনগুলোতে আদিবাসীরা তাদের নিজস্ব এলাকায় শ্বেতাঙ্গদের প্রবেশের ব্যাপারে অনেক বেশি কঠোর ও কড়া হয়ে ওঠেন। যেমন অলিভার লাভিংয়ের ক্ষেত্রে দেখা গিয়েছিল যে তারা তাদের এলাকার সীমানা অতিক্রম করার সময় [[রাখাল বালক|কাউবয়]] এবং তাদের গবাদি পশুর ওপর আক্রমণ চালাত।&lt;ref name=&quot;richardmelzer2&quot;&gt;Richard Melzer, ''Buried Treasures: Famous and Unusual Gravesites in New Mexico History'', Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press, 2007, p.&amp;nbsp;105&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarah2&quot;&gt;Carter, Sarah, ''Cowboys, Ranchers and the Cattle Business: Cross-Border Perspectives on Ranching History'', Univ Pr of Colorado (2000) p.&amp;nbsp;95.&lt;/ref&gt; এমনকি অভাবের সময় খাবারের সংস্থান না থাকলে তারা গৃহপালিত পশুর ওপর হামলা চালাত। তবে কাউবয় এবং আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সম্পর্ক সাধারণত যেমনটা নাটকীয়ভাবে প্রচার করা হয় তার চেয়ে অনেক বেশি পারস্পরিক ছিল। অনেক সময় কাউবয়রা আদিবাসীদের এলাকার ভেতর দিয়ে যাতায়াতের অনুমতি পাওয়ার জন্য প্রতি গরুর পিছু ১০ সেন্ট করে জরিমানা বা ফি প্রদান করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; আদিবাসীরা অনেক সময় ঘোড়া এবং অন্যান্য মূল্যবান সামগ্রীর লোভে সীমান্ত দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচগুলোর ওপরও হামলা চালাতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গৃহযুদ্ধের পর যখন স্বেচ্ছাসেবী বাহিনীগুলো ভেঙে দেওয়া হয়, তখন নিয়মিত সেনাবাহিনীর অশ্বারোহী রেজিমেন্টের সংখ্যা ছয় থেকে বাড়িয়ে দশ করা হয়। এর মধ্যে ছিল লিটল বিগহর্ন যুদ্ধের জন্য বিখ্যাত কাস্টারের সপ্তম অশ্বারোহী রেজিমেন্ট এবং আফ্রিকান-আমেরিকানদের নিয়ে গঠিত নবম ও দশম অশ্বারোহী রেজিমেন্ট। এই কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ ইউনিটগুলো অন্যান্য অশ্বারোহী ও পদাতিক বাহিনীর সাথে একত্রে &quot;বাফেলো সোলজার্স&quot; বা মহিষ সৈনিক নামে পরিচিতি লাভ করে। রবার্ট এম আর্টলির মতে:
{{Blockquote|সীমান্তের এই সেনাবাহিনী ছিল একটি প্রথাগত সামরিক শক্তি যারা চিরাচরিত যুদ্ধরীতি ব্যবহার করে এমন একদল মানুষকে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করার চেষ্টা করছিল যাদের আচরণ সাধারণ শত্রুর মতো ছিল না। এমনকি প্রকৃতপক্ষে তারা অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রেই আমেরিকার শত্রু ছিল না। সামরিক বাহিনীর জন্য এটিই হলো সবচেয়ে কঠিনতম দায়িত্ব, তা সে আফ্রিকা বা এশিয়াতেই হোক কিংবা আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Robert M.|last=Utley|title=Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojYrdQ-IBaMC&amp;pg=PA411|year=1984|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|page=411|isbn=0803295510}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}


==== গণতান্ত্রিক সমাজ ====
[[চিত্র:Henry Mayer, The Awakening, 1915 Cornell CUL PJM 1176 01 - Restoration.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|&quot;জাগরণ&quot; [[নারীর ভোটাধিকার|ভোটাধিকারবাদীরা]] পশ্চিমে সফল হয়েছিল; তাদের মশাল উত্তর ও দক্ষিণে সংগ্রামরত নারীদের জাগিয়ে তোলে হাই মেয়ারের এই কার্টুনে, যা ২০শে ফেব্রুয়ারী, ১৯১৫ সালে ''পাকে লেখা হয়েছিল'' ।]]
পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের মানুষেরা গণতন্ত্র এবং সাম্যের আন্দোলনে তাঁদের নেতৃত্বের জন্য অত্যন্ত গর্ববোধ করতেন, যা ছিল ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নারের আলোচনার অন্যতম প্রধান বিষয়। রাজনীতি এবং সমাজের প্রেক্ষাপটে কেন্টাকি, টেনেসি, অ্যালাবামা এবং ওহাইওর মতো নতুন অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলো পূর্ব উপকূলের আদি রাজ্যগুলোর তুলনায় অনেক বেশি গণতান্ত্রিক ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় রাজ্যগুলোই প্রথম নারীদের ভোটাধিকার প্রদান করেছিল। ১৯০০ সালের মধ্যে সমগ্র পশ্চিমে, বিশেষ করে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং ওরেগনে প্রগতিশীল আন্দোলন দারুণ গতি পায়।


==== নগর সীমান্ত ====
{{প্রশস্ত চিত্র|Denver Colorado 1898 - LOC - restoration1.jpg|783px|Panorama of [[Denver]] circa 1898}}
১৮৭০ সালের আগে ডেনভারের অর্থনীতি মূলত খনি শিল্পের ওপর ভিত্তি করে টিকে ছিল। পরবর্তীতে রেলপথ, পাইকারি বাণিজ্য, উৎপাদন শিল্প, খাদ্য প্রক্রিয়াকরণ এবং ক্রমবর্ধমান কৃষি ও গবাদি পশুর খামারগুলোকে পরিষেবা দেওয়ার মাধ্যমে শহরটি দ্রুত বড় হয়ে ওঠে। ১৮৭০ থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে শিল্প উৎপাদন ৬ লক্ষ ডলার থেকে বেড়ে ৪ কোটি ডলারে পৌঁছায় এবং জনসংখ্যা ২০ গুণ বৃদ্ধি পেয়ে ১,০৭,০০০-এ দাঁড়ায়। ডেনভার সবসময়ই খনি শ্রমিক, সাধারণ কর্মী এবং পর্যটকদের আকর্ষণ করত। সেখানে রাতারাতি অজস্র পানশালা এবং জুয়ার আড্ডা গড়ে উঠেছিল। শহরের গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তিরা সেখানকার চমৎকার থিয়েটার এবং বিশেষ করে ১৮৮১ সালে নির্মিত টেবর গ্র্যান্ড অপেরা হাউস নিয়ে গর্ব করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে ডেনভার আমেরিকার ২৬তম বৃহত্তম শহর এবং মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিমে পঞ্চম বৃহত্তম শহরে পরিণত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই উন্নতির সময়ে যেমন কোটিপতিদের বড় বড় অট্টালিকা তৈরি হয়েছিল, তেমনই প্রতারক, দারিদ্র্য এবং অপরাধও পাল্লা দিয়ে বেড়েছিল। ডেনভার তার বারবণিতাদের গৃহের জন্য ওই অঞ্চলে কুখ্যাত হয়ে উঠেছিল যার মধ্যে আভিজাত্যপূর্ণ এলাকা থেকে শুরু করে কিছুটা দূরে অবস্থিত নোংরা বস্তিও ছিল। ব্যবসা ছিল রমরমা; আগন্তুকরা দুহাতে টাকা খরচ করতেন এবং তারপর শহর ছেড়ে চলে যেতেন। যতদিন এই নারীরা গোপনে তাঁদের ব্যবসা চালাতেন এবং খুব কুরুচিপূর্ণভাবে প্রচার করতেন না, ততদিন কর্তৃপক্ষ ঘুষ নিয়ে সব দেখেও না দেখার ভান করত। তবে মাঝে মাঝে সংস্কারের দাবিতে পুলিশের ধরপাকড়ও চলত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বিশাল তামা খনির শহর মন্টানার বিউট ছিল সীমান্তের বৃহত্তম এবং সবচেয়ে ধনী খনি শিবির। এটি ছিল একটি জাতিগত দুর্গ যেখানে আইরিশ ক্যাথলিকদের হাতে রাজনীতি এবং অ্যানাকোন্ডা কপার নামক শীর্ষস্থানীয় খনি কোম্পানির সেরা কাজগুলোর নিয়ন্ত্রণ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯৪ সালে শহরের উৎসাহী নাগরিকেরা একটি পাবলিক লাইব্রেরি বা গণগ্রন্থাগার স্থাপন করেন। রিংয়ের মতে এই লাইব্রেরিটি আসলে সমাজকে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করার একটি কৌশল ছিল যা &quot;খনি শ্রমিকদের মদ্যপান এবং জুয়ার আসক্তির প্রতিষেধক&quot; হিসেবে কাজ করত। এটি মধ্যবিত্ত মূল্যবোধের প্রচার এবং পূর্ব উপকূলের মানুষকে এটা বোঝানোর জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছিল যে বিউট আসলে একটি সুসংস্কৃত শহর।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== জাতি এবং নৃতাত্ত্বিক পরিচয় ====

===== ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসীরা =====
[[চিত্র:Volga-Germans-US.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৭৫ সালে মধ্য [[ক্যান্সাস|কানসাসে]] ভোলগা জার্মানদের জন্য অস্থায়ী আবাসস্থল]]

===== আফ্রিকান আমেরিকানরা =====
[[চিত্র:Army_buffalo_soldiers.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|একজন মহিষ সৈনিক। কালো সৈনিকদের এই ডাকনামটি তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রিত স্থানীয় উপজাতিরা দিয়েছিল।]]

ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার গোল্ড রাশের দিনগুলোতে প্রায় ৪,০০০ কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মানুষ সেখানে এসেছিলেন। ১৮৭৯ সালে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলে পুনর্গঠন পর্বের সমাপ্তির পর কয়েক হাজার মুক্ত মানুষ দক্ষিণ থেকে কানসাসের দিকে চলে যান। তাঁরা এক্সোডাস্টার নামে পরিচিত ছিলেন এবং মূলত হোমস্টেড আইনের আওতায় সস্তায় ভালো জমি পাওয়ার আশা ও উন্নত আচরণের প্রত্যাশায় এই যাত্রায় উৎসাহিত হয়েছিলেন। কানসাসের নিকোডেমাস শহরটি ১৮৭৭ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল যা ছিল কৃষ্ণাঙ্গদের একটি সুসংগঠিত জনপদ। এটি এক্সোডাস্টারদের আগমনের আগেই তৈরি হলেও সাধারণত তাঁদের সাথেই এই শহরের নাম যুক্ত করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সেই সময় আমেরিকায় নারীদের অধিকার ছিল অত্যন্ত নগণ্য এবং তাঁরা মূলত গৃহস্থালি কাজের মধ্যেই সীমাবদ্ধ থাকতেন। শ্বেতাঙ্গ নারীদের তুলনায় কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ এবং অন্যান্য সংখ্যালঘু নারীদের অধিকার ও সুযোগ-সুবিধা আরও অনেক কম ছিল। ১৮০০ এবং ১৯০০-এর দশকের শুরুর দিকে পশ্চিমে যাওয়া কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ নারীদের যে সংখ্যার নথি পাওয়া যায় তা বেশ কম, তবে তাঁরা সেখানে অবশ্যই উপস্থিত ছিলেন। অনেকে সমতল ভূমিতে স্কুলের শিক্ষিকা হিসেবে কাজ করতেন, আবার কেউ কেউ ঘোড়া পোষ মানানো, ধাত্রীবিদ্যা, ব্যবসা, পানশালা পরিচালনা, নার্স এবং ডাক বাহকের কাজ করতেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience on the North American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://archive.org/details/blackpioneersima00rava|শেষাংশ=Ravage|প্রথমাংশ=John W.|বছর=1997|প্রকাশক=University of Utah Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলারা জাতিগত ও লিঙ্গ বৈষম্যের শিকার হলেও মার্কিন সীমান্তের নতুন ও বৈচিত্র্যময় প্রকৃতির কারণে তাঁরা পূর্ব উপকূলের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি স্বাধীনতা ভোগ করতেন।


মেরি এলেন প্লিজ্যান্ট, যাঁকে &quot;ম্যামি প্লিজ&quot; বা &quot;পশ্চিমের দেবদূত&quot; বলা হতো, তিনি ছিলেন এই অঞ্চলের আরেকজন উল্লেখযোগ্য কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ নারী ব্যক্তিত্ব। তিনি তাঁর এলাকার বিপদগ্রস্ত পুরুষ, মহিলা এবং শিশুদের যত্ন নেওয়ার জন্য পরিচিত ছিলেন। নির্যাতিত মহিলাদের জন্য তিনি নিরাপদ আশ্রয়স্থল তৈরি করেছিলেন যা সেই সময়ে ওই অঞ্চলে একটি বিরল ঘটনা ছিল। লিঙ্গ এবং বর্ণবাদী বৈষম্যকে তুচ্ছ করে তিনি কেবল গৃহস্থালি কাজের মধ্যে নিজেকে সীমাবদ্ধ রাখেননি। গোল্ড রাশের সময় তিনি ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার একজন সফল ব্যবসায়ী, নাগরিক অধিকার কর্মী এবং একজন স্বপ্রতিষ্ঠিত কোটিপতি হয়ে উঠেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

===== এশীয়রা =====

১৮৬৯ সালে জাপান থেকে প্রথম ২২ জন মানুষ একটি সামুরাই পরিবারের সদস্য হিসেবে আমেরিকায় আসেন। তাঁরা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার প্লেসার কাউন্টিতে থিতু হন এবং সেখানে &quot;ওয়াকামাতসু চা ও রেশম খামার উপনিবেশ&quot; স্থাপন করেন। ১৮৮৫ সাল থেকে হাওয়াইয়ের বাগানগুলোতে কাজ করার জন্য জাপানিদের নিয়োগ করা শুরু হয়। উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে আরও অনেক জাপানি মানুষ হাওয়াই এবং আমেরিকার মূল ভূখণ্ডে অভিবাসী হিসেবে আসতে থাকেন। ১৭৯০ সালের মার্কিন ন্যাচারালাইজেশন আইন অনুযায়ী এই প্রথম প্রজন্মের জাপানি অভিবাসীদের বা &quot;ইসেই&quot;দের মার্কিন নাগরিক হওয়ার অনুমতি দেওয়া হয়নি কারণ তাঁরা &quot;মুক্ত শ্বেতাঙ্গ ব্যক্তি&quot; ছিলেন না। ১৯৫২ সালে ইমিগ্রেশন অ্যান্ড ন্যাশনালিটি অ্যাক্ট বা &quot;ম্যাককারান-ওয়াল্টার অ্যাক্ট&quot; পাস না হওয়া পর্যন্ত এই পরিস্থিতির কোনো পরিবর্তন হয়নি। এই আইনের মাধ্যমেই জাপানি অভিবাসীরা প্রথমবার মার্কিন নাগরিকত্ব পাওয়ার সুযোগ পান।

১৯২০ সালের মধ্যে জাপানি-আমেরিকান কৃষকরা ৬ কোটি ৭০ লক্ষ ডলার মূল্যের ফসল উৎপাদন করেছিলেন যা ছিল ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার মোট ফসলের মূল্যের ১০ শতাংশেরও বেশি। সেই সময়ে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে ১,১১,০০০ জাপানি আমেরিকান ছিলেন যাঁদের মধ্যে ৮২,০০০ জন ছিলেন অভিবাসী এবং ২৯,০০০ জন আমেরিকায় জন্মগ্রহণ করেছিলেন&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯২৪ সালে কংগ্রেস ইমিগ্রেশন অ্যাক্ট পাস করে যার ফলে আমেরিকায় জাপানিদের অভিবাসন কার্যত বন্ধ হয়ে যায়। তবে মার্কিন সংবিধানের চতুর্দশ সংশোধনী অনুযায়ী জাপানি অভিবাসীদের আমেরিকায় জন্ম নেওয়া সন্তানরা সরাসরি নাগরিকত্বের অধিকার লাভ করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== হিস্পানিক সম্প্রদায় =====
[[চিত্র:Exterior_of_the_Mission_Xavier_del_Bac.jpg|থাম্ব|১৭০০ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত টুকসনের কাছে সান জেভিয়ার দেল বাকের স্প্যানিশ মিশন]]
নিউ স্পেনের প্রাক্তন ভূখণ্ডগুলোতে বসবাসকারী হিস্পানিক সম্প্রদায়ের বিশাল একটি অংশ সেখানেই থেকে গিয়েছিলেন এবং ১৮৪৮ সালে তাঁরা আমেরিকার নাগরিকত্ব লাভ করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; প্রায় ১০,০০০ '''ক্যালিফোর্নিও''' নাগরিকও মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের নাগরিক হিসেবে অন্তর্ভুক্ত হন। তাঁরা মূলত দক্ষিণ ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় বসবাস করতেন এবং ১৮৮০ সালের পর পূর্ব দিকের রাজ্যগুলো থেকে আসা লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন অভিবাসীদের প্রভাবে তাঁদের প্রাধান্য ম্লান হয়ে যায়। নিউ মেক্সিকোর শহর ও গ্রামগুলোতে তাঁদের আধিপত্য বিংশ শতাব্দীর মাঝামাঝি পর্যন্ত প্রায় অপরিবর্তিত ছিল। মেক্সিকো থেকে নতুন অভিবাসীদের আগমন অব্যাহত থাকে, বিশেষ করে ১৯১১ সালের মেক্সিকান বিপ্লবের সময় হাজার হাজার গ্রাম আক্রান্ত হওয়ার পর সেখান থেকে মানুষ প্রাণভয়ে পালিয়ে আসতে শুরু করেন। এই শরণার্থীদের বেশিরভাগই টেক্সাস বা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় আশ্রয় নেন এবং শীঘ্রই অনেক সীমান্ত শহরে দরিদ্র '''বারিও''' বা বস্তি এলাকা গড়ে ওঠে। ১৮৫০-এর দশকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার &quot;রবিন হুড&quot; নামে পরিচিত হোয়াকিন মুরিয়েতা একটি সশস্ত্র দল গঠন করেছিলেন। তাঁর দল শোষক খনি শ্রমিকদের বাড়ি পুড়িয়ে দিত, তাদের হত্যা করত এবং জমিদারদের যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচ লুট করত। তিনি মূলত লাতিন আমেরিকানদের ওপর হওয়া সহিংসতা ও বৈষম্যের বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই করেছিলেন। টেক্সাসে হুয়ান কর্তিনা ১৮৫৯ সালের দিকে অ্যাংলো বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সদের বিরুদ্ধে এক দীর্ঘ ২০ বছরের লড়াই পরিচালনা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পারিবারিক জীবন ====
[[গ্রেট প্লেইনস|গ্রেট প্লেইনে]] অঞ্চলে খুব কম অবিবাহিত পুরুষই একা খামার বা চারণভূমি পরিচালনা করার ঝুঁকি নিতেন। কৃষকরা খুব ভালোভাবেই বুঝতেন যে বাড়ির অজস্র কাজ সামলানোর জন্য একজন কঠোর পরিশ্রমী স্ত্রী এবং অনেকগুলো সন্তানের প্রয়োজন। এই কাজের তালিকায় ছিল সন্তান লালন-পালন, পরিবারের সবার অন্ন ও বস্ত্রের সংস্থান, ঘরের কাজ সামলানো এবং খামারের মজুরদের খাবারের ব্যবস্থা করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বসতি স্থাপনের শুরুর বছরগুলোতে খামারের মহিলারা বাইরে কাজ করার মাধ্যমে পরিবারের টিকে থাকা নিশ্চিত করতে অবিচ্ছেদ্য ভূমিকা পালন করতেন। এক প্রজন্ম পার হওয়ার পর, মহিলারা ধীরে ধীরে বাইরের কাজ কমিয়ে ঘরের কাজে বেশি মনোনিবেশ করেন, যা পরিবারে তাদের ভূমিকাকে নতুনভাবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করে। সেলাই মেশিন এবং কাপড় ধোয়ার মেশিনের মতো নতুন উদ্ভাবনগুলো মহিলাদের গৃহস্থালি কাজের প্রতি আরও আগ্রহী করে তোলে। গণমাধ্যম এবং সরকারি প্রতিনিধিদের মাধ্যমে প্রচারিত বৈজ্ঞানিক গৃহস্থালি আন্দোলন, মেলাগুলোতে ঘরোয়া রান্না ও খাবার সংরক্ষণের প্রদর্শন এবং খবরের কাগজে মহিলাদের জন্য পরামর্শমূলক কলাম—এই সবই তাঁদের ঘরমুখী হওয়ার প্রবণতাকে বাড়িয়ে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

যদিও প্রেইরি অঞ্চলের খামার জীবনকে সাধারণত অত্যন্ত একাকী এবং বিচ্ছিন্ন হিসেবে কল্পনা করা হয়, বাস্তবে গ্রামীণ মানুষেরা নিজেদের জন্য এক সমৃদ্ধ সামাজিক জীবন গড়ে তুলেছিলেন। তাঁরা প্রায়ই এমন সব অনুষ্ঠানের আয়োজন করতেন যেখানে কাজ, খাবার এবং বিনোদনের এক চমৎকার মিশেল থাকত। যেমন শস্যাগার নির্মাণ, ভুট্টা ছাড়ানো, কাঁথা সেলাইয়ের আড্ডা&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্রেঞ্জ সভা, &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গির্জার অনুষ্ঠান এবং স্কুলের বিভিন্ন কর্মকাণ্ড। মহিলারা মিলেমিশে রান্নাবান্না এবং প্রীতিভোজের আয়োজন করতেন, যা পরিবারগুলোর মধ্যে সুসম্পর্ক বজায় রাখতে সাহায্য করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== শৈশব =====

==== পতিতাবৃত্তি এবং জুয়া ====
উদ্যোক্তারা খনি শ্রমিকদের প্রয়োজন মেটাতে বিভিন্ন দোকান এবং ব্যবসা প্রতিষ্ঠান গড়ে তুলেছিলেন। বিশ্বজুড়ে প্রতিটি খনি শিবিরে গড়ে ওঠা বারবণিতা গৃহগুলো সে সময় বেশ পরিচিত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে পতিতাবৃত্তি|পতিতাবৃত্তি]] তখন ছিল একটি ক্রমবর্ধমান শিল্প যা সারা বিশ্বের যৌনকর্মীদের আকৃষ্ট করত। অত্যন্ত কঠিন ও বিপজ্জনক কর্মপরিবেশ এবং সামাজিক মর্যাদাহীনতা সত্ত্বেও কেবল উপার্জনের আশায় তারা এখানে আসতেন। অনেক সময় চীনা মহিলারা তাঁদের পরিবারের মাধ্যমে বিক্রি হয়ে যেতেন এবং তাঁদের খনি শিবিরে যৌনকর্মী হিসেবে আনা হতো; তাঁদের আয়ের অর্থ চীনে তাঁদের পরিবারের কাছে পাঠাতে হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; নেভাদার ভার্জিনিয়া সিটিতে [[জুলিয়া বুলেট]] মর্যাদা অর্জন করতে পেরেছিলেন। তিনি ইনফ্লুয়েঞ্জা মহামারীর শিকার ব্যক্তিদের সেবা করেছিলেন; এটি তাঁকে সমাজ ও শেরিফের গ্রহণযোগ্যতা পেতে সাহায্য করেছিল। ১৮৬৭ সালে যখন তিনি খুন হন, তখন শহরের মানুষ স্তব্ধ হয়ে গিয়েছিলেন; তাঁরা ধুমধাম করে তাঁর শেষকৃত্য সম্পন্ন করেন এবং দ্রুত বিচার করে তার হত্যাকারীকে ফাঁসিতে ঝোলান।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯০-এর দশক পর্যন্ত মহিলারা প্রধানত এই ব্যবসাগুলো পরিচালনা করতেন, কিন্তু পরে পুরুষ দালালরা এর নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেয় এবং মেয়েদের ওপর ব্যবহারের মান সাধারণত নিম্নমুখী হয়। পশ্চিমের শহরগুলোতে পতিতালয়গুলো প্রকাশ্যে পরিচালনা করা অস্বাভাবিক ছিল না, যা পূর্ব উপকূলের শহরগুলোর মতো কলঙ্কজনক হিসেবে দেখা হতো না। জুয়া এবং পতিতাবৃত্তি ছিল এই পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় শহরগুলোর জীবনের অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ। পরে যখন সেখানে মহিলাদের সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পায় এবং সমাজ সংস্কারকরা আসতে শুরু করেন, তখন এই বিষয়গুলো কম প্রকাশ্যে এবং অনিয়মিত হয়ে পড়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; প্রায় এক দশক পর খনি শহরগুলো অনেক ভদ্র মহিলাদের আকৃষ্ট করতে শুরু করে যারা বোর্ডিং হাউস চালাতেন, গির্জার সংগঠন গড়ে তুলেছিলেন এবং ধোপানি বা দর্জি হিসেবে কাজ করে স্বনির্ভর হওয়ার চেষ্টা করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

যেকোনো নতুন জনপদ বা খনি শিবির শুরু হলে সবার আগে সেখানে একটি জুয়ার আসর বা গ্যাম্বলিং হল তৈরি হতো। জনসংখ্যা বাড়ার সাথে সাথে এই জুয়ার হলগুলোই সাধারণত শহরের বৃহত্তম এবং সবচেয়ে জমকালো ভবনে পরিণত হতো। এগুলোতে প্রায়ই পানশালা, বিনোদনের মঞ্চ এবং অতিথিদের থাকার জন্য হোটেলের ঘর থাকত। এই প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলো স্থানীয় অর্থনীতির মূল চালিকাশক্তি ছিল এবং অনেক শহরের সমৃদ্ধি মাপা হতো সেখানে কতগুলো জুয়ার আসর বা পেশাদার জুয়াড়ি রয়েছে তার ওপর ভিত্তি করে। জুয়া খেলার প্রতি নমনীয় শহরগুলোকে সাধারণত &quot;প্রশস্ত-জাগ্রত&quot; বা &quot;প্রশস্ত-খোলা&quot; হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; টেক্সাস, ওকলাহোমা, কানসাস এবং নেব্রাস্কার গবাদি পশুর শহরগুলো জুয়া খেলার প্রধান কেন্দ্র হিসেবে বিখ্যাত হয়ে উঠেছিল। কাউবয়রা অনেক দিন ধরে জমানো মজুরি নিয়ে আনন্দ করার জন্য এই শহরগুলোতে আসতেন। অ্যাবিলিন, ডজ সিটি, [[উইচিটা, কানসাস|উইচিটা]], [[ওমাহা]] এবং [[ক্যানসাস সিটি, মিজুরি|কানসাস সিটির]] পরিবেশ জুয়া খেলার জন্য অত্যন্ত অনুকূল ছিল। তবে এমন পরিবেশ বিশৃঙ্খলাও ডেকে আনত এবং এই শহরগুলো আইনহীন ও বিপজ্জনক জায়গা হিসেবে পরিচিতি পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[চিত্র:DodgeCityPeaceCommission.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৮৩ সালের ১০ই জুন তোলা &quot;ডজ সিটি শান্তি কমিশনের&quot; একটি ঐতিহাসিক ছবি। (দাঁড়িয়ে বাম থেকে) উইলিয়াম এইচ. হ্যারিস, লিউক শর্ট, উইলিয়াম &quot;ব্যাট&quot; মাস্টারসন, উইলিয়াম এফ. পেটিলন; (বসে বাম থেকে) চার্লি ব্যাসেট, ওয়ায়াট ইয়ার্প, মাইকেল ফ্রান্সিস &quot;ফ্র্যাঙ্ক&quot; ম্যাকলিন এবং কর্নেলিয়াস &quot;নিল&quot; ব্রাউন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

অপরাধী যখন দোষী সাব্যস্ত হতো, তখন তার শাস্তি হতো অত্যন্ত কঠোর।&lt;ref name=&quot;MooreCrimeArkansas&quot;/&gt; শ্চিমাঞ্চলের শেরিফ এবং মার্শাল ছাড়াও আমেরিকান সীমান্ত জুড়ে টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সের মতো বিভিন্ন আইন প্রয়োগকারী সংস্থা সক্রিয় ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই আইন রক্ষাকারীরা কেবল শান্তি বজায় রাখতেই নয়, বরং সীমান্ত এলাকায় আদিবাসী এবং মেক্সিকানদের হুমকি থেকেও স্থানীয়দের রক্ষা করতে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্রামীণ এলাকার তুলনায় শহরগুলোতে আইন প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্রে অনেক বেশি কঠোরতা দেখা যেত। আইন রক্ষাকারীরা সশস্ত্র যুদ্ধের চেয়ে স্থিতিশীলতা বজায় রাখার ওপর বেশি জোর দিতেন। তাঁদের মূল লক্ষ্য ছিল মদ্যপান নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা, বন্দুক নিয়ন্ত্রণ আইন লঙ্ঘনকারী কাউবয়দের নিরস্ত্রীকরণ করা এবং জুয়া ও পতিতাবৃত্তি সংক্রান্ত আইন ভঙ্গকারীদের বিরুদ্ধে ব্যবস্থা নেওয়া।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডাইকস্ট্রা যুক্তি দিয়েছেন যে, চলচ্চিত্র এবং উপন্যাসে গবাদি পশুর শহরগুলোর যে সহিংস চিত্র দেখা যায় তা মূলত একটি মিথ বা কল্পনা। তাঁর মতে, প্রকৃত ডজ সিটি ছিল দক্ষিণ সমভূমির মহিষের চামড়া ব্যবসার প্রধান কেন্দ্র এবং পশ্চিমের অন্যতম প্রধান গবাদি পশুর শহর। এটি টেক্সাস থেকে আসা গরু কেনাবেচা এবং পাঠানোর একটি প্রধান জায়গা ছিল। তিনি উল্লেখ করেন যে, মানুষের কল্পনায় একটি &quot;দ্বিতীয় ডজ সিটি&quot; বাস করে যা মূলত সহিংসতা, বিশৃঙ্খলা এবং অধঃপতনের একটি সাংস্কৃতিক প্রতীক হিসেবে টিকে আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; দুই মাস ধরে ট্রেইল পাড়ি দিয়ে টাকা হাতে আসা কাউবয়দের কাছে এই শহর ছিল উত্তেজনার জায়গা। কানসাসের হেইস সিটির একজন প্রত্যক্ষদর্শী এই গবাদি পশুর শহরের একটি জীবন্ত বর্ণনা দিয়েছেন:
{{Blockquote|ল্যাম্পের আলোয় হেইস সিটি ছিল অসাধারণ চঞ্চল, কিন্তু খুব একটা নীতিবান নয়। পানশালাগুলোর আলোয় রাস্তাগুলো ঝলমল করত এবং ভেতরে উঁকি দিলে দেখা যেত নর্তকীতে ঠাসা মেঝে; উজ্জ্বল পোশাক পরা মহিলারা ফিতে এবং রঙ দিয়ে তাঁদের মুখের সেই ভয়াবহ রেখাগুলো ঢাকার চেষ্টা করছেন যা 'উশৃঙ্খলতা' নামক কঠোর শিল্পী তাঁদের মুখে এঁকে দিতে ভালোবাসেন... বেহালা আর পায়ের শব্দের তালে তালে নাচ চলতে থাকে, আর আমরা সেই উন্মাদনার গোলকধাঁধায় এমন বৃদ্ধদেরও দেখেছি যারা হয়তো তাঁদের কবরের একদম কিনারে দাঁড়িয়ে নাচছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=William Edward |last=Webb |title=Buffalo land: an authentic narrative of the adventures and misadventures of a late scientific and sporting party upon the great plains of the West. With full descriptions of the buffalo, wolf, and wild horse, etc., etc. Also an appendix, constituting the work a manual for sportsmen and hand-book for emigrants seeking homes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ug5LAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA142 |year=1873 |page=142 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
এটা স্বীকৃত যে ডজ সিটির জনপ্রিয় চিত্রায়ণে কিছুটা সত্যতাও আছে, কারণ স্থানীয় সরকার প্রতিষ্ঠার আগে সেখানে বন্দুক সংক্রান্ত অপরাধ ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। তবে শহরের বাসিন্দারা আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে তাঁদের প্রথম পৌর সরকার গঠন করার পরেই প্রকাশ্যে বা গোপনে আগ্নেয়াস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করে একটি আইন পাস করেন এবং এর ফলে অপরাধের হার দ্রুত কমে যায়। অন্যান্য সীমান্ত শহরেও বন্দুকের সহিংসতা কমাতে একই ধরণের আইন পাস করা হয়েছিল। ইউসিএলএর আইনের অধ্যাপক অ্যাডাম রিঙ্কলার যেমনটা উল্লেখ করেছেন:
{{Blockquote|সীমান্ত শহরের সীমানার ভেতরে বন্দুক বহন করা সাধারণত নিষিদ্ধ ছিল। ডজ সিটি থেকে টুম্বস্টোন পর্যন্ত সব জায়গাতেই অস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করার আইন ছিল সাধারণ বিষয়। যখন ডজ সিটির বাসিন্দারা তাঁদের প্রথম পৌর সরকার গঠন করেন, তখন একদম শুরুর দিকে পাস হওয়া আইনগুলোর একটি ছিল গোপনে অস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করা। শীঘ্রই এই নিষেধাজ্ঞা প্রকাশ্যে অস্ত্র বহনের ক্ষেত্রেও কার্যকর হয়। হলিউডের চলচ্চিত্রে যে চিত্র দেখা যায় যে একজন বন্দুকধারী কোমরের দুই পাশে দুটি কোল্ট নিয়ে শহরের বুক চিরে হেঁটে যাচ্ছেন—তা কেবলই একটি হলিউড চিত্র, যা স্রেফ নাটকীয়তা তৈরির জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2014/04/29/rick-santorums-misguided-view-of-gun-control-in-the-wild-west/ |title=Rick Santorum's misguided view of gun control in the Wild West |first=Glenn |last=Kassler |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 29, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[টম্বস্টোন|অ্যারিজোনার টম্বস্টোন]] ছিল একটি অশান্ত খনি শহর যা ১৮৭৭ থেকে ১৯২৯ সাল পর্যন্ত দীর্ঘ সময় টিকে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৭৭ সালে সেখানে রূপোর সন্ধান পাওয়া যায় এবং ১৮৮১ সালের মধ্যে শহরটির জনসংখ্যা ১০,০০০ ছাড়িয়ে যায়। ১৮৭৯ সালে নবাগত ইয়ার্প ভাইয়েরা খনির শেয়ার এবং জুয়া খেলার অনুমতিপত্র কিনে নেন। কিন্তু ভার্জিল, ওয়ায়াট এবং মরগান ইয়ার্প বিভিন্ন সময়ে ফেডারেল ও স্থানীয় আইন রক্ষাকারী হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছিলেন। এক বছরেরও বেশি সময় ধরে চলা হুমকি এবং শত্রুতার পর তাঁরা ডক হলিডে-কে সাথে নিয়ে &quot;ও.কে. কোরাল বন্দুকযুদ্ধ&quot;-এ তিন দস্যুকে হত্যা করেন, যা ছিল পুরানো পশ্চিমের সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত বন্দুকযুদ্ধ। এর রেশ ধরে ভার্জিল ইয়ার্প এক অতর্কিত হামলায় পঙ্গু হয়ে যান এবং মরগান ইয়ার্প বিলিয়ার্ড খেলার সময় আততায়ীর হাতে নিহত হন। ওয়ায়াট এবং তাঁর অন্য ভাইয়েরা (জেমস এবং ওয়ারেন ইয়ার্প) আইনের তোয়াক্কা না করেই প্রতিশোধ নেওয়ার অভিযানে নামেন এবং ফ্র্যাঙ্ক স্টিলওয়েল খুনের ঘটনায় তাঁদের বিরুদ্ধে গ্রেপ্তারি পরোয়ানা জারি করা হয়। কোচিস কাউন্টি কাউবয়রা ছিল মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্যতম প্রথম সংগঠিত অপরাধ সিন্ডিকেট এবং ওয়ায়াট ইয়ার্পের হাতেই তাদের পতন ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের গল্পকার এবং চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাতারা তাঁদের অনেক সৃষ্টিতে এই বন্দুকযুদ্ধকে তুলে ধরেছেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ওয়াল্টার নোবেল বার্নসের উপন্যাস ''টম্বস্টোন'' (১৯২৭) ইয়ার্পকে বিখ্যাত করে তোলে। হলিউড ইয়ার্পের টম্বস্টোন দিবস উদযাপন করে জন ফোর্ডের ''মাই ডার্লিং ক্লেমেন্টাইন'' (১৯৪৬), জন স্টার্জেসের ''গানফাইট অ্যাট দ্য ওকে কোরাল'' (১৯৫৭) এবং ''আওয়ার অফ দ্য গান'' (১৯৬৭), ফ্রাঙ্ক পেরির ''ডক'' (১৯৭১), জর্জ কসম্যাটসের ''[[টম্বস্টোন (চলচ্চিত্র)|টম্বস্টোন]]'' (১৯৯৩) এবং লরেন্স কাসদানের ''ওয়াট ইয়ার্প'' (১৯৯৪)-এর মতো চলচ্চিত্রের মাধ্যমে উদযাপন করেছে। এই কাজগুলোই আধুনিক সমাজে ইয়ার্পের ভাবমূর্তিকে পুরানো পশ্চিমের সবচেয়ে ভয়ংকর বন্দুকধারী হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত করেছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== ডাকাতি =====
{{একাধিক চিত্র
| align             = 
| total_width       = 550
| image1            = Dalton Gang memento mori 1892.jpg
| image2            = Cherokeebill posing with captors.jpg
| image3            = Cherokee bill death.jpg
| footer            = (বামে): ১৮৯২ সালে কফিভিল যুদ্ধের পর ডাল্টন গ্যাং-এর সদস্যরা; (মাঝখানে): ১৮৯৫ সালে ওকলাহোমার নোয়াটাতে ট্রেন থামার সময় ক্রফোর্ড &quot;চেরোকি বিল&quot; গোল্ডসবি তাঁর বন্দিকারীদের সাথে পোজ দিচ্ছেন। বাম থেকে ডানে যথাক্রমে #৫) জেকে ক্রিটেনডেন; #৪) ডিক ক্রিটেনডেন; চেরোকি বিল; #২) ক্লিন্ট স্কেলস, #১) আইক রজার্স; #৩) ডেপুটি মার্শাল বিল স্মিথ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weE1AQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Clint+scales+photograph+with+Cherokee+Bill&amp;pg=PA398|title=Hell on the Border: He Hanged Eighty-eight Men. A History of the Great United States Criminal Court at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and of Crime and Criminals in the Indian Territory, and the Trial and Punishment Thereof Before ... Judge Isaac C. Parker ... and by the Courts of Said Territory, Embracing the Leading Sentences and Charges to Grand and Petit Juries Delivered by the World Famous Jurist – his Acknowledged Masterpieces, Besides Much Other Legal Lore ... Illustrated with Over Fifty Fine Half-tones|first=S. W.|last=Harman|date=January 10, 1898|publisher=Phoenix publishing Company|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ডানে): ১৮৯৬ সালের ১৭ই মার্চ চেরোকি বিলের ফাঁসির চিত্রায়ন, যা তাঁর মৃত্যুদণ্ডের পর সংবাদপত্রগুলোতে প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল।
}}

বন্য পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের কিছু স্বল্প পরিচিত দস্যু এবং দস্যুর তালিকায় কিছু কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলাও ছিলেন। এলিজা স্টুয়ার্ট, যিনি বন্ধুদের কাছে &quot;বিগ জ্যাক&quot; নামে পরিচিত ছিলেন, তার প্রেমিকের ওপর হত্যার চেষ্টার দায়ে এবং পরবর্তীতে মারধরের দায়ে গ্রেপ্তার হয়েছিলেন। স্টুয়ার্ট ওয়াইমিংয়ের লারামির একটি কারাগারে সাজা খেটেছিলেন। ক্যারোলিন হেইস ছিলেন আরেকজন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলা দস্যু যিনি চুরির জন্য কুখ্যাত ছিলেন এবং ওয়াইমিংয়ের লারামি ও শায়েন কারাগারে বন্দি ছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

১৮৪৯ সালের পর ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় দস্যুবৃত্তি একটি বড় সমস্যা হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছিল, কারণ পরিবার বা সমাজ থেকে বিচ্ছিন্ন হাজার হাজার যুবক এমন একটি ভূখণ্ডে চলে এসেছিল যেখানে আইন প্রয়োগের ব্যবস্থা ছিল খুব সামান্য। এটি মোকাবিলা করার জন্য সান ফ্রান্সিসকো সতর্কতা কমিটি বা ভিজিল্যান্স কমিটি গঠন করা হয় যাতে কুখ্যাত অপরাধীদের &quot;সংক্ষিপ্ত বিচার&quot; এবং মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেওয়া যায়। একইভাবে, শান্তি-রক্ষণকারী প্রতিষ্ঠানের অভাবে অন্যান্য আদি জনপদগুলোও সমাজ রক্ষার জন্য তাদের নিজস্ব বেসরকারি সংস্থা তৈরি করেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;CultureViolence&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=DiLorenzo|প্রথমাংশ=Thomas J.|শিরোনাম=The Culture of Violence in the American West: Myth versus Reality|ইউআরএল=http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=803|ওয়েবসাইট=The Independent Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  এই সতর্কতা কমিটিগুলো সীমান্তের বিভিন্ন পেশার প্রতিফলন ঘটাত, যেমন ভূমি ক্লাব, গবাদি পশু মালিকদের সমিতি এবং খনি শিবির। টেক্সাসেও একই ধরণের সতর্কতা কমিটি বিদ্যমান ছিল এবং তাদের মূল উদ্দেশ্য ছিল আইনহীনতা দমন করা এবং সমাজকে দুশ্চরিত্র ও গবাদি পশু চোরদের হাত থেকে মুক্ত করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই কমিটিগুলো মাঝেমধ্যে ব্যক্তিগত সতর্কতা গোষ্ঠীগুলোর জন্য উগ্র ভিড়ের শাসনে পরিণত হতো, কিন্তু সাধারণত এগুলো দায়িত্বশীল নাগরিকদের নিয়ে গঠিত হতো যারা কেবল শৃঙ্খলা বজায় রাখতে চাইতেন। এই সতর্কতা কমিটিগুলোর হাতে ধরা পড়া অপরাধীদের সাথে নিষ্ঠুর আচরণ করা হতো; প্রায়ই কোনো ধরণের বিচার ছাড়াই তাঁদের ফাঁসি দেওয়া হতো বা গুলি করা হতো।&lt;ref name=&quot;Vigil&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Gard|প্রথমাংশ=Wayne|তারিখ=June 15, 2010|প্রকাশক=Handbook of Texas|শিরোনাম=Vigilantes and Vigilance Committees|ইউআরএল=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jnv01|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== গোষ্ঠীদ্বন্দ্ব =====
[[File:What an Unbranded Cow Has Cost by Frederic Remington 1895.jpeg|right|thumb|ফ্রেডেরিক রেমিংটনের ''একটি অচিহ্নিত গরুর মূল্য যা দিতে হয়েছে'', যা কাউবয় এবং সন্দেহভাজন গবাদি পশু চোরদের মধ্যে একটি চারণভূমি যুদ্ধের পরিণাম চিত্রিত করে। ১৮৯৫।]]

চারণভূমি যুদ্ধগুলো ছিল আমেরিকান সীমান্তের &quot;উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমিতে&quot; সংঘটিত কুখ্যাত সশস্ত্র সংঘাত। চাষাবাদ এবং গবাদি পশু চরানোর জন্য অবাধে ব্যবহৃত জমির নিয়ন্ত্রণ ছিল এই সংঘাতগুলোর মূল বিষয়, যার ফলে এই নাম দেওয়া হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Marilynn S. Johnson, ''Violence in the West: The Johnson County Range War and Ludlow Massacre: A Brief History with Documents''. (2008) p.&amp;nbsp;12. {{ISBN|978-0312445799}}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকান গৃহযুদ্ধের শেষের দিকে চারণভূমি যুদ্ধগুলো আরও সাধারণ হয়ে ওঠে এবং অসংখ্য সংঘাত সংঘটিত হয় যেমন প্লিজ্যান্ট ভ্যালি যুদ্ধ, জনসন কাউন্টি যুদ্ধ, পেকোস যুদ্ধ, মেসন কাউন্টি যুদ্ধ, কলোরাডো চারণভূমি যুদ্ধ, বেড়া কাটা যুদ্ধ, কোলফ্যাক্স কাউন্টি যুদ্ধ, ক্যাসটাইক চারণভূমি যুদ্ধ, স্প্রিং ক্রিক অভিযান, পোরাম চারণভূমি যুদ্ধ, বারবার-মিজেল দ্বন্দ্ব, সান এলিজারিও সল্ট যুদ্ধ এবং অন্যান্য।&lt;ref&gt;Randy McFerrin and Douglas Wills, &quot;High Noon on the Western Range: A Property Rights Analysis of the Johnson County War&quot;, ''Journal of Economic History'' (2007) 67#1 pp.&amp;nbsp;69–92&lt;/ref&gt; মন্টানায় একটি চারণভূমি যুদ্ধের সময় &quot;স্টুয়ার্ট'স স্ট্র্যাংলারস&quot; নামক একটি সতর্কতা গোষ্ঠী, যারা গবাদি পশু মালিক এবং কাউবয়দের নিয়ে গঠিত ছিল, তারা ১৮৮৪ সালেই প্রায় ২০ জন অপরাধী এবং অনধিকার প্রবেশকারীকে হত্যা করেছিল।&lt;ref name=Howard&gt;{{cite book |author=Joseph Kinsey Howard |title=Montana, high, wide, and handsome |year=2003 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln |isbn=978-0803273399 |pages=129–137 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vDLc6nfBc1kC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.historynet.com/gang-crackdown-when-stuarts-stranglers-raided-the-rustlers.htm |title=Gang Crackdown: When Stuart's Stranglers Raided |last=DeArment |first=R.K. |work=Wild West Magazine |date=June 7, 2007 }} June 7, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; নেব্রাস্কায় গবাদি পশু পালনকারী আইসোম অলিভ ১৮৭৮ সালে একটি চারণভূমি যুদ্ধের নেতৃত্ব দিয়েছিলেন যেখানে বেশ কিছু বসতি স্থাপনকারী লিঞ্চিং এবং গোলাগুলিতে নিহত হন, যা শেষ পর্যন্ত তাঁর নিজের হত্যাকাণ্ডের দিকে নিয়ে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/johnson.html |title=Johnson County War |publisher=Wyoming Tails and Trails |access-date=February 2, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108082126/http://wyomingtalesandtrails.com/johnson.html |archive-date=January 8, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমি সংঘাতের আরেকটি কুখ্যাত ধরণ ছিল &quot;ভেড়া যুদ্ধ&quot;, যা ভেড়া পালনকারী এবং গবাদি পশু পালনকারীদের মধ্যে চারণভূমির অধিকার নিয়ে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল এবং মূলত টেক্সাস, অ্যারিজোনা এবং ওয়াইমিং ও কলোরাডোর সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;tshaonline1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/azs01 |title=Sheep Wars &amp;#124; The Handbook of Texas Online&amp;#124; Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) |publisher=Tshaonline.org |access-date=February 10, 2012|date=June 15, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jcs-group1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jcs-group.com/oldwest/wars/sheepmen.html |title=Feuds &amp; Range Wars – Sheepmen vs. Cattlemen |publisher=Jcs-group.com |access-date=February 10, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেশিরভাগ ক্ষেত্রে এই সংঘাতগুলো দ্রুত থামানোর জন্য আনুষ্ঠানিক সামরিক হস্তক্ষেপ ব্যবহার করা হতো। জমি এবং ভূখণ্ড নিয়ে অন্যান্য সংঘাতও সংঘটিত হয়েছিল যেমন রেগুলেটর-মডারেটর যুদ্ধ, কর্তিনা গোলযোগ, লাস কুয়েভাস যুদ্ধ এবং দস্যু যুদ্ধ।

পরিবার এবং রক্তধারা নিয়ে জড়িত গোষ্ঠীদ্বন্দ্বও সীমান্তে অনেক দেখা যেত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-feuds.html|title=Legends of America: Feuds and Range Wars|access-date=September 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; যেহেতু বেসরকারি সংস্থা এবং সতর্কতা কমিটিগুলোই ছিল যথাযথ আদালতের বিকল্প, তাই অনেক পরিবার প্রাথমিকভাবে তাদের নিরাপত্তা ও বিচারের জন্য নিজেদের এবং তাদের সমাজের ওপর নির্ভর করত। এই যুদ্ধগুলোর মধ্যে রয়েছে লিংকন কাউন্টি যুদ্ধ, টুট-এভারেট যুদ্ধ, ফ্লিন-ডোরান দ্বন্দ্ব, আর্লি-হাসলে দ্বন্দ্ব, ব্রুকস-ব্যাক্সটার যুদ্ধ, সাটন-টেলর দ্বন্দ্ব, হরেল ব্রাদার্স দ্বন্দ্ব, ব্রুকস-ম্যাকফারল্যান্ড দ্বন্দ্ব, রিস-টাউনসেন্ড দ্বন্দ্ব এবং ইয়ার্প ভেন্ডেটা রাইড।

====গবাদি পশু====
[[File:Charles Marion Russell - Buccaroos (1902).jpg|thumb|আমেরিকান কাউবয়ের একটি ধ্রুপদী ছবি, যা সি. এম. রাসেলের তুলিতে ফুটে উঠেছে।]]


১৮৭০ এবং ১৮৮০-এর দশকের মধ্যে গবাদি পশুর খামারগুলো আরও উত্তরে নতুন চারণভূমিতে বিস্তৃত হয়। এগুলো ওয়াইমিং, মন্টানা, কলোরাডো, নেব্রাস্কা এবং ডাকোটা অঞ্চলে মহিষের পালের জায়গা দখল করে নেয়। উভয় উপকূলে গবাদি পশু পাঠানোর জন্য রেলপথ ব্যবহার করা হতো। অনেক বড় খামারের মালিক ছিলেন স্কটিশ এবং ইংরেজ অর্থদাতারা। সমগ্র পশ্চিমের বৃহত্তম গবাদি পশুর খামারটির মালিক ছিলেন জন ডব্লিউ ইলিফ, যাকে &quot;সমতলের গবাদি পশুর রাজা&quot; বলা হতো। তিনি কলোরাডো এবং ওয়াইমিং-এ ব্যবসা পরিচালনা করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Daniel|last=Boorstin|title=The Americans: The Democratic Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RicRyr47FMgC&amp;pg=PT23|year=1974|publisher=Random House|page=23|isbn=978-0307756497}}&lt;/ref&gt; ধীরে ধীরে উত্তর-পশ্চিমের বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মাধ্যমে আসা ব্রিটিশ ব্রিড হেয়ারফোর্ড এবং অ্যাঙ্গাস দিয়ে লংহর্ন গরুর জায়গা পূরণ করা হয়। যদিও এই নতুন প্রজাতির গরুগুলো কম সহনশীল এবং রোগাক্রান্ত হওয়ার সম্ভাবনা বেশি ছিল, তবে এগুলোর মাংস ছিল অনেক সুস্বাদু এবং এগুলো খুব দ্রুত বড় হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard W.|last=Slatta|title=The Cowboy Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_08YPVPGE_MC&amp;pg=PA227|year=1996|publisher=W. W. Norton|page=227|isbn=978-0393314731}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গবাদি পশু শিল্পের প্রয়োজনীয় অর্থের বেশিরভাগই আসত ব্রিটিশ উৎস থেকে। ইউরোপীয় বিনিয়োগকারীরা এই ব্যবসায় এক ধরণের উন্মাদনায় মেতেছিলেন, যা ছিল মূলত একটি অর্থনৈতিক &quot;বুদবুদ&quot; বা বাবল। গ্রাহাম মনে করেন যে এই উন্মাদনা যেমন প্রকৃত সুযোগের ওপর ভিত্তি করে তৈরি হয়েছিল, তেমনই এর পেছনে &quot;অতিরঞ্জন, অতিবিশ্বাস, অপর্যাপ্ত যোগাযোগ, অসততা এবং অযোগ্যতা&quot;র ভূমিকাও ছিল। ১৮৮৬ সালের শেষের দিকে এবং ১৮৮৭ সাল পর্যন্ত সমতল অঞ্চলে এক ভয়াবহ শীতের প্রকোপ দেখা দেয়। প্রেইরি অঞ্চলের ঘাস বরফের নিচে ঢাকা পড়ে যায় যা ক্ষুধার্ত গরুর পাল ভেদ করতে পারেনি। এর ফলে ব্রিটিশ বিনিয়োগকারীরা এবং থিওডোর রুজভেল্টের মতো পূর্বের বিনিয়োগকারীরা তাঁদের বেশিরভাগ অর্থ হারান। তবে তাঁদের এই বিনিয়োগ একটি বিশাল শিল্প তৈরি করেছিল যা আজও উত্থান-পতনের মধ্য দিয়ে টিকে আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 3111428|title = The Investment Boom in British-Texan Cattle Companies 1880–1885|journal = The Business History Review|volume = 34|issue = 4|pages = 421–445|last1 = Graham|first1 = Richard|year = 1960|doi = 10.2307/3111428| s2cid=153932584 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

তুলনামূলকভাবে ছোট পরিসরে ভেড়া পালন বেশ জনপ্রিয় ছিল কারণ ভেড়া খাওয়ানো সহজ এবং এদের জলের প্রয়োজনও কম হতো। তবে আমেরিকানরা ভেড়ার মাংস বা মাটন খুব একটা খেত না। যখন কৃষকরা উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমিতে আসতে শুরু করলেন, তখন গবাদি পশুর খামারগুলোর সেই আদি যুগ শেষ হয়ে যায়। এর বদলে কাঁটাতারের বেড়া দেওয়া এলাকা তৈরি হয় যেখানে জল, প্রজনন এবং ঘাস খাওয়ার বিষয়টি নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা সম্ভব হতো। এটি পরবর্তীতে জলের অধিকার নিয়ে বিতর্কের জেরে &quot;বেড়া যুদ্ধে&quot;র জন্ম দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Everett Dick, ''Vanguards of the Frontier: A Social History of the Northern Plains and the Rocky Mountains from the Fur Traders to the Busters'' (1941) pp. 497–508.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=David|last=Montejano|author-link=David Montejano|title=[[Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986]]|year=1987|publisher=[[U. of Texas Press]]|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YnUKT4f_fZQC&amp;pg=PA87 87]|isbn=978-0292788077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====গবাদি পশুর শহর=====
১৮৬০ এবং ১৮৭০-এর দশকের উদীয়মান গবাদি পশু শিল্পের প্রধান ভিত্তি ছিল কানসাস এবং মিসৌরির এই শহরগুলো। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ও নেভাদার খনি শহরগুলোর মতো অ্যাবিলিন, ডজ সিটি এবং এলসওয়ার্থের মতো গবাদি পশুর শহরগুলোও প্রায় পাঁচ বছর স্থায়ী এক দ্রুত উত্থান ও পতনের মধ্য দিয়ে গিয়েছিল। জমির ফাটকাবাজরা সম্ভাব্য রেললাইনের কথা মাথায় রেখে আগেভাগেই সেখানে হাজির হতেন এবং পশুপালক ও কাউবয়দের জন্য আকর্ষণীয় পরিষেবা সহ একটি শহর গড়ে তুলতেন। রেলপথের সংযোগ পেলে নতুন চারণভূমি এবং সেই শহরটি গবাদি পশুর ব্যবসার একটি নিরাপদ কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হতো। তবে খনি শহরগুলো আকরিক শেষ হওয়ার পর অনেক ক্ষেত্রেই পরিত্যক্ত বা ভুতুড়ে শহরে পরিণত হলেও, এই শহরগুলোর বিবর্তন ছিল ভিন্ন। চারণভূমি শেষ হয়ে যাওয়ার পর এই শহরগুলো সাধারণত গবাদি পশুর ব্যবসা থেকে কৃষিভিত্তিক জনপদে রূপান্তরিত হতো এবং নিজেদের অস্তিত্ব টিকিয়ে রাখত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Robert R.|last=Dykstra|title=The Cattle Towns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t15L9AfXlPcC&amp;pg=PA131|year=1983|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0803265615}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===সংরক্ষণ এবং পরিবেশবাদ===

[[File:TR-Enviro.JPG|thumb|১৯০৮ সালের একটি সম্পাদকীয় কার্টুনে প্রেসিডেন্ট থিওডোর রুজভেল্টকে তাঁর কাউবয় বেশে এবং প্রকৃতি সংরক্ষণের আন্দোলনে তাঁর জেহাদি ভূমিকার সাথে ফুটিয়ে তোলা হয়েছে।]]

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে পরিবেশ রক্ষার বিষয়টি একটি নতুন ইস্যু হিসেবে আবির্ভূত হয়, যা বিভিন্ন স্বার্থের মধ্যে দ্বন্দ্ব তৈরি করেছিল। একদিকে ছিল কাঠ এবং কয়লা কোম্পানিগুলো, যারা কর্মসংস্থান, অর্থনৈতিক প্রবৃদ্ধি এবং নিজেদের মুনাফা বাড়াতে প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদের সর্বোচ্চ ব্যবহারের দাবি জানিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Char Miller, ''Gifford Pinchot and the making of modern environmentalism'' (2001) p.&amp;nbsp;4&lt;/ref&gt;

মাঝখানে ছিলেন সংরক্ষণবাদীরা, যাদের নেতৃত্বে ছিলেন থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট এবং তাঁর মিত্র আউটডোরম্যান, ক্রীড়াবিদ, পাখি পর্যবেক্ষক ও বিজ্ঞানীরা। তাঁরা অপচয় কমাতে চেয়েছিলেন; পর্যটনের জন্য প্রাকৃতিক সৌন্দর্য এবং শিকারিদের জন্য প্রচুর বন্যপ্রাণীর মূল্যের ওপর জোর দিয়েছিলেন। তারা যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, সঠিক ব্যবস্থাপনার মাধ্যমে পরিকল্পিত আহরণ এবং পরিবেশগত সুরক্ষা নিশ্চিত করলে সমাজের দীর্ঘমেয়াদী অর্থনৈতিক সুবিধা বৃদ্ধি পাবে। রুজভেল্ট তাঁর পুরো কর্মজীবন জুড়ে এই বিষয়টিকে জাতীয় এজেন্ডার শীর্ষে রাখার চেষ্টা করেছেন। তিনি প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ সংরক্ষণের বিষয়ে গভীরভাবে প্রতিশ্রুতিবদ্ধ ছিলেন। তিনি গিফোর্ড পিনচোর সাথে নিবিড়ভাবে কাজ করেছিলেন এবং ক্ষুদ্র খামারে সেচ দেওয়ার জন্য ফেডারেল বাঁধ নির্মাণকে উৎসাহিত করতে ১৯০২ সালের নিউল্যান্ডস রিক্লেমেশন অ্যাক্ট ব্যবহার করেছিলেন। তিনি প্রায় ২৩০ মিলিয়ন একর (৯,৩০,০০০ বর্গ কিমি) জমিকে ফেডারেল সুরক্ষার অধীনে নিয়ে আসেন। রুজভেল্ট তাঁর পূর্বসূরিদের সবার মিলিত সংখ্যার চেয়েও বেশি ফেডারেল ভূমি, জাতীয় উদ্যান এবং প্রকৃতি সংরক্ষণ কেন্দ্র তৈরি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;Douglas G. Brinkley, ''The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America'' (2010)&lt;/ref&gt;

১৯১০ সালে রুজভেল্ট তার অবস্থান ব্যাখ্যা করেছিলেন:

{{blockquote|সংরক্ষণ বলতে সুরক্ষার পাশাপাশি উন্নয়নকেও বোঝায়। আমাদের ভূখণ্ডের প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ উন্নয়ন ও ব্যবহারের ক্ষেত্রে বর্তমান প্রজন্মের অধিকার ও কর্তব্যকে আমি স্বীকার করি, কিন্তু সেগুলোকে অপচয় করার অথবা অপব্যয়ের মাধ্যমে আমাদের পরবর্তী প্রজন্মকে বঞ্চিত করার অধিকার আমি স্বীকার করি না।&lt;ref&gt;W. Todd Benson, ''President Theodore Roosevelt's Conservation Legacy'' (2003) p.&amp;nbsp;25&lt;/ref&gt;}}

তৃতীয় পক্ষে ছিল পরিবেশবাদীরা, যারা প্রথমে সংখ্যায় কম থাকলেও ১৮৭০ সালের পর দ্রুত বাড়তে থাকেন। তাঁরা প্রকৃতির নিজস্ব সত্তার প্রতি শ্রদ্ধাশীল ছিলেন এবং মানুষের সর্বোচ্চ সুবিধা পাওয়ার লক্ষ্যকে প্রত্যাখ্যান করেছিলেন। তাঁদের নেতা ছিলেন জন মুইর (১৮৩৮-১৯১৪), একজন জনপ্রিয় লেখক, প্রকৃতিবিদ এবং বন্যভূমি রক্ষার পথিকৃৎ প্রবক্তা। তিনি সিয়েরা ক্লাব প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ভিত্তিক স্কটিশ-আমেরিকান মুইর ১৮৮৯ সালে ইয়োসেমাইট উপত্যকার সেকুইয়া গাছগুলো রক্ষার জন্য জনমত গঠন শুরু করেন; এর ফলে কংগ্রেস ইয়োসেমাইট ন্যাশনাল পার্ক বিল (১৮৯০) পাস করে। ১৮৯৭ সালে প্রেসিডেন্ট গ্রোভার ক্লিভল্যান্ড তেরোটি সংরক্ষিত অরণ্য তৈরি করেছিলেন, কিন্তু কাঠের ব্যবসায়ীদের প্রভাবে কংগ্রেস সেই উদ্যোগ বাতিল করে দেয়। মুইর তখন একজন ধর্মপ্রচারকের মতো কাঠুরেদের বিরুদ্ধে জেহাদ ঘোষণা করেন এবং একে &quot;প্রাকৃতিক ন্যায়পরায়ণতা বনাম শয়তানের&quot; লড়াই হিসেবে চিত্রিত করেন।&lt;ref&gt;Dennis C. Williams, ''God's wilds: John Muir's vision of nature'' (2002) p.&amp;nbsp;134&lt;/ref&gt; একজন দক্ষ প্রচারক হিসেবে মুইরের ম্যাগাজিন নিবন্ধগুলো, যা ''হার্পারস উইকলি'' (৫ জুন, ১৮৯৭) এবং ''দ্য আটলান্টিক মান্থলিতে'' প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল, জনমতের মোড় ঘুরিয়ে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;John Muir, [https://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=atla;idno=atla0080-2 &quot;The American Forests&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; তিনি রুজভেল্টের জাতীয় স্মৃতিসৌধ, জাতীয় বন সংরক্ষণ এবং জাতীয় উদ্যান কর্মসূচিকে সমর্থন করার জন্য জনমতকে সংগঠিত করেছিলেন। তবে ইয়োসেমাইট জাতীয় উদ্যানে সান ফ্রান্সিসকোতে জল সরবরাহের জন্য নির্মিত হেচ হেচি বাঁধের প্রশ্নে মুইর রুজভেল্ট এবং বিশেষ করে প্রেসিডেন্ট উইলিয়াম হাওয়ার্ড ট্যাফ্টের সাথে সম্পর্ক ছিন্ন করেন। জীবনীকার ডোনাল্ড ওরস্টার বলেন, &quot;আমেরিকান আত্মাকে বস্তুবাদের কাছে সম্পূর্ণ আত্মসমর্পণ থেকে বাঁচানোই ছিল তাঁর লড়াইয়ের মূল কারণ।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Donald|last=Worster|title=A Passion for Nature: The Life of John Muir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuAsAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Oxford U. Press|page=403|isbn=978-0195166828}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====মহিষ====

[[File:Alfred Jacob Miller - Wounded Buffalo - Walters 37194056.jpg|thumb|আলফ্রেড জ্যাকব মিলারের আঁকা &quot;আহত মহিষ&quot;।]]

গবাদি পশু শিল্প এবং কাউবয়দের উত্থান সরাসরি ম&quot;হিষের&quot; বিশাল পালের বিলুপ্তির সাথে জড়িত। একসময় গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চলে এদের সংখ্যা আড়াই কোটিরও বেশি ছিল। এই তৃণভোজী প্রাণীর পালগুলো সমতল ভূমির আদিবাসীদের জন্য একটি অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সম্পদ ছিল; যা তাদের খাবার, পোশাক ও আশ্রয়ের জন্য চামড়া এবং বিভিন্ন সরঞ্জাম তৈরির জন্য হাড় সরবরাহ করত। বাসস্থানের অভাব, রোগবালাই এবং অতিরিক্ত শিকারের ফলে উনবিংশ শতাব্দী জুড়ে এই পালের সংখ্যা ক্রমাগত কমতে থাকে এবং একপর্যায়ে তা প্রায় বিলুপ্তির কাছাকাছি পৌঁছে যায়। ১৮৭২ থেকে ১৮৮৩ সালের মধ্যবর্তী মাত্র এক দশকে শেষ ১ থেকে ১.৫ কোটি মহিষ মারা যায়; শেষ পর্যন্ত মাত্র ১০০টি মহিষ টিকে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;M. Scott Taylor, &quot;Buffalo Hunt: International Trade and the Virtual Extinction of the North American Bison&quot;, ''[[American Economic Review]]'', (Dec 2011) 101#7 pp.&amp;nbsp;3162–3195&lt;/ref&gt; যেসব উপজাতি টিকে থাকার জন্য মহিষের ওপর নির্ভরশীল ছিল, তাদের কাছে সরকারের দেওয়া সংরক্ষিত এলাকার প্রস্তাব মেনে নেওয়া ছাড়া আর কোনো উপায় ছিল না। সেখানে সরকার তাদের খাবার এবং প্রয়োজনীয় রসদ সরবরাহের প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়েছিল। ১৯০৫ সালে সংরক্ষণবাদীরা &quot;আমেরিকান মহিষ সমিতি&quot; প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন; এই সংস্থাটি সরকারিভাবে মহিষের পাল গঠনের জন্য কংগ্রেসের ওপর চাপ সৃষ্টি করেছিল। মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এবং কানাডায় বেশ কিছু জাতীয় উদ্যান তৈরি করা হয়েছিল মূলত মহিষ এবং অন্যান্য বড় বন্যপ্রাণীদের অভয়ারণ্য হিসেবে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Glenn E. |last1=Plumb |first2=Rosemary |last2=Sucec |title=A Bison Conservation History in the U.S. National Parks |journal=[[Journal of the West]] |date=2006 |volume=45 |issue=2 |citeseerx=10.1.1.470.4476 |pages=22–28}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০০৩ সালের মধ্যে মহিষের সংখ্যা ৫,০০,০০০-এ পৌঁছায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Delaney P. |last1=Boyd  |first2=C. Cormack |last2=Gates |title=A Brief Review of the Status of Plains Bison in North America |journal=Journal of the West |date=2006 |volume= 45|issue=2|pages=15–21|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237633250}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== সরকার ===
মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম দিকের আঞ্চলিক সরকারগুলো মার্কিন সরকার কর্তৃক পাস হওয়া &quot;সাংগঠনিক আইন&quot; (Organic Acts)-এর মাধ্যমে তৈরি করা হয়েছিল এবং এদের কাঠামো খুব সামান্য পার্থক্য ছাড়া প্রায় একই রকম ছিল। প্রতিটি অঞ্চলের জন্য একজন গভর্নর, একজন আঞ্চলিক সচিব, &quot;ইন্ডিয়ান এজেন্ট&quot; এবং আদালতের জন্য তিনজন বিচারক ছিলেন; এঁরা সবাই মার্কিন প্রেসিডেন্ট কর্তৃক নিযুক্ত হতেন এবং মার্কিন সেনেটের &quot;পরামর্শ ও সম্মতি&quot;র ভিত্তিতে নিশ্চিত হতেন। প্রতিটি অঞ্চলের একটি দ্বিকক্ষবিশিষ্ট আইনসভা ছিল। বিচারক, বিচারপতি, আঞ্চলিক অ্যাটর্নি, মার্শাল এবং কাউন্টি অফিসের পদগুলো হয় জনগণের ভোটে নির্বাচিত হতো অথবা আঞ্চলিক গভর্নর দ্বারা মনোনীত হয়ে আইনসভার উচ্চকক্ষ কর্তৃক অনুমোদিত হতো। কোনো অঞ্চলের পাস করা যেকোনো আইনের জন্য কংগ্রেসের অনুমোদনের প্রয়োজন ছিল, অন্যথায় তা অবৈধ বলে গণ্য হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bakken |first=Gordon Morris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjHQWyttp6QC |title=Law in the Western United States |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2000 |pages=293 &amp; 294 |isbn=978-0-8061-3215-0 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===সীমান্তের অবসান===
[[File:Distribution of US Rural Population during 1910.pdf|thumb|১৯১০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির একটি মানচিত্র, যা আমেরিকান সীমান্তের অবশিষ্ট বিস্তৃতি দেখাচ্ছে।]]

১৮৯০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির পর, সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট ঘোষণা করেন যে জনবসতি এগিয়ে যাওয়ার আর কোনো স্পষ্ট রেখা নেই এবং সেই অনুযায়ী মহাদেশীয় মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে আর কোনো অবিচ্ছিন্ন সীমান্ত অবশিষ্ট নেই। তবে ১৯০০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির [[c:File:Distribution of US Rural Population during 1900.pdf|জনসংখ্যার বিন্যাস]] পর্যবেক্ষণ করলে দেখা যায় যে, অবিচ্ছিন্ন সীমান্তরেখা তখনও বজায় ছিল। কিন্তু ১৯১০ সালের আদমশুমারির সময় সীমান্তের কেবল কিছু বিচ্ছিন্ন অংশই অবশিষ্ট ছিল এবং কোনো স্পষ্ট পশ্চিমমুখী রেখা ছিল না। এর ফলে কোনো সীমান্তরেখা অতিক্রম না করেই পুরো মহাদেশ পাড়ি দেওয়া সম্ভব হয়ে ওঠে।

১৮৯০ সালের পর চাষযোগ্য নতুন জমি পাওয়া ক্রমশ কঠিন হয়ে পড়েছিল—যদিও রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো পূর্ব মন্টানায় এমন কিছু জমির বিজ্ঞাপন দিত। বিচা দেখিয়েছেন যে, ১৮৯৭ থেকে ১৯১৪ সালের মধ্যে প্রায় ৬,০০,০০০ মার্কিন কৃষক সস্তায় জমির আশায় কানাডিয়ান পশ্চিমের প্রেইরি সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে চলে গিয়েছিলেন। তবে তাঁদের মধ্যে প্রায় দুই-তৃতীয়াংশ মানুষই হতাশ হয়ে যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে ফিরে আসেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Murdoch&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first=David | last=Murdoch | title=The American West: The Invention of a Myth | publisher=[[University of Nevada Press]] | isbn= 978-0874173697 | year = 2001| page= vii | location=Reno | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8OkTAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=no%20other%20nation%20has%20taken%20a%20time%20and%20a%20place%20from%20its%20past}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 986139|title = The Plains Farmer and the Prairie Province Frontier, 1897–1914|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-american-philosophical-society_1965-12-10_109_6/page/398|journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume = 109|issue = 6|pages = 398–440|last1 = Bicha|first1 = Karel Denis|year = 1965}}&lt;/ref&gt; তা সত্ত্বেও, উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর তুলনায় বিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথম দুই দশকে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা অনেক বেশি জমি নিজেদের নামে দাবি করেছিলেন। সীমান্ত সঙ্কুচিত হওয়ার পেছনে হোমস্টেড অ্যাক্টস বা বসতভিটা আইন এবং রেলপথের দ্রুত প্রসারকে প্রধান কারণ হিসেবে ধরা হয়, কারণ এগুলো অত্যন্ত দক্ষভাবে বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং প্রয়োজনীয় অবকাঠামো পৌঁছে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Railroads Forever Changed the Frontier {{!}} American Heritage|url=https://www.americanheritage.com/how-railroads-forever-changed-frontier|access-date=August 10, 2021|website=www.americanheritage.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; T১৯০৯ সালে জমি বরাদ্দের পরিমাণ ১৬০ একর থেকে বাড়িয়ে ৩২০ একর এবং ১৯১৬ সালে চারণভূমির ক্ষেত্রে তা ৬৪০ একর করা হলে এই প্রক্রিয়া আরও ত্বরান্বিত হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; কাঁটাতারের বেড়ার ব্যবহারও ঐতিহ্যবাহী উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমি কমিয়ে দেওয়ার অন্যতম কারণ হিসেবে বিবেচিত হয়। এ ছাড়াও অটোমোবাইলের ক্রমবর্ধমান ব্যবহার এবং ১৯১৬ সালের ফেডারেল এইড হাইওয়ে অ্যাক্টের মাধ্যমে প্রথমবারের মতো সরকারি ভর্তুকিতে তৈরি রাস্তাঘাট সীমান্তের চূড়ান্ত অবসান নিশ্চিত করে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Barbed Wire {{!}} The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture|url=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=BA016|access-date=August 10, 2021|website=www.okhistory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Milner |first1=Clyde A. |url=http://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00clyd |title=The Oxford history of the American West |last2=O'Connor |first2=Carol A. |last3=Sandweiss |first3=Martha A. |date=1994 |publisher= Oxford University Press  |location=New York |isbn=978-0195059687 |page=745}}&lt;/ref&gt;


মেক্সিকান বিপ্লবের ফলেও মার্কিন-মেক্সিকো সীমান্ত জুড়ে উল্লেখযোগ্য সংঘাত ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল যা মূলত সীমান্ত অঞ্চলের মধ্যেই সীমাবদ্ধ ছিল; এটি মেক্সিকান বর্ডার ওয়ার (১৯১০-১৯১৯) নামে পরিচিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Illustrations: Population|date=July 1914|url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/statistical-atlas-united-states-74/illustrations-population-492434|work=Statistical Atlas of the United States|others=United States. Bureau of the Census|series=Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1910 |access-date=August 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯১৬ সালের কলম্বাস যুদ্ধ এবং পুনিটিভ এক্সপিডিশন ছিল এই যুদ্ধের প্রধান কেন্দ্রবিন্দু। এ ছাড়া ১৯১৫ থেকে ১৯১৯ সালের ব্যান্ডিট ওয়ার বা দস্যু যুদ্ধের সময় টেক্সাসের বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের লক্ষ্য করে আক্রমণ চালানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=TSHA {{!}} Plan of San Diego|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/plan-of-san-diego|access-date=August 9, 2021|website=www.tshaonline.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; আদিবাসীদের সাথে খণ্ডযুদ্ধ ১৯২০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্তও চলেছিল, যার উদাহরণ হলো ব্লাফ যুদ্ধ (১৯১৪-১৯১৫) এবং পোসি যুদ্ধ (১৯২৩)।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় অঞ্চলে মার্কিন প্রভাব ও বিচারিক ক্ষমতার বিস্তার ছিল এক অর্থে নতুন একটি &quot;এশিয়া-প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় সীমান্ত&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Azuma |first=Eiichiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbmkDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA31 |title=In Search of Our Frontier: Japanese America and Settler Colonialism in the Construction of Japan's Borderless Empire |date=2019-10-08 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-30438-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের বিকাশের জন্য এটি একটি প্রয়োজনীয় উপাদান ছিল। তাঁর মতে, একটি সভ্য এবং আদর্শবাদী জাতি হিসেবে আমেরিকার আত্মপরিচয় টিকে ছিল ক্রমাগত কোনো এক 'অসভ্য অন্যকে' জয় করার ওপর।&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Turner |first=Oliver |title=US imperial hegemony in the American Pacific |date=2020-02-28 |work=The United States in the Indo-Pacific |pages=13–28 |url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/display/9781526135025/9781526135025.00008.xml |access-date=2024-09-06 |publisher=Manchester University Press |language=en-US |isbn=978-1-5261-3502-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৯৫৯ সালের আগে আলাস্কা পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা পায়নি। এর মাধ্যমেই &quot;আমেরিকান সীমান্তের&quot; চালিকাশক্তি এবং মূল কাহিনীর চিরস্থায়ী অবসান ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Barbara|last=Cloud|title=The Coming of the Frontier Press: How the West Was Really Won|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LVzRxYMIOMC&amp;pg=PA17|year=2008|publisher=Northwestern University Press|pages=17–18|isbn=978-0810125087}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:পশ্চিম যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের সংস্কৃতি]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:মার্কিন লোককাহিনি]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:২০শ শতাব্দীতে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র]]

== পপ সংস্কৃতিতে আমেরিকান সীমান্ত ==

&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Buffalo_bill_wild_west_show_c1899.jpg|থাম্ব|''বাফেলো বিলের ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট'' শোর একটি পোস্টার।]]
&quot;আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট&quot;-এর অনুসন্ধান, জনবসতি স্থাপন, শোষণ এবং সংঘাতগুলো এমন একটি সাংস্কৃতিক পরিমণ্ডল তৈরি করেছে যা আমেরিকান এবং বিদেশি—উভয় পক্ষই শিল্পকলা, সংগীত, নৃত্য, উপন্যাস, ম্যাগাজিন, ছোটগল্প, কবিতা, থিয়েটার, ভিডিও গেম, চলচ্চিত্র, রেডিও, টেলিভিশন, গান এবং মৌখিক ঐতিহ্যের মাধ্যমে উদযাপন করেছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; বেথ ই. লেভি যুক্তি দেন যে, বাস্তব এবং পৌরাণিক পশ্চিমাঞ্চল অ্যারন কোপল্যান্ড, রায় হ্যারিস, ভার্জিল থমসন, চার্লস ওয়েকফিল্ড ক্যাডম্যান এবং আর্থার ফারওয়েলের মতো সুরকারদের অনুপ্রাণিত করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;


=== পশ্চিমা লোকগাথার জনপ্রিয়করণ ===
১৮৪০-এর দশকে লোকগীতি ও অভিনয়ের আসর এবং জনপ্রিয় সঙ্গীতের মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের এই পৌরাণিক রূপান্তরের সূচনা ঘটে। একই সময়ে, পি. টি. বারনাম তাঁর জাদুঘরগুলোতে আদিবাসী প্রধানদের জীবনযাত্রা, তাঁদের নাচ এবং অন্যান্য বন্য পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় প্রদর্শনী তুলে ধরতেন। তবে এর ব্যাপক প্রচার শুরু হয় ১৮৫৯ সালে সস্তা জনপ্রিয় উপন্যাসের আবির্ভাবের মাধ্যমে, যার মধ্যে প্রথমটি ছিল ''ম্যালেস্কা, দ্য ইন্ডিয়ান ওয়াইফ অফ দ্য হোয়াইট হান্টার''।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; বাস্তবতাকে অতিসরল করে এবং সত্যকে ব্যাপকভাবে অতিরঞ্জিত করে এই উপন্যাসগুলো সহিংসতা ও বীরত্বের রোমাঞ্চকর গল্পের মাধ্যমে সাধারণ মানুষের নজর কেড়েছিল। এগুলো মানুষের মনে বীর এবং খলনায়কের নির্দিষ্ট কিছু ধারণা গেঁথে দিয়েছিল—যেমন সাহসী কাউবয় বনাম বন্য আদিবাসী, গুণী আইন রক্ষাকারী বনাম নিষ্ঠুর দস্যু, সাহসী বসতি স্থাপনকারী বনাম শিকারি পশুপালক। এই ধরণের উপন্যাসের হাজার হাজার শিরোনাম লক্ষ লক্ষ সংখ্যায় বিক্রি হতো। জনপ্রিয় রুচির কথা মাথায় রেখে এগুলো সাধারণত গতানুগতিক কিছু সাহিত্যিক ফর্মুলা মেনে লেখা হতো এবং অনেক ক্ষেত্রে মাত্র কয়েক দিনেই একটি বই শেষ করা হতো। এই সস্তা উপন্যাসগুলোর মধ্যে সবচেয়ে সফল ছিল এডওয়ার্ড এস. এলিসের ''সেথ জোন্স'' (১৮৬০)। নেড বান্টলাইনের গল্পগুলো বাফেলো বিল কোডি-কে মহিমান্বিত করেছিল এবং এডওয়ার্ড এল. হুইলার ক্যালামিটি জেন-এর জীবনীর ওপর ভিত্তি করে &quot;ডেডউড ডিক&quot; ও &quot;হারিকেন নেলের&quot; মতো চরিত্র সৃষ্টি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

বাফেলো বিল কোডি ছিলেন আমেরিকা এবং ইউরোপে পুরানো পশ্চিমকে জনপ্রিয় করার ক্ষেত্রে সবচেয়ে প্রভাবশালী ব্যক্তি। ১৮৮৩ সালে তিনি প্রথম &quot;বন্য পশ্চিমাঞ্চল&quot; বা ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শো উপস্থাপন করেন, যেখানে বিখ্যাত যুদ্ধগুলোর (বিশেষ করে কাস্টারের শেষ লড়াই) পুনর্নির্মাণ, অব্যর্থ লক্ষ্যভেদের প্রদর্শনী এবং কাউবয় ও আদিবাসীদের রোমাঞ্চকর অশ্বচালনা দেখানো হতো। এই শোর অন্যতম আকর্ষণ ছিলেন নির্ভুল নিশানাবাজ অ্যানি ওকলি।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Blockquote|আমি জানতাম যে বন্য আরোহীরা এবং সেই জনশূন্য ভূমি চিরতরে হারিয়ে যেতে বসেছে... আমি আমেরিকার তিন শতাব্দীর ধোঁয়া, ধুলো আর ঘামের এক জীবন্ত এবং সশব্দ পরিসমাপ্তি দেখেছিলাম।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-first=Nicolas S.|editor-last=Witschi|title=A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gm0vRsG7jZ8C&amp;pg=PA271|year=2011|publisher=Wiley|page=271|isbn=978-1444396577}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== বিংশ শতাব্দীর চিত্রায়ন ===
[[চিত্র:SearchersPoster-BillGold.jpg|থাম্ব|''[[দ্য সার্চার্স]]'', ১৯৫৬ সালের একটি চলচ্চিত্র যেখানে ১৮৬০-এর দশকের জাতিগত সংঘাত চিত্রিত হয়েছে।]]
[[থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট]] পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এবং সীমান্ত নিয়ে অনেক বই লিখেছিলেন এবং প্রেসিডেন্ট থাকাকালীন সময়ে তিনি প্রায়ই এই বিষয়ের উল্লেখ করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষভাগ থেকে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো পশ্চিমে পর্যটন শিল্পের প্রচার শুরু করে। তারা পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বিভিন্ন দর্শনীয় স্থানে এবং বিশেষ করে [[ইয়েলোস্টোন জাতীয় উদ্যান|ইয়েলোস্টোন জাতীয় উদ্যানের]] মতো জাতীয় উদ্যানগুলোতে গাইডসহ ভ্রমণের ব্যবস্থা করত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;


==== কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তি ====
এক শতাব্দীরও বেশি সময় ধরে কাউবয় আমেরিকার একটি আইকনিক ভাবমূর্তি হিসেবে দেশে এবং বিদেশে সমাদৃত হয়ে আসছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

হিদার কক্স রিচার্ডসন কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তির একটি রাজনৈতিক প্রেক্ষাপট নিয়ে যুক্তি দিয়েছেন:&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;গবাদি পশু শিল্পের প্রসারের সময়কালটি এমন ছিল যে কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তি এক অসাধারণ ক্ষমতা অর্জন করেছিল। যুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী বছরগুলোর জটিল রাজনীতির সাথে জড়িয়ে ডেমোক্র্যাটরা, বিশেষ করে পুরনো কনফেডারেসির লোকেরা, পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে এমন এক ভূমি হিসেবে কল্পনা করতেন যা তাঁদের অপছন্দের রিপাবলিকান রাজনীতিকদের প্রভাবমুক্ত। তাঁরা কাউবয়দের এমন এক মানুষ হিসেবে চিত্রিত করেছিলেন যারা কঠোর পরিশ্রম করে, প্রাণ খুলে আনন্দ করে, একটি নির্দিষ্ট সম্মানবোধ নিয়ে চলে, নিজেদের রক্ষা করে এবং সরকারের কাছে কিছুই দাবি করে না। ডেমোক্র্যাটিক সংবাদপত্র সম্পাদকদের হাতে কাউবয় জীবনের বাস্তব পরিস্থিতি—দারিদ্র্য, বিপদ, ক্লান্তিকর কর্মঘণ্টা—সবই রোমান্টিক হয়ে উঠেছিল। কাউবয়রা এমন সব গুণের প্রতীক হয়ে উঠেছিল যা ডেমোক্র্যাটদের মতে রিপাবলিকানরা অলস প্রাক্তন ক্রীতদাসদের তুষ্ট করার জন্য একটি দানবীয় সরকার তৈরির মাধ্যমে ধ্বংস করে দিচ্ছিল। ১৮৬০-এর দশকের মধ্যে গবাদি পশুর দীর্ঘ যাত্রাগুলো সমতল ভূমির দৃশ্যের একটি অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ হয়ে ওঠে এবং ডেমোক্র্যাটরা কাউবয়দের কঠোর ব্যক্তিগত স্বাধীনতার প্রতীকে পরিণত করেন, যা তাঁদের মতে রিপাবলিকানরা ধ্বংস করতে উদ্যত ছিল।&lt;/blockquote&gt;এই ভাবমূর্তির সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত প্রচারকদের মধ্যে ছিলেন খণ্ডকালীন কাউবয় এবং &quot;রাফ রাইডার&quot; প্রেসিডেন্ট থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট (১৮৫৮–১৯১৯)। তিনি ছিলেন একজন রিপাবলিকান যিনি &quot;কাউবয়&quot; শব্দটিকে আন্তর্জাতিকভাবে এক উদ্ধত এবং আক্রমণাত্মক আমেরিকানের সমার্থক করে তুলেছিলেন। তাঁর পরে আসেন ১৯২০-এর দশকের প্রধান কৌতুক অভিনেতা এবং দড়ি নিয়ে খেলা দেখানো উইল রজার্স (১৮৭৯–১৯৩৫)।

রুজভেল্ট গবাদি পশু পালনকারীকে (কাউবয়) স্থায়ী কৃষকের থেকে আলাদা এক সভ্যতার স্তর হিসেবে কল্পনা করেছিলেন এই থিমটি ১৯৪৪ সালের হলিউড হিট সিনেমাট ''ওকলাহোমা!'' -তে খুব সুন্দরভাবে প্রকাশিত হয়েছে যা কাউবয় এবং কৃষকদের মধ্যে দীর্ঘস্থায়ী সংঘাতকে তুলে ধরে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; রুজভেল্ট যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, কাউবয়দের মতো পৌরুষ এবং বাইরে বিভিন্ন শারীরিক কর্মকাণ্ড ও খেলাধুলা আমেরিকান পুরুষদের জন্য অপরিহার্য ছিল যাতে তাঁরা শহরের আরামদায়ক জীবনের ফলে তৈরি হওয়া অলসতা ও নৈতিক অবক্ষয় এড়াতে পারেন।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

ওকলাহোমার একজন চেরোকি বিচারকের ছেলে উইল রজার্স দড়ি নিয়ে খেলা এবং চমৎকার অশ্বচালনা দিয়ে শুরু করেছিলেন। কিন্তু ১৯১৯ সালের মধ্যে তিনি আবিষ্কার করেন যে দর্শকরা সাধারণ মানুষের প্রজ্ঞার উপস্থাপনে তাঁর বুদ্ধিমত্তায় আরও বেশি মুগ্ধ।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;


কাউবয়দের অনন্য দক্ষতাগুলো রোডিওর মাধ্যমে বিশেষভাবে ফুটিয়ে তোলা হয়। ১৮৮০-এর দশকে পশ্চিমে এটি একটি সংগঠিত রূপ পায় যখন বেশ কিছু শহর ভ্রমণকারী ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শো অনুসরণ করে বিভিন্ন উৎসবের আয়োজন করে যেখানে রোডিও কর্মকাণ্ড অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল। ১৯২০-এর দশকে পূর্বের বড় শহরগুলোতে কাউবয়দের প্রতিযোগিতার ফলে রোডিও ক্রীড়া হিসেবে জনপ্রিয় হয়ে ওঠে। ট্রেইল কাউবয়রা যারা জন ওয়েসলি হার্ডিন, লিউক শর্ট এবং অন্যদের মতো বন্দুকধারী বা &quot;গানফাইটার&quot; হিসেবেও পরিচিত ছিলেন, তাঁরা তাঁদের পিস্তল ও অন্যান্য আগ্নেয়াস্ত্র চালনায় দক্ষতা এবং গতির জন্য বিখ্যাত ছিলেন। সময়ের সাথে সাথে তাঁদের হিংস্র কর্মকাণ্ড এবং খ্যাতি &quot;কাউবয় হিরো&quot; বা বীর কাউবয়ের সেই গতানুগতিক সহিংস ভাবমূর্তিতে রূপান্তরিত হয়েছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Watts2&quot;&gt;Linda S. Watts, ''Encyclopedia of American Folklore'' (2007) pp.&amp;nbsp;36, 224, 252&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== পশ্চিমের নীতি ===


{{Blockquote|কারা খারাপ লোক তা বলা সহজ—তারা প্রায় সবসময়ই শ্বেতাঙ্গ, পুরুষ এবং মধ্যবিত্ত বা তার চেয়ে উচ্চবিত্ত, অন্যদিকে ভালো লোকরা প্রায় সবসময়ই অ-শ্বেতাঙ্গ, নারী বা নিম্নবিত্ত শ্রেণীর... অ্যাংলো-আমেরিকান সভ্যতাকে পিতৃতান্ত্রিক, বর্ণবাদী, গণহত্যাকারী এবং পরিবেশ ধ্বংসকারী হিসেবে উপস্থাপন করা হয়; সেইসাথে অভিযোগ করা হয় যে তারা ভণ্ডামির মাধ্যমে সেইসব আদর্শের সাথে বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা করেছে যার ওপর ভিত্তি করে এই সভ্যতা গড়ে ওঠার কথা ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=William E. |last=Weeks|chapter=American Expansionism, 1815–1860|editor-first=Robert D.|editor-last=Schulzinger|title=A Companion to American Foreign Relations|publisher=Blackwell|date=2006|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_jk8rKq5_MC&amp;pg=PA65|page=65|isbn=978-0470999035}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}


সাংবাদিক স্যামুয়েল লুবেল টার্নারের বর্ণিত অভিবাসীদের মার্কিনীকরণ এবং পরবর্তীকালে বড় শহরগুলোতে অভিবাসীদের ধনী পাড়ায় চলে যাওয়ার মাধ্যমে সামাজিক পদমর্যাদায় উত্তরণের মধ্যে মিল খুঁজে পেয়েছেন। তিনি পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় জমি উন্মুক্ত করার ক্ষেত্রে রেলপথের প্রভাবকে শহুরে পরিবহন ব্যবস্থা এবং অটোমোবাইলের সাথে তুলনা করেছেন; এবং সামাজিক মর্যাদা প্রত্যাশী দরিদ্র শহরবাসীদের সাথে পশ্চিমা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের &quot;জমির ক্ষুধা&quot;-র তুলনা করেছেন। ঠিক যেমন রিপাবলিকান পার্টি সীমান্তে বসতি স্থাপন করা &quot;পুরানো&quot; অভিবাসী গোষ্ঠীগুলোর সমর্থন থেকে লাভবান হয়েছিল, তেমনি &quot;নতুন&quot; শহুরে অভিবাসীরা ডেমোক্র্যাটিক &quot;নিউ ডিল জোটের&quot; একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অংশ হয়ে ওঠে যা ১৯৩২ সালের প্রেসিডেন্ট নির্বাচনে [[ফ্রাঙ্কলিন ডি. রুজভেল্ট|ফ্র্যাঙ্কলিন ডেলানো রুজভেল্টের]] বিজয়ের মাধ্যমে শুরু হয়েছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;lubell1956&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=The Future of American Politics|শেষাংশ=Lubell|প্রথমাংশ=Samuel|বছর=1956|প্রকাশক=Anchor Press|পাতাসমূহ=65–68, 82–83|ol=6193934M|সংস্করণ=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== ব্যাখ্যামূলক টীকা ==
{{সূত্র তালিকা|দল=nb}}
চিত্র:United_States_1819-12-1820.png|alt=1819–1820: Post-War of 1812| ১৮১৯–১৮২০: ১৮১২ সালের যুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী
চিত্র:United_States_1859-1860.png|alt=1859–1860: Pre-Civil War Expansion| ১৮৫৯–১৮৬০: গৃহযুদ্ধ-পূর্ব সম্প্রসারণ
চিত্র:United_States_1884-1889-11-02.png|alt=1884–1889: Post–Civil War expansion| ১৮৮৪-১৮৮৯: গৃহযুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী সম্প্রসারণ
চিত্র:United_States_1912-08-1959-01.png|alt=1912: Contiguous US, all states| ১৯১২: সংলগ্ন মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, সমস্ত রাজ্য
&lt;/gallery&gt;


[[লাইব্রেরি অফ কংগ্রেস|কংগ্রেসের লাইব্রেরি]] এবং [[অক্সফোর্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] সহ আরও অনেকে এই সময়ের ব্যাপ্তি সম্পর্কে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন মত পোষণ করেন যা ১৯০০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত। সাধারণত [[প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ|প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধে]] আমেরিকার যোগদানের আগের প্রথম দুই দশক পর্যন্ত সময়কে এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত ধরা হয়।{{R|LOC TAW}}&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৫০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯১৯ সাল পর্যন্ত সময়কালটি &quot;দ্য ওয়েস্টার্ন সিভিল ওয়ার অফ ইনকর্পোরেশন&quot; বা অন্তর্ভুক্তিকরণ সংক্রান্ত পশ্চিমা গৃহযুদ্ধ নামে পরিচিত ছিল। এই যুগে এমন কিছু ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা ঘটেছিল যা মূলত প্রাচীন পশ্চিম বা &quot;ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টের&quot; মূল বৈশিষ্ট্যের সাথে মিলে যায়। এর মধ্যে উল্লেখযোগ্য হলো সীমান্ত এলাকায় নতুন বসতি স্থাপনের ফলে উদ্ভূত সহিংস সংঘাত, আদিবাসীদের উচ্ছেদ ও তাদের মূলধারার সাথে একীভূত করার চেষ্টা এবং বড় কর্পোরেশন ও সরকারের অধীনে সম্পত্তির কেন্দ্রীভূতকরণ। এ ছাড়াও সেই সময়ে সাধারণ মানুষের আইন হাতে তুলে নেওয়া এবং অপরাধীদের ওপর আইন প্রয়োগের আপ্রাণ চেষ্টার মতো ঘটনাগুলোও এই সময়ের অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

৮৯০ সালে আদমশুমারির সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট উইলিয়াম রাশ মেরিয়াম একটি মন্তব্য করেছিলেন। তিনি বলেছিলেন: &quot;১৮৮০ সাল পর্যন্ত এই দেশে একটি নির্দিষ্ট ভূখণ্ডগত সীমান্ত ছিল। কিন্তু বর্তমানে জনশূন্য এলাকাগুলো বিচ্ছিন্ন জনবসতির কারণে এত ছোট ছোট অংশে বিভক্ত হয়ে পড়েছে যে, সেখানে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সীমান্ত রেখা আছে বলে মনে হয় না। তাই এর পরিধি এবং পশ্চিম দিকে এর অগ্রসর হওয়ার মতো বিষয়গুলো আদমশুমারির প্রতিবেদনে আর অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা যাবে না।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তা সত্ত্বেও [[commons:File:Distribution_of_US_Rural_Population_during_1900.pdf|১৯০০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারিতে]] পশ্চিমমুখী সীমান্ত রেখাটি প্রদর্শন করা হয়েছিল এবং তাঁর উত্তরসূরিরা এই ধারা বজায় রেখেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{উদ্ধৃতি |last=United States. Bureau of the Census |title=Statistical Atlases of the United States Series |url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/series/statistical-atlases-united-states-series-5578 |access-date=2024-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; তবে ১৯১০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির সময় পর্যন্ত এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটি এতটাই সংকুচিত হয়ে পড়েছিল যে, সেখানে পশ্চিমের দিকে এগোতে থাকা কোনো একক জনবসতি রেখা অবশিষ্ট ছিল না।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথম দুই দশকে বিপুল সংখ্যক মানুষ কৃষি কাজের জন্য জমি দখল করে বসতি গড়তে শুরু করেন। এই সময়ের মধ্যে গৃহহীনদের দেওয়া জমির পরিমাণ উনিশ শতকের মোট বরাদ্দের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি ছিল। মনে করা হয় যে, এই কারণেই উন্মুক্ত জমির পরিমাণ উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে হ্রাস পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;


চাবি:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{Legend inline|ffcccc|States}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;


{{প্রশস্ত চিত্র|Denver Colorado 1898 - LOC - restoration1.jpg|783px|Panorama of [[Denver]] circa 1898}}


[[চিত্র:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|[[টমাস জেফারসন]] নিজেকে সীমান্তের একজন মানুষ এবং একজন বিজ্ঞানী হিসেবে মনে করতেন; পশ্চিমের সীমানা বিস্তার এবং সেই অঞ্চল অনুসন্ধানে তার গভীর আগ্রহ ছিল।]]


{{একাধিক চিত্র
| align             = 
| total_width       = 550
| image1            = Dalton Gang memento mori 1892.jpg
| image2            = Cherokeebill posing with captors.jpg
| image3            = Cherokee bill death.jpg
| footer            = (বামে): ১৮৯২ সালে কফিভিল যুদ্ধের পর ডাল্টন গ্যাং-এর সদস্যরা; (মাঝখানে): ১৮৯৫ সালে ওকলাহোমার নোয়াটাতে ট্রেন থামার সময় ক্রফোর্ড &quot;চেরোকি বিল&quot; গোল্ডসবি তাঁর বন্দিকারীদের সাথে পোজ দিচ্ছেন। বাম থেকে ডানে যথাক্রমে #৫) জেকে ক্রিটেনডেন; #৪) ডিক ক্রিটেনডেন; চেরোকি বিল; #২) ক্লিন্ট স্কেলস, #১) আইক রজার্স; #৩) ডেপুটি মার্শাল বিল স্মিথ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weE1AQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Clint+scales+photograph+with+Cherokee+Bill&amp;pg=PA398|title=Hell on the Border: He Hanged Eighty-eight Men. A History of the Great United States Criminal Court at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and of Crime and Criminals in the Indian Territory, and the Trial and Punishment Thereof Before ... Judge Isaac C. Parker ... and by the Courts of Said Territory, Embracing the Leading Sentences and Charges to Grand and Petit Juries Delivered by the World Famous Jurist – his Acknowledged Masterpieces, Besides Much Other Legal Lore ... Illustrated with Over Fifty Fine Half-tones|first=S. W.|last=Harman|date=January 10, 1898|publisher=Phoenix publishing Company|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ডানে): ১৮৯৬ সালের ১৭ই মার্চ চেরোকি বিলের ফাঁসির চিত্রায়ন, যা তাঁর মৃত্যুদণ্ডের পর সংবাদপত্রগুলোতে প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল।
}}

[[চিত্র:Fort_Nez_Perces_Trading_1841.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৪১ সালে ফোর্ট নেজ পারসেসে [[পশম বাণিজ্য|পশম ব্যবসা]]]]
[[চিত্র:353_I._Chesnut-backed_Titmouse_-_2._Black-capt_Titmouse_-_3._Chesnut-crowned_Titmouse_(cropped).jpg|থাম্ব|[[জন জেমস আদোবান|অডুবনের]] ''বার্ডস অফ আমেরিকার'' প্লেট]]


==== ধর্ম ====


{{Blockquote|কারা খারাপ লোক তা বলা সহজ—তারা প্রায় সবসময়ই শ্বেতাঙ্গ, পুরুষ এবং মধ্যবিত্ত বা তার চেয়ে উচ্চবিত্ত, অন্যদিকে ভালো লোকরা প্রায় সবসময়ই অ-শ্বেতাঙ্গ, নারী বা নিম্নবিত্ত শ্রেণীর... অ্যাংলো-আমেরিকান সভ্যতাকে পিতৃতান্ত্রিক, বর্ণবাদী, গণহত্যাকারী এবং পরিবেশ ধ্বংসকারী হিসেবে উপস্থাপন করা হয়। সেইসাথে অভিযোগ করা হয় যে তারা ভণ্ডামির মাধ্যমে সেইসব আদর্শের সাথে বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা করেছে যার ওপর ভিত্তি করে এই সভ্যতা গড়ে ওঠার কথা ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=William E. |last=Weeks|chapter=American Expansionism, 1815–1860|editor-first=Robert D.|editor-last=Schulzinger|title=A Companion to American Foreign Relations|publisher=Blackwell|date=2006|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_jk8rKq5_MC&amp;pg=PA65|page=65|isbn=978-0470999035}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[চিত্র:Kearny-Las-Vegas-Aug-1846-engraving-1882.jpg|থাম্ব|জেনারেল কার্নির [[নিউ মেক্সিকো]] দখল, ১৫ আগস্ট, ১৮৪৬]]


[[চিত্র:California_Clipper_500.jpg|থাম্ব|ক্লিপার জাহাজগুলি ১৭,০০০ মাইল (২৭,০০০ মাইল) পথ পাড়ি দিতে পাঁচ মাস সময় নিয়েছিল&amp;nbsp;কিমি) নিউ ইয়র্ক সিটি থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত।]]
[[চিত্র:SanFranciscoharbor1851c_sharp.jpg|থাম্ব|সান ফ্রান্সিসকো বন্দর {{আনুমানিক|1850}} ১৮৪৭ থেকে ১৮৭০ সালের মধ্যে, সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর জনসংখ্যা ৫০০ থেকে ১৫০,০০০-এ উন্নীত হয়।]]


{{প্রবেশদ্বার|United States}}


{{সূত্র তালিকা|দল=nb}}

১৮৪৮ সালে মেক্সিকো–আমেরিকান যুদ্ধ শেষ হওয়ার পর মেক্সিকো ইউটা অঞ্চলটি মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের কাছে হস্তান্তর করে। যদিও যুদ্ধের সময় ইউটার মরমোনরা আমেরিকার প্রচেষ্টাকে সমর্থন করেছিল। কিন্তু প্রটেস্ট্যান্ট গির্জাগুলোর চাপে ফেডারেল সরকার ধর্মশাসন এবং বহুবিবাহ প্রথা প্রত্যাখ্যান করে। ১৮৫২ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত রিপাবলিকান পার্টি বহুবিবাহের কারণে ইউটার চার্চ অফ জেসাস ক্রাইস্ট অফ ল্যাটার-ডে সেন্টস (এলডিএস চার্চ) এর প্রতি প্রকাশ্যে শত্রুতা পোষণ করত। তৎকালীন অধিকাংশ আমেরিকান জনগণের কাছে এই বহুবিবাহ প্রথা আধুনিক সভ্যতার ধর্মীয়, সাংস্কৃতিক ও নৈতিক মূল্যবোধের ওপর এক চরম আঘাত হিসেবে বিবেচিত হতো। ১৮৫০-এর দশকের শেষের দিকে পরিস্থিতি যুদ্ধের কাছাকাছি পৌঁছে যায় যখন রাষ্ট্রপতি বিউকানান সেখানে সৈন্য পাঠান। যদিও সেখানে বড় কোনো সামরিক যুদ্ধ হয়নি এবং আলোচনার মাধ্যমে পরিস্থিতি শান্ত হয়, তবুও সহিংসতা বৃদ্ধি পেয়েছিল এবং বেশ কয়েকজন হতাহত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গৃহযুদ্ধের পর ফেডারেল সরকার পদ্ধতিগতভাবে ইউটার নিয়ন্ত্রণ গ্রহণ করে। ওই অঞ্চলে এলডিএস চার্চকে আইনত বিলুপ্ত করা হয় এবং ইয়ং সহ চার্চের উচ্চপদস্থ ব্যক্তিদের কার্যত সমস্ত সরকারি অফিস থেকে সরিয়ে দেওয়া হয় এবং নিষিদ্ধ করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এরই মধ্যে আমেরিকা এবং ইউরোপে সফল ধর্মপ্রচারের ফলে ইউটাতে মরমোন ধর্মান্তরিতদের ঢল নামে। এই সময়ে কংগ্রেস ইউটাকে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা দিতে অস্বীকার করেছিল কারণ রাজ্য হওয়ার অর্থ ছিল অঞ্চলের ওপর থেকে সরাসরি ফেডারেল নিয়ন্ত্রণ শেষ হওয়া এবং এলডিএস চার্চের পছন্দ করা বা তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রিত রাজনীতিকদের সম্ভাব্য উত্থান ঘটা। অবশেষে ১৮৯০ সালে চার্চের নেতৃত্ব ঘোষণা করেন যে বহুবিবাহ আর তাদের মূল আদর্শের অংশ নয়, যা ছিল মূলত একটি আপস। ১৮৯৬ সালে ইউটা ৪৫তম অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয় এবং মরমোনরা রিপাবলিকান ও ডেমোক্র্যাট এই দুই ভাগে বিভক্ত হয়ে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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টেক্সাসের নাগরিকরা ভোট দিয়ে কনফেডারেসিতে যোগ দেওয়ার সিদ্ধান্ত নিয়েছিলেন। সেখানে যুদ্ধ-বিরোধী জার্মানদের ফাঁসিকাষ্ঠে ঝোলানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; স্থানীয় সৈন্যরা সান আন্তোনিওর ফেডারেল অস্ত্রাগার দখল করে নেয়। তাদের পরিকল্পনা ছিল উত্তর নিউ মেক্সিকো, ইউটা, কলোরাডো এবং সম্ভব হলে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া দখল করা। মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী ওই এলাকা থেকে চলে যাওয়ার পর অ্যাপাচি উপজাতির আক্রমণ থেকে রক্ষা পেতে অ্যারিজোনার নাগরিকরাই  কনফেডারেট অ্যারিজোনা গঠন করেন। এরপর কনফেডারেসির লক্ষ্য ছিল নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলের নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেওয়া। জেনারেল হেনরি হপকিন্স সিবলিকে এই অভিযানের দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়। তিনি তাঁর নিউ মেক্সিকো বাহিনী নিয়ে রিও গ্র্যান্ডে অভিমুখে যাত্রা করেন যাতে কলোরাডো এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার খনিজ সম্পদ দখল করা যায়। তবে ফার্স্ট রেজিমেন্ট অফ ভলান্টিয়ার্স এই বিদ্রোহীদের গতিবিধি টের পেয়ে যায় এবং তারা ফোর্ট ইউনিয়নে থাকা ইয়াঙ্কিদের সতর্ক করে তাদের সাথে যোগ দেয়। শীঘ্রই গ্লোরিয়েটা পাস যুদ্ধ শুরু হয় এবং ইউনিয়ন বাহিনী কনফেডারেটদের অভিযান থামিয়ে দেয়। এর ফলে টেক্সাসের পশ্চিম দিকের এলাকাগুলো ইউনিয়নের নিয়ন্ত্রণেই থেকে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;


[[চিত্র:Photograph_of_a_Family_with_Their_Covered_Wagon_During_the_Great_Western_Migration,_1866_-_NARA_-_518267.jpg|থাম্ব|গৃহস্থ, {{আনুমানিক}} ১৮৬৬]]
১৮৬২ সালে কংগ্রেস তিনটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিল পাস করে যা ভূমি ব্যবস্থার খোলনলচে বদলে দেয়। হোমস্টেড আইন বা বসতভিটা আইনের মাধ্যমে এমন প্রত্যেক বসতি স্থাপনকারীকে ১৬০ একর জমি বিনামূল্যে দেওয়া হয় যারা পাঁচ বছর সেই জমির উন্নয়ন ঘটিয়েছে। নাগরিক এবং অ-নাগরিক সহ জবরদখলকারী ও মহিলারাও এই সুবিধার যোগ্য ছিলেন। এর একমাত্র খরচ ছিল সামান্য আবেদন ফি। সমতল অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতে জনবসতি স্থাপনের ক্ষেত্রে এই আইনটি বিশেষভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ছিল। অনেকে বিনামূল্যে বসতভিটা গ্রহণ করেছিলেন এবং অন্যরা রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর কাছ থেকে কম দামে জমি কিনেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;


[[চিত্র:Picturesque_America58.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৭২ সালের ''&quot;এমিগ্রান্টস ক্রসিং দ্যা প্লেনস&quot;'' ছবিতে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের [[গ্রেট প্লেইনস|গ্রেট প্লেইন]] অতিক্রম করতে দেখা যাচ্ছে। এফওসি ডার্লির লেখা এবং এইচবি হলের লেখায় খোদাই করা।]]

ভীতু স্বভাবের মানুষেরা নিজেদের বাড়িতেই রয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। তবে প্রকৃত অভিযাত্রীরা অজানার ভয়কে জয় করে এগিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। তাঁদের পশ্চিমের দিকে যাওয়ার প্রধান উদ্দেশ্য ছিল বর্তমান জীবনের চেয়ে আরও উন্নত একটি অর্থনৈতিক জীবন খুঁজে পাওয়া। কৃষকরা বড়, সস্তা এবং আরও উর্বর জমির সন্ধানে ছিলেন। অন্যদিকে ব্যবসায়ী ও কারিগররা নতুন গ্রাহক এবং নেতৃত্বের সুযোগ খুঁজছিলেন। শ্রমিকরা চেয়েছিলেন আরও ভালো পরিবেশ এবং বেশি বেতনের কাজ। বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা যখন পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হচ্ছিলেন, তখন তাঁদের পথে নানা ধরণের কঠিন সমস্যার মুখোমুখি হতে হয়েছিল। এর মধ্যে ছিল বাড়ি তৈরির জন্য কাঠের অভাব, তুষারঝড় ও খরা সহ অত্যন্ত খারাপ আবহাওয়া এবং বিধ্বংসী টর্নেডোর আতঙ্ক।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গাছপালাহীন প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা মাটির চাপড়া দিয়ে ঘর তৈরি করতেন। ১৮৭৪ সালে পঙ্গপালের আক্রমণ ছিল এই বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর নেমে আসা অন্যতম বড় একটি বিপর্যয়, যা সমগ্র গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চলকে লণ্ডভণ্ড করে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই সমস্ত প্রতিকূলতা এবং চ্যালেঞ্জগুলো সীমান্ত জয় করার লড়াইয়ে এই মানুষগুলোকে আরও কঠোর ও সহনশীল করে তুলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;


১৮৯০ সালের ২৯ শে ডিসেম্বর উন্ডেড নি গণহত্যার মাধ্যমে প্রধান আদিবাসী যুদ্ধগুলোর অবসান ঘটে। সেখানে সপ্তম অশ্বারোহী বাহিনী একজন সিওক্স ব্যক্তিকে নিরস্ত্রীকরণ করতে গিয়ে এক হত্যাযজ্ঞ চালিয়েছিল যেখানে প্রায় ১৫০ জন সিওক্স পুরুষ, মহিলা ও শিশু নিহত হন। এর মাত্র তেরো দিন আগে সিটিং বুলকে তাঁর ছেলে ক্রাউ ফুটের সাথে গুলিবিদ্ধ হয়ে মারা যেতে হয়েছিল। আমেরিকান সরকার তাঁকে গ্রেপ্তার করার জন্য একদল আদিবাসী পুলিশ পাঠিয়েছিল যাদের সাথে লড়াইয়ে তিনি নিহত হন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  তা সত্ত্বেও ১৯২০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্ত ব্লাফ যুদ্ধ (১৯১৪-১৯১৫) এবং পোসি যুদ্ধের মতো আরও কিছু সংঘাত ও বিচ্ছিন্ন ঘটনা ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Utah History Encyclopedia|ইউআরএল=https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POSEY_WAR.shtml|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 14, 2020|ওয়েবসাইট=www.uen.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে মার্কিন সেনা সদস্য এবং আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের মধ্যে সর্বশেষ সরাসরি যুদ্ধটি সংঘটিত হয়েছিল ১৯১৮ সালের ৯ ই জানুয়ারি বিয়ার ভ্যালি যুদ্ধে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|তারিখ=April 19, 2005|শিরোনাম=Squadron History|ইউআরএল=http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm|আর্কাইভের-ইউআরএল=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419173045/http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm|আর্কাইভের-তারিখ=April 19, 2005|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;


[[চিত্র:Volga-Germans-US.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৭৫ সালে মধ্য [[ক্যান্সাস|কানসাসে]] ভোলগা জার্মানদের জন্য অস্থায়ী আবাসস্থল]]


===== শৈশব =====


[[চিত্র:DodgeCityPeaceCommission.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৮৩ সালের ১০ই জুন তোলা &quot;ডজ সিটি শান্তি কমিশনের&quot; একটি ঐতিহাসিক ছবি। (দাঁড়িয়ে বাম থেকে) উইলিয়াম এইচ. হ্যারিস, লিউক শর্ট, উইলিয়াম &quot;ব্যাট&quot; মাস্টারসন, উইলিয়াম এফ. পেটিলন; (বসে বাম থেকে) চার্লি ব্যাসেট, ওয়ায়াট ইয়ার্প, মাইকেল ফ্রান্সিস &quot;ফ্র্যাঙ্ক&quot; ম্যাকলিন এবং কর্নেলিয়াস &quot;নিল&quot; ব্রাউন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

অপরাধী যখন দোষী সাব্যস্ত হতো, তখন তার শাস্তি হতো অত্যন্ত কঠোর।&lt;ref name=&quot;MooreCrimeArkansas&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Moore|প্রথমাংশ=Waddy W.|তারিখ=Spring 1964|শিরোনাম=Some Aspects of Crime and Punishment on the Arkansas Frontier|সাময়িকী=Arkansas Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=23|সংখ্যা নং=1|পাতাসমূহ=50–64|doi=10.2307/40021171|jstor=40021171}}&lt;/ref&gt; শ্চিমাঞ্চলের শেরিফ এবং মার্শাল ছাড়াও আমেরিকান সীমান্ত জুড়ে টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সের মতো বিভিন্ন আইন প্রয়োগকারী সংস্থা সক্রিয় ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই আইন রক্ষাকারীরা কেবল শান্তি বজায় রাখতেই নয়, বরং সীমান্ত এলাকায় আদিবাসী এবং মেক্সিকানদের হুমকি থেকেও স্থানীয়দের রক্ষা করতে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্রামীণ এলাকার তুলনায় শহরগুলোতে আইন প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্রে অনেক বেশি কঠোরতা দেখা যেত। আইন রক্ষাকারীরা সশস্ত্র যুদ্ধের চেয়ে স্থিতিশীলতা বজায় রাখার ওপর বেশি জোর দিতেন। তাঁদের মূল লক্ষ্য ছিল মদ্যপান নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা, বন্দুক নিয়ন্ত্রণ আইন লঙ্ঘনকারী কাউবয়দের নিরস্ত্রীকরণ করা এবং জুয়া ও পতিতাবৃত্তি সংক্রান্ত আইন ভঙ্গকারীদের বিরুদ্ধে ব্যবস্থা নেওয়া।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;


&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;


[[চিত্র:SearchersPoster-BillGold.jpg|থাম্ব|''[[দ্য সার্চার্স]]'', ১৯৫৬ সালের একটি চলচ্চিত্র যেখানে ১৮৬০-এর দশকের জাতিগত সংঘাত চিত্রিত হয়েছে।]]


হিদার কক্স রিচার্ডসন কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তির একটি রাজনৈতিক প্রেক্ষাপট নিয়ে যুক্তি দিয়েছেন:&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;গবাদি পশু শিল্পের প্রসারের সময়কালটি এমন ছিল যে কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তি এক অসাধারণ ক্ষমতা অর্জন করেছিল। যুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী বছরগুলোর জটিল রাজনীতির সাথে জড়িয়ে ডেমোক্র্যাটরা, বিশেষ করে পুরনো কনফেডারেসির লোকেরা, পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে এমন এক ভূমি হিসেবে কল্পনা করতেন যা তাঁদের অপছন্দের রিপাবলিকান রাজনীতিকদের প্রভাবমুক্ত। তাঁরা কাউবয়দের এমন এক মানুষ হিসেবে চিত্রিত করেছিলেন যারা কঠোর পরিশ্রম করে, প্রাণ খুলে আনন্দ করে, একটি নির্দিষ্ট সম্মানবোধ নিয়ে চলে, নিজেদের রক্ষা করে এবং সরকারের কাছে কিছুই দাবি করে না। ডেমোক্র্যাটিক সংবাদপত্র সম্পাদকদের হাতে কাউবয় জীবনের বাস্তব পরিস্থিতি—দারিদ্র্য, বিপদ, ক্লান্তিকর কর্মঘণ্টা—সবই রোমান্টিক হয়ে উঠেছিল। কাউবয়রা এমন সব গুণের প্রতীক হয়ে উঠেছিল যা ডেমোক্র্যাটদের মতে রিপাবলিকানরা অলস প্রাক্তন ক্রীতদাসদের তুষ্ট করার জন্য একটি দানবীয় সরকার তৈরির মাধ্যমে ধ্বংস করে দিচ্ছিল। ১৮৬০-এর দশকের মধ্যে গবাদি পশুর দীর্ঘ যাত্রাগুলো সমতল ভূমির দৃশ্যের একটি অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ হয়ে ওঠে এবং ডেমোক্র্যাটরা কাউবয়দের কঠোর ব্যক্তিগত স্বাধীনতার প্রতীকে পরিণত করেন, যা তাঁদের মতে রিপাবলিকানরা ধ্বংস করতে উদ্যত ছিল।&lt;/blockquote&gt;রুজভেল্ট গবাদি পশু পালনকারীকে (কাউবয়) স্থায়ী কৃষকের থেকে আলাদা এক সভ্যতার স্তর হিসেবে কল্পনা করেছিলেন এই থিমটি ১৯৪৪ সালের হলিউড হিট সিনেমাট ''ওকলাহোমা!'' -তে খুব সুন্দরভাবে প্রকাশিত হয়েছে যা কাউবয় এবং কৃষকদের মধ্যে দীর্ঘস্থায়ী সংঘাতকে তুলে ধরে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; রুজভেল্ট যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, কাউবয়দের মতো পৌরুষ এবং বাইরে বিভিন্ন শারীরিক কর্মকাণ্ড ও খেলাধুলা আমেরিকান পুরুষদের জন্য অপরিহার্য ছিল যাতে তাঁরা শহরের আরামদায়ক জীবনের ফলে তৈরি হওয়া অলসতা ও নৈতিক অবক্ষয় এড়াতে পারেন।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;


== আরও দেখুন ==
{{প্রবেশদ্বার|মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র}}
=== সাধারণ ===
* আমেরিকান ইন্ডিয়ান যুদ্ধ, জমির মালিকানা নিয়ে আমেরিকান বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং আমেরিকান ইন্ডিয়ান উপজাতিদের মধ্যে সংঘটিত দ্বন্দ্ব।
* আমেরিকান পশ্চিমে ভুল-প্রজনন বিরোধী মামলা
* কানাডিয়ান সীমান্ত
* ভারতীয় গণহত্যা, ভারতীয় উপজাতি এবং আমেরিকান বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের একে অপরের বিরুদ্ধে করা গণহত্যার তালিকা।
* মার্চ (আঞ্চলিক সত্তা) : কিছু মিল সহ মধ্যযুগীয় ইউরোপীয় শব্দ
* ন্যাশনাল কাউবয় অ্যান্ড ওয়েস্টার্ন হেরিটেজ মিউজিয়াম : ওকলাহোমা সিটি, ওকলাহোমাতে অবস্থিত জাদুঘর এবং আর্ট গ্যালারি, যেখানে পশ্চিমা, আমেরিকান কাউবয়, আমেরিকান রোডিও এবং আমেরিকান নেটিভ শিল্প, নিদর্শন এবং সংরক্ষণাগারের উপকরণের বিশ্বের বৃহত্তম সংগ্রহ রয়েছে।
* রোডিও : গবাদি পশুদের ঝগড়া করার দক্ষতার প্রদর্শন।
* মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অঞ্চলসমূহ
* পশ্চিম আমেরিকা হিসেবে
* আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্টের সময়রেখা
* ওয়ান্টেড পোস্টার : পশ্চিমা পৌরাণিক দৃশ্যে জনপ্রিয় একটি পোস্টার, যা জনসাধারণকে অপরাধীদের সম্পর্কে জানায় যাদের কর্তৃপক্ষ গ্রেপ্তার করতে চায়।
* পাশ্চাত্য জীবনধারা
* পশ্চিম মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, সীমান্ত সমাপ্তির পরে উন্নয়নের জন্য
* ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শো : আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ারের ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শোগুলির একটি অনুসরণ

=== মানুষ ===
* বন্দুকধারী
* আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট বহিরাগতদের তালিকা : আমেরিকান সীমান্তের পরিচিত [[আইন-বহির্ভূত অপরাধী|বহিরাগত]] এবং বন্দুকধারীদের তালিকা যারা &quot;ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট&quot; নামে পরিচিত।
* [[কাউবয় এবং কাউগার্লদের তালিকা]]
* পশ্চিমা আইনজীবিদের তালিকা : আমেরিকান সীমান্তের উল্লেখযোগ্য আইন প্রয়োগকারী কর্মকর্তাদের তালিকা। তারা পুলিশ, মার্শাল, টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্স এবং অন্যান্য পদে অধিষ্ঠিত ছিলেন।
* স্কুলমার্চ: একজন মহিলা শিক্ষিকা যিনি সাধারণত [[এক কক্ষের বিদ্যালয়]]ে কাজ করেন।
* [[বিষয়শ্রেণী:আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্টের বন্দুকধারীরা]]
* [[বিষয়শ্রেণী:আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্টের আইনজীবিরা]]
* [[বিষয়শ্রেণী:আমেরিকান পুরাতন পশ্চিমের অপরাধীরা]]

=== অধ্যয়ন ===

* ''[[ডেজার্ট ম্যাগাজিন]]''
* ''[[জার্নাল অফ দ্য ওয়েস্ট]]''
* ''[[ট্রু ওয়েস্ট ম্যাগাজিন]]''

=== সাহিত্য ===
* [[ক্রিস এনস]] : ঐতিহাসিক নন-ফিকশনের লেখক যা পুরাতন পশ্চিমের ভুলে যাওয়া নারীদের নথিভুক্ত করে।
* [[জেন গ্রে]] : পুরাতন পশ্চিমের উপর অনেক জনপ্রিয় উপন্যাসের লেখক
* [[লুই ল'আমোর]] : অনেক পশ্চিমা বইয়ের লেখক; &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; ধারার ১০০ টিরও বেশি উপন্যাসের লেখক
* [[কার্ল মে]] : সর্বকালের সর্বাধিক বিক্রিত জার্মান লেখক, মূলত আমেরিকান পশ্চিমে স্থাপিত ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট বইয়ের জন্য বিখ্যাত।
* [[লরিন মরগান-রিচার্ডস]] : ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট শিরোনাম এবং দ্য গুডবাই ফ্যামিলি সিরিজের লেখক।
* [[উইনেটো]] : কার্ল মে রচিত বেশ কয়েকটি উপন্যাসের আমেরিকান-ভারতীয় নায়ক।

=== খেলাসমূহ ===
* বুট হিল: টিএসআরের প্রথম দিকের বিকল্প আরপিজিগুলির মধ্যে একটি এবং ''ডাঞ্জিয়ন্স এবং ড্রাগনের'' অনুরূপ সিস্টেম ব্যবহার করে।
* ''ডাস্ট ডেভিলস'' : ক্লিন্ট ইস্টউড এবং অনুরূপ গাঢ় পশ্চিমা চলচ্চিত্রের অনুকরণে তৈরি একটি পশ্চিমা ভূমিকা-প্লেয়িং গেম।
* [[রেড ডেড|''রেড ডেড'' সিরিজটি]] ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টের সময়ে ঘটে।
* পশ্চিমা কম্পিউটার এবং ভিডিও গেমের তালিকা : পশ্চিমাদের অনুকরণে তৈরি [[ভিডিও গেম|কম্পিউটার এবং ভিডিও গেমের]] একটি তালিকা।
{{সূত্র তালিকা}}

==আরও পড়ুন==
{{Refbegin}}
* বিলিংটন, রে অ্যালেন। ''ওয়েস্টওয়ার্ড এক্সপ্যানশন: আ হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ার।'' (থার্ড এডিশন) নিউ ইয়র্ক: ম্যাকমিলান, ১৯৬৭। [https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio0000bill_j3p3 অনলাইন]
* বিলিংটন, রে অ্যালেন। ''দ্য ফার ওয়েস্টার্ন ফ্রন্টিয়ার, ১৮৩০–১৮৬০।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: হার্পার অ্যান্ড রো, ১৯৫৯।
* {{cite book
 |title=ড্রিমস অব এল দোরাদো: আ হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট
 |url=https://archive.org/details/dreamsofeldorado0000bran
 |year=২০১৯
 |first=এইচ. ডব্লিউ.
 |last=ব্র্যান্ডস
 |publisher=বেসিক বুকস
 |isbn=978-1541672529}}
* ডেভিস, উইলিয়াম সি। ''দ্য আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ার: পাইওনিয়ার্স, সেটলার্স, অ্যান্ড কাউবয়েজ, ১৮০০–১৮৯৯।'' ইউনিভার্সিটি অব ওকলাহোমা প্রেস, ১৯৯৯। [https://books.google.com/books?id=u8FGYmBn8ZcC&amp;dq=cattle++%22American+frontier%22&amp;pg=PA72 অনলাইন]
* ডেভেরেল, উইলিয়াম, সম্পাদক। ''আ কম্প্যানিয়ন টু দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' হোবোকেন, নিউ জার্সি: ওয়াইলি-ব্ল্যাকওয়েল, ২০০৪।
* এটুলেইন, রিচার্ড ডব্লিউ। ''বিয়ন্ড দ্য মিসৌরি: দ্য স্টোরি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' আলবুকার্কি: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব নিউ মেক্সিকো প্রেস, ২০০৬।
* ফাইট, গিলবার্ট সি। ''দ্য ফার্মার’স ফ্রন্টিয়ার, ১৮৬৫–১৯০০।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: হোল্ট, রাইনহার্ট অ্যান্ড উইনস্টন, ১৯৬৬।
* হগউড, জন এ। ''[[America's Western Frontiers|আমেরিকা’স ওয়েস্টার্ন ফ্রন্টিয়ার্স: দ্য এক্সপ্লোরেশন অ্যান্ড সেটেলমেন্ট অব দ্য ট্রান্স-মিসিসিপি ওয়েস্ট]]।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: নফ্‌প, ১৯৬৯।
* হাইন, রবার্ট ভি., এবং [[John Mack Faragher|জন ম্যাক ফারাগার]]। ''দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট: আ নিউ ইন্টারপ্রেটিভ হিস্ট্রি।'' নিউ হেভেন: ইয়েল ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস, ২০০০।
* হাইড, অ্যান এফ। ''এম্পায়ার্স, নেশনস, অ্যান্ড ফ্যামিলিজ: আ হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য নর্থ আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট, ১৮০০–১৮৬০।'' লিঙ্কন: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব নেব্রাস্কা প্রেস, ২০১১।
* জোসেফি জুনিয়র, অ্যালভিন এম। ''দ্য আমেরিকান হেরিটেজ বুক অব দ্য পাইওনিয়ার স্পিরিট।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: আমেরিকান হেরিটেজ, ১৯৫৯।
* লামার, হাওয়ার্ড আর., সম্পাদক। ''দ্য নিউ এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' নিউ হেভেন: ইয়েল ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস, ১৯৯৮।
* লামার, হাওয়ার্ড আর., সম্পাদক। ''দ্য রিডার’স এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' ক্রোয়েল, ১৯৭৭। [https://archive.org/details/readersencyclope00lama/page/n6/mode/1up অনলাইন]
* {{Cite book
 |last=ম্যাকলাফলিন
 |first=ডেনিস
 |url=https://archive.org/details/wildwoolly00denn_0
 |title=ওয়াইল্ড অ্যান্ড উলি: অ্যান এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব দ্য ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট
 |date=১৯৯৫
 |publisher=[[Barnes &amp; Noble Books|বার্নস অ্যান্ড নোবেল বুকস]]
 |isbn=978-1-56619-961-2
 |location=নিউ ইয়র্ক}}
** এছাড়াও প্রকাশিত হয়েছে {{Cite book
 |last=ম্যাকলাফলিন
 |first=ডেনিস
 |title=দ্য এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব দ্য ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট
 |date=১৯৭৭
 |publisher=[[Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul|রাউটলেজ অ্যান্ড কেগান পল]]
 |isbn=978-0-7100-8628-0
 |location=লন্ডন
 |author-mask=2}} সহিংস ঘটনাবলির উপর বিশেষ গুরুত্ব।
* মিলনার, ক্লাইড; ক্যারোল ও’কনর; এবং মার্থা স্যান্ডওয়াইস, সম্পাদকগণ। ''দ্য অক্সফোর্ড হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: অক্সফোর্ড ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস, ১৯৯৪; গবেষকদের দীর্ঘ প্রবন্ধ; [https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00clyd অনলাইন]
* অটো, জন সলোমন। ''দ্য সাউদার্ন ফ্রন্টিয়ার্স, ১৬০৭–১৮৬০: দ্য এগ্রিকালচারাল ইভল্যুশন অব দ্য কলোনিয়াল অ্যান্ড অ্যান্টিবেলাম সাউথ।'' ওয়েস্টপোর্ট, কানেকটিকাট: প্রেগার, ১৯৮৯।
* প্যাক্সন, ফ্রেডেরিক লোগান। ''হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ার, ১৭৬৩–১৮৯৩।'' বোস্টন: হটন মিফলিন, ১৯২৪। প্রামাণ্য সমীক্ষা; পুলিৎজার পুরস্কার। [https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000paxs/page/n4/mode/1up অনলাইন]
* প্যাক্সন, ফ্রেডেরিক লোগান। ''দ্য লাস্ট আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ার।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: ম্যাকমিলান, ১৯১০। [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.60021 অনলাইন]
* [[পোমেরয়, আর্ল]]। “টুওয়ার্ড আ রিওরিয়েন্টেশন অব ওয়েস্টার্ন হিস্ট্রি: কন্টিনিউইটি অ্যান্ড এনভায়রনমেন্ট” ''জার্নাল অব আমেরিকান হিস্ট্রি'' ৪১#৪ (মার্চ ১৯৫৫), পৃষ্ঠা ৫৭৯–৬০০, https://doi.org/10.2307/1889178
* পোমেরয়, আর্ল। ''দ্য প্যাসিফিক স্লোপ: আ হিস্ট্রি অব ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া, ওরেগন, ওয়াশিংটন, আইডাহো, উটাহ, অ্যান্ড নেভাডা।'' সিয়াটল: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব ওয়াশিংটন প্রেস, ১৯৭৩। [https://archive.org/details/pacificslopehist0000pome_m4b4/mode/1up অনলাইন]
* রবিনসন, ডব্লিউ. স্টিট। ''দ্য সাউদার্ন কলোনিয়াল ফ্রন্টিয়ার, ১৬০৭–১৭৬৩।'' আলবুকার্কি: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব নিউ মেক্সিকো প্রেস, ১৯৭৯।
* টার্নার, ফ্রেডেরিক জ্যাকসন। ''দ্য ফ্রন্টিয়ার ইন আমেরিকান হিস্ট্রি।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: হোল্ট, ১৯২০।
* ইউটলি, রবার্ট এম। ''দ্য স্টোরি অব দ্য ওয়েস্ট: আ হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট অ্যান্ড ইটস পিপল।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: পেঙ্গুইন বুকস, ২০০৩।
* ওয়েব, ওয়াল্টার প্রেসকট। ''দ্য গ্রেট ফ্রন্টিয়ার।'' বোস্টন: হটন মিফলিন, ১৯৫২।
* ওয়েস্ট, এলিয়ট। ''কন্টিনেন্টাল রেকনিং: দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট ইন দ্য এজ অব এক্সপ্যানশন।'' লিঙ্কন: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব নেব্রাস্কা প্রেস, ২০২৩; পুলিৎজার পুরস্কার ফাইনালিস্ট।
* ওয়েক্সলার, অ্যালান প্রমুখ। ''অ্যাটলাস অব ওয়েস্টওয়ার্ড এক্সপ্যানশন'' (১৯৯৫) [https://archive.org/details/atlasofwestwarde00alan/page/n4/mode/1up অনলাইন]
* রাইট, উইল। ''দ্য ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট: দ্য মিথিক্যাল কাউবয় অ্যান্ড সোশ্যাল থিওরি'' (২০০১)
{{Refend}}

==বহিঃসংযোগ==
{{Commons category|Wild West}}
{{Wikivoyage|ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট}}

===সংস্কৃতি===
* [http://www.westernfolklife.org/ ওয়েস্টার্ন ফোকলাইফ সেন্টার]

* [http://www.geneautry.com/museum অট্রি ন্যাশনাল সেন্টার অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট – লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেস, ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া]
* [http://www.vlib.us/americanwest আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট হিস্ট্রি]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970607212146/http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/ নিউ পার্সপেকটিভস অন ‘দ্য ওয়েস্ট’]। দ্য ওয়েস্ট ফিল্ম প্রজেক্ট, [[WETA-TV|ডব্লিউইটিএ-টিভি]], ২০০১
* [http://www.skyways.org/orgs/fordco/dodgecity.html ডজ সিটি, কানসাস ‘কাউবয় ক্যাপিটাল’]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511113744/http://www.skyways.org/orgs/fordco/ftdodge.html ফোর্ট ডজ, কানসাস হিস্ট্রি] — আইডা এলেন রাথ কর্তৃক, ১৯৬৪; ফটোগ্রাফসহ
* [http://www.vlib.us/old_west ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট কানসাস]
* [http://www.tombstonetimes.com/ টুম্বস্টোন অ্যারিজোনা হিস্ট্রি]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548gg &quot;দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট&quot;], বিবিসি রেডিও ৪ আলোচনা — ফ্র্যাঙ্ক ম্যাকলিন, জেনি ক্যাল্ডার ও ক্রিস্টোফার ফ্রেইলিং-এর সঙ্গে (''ইন আওয়ার টাইম'', ১৩ জুন ২০০২)

===গণমাধ্যম===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180710144806/http://rack1.ul.cs.cmu.edu/is/frontier/ ''দ্য ফ্রন্টিয়ার: আ ফ্রন্টিয়ার টাউন থ্রি মান্থস ওল্ড'' — ওয়ার্ড প্ল্যাট কর্তৃক] — বাস্তব ওয়েস্ট নিয়ে ১৯০৮ সালের গ্রন্থ। বিনামূল্যে পড়া যায় এবং পূর্ণ-পাঠ অনুসন্ধানযোগ্য।
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170925043204/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/the-pageant-of-america-collection#/?tab=navigation&amp;roots=1:3b916bc0-c611-012f-f63c-58d385a7bc34 ফ্রন্টিয়ার ভূগোল ও ব্যক্তিত্বের ১৬১টি আলোকচিত্র; এগুলি ১৯২৩-পূর্ববর্তী এবং কপিরাইটমুক্ত]</text>
      <sha1>knuancrgvir98by9v5ryoolf3jncp7x</sha1>
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| image = The_Cow_Boy_1888.jpg
| image_upright = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = [[রাখাল বালক]], মার্কিন সীমান্তের এক অবিচ্ছেদ্য প্রতীক।
| date = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|১৭শ শতাব্দী থেকে ২০শ শতাব্দীর শুরুর সময়কালে রাখাল বালক}}|{{idp|
* [[জেমসটাউন, ভার্জিনিয়া#১৬০৭–১৬০৯: আগমন ও সূচনা|১৬০৭]]–[[অ্যারিজোনা টেরিটরি#রাজ্যত্ব|অ্যারিজোনা টেরিটরি#রাজ্যত্ব]] (ভূখণ্ডগত সম্প্রসারণ)
* ১৮৬৫–১৯১৭ ([[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাস (১৮৬৫–১৯১৭)|জনপ্রিয় সংস্কৃতি]])
* ১৮৬৫–১৯২০ ([[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র শুমারি ব্যুরো|শুমারি ব্যুরো]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Population, Plate No. 3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1924-06-07 |title=Population, Plate No. 3 |url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/statistical-atlas-united-states-5191/population-527616?start_page=9 |journal=United States Bureau of the Census |series=Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1920 |language=en |pages=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ১৮৬০-এর দশক–১৯১০-এর দশক (ইতিহাসবিদদের মতে)&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian W. Dippie 1989&quot;&gt;Brian W. Dippie, &quot;American Wests: historiographical perspectives.&quot; ''American Studies International'' 27.2 (1989): 3–25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LOC TAW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The American West, 1865–1900 {{!}} Rise of Industrial America, 1876–1900 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/rise-of-industrial-america-1876-1900/american-west-1865-1900/ |access-date=January 7, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Milner |first1=Clyde A. |url=http://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00clyd |title=The Oxford history of the American West |last2=O'Connor |first2=Carol A. |last3=Sandweiss |first3=Martha A. |date=1994 |publisher= Oxford University Press  |location=New York |isbn=978-0195059687 |pages=326, 412–413, 424, 472}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ১৮৬৫–১৮৯০ ([[টার্নারের থিসিস|টার্নারের থিসিস]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nash |first1=Gerald D. |title=The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier |journal=The Pacific Northwest Quarterly |date=1980 |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=98–100 |jstor=40490574 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40490574}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Robert E. |last2=Popper |first2=Deborah E. |last3=Popper |first3=Frank J. |title=&quot;Progress of the Nation&quot;: The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier |journal=Western Historical Quarterly |date=1995 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=289–307 |doi=10.2307/970654 |jstor=970654 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}}}
| Location = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র]]}}|ঐতিহাসিকভাবে অন্তর্ভুক্তির ক্রমানুসারে:
* [[তেরোটি উপনিবেশ]]
* [[নব্য সুইডেন]]
* [[নব্য হল্যান্ড]]
* [[নব্য ফ্রান্স]]
* [[নব্য স্পেন]]
* [[মিসৌরি টেরিটরি]]
* [[ভার্মন্ট প্রজাতন্ত্র]]
* [[লুইজিয়ানা (নব্য ফ্রান্স)|লুইজিয়ানা টেরিটরি]]
* [[রুপার্টস ল্যান্ড]] 
* [[ডাকোটা টেরিটরি]]
* [[নেব্রাস্কা টেরিটরি]]
* [[স্প্যানিশ ফ্লোরিডা]]
* [[টেক্সাস প্রজাতন্ত্র]]
* [[ওরেগন কান্ট্রি]]
* [[ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া প্রজাতন্ত্র]]
* [[কলোরাডো টেরিটরি]]
* [[মন্টানা টেরিটরি]]
* [[ওয়াইওমিং টেরিটরি]]
* [[উটাহ টেরিটরি]]
* [[ওকলাহোমা টেরিটরি]]
* [[ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরি]]
* [[নব্য মেক্সিকো টেরিটরি]]
* [[অ্যারিজোনা টেরিটরি]]
* [[রুশ আমেরিকা|আলাস্কা]]}}
}}{{মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাস}}

'''মার্কিন সীমান্ত''' এলাকাটি '''ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট''' এবং জনমানসে '''ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট''' নামেও পরিচিত। এটি [[উত্তর আমেরিকা|উত্তর আমেরিকার]] মূল ভূখণ্ডে মার্কিন প্রসারের সেই অগ্রবর্তী প্রবাহের সাথে যুক্ত [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ভূগোল|ভূগোল]], [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাস|ইতিহাস]], লোকগাথা এবং সংস্কৃতির এক সামগ্রিক রূপ হলো এই সীমান্ত। সপ্তদশ শতাব্দীর শুরুর দিকে [[আমেরিকা মহাদেশে ইউরোপীয়দের উপনিবেশ স্থাপন|ইউরোপীয় ঔপনিবেশিক বসতি স্থাপনের]] মাধ্যমে এই প্রক্রিয়ার সূচনা হয়েছিল। পরবর্তীতে ১৯১২ সালে পশ্চিমের শেষ কয়েকটি অবিচ্ছিন্ন ভূখণ্ডকে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা প্রদানের মাধ্যমে এই দীর্ঘ প্রসারের সমাপ্তি ঘটে। লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের পরবর্তী সময়ে তৎকালীন রাষ্ট্রপতি [[টমাস জেফারসন|থমাস জেফারসন]]  বিপুল পরিমাণ পরিযান এবং নতুন বসতি স্থাপনের এই যুগটিকে বিশেষভাবে উৎসাহিত করেছিলেন। তাঁর এই উৎসাহের ফলে &quot;ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি&quot; বা বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্যের মতো এক [[সম্প্রসারণবাদ|সম্প্রসারণবাদী]] মনোভাব এবং ইতিহাসবিদদের বহুল আলোচিত &quot;ফ্রন্টিয়ার থিসিস&quot; বা সীমান্ত তত্ত্বের জন্ম হয়েছিল। মার্কিন সীমান্তের এই সমস্ত কিংবদন্তি, ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা এবং লোকগাথাগুলো একত্রে সীমান্ত রূপকথা বা &quot;ফ্রন্টিয়ার মিথ&quot; নামে পরিচিত। এই কাহিনীগুলো মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের সংস্কৃতির গভীরে এমন নিবিড়ভাবে প্রোথিত হয়েছে যে ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট এবং বিশেষভাবে পশ্চিমা ঘরানার বিনোদন মাধ্যমগুলো বর্তমানে মার্কিন জাতীয় পরিচয়ের অন্যতম প্রধান এবং সংজ্ঞায়িত বৈশিষ্ট্যে পরিণত হয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== কালানুক্রম ==
ইতিহাসবিদদের মধ্যে এই সীমান্ত যুগের শুরু এবং শেষ কবে হয়েছিল এবং এর প্রধান উপ-বিভাগগুলো কী কী ছিল, তা নিয়ে দীর্ঘকাল ধরে বিতর্ক চলেছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian W. Dippie 19892&quot;&gt;Brian W. Dippie, &quot;American Wests: historiographical perspectives.&quot; ''American Studies International'' 27.2 (1989): 3–25.&lt;/ref&gt; উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ১৮৬৫ সালে [[মার্কিন গৃহযুদ্ধ]] শেষ হওয়ার পর থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারি পর্যন্ত সময়কালকে ইতিহাসবিদরা অনেক সময় ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট বা প্রাচীন পশ্চিমা উপ-যুগ হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেন। এই সময়ে আদমশুমারির সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট উইলিয়াম রাশ মেরিয়াম ঘোষণা করেছিলেন যে, [[মার্কিন জনশুমারি দপ্তর|মার্কিন আদমশুমারি ব্যুরো]] ১৮৯০ সালের পর থেকে তাদের আদমশুমারির তালিকায় পশ্চিমী সীমান্তের জনবসতি রেকর্ড করা বন্ধ করে দেবে।&lt;ref name=&quot;porter&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=&quot;Progress of the Nation&quot;, in &quot;Report on Population of the [[United States]] at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part 1&quot;|শেষাংশ=Porter|প্রথমাংশ=Robert|শেষাংশ২=Gannett|প্রথমাংশ২=Henry|বছর=1895|প্রকাশক=Bureau of the Census|পাতাসমূহ=xviii–xxxiv}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Turner, Frederick Jackson 1920 293&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=The Frontier in American History|শেষাংশ=Turner, Frederick Jackson|অধ্যায়ের-ইউআরএল=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22994/22994-h/22994-h.htm|বছর=1920|পাতা=293|অধ্যায়=The Significance of the Frontier in American History}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে তার পরবর্তী উত্তরসূরিরা ১৯২০ সালের আদমশুমারি পর্যন্ত এই ব্যবস্থা জারি রেখেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Population, Plate No. 3&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=|প্রথমাংশ=|তারিখ=1924-06-07|শিরোনাম=Population, Plate No. 3|ইউআরএল=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/statistical-atlas-united-states-5191/population-527616?start_page=9|সাময়িকী=United States Bureau of the Census|ধারাবাহিক=Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1920|ভাষা=en|পাতাসমূহ=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[লাইব্রেরি অফ কংগ্রেস|কংগ্রেসের লাইব্রেরি]] এবং [[অক্সফোর্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] সহ আরও অনেকে এই সময়ের ব্যাপ্তি সম্পর্কে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন মত পোষণ করেন যা ১৯০০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত। সাধারণত [[প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ|প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধে]] আমেরিকার যোগদানের আগের প্রথম দুই দশক পর্যন্ত সময়কে এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত ধরা হয়।{{R|LOC TAW}}&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৫০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯১৯ সাল পর্যন্ত সময়কালটি &quot;দ্য ওয়েস্টার্ন সিভিল ওয়ার অফ ইনকর্পোরেশন&quot; বা অন্তর্ভুক্তিকরণ সংক্রান্ত পশ্চিমা গৃহযুদ্ধ নামে পরিচিত ছিল। এই যুগে এমন কিছু ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা ঘটেছিল যা মূলত প্রাচীন পশ্চিম বা &quot;ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টের&quot; মূল বৈশিষ্ট্যের সাথে মিলে যায়। এর মধ্যে উল্লেখযোগ্য হলো সীমান্ত এলাকায় নতুন বসতি স্থাপনের ফলে উদ্ভূত সহিংস সংঘাত, আদিবাসীদের উচ্ছেদ ও তাদের মূলধারার সাথে একীভূত করার চেষ্টা এবং বড় কর্পোরেশন ও সরকারের অধীনে সম্পত্তির কেন্দ্রীভূতকরণ। এ ছাড়াও সেই সময়ে সাধারণ মানুষের আইন হাতে তুলে নেওয়া এবং অপরাধীদের ওপর আইন প্রয়োগের আপ্রাণ চেষ্টার মতো ঘটনাগুলোও এই সময়ের অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

৮৯০ সালে আদমশুমারির সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট উইলিয়াম রাশ মেরিয়াম একটি মন্তব্য করেছিলেন। তিনি বলেছিলেন: &quot;১৮৮০ সাল পর্যন্ত এই দেশে একটি নির্দিষ্ট ভূখণ্ডগত সীমান্ত ছিল। কিন্তু বর্তমানে জনশূন্য এলাকাগুলো বিচ্ছিন্ন জনবসতির কারণে এত ছোট ছোট অংশে বিভক্ত হয়ে পড়েছে যে, সেখানে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সীমান্ত রেখা আছে বলে মনে হয় না। তাই এর পরিধি এবং পশ্চিম দিকে এর অগ্রসর হওয়ার মতো বিষয়গুলো আদমশুমারির প্রতিবেদনে আর অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা যাবে না।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তা সত্ত্বেও [[commons:File:Distribution_of_US_Rural_Population_during_1900.pdf|১৯০০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারিতে]] পশ্চিমমুখী সীমান্ত রেখাটি প্রদর্শন করা হয়েছিল এবং তাঁর উত্তরসূরিরা এই ধারা বজায় রেখেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=|প্রথমাংশ=|তারিখ=1914-07-01|শিরোনাম=Illustrations: Population|ইউআরএল=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/statistical-atlas-united-states-74/illustrations-population-492434|সাময়িকী=United States Bureau of the Census|ধারাবাহিক=Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1910|ভাষা=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে ১৯১০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির সময় পর্যন্ত এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটি এতটাই সংকুচিত হয়ে পড়েছিল যে, সেখানে পশ্চিমের দিকে এগোতে থাকা কোনো একক জনবসতি রেখা অবশিষ্ট ছিল না।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথম দুই দশকে বিপুল সংখ্যক মানুষ কৃষি কাজের জন্য জমি দখল করে বসতি গড়তে শুরু করেন। এই সময়ের মধ্যে গৃহহীনদের দেওয়া জমির পরিমাণ উনিশ শতকের মোট বরাদ্দের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি ছিল। মনে করা হয় যে, এই কারণেই উন্মুক্ত জমির পরিমাণ উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে হ্রাস পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআরএল=http://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00clyd|শিরোনাম=The Oxford history of the American West|শেষাংশ=Milner|প্রথমাংশ=Clyde A.|শেষাংশ২=O'Connor|প্রথমাংশ২=Carol A.|তারিখ=1994|প্রকাশক=Oxford University Press|পাতাসমূহ=472|আইএসবিএন=978-0195059687}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''সীমান্ত'' জনবসতি এলাকার প্রান্তসীমায় অবস্থিত একটি সংযোগকারী অঞ্চল। তাত্ত্বিক ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটিই ছিল মার্কিন সভ্যতা গঠনের মূল কেন্দ্রস্থল। তিনি জোরালোভাবে বলেছিলেন, &quot;সীমান্ত এলাকাটি মার্কিন জনগণের জন্য একটি মিশ্র জাতীয়তা গঠনের প্রক্রিয়াকে ত্বরান্বিত করেছে।&quot;। তিনি একে একটি উন্নয়নমূলক প্রক্রিয়া হিসেবে তাত্ত্বিকভাবে ব্যাখ্যা করেছিলেন। তাঁর মতে, &quot;আমেরিকান জীবনের এই চিরস্থায়ী পুনর্জন্ম, এর প্রবহমানতা এবং পশ্চিম দিকে এই যে ক্রমাগত বিস্তার, এগুলোই আসলে মার্কিন ...চরিত্র গঠনে মূল শক্তি হিসেবে কাজ করে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯৩ সাল থেকে টার্নারের এই ধারণাগুলো পরবর্তী প্রজন্মের অনেক ইতিহাসবিদ ও সমালোচককে আমেরিকার বিভিন্ন সীমান্ত অঞ্চল নিয়ে গবেষণা করতে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছে। তবে সাধারণ মানুষের কাছে সীমান্ত বলতে মূলত [[মিসিসিপি নদী|মিসিসিপি নদীর]] পশ্চিমে অবস্থিত আদিবাসীদের জমি দখল এবং সেখানে বসতি স্থাপনের কাহিনীকেই বোঝায়। বর্তমানের  [[মধ্যপশ্চিম যুক্তরাষ্ট্র|মধ্য-পশ্চিম]], [[টেক্সাস]], [[গ্রেট প্লেইনস]], [[রকি পর্বতমালা]], দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চল এবং পশ্চিম উপকূলীয় এলাকাগুলো এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর দ্বিতীয়ার্ধ থেকে বিংশ শতাব্দীর শুরু পর্যন্ত, অর্থাৎ ১৮৫০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯১০-এর দশক পর্যন্ত আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এবং বিশেষ করে দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলের প্রতি মানুষের ব্যাপক আগ্রহ তৈরি হয়েছিল। তৎকালীন বিভিন্ন প্রচারমাধ্যমে সেই সময়ের রোমান্টিকতা, অরাজকতা এবং বিশৃঙ্খল সহিংসতার চিত্রগুলো অনেক বেশি নাটকীয়ভাবে এবং অতিরঞ্জিত করে উপস্থাপন করা হতো। এই বিষয়গুলোই পরবর্তীকালে চলচ্চিত্র জগতের ওয়েস্টার্ন বা পশ্চিমা ঘরানাকে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছিল। এর পাশাপাশি টেলিভিশন শো, উপন্যাস, কমিক বই, ভিডিও গেম এবং এমনকি শিশুদের খেলনা ও পোশাকেও এই ঘরানার প্রভাব লক্ষ্য করা যায়।

হাইন এবং ফ্যারাঘারের দেওয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুযায়ী, &quot;সীমান্তের ইতিহাস আসলে বিভিন্ন গোষ্ঠী বা সম্প্রদায় তৈরি এবং তাদের রক্ষার কাহিনী। এটি ভূমির ব্যবহার, নতুন নতুন ফসলের চাষাবাদ, হোটেল নির্মাণ এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্য গঠনের গল্প।&quot; তাঁরা আরও ব্যাখ্যা করে বলেছেন যে, &quot;এটি যেমন জয়ের কাহিনী, তেমনই এটি টিকে থাকা, ধৈর্য এবং বিভিন্ন জাতি ও সংস্কৃতির মিলনের গল্প যা আমেরিকাকে জন্ম দিয়েছে এবং আজও সচল রেখেছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; টার্নার নিজেও বারবার উল্লেখ করেছেন যে, নতুন খামার তৈরির জন্য &quot;মুক্ত জমি&quot;র সহজলভ্যতা কীভাবে আমেরিকানদের এই অভিযানে আকৃষ্ট করেছিল। তিনি লিখেছিলেন, &quot;একটি নির্দিষ্ট মুক্ত জমির অস্তিত্ব, এর ক্রমাগত অপসরণ এবং পশ্চিমের দিকে মার্কিন জনবসতির অগ্রগমনই আসলে আমেরিকার সামগ্রিক উন্নয়নের মূল রহস্য।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বিদেশি রাষ্ট্র এবং স্থানীয় আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের সাথে স্বাক্ষরিত বিভিন্ন চুক্তি, রাজনৈতিক সমঝোতা, সামরিক অভিযান এবং আইন-শৃঙ্খলা প্রতিষ্ঠার মাধ্যমে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এক বিশাল সাম্রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়। খামার, গবাদি পশুর চারণভূমি ও নতুন শহর নির্মাণ এবং খনি খনন ও যাতায়াতের পথ তৈরির পাশাপাশি দলে দলে অভিবাসীদের আগমনের ফলে আমেরিকার সীমানা এক উপকূল থেকে অন্য উপকূলে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে। এর মাধ্যমেই শেষ পর্যন্ত ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি বা বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্যের আদর্শটি সফল হয়েছিল। ১৮৯৩ সালে তাঁর বিখ্যাত &quot;ফ্রন্টিয়ার থিসিস&quot; বা সীমান্ত তত্ত্বে টার্নার উল্লেখ করেছিলেন যে, এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটি ছিল এমন এক পরিবর্তনের প্রক্রিয়া যা ইউরোপীয়দের এক নতুন জাতি অর্থাৎ আমেরিকানদের রূপান্তরিত করেছিল। এই নতুন জাতির জীবনবোধ ছিল সাম্য, গণতন্ত্র এবং আশাবাদের ওপর ভিত্তি করে তৈরি। এর পাশাপাশি [[ব্যক্তিস্বাতন্ত্র্যবাদ|ব্যক্তিগতস্বাতন্ত্র্য]], আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা এবং ক্ষেত্রবিশেষে সহিংসতার মতো বৈশিষ্ট্যগুলোও তাদের চরিত্রের অংশ হয়ে উঠেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Distribution_of_US_Rural_Population_during_1900.pdf|থাম্ব|১৯০০ সালে মার্কিন আদমশুমারির মানচিত্র যেখানে বসতি স্থাপনের পরিমাণ এবং সীমান্তরেখা দেখানো হয়েছে]]
[[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র|মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের]] নির্ধারিত সীমান্ত রেখার বাইরে যে সমস্ত অনুন্নত বা অবিকশিত ভূখণ্ড ছিল, মূলত সেগুলোকেই ফ্রন্টিয়ার বা সীমান্ত এলাকা হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[মার্কিন জনশুমারি দপ্তর|মার্কিন আদমশুমারি ব্যুরো]] সীমান্ত অঞ্চল হিসেবে সাধারণত এমন জনশূন্য ভূখণ্ডকে চিহ্নিত করত, যেখানে জনঘনত্ব প্রতি বর্গমাইলে ২ জনেরও কম (প্রতি বর্গকিলোমিটারে ০.৭৭ জন)। এই জমিগুলোতে ইউরোপীয়-আমেরিকানদের বসতি স্থাপনের শেষ প্রান্তিক সীমানাটিই সীমান্ত রেখা হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৬০০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯০০-এর দশক পর্যন্ত এই রেখাটি [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পূর্ব উপকূল|পূর্ব উপকূলের]] প্রথম স্থায়ী ইউরোপীয় বসতি থেকে শুরু করে ক্রমাগত পশ্চিম দিকে অগ্রসর হয়েছে। তবে ক্ষেত্রবিশেষে এই রেখাটি উত্তরে মেইন এবং নিউ হ্যাম্পশায়ারের দিকে, দক্ষিণে ফ্লোরিডার দিকে এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া থেকে পূর্ব দিকে নেভাদার দিকেও সরে গিয়েছিল।

কখনও কখনও মূল সীমান্ত রেখা অতিক্রম করে অনেক দূরেও জনবসতি গড়ে উঠতে দেখা যেত। বিশেষ করে পশ্চিম উপকূলীয় অঞ্চল এবং দেশের গভীর অভ্যন্তরীণ অংশে যথাক্রমে [[লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেস]] এবং [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটির]] মতো শহরগুলোতে এমন বিচ্ছিন্ন জনবসতি লক্ষ করা যেত। সেই সীমানার কাছাকাছি সদ্য বসতি গড়ে তোলা এলাকাগুলোকেই মূলত &quot;ওয়েস্ট&quot; বা পশ্চিম বলা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই কারণে [[মধ্যপশ্চিম যুক্তরাষ্ট্র|মধ্য-পশ্চিম]] এবং মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের বেশ কিছু এলাকাকে বর্তমানে 'পশ্চিমাঞ্চল' হিসেবে গণ্য করা না হলেও, আধুনিক পশ্চিমা রাজ্যগুলোর মতো এই অঞ্চলগুলোতেও এক সময়ের সীমান্ত ঐতিহ্যের ছাপ রয়ে গিয়েছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamar1977&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআরএল=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJt5AAAAMAAJ|শিরোনাম=The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West|শেষাংশ=Lamar|প্রথমাংশ=Howard R.|বছর=1977|প্রকাশক=Crowell|আইএসবিএন=0690000081}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; রিচার্ড ডব্লিউ স্ল্যাটা সীমান্তের বিষয়ে তাঁর নিজস্ব অভিমত প্রকাশ করতে গিয়ে লিখেছেন যে, &quot;ইতিহাসবিদরা অনেক সময় মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে ''৯৮তম [[দ্রাঘিমারেখা|মেরিডিয়ান]]'' বা ৯৮° পশ্চিম [[দ্রাঘিমাংশ|দ্রাঘিমাংশের]] পশ্চিমে অবস্থিত ভূখণ্ড হিসেবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করেন,&quot; এবং এই অঞ্চলটির অন্যান্য সংজ্ঞায় &quot;মিসিসিপি বা মিসৌরি নদীর পশ্চিমে অবস্থিত সমস্ত জমিকেও অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা হয়েছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অঞ্চলগুলির মানচিত্র ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;210&quot; heights=&quot;145&quot;&gt;
চিত্র:United_States_1789-03-1789-08.png|alt=1789: The new nation| ১৭৮৯: নতুন জাতি
চিত্র:United_States_1819-12-1820.png|alt=1819–1820: Post-War of 1812| ১৮১৯–১৮২০: ১৮১২ সালের যুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী
চিত্র:United_States_1845-12-1846-06.png|alt=1845–1846: Before Mexican–American War| ১৮৪৫–১৮৪৬: মেক্সিকান-আমেরিকান যুদ্ধের আগে
চিত্র:United_States_1859-1860.png|alt=1859–1860: Pre-Civil War Expansion| ১৮৫৯–১৮৬০: গৃহযুদ্ধ-পূর্ব সম্প্রসারণ
চিত্র:United_States_1884-1889-11-02.png|alt=1884–1889: Post–Civil War expansion| ১৮৮৪-১৮৮৯: গৃহযুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী সম্প্রসারণ
চিত্র:United_States_1912-08-1959-01.png|alt=1912: Contiguous US, all states| ১৯১২: সংলগ্ন মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, সমস্ত রাজ্য
&lt;/gallery&gt;চাবি:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{Legend inline|ffcccc|States}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== ইতিহাস ==

=== ঔপনিবেশিক সীমান্ত ===
[[চিত্র:George_Caleb_Bingham_-_Daniel_Boone_escorting_settlers_through_the_Cumberland_Gap.jpg|থাম্ব|ড্যানিয়েল বুন কাম্বারল্যান্ড গ্যাপের মধ্য দিয়ে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের এসকর্ট করছেন]]
১৭৭৬ সালের আগের ঔপনিবেশিক যুগে, বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং রাজনীতিবিদের কাছে পশ্চিমাঞ্চল ছিল অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বিষয়। ১৬০৭ সালে ইংরেজরা যখন ভার্জিনিয়ার জেমসটাউন অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপন করে, মূলত তখনই মার্কিন সীমান্তের জয়যাত্রা শুরু হয়। আটলান্টিক উপকূলে ইউরোপীয়দের বসতি স্থাপনের শুরুর দিনগুলোতে, অর্থাৎ প্রায় ১৬৮০ সাল পর্যন্ত, আটলান্টিক উপকূলের বিদ্যমান জনবসতির বাইরের মহাদেশের অভ্যন্তরীণ যেকোনো অংশই মূলত সীমান্ত হিসেবে গণ্য হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ইংরেজি, ফরাসি, স্প্যানিশ এবং ডাচদের সীমানা বিস্তার ও বসতি স্থাপনের ধরণগুলো ছিল একে অপরের থেকে বেশ আলাদা। মাত্র কয়েক হাজার ফরাসি নাগরিক কানাডায় পাড়ি দিয়েছিলেন; এই অধিবাসীরা  [[সেন্ট লরেন্স নদী]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;বরাবর বিভিন্ন গ্রামে বসতি স্থাপন করেন এবং সেখানে দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে স্থিতিশীল সম্প্রদায় গড়ে তোলেন। যদিও ফরাসি পশম ব্যবসায়ীরা গ্রেট লেকস এবং মধ্য-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলে ব্যাপকভাবে ঘুরে বেড়াতেন, কিন্তু তাঁরা খুব কমই স্থায়ীভাবে সেখানে বসবাস শুরু করতেন। ফরাসিদের বসতি ইলিনয়ের কাসকাসকিয়ার মতো গুটি কয়েক অত্যন্ত ছোট গ্রাম এবং [[নিউ অর্লিন্স|নিউ অরলিন্সের]] আশেপাশের একটি বড় জনপদেই সীমাবদ্ধ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বর্তমানে যা নিউ ইয়র্ক স্টেট নামে পরিচিত, সেখানে ওলন্দাজরা হাডসন রিভার ভ্যালিতে পশম ব্যবসার কেন্দ্র স্থাপন করেছিল। এরপরে তারা ধনী ভূস্বামীদের বড় বড় জমি অনুদান দেয়, যারা আবার সেখানে ভাড়াটে কৃষকদের নিয়ে আসে। এই কৃষকরাই পরবর্তীতে নিবিড় এবং স্থায়ী গ্রাম গড়ে তোলে। তারা আপস্টেট নিউ ইয়র্কে ঘন গ্রামীণ জনবসতি তৈরি করলেও, পশ্চিমের দিকে খুব একটা অগ্রসর হয়নি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭০০ সালের দিকে উত্তরের যে অঞ্চলগুলো সীমান্ত পর্যায়ে ছিল, সেখানে সাধারণত উন্নত যোগাযোগ ব্যবস্থা ছিল না। ফলে বাণিজ্যিক কৃষিকাজের সুযোগও সেখানে ছিল বেশ কম। এই এলাকাগুলো মূলত জীবনধারণের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় কৃষিকাজের ওপরই নির্ভরশীল ছিল। এর ফলে ১৭৬০-এর দশকের মধ্যে এই সমাজগুলো অত্যন্ত [[সমানাধিকারবাদ|সাম্যবাদী]] হয়ে ওঠে, যা ইতিহাসবিদ জ্যাকসন টার্নার মেইন ব্যাখ্যা করেছেন:
{{Blockquote|সাধারণত একটি সীমান্ত সমাজ এমন ছিল যেখানে শ্রেণিগত পার্থক্য খুবই কম থাকত। কোনো ধনী ফাটকাবাজ বা ব্যবসায়ী যদি এর সাথে যুক্তও থাকতেন, তিনি সাধারণত নিজের বাড়িতেই থাকতেন, তাই স্বাভাবিকভাবে সেখানে কোনো বিত্তবান ব্যক্তি বসবাস করতেন না। ভূমিহীন দরিদ্র মানুষের সংখ্যাও ছিল নগণ্য। এলাকার সিংহভাগ মানুষই ছিলেন জমির মালিক, যাদের বেশিরভাগই আবার গরিব ছিলেন কারণ তারা খুব সামান্য সম্পত্তি নিয়ে জীবন শুরু করেছিলেন। তারা তখনও খুব বেশি জমি চাষযোগ্য করে তুলতে পারেননি কিংবা পর্যাপ্ত কৃষি সরঞ্জাম ও গবাদি পশু জোগাড় করতে পারেননি যা তাদের ভবিষ্যতে সমৃদ্ধশালী করে তুলতে পারে। কিছু কারিগর সীমান্তে বসতি স্থাপন করলেও তারা মূলত কৃষিকাজের পাশাপাশি বাড়তি আয়ের উৎস হিসেবে নিজেদের পেশা চর্চা করতেন। সেখানে হয়তো একজন দোকানদার, একজন ধর্মযাজক এবং সম্ভবত একজন ডাক্তার থাকতেন; আর ছিলেন কয়েকজন ভূমিহীন শ্রমিক, বাকি সবাই ছিলেন কৃষক।&lt;ref&gt;Jackson Turner Main, ''Social structure of revolutionary America'' (1965) p.&amp;nbsp;11.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
দক্ষিণাঞ্চলে [[অ্যাপালাচীয় পর্বতমালা|অ্যাপালাচিয়ান]] পর্বতমালা অঞ্চলের মতো যে সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোতে উন্নত যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থা ছিল না, সেগুলো জীবনধারণ ভিত্তিক কৃষিকাজের ওপরই নির্ভরশীল ছিল। উত্তরের মতো এই অঞ্চলগুলোও অনেকটা সাম্যবাদী ছিল, যদিও এখানে দাসমালিকদের একটি তুলনামূলক বড় উচ্চবিত্ত শ্রেণি বিদ্যমান ছিল। উত্তর ক্যারোলিনা ছিল এর একটি আদর্শ উদাহরণ। তবে ১৭০০ সালের দিকে যে সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোর সাথে উন্নত নদীপথের যোগাযোগ ছিল, সেগুলো ধীরে ধীরে বাগান ভিত্তিক কৃষিনির্ভর এলাকায় রূপান্তরিত হতে থাকে। বিত্তবানরা সেখানে এসে ভালো জমিগুলো কিনে নিতেন এবং দাসদের দিয়ে সেই জমিতে কাজ করাতেন। এর ফলে সেই এলাকাগুলো আর &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; থাকে না। সেখানে একটি স্তরবিন্যাসযুক্ত সমাজ গড়ে ওঠে, যার সামাজিক পিরামিডের শীর্ষে ছিল শক্তিশালী শ্বেতাঙ্গ ভূস্বামী গোষ্ঠী, মাঝে একটি ছোট মধ্যবিত্ত শ্রেণি এবং তাদের নিচে ভূমিহীন বা ভাড়াটে শ্বেতাঙ্গ কৃষকদের একটি বেশ বড় দল। আর পিরামিডের একেবারে নিচে ছিল ক্রমবর্ধমান ক্রীতদাস জনসংখ্যা। উত্তরের মতো এখানে ছোট ছোট শহর বা বড় নগর গড়ে ওঠার চল ছিল না, বরং দক্ষিণাঞ্চল ছিল মূলত গ্রামপ্রধান।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ব্রিটিশ কৃষক থেকে আমেরিকান কৃষক ====
সমুদ্রতীরবর্তী ঔপনিবেশিক জনপদগুলোতে বসবাসকারী সাধারণ মানুষের কাছে ব্যক্তিগতভাবে জমির মালিক হওয়ার বিষয়টি সবচেয়ে বেশি অগ্রাধিকার পেত। পরবর্তীতে যখন এই অঞ্চলগুলোতে জনসংখ্যা বাড়তে শুরু করে, তখন নতুন এবং উর্বর চাষযোগ্য জমির সন্ধানে তারা ক্রমশ পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হতে থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ব্রিটেনের সাথে আমেরিকার এই পরিস্থিতির একটি বড় পার্থক্য ছিল। ব্রিটেনে সাধারণত মুষ্টিমেয় কয়েকজন প্রভাবশালী ভূস্বামীর হাতে অধিকাংশ জমির মালিকানা কুক্ষিগত থাকত। কিন্তু সেই তুলনায় আমেরিকায় জমি কেনা ছিল বেশ সস্তা এবং সহজ, যার ফলে সাধারণ মানুষের মধ্যে জমির মালিকানা ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। জমির মালিকানা লাভের বিষয়টি মানুষের মনে যেমন এক ধরণের আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা বা স্বাধীনতার জন্ম দিত, তেমনই এটি তাদের স্থানীয় এবং প্রাদেশিক প্রশাসনিক পদগুলোর নির্বাচনের ক্ষেত্রে ভোট দেওয়ার অধিকারও প্রদান করত। নিউ ইংল্যান্ডের প্রথাগত জনবসতিগুলো ছিল বেশ ছোট এবং ঘনবদ্ধ, যা সচরাচর এক বর্গমাইলেরও কম এলাকা জুড়ে বিস্তৃত থাকত। আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সাথে এসব এলাকার মানুষের বিরোধের প্রধান কারণ ছিল রাজনৈতিক ক্ষমতার লড়াই, অর্থাৎ এই অঞ্চলগুলো আসলে কারা শাসন করবে তা নিয়ে মতপার্থক্য তৈরি হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পূর্ব দিকে গড়ে ওঠা প্রাথমিক সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোর মধ্যে কানেকটিকাট নদীর উপত্যকা অন্যতম ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; এছাড়া উত্তর নিউ ইংল্যান্ডের দিকেও মানুষ বসতি স্থাপন করতে শুরু করেছিল (যদিও এটি ছিল উত্তরমুখী অগ্রসর হওয়ার ঘটনা, পশ্চিমমুখী নয়)।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফরাসি এবং আদিবাসীদের সাথে যুদ্ধ ====
[[চিত্র:Siege_of_Fort_Detroit.jpg|থাম্ব|১৭৬৩ সালে পন্টিয়াকের যুদ্ধের সময় ফোর্ট ডেট্রয়েট অবরোধ]]
সীমান্তের বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা প্রায়শই তাদের ওপর ঘটা ছোটখাটো বা বিচ্ছিন্ন ঘটনাগুলোকে ইন্ডিয়ানদের একটি পরিকল্পিত ষড়যন্ত্র হিসেবে ব্যাখ্যা করতেন। তারা মনে করতেন যে আদিবাসীরা দলবদ্ধ হয়ে তাদের ওপর আক্রমণ করার প্রস্তুতি নিচ্ছে। তবে ১৭৬৩ সালের পর এই ঘটনাগুলোর সাথে ফরাসিদের কোনো কূটনৈতিক যোগসূত্র ছিল না এবং ১৮২০ সালের পর স্প্যানিশদের সাথেও কোনো সম্পর্ক খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়নি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সীমান্তের অধিকাংশ এলাকাকেই বহুবার ভয়াবহ সব সংঘাতের সাক্ষী হতে হয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ব্রিটেন ও ফ্রান্সের মধ্যে ফরাসি ও আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ শুরু হলে ফরাসিরা তাদের সীমিত জনশক্তির অভাব পূরণ করার জন্য স্থানীয় আদিবাসী যুদ্ধবাজ দলগুলোকে নিজেদের মিত্র হিসেবে গ্রহণ করে। ইউরোপীয় যুদ্ধগুলোর প্রভাবে শুরু হওয়া এই দীর্ঘকালীন লড়াইগুলো শেষ পর্যন্ত বিশ্বজুড়ে চলা সপ্তবর্ষব্যাপী যুদ্ধে ব্রিটিশদের এক বড় জয়ের মাধ্যমে সমাপ্ত হয়। [[প্যারিসের চুক্তি (১৭৬৩)|১৭৬৩ সালের শান্তি চুক্তিতে]] ফ্রান্স কার্যত তাদের সমস্ত দাবি ছেড়ে দেয়। এর ফলে ফ্লোরিডা এবং নিউ অরলিন্স ছাড়াও মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম তীরের জমিগুলো স্পেনের অধীনে চলে যায়। অন্য দিকে, মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকের ভূখণ্ড এবং বর্তমান কানাডার অঞ্চলগুলো ব্রিটেনের শাসনাধীনে চলে আসে।&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[উইকিপিডিয়া:তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)&quot;&gt;তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

==== সীমান্তবর্তী অঞ্চলে অবিচ্ছিন্ন অভিবাসন ====
যুদ্ধ বিগ্রহ চললেও সাধারণ আমেরিকানরা অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালা পেরিয়ে পশ্চিম পেনসিলভেনিয়া এবং বর্তমান পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া অভিমুখে যাত্রা থামিয়ে রাখেনি। তারা ওহিও কান্ট্রি, কেন্টাকি এবং টেনেসি অঞ্চলের দিকেও নিরন্তর অগ্রসর হতে থাকে। কাম্বারল্যান্ড গ্যাপ বা গিরিপথ ব্যবহার করে দক্ষিণের জনপদগুলোতে যাতায়াতের ক্ষেত্রে তাদের সবচেয়ে অগ্রগণ্য নেতা ছিলেন ড্যানিয়েল বুন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তৎকালীন তরুণ [[জর্জ ওয়াশিংটন]] পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া এবং বর্তমান পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া অঞ্চলের জমিগুলোতে জনবসতি গড়ে তোলার বিষয়টিকে বিশেষভাবে উৎসাহিত করেছিলেন। ভার্জিনিয়ার মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীতে যুদ্ধকালীন বীরত্বের পুরস্কার হিসেবে রাজকীয় সরকার তাঁকে এবং তাঁর অনুগত সৈন্যদের এই জমিগুলো বরাদ্দ দিয়েছিল। ১৭৬৩ সালের রয়্যাল প্রোক্লামেশন বা রাজকীয় ঘোষণার মাধ্যমে অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পশ্চিমে নতুন করে বসতি স্থাপনের ওপর সাময়িক একটি নিষেধাজ্ঞা জারি করা হয়েছিল। তবে পরবর্তীতে ১৭৬৮ সালে স্বাক্ষরিত ফোর্ট স্ট্যানউইক্স চুক্তির মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমের বেশিরভাগ জমি সীমান্তবাসীদের বসতি স্থাপনের জন্য পুনরায় খুলে দেওয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== নতুন জাতি ===
১৭৮৩ সালের পর থেকে নবগঠিত এই জাতিটি শান্তির মুখ দেখতে শুরু করে। অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলো পশ্চিমের জমিগুলোর প্রশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্রণ কংগ্রেসের হাতে তুলে দিয়েছিল এবং সেখানে জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধির জন্য একটি পরিকল্পিত ও কার্যকর ব্যবস্থা তৈরি করা হয়েছিল। ১৭৮৭ সালের নর্থওয়েস্ট অর্ডিন্যান্সের মাধ্যমে ওহিও নদীর উত্তর দিকের এলাকাগুলোতে দাসপ্রথা পুরোপুরি নিষিদ্ধ করা হয়। একই সাথে প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হয়েছিল যে, কোনো নির্দিষ্ট অঞ্চলের জনসংখ্যা যখন একটি নির্দিষ্ট সীমা অতিক্রম করবে, তখন তাকে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা দেওয়া হবে। ১৮০৩ সালে ওহিও এই নিয়মেই একটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৮১ সালে [[মার্কিন স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ|বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধ]] শেষ হওয়ার পরপরই পেনসিলভেনিয়া, ভার্জিনিয়া এবং উত্তর ক্যারোলিনা থেকে অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পশ্চিমে প্রথম বড় ধরণের অভিযান শুরু হয়। এই অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীরা বা পাইওনিয়াররা শুরুর দিকে কোনোমতে খড়কুটো দিয়ে তৈরি মাথা গোঁজার ঠাঁই অথবা বড়জোর এক কামরার একটি কাঠের কুঁড়েঘরে বসবাস করতেন। তাদের খাবারের মূল চাহিদা মেটাত মূলত হরিণ ও টার্কি শিকার এবং প্রকৃতিতে সহজলভ্য অন্যান্য বন্য প্রাণী।
{{Blockquote|একজন অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীর বাহ্যিক রূপ ছিল অত্যন্ত স্বতন্ত্র। তাদের পরনে থাকত হাতে তৈরি চামড়ার প্যান্ট, মোকাশিন জুতো, পশমের তৈরি টুপি এবং শিকার করার জন্য বিশেষভাবে তৈরি জামা। কোমরে একটি বেল্ট বা কোমরবন্ধনী বাঁধা থাকত যেখান থেকে একটি শিকারি ছুরি এবং কার্তুজের ব্যাগ ঝুলত। এই সমস্ত কিছুই তারা নিজেরা ঘরে বসে তৈরি করতেন। অল্প সময়ের মধ্যেই তিনি বনের একটি নির্দিষ্ট অংশ পরিষ্কার করে সেখানে ভুট্টা, গম, তিসি, তামাক এবং অন্যান্য ফসল চাষ করতে শুরু করতেন। এমনকি ফলের বাগানও তৈরি করতেন অনেকে।}}
কয়েক বছরের ব্যবধানে এই অগ্রগামীরা তাদের খামারে শুকর, ভেড়া এবং গবাদি পশু পালন শুরু করতেন এবং কেউ কেউ ঘোড়াও জোগাড় করে নিতেন। তখন পশুর চামড়ার তৈরি পোশাকের জায়গা দখল করে নিত হাতে বোনা সুতির কাপড়। তবে যারা একটু বেশি ডানপিটে বা অস্থির স্বভাবের ছিলেন, তারা সভ্য জীবনের অত্যধিক নিয়মশৃঙ্খলায় অসন্তুষ্ট হয়ে পড়তেন। তারা তখন আবার নিজেদের ঘরবাড়ি ছেড়ে আরও ৮০ বা ১৬০ কিলোমিটার (৫০ বা ১০০ মাইল) দূরে পশ্চিমের অজানা সীমানার দিকে পাড়ি জমাতেন।

==== ভূমি নীতি ====
[[চিত্র:Wilderness_road_en.png|থাম্ব|১৭৮৫ সালের ওয়াইল্ডারনেস রোডের মানচিত্র]]
নবগঠিত এই রাষ্ট্রটির ভূমি সংক্রান্ত নীতি ছিল বেশ রক্ষণশীল। যেখানে দেশের পূর্ব দিকে ইতিমধ্যে স্থাপিত জনবসতিগুলোর প্রয়োজনের দিকে বিশেষ নজর দেওয়া হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৭৯০ থেকে ১৮২০ সালের এই সময়কালে প্রধান রাজনৈতিক দলগুলোর লক্ষ্য ছিল দেশের অর্থনীতির চাকা সচল রাখা এবং পূর্ব দিকের রাজ্যগুলো থেকে দক্ষ কর্মীরা যাতে চলে না যায় সেদিকে খেয়াল রাখা। তারা জমির সুপরিকল্পিত বণ্টন নিশ্চিত করার পাশাপাশি এমন একটি মূল্য নির্ধারণ করতে চেয়েছিল যা সাধারণ মানুষের নাগালে থাকে এবং একইসাথে যা থেকে পাওয়া অর্থ জাতীয় ঋণ পরিশোধে সহায়তা করে। এ ছাড়া জমির আইনি মালিকানা স্পষ্ট করা এবং পশ্চিমের অর্থনীতিকে এমনভাবে বৈচিত্র্যময় করে তোলা তাদের উদ্দেশ্য ছিল যাতে তা মূল জনপদের সাথে নিবিড়ভাবে যুক্ত থাকে এবং সেখান থেকে কোনো বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী আন্দোলনের ঝুঁকি তৈরি না হয়। তবে ১৮৩০-এর দশকের মধ্যে পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এমন অনেক জবরদখলকারী বা চাষিদের দ্বারা পূর্ণ হয়ে ওঠে যাদের কাছে জমির কোনো বৈধ দলিলপত্র ছিল না। যদিও তারা হয়তো পূর্ববর্তী দখলদারদের অর্থের বিনিময়ে সেই জমি অধিকার করেছিল। জ্যাকসোনিয়ান ডেমোক্র্যাটরা সস্তায় জমি দ্রুত পাইয়ে দেওয়ার প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়ে এই জবরদখলকারী চাষিদের পক্ষ নিয়েছিলেন। এর বিপরীতে হেনরি ক্লে পশ্চিম অভিমুখে ধাবমান এই &quot;আইনহীন জনতা&quot;র বিষয়ে শঙ্কিত ছিলেন। তাঁর মতে এই মানুষগুলো একটি আইন মেনে চলা এবং স্থিতিশীল মধ্যবিত্ত প্রজাতান্ত্রিক সমাজব্যবস্থার আদর্শকে নষ্ট করে দিচ্ছিল। এই সময়ে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের ধনী ব্যক্তিরা বড় বড় বাগান বা ক্রীতদাস নির্ভর খামার গড়ে তোলার জন্য উন্নত মানের জমি কেনার সুযোগ খুঁজছিলেন। ১৮৪০-এর দশকের মুক্ত ভূমি আন্দোলন স্বাধীন শ্বেতাঙ্গ কৃষকদের জন্য সস্তায় জমির দাবি তুলেছিল। ১৮৬২ সালে নতুন রিপাবলিকান পার্টি এই দাবিটিকে আইনে রূপান্তর করে। এই আইনের অধীনে সমস্ত প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক পুরুষ ও মহিলাকে, তারা কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ বা শ্বেতাঙ্গ হোক অথবা জন্মগত মার্কিন বা অভিবাসী হোক, ১৬০ একর (৬৫ হেক্টর) করে চাষযোগ্য জমি বা বসতভিটা বিনা মূল্যে দেওয়ার কথা বলা হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৮৩ সালে [[মার্কিন স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ|বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধে]] জয়লাভের পর বিপুল সংখ্যক মার্কিন নাগরিক পশ্চিম দিকে পাড়ি দিতে শুরু করেন। ১৭৮৮ সালে নর্থওয়েস্ট টেরিটোরি বা উত্তর-পশ্চিম ভূখণ্ডে আসা অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীরা ওহাইওর মেরিয়েটা শহরটি প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। এটিই ছিল সেই অঞ্চলের প্রথম স্থায়ী মার্কিন বসতি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৭৫ সালে ড্যানিয়েল বুন ট্রান্সিলভানিয়া কোম্পানির জন্য ভার্জিনিয়া থেকে কাম্বারল্যান্ড গ্যাপ বা গিরিপথ হয়ে মধ্য কেন্টাকি পর্যন্ত একটি নতুন রাস্তা তৈরি করেন। পরবর্তীকালে এই পথটিকে [[লুভল|লুইভিলে]] ফলস অফ দ্য ওহাইও পর্যন্ত সম্প্রসারিত করা হয়েছিল। এই &quot;ওয়াইল্ডারনেস রোড&quot; বা বন্য পথটি ছিল অত্যন্ত খাড়া এবং দুর্গম। এই পথ দিয়ে কেবল পায়ে হেঁটে বা ঘোড়ায় চড়েই যাতায়াত করা সম্ভব ছিল। তা সত্ত্বেও [[কেন্টাকি|কেন্টাকিতে]] বসতি গড়তে যাওয়া হাজার হাজার মানুষের কাছে এটিই ছিল যাতায়াতের জন্য সবচেয়ে সুবিধাজনক পথ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিছু কিছু জায়গায় অভিযাত্রীদের স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের মুখোমুখি হতে হতো। শুধুমাত্র ১৭৮৪ সালেই আদিবাসীরা এই পথে যাতায়াতকারী ১০০-র বেশি মানুষকে হত্যা করেছিল। এই সময়ে কেন্টাকি প্রায় জনশূন্য হয়ে পড়েছিল এবং সেখানে &quot;আদিবাসীদের কোনো গ্রাম অবশিষ্ট ছিল ছিল না&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে মাঝে মাঝে আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণকারী দলগুলো সেখান দিয়ে যাতায়াত করত। এই ধরণের আক্রমণের কবলে পড়েছিলেন [[আব্রাহাম লিংকন|আব্রাহাম লিঙ্কনের]] দাদাও। ১৭৮৪ সালে লুইভিলের কাছে আদিবাসীদের হাতে তিনি প্রাণ হারান।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আদিবাসীদের জমি দখল ====
[[চিত্র:Death_tecumseh_1813.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮১৩ সালে রিচার্ড এম. জনসনের হাতে যুদ্ধে নিহত হন আদিবাসী নেতা টেকুমসেহ, যিনি পরে ভাইস প্রেসিডেন্ট হন।]]
১৮১২ সালের যুদ্ধটি ছিল একটি চূড়ান্ত লড়াই যেখানে ব্রিটিশ এবং স্থানীয় আদিবাসী বাহিনী একত্রিত হয়ে মার্কিন সীমানা বিস্তার রোধ করার চেষ্টা করেছিল। ব্রিটিশদের যুদ্ধের অন্যতম লক্ষ্য ছিল মধ্য-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলে তাদের নিজস্ব তত্ত্বাবধানে একটি আদিবাসী রাষ্ট্র তৈরি করা। এই রাষ্ট্রটি পশ্চিম দিকে আমেরিকার সীমানা বৃদ্ধিতে বাধার প্রাচীর হিসেবে কাজ করত। জেনারেল [[অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসন|অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসনের]] অধীনে মার্কিন সীমান্ত মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী ক্রিক উপজাতির আদিবাসীদের পরাজিত করে দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলকে উন্মুক্ত করে দেয়। অন্য দিকে ১৮১৩ সালে কানাডায় থেমস নদীর যুদ্ধে গভর্নর [[উইলিয়াম হেনরি হ্যারিসন|উইলিয়াম হেনরি হ্যারিসনের]] নেতৃত্বাধীন মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী আদিবাসী ও ব্রিটিশদের সম্মিলিত শক্তিকে পরাজিত করে। যুদ্ধের ময়দানে আদিবাসী নেতা টেকুমসের মৃত্যু হলে বিদ্রোহী আদিবাসী উপজাতিগুলোর মধ্যে গড়ে ওঠা জোটটি ভেঙে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  একই সময়ে ১৮১৪ সালে আলাবামার হরসশু বেন্ডের যুদ্ধে জেনারেল [[অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসন]] দক্ষিণ-পূর্বাঞ্চলে আদিবাসীদের সামরিক হুমকির অবসান ঘটান। সাধারণভাবে বলা যায় যে সীমান্তবাসীরা মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী বা ফেডারেল সরকারের খুব সামান্য সহায়তা নিয়েই আদিবাসীদের বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই চালিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

যুদ্ধের ইতি টানতে মার্কিন কূটনীতিকরা ব্রিটেনের সাথে আলোচনা শুরু করেন এবং ১৮১৪ সালের শেষ দিকে দুপক্ষের মধ্যে ঘেন্ট চুক্তি স্বাক্ষরিত হয়। গ্রেট লেকসের দক্ষিণে মার্কিন ভূখণ্ডে একটি স্বাধীন আদিবাসী রাষ্ট্র গড়ে তোলার যে পরিকল্পনা ব্রিটিশরা করেছিল তারা তা সরাসরি প্রত্যাখ্যান করেন। আদিবাসীদের জমি দখলের বিষয়ে আমেরিকার নীতি কী হবে তা তাঁরা স্পষ্টভাবে ব্যাখ্যা করেছিলেন:
{{Blockquote|মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র কখনোই আদিবাসীদের কাছ থেকে শান্তিপূর্ণ উপায় এবং তাদের অবাধ সম্মতি ছাড়া জমি দখল করতে চায় না। তবে এই প্রক্রিয়ার মাধ্যমেই ক্রমবর্ধমান জনসংখ্যার প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী নিজেদের স্বীকৃত সীমানার ভেতরের প্রতিটি অংশকে বন্য অবস্থা থেকে উদ্ধার করে চাষযোগ্য করে তুলতে তারা সম্পূর্ণ বদ্ধপরিকর। লক্ষ লক্ষ সভ্য মানুষের বাঁচার রসদ জোগানোর এই কাজে ন্যায়বিচার বা মানবতার কোনো আদর্শই ক্ষুণ্ণ হবে না। কারণ যে কয়েক হাজার অসভ্য মানুষ ঐ এলাকায় ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে আছেন তারা যে অধিকার ত্যাগ করবেন তার বিনিময়ে তাদের উপযুক্ত ক্ষতিপূরণ দেওয়া হবে। এর পাশাপাশি তাদের কাছে চাষাবাদের জন্য যতটা জমি প্রয়োজন বা জীবনধারণের জন্য যতটুকু জায়গা যথেষ্ট তার চেয়েও বেশি জমি তাদের মালিকানাতেই থাকবে। যদি একে ক্ষমতা বিস্তারের আকাঙ্ক্ষা বলা হয় তবে আমরা তা স্বীকার করতে প্রস্তুত। কিন্তু এর মাধ্যমে ইউরোপীয় দেশগুলোর সাথে বিদ্যমান সীমানা অসম্মান করার বা গ্রেট ব্রিটেনের ভূখণ্ড দখল করার বিন্দুমাত্র ইচ্ছা প্রকাশ পায় না। [...] তারা বিশ্বাস করে না যে সেই সরকার কেবল কিছু অসভ্য মানুষের জন্য এক চিরস্থায়ী মরুভূমি বজায় রাখার তাগিদে মার্কিন ভূখণ্ডের ভেতরে তাদের স্বাভাবিক বিকাশের পথে বাধা সৃষ্টি করবে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|jstor=1896318|at=quote on p.&amp;nbsp;507|title=The West in American Diplomacy, 1812–1815|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=26|issue=4|last1=Gates|first1=Charles M.|year=1940|doi=10.2307/1896318}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==== নতুন অঞ্চল এবং রাজ্য ====
[[চিত্র:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|[[টমাস জেফারসন]] নিজেকে সীমান্তের একজন মানুষ এবং একজন বিজ্ঞানী হিসেবে মনে করতেন; পশ্চিমের সীমানা বিস্তার এবং সেই অঞ্চল অনুসন্ধানে তার গভীর আগ্রহ ছিল।]]
যখন দলে দলে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা আসতে শুরু করেন, তখন সীমান্তের জেলাগুলো প্রথমে &quot;টেরিটরি&quot; বা বিশেষ ভূখণ্ডে রূপান্তরিত হতো। সেখানে জনগণের ভোটে নির্বাচিত একটি আইনসভা এবং রাষ্ট্রপতির নিযুক্ত একজন গভর্নর থাকতেন। পরবর্তীতে যখন কোনো ভূখণ্ডের জনসংখ্যা ১,০০,০০০ এ পৌঁছাত, তখন সেই অঞ্চলটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ অঙ্গরাজ্যের মর্যাদার জন্য আবেদন করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্তের এই মানুষগুলো সাধারণত পূর্ব উপকূলের উচ্চবিত্তদের পছন্দ করা জটিল আইনি আনুষ্ঠানিকতা এবং সীমিত ভোটাধিকারের প্রথাগুলোকে বর্জন করতেন। এর পরিবর্তে তারা অধিকতর গণতন্ত্র এবং সাম্যবাদী আদর্শকে গ্রহণ করে নিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮১০ সালের মধ্যে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পশ্চিম সীমান্ত [[মিসিসিপি নদী]] পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হয়েছিল। মিসৌরি অঙ্গরাজ্যের [[সেন্ট লুইস]] ছিল সেই সময়ের সীমান্তের বৃহত্তম শহর। এটি পশ্চিম দিকে যাত্রার প্রবেশদ্বার হওয়ার পাশাপাশি মিসিসিপি নদীর নৌ-চলাচল এবং অভ্যন্তরীণ বাণিজ্যের প্রধান কেন্দ্র হয়ে উঠেছিল। তবে ১৮০৩ সাল পর্যন্ত এই শহরটি স্প্যানিশদের অধীনে ছিল।

==== লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয় ====
[[টমাস জেফারসন]] নিজেকে সীমান্তের একজন মানুষ বলে ভাবতেন এবং পশ্চিমের সীমানা বাড়ানো ও নতুন এলাকা খুঁজে দেখার ব্যাপারে তাঁর বিশেষ উৎসাহ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮০৩ সালে জেফারসনের লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের ফলে ১ কোটি ৫০ লক্ষ ডলারের বিনিময়ে দেশটির আয়তন দ্বিগুণ হয়ে যায়। এতে প্রতি একর জমির দাম পড়েছিল মাত্র ৪ সেন্টের মতো (যা ২০২৪ সালের হিসেবে প্রায় ৩১ কোটি ৫০ লক্ষ ডলার এবং প্রতি একরে ৪২ সেন্টের কম)।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ফেডারেলিস্টরা এই সীমানা বিস্তারের বিরোধিতা করেছিলেন, কিন্তু জেফারসনপন্থীরা এই সুযোগটিকে স্বাগত জানান। তারা মনে করেছিলেন এর ফলে লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন খামার তৈরি হবে যা জমি-মালিক কৃষকদের বা ইওমেনদের প্রভাব বৃদ্ধি করবে। তারা বিশ্বাস করতেন যে জমির মালিকানা একটি আদর্শ প্রজাতান্ত্রিক সমাজকে শক্তিশালী করবে, যা বাণিজ্যের বদলে কৃষির ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠবে। এই সমাজ স্বল্প শাসিত হবে এবং মানুষের মধ্যে আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা ও নৈতিকতা বৃদ্ধি করবে। একইসাথে এটি জেফারসনীয় গণতন্ত্রের রাজনৈতিক ভিত্তি হিসেবেও কাজ করবে।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আন্তর্জাতিক আইন অনুযায়ী ফ্রান্সকে এই ভূখণ্ডের সার্বভৌমত্বের জন্য অর্থ প্রদান করা হয়েছিল। ১৮০৩ থেকে ১৮৭০-এর দশকের মধ্যে ফেডারেল সরকার সেই সময়ে জমির দখলে থাকা আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের কাছ থেকেও জমি কিনে নিয়েছিল। বিংশ শতাব্দীর হিসাবরক্ষক এবং আদালতগুলো আদিবাসীদের দেওয়া এই অর্থ বা পাওনার মূল্য নির্ধারণ করেছেন। এর মধ্যে ছিল নগদ টাকা, খাবার, ঘোড়া, গবাদি পশু, নিত্যপ্রয়োজনীয় সামগ্রী, দালানকোঠা নির্মাণ এবং শিক্ষা ও চিকিৎসা সেবার মতো ভবিষ্যৎ সুযোগ-সুবিধা। নগদ অর্থের হিসেবে লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয় এলাকার উপজাতিদের মোট প্রায় ২৬০ কোটি ডলার দেওয়া হয়েছিল, যা ২০১৬ সালের হিসেবে প্রায় ৯০০ কোটি ডলারের সমান। এ ছাড়াও মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকে বসবাসকারী আদিবাসীদের তাদের জমির জন্য অতিরিক্ত অর্থ দেওয়া হয়েছিল। সেই সাথে লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের বাইরে পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের অন্যান্য অংশে বসবাসকারী আদিবাসীদেরও পাওনা পরিশোধ করা হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জমি কেনার আগেই জেফারসন সেই এলাকাগুলো অনুসন্ধান এবং মানচিত্র তৈরির জন্য অভিযানের পরিকল্পনা করছিলেন। তিনি [[লুইস ও ক্লার্কের অভিযান|লুইস এবং ক্লার্ককে]] এই দায়িত্ব দিয়ে বলেছিলেন, &quot;মিসৌরি নদী এবং এর প্রধান শাখাগুলো অনুসন্ধান করুন যা প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরের জলধারার সাথে যুক্ত হতে পারে; সেটি কলম্বিয়া, ওরেগন, কলোরাডো বা অন্য যে কোনো নদী হতে পারে যা বাণিজ্যের জন্য মহাদেশের এপার থেকে ওপার যাতায়াতে সবচেয়ে সহজ এবং কার্যকর পথ হিসেবে কাজ করবে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জেফারসন এই অভিযাত্রী দলকে ওই অঞ্চলের আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের সম্পর্কে জানার নির্দেশ দিয়েছিলেন। তাদের নৈতিকতা, ভাষা এবং সংস্কৃতি ছাড়াও আবহাওয়া, মাটি, নদী, বাণিজ্যিক লেনদেন এবং পশুপাখি ও উদ্ভিদ জগত নিয়ে পড়াশোনা করার নির্দেশও তিনি দিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জন জ্যাকব অ্যাস্টরের মতো উদ্যোক্তারা দ্রুত এই সুযোগটি লুফে নেন এবং প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় উত্তর-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলে পশম ব্যবসার প্রসার ঘটান। কলম্বিয়া নদীর মোহনায় অ্যাস্টরের তৈরি &quot;ফোর্ট অ্যাস্টর&quot; (পরবর্তীতে ফোর্ট জর্জ) ছিল ওই এলাকার প্রথম স্থায়ী শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি, যদিও এটি অ্যাস্টরের জন্য খুব একটা লাভজনক হয়নি। তিনি হাডসন’স বে কোম্পানির একচেটিয়া আধিপত্য ভাঙার জন্য আমেরিকান ফার কোম্পানি প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছিলেন। ১৮২০ সালের মধ্যে অ্যাস্টর অন্যান্য স্বতন্ত্র ব্যবসায়ীদের নিজের অধীনে নিয়ে আসেন এবং একটি লাভজনক একচেটিয়া ব্যবসা গড়ে তোলেন। ১৮৩৪ সালে যখন তিনি এই ব্যবসা ছেড়ে দেন, ততদিনে তিনি কয়েক কোটি ডলারের মালিক হয়ে গিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পশম ব্যবসা ====
[[চিত্র:Fort_Nez_Perces_Trading_1841.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৪১ সালে ফোর্ট নেজ পারসেসে [[পশম বাণিজ্য|পশম ব্যবসা]]]]
[[চিত্র:353_I._Chesnut-backed_Titmouse_-_2._Black-capt_Titmouse_-_3._Chesnut-crowned_Titmouse_(cropped).jpg|থাম্ব|[[জন জেমস আদোবান|অডুবনের]] ''বার্ডস অফ আমেরিকার'' প্লেট]]
সীমান্ত যখন ক্রমশ পশ্চিম দিকে সরছিল, তখন ফাঁদ পেতে পশু শিকারি বা ট্র্যাপার এবং সাধারণ শিকারিরা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের আগেই সেই সব এলাকায় পৌঁছে যেতেন। তারা মূলত ইউরোপে পাঠানোর জন্য বিভার বা উদবিড়াল এবং অন্যান্য পশুর চামড়া বা পশম খুঁজতেন। ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট বা প্রাচীন পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বেশিরভাগ এলাকায় এই শিকারিরাই ছিলেন প্রথম পৌঁছানো ইউরোপীয়। তারাই পশ্চিমের আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সাথে প্রথম কাজের সম্পর্ক গড়ে তুলেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তারা উত্তর-পশ্চিমের ভূখণ্ড সম্পর্কে বিশদ জ্ঞান অর্জন করেছিলেন, যার মধ্যে মধ্য রকি পর্বতমালার গুরুত্বপূর্ণ &quot;সাউথ পাস&quot; বা দক্ষিণ গিরিপথটি অন্যতম ছিল। ১৮১২ সালের দিকে আবিষ্কৃত এই পথটি পরবর্তীতে ওরেগন এবং ওয়াশিংটনে যেতে চাওয়া বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের প্রধান রাস্তা হয়ে ওঠে। তবে ১৮২০ সালের মধ্যে একটি নতুন &quot;ব্রিগেড-রঁদেভ্যু&quot; বা দলগত সাক্ষাৎ ব্যবস্থা চালু হয়। এর মাধ্যমে কোম্পানির লোকেরা বড় দলে ভাগ হয়ে দীর্ঘ অভিযানের মাধ্যমে দেশজুড়ে যাতায়াত করতেন এবং অনেক আদিবাসী উপজাতিকে এড়িয়ে চলতেন। এই ব্যবস্থাটি &quot;মুক্ত শিকারি&quot;দের নিজেদের উদ্যোগে নতুন নতুন অঞ্চল খুঁজে দেখতে উৎসাহিত করেছিল। শিকারের মরসুম শেষে এই শিকারিরা [[সবুজ নদী (কলোরাডো নদীর উপনদী)|গ্রিন রিভার]], আপার মিসৌরি এবং আপার মিসিসিপি নদীর তীরের বন্দরগুলোতে নির্দিষ্ট জায়গায় বা রঁদেভ্যুতে সমবেত হতেন এবং তাদের সংগৃহীত পণ্যের বিনিময়ে পারিশ্রমিক বুঝে নিতেন। এই ধরণের মিলনস্থল বা রঁদেভ্যু শহরগুলোর মধ্যে সেন্ট লুইস ছিল বৃহত্তম। তবে ১৮৩০ সালের মধ্যে ফ্যাশন বদলে যায় এবং বিভার বা পশমের টুপির জায়গা দখল করে নেয় রেশমি টুপি। এর ফলে দামি আমেরিকান পশমের চাহিদা কমে যায়। এভাবেই জেডেডিয়া স্মিথ, হিউ গ্লাস, ডেভি ক্রকেট, জ্যাক ওমোহুন্ড্রো এবং তাঁদের মতো অন্যান্য মাউন্টেন মেন, শিকারি ও পথপ্রদর্শকদের যুগের অবসান ঘটে। ১৮৪৫ সালের মধ্যে বিভারের পশমের ব্যবসা কার্যত বন্ধ হয়ে গিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফেডারেল সরকার এবং পশ্চিমমুখী সম্প্রসারণ ====
নতুন ভূখণ্ডগুলোতে দ্রুত জনবসতি গড়ে তোলার প্রয়োজনীয়তা নিয়ে সর্বজনীন একমত থাকলেও, সরকার জমির জন্য কত মূল্য নির্ধারণ করবে তা নিয়ে রাজনৈতিক মহলে তীব্র বিতর্ক ছিল। রাষ্ট্রপতি [[জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামস|জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামসের]] মতো রক্ষণশীল এবং হুইগ দলের সদস্যরা চেয়েছিলেন এই প্রসারের গতি নিয়ন্ত্রিত হোক। তাঁরা নবাগতদের কাছ থেকে পর্যাপ্ত মূল্য আদায়ের পক্ষপাতী ছিলেন যাতে ফেডারেল সরকারের খরচ মেটানো সম্ভব হয়। তবে ডেমোক্র্যাটরা অত্যন্ত কম দামে জমি দেওয়ার মাধ্যমে এক ধরণের বিশৃঙ্খল প্রতিযোগিতাকেই সমর্থন করেছিলেন। এই বিতর্কের চূড়ান্ত সমাধান আসে ১৮৬২ সালের হোমস্টেড অ্যাক্ট বা বসতভিটা আইনের মাধ্যমে। এই আইনে একটি ভারসাম্য বজায় রাখা হয়েছিল; যেখানে বলা হয়েছিল যে কোনো বসতি স্থাপনকারী যদি একটি নির্দিষ্ট জমিতে একটানা পাঁচ বছর কাজ করেন, তবে তিনি ১৬০ একর জমি বিনামূল্যে পাবেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ব্যক্তিগত লাভের আকাঙ্ক্ষাই পশ্চিমমুখী এই অভিযানের মূল চালিকাশক্তি ছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Christine Bold 20132&quot;&gt;Christine Bold, ''The Frontier Club: Popular Westerns and Cultural Power, 1880–1924'' (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; তবে ফেডারেল সরকার বিভিন্ন চুক্তির মাধ্যমে জমির দখল নেওয়া এবং রাষ্ট্রপতির নিযুক্ত গভর্নরের মাধ্যমে আঞ্চলিক সরকার গঠনের মতো গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কাজগুলোতে সহায়ক ভূমিকা পালন করেছিল। ফেডারেল সরকার প্রথমে অন্যান্য রাষ্ট্র বা আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের সাথে চুক্তির মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় ভূখণ্ডগুলো অর্জন করত। এরপর সেই জমিগুলোর মানচিত্র তৈরি এবং নথিবদ্ধ করার জন্য জরিপকারীদের পাঠানো হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিংশ শতাব্দীর মধ্যে ওয়াশিংটনের আমলারা এইসব ফেডারেল জমি ব্যবস্থাপনার দায়িত্ব নেন। যেমন স্বরাষ্ট্র দপ্তরের অধীনে ইউনাইটেড স্টেটস জেনারেল ল্যান্ড অফিস এবং ১৮৯১ সালের পর কৃষি দপ্তরের অধীনে বন বিভাগ গঠিত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এবং ১৮৯১ সালের পরে, কৃষি বিভাগে বন পরিষেবা ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯০০ সালের পর বাঁধ নির্মাণ এবং বন্যা নিয়ন্ত্রণ সরকারের অন্যতম প্রধান উদ্বেগের বিষয় হয়ে দাঁড়ায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থা ছিল একটি অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়। নদীপথে নৌ-চলাচল সহজতর করার সম্পূর্ণ দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়েছিল সেনাবাহিনীর ওপর, বিশেষ করে আর্মি কোর অফ ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্সকে। ১৮১১ সালে ওহিও নদীতে প্রথম বাষ্পীয় চালিত নৌকা বা স্টিমবোট ব্যবহার করা হয়। এর ফলে নদীপথ ব্যবহার করে, বিশেষত মিসিসিপি ও মিসৌরি নদী এবং তাদের শাখা নদীগুলোর মাধ্যমে স্বল্প ব্যয়ে যাতায়াত করা সম্ভব হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১ ১৮১৮ থেকে ১৮২৫ সালের মধ্যে মিসৌরি নদীতে পরিচালিত সামরিক অভিযানগুলো প্রকৌশলীদের স্টিমবোট প্রযুক্তির উন্নয়নে সাহায্য করেছিল। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ১৮১৯ সালের সামরিক স্টিমবোট &quot;ওয়েস্টার্ন ইঞ্জিনিয়ার&quot; অগভীর জলে চলার ক্ষমতার সাথে শুরুর দিকের  পিছনের চাকাযুক্ত প্রযুক্তির সমন্বয় ঘটানো হয়েছিল। এ ছাড়া ১৮১৯ থেকে ১৮২৫ সালের মধ্যে কর্নেল হেনরি অ্যাটকিনসন হাতে চালিত প্যাডেল হুইল বিশিষ্ট বিশেষ ধরণের নৌকা তৈরি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জাতীয় সীমানা বিস্তারে ফেডারেল ডাক ব্যবস্থার ভূমিকা ছিল অপরিসীম। একটি সস্তা, দ্রুত এবং সুবিধাজনক যোগাযোগ ব্যবস্থা গড়ে তোলার মাধ্যমে এটি পশ্চিমের প্রসারে গতি এনেছিল। আদি বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের পাঠানো চিঠিগুলো থেকে পাওয়া তথ্য এবং উৎসাহমূলক বার্তাগুলো অন্যদেরও পশ্চিমে আসতে উৎসাহিত করত। এই ডাক ব্যবস্থার মাধ্যমেই ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে থাকা পরিবারগুলো একে অপরের সাথে যোগাযোগ রাখতে পারত এবং ব্যবসায়ীরা নতুন সুযোগের সন্ধান পেত। এ ছাড়া এটি পূর্বের পাইকারি বিক্রেতা ও কারখানাগুলোর সাথে পশ্চিমের বণিকদের নিয়মিত বাণিজ্যিক সম্পর্ক বজায় রাখতে সাহায্য করেছিল। ডাক পরিষেবা একইভাবে সেনাবাহিনীকে বিশাল পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় ভূখণ্ডের ওপর নিয়ন্ত্রণ বাড়াতেও সাহায্য করেছিল। ''নিউ ইয়র্ক উইকলি ট্রিবিউনের'' মতো গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সংবাদপত্রগুলো ডাকের মাধ্যমে ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়ায় বিভিন্ন রাজ্যের রাজনীতিকদের মধ্যে সমন্বয় করা সহজ হয়ে যায়। এই ডাক ব্যবস্থা বিদ্যমান জনপদগুলোর সাথে সীমান্ত এলাকার সেতুবন্ধন তৈরি করে জাতীয়তাবাদের জন্ম দেয় এবং একটি প্রয়োজনীয় পরিকাঠামো প্রদান করে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সেনাবাহিনী শুরু থেকেই পশ্চিমমুখী প্রসারের পথগুলো বরাবর বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের নিরাপত্তার দায়িত্ব গ্রহণ করেছিল। ১৮৫৭ সালে মার্কিন যুদ্ধ সচিব জন বি ফয়েড এই নীতিটি এভাবে বর্ণনা করেছিলেন:&lt;ref name=&quot;forts&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger, and D.A. Russell, 1849–1912|শেষাংশ=Hogland|প্রথমাংশ=Alison K.|প্রকাশক=University of Oklahoma Press|পাতা=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;আমাদের সীমান্তের সমান্তরালে অথচ আদিবাসীদের স্বাভাবিক বাসস্থানের কাছাকাছি নির্দিষ্ট দূরত্বে এবং উপযুক্ত স্থানে যদি পদাতিক বাহিনীর ঘাঁটি স্থাপন করা হয়, তবে তা উপজাতিগুলোর ওপর একটি কার্যকর নিয়ন্ত্রণ বজায় রাখবে। তারা অনুভব করতে পারবে যে শ্বেতাঙ্গদের জনপদে তাদের যোদ্ধারা কোনো আক্রমণ চালালে তাৎক্ষণিকভাবে তাদের নিজেদের ঘরবাড়িতেও পাল্টা আঘাত আসতে পারে।&lt;/blockquote&gt;সেই সময়ে দুর্গের সঠিক আকার কেমন হওয়া উচিত তা নিয়ে একটি বিতর্ক তৈরি হয়েছিল। জেফারসন ডেভিস, উইনফিল্ড স্কট এবং থমাস জেসাপ সংখ্যায় কম কিন্তু আকারে বড় দুর্গের পক্ষে ছিলেন। অন্যদিকে ফ্লয়েডের পরিকল্পনাটি ছিল বেশি ব্যয়বহুল কিন্তু সাধারণ মানুষ ও বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা এটিই বেশি পছন্দ করত, কারণ তারা চাইত সেনাবাহিনী যেন তাদের যতটা সম্ভব কাছাকাছি থাকে। সীমান্ত এলাকাটি ছিল বিশাল এবং ডেভিসও শেষ পর্যন্ত স্বীকার করেছিলেন যে, &quot;একই জায়গায় সেনাবাহিনী কেন্দ্রীভূত করলে সীমান্তের অনেক অংশ আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের মুখে অরক্ষিত হয়ে পড়বে।&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;forts&quot;/&gt;

==== বিজ্ঞানী, শিল্পী এবং অভিযাত্রী ====
[[চিত্র:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Fort_Laramie_-_Walters_37194049.jpg|ডান|থাম্ব|১৮৪০ সালের আগের চেহারার প্রথম ফোর্ট লারামি । আলফ্রেড জ্যাকব মিলারের স্মৃতি থেকে আঁকা ছবি]]
সরকারি এবং বেসরকারি বিভিন্ন উদ্যোগের মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমের অজানা অঞ্চলগুলো খুঁজে দেখার জন্য বহু অভিযাত্রীকে পাঠানো হয়েছিল। ১৮০৫-১৮০৬ সালের দিকে সেনাবাহিনীর লেফটেন্যান্ট জেবুলন পাইক (১৭৭৯-১৮১৩) ২০ জন সৈন্যের একটি দল নিয়ে মিসিসিপি নদীর উৎসের সন্ধানে যাত্রা করেছিলেন। পরবর্তীতে তিনি স্প্যানিশ ভূখণ্ডের রেড এবং আরকানসাস নদীগুলোর গতিপথ অনুসন্ধান করেন এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত [[রিও গ্রান্দে|রিও গ্র্যান্ডে]] গিয়ে পৌঁছান। ফেরার পথে পাইক কলোরাডোর সেই সুউচ্চ পর্বতশৃঙ্গটি দেখতে পান যা বর্তমানে তাঁর নামেই পরিচিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মেজর স্টিফেন হ্যারিম্যান লং (১৭৮৪-১৮৬৪) ১৮১৯-১৮২০ সালে ইয়েলোস্টোন এবং মিসৌরি অভিযান পরিচালনা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু ১৮২৩ সালে গ্রেট প্লেইনস অঞ্চলকে তিনি অত্যন্ত শুষ্ক এবং চাষবাসের অযোগ্য হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেন। এর ফলে এলাকাটি &quot;গ্রেট আমেরিকান মরুভূমি&quot;  হিসেবে কুখ্যাতি পায়। এই নেতিবাচক প্রচারের কারণে পরবর্তী কয়েক দশক ধরে সেই এলাকায় জনবসতি স্থাপনের বিষয়ে সাধারণ মানুষ নিরুৎসাহিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮১১ সালে প্রকৃতিবিদ থমাস নাটল (১৭৮৬-১৮৫৯) এবং জন ব্র্যাডবেরি (১৭৬৮-১৮২৩) মিসৌরি নদী বরাবর ভ্রমণ করে সেখানকার বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ ও প্রাণিজগত সম্পর্কে তথ্য সংগ্রহ করেন এবং সেগুলোর চিত্র অঙ্কন করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; শিল্পী জর্জ ক্যাটলিন (১৭৯৬-১৮৭২) আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সংস্কৃতির অত্যন্ত নিঁখুত ও জীবন্ত ছবি এঁকেছিলেন। অন্যদিকে সুইজারল্যান্ডের শিল্পী কার্ল বডমার এই অঞ্চলের বিচিত্র ভূচিত্র এবং মানুষের প্রতিকৃতি তৈরি করে সকলকে মুগ্ধ করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[জন জেমস আদোবান|জন জেমস অডুবন]] (১৭৮৫-১৮৫১) ৫০০ প্রজাতির পাখির অত্যন্ত সূক্ষ্ম বর্ণনা দেওয়া এবং সেগুলোর ছবি আঁকার জন্য বিশ্বজুড়ে বিখ্যাত হয়ে আছেন যা ''বার্ডস অফ আমেরিকা''  নামক গ্রন্থে প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

এই অভিযাত্রীদের মধ্যে সবচেয়ে জনপ্রিয় ও প্রভাবশালী ব্যক্তিত্ব ছিলেন টপোগ্রাফিক্যাল ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স কোরের সেনা কর্মকর্তা জন চার্লস ফ্রেমন্ট (১৮১৩-১৮৯০)। তাঁর মধ্যে ভৌগোলিক অনুসন্ধানের যেমন প্রতিভা ছিল, তেমনই নিজের কাজের প্রচার করার এক অসাধারণ ক্ষমতাও ছিল। এই গুণের কারণে তিনি &quot;পশ্চিমের পথপ্রদর্শক&quot; উপাধি লাভ করেন এবং ১৮৫৬ সালে নতুন গঠিত রিপাবলিকান পার্টির হয়ে রাষ্ট্রপতি পদের মনোনয়ন পান।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৪০-এর দশকে তিনি ধারাবাহিকভাবে বেশ কিছু সফল অভিযান পরিচালনা করেন যা সেই সময়ের স্বল্পপরিচিত অঞ্চলগুলো সম্পর্কে অনেক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভৌগোলিক প্রশ্নের উত্তর দিয়েছিল। তিনি পাঁচটি ভিন্ন পথ দিয়ে রকি পর্বতমালা অতিক্রম করেন এবং ওরেগন ও ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার কিছু অংশের মানচিত্র তৈরি করেন। ১৮৪৬-১৮৪৭ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া জয়ের ক্ষেত্রেও তিনি বিশেষ ভূমিকা পালন করেছিলেন। ১৮৪৮-১৮৪৯ সালে ফ্রেমন্টকে প্রস্তাবিত আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের জন্য পাহাড়ের মধ্য দিয়ে একটি কেন্দ্রীয় পথ খুঁজে বের করার দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়। কিন্তু তাঁর এই অভিযানটি চরম বিপর্যয়ের মুখে পড়ে যখন তারা পথ হারিয়ে ফেলে এবং ভারী তুষারপাতের কবলে আটকা পড়ে প্রাণহানির উপক্রম হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তার প্রতিবেদনগুলোতে রোমাঞ্চকর অভিযানের গল্পের সাথে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য এবং ভ্রমণকারীদের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় ব্যবহারিক তথ্যের এক চমৎকার মিশেল থাকত। এটি সাধারণ মানুষের কল্পনাকে দারুণভাবে প্রভাবিত করে এবং অনেককেই পশ্চিমের অজানা সীমান্তের দিকে যাত্রা করতে গভীরভাবে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছিল। গেটজম্যানের মতে তার কাজ ছিল &quot;আয়তনে বিশাল এবং তা অন্বেষণমূলক বা ভ্রমণ সাহিত্যের একটি ধ্রুপদী নিদর্শন।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আমেরিকার উত্তর-পূর্বাঞ্চলে যখন একের পর এক নামী সব কলেজ গড়ে উঠছিল, তখন পশ্চিমের সীমান্তে ১৭৮০ সালে কেন্টাকির লেক্সিংটনে প্রতিষ্ঠিত ট্রান্সিলভানিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের তেমন কোনো প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বী ছিল না। স্নাতক এবং চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানের পাঠ্যক্রমের পাশাপাশি এখানে একটি উন্নত আইন বিভাগও ছিল। ট্রান্সিলভানিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় সমগ্র দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলের রাজনৈতিকভাবে উচ্চাভিলাষী তরুণদের বিশেষভাবে আকৃষ্ট করত। এখান থেকে পড়াশোনা করা শিক্ষার্থীদের মধ্যে ৫০ জন পরবর্তীকালে মার্কিন সিনেটর, ১০১ জন প্রতিনিধি পরিষদের সদস্য, ৩৬ জন গভর্নর এবং ৩৪ জন রাষ্ট্রদূত হিসেবে নিযুক্ত হয়েছিলেন। এমনকি কনফেডারেসির প্রেসিডেন্ট জেফারসন ডেভিসও এই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের একজন প্রাক্তনী ছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গৃহযুদ্ধ-পূর্ব পশ্চিমাঞ্চল ===

==== ধর্ম ====
[[চিত্র:Circuit_rider_illustration_Eggleston.png|থাম্ব|এডওয়ার্ড এগলস্টনের লেখা ''&quot;দ্য সার্কিট রাইডার: আ টেল অফ দ্য হিরোইক এজ&quot;'' বই থেকে চিত্রিত। সুসংগঠিত মেথডিস্টরা একটি ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলে একাধিক গির্জা তৈরি এবং পরিবেশন করার জন্য সার্কিট রাইডারকে পাঠিয়েছিলেন।]]
সীমান্তের অধিকাংশ মানুষ ধর্মের প্রতি তেমন একটা আগ্রহ দেখাতেন না যতক্ষণ না বিভিন্ন জায়গায় ঘুরে বেড়ানো ধর্মপ্রচারকরা সেখানে এসে &quot;ধর্মীয় পুনর্জাগরণ&quot; শুরু করেছিলেন। স্থানীয় অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীরা এই অনুষ্ঠানগুলোতে অত্যন্ত উৎসাহের সাথে সাড়া দিতেন এবং কার্যত তারা তাদের নিজস্ব গণমুখী ধর্মমত গড়ে তুলেছিলেন। বিশেষ করে ১৭৯০ থেকে ১৮৪০ সালের মধ্যে দ্বিতীয় মহাজাগরণের সময়কালে এই প্রবণতা অনেক বেশি দেখা গিয়েছিল। এই সময়ে খোলা জায়গায় এক সপ্তাহ বা তার বেশি সময় ধরে বিশাল ক্যাম্প করে ধর্মসভার আয়োজন করা হতো যা অনেক মানুষকে প্রথমবারের মতো একটি সুসংগঠিত ধর্মের সাথে পরিচয় করিয়ে দেয়। ১৮০১ সালে কেন্টাকির ক্যান রিজে এই ধরণের একটি অত্যন্ত বড় এবং বিখ্যাত ধর্মসভা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

স্থানীয় ব্যাপটিস্টরা অনেকগুলো ছোট ছোট স্বাধীন গির্জা স্থাপন করেছিলেন কারণ তারা কোনো কেন্দ্রীয় প্রশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্রণ পছন্দ করতেন না। প্রতিটি স্থানীয় গির্জা নিজস্ব উপাসনাকারীদের স্বাধীনতার নীতির ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। অন্যদিকে সুসংগঠিত এবং কেন্দ্রীয়ভাবে নিয়ন্ত্রিত মেথডিস্টদের বিশপরা নির্দিষ্ট এলাকার জন্য সার্কিট রাইডার বা ভ্রাম্যমাণ ধর্মপ্রচারক নিয়োগ করতেন। এই প্রচারকরা কয়েক বছর একটি নির্দিষ্ট এলাকায় কাজ করার পর তাদের আবার নতুন কোনো অঞ্চলে ধর্ম প্রচারের জন্য পাঠিয়ে দেওয়া হতো। এই সময়ে বেশ কিছু নতুন ধর্মীয় শাখা বা গোষ্ঠী তৈরি হয়েছিল যার মধ্যে খ্রীষ্টের শিষ্যরা ছিল বৃহত্তম।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পূর্ব উপকূলের সুপ্রতিষ্ঠিত গির্জাগুলো সীমান্তের মানুষের এই আধ্যাত্মিক প্রয়োজনীয়তা মেটাতে কিছুটা সময় নিয়েছিল। প্রেসবিটেরিয়ান এবং কংগ্রিগেশনালিস্টরা যেহেতু মূলত সুশিক্ষিত ধর্মযাজকদের ওপর নির্ভর করতেন, তাই সীমান্তের মানুষের মধ্যে ধর্ম প্রচারের জন্য তাদের প্রয়োজনীয় জনবলের অভাব দেখা দিয়েছিল। সীমান্তে নিজেদের সম্পদ ও শক্তিকে একত্রিত করে কাজ করার জন্য তারা ১৮০১ সালে একটি ঐক্য পরিকল্পনা বা প্ল্যান অফ ইউনিয়ন তৈরি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মধ্য-পশ্চিমে গণতন্ত্র ====
ইতিহাসবিদ মার্ক ওয়াইম্যান উইসকনসিনকে একটি &quot;একের ওপর এক লেখা প্রাচীন পাণ্ডুলিপি&quot; বলে অভিহিত করেছেন যেখানে বিভিন্ন জাতি এবং শক্তির প্রভাবে স্থায়ী ছাপ রয়ে গিয়েছে। তিনি গত তিন শতাব্দী ধরে গড়ে ওঠা এই স্তরগুলোকে বিভিন্ন &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেছেন। যেমন আদিবাসী আমেরিকান সীমান্ত, ফরাসি সীমান্ত, ব্রিটিশ সীমান্ত, পশম ব্যবসার সীমান্ত, খনিজ উত্তোলনের সীমান্ত এবং কাঠ কাটার সীমান্ত। সবশেষে রেলপথের আগমনের মাধ্যমেই এই সীমান্ত যুগের অবসান ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার উইসকনসিনের সীমান্তের শেষ পর্যায়ে সেখানে বড় হয়েছিলেন এবং অঙ্গরাজ্যটি ভ্রমণের সময় তিনি এই সামাজিক ও রাজনৈতিক বিবর্তনের স্তরগুলো প্রত্যক্ষ করেছিলেন। টার্নারের শেষ ছাত্রদের মধ্যে একজন ছিলেন মার্লে কার্টি। তিনি গণতন্ত্র সম্পর্কে টার্নারের তত্ত্বটি যাচাই করার জন্য উইসকনসিনের স্থানীয় ইতিহাসের ওপর একটি গভীর বিশ্লেষণ পরিচালনা করেন। টার্নারের মতে আমেরিকান গণতন্ত্রের অর্থ ছিল &quot;সাধারণ জীবনকে প্রভাবিত করে এমন সিদ্ধান্ত গ্রহণের ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণ মানুষের ব্যাপক অংশগ্রহণ, ব্যক্তিগত উদ্যোগ ও আত্মনির্ভরশীলতার বিকাশ এবং অর্থনৈতিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক সুযোগের সমতা। এর সাথে অভিবাসীদের আমেরিকান হিসেবে গড়ে তোলার প্রক্রিয়াটিও জড়িয়ে ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কার্টি তথ্য সংগ্রহ করে দেখেন যে ১৮৪০ থেকে ১৮৬০ সালের মধ্যে উইসকনসিনের দরিদ্রতম গোষ্ঠীগুলো খুব দ্রুত জমির মালিকানা লাভ করেছিল এবং তারা প্রায়শই স্থানীয় পর্যায়ের রাজনৈতিক নেতৃত্বে উঠে আসত। তিনি আরও লক্ষ্য করেন যে এমনকি ভূমিহীন তরুণ খামার শ্রমিকরাও খুব শীঘ্রই নিজেদের খামারের মালিক হতে সক্ষম হতেন। তাই সীমান্তের এই মুক্ত জমি ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসী এবং পুরোনো শ্বেতাঙ্গ মার্কিনি বা ইয়াঙ্কি উভয় পক্ষের জন্যই সুযোগ এবং গণতন্ত্র তৈরি করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম ====
[[চিত্র:Map_of_Santa_Fe_Trail-NPS.jpg|থাম্ব|সান্তা ফে ট্রেইলের মানচিত্র]]
১৭৭০ থেকে ১৮৩০ এর দশক পর্যন্ত অভিযাত্রীরা কেন্টাকি থেকে শুরু করে অ্যালাবামা এবং টেক্সাস পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত নতুন জমিগুলোতে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন। তাদের মধ্যে অধিকাংশই ছিলেন কৃষক যারা দলবদ্ধভাবে সপরিবারে সেখানে যেতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ইতিহাসবিদ লুই হ্যাকার দেখিয়েছেন যে প্রথম প্রজন্মের অভিযাত্রীরা কতটা অপচয়কারী ছিলেন। সঠিকভাবে জমি চাষ করার বিষয়ে তাদের পর্যাপ্ত জ্ঞান ছিল না এবং যখন কুমারী জমির প্রাকৃতিক উর্বরতা শেষ হয়ে যেত তখন তারা সেই জমি বিক্রি করে দিয়ে আবার নতুন করে চেষ্টা করার জন্য পশ্চিম দিকে চলে যেতেন। হ্যাকার ১৮১২ সালের দিকে কেন্টাকির অবস্থা বর্ণনা করতে গিয়ে লিখেছেন:
{{Blockquote|দশ থেকে পঞ্চাশ একর পরিষ্কার করা জমি সম্বলিত খামারগুলো বিক্রির জন্য তৈরি ছিল। সেখানে কাঠের বাড়ি, পিচ ফলের বাগান এবং কখনও কখনও আপেল বাগানও থাকত। এই জমিগুলো বেড়া দিয়ে ঘেরা ছিল এবং জ্বালানি হিসেবে ব্যবহারের জন্য সেখানে প্রচুর গাছপালাও ছিল। এই জমিগুলোতে মূলত প্রধান ফসল হিসেবে গম ও ভুট্টা বোনা হতো। তবে দড়ি তৈরির জন্য উর্বর নদী উপত্যকায় ক্রমশ শণ চাষের পরিমাণও বাড়ছিল...। তবুও সামগ্রিকভাবে এটি ছিল এমন একটি কৃষিভিত্তিক সমাজ যেখানে দক্ষতা বা সম্পদের অভাব ছিল। তারা সেই সমস্ত ভুল কাজ করত যা একজন অপচয়কারী এবং অজ্ঞ চাষির পরিচায়ক। ঘাস থেকে খড় তৈরির জন্য তারা বীজ বুনত না এবং এর ফলে খামারের পশুদের খাবারের জন্য বনের ওপর নির্ভর করতে হতো। মাঠগুলোকে চারণভূমি হিসেবে ব্যবহারের সুযোগ দেওয়া হতো না। জমির উর্বরতা পুরোপুরি শেষ না হওয়া পর্যন্ত সেখানে বারবার একই ফসল চাষ করা হতো। জমির পুষ্টি ফেরানোর জন্য পুনরায় সেখানে গোবর বা সার ব্যবহার করা হতো না। খামারের জমির মাত্র একটি ছোট অংশে চাষ করা হতো এবং বাকি অংশে গাছপালা জন্মানোর জন্য ফেলে রাখা হতো। চাষের সরঞ্জামগুলো ছিল অত্যন্ত স্থূল ও আনাড়ি ধরণের এবং সেগুলোর সংখ্যাও ছিল খুব কম কারণ তার বেশিরভাগই খামারে তৈরি করা হতো। আমেরিকান সীমান্তবাসীরা কেন সবসময় এক জায়গা থেকে অন্য জায়গায় ঘুরে বেড়াতেন তা এখন পরিষ্কার। সভ্য সমাজের সুযোগ-সুবিধা বা কঠোর নিয়মের প্রতি ভয় তাদের এই বিরামহীন ছোটাছুটির কারণ ছিল না কিংবা নবাগতদের কাছে লাভজনক মূল্যে জমি বিক্রি করার সুযোগও এর প্রধান কারণ ছিল না। মূলত জমির ক্ষয়ই তাদের তাড়িয়ে নিয়ে বেড়াত। ক্ষুধাই ছিল তাদের একমাত্র তাড়না। এই অগ্রগামী কৃষকদের অজ্ঞতা, চাষাবাদের অপর্যাপ্ত সুযোগ এবং যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থার সীমাবদ্ধতা তাদের ঘন ঘন জায়গা বদলাতে বাধ্য করত। তারা কেবল কুমারী বা নতুন উর্বর জমিতেই সফল হতে পারতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 1892931|title = Western Land Hunger and the War of 1812: A Conjecture|journal = The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume = 10|issue = 4|pages = 365–395|last1 = Hacker|first1 = Louis Morton|year = 1924|doi = 10.2307/1892931}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
হ্যাকার আরও উল্লেখ করেন যে দ্বিতীয় তরঙ্গে আসা বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা জমিগুলো উদ্ধার করেন এবং ক্ষতিগুলো মেরামত করে আরও টেকসই কৃষিব্যবস্থা গড়ে তোলেন। ইতিহাসবিদ ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার প্রথম প্রজন্মের এই ব্যক্তিগত স্বাতন্ত্র্যবাদী বিশ্ববীক্ষা ও মূল্যবোধ নিয়ে গবেষণা করেছিলেন:
{{Blockquote|তারা মূলত সেই সমস্ত অযৌক্তিক বাধা বা কৃত্রিম সীমাবদ্ধতার বিরোধিতা করত যা এই সীমান্তবাসীদের কারো পক্ষপাতিত্ব বা ভয় ছাড়াই নিজের জীবন গড়ে তোলার পথে অন্তরায় হয়ে দাঁড়াত। পার্থক্যের এই যে দীর্ঘস্থায়ী রূপ, সুযোগের একচেটিয়া অধিকার এবং সরকার বা সামাজিক প্রথার মাধ্যমে সেই একচেটিয়া অধিকারকে স্থায়ী করে দেওয়া—এই বিষয়গুলোকেই তারা সহজাতভাবে ঘৃণা করত। পথ সবসময় খোলা রাখতে হবে। খেলার নিয়ম মেনেই খেলা চলতে হবে। সুযোগের সমতাকে কৃত্রিমভাবে দমিয়ে রাখা যাবে না, দক্ষ মানুষের জন্য দরজা বন্ধ করা চলবে না এবং খেলা শেষ না হওয়া পর্যন্ত এই অবাধ প্রতিযোগিতাকে থামানো যাবে না। এর চেয়েও বড় কথা ছিল একটি অনুক্ত কিন্তু বাস্তব অনুভূতি। এই প্রতিযোগিতায় সফল হওয়ার মাধ্যমে কোনো দক্ষ ব্যক্তি শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব অর্জন করতে পারেন, কিন্তু সেই সাফল্য তাকে তার প্রতিবেশীদের নিচু চোখে দেখার কোনো অধিকার দেয় না। শ্রেষ্ঠত্বের দোহাই দিয়ে অহংকার করা বা কম সফলদের সমান অধিকার ও মর্যাদাকে খর্ব করার কোনো চিরস্থায়ী অধিকারও তার নেই।&lt;ref&gt;Frederick Jackson Turner, ''The Frontier in American History'' (1920) p.&amp;nbsp;342.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==== প্রকাশ্য নিয়তি ====
[[চিত্র:United_States_1834-1836-03.png|থাম্ব|১৮৩৪-১৮৩৬ সালে মার্কিন অঞ্চলগুলি]]
ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি বা বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্য ছিল একটি বিতর্কিত বিশ্বাস যে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের সীমানা আটলান্টিক উপকূল থেকে প্রশান্ত মহাসাগর পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হওয়া পূর্বনির্ধারিত ছিল এবং এই বিশ্বাসকে বাস্তবে রূপ দেওয়ার জন্য নানা প্রচেষ্টা চালানো হয়েছিল। এই ধারণাটি ঔপনিবেশিক আমলেই পরিলক্ষিত হয়েছিল, কিন্তু ১৮৪০-এর দশকে একটি জনপ্রিয় সাময়িকী প্রথম এই শব্দবন্ধটি ব্যবহার করে। সেখানে সম্পাদকীয়তে লেখা হয়েছিল, &quot;আমাদের বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্য পূরণ করাই হলো... সেই মহাদেশে ছড়িয়ে পড়া যা বিধাতা আমাদের প্রতি বছর বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া লক্ষ লক্ষ মানুষের অবাধ বিকাশের জন্য বরাদ্দ করেছেন।&quot;। দেশের উন্নতির সাথে সাথে &quot;ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি&quot; ডেমোক্র্যাটিক পার্টির সম্প্রসারণবাদীদের কাছে একটি প্রধান স্লোগান হয়ে ওঠে। ১৮৪০-এর দশকে টাইলার এবং পোল্ক প্রশাসন (১৮৪১-১৮৪৯) সফলভাবে এই জাতীয়তাবাদী মতবাদটির প্রচার চালিয়েছিল। তবে ব্যবসায়িক এবং আর্থিক স্বার্থের প্রতিনিধিত্বকারী হুইগ পার্টি এই বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্যের আদর্শের বিরোধিতা করেছিল। হেনরি ক্লে এবং আব্রাহাম লিনকনের মতো হুইগ নেতারা সাধারণ ভৌগোলিক প্রসারের বদলে আধুনিকায়ন এবং নগরায়নের মাধ্যমে সমাজকে আরও উন্নত করার আহ্বান জানিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্সাসকে অন্তর্ভুক্ত করার মাধ্যমে সম্প্রসারণবাদীরা জয়লাভ করেন। ১৮৪৫ সালে টেক্সাসকে যুক্ত করার ঘটনাটি দাসপ্রথা বিরোধী হুইগ নেতা [[জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামস|জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামসের]] কাছে &quot;আমার নিজের এবং আমার দেশের জন্য ঘটা সবচেয়ে বড় বিপর্যয়&quot; বলে মনে হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪০-এর দশকে পশম ব্যবসায়ী এবং ফ্রেমন্টের অভিযানের মাধ্যমে পাওয়া রাস্তার খবরাখবর নিয়ে প্রকাশিত অভিবাসীদের &quot;পথনির্দেশিকা বই&quot;গুলো বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের পশ্চিম দিকে যেতে অনেক সাহায্য করেছিল। এই বইগুলো রকি পর্বতমালার ওপারে উর্বর চাষযোগ্য জমির প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;, For example, see {{বই উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআরএল=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXgUAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA160|শিরোনাম=Life on the plains and among the diggings: being scenes and adventures of an overland journey to California: with particular incidents of the route, mistakes and sufferings of the emigrants, the Indian tribes, the present and the future of the great West|শেষাংশ=Delano|প্রথমাংশ=Alonzo|বছর=1854|প্রকাশক=Miller, Orton &amp; Mulligan|পাতা=160}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মেক্সিকো এবং টেক্সাস ====
[[চিত্র:SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৩৬ সালে মেক্সিকান জেনারেল সান্তা আনার আত্মসমর্পণ গ্রহণ করছেন স্যাম হিউস্টন]]
১৮২১ সালে মেক্সিকো স্পেনের হাত থেকে স্বাধীনতা লাভ করে এবং টেক্সাস থেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত স্পেনের উত্তরের এলাকাগুলো নিজেদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে নেয়। আমেরিকান ক্যারাভান বা পণ্যবাহী দলগুলো সান্টা ফে ট্রেইল ধরে মেক্সিকোর সান্টা ফে শহরে পণ্য সরবরাহ করতে শুরু করে। মিসৌরির কানসাস সিটি (যা তখন ওয়েস্টপোর্ট নামে পরিচিত ছিল) থেকে ১,৪০০ কিলোমিটার (৮৭০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ এই পথ পাড়ি দিতে ৪৮ দিন সময় লাগত। সান্টা ফে শহরটি &quot;এল কামিনো রিয়াল&quot; বা রাজপথের যাত্রাপথ হিসেবেও ব্যবহৃত হতো। এটি ছিল এমন একটি বাণিজ্য পথ যার মাধ্যমে আমেরিকার তৈরি পণ্য মেক্সিকোর গভীর অভ্যন্তরে পাঠানো হতো এবং বিনিময়ে রূপো, পশুর পশম ও খচ্চর উত্তরে নিয়ে আসা হতো (ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার মিশনগুলোকে যুক্ত করা অন্য একটি &quot;কামিনো রিয়ালের&quot; সাথে এটিকে গুলিয়ে ফেললে চলবে না)। এই পথের একটি শাখা মেক্সিকো উপসাগরের পাশ দিয়ে পূর্ব দিকেও গিয়েছিল যাকে ওল্ড সান আন্তোনিও রোড বলা হতো। সান্টা ফে শহরটি ওল্ড স্প্যানিশ ট্রেইল বা প্রাচীন স্প্যানিশ পথের মাধ্যমে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার সাথে সরাসরি যুক্ত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

স্পেনীয় এবং মেক্সিকান সরকার অত্যন্ত উদার সব শর্ত দিয়ে মার্কিন বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের টেক্সাসের প্রতি আকৃষ্ট করেছিল। স্টিফেন এফ অস্টিন একজন &quot;এমপ্রিসারিও&quot; বা অভিবাসনের ব্যবস্থাপক হিসেবে নিযুক্ত হয়েছিলেন। তিনি মেক্সিকান কর্মকর্তাদের কাছ থেকে নতুন অভিবাসীদের নিয়ে আসার জন্য বিভিন্ন চুক্তি বা কন্টাক্ট লাভ করেন। এই দায়িত্ব পালন করতে গিয়ে তিনি কার্যত ওই অঞ্চলের রাজনৈতিক ও সামরিক প্রধান বা কমান্ডার হয়ে ওঠেন। তবে ১৮২৬ সালে ফ্রেডোনিয়া নামে একটি স্বাধীন রাষ্ট্র গঠনের ব্যর্থ চেষ্টার ফলে সেখানে উত্তেজনার সৃষ্টি হয়। উইলিয়াম ট্রাভিস তার &quot;যুদ্ধকামী দলের&quot; হয়ে মেক্সিকো থেকে পূর্ণ স্বাধীনতার পক্ষে সওয়াল করেন। অন্যদিকে অস্টিনের নেতৃত্বাধীন &quot;শান্তিকামী দল&quot; বিদ্যমান সম্পর্কের মধ্যেই আরও বেশি স্বায়ত্তশাসন লাভের চেষ্টা চালিয়েছিল। যখন মেক্সিকোর রাষ্ট্রপতি সান্টা আন্না তার রাজনৈতিক অবস্থান পরিবর্তন করেন এবং রক্ষণশীল সেন্ট্রালিস্ট দলে যোগ দেন, তখন তিনি নিজেকে স্বৈরাচারী শাসক হিসেবে ঘোষণা করেন। তিনি নতুন অভিবাসন বন্ধ করতে এবং বিশৃঙ্খলা দমন করার জন্য টেক্সাসে সৈন্য পাঠানোর নির্দেশ দেন। তা সত্ত্বেও অভিবাসন প্রক্রিয়া থামেনি এবং ১৮৩৫ সাল নাগাদ ৩,০০০ ক্রীতদাস সহ প্রায় ৩০,০০০ শ্বেতাঙ্গ বা অ্যাংলো বসতি স্থাপনকারী টেক্সাসে বসবাস শুরু করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৩৬ সালে টেক্সাস বিপ্লব শুরু হয়। অ্যালামো এবং গোলিয়াডের যুদ্ধে পরাজিত হওয়ার পর টেক্সিয়ানরা সান জাসিন্টোর চূড়ান্ত যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করে। এই জয়ের মাধ্যমেই তাদের স্বাধীনতা নিশ্চিত হয়। সান জাসিন্টোর যুদ্ধক্ষেত্রে টেক্সিয়ান সেনাবাহিনীর প্রধান এবং টেক্সাস প্রজাতন্ত্রের হবু রাষ্ট্রপতি স্যাম হিউস্টন তাঁর সেই বিখ্যাত চিৎকার দিয়ে বলেছিলেন, &quot;অ্যালামোকে মনে রেখো! গোলিয়াডকে মনে রেখো।&quot; মার্কিন কংগ্রেস টেক্সাসকে যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্তর্ভুক্ত করতে অস্বীকার করে। কারণ সেখানে দাসপ্রথা এবং আঞ্চলিক ক্ষমতার লড়াই নিয়ে প্রবল বিতর্কের সৃষ্টি হয়েছিল এবং এর ফলে এক ধরণের রাজনৈতিক অচলাবস্থা তৈরি হয়। ফলে টেক্সাস প্রজাতন্ত্র প্রায় এক দশক ধরে একটি স্বাধীন শক্তি হিসেবে টিকে ছিল। শেষ পর্যন্ত ১৮৪৫ সালে এটি ২৮তম অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে আমেরিকার অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। তবে মেক্সিকো সরকার টেক্সাসকে তাদের হাতছাড়া হয়ে যাওয়া একটি প্রদেশ হিসেবেই গণ্য করত এবং এর ওপর নিজেদের মালিকানা দাবি করে যেত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মেক্সিকান-আমেরিকান যুদ্ধ ====
[[চিত্র:Kearny-Las-Vegas-Aug-1846-engraving-1882.jpg|থাম্ব|জেনারেল কার্নির [[নিউ মেক্সিকো]] দখল, ১৫ আগস্ট, ১৮৪৬]]
মেক্সিকো ১৮৩৬ সালে টেক্সাসের স্বাধীনতা স্বীকার করতে অস্বীকার করলেও মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এবং ইউরোপীয় শক্তিগুলো তা মেনে নিয়েছিল। মেক্সিকো হুমকি দিয়েছিল যে টেক্সাস যদি আমেরিকার সাথে যুক্ত হয় তবে তারা যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা করবে। ১৮৪৫ সালে টেক্সাসের অন্তর্ভুক্তির পর ঠিক সেটাই ঘটেছিল। মেক্সিকোর অভ্যন্তরীণ রাজনৈতিক ডামাডোলের কারণে আমেরিকার আলোচনাকারীরা সেখান থেকে বিফল হয়ে ফিরে আসেন। যখন একটি বিতর্কিত এলাকায় মেক্সিকান সেনাবাহিনী ১৬ জন মার্কিন সৈন্যকে হত্যা করে, তখন যুদ্ধ অনিবার্য হয়ে পড়ে। কংগ্রেস সদস্য [[আব্রাহাম লিংকন|আব্রাহাম লিংকনের]] মতো হুইগ নেতারা এই যুদ্ধের তীব্র নিন্দা করেছিলেন। তবে নিউ ইংল্যান্ড অঞ্চলের বাইরে এই যুদ্ধ বেশ জনপ্রিয়তা পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মেক্সিকোর রণকৌশল ছিল মূলত প্রতিরক্ষামূলক। অন্যদিকে আমেরিকা বিপুল সংখ্যক স্বেচ্ছাসেবী সৈন্য নিয়ে তিন দিক থেকে আক্রমণ করার পরিকল্পনা গ্রহণ করে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকার স্থলবাহিনী খুব সামান্য প্রতিরোধের মাধ্যমেই নিউ মেক্সিকো দখল করে নেয়। এরপর তারা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দিকে অগ্রসর হয়। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া খুব দ্রুত আমেরিকার স্থল ও নৌবাহিনীর নিয়ন্ত্রণে চলে আসে। নিউ অরলিন্সের প্রধান ঘাঁটি থেকে জেনারেল [[জ্যাকারি টেইলার|জ্যাকারি টেলর]] উত্তর মেক্সিকোতে সৈন্য পরিচালনা করেন। তিনি সেখানে ধারাবাহিকভাবে বেশ কিছু যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করেন। মার্কিন নৌবাহিনী জেনারেল উইনফিল্ড স্কটকে ভেরাক্রুজ বন্দরে পৌঁছে দেয়। এরপর তিনি তাঁর ১২,০০০ সৈন্যের বাহিনী নিয়ে পশ্চিম দিকে মেক্সিকো সিটির অভিমুখে যাত্রা করেন এবং চ্যাপুল্টেপেক নামক স্থানে চূড়ান্ত যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করেন। সমগ্র মেক্সিকো দখল করে নেওয়ার পরিকল্পনাটি শেষ পর্যন্ত বাতিল করা হয়। কারণ মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী বুঝতে পারে যে মেক্সিকোর রাজনৈতিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক মূল্যবোধ আমেরিকার তুলনায় একেবারেই আলাদা। যেমনটা ''সিনসিনাটি হেরাল্ড'' পত্রিকায় প্রশ্ন তোলা হয়েছিল যে, মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র ৮০ লক্ষ মেক্সিকানদের নিয়ে কী করবে &quot;যাদের মূর্তিপূজা, পৌত্তলিক কুসংস্কার এবং অধঃপতিত মিশ্র জাতি বিদ্যমান?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪৮ সালের গুয়াদালুপে হিডালগো চুক্তির মাধ্যমে ১ কোটি ৮৫ লক্ষ ডলারের বিনিময়ে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলগুলো মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের হাতে তুলে দেওয়া হয়। এই চুক্তির মধ্যে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মেক্সিকোর প্রতি পাওনার ভার নেওয়াও অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল। ১৮৫৩ সালের গ্যাডসডেন ক্রয়ের ফলে দক্ষিণ অ্যারিজোনা আমেরিকার অংশ হয়। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া পর্যন্ত রেললাইন তৈরির পথের জন্য এই ভূখণ্ডটি অত্যন্ত প্রয়োজনীয় ছিল। সব মিলিয়ে মেক্সিকো প্রায় ১৩ লক্ষ বর্গকিলোমিটার বা ৫ লক্ষ বর্গমাইল জমি ছেড়ে দেয়। এর ফলে টেক্সাস ছাড়াও ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া, ইউটা, অ্যারিজোনা, নেভাদা, নিউ মেক্সিকো এবং কলোরাডো ও ওয়াইমিং-এর কিছু অংশ আমেরিকার অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। এই নতুন ভূখণ্ডগুলোর শাসন ব্যবস্থা এবং দাসপ্রথা সংক্রান্ত বিষয়টি নিয়ে তীব্র বিতর্কের সৃষ্টি হয়। বিশেষ করে উইলমোট প্রভিসো নিয়ে অনেক বাদানুবাদ হয়, যা নতুন এলাকায় দাসপ্রথা নিষিদ্ধ করার প্রস্তাব দিয়েছিল। কংগ্রেস এটি কখনোই পাস করেনি। বরং কম্প্রোমাইজ অফ ১৮৫০-এর মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমে দাসপ্রথা সংক্রান্ত সমস্যার একটি সাময়িক সমাধান করা হয়েছিল। ১৮৫০ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া একটি মুক্ত অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইউনিয়নে যোগ দেয়। তবে অন্যান্য এলাকাগুলো আরও অনেক বছর ধরে কেবল বিশেষ ভূখণ্ড বা টেরিটরি হিসেবেই রয়ে গিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== টেক্সাসের বৃদ্ধি ====
দলে দলে অভিবাসীরা পূর্ব টেক্সাসের উর্বর তুলা চাষের জমিতে আসতে শুরু করার ফলে নতুন এই অঙ্গরাজ্যটি খুব দ্রুত উন্নতির পথে এগিয়ে চলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জার্মানিতে তৈরি হওয়া অর্থনৈতিক, সামাজিক এবং রাজনৈতিক অস্থিরতার কারণে ১৮৪০-এর দশকের শুরুর দিকে সেখান থেকে অনেক জার্মান অভিবাসী এখানে আসতে শুরু করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; পূর্ব দিকের জেলাগুলোতে বড় বড় চাষিরা তুলা চাষের জমি এবং ক্রীতদাসের ওপর অর্থ বিনিয়োগ করে বিশালাকার তুলার বাগান গড়ে তোলেন। অঙ্গরাজ্যটির মধ্য অঞ্চল মূলত সেইসব চাষিদের মাধ্যমে বিকশিত হয়েছিল যারা শুধু নিজেদের জীবনধারণের জন্য কৃষিকাজ করতেন এবং যাদের খুব একটা ক্রীতদাস ছিল না।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

টেক্সাস তার ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টেরর দিনগুলোতে এমন সাহসী পুরুষদের আকৃষ্ট করত যারা নির্ভুল লক্ষ্যভেদ করতে পারতেন এবং যাদের মধ্যে ছিল অজানাকে জানার প্রবল নেশা। তারা &quot;পুরুষোচিত খ্যাতি, দেশপ্রেমমূলক সেবা, যুদ্ধের গৌরব এবং বীরের মতো মৃত্যুকে বরণ করে নিতে&quot; সবসময় প্রস্তুত থাকতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া গোল্ড রাশ ====
[[চিত্র:California_Clipper_500.jpg|থাম্ব|ক্লিপার জাহাজগুলি ১৭,০০০ মাইল (২৭,০০০ মাইল) পথ পাড়ি দিতে পাঁচ মাস সময় নিয়েছিল&amp;nbsp;কিমি) নিউ ইয়র্ক সিটি থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত।]]
[[চিত্র:SanFranciscoharbor1851c_sharp.jpg|থাম্ব|সান ফ্রান্সিসকো বন্দর {{আনুমানিক|1850}} ১৮৪৭ থেকে ১৮৭০ সালের মধ্যে, সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর জনসংখ্যা ৫০০ থেকে ১৫০,০০০-এ উন্নীত হয়।]]
১৮৪৬ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় প্রায় ১০,০০০ ক্যালিফোর্নিও বা হিস্পানিক মানুষ বসবাস করতেন। তাদের বেশিরভাগই বর্তমান লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেস এলাকার পশুপালনের খামারগুলোতে থাকতেন। উত্তরের জেলাগুলোতে কয়েকশ বিদেশি ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে ছিলেন যাদের মধ্যে কিছু আমেরিকানও ছিলেন। ১৮৪৬ সালে মেক্সিকোর সাথে যুদ্ধ শুরু হওয়ার পর মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র সেখানে ফ্রেমন্ট এবং [[মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী|সেনাবাহিনীর]] একটি দল পাঠায়। সেই সাথে নৌবাহিনীর সহায়তায় তারা দ্রুত ওই অঞ্চলের নিয়ন্ত্রণ নিয়ে নেয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যুদ্ধ যখন শেষ পর্যায়ে, ঠিক তখনই উত্তরের অঞ্চলে সোনার সন্ধান পাওয়া যায় এবং এই খবরটি খুব দ্রুত সারা বিশ্বে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে।

হাজার হাজার &quot;ফর্টি-নাইনার্স&quot; বা সোনার সন্ধানে আসা মানুষ ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় পৌঁছান। কেউ দক্ষিণ আমেরিকা ঘুরে জাহাজে চড়ে এসেছিলেন অথবা রোগব্যাধি ছড়ানো পানামা হয়ে সংক্ষিপ্ত পথ ধরেছিলেন। আবার অনেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দুর্গম পথ হেঁটে পাড়ি দিয়েছিলেন। ১৮৫২ সালের মধ্যে জনসংখ্যা বেড়ে ২,০০,০০০ ছাড়িয়ে যায়। তাদের বেশিরভাগই সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর পূর্ব দিকের পাহাড়ি এলাকার স্বর্ণ সমৃদ্ধ অঞ্চলে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন।

সান ফ্রান্সিসকোতে বাসস্থানের প্রচণ্ড সংকট ছিল। খনিগুলোতে কাজ করতে আসা জাহাজের কর্মীরা তাদের জাহাজগুলো ফেলে যেতেন এবং সেই পরিত্যক্ত জাহাজগুলোকেই অনেক সময় অস্থায়ী আবাসে পরিণত করা হতো। খনি অঞ্চলগুলোতে জীবনযাত্রার মান ছিল একেবারেই আদিম ধরণের, যদিও সেখানকার মনোরম আবহাওয়া সবার কাছে আকর্ষণীয় ছিল। প্রয়োজনীয় সামগ্রীর দাম ছিল অনেক বেশি এবং খাবারের মান ছিল অত্যন্ত নিম্ন। তাদের নিত্যদিনের তালিকায় মূলত শুকরের মাংস, মটরশুঁটি এবং হুইস্কি থাকত। মূলত পুরুষ প্রধান এবং অস্থায়ী এই জনপদগুলোতে কোনো প্রতিষ্ঠিত প্রতিষ্ঠান ছিল না। ফলে সেখানে হিংসা, মদ্যপান, গালিগালাজ এবং লোভী আচরণের মতো ঘটনা খুব বেশি ঘটত। খনি এলাকাগুলোতে বিভিন্ন দাবি এবং ন্যায়বিচার কার্যকর করার জন্য কোনো আদালত বা পুলিশ ছিল না। তাই খনি শ্রমিকরা নিজেরাই একটি অস্থায়ী বিচার ব্যবস্থা তৈরি করেছিলেন। এটি বিদেশের অন্যান্য খনি অঞ্চলের &quot;খনি আইনের&quot; ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। প্রতিটি শিবিরের নিজস্ব নিয়ম ছিল এবং তারা প্রায়ই জনমতের ভিত্তিতে বিচার করত। কখনও কখনও তারা সঠিক বিচার করলেও অনেক সময় আইন হাতে তুলে নিত। আদিবাসী আমেরিকান (ইন্ডিয়ান), মেক্সিকান এবং চীনাদের সাধারণত সবচেয়ে কঠোর সাজা দেওয়া হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গোল্ড রাশ বা সোনার সন্ধানে এই উন্মাদনা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার অর্থনীতিকে আমূল বদলে দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে সেখানে খনি শ্রমিক, পানশালার মালিক, জুয়াড়ি এবং যৌনকর্মীদের পাশাপাশি ধাতু বিশেষজ্ঞ, ব্যবসায়ী, ডাক্তার এবং আইনজীবীদের মতো পেশাদার মানুষের সমাগম ঘটে। সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর একটি সংবাদপত্র জানিয়েছিল, &quot;পুরো দেশজুড়ে... কেবল সোনার সেই কর্কশ চিৎকার শোনা যাচ্ছে! সোনা! সোনা! ''সোনা''! মাঠগুলো অর্ধেক চাষ করা অবস্থায় পড়ে আছে, বাড়ি অর্ধেক তৈরি হয়েই থেমে আছে। কোদাল এবং গাঁইতি তৈরি ছাড়া মানুষ বাকি সবকিছু অবহেলা করছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার গোল্ড রাশের সেই পাঁচ বছরে ২,৫০,০০০-এর বেশি খনি শ্রমিক সর্বমোট ২০ কোটি ডলারের বেশি মূল্যের সোনা খুঁজে পেয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard R. Lamar 1977, pp. 446–472&quot;&gt;Howard R. Lamar (1977), pp.&amp;nbsp;446–447&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে হাজার হাজার মানুষের ভিড়ে খুব কম শ্রমিকের ভাগ্যেই এই সোনার দেখা মিলত। শেষ পর্যন্ত তাদের অধিকাংশেরই অবস্থা হতো অত্যন্ত শোচনীয় এবং নিঃস্ব।

হিংস্র ডাকাতরা প্রায়ই খনি শ্রমিকদের ওপর আক্রমণ করত। যেমন জোনাথন আর ডেভিস একাই এগারোজন ডাকাতকে হত্যা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Davis2&quot;&gt;Fournier, Richard. &quot;Mexican War Vet Wages Deadliest Gunfight in American History&quot;, ''VFW Magazine'' (January 2012), p.&amp;nbsp;30.&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকান নদীর উত্তর ও দক্ষিণ দিকে এবং পূর্বের সিয়েরা পর্বতমালা পর্যন্ত অসংখ্য শিবির গড়ে উঠেছিল। কয়েক বছরের মধ্যেই প্রায় সমস্ত স্বাধীন খনি শ্রমিকরা তাদের জায়গা হারান। বড় বড় কোম্পানিগুলো খনিগুলো কিনে নেয় এবং সেখানে খুব সামান্য বেতনে শ্রমিকদের নিয়োগ করে। সোনা খুঁজে পাওয়া এবং তা বের করা যখন আরও কঠিন হয়ে পড়ল, তখন একাকী সোনা সন্ধানী বা প্রস্পেক্টরদের জায়গা দখল করে নিল বেতনভুক্ত শ্রমিকের দল, বিশেষ দক্ষতা এবং খনি চালানোর বড় বড় যন্ত্রপাতি। তবে বড় খনিগুলোর কারণে পরিবেশের অনেক বেশি ক্ষতি হয়েছিল। পাহাড়গুলোতে সুড়ঙ্গ খুঁড়ে খনিজ সংগ্রহের ফলে প্রচুর পরিমাণে বর্জ্য তৈরি হতো। ১৮৫২ সালে গোল্ড রাশের শেষ দিক থেকে ১৮৮৩ সাল পর্যন্ত হাইড্রোলাইক বা জলচালিত খনি ব্যবস্থা ব্যবহার করা হতো। এতে প্রচুর মুনাফা হলেও এটি মুষ্টিমেয় কিছু পুঁজিপতির হাতে চলে যায় এবং সাধারণ শ্রমিকরা কাজ হারান। এর ফলে নদীগুলোতে বিপুল পরিমাণ বর্জ্য মিশে যেত এবং পরিবেশের ওপর মারাত্মক প্রভাব ফেলত। চাষের জমি নষ্ট হওয়ার বিরুদ্ধে জনগণের তীব্র প্রতিবাদের মুখে হাইড্রোলাইক খনি ব্যবস্থা নিষিদ্ধ করা হলে এই প্রক্রিয়ার অবসান ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

নিউ মেক্সিকো থেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং দক্ষিণ ডাকোটা পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত ত্রিভুজাকার পাহাড়ি এলাকায় কয়েকশ খনি অঞ্চল ছিল। সেখানে প্রস্পেক্টররা সোনা, রূপো, তামা এবং অন্যান্য খনিজ পদার্থের (সেই সাথে কিছু নরম পাথরের কয়লা) সন্ধান পেয়েছিলেন। রাতারাতি অসংখ্য অস্থায়ী খনি শিবির গড়ে উঠেছিল। কিন্তু খনিজ ফুরিয়ে যাওয়ার সাথে সাথে এর বেশিরভাগই জনশূন্য বা ভূতুড়ে শহরে পরিণত হয়েছিল। অভিযাত্রীরা রকি পর্বতমালা এবং দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চল বরাবর সোনা ও রূপোর সন্ধানে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন। শীঘ্রই ১৮৬৪ সালের মধ্যে কলোরাডো, ইউটা, অ্যারিজোনা, নিউ মেক্সিকো, আইডাহো, মন্টানা এবং দক্ষিণ ডাকোটায় সোনার খোঁজ পাওয়া যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

রূপোর এক বিশাল খনি আবিষ্কৃত হওয়ার ফলে নেভাদার ভার্জিনিয়া সিটি, [[কারসন সিটি, নেভাডা|কারসন সিটি]] এবং সিলভার সিটির মতো শহরগুলোতে হঠাৎ করেই সমৃদ্ধি আসে। সোনার চেয়ে রূপোর মাধ্যমে পাওয়া সম্পদ ১৮৬০-এর দশকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর পূর্ণ বিকাশে অনেক বেশি সাহায্য করেছিল। এটি জর্জ হার্স্টের মতো বেশ কিছু অত্যন্ত ধনী পরিবারের উত্থানেও বড় ভূমিকা রেখেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ওরেগন ট্রেইল ====
[[চিত্র:Wpdms_nasa_topo_oregon_trail.jpg|থাম্ব|৪,০০,০০০ পুরুষ, মহিলা এবং শিশু ২,০০০ মাইল (৩,২০০&amp;nbsp;কিমি) ওরেগন ট্রেইলে ছয় মাসের যাত্রায়।]]
পশ্চিম উপকূলের সেই সমৃদ্ধ নতুন ভূখণ্ডে পৌঁছানোর জন্য তিনটি পথ খোলা ছিল: কেউ জাহাজে করে দক্ষিণ আমেরিকার দক্ষিণ প্রান্ত ঘুরে ছয় মাসের এক দীর্ঘ সমুদ্রযাত্রা করতেন, কেউ পানামা যোজকের বিপজ্জনক পথ বেছে নিতেন, আবার প্রায় ৪,০০,০০০ মানুষ ৩,২০০ কিলোমিটার (২,০০০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ স্থলপথ হেঁটে পাড়ি দিতেন; তাদের মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরগুলো সাধারণত মিসৌরি থেকে যাত্রা শুরু করত। তারা একজন অভিজ্ঞ মালবাহী গাড়ির চালকের অধীনে বড় বড় দলে ভাগ হয়ে যাতায়াত করতেন এবং সাথে নিতেন নিজেদের জামাকাপড়, চাষবাসের সরঞ্জাম, অস্ত্রশস্ত্র এবং গবাদি পশু। এই গাড়ির বহরগুলো বড় বড় নদী অনুসরণ করে সমতল ভূমি ও পাহাড় অতিক্রম করত এবং সাধারণত ওরেগন ও ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় গিয়ে যাত্রা শেষ করত। অগ্রগামীরা সাধারণত একটি গ্রীষ্মকালীন মরসুমের মধ্যে, অর্থাৎ ছয় মাসের মধ্যে এই ভ্রমণ শেষ করার চেষ্টা করতেন। ১৮৩৬ সালে যখন [[ইন্ডিপেন্ডেন্স, মিজুরি|মিসৌরির ইন্ডিপেন্ডেন্সে]] প্রথম অভিবাসী মালবাহী গাড়ির বহর সংগঠিত হয়, ততদিনে আইডাহোর ফোর্ট হল পর্যন্ত একটি পথ তৈরি হয়ে গিয়েছিল। ধীরে ধীরে আরও পশ্চিমের পথ পরিষ্কার করা হয় এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত তা ওরেগনের উইল্যামেট উপত্যকা পর্যন্ত পৌঁছায়। প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় উত্তর-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলের দিকে যাওয়া এই মালবাহী গাড়ির রাস্তার নেটওয়ার্কটিই পরে ওরেগন ট্রেইল নামে পরিচিতি পায়। ১৮৪৩ সাল থেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ট্রেইল, ১৮৪৭ সাল থেকে মরমোন ট্রেইল এবং ১৮৬৩ সাল থেকে বোজম্যান ট্রেইলের যাত্রীরাও তাদের নির্দিষ্ট গন্তব্যের দিকে মোড় নেওয়ার আগে এই পথের পূর্ব অর্ধাংশ ব্যবহার করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;১৮৪৩ সালের মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরে&quot; প্রায় ৭০০ থেকে ১,০০০ অভিবাসী ওরেগনের উদ্দেশ্যে যাত্রা করেন; ধর্মপ্রচারক মার্কাস হুইটম্যান এই যাত্রার শেষ ধাপে গাড়িগুলোর নেতৃত্ব দিয়েছিলেন। ১৮৪৬ সালে মাউন্ট হুডের চারপাশ দিয়ে বার্লো রোড তৈরি করা হয়, যার ফলে মিসৌরি নদী থেকে উইল্যামেট উপত্যকা পর্যন্ত প্রায় ৩,২০০ কিলোমিটার (২,০০০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ একটি অসমতল কিন্তু চলাচলযোগ্য পথ তৈরি হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; শুরুর দিকের এই পথগুলোতে যাত্রার মূল অভিমুখ পশ্চিম দিকে থাকলেও, অনেকে ওরেগন ট্রেইল ব্যবহার করে পূর্ব দিকেও ফিরে যেতেন। কেউ কেউ নিরাশ ও পরাজিত হয়ে ফিরে আসতেন। আবার কেউ কেউ সোনা ও রূপোর ব্যাগ নিয়ে ফিরতেন। বেশিরভাগ মানুষই তাদের পরিবারকে নিয়ে আসার জন্য ফিরতেন যাতে সবাইকে একসাথে পশ্চিমে সরিয়ে নিয়ে যাওয়া যায়। এই &quot;ফিরে আসা মানুষ&quot; ছিলেন দূর পশ্চিমের বিস্ময় ও সম্ভাবনা—এবং সেখানকার বিপদ ও হতাশা সম্পর্কে খবরাখবর এবং উত্তেজনার প্রধান উৎস।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সব অভিবাসী তাদের গন্তব্যে পৌঁছাতে পারতেন না। স্থলপথের এই যাত্রায় বিপদের কোনো শেষ ছিল না: সাপের কামড়, মালবাহী গাড়ির দুর্ঘটনা, সহযাত্রীদের সহিংসতা, আত্মহত্যা, অপুষ্টি, পশুর পালের হুড়োহুড়ি, আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণ, নানা ধরণের রোগব্যাধি (যার মধ্যে [[আমাশয়]], [[আন্ত্রিক জ্বর|টাইফয়েড]] এবং [[কলেরা]]  ছিল সবচেয়ে সাধারণ), প্রতিকূল আবহাওয়া, তুষারধস ইত্যাদি। এই যাত্রার ভয়াবহ প্রকৃতির একটি বিশেষ পরিচিত উদাহরণ হলো দুর্ভাগা ডনার পার্টির কাহিনী, যারা ১৮৪৬–১৮৪৭ সালের শীতকালে [[সিয়েরা নেভাদা]] পাহাড়ে আটকা পড়েছিলেন। এই দলের ৯০ জন মানুষের অর্ধেকই ক্ষুধা ও প্রচণ্ড ঠান্ডায় মারা যান এবং কেউ কেউ বেঁচে থাকার জন্য মানুষের মাংস খেতেও বাধ্য হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; নরমাংসভক্ষণের অন্য একটি কাহিনীতে অ্যালফার্ড প্যাকার এবং ১৮৭৪ সালে কলোরাডোতে তাঁর অভিযানের কথা উঠে আসে। এ ছাড়া ডাকাত এবং হাইওয়েম্যানদেরও ঘনঘন আক্রমণ চলত, যেমন কুখ্যাত হার্প ব্রাদার্স যারা সীমান্ত পথে টহল দিত এবং অভিবাসী দলগুলোকে লক্ষ্যবস্তু বানাত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মরমোন এবং ইউটা ====
[[চিত্র:Mountain_Meadows_Massacre.jpg|থাম্ব|মাউন্টেন মিডোজ গণহত্যাটি ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় আবদ্ধ ১২০ জন বেসামরিক নাগরিকের উপর মর্মন এবং পাইউট আদিবাসীদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হয়েছিল।]]
[[চিত্র:Mormon_Pioneer_handcart_statue.jpg|থাম্ব|উটাহের সল্ট লেক সিটির টেম্পল স্কোয়ারে অবস্থিত টরলেফ এস. ন্যাফাসের লেখা ''হ্যান্ডকার্ট পাইওনিয়ার মনুমেন্ট'' ।]]
মিসৌরি এবং ইলিনয়ে মরমোন বসতি স্থাপনকারী ও স্থানীয়দের মধ্যে শত্রুতা ক্রমেই বাড়তে থাকে, যা কয়েক বছর পর ইউটার মতো অন্যান্য অঙ্গরাজ্যেও দেখা গিয়েছিল। ১৮৩৮ সালের ২৪ অক্টোবর শেষ পর্যন্ত এই সহিংসতা ছড়িয়ে পড়ে যখন উভয় পক্ষের মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী সংঘর্ষে লিপ্ত হয় এবং এর ৬ দিন পরে লিভিংস্টন কাউন্টিতে মরমোনদের ব্যাপক হারে হত্যা করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এএই সংঘর্ষের সময় একটি &quot;মরমোন উচ্ছেদ আদেশ&quot; জারি করা হয় এবং মরমোনরা ছত্রভঙ্গ হয়ে যেতে বাধ্য হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ইলিনয় এবং মিসৌরিতে ধর্মীয় নিপীড়ন থেকে বাঁচতে এবং আমেরিকার বিচারিক এলাকা থেকে বাইরে যাওয়ার উদ্দেশ্যে ব্রিঘাম ইয়ং মরমোনদের [[গ্রেট সল্ট লেক|গ্রেট সল্ট লেকে]] উপত্যকায় নিয়ে যান, যা সেই সময় মেক্সিকোর অধীনে থাকলেও তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে ছিল না। ইয়ং যাকে &quot;ডেসেরেট&quot; বলতেন, সেখানে শ’খানেক গ্রামীণ মরমোন জনপদ গড়ে ওঠে যা তিনি একটি ধর্মরাষ্ট্র হিসেবে শাসন করতেন। পরবর্তীতে এটি ইউটা টেরিটরিতে পরিণত হয়। [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটি]] জনপদটি তাদের নেটওয়ার্কের কেন্দ্র হিসেবে কাজ করত, যা পার্শ্ববর্তী অঞ্চলগুলোতেও ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। মরমোনদের সাম্প্রদায়িক জীবনযাত্রা এবং উন্নত কৃষিপদ্ধতি তাদের সফল হতে সাহায্য করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; মরমোনরা প্রায়শই সেখান দিয়ে যাওয়া মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরগুলোর কাছে পণ্য বিক্রি করত। ১৮৫০ সালে ফোর্ট ইউটার যুদ্ধের পর ব্রিঘাম ইয়ং আদিবাসীদের বিষয়ে একটি বিশেষ নীতি গ্রহণ করেন যাকে প্রায়ই এভাবে বলা হয় &quot;তাদের সাথে যুদ্ধ করার চেয়ে তাদের খাওয়ানো সস্তা।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে ওয়াকারার যুদ্ধ এবং ইউটার ব্ল্যাক হক যুদ্ধ প্রমাণ করে যে শত্রুতা চলতেই থাকে, যতক্ষণ না ফেডারেল এবং আঞ্চলিক নেতারা একমত হন যে নিকটবর্তী আদিবাসীদের সবাইকে উইন্টা রিজার্ভেশনে সরিয়ে দেওয়া উচিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই বিপদগ্রস্ত গোষ্ঠীটিকে রক্ষা করতে, ধর্মীয় মতবিরোধ কমাতে এবং গোষ্ঠীর সংহতি বজায় রাখতে শিক্ষাকে উচ্চ অগ্রাধিকার দেওয়া হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪৮ সালে মেক্সিকো–আমেরিকান যুদ্ধ শেষ হওয়ার পর মেক্সিকো ইউটা অঞ্চলটি মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের কাছে হস্তান্তর করে। যদিও যুদ্ধের সময় ইউটার মরমোনরা আমেরিকার প্রচেষ্টাকে সমর্থন করেছিল; কিন্তু প্রটেস্ট্যান্ট গির্জাগুলোর চাপে ফেডারেল সরকার ধর্মশাসন এবং বহুবিবাহ প্রথা প্রত্যাখ্যান করে। ১৮৫২ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত রিপাবলিকান পার্টি বহুবিবাহের কারণে ইউটার চার্চ অফ জেসাস ক্রাইস্ট অফ ল্যাটার-ডে সেন্টস (এলডিএস চার্চ) এর প্রতি প্রকাশ্যে শত্রুতা পোষণ করত। তৎকালীন অধিকাংশ আমেরিকান জনগণের কাছে এই বহুবিবাহ প্রথা আধুনিক সভ্যতার ধর্মীয়, সাংস্কৃতিক ও নৈতিক মূল্যবোধের ওপর এক চরম আঘাত হিসেবে বিবেচিত হতো। ১৮৫০-এর দশকের শেষের দিকে পরিস্থিতি যুদ্ধের কাছাকাছি পৌঁছে যায় যখন রাষ্ট্রপতি বিউকানান সেখানে সৈন্য পাঠান। যদিও সেখানে বড় কোনো সামরিক যুদ্ধ হয়নি এবং আলোচনার মাধ্যমে পরিস্থিতি শান্ত হয়, তবুও সহিংসতা বৃদ্ধি পেয়েছিল এবং বেশ কয়েকজন হতাহত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গৃহযুদ্ধের পর ফেডারেল সরকার পদ্ধতিগতভাবে ইউটার নিয়ন্ত্রণ গ্রহণ করে। ওই অঞ্চলে এলডিএস চার্চকে আইনত বিলুপ্ত করা হয় এবং ইয়ং সহ চার্চের উচ্চপদস্থ ব্যক্তিদের কার্যত সমস্ত সরকারি অফিস থেকে সরিয়ে দেওয়া হয় এবং নিষিদ্ধ করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এরই মধ্যে আমেরিকা এবং ইউরোপে সফল ধর্মপ্রচারের ফলে ইউটাতে মরমোন ধর্মান্তরিতদের ঢল নামে। এই সময়ে কংগ্রেস ইউটাকে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা দিতে অস্বীকার করেছিল কারণ রাজ্য হওয়ার অর্থ ছিল অঞ্চলের ওপর থেকে সরাসরি ফেডারেল নিয়ন্ত্রণ শেষ হওয়া এবং এলডিএস চার্চের পছন্দ করা বা তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রিত রাজনীতিকদের সম্ভাব্য উত্থান ঘটা। অবশেষে ১৮৯০ সালে চার্চের নেতৃত্ব ঘোষণা করেন যে বহুবিবাহ আর তাদের মূল আদর্শের অংশ নয়, যা ছিল মূলত একটি আপস। ১৮৯৬ সালে ইউটা ৪৫তম অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয় এবং মরমোনরা রিপাবলিকান ও ডেমোক্র্যাট এই দুই ভাগে বিভক্ত হয়ে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পনি এক্সপ্রেস এবং টেলিগ্রাফ ====
[[চিত্র:Ponymap.jpg|থাম্ব|পনি এক্সপ্রেস রুটের মানচিত্র]]
চিঠি এবং মালপত্র আদানপ্রদানের অগ্রগতির জন্য ফেডারেল সরকার ভর্তুকি প্রদান করেছিল। ১৮৫৬ সালের মধ্যে কংগ্রেস ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় যাওয়ার সড়ক ব্যবস্থার উন্নয়ন এবং একটি স্থলপথের ডাক পরিষেবা চালু করার অনুমতি প্রদান করে। নতুন এই বাণিজ্যিক মালবাহী গাড়ির পরিষেবাটি মূলত পণ্য পরিবহনের কাজে ব্যবহৃত হতো। ১৮৫৮ সালে জন বাটারফিল্ড (১৮০১-১৮৬৯) একটি ঘোড়ায় টানা যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ির পরিষেবা চালু করেছিলেন। এই পরিষেবাটি একটি দক্ষিণ পথ ধরে সেন্ট লুইস থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত পৌঁছাতে মাত্র ২৪ দিন সময় নিত। ১৮৬১ সালে টেক্সাস কনফেডারেসিতে যোগ দেওয়ার পর এই পথটি পরিত্যক্ত হয়। এর পরিবর্তে ফোর্ট লারামি এবং [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটির]] মধ্য দিয়ে একটি নতুন যাত্রাপথ তৈরি করা হয় যা ছিল ২৪ দিনের এক দীর্ঘ যাত্রা। এই পথে ওয়েলস ফার্গো অ্যান্ড কোম্পানি প্রধান পরিষেবা প্রদানকারী হিসেবে আবির্ভূত হয় যারা শুরুর দিকে পুরনো &quot;বাটারফিল্ড&quot; নামটিই ব্যবহার করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সরকারি একটি বড় চুক্তি পাওয়ার আশায় উইলিয়াম রাসেল ১৮৬০ সালে পনি এক্সপ্রেস শুরু করেন। তিনি চেয়েছিলেন ডাক পরিষেবা আরও দ্রুত পৌঁছে দিতে। এর ফলে চিঠি পৌঁছানোর সময় কমে মাত্র ১০ দিনে এসে দাঁড়ায়। এই ব্যবস্থা সচল রাখতে তিনি প্রায় ২৪ কিলোমিটার (১৫ মাইল) অন্তর ১৫০টিরও বেশি স্টেশন বা বিশ্রামাগার স্থাপন করেছিলেন।

১৮৬১ সালে কংগ্রেস ল্যান্ড-গ্রান্ট টেলিগ্রাফ অ্যাক্ট পাস করে যা ওয়েস্টার্ন ইউনিয়নের আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় টেলিগ্রাম লাইন তৈরির খরচ মেটানোয় সাহায্য করেছিল। ওয়েস্টার্ন ইউনিয়নের প্রধান হিরাম সিবলি রেলপথগুলোর সাথে একটি বিশেষ চুক্তি করেন যাতে তাদের নির্ধারিত সংরক্ষিত পথে টেলিগ্রাম লাইন বসানো যায়। ১৮৬১ সালের ২৪ অক্টোবর আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ চালু হওয়ার আট বছর আগেই নেব্রাস্কার ওমাহা থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত প্রথম আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় টেলিগ্রামের সংযোগ স্থাপিত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; টেলিগ্রামের গতির সাথে কোনোভাবেই পাল্লা দিতে না পারায় মাত্র ১৮ মাসের মধ্যেই পনি এক্সপ্রেসের পরিসমাপ্তি ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== রক্তাক্ত কানসাস ====
[[চিত্র:Marais-massacre.jpg|alt=Men lined up along a tree line are shot by men on horseback.|থাম্ব|দাসত্ব বিরোধী কানসানের মারাইস ডেস সিগনেস গণহত্যা, ১৯ মে, ১৮৫৮]]
সাংবিধানিক কারণে কংগ্রেস অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলোর ভেতরে প্রচলিত দাসপ্রথা নিয়ে সরাসরি কোনো হস্তক্ষেপ করতে না পারলেও পশ্চিমের বিশেষ ভূখণ্ড বা টেরিটরিগুলোর ওপর তাদের আইনি নিয়ন্ত্রণ ছিল। ১৮৫০ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া সর্বসম্মতিক্রমে দাসপ্রথা প্রত্যাখ্যান করে এবং একটি মুক্ত রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়। নিউ মেক্সিকোতে দাসপ্রথা বৈধ থাকলেও সেখানে এর প্রভাব ছিল খুব সামান্য। ১৮২০ সালের আপস অনুযায়ী কানসাস অঞ্চলে দাসপ্রথা নিষিদ্ধ ছিল। মুক্ত ভূমি আন্দোলনের সমর্থকরা ভয় পাচ্ছিলেন যে সেখানে যদি দাসপ্রথার অনুমতি দেওয়া হয় তবে ধনী বাগান মালিকরা সমস্ত ভালো জমি নিজেদের দখলে নিয়ে নেবে। তারা ক্রীতদাসের দল দিয়ে সেই জমি চাষ করাবে যার ফলে সাধারণ শ্বেতাঙ্গ মানুষের খামারের মালিক হওয়ার সুযোগ থাকবে না। দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের খুব কম বাগান মালিকই কানসাসের প্রতি আগ্রহী ছিলেন। তবে সেখানে দাসপ্রথা অবৈধ হওয়ার মানে ছিল যে তাদের সম্মান ক্ষুণ্ণ হচ্ছে এবং তারা দ্বিতীয় শ্রেণির নাগরিক হিসেবে গণ্য হচ্ছে যা তাদের কাছে অত্যন্ত অপমানজনক ছিল। এ ছাড়াও তারা মনে করতেন এটি অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলোর নিজস্ব অধিকারকে খর্ব করছে। ১৮৫৪ সালে অত্যন্ত বিতর্কিত কানসাস-নেব্রাস্কা আইন পাসের মাধ্যমে কংগ্রেস দাসপ্রথার বিষয়ে সিদ্ধান্ত নেওয়ার ভার সরাসরি কানসাসের ভোটারদের ওপর ছেড়ে দেয়। দাসপ্রথার বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই করার জন্য উত্তরের রাজ্যগুলো জুড়ে রিপাবলিকান পার্টি নামক একটি বড় রাজনৈতিক দল গঠিত হয়। এই দলের নেতৃত্বে পশ্চিমের অনেক মানুষ ছিলেন যাদের মধ্যে ইলিনয়ের [[আব্রাহাম লিংকন]] । ছিলেন অগ্রগণ্য। ওই অঞ্চলের সিদ্ধান্তকে প্রভাবিত করার জন্য দাসপ্রথা বিরোধী শক্তিগুলো যাদের &quot;জেহকার্স&quot; বা &quot;ফ্রি-সয়েলার্স&quot; বলা হতো তারা রাজনৈতিকভাবে সচেতন বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের সেখানে যাওয়ার জন্য অর্থ সাহায্য প্রদান করতে থাকে। কিন্তু দাসপ্রথার সমর্থকরাও দমে যাননি এবং তারা মিসৌরি থেকে আসা দাসপ্রথা পন্থী বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের দিয়ে পাল্টা প্রতিরোধ গড়ে তোলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  এর ফলে উভয় পক্ষের মধ্যে চরম সহিংসতা ছড়িয়ে পড়ে। ১৮৫৯ সালে যখন এই অশান্তি কমে আসে ততদিনে মোট ৫৬ জন মানুষ প্রাণ হারিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৬০ সালের মধ্যে দাসপ্রথা পন্থীরা ক্ষমতার দখল নিলেও অবাক করার মতো বিষয় হলো কানসাসে তখন মাত্র দু'জন ক্রীতদাস ছিল। ১৮৬১ সালের মধ্যে দাসপ্রথা বিরোধীরা আবার নিয়ন্ত্রণ ফিরে পায় এবং কানসাস একটি মুক্ত অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে আত্মপ্রকাশ করে। এই ঘটনাটি স্পষ্ট করে দিয়েছিল যে দাসপ্রথা নিয়ে উত্তর ও দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের মধ্যে কোনো গণতান্ত্রিক সমঝোতা সম্ভব নয় এবং এটি [[মার্কিন গৃহযুদ্ধ|গৃহযুদ্ধ]] শুরু হওয়ার পথকে আরও প্রশস্ত করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== পশ্চিমে গৃহযুদ্ধ ===
[[চিত্র:Execution_of_38_Sioux_Indians_at_Mankato_Minnesota_1862_(cleaned).jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬২ সালে মিনেসোটার মানকাটোতে হত্যা ও ধর্ষণের দায়ে দোষী সাব্যস্ত সিউক্স যোদ্ধাদের গণহত্যা]]
বিশাল ভূখণ্ড হওয়া সত্ত্বেও, ট্রান্স-মিসিসিপি পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে জনসংখ্যা ছিল অত্যন্ত কম। এই কারণে আমেরিকান গৃহযুদ্ধের ইতিহাসচর্চায় এই অঞ্চলের যুদ্ধকালীন কাহিনীগুলো অনেকাংশেই উপেক্ষিত থেকে গিয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ট্রান্স-মিসিসিপি পেক্ষাগৃহ ====
কনফেডারেসি পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে বেশ কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সামরিক অভিযান পরিচালনা করেছিল। তবে যুদ্ধের আগে কানসাস চরম সংঘাতের কেন্দ্রবিন্দু থাকলেও, যুদ্ধ চলাকালীন সেখানে শুধুমাত্র একটি যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল যা মাইন ক্রিক যুদ্ধ নামে পরিচিত। কিন্তু কনফেডারেট সীমানার কাছাকাছি হওয়ায় কোয়ান্ট্রিলস রেইডার্সের মতো কনফেডারেট-পন্থী গেরিলা দলগুলো ইউনিয়নের শক্ত ঘাঁটিগুলোতে আক্রমণ করার এবং সেখানকার বাসিন্দাদের নির্বিচারে হত্যা করার সুযোগ পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

টেক্সাসের নাগরিকরা ভোট দিয়ে কনফেডারেসিতে যোগ দেওয়ার সিদ্ধান্ত নিয়েছিলেন; সেখানে যুদ্ধ-বিরোধী জার্মানদের ফাঁসিকাষ্ঠে ঝোলানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; স্থানীয় সৈন্যরা সান আন্তোনিওর ফেডারেল অস্ত্রাগার দখল করে নেয়। তাদের পরিকল্পনা ছিল উত্তর নিউ মেক্সিকো, ইউটা, কলোরাডো এবং সম্ভব হলে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া দখল করা। মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী ওই এলাকা থেকে চলে যাওয়ার পর অ্যাপাচি উপজাতির আক্রমণ থেকে রক্ষা পেতে অ্যারিজোনার নাগরিকরাই  কনফেডারেট অ্যারিজোনা গঠন করেন। এরপর কনফেডারেসির লক্ষ্য ছিল নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলের নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেওয়া। জেনারেল হেনরি হপকিন্স সিবলিকে এই অভিযানের দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়। তিনি তাঁর নিউ মেক্সিকো বাহিনী নিয়ে রিও গ্র্যান্ডে অভিমুখে যাত্রা করেন যাতে কলোরাডো এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার খনিজ সম্পদ দখল করা যায়। তবে ফার্স্ট রেজিমেন্ট অফ ভলান্টিয়ার্স এই বিদ্রোহীদের গতিবিধি টের পেয়ে যায় এবং তারা ফোর্ট ইউনিয়নে থাকা ইয়াঙ্কিদের সতর্ক করে তাদের সাথে যোগ দেয়। শীঘ্রই গ্লোরিয়েটা পাস যুদ্ধ শুরু হয় এবং ইউনিয়ন বাহিনী কনফেডারেটদের অভিযান থামিয়ে দেয়। এর ফলে টেক্সাসের পশ্চিম দিকের এলাকাগুলো ইউনিয়নের নিয়ন্ত্রণেই থেকে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মিসৌরি ছিল দক্ষিণ সীমান্তের এমন একটি রাজ্য যেখানে দাসপ্রথা বৈধ ছিল। সেখানকার আইনসভার ভোটের বিরুদ্ধে গিয়ে বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী গভর্নর যখন সেন্ট লুইসের ফেডারেল অস্ত্রাগারে সৈন্য পরিচালনা করেন, তখন এটি যুদ্ধক্ষেত্রে পরিণত হয়। আরকানসাস এবং লুইজিয়ানা থেকে আসা কনফেডারেট বাহিনী তাঁকে সাহায্য করেছিল। মিসৌরির গভর্নর এবং রাজ্য আইনসভার একাংশ নিওশোতে একটি বিচ্ছিন্নকরণ অধ্যাদেশ বা অর্ডিন্যান্স অফ সেসেশন স্বাক্ষর করেন এবং মিসৌরিতে কনফেডারেট সরকার গঠন করেন। এর ফলে দক্ষিণ মিসৌরি কনফেডারেটদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে চলে যায়। তবে ইউনিয়ন জেনারেল স্যামুয়েল কার্টিস সেন্ট লুইস এবং পুরো মিসৌরিকে পুনরায় ইউনিয়নের অধীনে ফিরিয়ে আনেন। এই রাজ্যটি পশ্চিমে অসংখ্য হামলা এবং গেরিলা যুদ্ধের সাক্ষী হয়ে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== শান্তিরক্ষা ====
[[চিত্র:Dakota_War_of_1862-stereo-right.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬২ সালের ডাকোটা যুদ্ধ থেকে পালিয়ে আসা বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা]]
১৮৫০ সালের পর মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী সীমান্ত জুড়ে কতগুলো সামরিক ঘাঁটি বা পোস্ট স্থাপন করেছিল। এগুলোর উদ্দেশ্য ছিল আদিবাসী উপজাতিগুলোর নিজেদের মধ্যকার লড়াই অথবা আদিবাসী ও বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মধ্যকার যুদ্ধ বন্ধ করা। উনিশ শতক জুড়ে সেনাবাহিনীর কর্মকর্তাদের ক্যারিয়ার সাধারণত এক দুর্গ থেকে অন্য দুর্গে শান্তি রক্ষাকারীর ভূমিকা পালন করার মধ্য দিয়েই কাটত। একজন সাধারণ সৈনিকের জন্য সরাসরি যুদ্ধক্ষেত্রে লড়াই করার অভিজ্ঞতা ছিল বেশ বিরল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সবচেয়ে নাটকীয় সংঘাতটি ছিল ১৮৬২ সালে মিনেসোটার সিওক্স যুদ্ধ। তখন ডাকোটা উপজাতিরা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের বিতাড়িত করার জন্য জার্মানি থেকে আসা কৃষকদের খামারে পরিকল্পিতভাবে আক্রমণ শুরু করে। বেশ কয়েক দিন ধরে লোয়ার সিওক্স এজেন্সি, নিউ আলম এবং হাচিনসনে ডাকোটাদের আক্রমণে প্রায় ৩০০ থেকে ৪০০ শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারী নিহত হন। রাজ্য মিলিশিয়া পাল্টা লড়াই শুরু করে এবং রাষ্ট্রপতি লিনকন সেখানে ফেডারেল সৈন্য পাঠান। এরপর ফোর্ট রিজলি, বার্চ কুলি, ফোর্ট অ্যাবারক্রম্বি এবং উড লেকের যুদ্ধগুলোর মাধ্যমে ছয় সপ্তাহের এই লড়াই শেষ হয় যেখানে আমেরিকানরা জয়লাভ করে। ফেডারেল সরকার ৪২৫ জন আদিবাসীর বিরুদ্ধে খুনের মামলা চালায় এবং ৩০৩ জনকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত করে মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেয়। লিনকন তাদের অধিকাংশকেই ক্ষমা করে দিয়েছিলেন, তবে ৩৮ জন নেতাকে ফাঁসিতে ঝোলানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে ইউনিয়ন সৈন্যদের উপস্থিতি কমে যাওয়ার ফলে সেখানে প্রশিক্ষণহীন মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী অবশিষ্ট ছিল। শত্রুভাবাপন্ন উপজাতিরা এই সুযোগটি কাজে লাগিয়ে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর আক্রমণ চালায়। মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীও এর কঠোর জবাব দিয়েছিল। ১৮৬৪ সালের শেষের দিকে পূর্ব কলোরাডোর স্যান্ড ক্রিক গণহত্যা এর একটি বড় উদাহরণ। সেখানে শায়েন এবং আরাপাহো উপজাতির শীতকালীন আস্তানায় আক্রমণ চালানো হয়েছিল যেখানে মূলত নারী ও শিশুরাই বেশি ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৪ সালে কিট কারসন এবং মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী নিউ মেক্সিকোতে পুরো [[নাভাহো|নাভাজো]] উপজাতিকে ফাঁদে ফেলে। তারা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর আক্রমণ চালাত বলে তাদের ধরে একটি সংরক্ষিত এলাকা বা রিজার্ভেশনে রাখা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বর্তমান ওকলাহোমা বা তৎকালীন ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরিতে পাঁচটি সভ্য উপজাতির মধ্যেও সংঘাত দেখা দেয়। তাদের মধ্যে বেশিরভাগই নিজেরা ক্রীতদাসের মালিক হওয়ায় দক্ষিণ পক্ষকে সমর্থন করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালে কংগ্রেস পশ্চিমে বসতি স্থাপন সহজতর করার জন্য দুটি বড় আইন পাস করে: হোমস্টেড অ্যাক্ট এবং প্যাসিফিক রেলরোড অ্যাক্ট। এর ফলে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে সমতল অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতে লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন খামার গড়ে ওঠে। এগুলোর মধ্যে অনেকগুলোই জার্মানি এবং স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়া থেকে আসা নতুন অভিবাসীদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হতো।

=== যুদ্ধোত্তর পশ্চিম ===

==== গৃহযুদ্ধের পর আঞ্চলিক শাসনব্যবস্থা ====
[[চিত্র:Fsstockade.jpg|থাম্ব|ক্যাম্প সাপ্লাই স্টকেড, ফেব্রুয়ারি ১৮৬৯]]
যুদ্ধ শেষ হওয়ার এবং দাসপ্রথা বিলুপ্ত হওয়ার পর, ফেডারেল সরকার বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলের শাসনব্যবস্থা উন্নত করার দিকে মনোনিবেশ করে। ১৭৮৭ সালের &quot;নর্থওয়েস্ট অর্ডিন্যান্স&quot; বা উত্তর-পশ্চিম অধ্যাদেশের নজির অনুসরণ করে তারা বেশ কিছু অঞ্চলকে ছোট ছোট ভাগে বিভক্ত করে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদার জন্য প্রস্তুত করে। সরকার আঞ্চলিক সরকারগুলোর তত্ত্বাবধান এবং কার্যপ্রণালীকে একটি নির্দিষ্ট মানদণ্ডে নিয়ে আসে, যার ফলে স্থানীয় কিছু ক্ষমতা কেড়ে নেওয়া হয় এবং প্রচুর পরিমাণে &quot;রেড টেপ&quot; বা আমলাতান্ত্রিক জটিলতা আরোপ করা হয়। এর ফলে ফেডারেল আমলাতন্ত্রের পরিধি উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে বৃদ্ধি পায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

অঞ্চলগুলোতে ফেডারেল সরকারের সম্পৃক্ততা ছিল বিশাল। সরাসরি ভর্তুকি দেওয়ার পাশাপাশি, ফেডারেল সরকার সামরিক ঘাঁটিগুলো রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ করত, আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণ থেকে নিরাপত্তা নিশ্চিত করত, চুক্তিবদ্ধ দায়বদ্ধতা মেটানোর জন্য অর্থ জোগান দিত, ভূমি জরিপ ও জমি বিক্রির কাজ পরিচালনা করত এবং রাস্তাঘাট নির্মাণ করত। এ ছাড়াও তারা ভূমি অফিসের জন্য কর্মী নিয়োগ, বন্দরগুলোর উন্নয়ন এবং স্থলপথের ডাক পরিষেবায় ভর্তুকি প্রদান করত। ওই অঞ্চলের নাগরিকরা একদিকে যেমন ফেডারেল ক্ষমতা এবং স্থানীয় দুর্নীতির নিন্দা করত, ঠিক তেমনই আবার তাদের এলাকায় আরও বেশি ফেডারেল অর্থ পাঠানো হচ্ছে না কেন তা নিয়েও আক্ষেপ প্রকাশ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আঞ্চলিক গভর্নররা ছিলেন রাজনৈতিকভাবে নিযুক্ত ব্যক্তি এবং ওয়াশিংটনের কাছে দায়বদ্ধ। তাই তাঁরা সাধারণত খুব নমনীয়ভাবে শাসন পরিচালনা করতেন এবং স্থানীয় সমস্যাগুলো সমাধানের ভার আইনসভার ওপর ছেড়ে দিতেন। একজন বেসামরিক গভর্নরের ভূমিকার পাশাপাশি, আঞ্চলিক গভর্নর একই সাথে মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীর কমান্ডার, আদিবাসী বিষয়ক স্থানীয় সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট এবং ফেডারেল সংস্থাগুলোর সাথে রাজ্যের সংযোগকারী বা লিয়াজোঁ হিসেবে কাজ করতেন। অন্যদিকে, আইনসভাগুলো স্থানীয় নাগরিকদের কথা বলত এবং ফেডারেল সরকার তাদের স্থানীয় আইন তৈরির ক্ষেত্রে যথেষ্ট স্বাধীনতা প্রদান করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

শাসনব্যবস্থার এই উন্নতি সত্ত্বেও অসাধু উপায়ে মুনাফা অর্জনের প্রচুর সুযোগ থেকে গিয়েছিল। নেভাদার সচিব হিসেবে কর্মরত নিজের ভাইয়ের অধীনে কাজ করার সময় মার্ক টোয়েন লিখেছিলেন, &quot;আমার দেশের সরকার সততাকে অবজ্ঞা করে কিন্তু শৈল্পিক ধূর্ততাকে আদর করে; আমার মনে হয় আমি একজন খুব দক্ষ পকেটমার হয়ে উঠতে পারতাম যদি আমি আরও এক বা দুই বছর জনসেবায় নিয়োজিত থাকতাম।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;আঞ্চলিক চক্রগুলো&quot; ছিল স্থানীয় রাজনীতিবিদ এবং ব্যবসায়ীদের এমন এক দুর্নীতিগ্রস্ত গোষ্ঠী যারা ফেডারেল পৃষ্ঠপোষকতায় পুষ্ট ছিল। তারা আদিবাসী উপজাতি এবং স্থানীয় নাগরিকদের অর্থ তছরুপ করত, বিশেষ করে ডাকোটা এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলগুলোতে এই প্রবণতা বেশি ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফেডারেল ভূমি ব্যবস্থা ====
[[চিত্র:Photograph_of_a_Family_with_Their_Covered_Wagon_During_the_Great_Western_Migration,_1866_-_NARA_-_518267.jpg|থাম্ব|গৃহস্থ, {{আনুমানিক}} ১৮৬৬]]
সরকারি জমি অধিগ্রহণ, প্রস্তুতি এবং তা ব্যক্তিগত মালিকানায় হস্তান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে ফেডারেল সরকার সাধারণত ১৭৮৫ সালের &quot;ল্যান্ড অর্ডিন্যান্স&quot; বা ভূমি অধ্যাদেশ দ্বারা নির্ধারিত ব্যবস্থা অনুসরণ করত। ফেডারেল অনুসন্ধান এবং বৈজ্ঞানিক দলগুলো জমির প্রাথমিক জরিপ চালাত এবং সেখানে আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের বসবাসের বিষয়টি নির্ধারণ করত। বিভিন্ন চুক্তির মাধ্যমে বসবাসকারী উপজাতিরা জমির মালিকানা ছেড়ে দিত। এরপর জরিপকারীরা বিস্তারিত মানচিত্র তৈরি করতেন যেখানে জমিকে প্রতি দিকে ছয় মাইল (১০ কিমি) দীর্ঘ বর্গাকার অংশে চিহ্নিত করা হতো। এগুলোকে প্রথমে এক বর্গমাইল ব্লকে এবং পরে ১৬০ একরের (০.৬৫ বর্গ কিমি) প্লটে ভাগ করা হতো। এই প্লটগুলো থেকে টাউনশিপ বা জনপদ গঠন করা হতো এবং সর্বসাধারণের কাছে নিলামে বিক্রি করা হতো। অবিক্রিত জমিগুলো ভূমি অফিস থেকে একর প্রতি সর্বনিম্ন ১.২৫ ডলার মূল্যে কেনা যেত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সরকারি নীতির অংশ হিসেবে সরকার &quot;ভূমি লিপি&quot; ব্যবহারের মাধ্যমে নির্দিষ্ট কিছু গোষ্ঠী যেমন যুদ্ধফেরত সৈনিকদের সরকারি জমি প্রদান করত। এই স্ক্রিপগুলো আর্থিক বাজারে লেনদেন হতো এবং প্রায়ই আইনগতভাবে নির্ধারিত সর্বনিম্ন ১.২৫ ডলারের চেয়ে কম দামে বিক্রি হতো। এটি ফাটকাবাজ, বিনিয়োগকারী এবং ডেভলপারদের বড় বড় জমির অংশ সস্তায় কিনে নেওয়ার আরেকটি সুযোগ করে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিভিন্ন প্রতিযোগী গোষ্ঠী ও স্বার্থান্বেষী মহলের কারণে ভূমি নীতি রাজনৈতিক রূপ নেয় এবং নতুন জমিগুলোতে দাসপ্রথার প্রশ্নটি বিবাদের বিষয় হয়ে দাঁড়ায়। ভূমি ফাটকাবাজদের মোকাবিলা করতে কৃষকরা &quot;দাবি ক্লাব&quot; গঠন করেন যা তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রিত মূল্যে নিজেদের মধ্যে কেনাবেচার মাধ্যমে ১৬০ একরের বরাদ্দের চেয়েও বড় ভূখণ্ড কিনতে সাহায্য করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালে কংগ্রেস তিনটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিল পাস করে যা ভূমি ব্যবস্থার খোলনলচে বদলে দেয়। হোমস্টেড আইন বা বসতভিটা আইনের মাধ্যমে এমন প্রত্যেক বসতি স্থাপনকারীকে ১৬০ একর জমি বিনামূল্যে দেওয়া হয় যারা পাঁচ বছর সেই জমির উন্নয়ন ঘটিয়েছে; নাগরিক এবং অ-নাগরিক সহ জবরদখলকারী ও মহিলারাও এই সুবিধার যোগ্য ছিলেন। এর একমাত্র খরচ ছিল সামান্য আবেদন ফি। সমতল অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতে জনবসতি স্থাপনের ক্ষেত্রে এই আইনটি বিশেষভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ছিল। অনেকে বিনামূল্যে বসতভিটা গ্রহণ করেছিলেন এবং অন্যরা রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর কাছ থেকে কম দামে জমি কিনেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালের প্যাসিফিক রেলরোড অ্যাক্ট আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ তৈরির জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় জমির ব্যবস্থা করেছিল। রেলপথের জন্য বরাদ্দ করা জমিগুলো সরকারি জমির সাথে পর্যায়ক্রমে বণ্টন করা হতো যা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের বিনামূল্যে বিতরণের জন্য রাখা হয়েছিল। সাম্যতা বজায় রাখার জন্য ফেডারেল সরকার প্রতিটি জমির পরিমাণ কমিয়ে ৮০ একর (৩২ হেক্টর) করেছিল কারণ রেললাইনের কাছে হওয়ায় এগুলোর মূল্য অনেক বেশি বলে মনে করা হতো। রেললাইন বসানোর পর রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো তাদের জমি বিক্রি বা বন্ধক রাখার জন্য পাঁচ বছর পর্যন্ত সময় পেত এবং এরপর যে কেউ অবিক্রিত জমিগুলো কিনতে পারত। প্রায়ই রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো তাদের সরকারিভাবে পাওয়া জমির কিছু অংশ অবিলম্বে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের কাছে বিক্রি করে দিত যাতে সেখানে জনবসতি গড়ে ওঠে এবং বাজারের প্রসার ঘটে যা পরবর্তীতে রেল পরিষেবাগুলোর গ্রাহক হতে পারে। ১৮৭০-এর দশকে নেব্রাস্কার রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো তাদের যাত্রাপথের ধারের জমিগুলোর ব্যাপক প্রচার চালিয়েছিল। তারা জার্মানি এবং স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়াতে প্রতিনিধি পাঠিয়েছিল যারা পরিবারের যাতায়াত সহ আসবাবপত্র ও চাষের সরঞ্জামের সস্তা পরিবহনের প্যাকেজ অফার করত। তারা খুব কম সুদে দীর্ঘমেয়াদী ঋণের সুবিধাও দিত। এই প্রচার অভিযানে সাফল্য এসেছিল এবং প্রচুর সাহসী আমেরিকান ও ইউরোপীয় পরিবার নেব্রাস্কার প্রতি আকৃষ্ট হয়েছিল যা তাদের ভালো শর্তে জমির মালিক হতে সাহায্য করেছিল। জমির বিক্রয় মূল্য মাটির গুণমান, পানির সহজলভ্যতা এবং রেলপথ থেকে দূরত্বের মতো বিষয়গুলোর ওপর নির্ভর করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালের মরিল অ্যাক্ট অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলোকে কৃষি এবং কারিগরি বিদ্যা (প্রকৌশল) কলেজ শুরু করার জন্য ভূমি অনুদান দিয়েছিল। ১৮৯০ সালে কৃষ্ণাঙ্গদের কলেজগুলোও এই অনুদানের জন্য যোগ্য বলে বিবেচিত হয়। নতুন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় তৈরি করা এবং কৃষিকাজকে আরও বৈজ্ঞানিক ও লাভজনক করে তোলার ক্ষেত্রে এই আইনটি তার লক্ষ্য পূরণে সফল হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ ====
[[চিত্র:Pacific_Railroad_Profile_1867.jpg|কেন্দ্র|থাম্ব|সান ফ্রান্সিসকো (বামে) থেকে ওমাহা পর্যন্ত প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথের প্রোফাইল। ''হার্পার'স উইকলি'' ৭ ডিসেম্বর, ১৮৬৭]]
১৮৫০-এর দশকে আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের জন্য সম্ভাব্য পথ নির্ধারণের উদ্দেশ্যে মার্কিন সরকার পশ্চিমের অবশিষ্ট অনাবিষ্কৃত অঞ্চলগুলোতে জরিপ চালানোর উদ্যোগ নিয়েছিল। এই কাজের বেশিরভাগই সম্পন্ন করেছিল কর্পস অফ ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স, কর্পস অফ টপোগ্রাফিক্যাল ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স এবং ব্যুরো অফ এক্সপ্লোরেশনস অ্যান্ড সার্ভেস। এই বিশাল অভিযানটি &quot;দ্য গ্রেট রিকনেসাঁ&quot; বা মহান অনুসন্ধান নামে পরিচিতি লাভ করে। রেলপথের জন্য উত্তর, মধ্য না কি দক্ষিণ—কোন পথটি বেছে নেওয়া হবে তা নিয়ে কংগ্রেসে আঞ্চলিক রেষারেষি ও বিতর্ক দেখা দেয়। সেকালের দুর্বল ইঞ্জিনের কথা মাথায় রেখে রেলপথের জন্য পর্যাপ্ত জল ও কাঠের যোগান থাকা এবং যতটা সম্ভব সমতল পথ বেছে নেওয়া ছিল কারিগরি দিক থেকে অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Transcontinental_railroad_route.png|থাম্ব|পশ্চিম মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র জুড়ে প্রথম আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের রুট (নির্মিত, ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৯)]]
সপ্রথা নিয়ে কংগ্রেসে দলাদলির কারণে আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ নির্মাণের শুরুর দিকের প্রস্তাবগুলো ভেস্তে গিয়েছিল। ১৮৬১ সালে কনফেডারেট রাজ্যগুলো আলাদা হয়ে যাওয়ার পর রিপাবলিকান পার্টির আধুনিকমনস্ক নেতারা কংগ্রেসের নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেন। তাঁরা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার সাথে সংযোগকারী একটি রেললাইন তৈরির বিষয়ে বিশেষ আগ্রহী ছিলেন। এই রেললাইন নির্মাণ ও পরিচালনার দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়েছিল মূলত বেসরকারি কোম্পানিগুলোর ওপর। অদক্ষ শ্রমিকরা এই কঠিন নির্মাণ কাজ সম্পন্ন করেছিলেন যারা রেললাইনের ধারের অস্থায়ী শিবিরে বসবাস করতেন। চীন ও আয়ারল্যান্ড থেকে আসা অভিবাসীরাই নির্মাণের বেশিরভাগ কাজ সম্পন্ন করেছিলেন। [[মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ|মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরের]] প্রধান প্রকৌশলী থিওডোর জুডাহ সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর পূর্ব দিকের পথটি জরিপ করেছিলেন। ১৮৬২ সালের প্যাসিফিক রেলরোড অ্যাক্ট পাসের নেপথ্যে ওয়াশিংটনে জুডাহর নিরলস তদ্বিরের বড় ভূমিকা ছিল। এই আইনের মাধ্যমেই সেন্ট্রাল প্যাসিফিক এবং ইউনিয়ন প্যাসিফিক (যা ওমাহা থেকে পশ্চিম দিকে রেললাইন তৈরি করেছিল) নির্মাণের অনুমতি দেওয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৬২ সালে সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর চারজন ধনী ব্যবসায়ী (লেল্যান্ড স্ট্যানফোর্ড, কলিস হান্টিংটন, চার্লস ক্রোকার এবং মার্ক হপকিন্স) এর দায়িত্বভার গ্রহণ করেন। এদের মধ্যে ক্রোকার ছিলেন নির্মাণ কাজের দায়িত্বে। ১৮৬৯ সালের মে মাসে এই রেললাইন নির্মাণের কাজ সফলভাবে শেষ হয়। এর ফলে এখন মাত্র ৮ দিনে এক উপকূল থেকে অন্য উপকূলে যাত্রী পরিবহন করা সম্ভব হলো। এর আগে মালবাহী গাড়ি বা জাহাজে করে এই দীর্ঘ পথ পাড়ি দিতে ৬ থেকে ১০ মাস সময় লাগত এবং খরচও হতো অনেক বেশি।

এই রেলপথ নির্মাণের জন্য নিউ ইয়র্ক, বোস্টন এবং লন্ডন থেকে বন্ধকি ঋণ নেওয়া হয়েছিল যার গ্যারান্টি ছিল ভূমি অনুদান। ফেডারেল সরকারের পক্ষ থেকে সরাসরি কোনো নগদ ভর্তুকি দেওয়া হয়নি। তবে মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথকে একটি ঋণ দেওয়া হয়েছিল যা পরবর্তীতে ছয় শতাংশ সুদসহ পরিশোধ করা হয়। ফেডারেল সরকার দাবাবোর্ডের ছকের মতো নকশায় জমি অনুদান দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো একটি করে বর্গাকার প্লট বিক্রি করত আর তার পাশের প্লটটি সরকার বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের জন্য খুলে রাখত। এ ছাড়াও সরকার সমতল এলাকায় প্রতি মাইলে ১৬,০০০ ডলার এবং পাহাড়ি এলাকায় ৩২,০০০ থেকে ৪৮,০০০ ডলার ঋণ দিয়েছিল যা পরবর্তীতে কোম্পানিগুলো ফেরত দিয়েছিল। স্থানীয় এবং অঙ্গরাজ্য সরকারগুলোও এই বিশাল কর্মকাণ্ডে অর্থায়নে সহায়তা করেছিল।

মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথে কর্মরত বেশিরভাগ কায়িক শ্রমিকই ছিলেন চীন থেকে আসা নতুন অভিবাসী।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই মানুষগুলো কীভাবে বসবাস করতেন, কীভাবে কাজ করতেন এবং নিজেদের উপার্জিত অর্থ কীভাবে পরিচালনা করতেন তা ক্রাউস বিস্তারিতভাবে দেখিয়েছেন। তার গবেষণা অনুযায়ী রেলের ঊর্ধ্বতন কর্মকর্তারা খুব শীঘ্রই বুঝতে পেরেছিলেন যে চীনা শ্রমিকরা অত্যন্ত পরিষ্কার-পরিচ্ছন্ন এবং নির্ভরযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ ১২,০০০-এর বেশি চীনা শ্রমিক নিয়োগ করেছিল যা ছিল তাদের মোট কায়িক শ্রমশক্তির ৯০ শতাংশ। অং তাঁর গবেষণায় খতিয়ে দেখেছেন যে শ্বেতাঙ্গদের তুলনায় চীনা শ্রমিকরা বৈষম্যের শিকার হয়েছিলেন কি না। তিনি লক্ষ্য করেন যে রেলপথ কর্তৃপক্ষ শ্বেতাঙ্গ ও চীনাদের জন্য আলাদা মজুরি নির্ধারণ করেছিল এবং চীনাদের দিয়ে বেশি বিপজ্জনক কাজ করানো হতো। যেমন [[নাইট্রোগ্লিসারিন]] নাড়াচাড়া করা বা তা ঢালার মতো কাজগুলো চীনাদের করতে হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে রেলপথ কর্তৃপক্ষ চীনাদের পছন্দমতো খাবার ও শিবিরের ব্যবস্থা নিশ্চিত করত এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গদের হুমকি থেকে চীনা শ্রমিকদের নিরাপত্তা দিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Union_pacific_poster.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬৯ সালে ইউনিয়ন প্যাসিফিক রেলপথের উদ্বোধনী দিনের পোস্টার]]
রেলপথ তৈরির কাজে মূলত ছয়টি প্রধান পর্যায় ছিল। এগুলো হলো পথের জরিপ করা, চলাচলের পথ পরিষ্কার করার জন্য বিস্ফোরণ ঘটানো, সুড়ঙ্গ ও সেতু তৈরি করা, রেলের রাস্তা পরিষ্কার করে তা বিছানো, স্লিপার ও রেললাইন বসানো এবং শ্রমিকদের খাবার ও সরঞ্জাম সরবরাহ করা। এই কাজটি ছিল অত্যন্ত পরিশ্রমসাধ্য যেখানে ঘোড়ায় টানা লাঙল, মাটি কাটার যন্ত্র, গাঁইতি, কুঠার, হাতুড়ি ও হাতগাড়ি ব্যবহার করা হতো। খুব সামান্য কিছু বাষ্পচালিত যন্ত্র যেমন বাষ্পীয় বেলচা ব্যবহার করা হয়েছিল। রেললাইনগুলো লোহার তৈরি ছিল কারণ ইস্পাতের লাইন আরও কয়েক বছর পরে বাজারে আসে। প্রতিটি রেলের ওজন ছিল ৩২০ কেজি (৭০০ পাউন্ড) এবং এটি তুলতে অন্তত পাঁচজন মানুষের প্রয়োজন হতো। বিস্ফোরণের জন্য তারা কালো বারুদ ব্যবহার করত। ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথের নির্মাণকর্মীরা যাদের বেশিরভাগই ছিলেন আইরিশ আমেরিকান তারা প্রতিদিন গড়ে প্রায় ৩ কিলোমিটার (২ মাইল) নতুন রেললাইন বসাতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

স্বর্ণালী যুগে আমেরিকায় ছয়টি আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ তৈরি করা হয়েছিল এবং সেই সাথে কানাডায় আরও দুটি রেলপথ নির্মিত হয়। এই পথগুলো কৃষক ও পশুপালকদের জন্য পশ্চিমের দ্বার খুলে দেয়। উত্তর থেকে দক্ষিণে এই রেলপথগুলো ছিল কানাডা-মার্কিন সীমান্ত বরাবর নর্দান প্যাসিফিক, মিলওয়াকি রোড এবং গ্রেট নর্দান; মাঝখানে ছিল ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ ও মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ এবং দক্ষিণে ছিল সান্টা ফে ও সাউদার্ন প্যাসিফিক। জেমস জে হিলের গ্রেট নর্দান ছাড়া বাকি সব কটি রেলপথই সরকারি জমি অনুদানের ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। এই রেলপথগুলোর আর্থিক লেনদেনের কাহিনী ছিল বেশ জটিল। উদাহরণস্বরূপ নর্দান প্যাসিফিক ১৮৬৪ সালে তাদের প্রধান ভূমি অনুদান পায়। অর্থদাতা জে কুক ১৮৭৩ সালে দেউলিয়া হওয়ার আগে পর্যন্ত এর দায়িত্বে ছিলেন। তবে ফেডারেল আদালতগুলো দেউলিয়া হয়ে যাওয়া রেলপথগুলোকে সচল রেখেছিল। ১৮৮১ সালে হেনরি ভিলার্ড দায়িত্ব গ্রহণ করেন এবং অবশেষে সিয়াটেল পর্যন্ত লাইনটি সম্পূর্ণ করেন। কিন্তু ১৮৯৩ সালের অর্থনৈতিক মন্দার সময় এটি দেউলিয়া হয়ে যায় এবং হিল এর নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেন। এরপর তিনি [[জে. পি. মরগান|জে পি মরগানের]] অর্থায়নে বেশ কয়েকটি লাইনকে একত্রিত করেন কিন্তু ১৯০৪ সালে রাষ্ট্রপতি থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট সেগুলো ভেঙে দেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৯-৭০ সালে রেলপথ চালুর প্রথম বছরেই ১,৫০,০০০ যাত্রী এই দীর্ঘ পথে ভ্রমণ করেন। কয়েক বছর ধরে কিস্তিতে রেলপথের জমি কেনার জন্য বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের উৎসাহিত করা হতো। তাদের বিনামূল্যে এলাকা ঘুরে দেখার সুযোগ দেওয়া হতো যাতে তারা জমি দেখে সিদ্ধান্ত নিতে পারেন। রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর &quot;অভিবাসন দপ্তর&quot; ছিল যা জার্মানি ও স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়ার কৃষকদের জন্য সস্তায় যাতায়াত এবং সহজ শর্তে জমি কেনার বিশেষ প্যাকেজ অফার করত। তাদের প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হয়েছিল যে প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে কাজ করা মানে হাড়ভাঙা খাটুনি নয়। কারণ বলা হয়েছিল যে &quot;লাঙল দেওয়ার জন্য প্রস্তুত প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপন করা আর গাছপালায় ঘেরা জঙ্গলে বসতি স্থাপন করা এক বিষয় নয়।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই বসতি স্থাপনকারীরাই ছিলেন রেলপথের প্রধান গ্রাহক যারা তাদের উৎপাদিত ফসল ও গবাদি পশু বাইরে পাঠাতেন এবং বিনিময়ে শিল্পজাত পণ্য কিনতেন। পরিবহনের খরচ কমে যাওয়ায় এবং ব্যবসার পরিধি বেড়ে যাওয়ায় সমস্ত উৎপাদনকারীরাই দারুণভাবে লাভবান হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

হোয়াইট এক মিশ্র পর্যবেক্ষণের মাধ্যমে এই রেল যুগের ইতি টেনেছেন। আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথগুলো অবশ্যই জনবসতি স্থাপনের জন্য পশ্চিমের পথ খুলে দিয়েছিল। এটি হাজার হাজার উচ্চ প্রযুক্তিজ্ঞানসম্পন্ন ও উচ্চবেতনভোগী শ্রমিক এবং ব্যবস্থাপকদের কর্মসংস্থানের সুযোগ করে দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে হাজার হাজার শহর ও নগর গড়ে উঠেছিল এবং গোটা দেশ একটি পূর্ব-পশ্চিম অক্ষে পরিচালিত হতে শুরু করেছিল। সামগ্রিকভাবে এটি দেশের অগ্রগতির জন্য অত্যন্ত মূল্যবান প্রমাণিত হয়েছিল। অন্যদিকে চাহিদার তুলনায় অনেক বেশি রেলপথ তৈরি করা হয়েছিল এবং প্রয়োজনের অনেক আগেই এগুলো নির্মিত হয়েছিল। এর ফলে একটি অর্থনৈতিক বুদবুদ তৈরি হয় যার কারণে বিনিয়োগকারীরা ব্যাপক ক্ষতির সম্মুখীন হন এবং দুর্বল ব্যবস্থাপনা গড়ে ওঠে। এর বিপরীতে হোয়াইট উল্লেখ করেছেন যে মধ্য-পশ্চিম ও পূর্ব দিকের লাইনগুলো বিপুল জনসংখ্যার ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। সেগুলো কৃষিকাজ, শিল্প ও খনি শিল্পকে সহায়তা করার পাশাপাশি নিয়মিত মুনাফা অর্জন করত এবং সরকারের কাছ থেকে খুব সামান্য সুবিধাই গ্রহণ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== গৃহযুদ্ধের পর অভিবাসন ====
[[চিত্র:Picturesque_America58.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৭২ সালের ''&quot;এমিগ্রান্টস ক্রসিং দ্যা প্লেনস&quot;'' ছবিতে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের [[গ্রেট প্লেইনস|গ্রেট প্লেইন]] অতিক্রম করতে দেখা যাচ্ছে। এফওসি ডার্লির লেখা এবং এইচবি হলের লেখায় খোদাই করা।]]
[[মার্কিন গৃহযুদ্ধ|গৃহযুদ্ধের]] সমাপ্তি এবং দাসপ্রথা বিলুপ্ত হওয়ার পর, আমেরিকার পূর্ব উপকূল এবং ইউরোপের বহু মানুষ পশ্চিমের দিকে পাড়ি দিতে আগ্রহী হয়ে ওঠেন। আত্মীয়স্বজনদের কাছ থেকে পাওয়া ইতিবাচক খবরাখবর এবং বিভিন্ন কোম্পানির ব্যাপক প্রচার অভিযান তাদের এই আগ্রহকে প্রবলভাবে উসকে দিয়েছিল। সেই বিজ্ঞাপনগুলোতে &quot;সেরা প্রেইরি জমি&quot;, &quot;অল্প দাম&quot;, &quot;নগদ অর্থে বিশাল ছাড়&quot; এবং &quot;আগের তুলনায় অনেক ভালো সুযোগ!&quot; দেওয়ার মতো লোভনীয় সব প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হতো। নতুন স্থাপিত রেলপথগুলো এই অভিবাসীদের জন্য এলাকাটি সশরীরে গিয়ে দেখার এক সুবর্ণ সুযোগ করে দেয়। এর জন্য বিশেষ ধরণের পারিবারিক টিকিটের ব্যবস্থা করা হয়েছিল। এই টিকিটের জন্য ব্যয় করা অর্থ পরবর্তীতে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর কাছ থেকে জমি কেনার সময় মূল দামের সাথে সমন্বয় করে নেওয়া যেত। তবে সমতল ভূমিতে চাষবাস করা পূর্বের এলাকাগুলোর তুলনায় অনেক বেশি কঠিন ছিল। সেখানে জল ব্যবস্থাপনা ছিল অত্যন্ত জরুরি একটি বিষয়। এ ছাড়াও ঘনঘন বজ্রপাত থেকে অগ্নিকাণ্ড, প্রতিকূল আবহাওয়া এবং বৃষ্টিপাতের অনিশ্চয়তা চাষিদের জন্য বড় চ্যালেঞ্জ হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ভীতু স্বভাবের মানুষেরা নিজেদের বাড়িতেই রয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। তবে প্রকৃত অভিযাত্রীরা অজানার ভয়কে জয় করে এগিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। তাঁদের পশ্চিমের দিকে যাওয়ার প্রধান উদ্দেশ্য ছিল বর্তমান জীবনের চেয়ে আরও উন্নত একটি অর্থনৈতিক জীবন খুঁজে পাওয়া। কৃষকরা বড়, সস্তা এবং আরও উর্বর জমির সন্ধানে ছিলেন; অন্যদিকে ব্যবসায়ী ও কারিগররা নতুন গ্রাহক এবং নেতৃত্বের সুযোগ খুঁজছিলেন। শ্রমিকরা চেয়েছিলেন আরও ভালো পরিবেশ এবং বেশি বেতনের কাজ। বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা যখন পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হচ্ছিলেন, তখন তাঁদের পথে নানা ধরণের কঠিন সমস্যার মুখোমুখি হতে হয়েছিল। এর মধ্যে ছিল বাড়ি তৈরির জন্য কাঠের অভাব, তুষারঝড় ও খরা সহ অত্যন্ত খারাপ আবহাওয়া এবং বিধ্বংসী টর্নেডোর আতঙ্ক।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গাছপালাহীন প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা মাটির চাপড়া দিয়ে ঘর তৈরি করতেন। ১৮৭৪ সালে পঙ্গপালের আক্রমণ ছিল এই বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর নেমে আসা অন্যতম বড় একটি বিপর্যয়, যা সমগ্র গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চলকে লণ্ডভণ্ড করে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই সমস্ত প্রতিকূলতা এবং চ্যালেঞ্জগুলো সীমান্ত জয় করার লড়াইয়ে এই মানুষগুলোকে আরও কঠোর ও সহনশীল করে তুলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আলাস্কা ক্রয় ====
ক্রিমিয়ার যুদ্ধে রাশিয়ার পরাজয়ের পর, [[রুশ সাম্রাজ্য|রাশিয়ার]] জার দ্বিতীয় আলেকজান্ডার রাশিয়ার আমেরিকান ভূখণ্ড [[আলাস্কা|আলাস্কাকে]] মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের কাছে বিক্রি করার সিদ্ধান্ত নেন। এই সিদ্ধান্তের পেছনে একদিকে যেমন অর্থের প্রয়োজন ছিল, অন্যদিকে রাশিয়ার প্রশাসনের একটি ভয়ও কাজ করছিল। তারা মনে করেছিল যে ভবিষ্যতে ব্রিটেনের সাথে কোনো যুদ্ধ বাঁধলে ব্রিটেন খুব সহজেই আলাস্কা দখল করে নিতে পারে। তৎকালীন মার্কিন বিদেশ সচিব উইলিয়াম সিওয়ার্ড রাশিয়ার সাথে আলোচনার মাধ্যমে আলাস্কার এই বিশাল ভূখণ্ডটি অর্জনের প্রক্রিয়া সম্পন্ন করেন। এই অঞ্চলটি আয়তনে অবশিষ্ট মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের প্রায় পাঁচ ভাগের এক ভাগ ছিল। ১৮৬৭ সালের ৩০ শে মার্চ মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র রাশিয়ার কাছ থেকে ৭২ লক্ষ ডলারের বিনিময়ে এই ভূখণ্ডটি কিনে নেয় (যা ২০২৪ সালের হিসেবে প্রায় ১৬ কোটি ২০ লক্ষ ডলারের সমান)। ১৮৬৭ সালের ১৮ ই অক্টোবর সিটকা নামক স্থানে একটি আনুষ্ঠানিক অনুষ্ঠানের মাধ্যমে হস্তান্তর প্রক্রিয়া সম্পন্ন হয়, যেখানে রুশ সৈন্যরা মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর হাতে এই ভূখণ্ডের দায়িত্ব তুলে দেন।

সিওয়ার্ড এবং আলাস্কা ক্রয়ের অন্যান্য সমর্থকরা উত্তরের সীমান্তে আরও ভূখণ্ড দখলের পরিকল্পনা করেছিলেন। [[গ্রিনল্যান্ড|গ্রিনল্যান্ডের]] মতো সুমেরু অঞ্চলগুলো কিনে শেষ পর্যন্ত কানাডাকে অন্তর্ভুক্ত করার উদ্দেশ্যও তাঁদের ছিল। অন্তত ১৮৬৭ সালের কনফেডারেশনের পর কানাডায় যোগ না দেওয়া পশ্চিমাঞ্চলগুলোকে তাঁরা অধিকার করতে চেয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সেই সময় সমালোচকরা এই ক্রয়কে &quot;সিওয়ার্ডের বোকামি&quot; বলে উপহাস করেছিলেন। তাঁদের যুক্তি ছিল যে এই নতুন ভূখণ্ডে কোনো প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ নেই এবং কেউ এই চরম শীতল ও তুষারাবৃত এলাকায় বাস করার কথা ভাবতেই পারে না। যদিও আলাস্কার উন্নয়ন এবং সেখানে বসতি স্থাপনের গতি প্রথমে ধীর ছিল, কিন্তু ১৮৯৬ সালের ক্লোনডাইক গোল্ড রাশ, ১৮৯৮ সালের নোম গোল্ড রাশ এবং ১৯০২ সালের ফেয়ারব্যাঙ্কস গোল্ড রাশের সময় সেখানে সোনার খনি আবিষ্কৃত হওয়ার ফলে হাজার হাজার খনি শ্রমিক এই অঞ্চলে আসতে শুরু করেন। এর ফলে পরবর্তী কয়েক দশক ধরে আলাস্কার অভাবনীয় উন্নতি ঘটে। বিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষ দিকে সেখানে বড় বড় তেলের খনি আবিষ্কৃত হওয়ায় এই অঙ্গরাজ্যটি অনেক বেশি সমৃদ্ধশালী হয়ে ওঠে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ওকলাহোমা ল্যান্ড রাশ ====
১৮৮৯ সালে ওয়াশিংটন প্রশাসন ওকলাহোমা অঞ্চলের ২০ লক্ষ একর (৮,১০০ বর্গ কিমি) খালি জমি সর্বসাধারণের জন্য উন্মুক্ত করে দেয়। ২২ শে এপ্রিল ১ লক্ষেরও বেশি বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং পশুপালক (যারা &quot;বুমার&quot; নামে পরিচিত ছিলেন) সীমান্তে ভিড় জমান।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যখন সেনাবাহিনীর বন্দুক এবং বিউগলের মাধ্যমে সংকেত দেওয়া হলো, তখন ১৮৮৯ সালের এই ভূমি দখলের দৌড়ে নিজের জমির দাবি নিশ্চিত করার জন্য সবাই পাগলের মতো ছুটে চললেন। একজন প্রত্যক্ষদর্শী লিখেছেন, &quot;ঘোড়সওয়াররা শুরু থেকেই সবচেয়ে সুবিধাজনক অবস্থানে ছিলেন। প্রথম কয়েক মিনিট এটি একটি চমৎকার দৌড় প্রতিযোগিতা মনে হয়েছিল, কিন্তু শীঘ্রই আরোহীরা পাখার মতো চারিদিকে ছড়িয়ে পড়তে শুরু করলেন। যখন তাঁরা দিগন্ত রেখায় পৌঁছালেন, ততক্ষণে চোখের দৃষ্টি যতদূর যায় তাঁরা সব জায়গায় ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মাত্র একদিনের ব্যবধানে [[ওকলাহোমা সিটি]], নরম্যান এবং গাথরি নামে নতুন তিনটি শহর মানচিত্রে জায়গা করে নেয়। একইভাবে পরবর্তী চার বছরে আরও লক্ষ লক্ষ একর জমি উন্মুক্ত করা হয় এবং সেখানে জনবসতি গড়ে ওঠে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ ===
[[চিত্র:Sitting_Bull.jpg|থাম্ব|সিওক্স চিফ সিটিং বুল]]
[[চিত্র:Plenty_Coups_Edward_Curtis_Portrait_(c1908).jpg|থাম্ব|ক্রো চিফ প্লেন্টি অভ্যুত্থান]]
আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র জুড়ে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। তবে সাধারণত এই সংঘাতগুলোকে দুটি প্রধান ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়; মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ এবং মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ। [[মার্কিন জনশুমারি দপ্তর|মার্কিন আদমশুমারি ব্যুরো]] (১৮৯৪) মৃত্যুর একটি সম্ভাব্য খতিয়ান প্রদান করে:
{{Blockquote|তাদের হিসেবে, মার্কিন সরকারের অধীনে &quot;আদিবাসীদের&quot; সাথে ৪০টিরও বেশি যুদ্ধ হয়েছে। এতে প্রায় ১৯,০০০ শ্বেতাঙ্গ পুরুষ, মহিলা এবং শিশু প্রাণ হারিয়েছেন যার মধ্যে ব্যক্তিগত লড়াইয়ে নিহতরাও অন্তর্ভুক্ত। অন্যদিকে প্রায় ৩০,০০০ আদিবাসী এই যুদ্ধে মারা গেছেন। তবে নিহত ও আহত আদিবাসীদের প্রকৃত সংখ্যা এই হিসাবের চেয়ে অনেক বেশি হওয়া স্বাভাবিক... অতিরিক্ত পঞ্চাশ শতাংশ যোগ করলে তা একটি নির্ভরযোগ্য অনুমান হতে পারে...&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Bureau of the Census|title=Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWkUAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA637|year=1894|page=637|publisher=Norman Ross Pub. |isbn=978-0883544624}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
ইতিহাসবিদ রাসেল থর্নটনের অনুমান অনুযায়ী ১৮০০ থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে আদিবাসীদের জনসংখ্যা ৬,০০,০০০ থেকে কমে মাত্র ২,৫০,০০০-এ দাঁড়িয়েছিল। এই জনসংখ্যা হ্রাসের প্রধান কারণ ছিল [[গুটিবসন্ত]] এবং অন্যান্য [[সংক্রমণ|সংক্রামক রোগ]]। টেক্সাসের কারানকাওয়ান, আকোকিসা এবং বিডুইয়ের মতো অনেক উপজাতি টেক্সাসের বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের সাথে যুদ্ধের ফলে পুরোপুরি বিলুপ্ত হয়ে গিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  গৃহযুদ্ধের পর আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের জনসংখ্যার এই দ্রুত হ্রাস মার্কিন সরকারকে চিন্তিত করে তোলে। এর ফলে ডুলিটল কমিটি গঠন করা হয় যার কাজ ছিল এই ধ্বংসের কারণগুলো অনুসন্ধান করা এবং জনসংখ্যা রক্ষার জন্য সুপারিশ প্রদান করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; আদিবাসীদের ওপর হওয়া অত্যাচার রোধ করার জন্য এই কমিটি পাঁচটি পরিদর্শন বোর্ড গঠনের মতো যে সমাধানগুলো প্রস্তাব করেছিল, পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বিশাল পরিযান শুরু হওয়ার ফলে সেগুলোর খুব একটা প্রভাব পড়েনি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ ====
বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধের পর (১৭৮৩-১৮১২) ব্রিটিশ ব্যবসায়ীরা এবং সরকারি প্রতিনিধিরা মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে বসবাসকারী আদিবাসীদের অস্ত্র সরবরাহ শুরু করেন। তাঁদের আশা ছিল যদি কোনো যুদ্ধ বাধে তবে আদিবাসীরা ব্রিটিশদের পক্ষে লড়াই করবে। ব্রিটিশরা আরও পরিকল্পনা করেছিল যে ওহিও-উইসকনসিন এলাকায় একটি আদিবাসী রাষ্ট্র গড়ে তুলবে যাতে আমেরিকার প্রসারের পথ বন্ধ করা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এর প্রতিবাদ জানায় এবং ১৮১২ সালে যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা করে। বেশিরভাগ আদিবাসী উপজাতি ব্রিটিশদের সমর্থন করেছিল বিশেষ করে যারা টেকুমসের মিত্র ছিল, কিন্তু শেষ পর্যন্ত জেনারেল [[উইলিয়াম হেনরি হ্যারিসন]] তাদের পরাজিত করেন। পরাজিত উপজাতিদের অনেক শরণার্থী সীমান্ত পেরিয়ে কানাডায় চলে যান। অন্যদিকে দক্ষিণের আদিবাসীরা ফ্লোরিডার দিকে চলে যান যা তখন নিউ স্পেনের ভাইসরয়্যালিটির অধীনে স্প্যানীয়দের নিয়ন্ত্রণে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র স্পেনের কাছ থেকে ফ্লোরিডা কিনে নেওয়ার পর স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের ওকলাহোমায় চলে যাওয়ার জন্য অর্থ প্রদান করে এবং বেশিরভাগই তা মেনে নেন। তবে সেমিনোল যুদ্ধগুলো ছিল এমন কয়েকশ সেমিনোল যোদ্ধার বিরুদ্ধে পরিচালিত সামরিক অভিযান যারা নিজেদের পূর্বপুরুষদের সমাধি ছেড়ে যেতে অস্বীকার করেছিলেন। জলাভূমি অঞ্চলে অতর্কিত হামলা ও খণ্ডযুদ্ধের মাধ্যমে এই লড়াই চলেছিল এবং ১৮৪২ সালে সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে এর অবসান ঘটে। এই সংঘাত বছরের পর বছর ধরে চলেছিল এবং সংবাদপত্রে এর ব্যাপক প্রচারের ফলে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের আত্মপরিচয় গঠনে এটি সহায়তা করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ ====
[[চিত্র:Western_Indian_Wars.jpg|থাম্ব|ট্রান্স মিসিসিপি পশ্চিমে আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ (১৮৬০-১৮৯০)]]
পশ্চিমের আদিবাসী যোদ্ধারা তাদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী সীমিত ও যুদ্ধমুখী লড়াইয়ের মাধ্যমে মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর মোকাবিলা করেছিলেন। আদিবাসীরা ব্যক্তিগত সাহসিকতার ওপর জোর দিতেন। অন্যদিকে সেনাবাহিনী ব্যক্তিগত লড়াইয়ের চেয়ে দুর্গের নেটওয়ার্ক তৈরি, রসদ সরবরাহ ব্যবস্থার উন্নয়ন এবং বাহিনীগুলোর মধ্যে সমন্বয় বজায় রাখতে টেলিগ্রাফ ও রেলপথ ব্যবহারের ওপর বেশি গুরুত্ব দিয়েছিল। সমতল ভূমির আদিবাসীদের আন্তঃউপজাতি লড়াইয়ের সাথে জনসংখ্যা ও সম্পদে এগিয়ে থাকা আমেরিকানদের ইউরোপীয় কায়দার আধুনিক যুদ্ধের কোনো মিল ছিল না। অনেক উপজাতি যুদ্ধ এড়িয়ে চলতেন এবং অনেকে মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীকে সাহায্যও করতেন। সরকারের প্রতি শত্রুভাবাপন্ন উপজাতিগুলো তাদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী লড়াইয়ের পদ্ধতি বজায় রেখেছিল। এই কারণেই তারা সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে স্থায়ী কোনো সাফল্য লাভ করতে পারেনি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমের সমস্ত অঞ্চল জুড়েই আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। তবে অভ্যন্তরীণ রাজ্যগুলোর তুলনায় মেক্সিকো সীমান্ত সংলগ্ন রাজ্যগুলোতে সংঘাতের পরিমাণ ছিল অনেক বেশি। অ্যারিজোনা এক্ষেত্রে তালিকার শীর্ষে ছিল। সেখানে আমেরিকান ও আদিবাসীদের মধ্যে ৩১০টি যুদ্ধের কথা জানা যায়। যুদ্ধে নিহতের সংখ্যার দিক থেকেও অ্যারিজোনা সবার উপরে ছিল। সেখানে সৈন্য, সাধারণ নাগরিক এবং আদিবাসী মিলিয়ে মোট ৪,৩৪০ জন নিহত হয়েছিলেন। এই সংখ্যাটি তালিকায় দ্বিতীয় স্থানে থাকা টেক্সাসে নিহতের সংখ্যার দ্বিগুণেরও বেশি ছিল। অ্যারিজোনার অধিকাংশ মৃত্যুর জন্য অ্যাপাচি উপজাতি দায়ী ছিল। মিচনো আরও জানিয়েছেন যে ১৮৫০ থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে হওয়া আদিবাসী যুদ্ধের ৫১ শতাংশই অ্যারিজোনা, টেক্সাস এবং নিউ মেক্সিকোতে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। এ ছাড়া মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিমের অঞ্চলগুলোতে হওয়া হতাহতের ৩৭ শতাংশও এই রাজ্যগুলোতে হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কোমাঞ্চি উপজাতি স্পেনীয় এবং পরবর্তীতে মেক্সিকান ও আমেরিকান সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে বেশ কিছু লড়াই করেছিল। ১৮৪০-এর দশকে কোমাঞ্চিদের শক্তি চরমে পৌঁছেছিল যখন তারা মেক্সিকোর কয়েকশ মাইল ভেতরে বড় ধরণের আক্রমণ চালিয়েছিল। একইসাথে তারা স্বাধীন টেক্সাসে বসতি স্থাপন করা অ্যাংলো-আমেরিকান এবং তেজানোদের বিরুদ্ধেও যুদ্ধ করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৪-১৮৬৮ সালের স্নৈক যুদ্ধ ছিল অন্যতম একটি ভয়াবহ সংঘাত। এটি নর্দান পাইউট, ব্যানক এবং শশোন আদিবাসীদের একটি জোট পরিচালনা করেছিল যারা সম্মিলিতভাবে &quot;স্নৈক ইন্ডিয়ানস&quot; নামে পরিচিত ছিল। ওরেগন, নেভাদা, ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং আইডাহো রাজ্যের স্নৈক নদী বরাবর মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে এই লড়াই চলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের এলাকায় অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীদের ঢল নামার ফলে এবং সম্পদের ভাগ নিয়ে উত্তেজনার সৃষ্টি হলে এই যুদ্ধের সূত্রপাত হয়। এই আদিবাসী গোষ্ঠীর সদস্যরা [[স্নেক নদী]] উপত্যকা দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী অভিবাসী দল এবং খনি শ্রমিকদের ওপর আক্রমণ ও হয়রানি শুরু করেন। এর জবাবে শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা পাল্টা আক্রমণ চালায় এবং মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী হস্তক্ষেপ করে। এই যুদ্ধে উভয় পক্ষের মোট ১,৭৬২ জন নিহত, আহত বা বন্দি হয়েছিলেন। অন্যান্য আদিবাসী যুদ্ধের তুলনায় এই যুদ্ধের কাহিনী মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাসে অনেকটাই বিস্মৃত হয়ে গিয়েছে কারণ সেই সময় এর সংবাদ প্রচার ছিল খুব সীমিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

শায়েন, আরাপাহো এবং সিওক্স উপজাতিরা কলোরাডো থেকে নেব্রাস্কা পর্যন্ত এলাকায় কলোরাডো যুদ্ধে লিপ্ত হয়েছিলেন। গৃহযুদ্ধ চলাকালীন ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৫ সালের মধ্যে এই সংঘাতটি হয়েছিল। আদিবাসী এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মধ্যে তৈরি হওয়া তিক্ততা থেকে এই যুদ্ধের জন্ম হয়। উভয় পক্ষের করা নৃশংসতার জন্য এই যুদ্ধ কুখ্যাত হয়ে আছে। শ্বেতাঙ্গ মিলিশিয়ারা আদিবাসীদের গ্রাম ধ্বংস করে দিত এবং স্যান্ড ক্রিক গণহত্যার মতো ঘটনায় আদিবাসী নারী ও শিশুদের হত্যা করত। এর পাল্টায় আদিবাসীরাও বিভিন্ন খামার ও বসতিতে আক্রমণ চালাত এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ পরিবারগুলোকে হত্যা করত। আমেরিকান র‍্যাঞ্চ গণহত্যা এবং গডফ্রে র‍্যাঞ্চের আক্রমণ এর অন্যতম উদাহরণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালে কর্নেল ক্রিস্টোফার &quot;কিট&quot; কারসন মেসকালেরো অ্যাপাচিদের একটি সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে বাধ্য করেন। ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৪ সালে কারসন নাভাজো অভিযানে পোড়ামাটি নীতি ব্যবহার করেন। তিনি নাভাজোদের ঘরবাড়ি ও ফসলের খেত পুড়িয়ে দেন এবং তাদের গবাদি পশু মেরে ফেলেন বা দখল করে নেন। ইউটেস উপজাতির মতো যে আদিবাসীদের সাথে নাভাজোদের দীর্ঘদিনের শত্রুতা ছিল তারা কারসনকে সাহায্য করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই যুদ্ধের আরেকটি উল্লেখযোগ্য ঘটনা ছিল ১৮৮০-এর দশকে টেক্সাসের জনপদগুলোতে জেরোনিমোর লড়াই। তাঁর অধীনে থাকা অ্যাপাচিরা মার্কিন অশ্বারোহী বাহিনী এবং দুর্গের ওপর অতর্কিত হামলা চালাত যেমন সিবেকু ক্রিকে তাদের আক্রমণ। এ ছাড়াও তারা বিভিন্ন খামার ও চারণভূমিতে হামলা চালাত যেমন এম্পায়ার র‍্যাঞ্চে তাদের কুখ্যাত আক্রমণ যেখানে তিনজন কাউবয় নিহত হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiefs&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=The Great Chiefs|শেষাংশ=Capps|প্রথমাংশ=Benjamin|বছর=1975|প্রকাশক=Time-Life Education|পাতা=240|আইএসবিএন=978-0316847858}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অবশেষে ১৮৮৬ সালে জেরোনিমোর নেতৃত্বাধীন শেষ বিদ্রোহী অ্যাপাচি দলটি আত্মসমর্পণ করতে বাধ্য হয়।

১৮৭৪-১৮৭৫ সালে রেড রিভার যুদ্ধ শুরু হয়েছিল কারণ কোমাঞ্চিদের প্রধান খাদ্য মহিষের সংখ্যা কমে আসছিল এবং কিছু দল সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে অস্বীকার করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কোমাঞ্চিরা টেক্সাসের ছোট ছোট জনপদে আক্রমণ শুরু করলে মহিষ শিকারিদের সাথে বাফেলো ওয়ালো এবং দ্বিতীয় অ্যাডোবি ওয়ালস যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়। এ ছাড়াও টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সদের সাথে লস্ট ভ্যালি যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল। শেষ পর্যন্ত প্যালো ডুরো ক্যানিয়নে মার্কিন অশ্বারোহী বাহিনীর সাথে কোমাঞ্চিদের চূড়ান্ত লড়াইয়ের মাধ্যমে যুদ্ধের অবসান ঘটে। ১৮৭৫ সালের জুন মাসে শেষ কোমাঞ্চি প্রধান কুয়ানা পার্কার আত্মসমর্পণ করেন যার ফলে টেক্সাসবাসী এবং আদিবাসীদের দীর্ঘ যুদ্ধের সমাপ্তি ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বোজম্যান ট্রেইল বরাবর সেনাবাহিনী যে দুর্গগুলো তৈরি করছিল তার প্রতিবাদে লাকোটা প্রধান রেড ক্লাউড এক যুদ্ধের নেতৃত্ব দিয়েছিলেন। আদিবাসী যুদ্ধের ইতিহাসে এটি মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে সবচেয়ে সফল অভিযান ছিল। ১৮৬৮ সালের ফোর্ট লারামি চুক্তির মাধ্যমে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র লাকোটাদের একটি বিশাল সংরক্ষিত এলাকা প্রদান করে যেখানে সেনাবাহিনীর কোনো উপস্থিতি ছিল না; সমগ্র ব্ল্যাক হিলস এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্যাপ্টেন জ্যাক ছিলেন ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ও [[ওরেগন|ওরেগনের]] মোডক উপজাতির প্রধান এবং মোডক যুদ্ধের সময় তিনি তাদের নেতৃত্ব দিয়েছিলেন। মাত্র ৫৩ জন মোডক যোদ্ধা নিয়ে ক্যাপ্টেন জ্যাক সাত মাস ধরে ১,০০০ [[মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী|মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর]] মোকাবিলা করেছিলেন। তিনি এডওয়ার্ড ক্যানবিকে হত্যা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Fetterman_massacre.jpg|থাম্ব|ডাকোটা টেরিটরির ফোর্ট ফিল কার্নির কাছে যুদ্ধ, ২১ ডিসেম্বর, ১৮৬৬]]
[[চিত্র:ScalpedHunter.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬৮ সালে ক্যানসাসের ফোর্ট ডজের কাছে শায়েনেসের সাথে সংঘর্ষের পর মহিষ শিকারীর খোঁচা কাটা মৃতদেহ পাওয়া গেছে।]]
১৮৭৭ সালের জুন মাসে নেজ পার্স যুদ্ধে চিফ জোসেফের নেতৃত্বে আদিবাসীরা নিজেদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী ভূমি ছেড়ে সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে অস্বীকার করেন। ওরেগন থেকে মন্টানা সীমান্ত পর্যন্ত ২,০০০ কিলোমিটার (১,২০০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ পথ তারা লড়াই করতে করতে পিছিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। মাত্র ২০০ জন যোদ্ধা নিয়ে নেজ পার্স উপজাতি &quot;বিভিন্ন সামরিক ইউনিটের প্রায় ২,০০০ নিয়মিত ও স্বেচ্ছাসেবী আমেরিকান সৈন্য এবং তাদের সহযোগী বহু উপজাতির আদিবাসীদের সাথে মোট ১৮টি লড়াই করেছিলেন যার মধ্যে চারটি বড় যুদ্ধ এবং অন্তত চারটি তীব্র সংঘর্ষ অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিয়ার প’র যুদ্ধে নেজ পার্সরা চারদিক থেকে ঘেরাও হয়ে যান এবং আত্মসমর্পণ করেন। ১৮৭৬ সালের মহান সিওক্স যুদ্ধ সিটিং বুল এবং ক্রেজি হর্সের নেতৃত্বে লাকোটা উপজাতিরা শুরু করেছিলেন। পাহাড়ে সোনার সন্ধান পাওয়ার পর ১৮৬৮ সালের ফোর্ট লারামি চুক্তির বারবার লঙ্ঘনের ফলে এই সংঘাতের সূত্রপাত হয়। এই যুদ্ধের একটি বিখ্যাত লড়াই হলো লিটল বিগহর্ন যুদ্ধ যেখানে সিওক্স এবং শায়েনদের সম্মিলিত বাহিনী জেনারেল জর্জ আর্মস্ট্রং কাস্টারের নেতৃত্বাধীন সপ্তম অশ্বারোহী বাহিনীকে পরাজিত করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইউটা এবং কলোরাডোর বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের বিরুদ্ধে ইউট উপজাতির লড়াইয়ে দুটি বড় যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল; মিকার গণহত্যায় ১১ জন প্রতিনিধি নিহত হন এবং পিনহুক গণহত্যায় ১৩ জন সশস্ত্র খামারি ও কাউবয় প্রাণ হারান।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯২৩ সালের পোসি যুদ্ধের মাধ্যমে ইউট উপজাতির দীর্ঘ সংঘাতের ইতি ঘটে যা মূলত বসতি স্থাপনকারী ও আইন-শৃঙ্খলা রক্ষাকারী বাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Utah History Encyclopedia|ইউআরএল=https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POSEY_WAR.shtml|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 14, 2020|ওয়েবসাইট=www.uen.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৯০ সালের ২৯ শে ডিসেম্বর উন্ডেড নি গণহত্যার মাধ্যমে প্রধান আদিবাসী যুদ্ধগুলোর অবসান ঘটে। সেখানে সপ্তম অশ্বারোহী বাহিনী একজন সিওক্স ব্যক্তিকে নিরস্ত্রীকরণ করতে গিয়ে এক হত্যাযজ্ঞ চালিয়েছিল যেখানে প্রায় ১৫০ জন সিওক্স পুরুষ, মহিলা ও শিশু নিহত হন। এর মাত্র তেরো দিন আগে সিটিং বুলকে তাঁর ছেলে ক্রাউ ফুটের সাথে গুলিবিদ্ধ হয়ে মারা যেতে হয়েছিল। আমেরিকান সরকার তাঁকে গ্রেপ্তার করার জন্য একদল আদিবাসী পুলিশ পাঠিয়েছিল যাদের সাথে লড়াইয়ে তিনি নিহত হন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  তা সত্ত্বেও ১৯২০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্ত ব্লাফ যুদ্ধ (১৯১৪-১৯১৫) এবং পোসি যুদ্ধের মতো আরও কিছু সংঘাত ও বিচ্ছিন্ন ঘটনা ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; তবে মার্কিন সেনা সদস্য এবং আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের মধ্যে সর্বশেষ সরাসরি যুদ্ধটি সংঘটিত হয়েছিল ১৯১৮ সালের ৯ ই জানুয়ারি বিয়ার ভ্যালি যুদ্ধে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|তারিখ=April 19, 2005|শিরোনাম=Squadron History|ইউআরএল=http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm|আর্কাইভের-ইউআরএল=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419173045/http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm|আর্কাইভের-তারিখ=April 19, 2005|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== দুর্গ এবং ফাঁড়ি ====
সীমান্ত যখন ক্রমশ পশ্চিমের দিকে সরে যাচ্ছিল, তখন তার সাথে তাল মিলিয়ে মার্কিন সামরিক দুর্গগুলোও নতুন নতুন এলাকায় গড়ে উঠতে থাকে। এই দুর্গগুলো নতুন ভূখণ্ডগুলোর ওপর ফেডারেল সরকারের সার্বভৌমত্ব বজায় রাখার এবং কেন্দ্রীয় কর্তৃত্বের প্রতীক হিসেবে কাজ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই সামরিক ঘাঁটিগুলোতে সাধারণত প্রতিরক্ষার জন্য বড় কোনো দেওয়াল থাকত না, তবে সেখানে আক্রমণের ঘটনাও খুব কমই দেখা যেত। এগুলো মূলত কৌশলগতভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ এলাকাগুলোতে বা তার সন্নিকটে সৈন্যদের ঘাঁটি হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতো যাতে সেখানে আদিবাসীদের উপস্থিতিকে কার্যকরভাবে মোকাবিলা করা যায়। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, অ্যারিজোনার দক্ষিণাঞ্চলে টুসঁ এবং এল পাসোর মধ্যবর্তী ডাক চলাচলের পথে অবস্থিত অ্যাপাচি পাসকে রক্ষা করার দায়িত্ব ছিল ফোর্ট বোয়ির ওপর। কোচিস এবং জেরোনিমোর মতো আদিবাসী নেতাদের বিরুদ্ধে অভিযান চালানোর জন্য এই দুর্গটিকে প্রধান কেন্দ্র হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা হতো। ফোর্ট লারামি এবং ফোর্ট কিয়ার্নি গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চল অতিক্রমকারী অভিবাসীদের সুরক্ষা নিশ্চিত করতে সাহায্য করত। এ ছাড়া ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার বেশ কয়েকটি সামরিক ঘাঁটি খনি শ্রমিকদের নিরাপত্তা দেওয়ার জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছিল। সিওক্স উপজাতির বিরুদ্ধে আক্রমণ পরিচালনার উদ্দেশ্যেও বেশ কিছু দুর্গ নির্মাণ করা হয়েছিল। যখন ইন্ডিয়ান রিজার্ভেশন বা আদিবাসীদের জন্য সংরক্ষিত এলাকাগুলো তৈরি হতে শুরু করে, তখন সেগুলোকে পাহারা দেওয়ার জন্য সেনাবাহিনী নতুন দুর্গ স্থাপন করে। দুর্গগুলো ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ এবং অন্যান্য প্রধান রেললাইনগুলোকেও পাহারা দিত। পশ্চিমের অন্যান্য গুরুত্বপূর্ণ দুর্গগুলোর মধ্যে ছিল ওকলাহোমার ফোর্ট সিল, আরকানসাসের ফোর্ট স্মিথ, মিনেসোটার ফোর্ট স্নেলিং, নিউ মেক্সিকোর ফোর্ট ইউনিয়ন, টেক্সাসের ফোর্ট ওয়ার্থ এবং ওয়াশিংটনের ফোর্ট ওয়ালা ওয়ালা। নেব্রাস্কার ফোর্ট ওমাহা ছিল ডিপার্টমেন্ট অফ দ্য প্ল্যাট-এর প্রধান কার্যালয়। ১৮৭০-এর দশকের শেষ দিকে এটি প্রতিষ্ঠার পর থেকে পরবর্তী ২০ বছরেরও বেশি সময় ধরে পশ্চিমের অধিকাংশ ঘাঁটিগুলোতে প্রয়োজনীয় রসদ ও সরঞ্জাম সরবরাহের গুরুদায়িত্ব ছিল এর ওপর। অ্যারিজোনার ফোর্ট হুয়াচুকাও শুরুতে একটি সীমান্ত ঘাঁটি হিসেবে তৈরি করা হয়েছিল যা বর্তমানেও মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী ব্যবহার করে থাকে।

==== আদিবাসী সংরক্ষিত এলাকা ====
[[চিত্র:Native_American_Chiefs_1865.jpg|থাম্ব|আদি আমেরিকান প্রধানরা, ১৮৬৫]]
ওরেগন এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দিকে স্থলপথে যাত্রা করা বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা প্রায়শই আদিবাসীদের হুমকির লক্ষ্যবস্তুতে পরিণত হতেন। রবার্ট এল মানক্রেস ১৮৩৪ থেকে ১৮৬০ সালের মধ্যে ওরেগন ট্রেইল দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী দলের ৬৬টি ডায়েরি পর্যালোচনা করেছিলেন। এর মূল উদ্দেশ্য ছিল নেব্রাস্কা এবং ওয়াইমিং অঞ্চলে আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের ফলে পর্যটকরা আসলে কতটা বিপদের সম্মুখীন হয়েছিলেন তার একটি বাস্তবসম্মত হিসাব বের করা। ডায়েরি লেখকদের বিশাল একটি অংশ সশস্ত্র আক্রমণের কোনো অভিজ্ঞতার কথা উল্লেখ করেননি। তবে অনেকেই আদিবাসীদের হাতে হয়রানির শিকার হওয়ার কথা জানিয়েছিলেন। সেই আদিবাসীরা অনেক সময় ভিক্ষা চাইত অথবা জোর করে পথকর দাবি করত এবং মাঝেমধ্যে ঘোড়া ও গবাদি পশু চুরি করে নিয়ে যেত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ম্যাডসেনের দেওয়া তথ্য অনুযায়ী, ইউটার উত্তর ও পশ্চিম দিকের শশোন এবং ব্যানক উপজাতিরা মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরের প্রতি অনেক বেশি আক্রমণাত্মক মনোভাব পোষণ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৫০ সালের শুরুর দিকে দুটি নতুন চুক্তির মাধ্যমে ফেডারেল সরকার উত্তেজনা কমানোর এবং গ্রেট প্লেইনস অঞ্চলে নতুন উপজাতীয় সীমানা নির্ধারণের চেষ্টা করেছিল। ফোর্ট লারামি চুক্তির মাধ্যমে সিওক্স, শায়েন, আরাপাহো, ক্রো এবং অন্যান্য উপজাতিদের জন্য নির্দিষ্ট এলাকা বা জোন চিহ্নিত করে দেওয়া হয়। একইসাথে উপজাতীয় ভূখণ্ডের মধ্য দিয়ে রাস্তা ও সামরিক ঘাঁটি তৈরির অনুমতি প্রদান করা হয়েছিল। দ্বিতীয় একটি চুক্তির মাধ্যমে সান্টা ফে ট্রেইল দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী মালবাহী গাড়িগুলোর জন্য নিরাপদ পথ নিশ্চিত করা হয়। এর বিনিময়ে এই উপজাতিরা অভিবাসীদের কারণে হওয়া ক্ষয়ক্ষতির জন্য পরবর্তী দশ বছর পর্যন্ত বার্ষিক ক্ষতিপূরণ পাওয়ার আশ্বাস পায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কানসাস এবং নেব্রাস্কা অঞ্চলগুলোও বিবাদের কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হয়েছিল কারণ ফেডারেল সরকার ভবিষ্যৎ আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ নির্মাণের জন্য ওই জমিগুলো অধিকার করতে চেয়েছিল। সুদূর পশ্চিমে ফেডারেল সরকার আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের কাছ থেকে জমির মালিকানা বা স্বত্ব পাওয়ার আগেই অনেক বসতি স্থাপনকারী ওরেগন এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার জমি দখল করতে শুরু করেন। এর ফলে উভয় পক্ষের মধ্যে প্রবল তিক্ততা ও সংঘাতের সৃষ্টি হয়। ইউটাতেও মরমোনরা ফেডারেল সরকারের আইনি মালিকানা পাওয়ার আগেই সেখানে বসতি স্থাপন করেছিলেন।

&quot;ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরি&quot; বা আদিবাসী অঞ্চলের সীমানা যখন ক্রমশ লঙ্ঘিত হতে শুরু করে, তখন ধীরে ধীরে সংরক্ষিত এলাকা বা রিজার্ভেশন স্থাপনের এক নতুন নীতি রূপ নিতে থাকে। আদিবাসীদের জন্য এই সংরক্ষিত এলাকার ব্যবস্থা করার মাধ্যমে কংগ্রেস এবং অফিস অফ ইন্ডিয়ান অ্যাফেয়ার্স আশা করেছিল যে এর ফলে আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের উপজাতীয় মানসিকতা দূর করা সম্ভব হবে। তাদের মূল আমেরিকান সমাজের সাথে একীভূত হওয়ার জন্য প্রস্তুত করাই ছিল এর লক্ষ্য যা ছিল মূলত &quot;আমাদের নাগরিক জনসংখ্যার মূল স্রোতের সাথে চূড়ান্ত সংযুক্তি&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এর ফলে কানসাস-নেব্রাস্কা আইনের পর লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের অবশিষ্ট অংশ থেকে তৈরি হওয়া নতুন নেব্রাস্কা অঞ্চলে মিসৌরি নদী বরাবর ডজনখানেক নদী তীরবর্তী শহর গড়ে ওঠার পথ প্রশস্ত হয়। এই সময়ের প্রভাবশালী অগ্রগামী শহরগুলোর মধ্যে ছিল ওমাহা, নেব্রাস্কা সিটি এবং সেন্ট জোসেফ।

এই সময়কালে আদিবাসীদের প্রতি আমেরিকানদের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি ছিল অত্যন্ত বিচিত্র। এর এক প্রান্তে ছিল চরম বিদ্বেষ যেমন &quot;একজন মৃত ইন্ডিয়ানই হলো একমাত্র ভালো ইন্ডিয়ান&quot;। আবার অন্য প্রান্তে ছিল এক ধরণের ভুল পথে পরিচালিত মানবতাবাদ যেখানে মনে করা হতো ইন্ডিয়ানরা &quot;নিম্নমানের&quot; সমাজে বাস করে এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ সমাজের সাথে মিশে যাওয়ার মাধ্যমেই কেবল তাদের অবস্থার উন্নতি সম্ভব। এ ছাড়াও ছিল কিছুটা বাস্তববাদী দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি যেখানে ভাবা হতো আদিবাসী এবং বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা পশ্চিমের অবশিষ্ট জমি নিজেদের মধ্যে ভাগ করে নিয়ে আলাদা অথচ সমান সমাজে সহাবস্থান করতে পারে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যাযাবর উপজাতিদের সামলানোর বিষয়টি রিজার্ভেশন তৈরির পরিকল্পনাকে জটিল করে তুলেছিল। সমতল ভূমির আদিবাসীদের মধ্যে কোনো কেন্দ্রীয় ক্ষমতা বা নেতৃত্ব না থাকায় তাদের সাথে যেকোনো চুক্তি করা ছিল একটি অত্যন্ত কঠিন কাজ। ১৮৫০-এর দশকে এই সংঘাতগুলো আরও বৃদ্ধি পায় যার ফলশ্রুতিতে বিভিন্ন আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ শুরু হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সংঘাতের এই দিনগুলোতে আদিবাসীরা তাদের নিজস্ব এলাকায় শ্বেতাঙ্গদের প্রবেশের ব্যাপারে অনেক বেশি কঠোর ও কড়া হয়ে ওঠেন। যেমন অলিভার লাভিংয়ের ক্ষেত্রে দেখা গিয়েছিল যে তারা তাদের এলাকার সীমানা অতিক্রম করার সময় [[রাখাল বালক|কাউবয়]] এবং তাদের গবাদি পশুর ওপর আক্রমণ চালাত।&lt;ref name=&quot;richardmelzer2&quot;&gt;Richard Melzer, ''Buried Treasures: Famous and Unusual Gravesites in New Mexico History'', Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press, 2007, p.&amp;nbsp;105&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarah2&quot;&gt;Carter, Sarah, ''Cowboys, Ranchers and the Cattle Business: Cross-Border Perspectives on Ranching History'', Univ Pr of Colorado (2000) p.&amp;nbsp;95.&lt;/ref&gt; এমনকি অভাবের সময় খাবারের সংস্থান না থাকলে তারা গৃহপালিত পশুর ওপর হামলা চালাত। তবে কাউবয় এবং আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সম্পর্ক সাধারণত যেমনটা নাটকীয়ভাবে প্রচার করা হয় তার চেয়ে অনেক বেশি পারস্পরিক ছিল। অনেক সময় কাউবয়রা আদিবাসীদের এলাকার ভেতর দিয়ে যাতায়াতের অনুমতি পাওয়ার জন্য প্রতি গরুর পিছু ১০ সেন্ট করে জরিমানা বা ফি প্রদান করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; আদিবাসীরা অনেক সময় ঘোড়া এবং অন্যান্য মূল্যবান সামগ্রীর লোভে সীমান্ত দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচগুলোর ওপরও হামলা চালাতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গৃহযুদ্ধের পর যখন স্বেচ্ছাসেবী বাহিনীগুলো ভেঙে দেওয়া হয়, তখন নিয়মিত সেনাবাহিনীর অশ্বারোহী রেজিমেন্টের সংখ্যা ছয় থেকে বাড়িয়ে দশ করা হয়। এর মধ্যে ছিল লিটল বিগহর্ন যুদ্ধের জন্য বিখ্যাত কাস্টারের সপ্তম অশ্বারোহী রেজিমেন্ট এবং আফ্রিকান-আমেরিকানদের নিয়ে গঠিত নবম ও দশম অশ্বারোহী রেজিমেন্ট। এই কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ ইউনিটগুলো অন্যান্য অশ্বারোহী ও পদাতিক বাহিনীর সাথে একত্রে &quot;বাফেলো সোলজার্স&quot; বা মহিষ সৈনিক নামে পরিচিতি লাভ করে। রবার্ট এম আর্টলির মতে:
{{Blockquote|সীমান্তের এই সেনাবাহিনী ছিল একটি প্রথাগত সামরিক শক্তি যারা চিরাচরিত যুদ্ধরীতি ব্যবহার করে এমন একদল মানুষকে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করার চেষ্টা করছিল যাদের আচরণ সাধারণ শত্রুর মতো ছিল না। এমনকি প্রকৃতপক্ষে তারা অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রেই আমেরিকার শত্রু ছিল না। সামরিক বাহিনীর জন্য এটিই হলো সবচেয়ে কঠিনতম দায়িত্ব, তা সে আফ্রিকা বা এশিয়াতেই হোক কিংবা আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Robert M.|last=Utley|title=Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojYrdQ-IBaMC&amp;pg=PA411|year=1984|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|page=411|isbn=0803295510}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== সামাজিক ইতিহাস ===

==== গণতান্ত্রিক সমাজ ====
[[চিত্র:Henry Mayer, The Awakening, 1915 Cornell CUL PJM 1176 01 - Restoration.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|&quot;জাগরণ&quot; [[নারীর ভোটাধিকার|ভোটাধিকারবাদীরা]] পশ্চিমে সফল হয়েছিল; তাদের মশাল উত্তর ও দক্ষিণে সংগ্রামরত নারীদের জাগিয়ে তোলে হাই মেয়ারের এই কার্টুনে, যা ২০শে ফেব্রুয়ারী, ১৯১৫ সালে ''পাকে লেখা হয়েছিল'' ।]]
পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের মানুষেরা গণতন্ত্র এবং সাম্যের আন্দোলনে তাঁদের নেতৃত্বের জন্য অত্যন্ত গর্ববোধ করতেন, যা ছিল ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নারের আলোচনার অন্যতম প্রধান বিষয়। রাজনীতি এবং সমাজের প্রেক্ষাপটে কেন্টাকি, টেনেসি, অ্যালাবামা এবং ওহাইওর মতো নতুন অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলো পূর্ব উপকূলের আদি রাজ্যগুলোর তুলনায় অনেক বেশি গণতান্ত্রিক ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় রাজ্যগুলোই প্রথম নারীদের ভোটাধিকার প্রদান করেছিল। ১৯০০ সালের মধ্যে সমগ্র পশ্চিমে, বিশেষ করে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং ওরেগনে প্রগতিশীল আন্দোলন দারুণ গতি পায়।

আমেরিকান চরিত্রের স্বরূপ সন্ধানে পণ্ডিতেরা পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের সামাজিক ইতিহাস গভীরভাবে পর্যবেক্ষণ করেছেন। ইতিহাসবিদ কার্ল এল বেকারের মতে, এক শতাব্দী আগের কানসাসের ইতিহাস আমেরিকার আদর্শকেই প্রতিফলিত করে। তিনি লিখেছিলেন, &quot;কানসাসের চেতনা হলো আমেরিকার চেতনারই এক ঘনীভূত রূপ। এটি আমেরিকান ব্যক্তিস্বাতন্ত্র্যবাদ, আদর্শবাদ এবং অসহিষ্ণুতার সংমিশ্রণে তৈরি এক নতুন ফসল। কানসাস হলো ক্ষুদ্রাকৃতির এক আমেরিকা।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== নগর সীমান্ত ====
নগর সীমান্ত সীমান্তের উন্নয়নে শহরগুলো অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করেছিল। এগুলো যাতায়াতের কেন্দ্রবিন্দু, আর্থিক ও যোগাযোগ কেন্দ্র এবং বিভিন্ন পণ্য, পরিষেবা ও বিনোদনের জোগানদাতা হিসেবে কাজ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৬০ সালের পর রেলপথ যখন জনশূন্য এলাকা দিয়ে পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হতে শুরু করে, তখন রেললাইন নির্মাণের কর্মী, ট্রেনের কর্মী এবং যাত্রীদের প্রয়োজন মেটানোর জন্য ছোট ছোট শহর গড়ে তোলা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের বেশিরভাগ জায়গায় মাইলের পর মাইল বড় কোনো শহর ছিল না। টেক্সাসের ক্ষেত্রেও একই চিত্র দেখা গিয়েছিল, তাই ১৮৮০-এর দশকের আগে সেখানে রেলপথ পৌঁছাতে পারেনি। রেলপথ আসার পর গবাদি পশু বাইরে পাঠানো শুরু হলে দীর্ঘপথ ধরে গরু তাড়িয়ে নিয়ে যাওয়ার বিষয়টি কমে আসে। তবে সেই সময়ের যাত্রীবাহী ট্রেনগুলো প্রায়শই সশস্ত্র ডাকাত দলের লক্ষ্যবস্তু হয়ে উঠত।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{প্রশস্ত চিত্র|Denver Colorado 1898 - LOC - restoration1.jpg|783px|Panorama of [[Denver]] circa 1898}}
১৮৭০ সালের আগে ডেনভারের অর্থনীতি মূলত খনি শিল্পের ওপর ভিত্তি করে টিকে ছিল। পরবর্তীতে রেলপথ, পাইকারি বাণিজ্য, উৎপাদন শিল্প, খাদ্য প্রক্রিয়াকরণ এবং ক্রমবর্ধমান কৃষি ও গবাদি পশুর খামারগুলোকে পরিষেবা দেওয়ার মাধ্যমে শহরটি দ্রুত বড় হয়ে ওঠে। ১৮৭০ থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে শিল্প উৎপাদন ৬ লক্ষ ডলার থেকে বেড়ে ৪ কোটি ডলারে পৌঁছায় এবং জনসংখ্যা ২০ গুণ বৃদ্ধি পেয়ে ১,০৭,০০০-এ দাঁড়ায়। ডেনভার সবসময়ই খনি শ্রমিক, সাধারণ কর্মী এবং পর্যটকদের আকর্ষণ করত। সেখানে রাতারাতি অজস্র পানশালা এবং জুয়ার আড্ডা গড়ে উঠেছিল। শহরের গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তিরা সেখানকার চমৎকার থিয়েটার এবং বিশেষ করে ১৮৮১ সালে নির্মিত টেবর গ্র্যান্ড অপেরা হাউস নিয়ে গর্ব করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে ডেনভার আমেরিকার ২৬তম বৃহত্তম শহর এবং মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিমে পঞ্চম বৃহত্তম শহরে পরিণত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই উন্নতির সময়ে যেমন কোটিপতিদের বড় বড় অট্টালিকা তৈরি হয়েছিল, তেমনই প্রতারক, দারিদ্র্য এবং অপরাধও পাল্লা দিয়ে বেড়েছিল। ডেনভার তার বারবণিতাদের গৃহের জন্য ওই অঞ্চলে কুখ্যাত হয়ে উঠেছিল যার মধ্যে আভিজাত্যপূর্ণ এলাকা থেকে শুরু করে কিছুটা দূরে অবস্থিত নোংরা বস্তিও ছিল। ব্যবসা ছিল রমরমা; আগন্তুকরা দুহাতে টাকা খরচ করতেন এবং তারপর শহর ছেড়ে চলে যেতেন। যতদিন এই নারীরা গোপনে তাঁদের ব্যবসা চালাতেন এবং খুব কুরুচিপূর্ণভাবে প্রচার করতেন না, ততদিন কর্তৃপক্ষ ঘুষ নিয়ে সব দেখেও না দেখার ভান করত। তবে মাঝে মাঝে সংস্কারের দাবিতে পুলিশের ধরপাকড়ও চলত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বিশাল তামা খনির শহর মন্টানার বিউট ছিল সীমান্তের বৃহত্তম এবং সবচেয়ে ধনী খনি শিবির। এটি ছিল একটি জাতিগত দুর্গ যেখানে আইরিশ ক্যাথলিকদের হাতে রাজনীতি এবং অ্যানাকোন্ডা কপার নামক শীর্ষস্থানীয় খনি কোম্পানির সেরা কাজগুলোর নিয়ন্ত্রণ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯৪ সালে শহরের উৎসাহী নাগরিকেরা একটি পাবলিক লাইব্রেরি বা গণগ্রন্থাগার স্থাপন করেন। রিংয়ের মতে এই লাইব্রেরিটি আসলে সমাজকে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করার একটি কৌশল ছিল যা &quot;খনি শ্রমিকদের মদ্যপান এবং জুয়ার আসক্তির প্রতিষেধক&quot; হিসেবে কাজ করত। এটি মধ্যবিত্ত মূল্যবোধের প্রচার এবং পূর্ব উপকূলের মানুষকে এটা বোঝানোর জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছিল যে বিউট আসলে একটি সুসংস্কৃত শহর।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== জাতি এবং নৃতাত্ত্বিক পরিচয় ====

===== ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসীরা =====
[[চিত্র:Volga-Germans-US.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৭৫ সালে মধ্য [[ক্যান্সাস|কানসাসে]] ভোলগা জার্মানদের জন্য অস্থায়ী আবাসস্থল]]
ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসী ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসীরা প্রায়ই একই ধর্মীয় এবং জাতিগত পটভূমির মানুষের সাথে মিলে নিজেদের জনপদ গড়ে তুলতেন। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ফিনল্যান্ডের অনেক মানুষ মিনেসোটা ও মিশিগানে বসতি স্থাপন করেছিলেন। সুইডিশ এবং নরওয়েজিয়ানরা মিনেসোটা ও ডাকোটা অঞ্চলে এবং আইরিশরা আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের কেন্দ্রগুলোতে জমায়েত হয়েছিলেন। এ ছাড়াও ভলগা জার্মানরা উত্তর ডাকোটায় এবং ব্রিটিশরা এলডিএস চার্চের অনুসারী হয়ে ইউটাতে চলে যান। [[রকি পর্বতমালা|রকি মাউন্টেন]] অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতেও (কলোরাডো, ওয়াইমিং এবং আইডাহো) অনেক ব্রিটিশ অভিবাসী বসতি গড়েছিলেন এবং [[জার্মান সাম্রাজ্যে ইহুদি নৃগোষ্ঠী|জার্মান ইহুদিরা]] ওরেগনের পোর্টল্যান্ডে থিতু হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== আফ্রিকান আমেরিকানরা =====
[[চিত্র:Army_buffalo_soldiers.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|একজন মহিষ সৈনিক। কালো সৈনিকদের এই ডাকনামটি তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রিত স্থানীয় উপজাতিরা দিয়েছিল।]]
আফ্রিকান আমেরিকানরা সৈনিক হওয়ার পাশাপাশি কাউবয়, খামারের কর্মী, পানশালার কর্মচারী, বাবুর্চি এবং এমনকি ডাকাত হিসেবেও পশ্চিমের দিকে পাড়ি দিয়েছিলেন। বাফেলো সোলজার্স বা মহিষ সৈনিকরা ছিলেন মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর সম্পূর্ণ কৃষ্ণাঙ্গদের নিয়ে গঠিত ৯ম ও ১০ম অশ্বারোহী রেজিমেন্ট এবং ২৪তম ও ২৫তম পদাতিক রেজিমেন্টের সদস্য। শ্বেতাঙ্গ অফিসারদের অধীনে তাঁরা পশ্চিমের অসংখ্য দুর্গে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার গোল্ড রাশের দিনগুলোতে প্রায় ৪,০০০ কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মানুষ সেখানে এসেছিলেন। ১৮৭৯ সালে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলে পুনর্গঠন পর্বের সমাপ্তির পর কয়েক হাজার মুক্ত মানুষ দক্ষিণ থেকে কানসাসের দিকে চলে যান। তাঁরা এক্সোডাস্টার নামে পরিচিত ছিলেন এবং মূলত হোমস্টেড আইনের আওতায় সস্তায় ভালো জমি পাওয়ার আশা ও উন্নত আচরণের প্রত্যাশায় এই যাত্রায় উৎসাহিত হয়েছিলেন। কানসাসের নিকোডেমাস শহরটি ১৮৭৭ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল যা ছিল কৃষ্ণাঙ্গদের একটি সুসংগঠিত জনপদ। এটি এক্সোডাস্টারদের আগমনের আগেই তৈরি হলেও সাধারণত তাঁদের সাথেই এই শহরের নাম যুক্ত করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সেই সময় আমেরিকায় নারীদের অধিকার ছিল অত্যন্ত নগণ্য এবং তাঁরা মূলত গৃহস্থালি কাজের মধ্যেই সীমাবদ্ধ থাকতেন। শ্বেতাঙ্গ নারীদের তুলনায় কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ এবং অন্যান্য সংখ্যালঘু নারীদের অধিকার ও সুযোগ-সুবিধা আরও অনেক কম ছিল। ১৮০০ এবং ১৯০০-এর দশকের শুরুর দিকে পশ্চিমে যাওয়া কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ নারীদের যে সংখ্যার নথি পাওয়া যায় তা বেশ কম, তবে তাঁরা সেখানে অবশ্যই উপস্থিত ছিলেন। অনেকে সমতল ভূমিতে স্কুলের শিক্ষিকা হিসেবে কাজ করতেন, আবার কেউ কেউ ঘোড়া পোষ মানানো, ধাত্রীবিদ্যা, ব্যবসা, পানশালা পরিচালনা, নার্স এবং ডাক বাহকের কাজ করতেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience on the North American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://archive.org/details/blackpioneersima00rava|শেষাংশ=Ravage|প্রথমাংশ=John W.|বছর=1997|প্রকাশক=University of Utah Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলারা জাতিগত ও লিঙ্গ বৈষম্যের শিকার হলেও মার্কিন সীমান্তের নতুন ও বৈচিত্র্যময় প্রকৃতির কারণে তাঁরা পূর্ব উপকূলের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি স্বাধীনতা ভোগ করতেন।

মার্কিন পশ্চিমের ইতিহাসে অনেক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ নারীর কথা প্রায়ই এড়িয়ে যাওয়া হয়। মেরি ফিল্ডস, যাঁকে সাধারণত &quot;স্টেজকোচ মেরি&quot; বা &quot;ব্ল্যাক মেরি&quot; বলা হতো, তিনি পশ্চিমে নিজের জন্য এক স্বতন্ত্র পথ তৈরি করেছিলেন। তিনি টেনেসি রাজ্যে একজন ক্রীতদাস ছিলেন এবং পরে পশ্চিমে চলে যান। সেখানে তিনি ডাক বাহক এবং মন্টানার মাইলস সিটিতে একটি পানশালা ও একটি বারবণিতা গৃহের মালিক হিসেবে কাজ করেছেন। বিশাল দেহ এবং শক্ত মেজাজের জন্য পরিচিত ফিল্ডস তাঁর আচরণ এবং ব্যবসায়িক কাজের মাধ্যমে সেই সময়ের লিঙ্গ ও বর্ণবাদী ধ্যানধারণাকে দারুণভাবে চ্যালেঞ্জ জানিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; ক্লারা ব্রাউন বা &quot;আন্ট ক্লারা&quot; হলেন এই অঞ্চলে নিজের পথ তৈরি করা আরেকজন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলার উদাহরণ। ব্রাউন কলোরাডোতে পৌঁছে খুব মিতব্যয়ী জীবন যাপন করে ধীরে ধীরে সেন্ট্রাল সিটি এবং ডেনভারের কাছে জমি ও মূলধন অর্জন করেন। তিনি অত্যন্ত দয়ালু এবং পরোপকারী হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিলেন। তিনি প্রায়শই অভাবী খনি শ্রমিকদের খাবার দিতেন এবং তাঁর বাড়িতে ভাগ্যহীনদের আশ্রয় দিতেন। দুর্ভাগ্যবশত ক্লারার গল্পের শেষটা ভালো ছিল না। একটি বন্যায় তাঁর জমির সমস্ত নথিপত্র নষ্ট হয়ে যাওয়ার ফলে তিনি আর মালিকানা প্রমাণ করতে পারেননি এবং প্রায় সমস্ত সম্পত্তি হারিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

মেরি এলেন প্লিজ্যান্ট, যাঁকে &quot;ম্যামি প্লিজ&quot; বা &quot;পশ্চিমের দেবদূত&quot; বলা হতো, তিনি ছিলেন এই অঞ্চলের আরেকজন উল্লেখযোগ্য কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ নারী ব্যক্তিত্ব। তিনি তাঁর এলাকার বিপদগ্রস্ত পুরুষ, মহিলা এবং শিশুদের যত্ন নেওয়ার জন্য পরিচিত ছিলেন। নির্যাতিত মহিলাদের জন্য তিনি নিরাপদ আশ্রয়স্থল তৈরি করেছিলেন যা সেই সময়ে ওই অঞ্চলে একটি বিরল ঘটনা ছিল। লিঙ্গ এবং বর্ণবাদী বৈষম্যকে তুচ্ছ করে তিনি কেবল গৃহস্থালি কাজের মধ্যে নিজেকে সীমাবদ্ধ রাখেননি। গোল্ড রাশের সময় তিনি ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার একজন সফল ব্যবসায়ী, নাগরিক অধিকার কর্মী এবং একজন স্বপ্রতিষ্ঠিত কোটিপতি হয়ে উঠেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

===== এশীয়রা =====
ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার গোল্ড রাশে হাজার হাজার মেক্সিকান এবং চীনা মানুষের সমাগম ঘটেছিল। চীনা অভিবাসীদের মধ্যে অনেকেই ছিলেন দরিদ্র কৃষক। তারা আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় অংশের নির্মাণ কাজে প্রধান শ্রমশক্তি হিসেবে কাজ করেছিলেন। রেলপথের কাজ শেষ হলে ১৮৭০ সালের মধ্যে তাঁদের বেশিরভাগই নিজেদের দেশে ফিরে গিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; থেকে গিয়েছিলেন তাঁরা খনি শিল্প, কৃষিকাজ এবং মুদি দোকান, লন্ড্রি ও রেস্তোরাঁর মতো ছোট ছোট ব্যবসা শুরু করেন। পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় অঙ্গরাজ্য এবং এলাকাগুলোতে চীনাদের প্রতি প্রবল বিদ্বেষ বজায় ছিল যা চীনা গণহত্যা কোভ এবং রক স্প্রিংস গণহত্যার মতো ঘটনাগুলোর মাধ্যমে স্পষ্ট হয়। সাধারণত চীনাদের সান ফ্রান্সিসকো, পোর্টল্যান্ড, সিয়াটেল এবং লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেসের মতো শহরগুলোতে স্বতন্ত্র এবং স্বনির্ভর &quot;চায়নাটাউন&quot; বা চীনা পল্লীগুলোতে থাকতে বাধ্য করা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৭১ সালে লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেসে চীনা বিরোধী সর্বশেষ বড় দাঙ্গাটি হয়েছিল যার পর থেকে স্থানীয় আইন-শৃঙ্খলা ব্যবস্থা আরও কঠোর করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে এই চীনা পল্লীগুলো ছিল অত্যন্ত ঘিঞ্জি বস্তি এলাকা যা অনৈতিক কাজ, পতিতাবৃত্তি, মাদক এবং বিভিন্ন দলের মধ্যে সশস্ত্র লড়াইয়ের জন্য কুখ্যাত ছিল। তবে ১৯৩০-এর দশকের মধ্যে এই চায়নাটাউনগুলো পরিষ্কার-পরিচ্ছন্ন, নিরাপদ এবং আকর্ষণীয় পর্যটন কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৯ সালে জাপান থেকে প্রথম ২২ জন মানুষ একটি সামুরাই পরিবারের সদস্য হিসেবে আমেরিকায় আসেন। তাঁরা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার প্লেসার কাউন্টিতে থিতু হন এবং সেখানে &quot;ওয়াকামাতসু চা ও রেশম খামার উপনিবেশ&quot; স্থাপন করেন। ১৮৮৫ সাল থেকে হাওয়াইয়ের বাগানগুলোতে কাজ করার জন্য জাপানিদের নিয়োগ করা শুরু হয়। উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে আরও অনেক জাপানি মানুষ হাওয়াই এবং আমেরিকার মূল ভূখণ্ডে অভিবাসী হিসেবে আসতে থাকেন। ১৭৯০ সালের মার্কিন ন্যাচারালাইজেশন আইন অনুযায়ী এই প্রথম প্রজন্মের জাপানি অভিবাসীদের বা &quot;ইসেই&quot;দের মার্কিন নাগরিক হওয়ার অনুমতি দেওয়া হয়নি কারণ তাঁরা &quot;মুক্ত শ্বেতাঙ্গ ব্যক্তি&quot; ছিলেন না। ১৯৫২ সালে ইমিগ্রেশন অ্যান্ড ন্যাশনালিটি অ্যাক্ট বা &quot;ম্যাককারান-ওয়াল্টার অ্যাক্ট&quot; পাস না হওয়া পর্যন্ত এই পরিস্থিতির কোনো পরিবর্তন হয়নি। এই আইনের মাধ্যমেই জাপানি অভিবাসীরা প্রথমবার মার্কিন নাগরিকত্ব পাওয়ার সুযোগ পান।

১৯২০ সালের মধ্যে জাপানি-আমেরিকান কৃষকরা ৬ কোটি ৭০ লক্ষ ডলার মূল্যের ফসল উৎপাদন করেছিলেন যা ছিল ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার মোট ফসলের মূল্যের ১০ শতাংশেরও বেশি। সেই সময়ে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে ১,১১,০০০ জাপানি আমেরিকান ছিলেন যাঁদের মধ্যে ৮২,০০০ জন ছিলেন অভিবাসী এবং ২৯,০০০ জন আমেরিকায় জন্মগ্রহণ করেছিলেন&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯২৪ সালে কংগ্রেস ইমিগ্রেশন অ্যাক্ট পাস করে যার ফলে আমেরিকায় জাপানিদের অভিবাসন কার্যত বন্ধ হয়ে যায়। তবে মার্কিন সংবিধানের চতুর্দশ সংশোধনী অনুযায়ী জাপানি অভিবাসীদের আমেরিকায় জন্ম নেওয়া সন্তানরা সরাসরি নাগরিকত্বের অধিকার লাভ করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== হিস্পানিক সম্প্রদায় =====
[[চিত্র:Exterior_of_the_Mission_Xavier_del_Bac.jpg|থাম্ব|১৭০০ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত টুকসনের কাছে সান জেভিয়ার দেল বাকের স্প্যানিশ মিশন]]
নিউ স্পেনের প্রাক্তন ভূখণ্ডগুলোতে বসবাসকারী হিস্পানিক সম্প্রদায়ের বিশাল একটি অংশ সেখানেই থেকে গিয়েছিলেন এবং ১৮৪৮ সালে তাঁরা আমেরিকার নাগরিকত্ব লাভ করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; প্রায় ১০,০০০ '''ক্যালিফোর্নিও''' নাগরিকও মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের নাগরিক হিসেবে অন্তর্ভুক্ত হন। তাঁরা মূলত দক্ষিণ ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় বসবাস করতেন এবং ১৮৮০ সালের পর পূর্ব দিকের রাজ্যগুলো থেকে আসা লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন অভিবাসীদের প্রভাবে তাঁদের প্রাধান্য ম্লান হয়ে যায়। নিউ মেক্সিকোর শহর ও গ্রামগুলোতে তাঁদের আধিপত্য বিংশ শতাব্দীর মাঝামাঝি পর্যন্ত প্রায় অপরিবর্তিত ছিল। মেক্সিকো থেকে নতুন অভিবাসীদের আগমন অব্যাহত থাকে, বিশেষ করে ১৯১১ সালের মেক্সিকান বিপ্লবের সময় হাজার হাজার গ্রাম আক্রান্ত হওয়ার পর সেখান থেকে মানুষ প্রাণভয়ে পালিয়ে আসতে শুরু করেন। এই শরণার্থীদের বেশিরভাগই টেক্সাস বা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় আশ্রয় নেন এবং শীঘ্রই অনেক সীমান্ত শহরে দরিদ্র '''বারিও''' বা বস্তি এলাকা গড়ে ওঠে। ১৮৫০-এর দশকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার &quot;রবিন হুড&quot; নামে পরিচিত হোয়াকিন মুরিয়েতা একটি সশস্ত্র দল গঠন করেছিলেন। তাঁর দল শোষক খনি শ্রমিকদের বাড়ি পুড়িয়ে দিত, তাদের হত্যা করত এবং জমিদারদের যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচ লুট করত। তিনি মূলত লাতিন আমেরিকানদের ওপর হওয়া সহিংসতা ও বৈষম্যের বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই করেছিলেন। টেক্সাসে হুয়ান কর্তিনা ১৮৫৯ সালের দিকে অ্যাংলো বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সদের বিরুদ্ধে এক দীর্ঘ ২০ বছরের লড়াই পরিচালনা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পারিবারিক জীবন ====
[[গ্রেট প্লেইনস|গ্রেট প্লেইনে]] অঞ্চলে খুব কম অবিবাহিত পুরুষই একা খামার বা চারণভূমি পরিচালনা করার ঝুঁকি নিতেন। কৃষকরা খুব ভালোভাবেই বুঝতেন যে বাড়ির অজস্র কাজ সামলানোর জন্য একজন কঠোর পরিশ্রমী স্ত্রী এবং অনেকগুলো সন্তানের প্রয়োজন। এই কাজের তালিকায় ছিল সন্তান লালন-পালন, পরিবারের সবার অন্ন ও বস্ত্রের সংস্থান, ঘরের কাজ সামলানো এবং খামারের মজুরদের খাবারের ব্যবস্থা করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বসতি স্থাপনের শুরুর বছরগুলোতে খামারের মহিলারা বাইরে কাজ করার মাধ্যমে পরিবারের টিকে থাকা নিশ্চিত করতে অবিচ্ছেদ্য ভূমিকা পালন করতেন। এক প্রজন্ম পার হওয়ার পর, মহিলারা ধীরে ধীরে বাইরের কাজ কমিয়ে ঘরের কাজে বেশি মনোনিবেশ করেন, যা পরিবারে তাদের ভূমিকাকে নতুনভাবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করে। সেলাই মেশিন এবং কাপড় ধোয়ার মেশিনের মতো নতুন উদ্ভাবনগুলো মহিলাদের গৃহস্থালি কাজের প্রতি আরও আগ্রহী করে তোলে। গণমাধ্যম এবং সরকারি প্রতিনিধিদের মাধ্যমে প্রচারিত বৈজ্ঞানিক গৃহস্থালি আন্দোলন, মেলাগুলোতে ঘরোয়া রান্না ও খাবার সংরক্ষণের প্রদর্শন এবং খবরের কাগজে মহিলাদের জন্য পরামর্শমূলক কলাম—এই সবই তাঁদের ঘরমুখী হওয়ার প্রবণতাকে বাড়িয়ে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

যদিও প্রেইরি অঞ্চলের খামার জীবনকে সাধারণত অত্যন্ত একাকী এবং বিচ্ছিন্ন হিসেবে কল্পনা করা হয়, বাস্তবে গ্রামীণ মানুষেরা নিজেদের জন্য এক সমৃদ্ধ সামাজিক জীবন গড়ে তুলেছিলেন। তাঁরা প্রায়ই এমন সব অনুষ্ঠানের আয়োজন করতেন যেখানে কাজ, খাবার এবং বিনোদনের এক চমৎকার মিশেল থাকত। যেমন শস্যাগার নির্মাণ, ভুট্টা ছাড়ানো, কাঁথা সেলাইয়ের আড্ডা&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্রেঞ্জ সভা, &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গির্জার অনুষ্ঠান এবং স্কুলের বিভিন্ন কর্মকাণ্ড। মহিলারা মিলেমিশে রান্নাবান্না এবং প্রীতিভোজের আয়োজন করতেন, যা পরিবারগুলোর মধ্যে সুসম্পর্ক বজায় রাখতে সাহায্য করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== শৈশব =====
আমেরিকান সীমান্তে শৈশব কাটানো নিয়ে পণ্ডিতদের মধ্যে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন মত রয়েছে। ঔপন্যাসিক [[উইলা ক্যাদার|উইলা ক্যাথার]] এবং [[লরা ইঙ্গলস ওয়াইল্ডার|লরা ইঙ্গলস ওয়াইল্ডারের]] দেখানো পথ অনুসরণ করে একদল বিশেষজ্ঞ মনে করেন যে গ্রামীণ পরিবেশ শিশুদের বড় হওয়ার জন্য সহায়ক ছিল। ইতিহাসবিদ ক্যাথরিন হ্যারিস&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এবং এলিয়ট ওয়েস্ট&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; লিখেছেন যে গ্রামীণ প্রতিপালন শিশুদের বয়স এবং লিঙ্গভিত্তিক শহুরে কঠোর সামাজিক কাঠামো থেকে মুক্তি দিয়েছিল। এটি পরিবারের সদস্যদের মধ্যে পারস্পরিক নির্ভরতা বাড়িয়েছিল এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত এমন এক প্রজন্মের জন্ম দিয়েছিল যারা তাদের শহুরে বা পূর্ব অঞ্চলের সমসাময়িকদের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি আত্মনির্ভরশীল, গতিশীল, মানিয়ে নেওয়ার ক্ষমতাসম্পন্ন, দায়িত্বশীল, স্বাধীন এবং প্রকৃতির কাছাকাছি ছিল। অন্যদিকে, ইতিহাসবিদ এলিজাবেথ হ্যাম্পস্টেন&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এবং লিলিয়ান শ্লিসেল&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; একাকীত্ব, বঞ্চনা, নির্যাতন এবং অল্প বয়স থেকেই হাড়ভাঙা কায়িক শ্রমের এক করুণ চিত্র তুলে ধরেছেন। রিনে-কেহরবার্গ এই দুই চরম মতের মাঝামাঝি একটি অবস্থানে রয়েছেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পতিতাবৃত্তি এবং জুয়া ====
উদ্যোক্তারা খনি শ্রমিকদের প্রয়োজন মেটাতে বিভিন্ন দোকান এবং ব্যবসা প্রতিষ্ঠান গড়ে তুলেছিলেন। বিশ্বজুড়ে প্রতিটি খনি শিবিরে গড়ে ওঠা বারবণিতা গৃহগুলো সে সময় বেশ পরিচিত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে পতিতাবৃত্তি|পতিতাবৃত্তি]] তখন ছিল একটি ক্রমবর্ধমান শিল্প যা সারা বিশ্বের যৌনকর্মীদের আকৃষ্ট করত। অত্যন্ত কঠিন ও বিপজ্জনক কর্মপরিবেশ এবং সামাজিক মর্যাদাহীনতা সত্ত্বেও কেবল উপার্জনের আশায় তারা এখানে আসতেন। অনেক সময় চীনা মহিলারা তাঁদের পরিবারের মাধ্যমে বিক্রি হয়ে যেতেন এবং তাঁদের খনি শিবিরে যৌনকর্মী হিসেবে আনা হতো; তাঁদের আয়ের অর্থ চীনে তাঁদের পরিবারের কাছে পাঠাতে হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; নেভাদার ভার্জিনিয়া সিটিতে [[জুলিয়া বুলেট]] মর্যাদা অর্জন করতে পেরেছিলেন। তিনি ইনফ্লুয়েঞ্জা মহামারীর শিকার ব্যক্তিদের সেবা করেছিলেন; এটি তাঁকে সমাজ ও শেরিফের গ্রহণযোগ্যতা পেতে সাহায্য করেছিল। ১৮৬৭ সালে যখন তিনি খুন হন, তখন শহরের মানুষ স্তব্ধ হয়ে গিয়েছিলেন; তাঁরা ধুমধাম করে তাঁর শেষকৃত্য সম্পন্ন করেন এবং দ্রুত বিচার করে তার হত্যাকারীকে ফাঁসিতে ঝোলান।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯০-এর দশক পর্যন্ত মহিলারা প্রধানত এই ব্যবসাগুলো পরিচালনা করতেন, কিন্তু পরে পুরুষ দালালরা এর নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেয় এবং মেয়েদের ওপর ব্যবহারের মান সাধারণত নিম্নমুখী হয়। পশ্চিমের শহরগুলোতে পতিতালয়গুলো প্রকাশ্যে পরিচালনা করা অস্বাভাবিক ছিল না, যা পূর্ব উপকূলের শহরগুলোর মতো কলঙ্কজনক হিসেবে দেখা হতো না। জুয়া এবং পতিতাবৃত্তি ছিল এই পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় শহরগুলোর জীবনের অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ। পরে যখন সেখানে মহিলাদের সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পায় এবং সমাজ সংস্কারকরা আসতে শুরু করেন, তখন এই বিষয়গুলো কম প্রকাশ্যে এবং অনিয়মিত হয়ে পড়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; প্রায় এক দশক পর খনি শহরগুলো অনেক ভদ্র মহিলাদের আকৃষ্ট করতে শুরু করে যারা বোর্ডিং হাউস চালাতেন, গির্জার সংগঠন গড়ে তুলেছিলেন এবং ধোপানি বা দর্জি হিসেবে কাজ করে স্বনির্ভর হওয়ার চেষ্টা করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

যেকোনো নতুন জনপদ বা খনি শিবির শুরু হলে সবার আগে সেখানে একটি জুয়ার আসর বা গ্যাম্বলিং হল তৈরি হতো। জনসংখ্যা বাড়ার সাথে সাথে এই জুয়ার হলগুলোই সাধারণত শহরের বৃহত্তম এবং সবচেয়ে জমকালো ভবনে পরিণত হতো। এগুলোতে প্রায়ই পানশালা, বিনোদনের মঞ্চ এবং অতিথিদের থাকার জন্য হোটেলের ঘর থাকত। এই প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলো স্থানীয় অর্থনীতির মূল চালিকাশক্তি ছিল এবং অনেক শহরের সমৃদ্ধি মাপা হতো সেখানে কতগুলো জুয়ার আসর বা পেশাদার জুয়াড়ি রয়েছে তার ওপর ভিত্তি করে। জুয়া খেলার প্রতি নমনীয় শহরগুলোকে সাধারণত &quot;প্রশস্ত-জাগ্রত&quot; বা &quot;প্রশস্ত-খোলা&quot; হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; টেক্সাস, ওকলাহোমা, কানসাস এবং নেব্রাস্কার গবাদি পশুর শহরগুলো জুয়া খেলার প্রধান কেন্দ্র হিসেবে বিখ্যাত হয়ে উঠেছিল। কাউবয়রা অনেক দিন ধরে জমানো মজুরি নিয়ে আনন্দ করার জন্য এই শহরগুলোতে আসতেন। অ্যাবিলিন, ডজ সিটি, [[উইচিটা, কানসাস|উইচিটা]], [[ওমাহা]] এবং [[ক্যানসাস সিটি, মিজুরি|কানসাস সিটির]] পরিবেশ জুয়া খেলার জন্য অত্যন্ত অনুকূল ছিল। তবে এমন পরিবেশ বিশৃঙ্খলাও ডেকে আনত এবং এই শহরগুলো আইনহীন ও বিপজ্জনক জায়গা হিসেবে পরিচিতি পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আইন শৃঙ্খলা ====
[[চিত্র:DodgeCityPeaceCommission.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৮৩ সালের ১০ই জুন তোলা &quot;ডজ সিটি শান্তি কমিশনের&quot; একটি ঐতিহাসিক ছবি। (দাঁড়িয়ে বাম থেকে) উইলিয়াম এইচ. হ্যারিস, লিউক শর্ট, উইলিয়াম &quot;ব্যাট&quot; মাস্টারসন, উইলিয়াম এফ. পেটিলন; (বসে বাম থেকে) চার্লি ব্যাসেট, ওয়ায়াট ইয়ার্প, মাইকেল ফ্রান্সিস &quot;ফ্র্যাঙ্ক&quot; ম্যাকলিন এবং কর্নেলিয়াস &quot;নিল&quot; ব্রাউন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
ইতিহাসবিদ ওয়াদি ডব্লিউ. মুর আদালতের নথিপত্র ব্যবহার করে দেখিয়েছেন যে, আরকানসাসের জনবিরল সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে আইনহীনতা ছিল একটি সাধারণ বিষয়। তিনি অপরাধগুলোকে দুটি ভাগে ভাগ করেছেন: &quot;অেশাদার&quot; (দ্বৈরথ, মদ্যপানজনিত অপরাধ, আদিবাসীদের কাছে হুইস্কি বিক্রি করা, সরকারি জমির গাছ কাটা) এবং &quot;পেশাদার&quot; (গবাদি পশু চুরি, রাজপথে ডাকাতি, জালিয়াতি)।&lt;ref name=&quot;MooreCrimeArkansas&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Moore|প্রথমাংশ=Waddy W.|তারিখ=Spring 1964|শিরোনাম=Some Aspects of Crime and Punishment on the Arkansas Frontier|সাময়িকী=Arkansas Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=23|সংখ্যা নং=1|পাতাসমূহ=50–64|doi=10.2307/40021171|jstor=40021171}}&lt;/ref&gt; দস্যুরা বসতি স্থাপনকারী পরিবারগুলোর সর্বস্ব লুটে নেওয়ার অনেক সুযোগ পেত, অন্যদিকে অর্থের অভাবে ধুঁকতে থাকা অল্প কয়েকজন আইন রক্ষাকারীর পক্ষে অপরাধীদের শনাক্ত করা, গ্রেপ্তার করা বা দোষী সাব্যস্ত করা ছিল অত্যন্ত কঠিন। সাধারণত দুই বা তিনজনের দলে থাকা ডাকাতরা খুব কমই এমন যাত্রীবাহী গাড়িতে আক্রমণ করত যেটির পাহারাদারের কাছে দুই নলা বন্দুক থাকত। বরং মালবাহী গাড়ির চালক, পথচারী বা একাকী ঘোড়সওয়ারদের লুট করা অনেক কম ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অন্যদিকে ব্যাংকগুলো সুরক্ষিত থাকায় সেখানে ডাকাতি করা ছিল অনেক বেশি কঠিন। ইতিহাসবিদ ব্রায়ান রবের মতে, আমেরিকায় সংগঠিত অপরাধের আদি রূপটি এই &quot;পুরানো পশ্চিম&quot;-এর ডাকাত দলগুলোর মাধ্যমেই জন্ম নিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

অপরাধী যখন দোষী সাব্যস্ত হতো, তখন তার শাস্তি হতো অত্যন্ত কঠোর।&lt;ref name=&quot;MooreCrimeArkansas&quot;/&gt; শ্চিমাঞ্চলের শেরিফ এবং মার্শাল ছাড়াও আমেরিকান সীমান্ত জুড়ে টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সের মতো বিভিন্ন আইন প্রয়োগকারী সংস্থা সক্রিয় ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই আইন রক্ষাকারীরা কেবল শান্তি বজায় রাখতেই নয়, বরং সীমান্ত এলাকায় আদিবাসী এবং মেক্সিকানদের হুমকি থেকেও স্থানীয়দের রক্ষা করতে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্রামীণ এলাকার তুলনায় শহরগুলোতে আইন প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্রে অনেক বেশি কঠোরতা দেখা যেত। আইন রক্ষাকারীরা সশস্ত্র যুদ্ধের চেয়ে স্থিতিশীলতা বজায় রাখার ওপর বেশি জোর দিতেন। তাঁদের মূল লক্ষ্য ছিল মদ্যপান নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা, বন্দুক নিয়ন্ত্রণ আইন লঙ্ঘনকারী কাউবয়দের নিরস্ত্রীকরণ করা এবং জুয়া ও পতিতাবৃত্তি সংক্রান্ত আইন ভঙ্গকারীদের বিরুদ্ধে ব্যবস্থা নেওয়া।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডাইকস্ট্রা যুক্তি দিয়েছেন যে, চলচ্চিত্র এবং উপন্যাসে গবাদি পশুর শহরগুলোর যে সহিংস চিত্র দেখা যায় তা মূলত একটি মিথ বা কল্পনা। তাঁর মতে, প্রকৃত ডজ সিটি ছিল দক্ষিণ সমভূমির মহিষের চামড়া ব্যবসার প্রধান কেন্দ্র এবং পশ্চিমের অন্যতম প্রধান গবাদি পশুর শহর। এটি টেক্সাস থেকে আসা গরু কেনাবেচা এবং পাঠানোর একটি প্রধান জায়গা ছিল। তিনি উল্লেখ করেন যে, মানুষের কল্পনায় একটি &quot;দ্বিতীয় ডজ সিটি&quot; বাস করে যা মূলত সহিংসতা, বিশৃঙ্খলা এবং অধঃপতনের একটি সাংস্কৃতিক প্রতীক হিসেবে টিকে আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; দুই মাস ধরে ট্রেইল পাড়ি দিয়ে টাকা হাতে আসা কাউবয়দের কাছে এই শহর ছিল উত্তেজনার জায়গা। কানসাসের হেইস সিটির একজন প্রত্যক্ষদর্শী এই গবাদি পশুর শহরের একটি জীবন্ত বর্ণনা দিয়েছেন:
{{Blockquote|ল্যাম্পের আলোয় হেইস সিটি ছিল অসাধারণ চঞ্চল, কিন্তু খুব একটা নীতিবান নয়। পানশালাগুলোর আলোয় রাস্তাগুলো ঝলমল করত এবং ভেতরে উঁকি দিলে দেখা যেত নর্তকীতে ঠাসা মেঝে; উজ্জ্বল পোশাক পরা মহিলারা ফিতে এবং রঙ দিয়ে তাঁদের মুখের সেই ভয়াবহ রেখাগুলো ঢাকার চেষ্টা করছেন যা 'উশৃঙ্খলতা' নামক কঠোর শিল্পী তাঁদের মুখে এঁকে দিতে ভালোবাসেন... বেহালা আর পায়ের শব্দের তালে তালে নাচ চলতে থাকে, আর আমরা সেই উন্মাদনার গোলকধাঁধায় এমন বৃদ্ধদেরও দেখেছি যারা হয়তো তাঁদের কবরের একদম কিনারে দাঁড়িয়ে নাচছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=William Edward |last=Webb |title=Buffalo land: an authentic narrative of the adventures and misadventures of a late scientific and sporting party upon the great plains of the West. With full descriptions of the buffalo, wolf, and wild horse, etc., etc. Also an appendix, constituting the work a manual for sportsmen and hand-book for emigrants seeking homes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ug5LAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA142 |year=1873 |page=142 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
এটা স্বীকৃত যে ডজ সিটির জনপ্রিয় চিত্রায়ণে কিছুটা সত্যতাও আছে, কারণ স্থানীয় সরকার প্রতিষ্ঠার আগে সেখানে বন্দুক সংক্রান্ত অপরাধ ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। তবে শহরের বাসিন্দারা আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে তাঁদের প্রথম পৌর সরকার গঠন করার পরেই প্রকাশ্যে বা গোপনে আগ্নেয়াস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করে একটি আইন পাস করেন এবং এর ফলে অপরাধের হার দ্রুত কমে যায়। অন্যান্য সীমান্ত শহরেও বন্দুকের সহিংসতা কমাতে একই ধরণের আইন পাস করা হয়েছিল। ইউসিএলএর আইনের অধ্যাপক অ্যাডাম রিঙ্কলার যেমনটা উল্লেখ করেছেন:
{{Blockquote|সীমান্ত শহরের সীমানার ভেতরে বন্দুক বহন করা সাধারণত নিষিদ্ধ ছিল। ডজ সিটি থেকে টুম্বস্টোন পর্যন্ত সব জায়গাতেই অস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করার আইন ছিল সাধারণ বিষয়। যখন ডজ সিটির বাসিন্দারা তাঁদের প্রথম পৌর সরকার গঠন করেন, তখন একদম শুরুর দিকে পাস হওয়া আইনগুলোর একটি ছিল গোপনে অস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করা। শীঘ্রই এই নিষেধাজ্ঞা প্রকাশ্যে অস্ত্র বহনের ক্ষেত্রেও কার্যকর হয়। হলিউডের চলচ্চিত্রে যে চিত্র দেখা যায় যে একজন বন্দুকধারী কোমরের দুই পাশে দুটি কোল্ট নিয়ে শহরের বুক চিরে হেঁটে যাচ্ছেন—তা কেবলই একটি হলিউড চিত্র, যা স্রেফ নাটকীয়তা তৈরির জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2014/04/29/rick-santorums-misguided-view-of-gun-control-in-the-wild-west/ |title=Rick Santorum's misguided view of gun control in the Wild West |first=Glenn |last=Kassler |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 29, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[টম্বস্টোন|অ্যারিজোনার টম্বস্টোন]] ছিল একটি অশান্ত খনি শহর যা ১৮৭৭ থেকে ১৯২৯ সাল পর্যন্ত দীর্ঘ সময় টিকে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৭৭ সালে সেখানে রূপোর সন্ধান পাওয়া যায় এবং ১৮৮১ সালের মধ্যে শহরটির জনসংখ্যা ১০,০০০ ছাড়িয়ে যায়। ১৮৭৯ সালে নবাগত ইয়ার্প ভাইয়েরা খনির শেয়ার এবং জুয়া খেলার অনুমতিপত্র কিনে নেন। কিন্তু ভার্জিল, ওয়ায়াট এবং মরগান ইয়ার্প বিভিন্ন সময়ে ফেডারেল ও স্থানীয় আইন রক্ষাকারী হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছিলেন। এক বছরেরও বেশি সময় ধরে চলা হুমকি এবং শত্রুতার পর তাঁরা ডক হলিডে-কে সাথে নিয়ে &quot;ও.কে. কোরাল বন্দুকযুদ্ধ&quot;-এ তিন দস্যুকে হত্যা করেন, যা ছিল পুরানো পশ্চিমের সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত বন্দুকযুদ্ধ। এর রেশ ধরে ভার্জিল ইয়ার্প এক অতর্কিত হামলায় পঙ্গু হয়ে যান এবং মরগান ইয়ার্প বিলিয়ার্ড খেলার সময় আততায়ীর হাতে নিহত হন। ওয়ায়াট এবং তাঁর অন্য ভাইয়েরা (জেমস এবং ওয়ারেন ইয়ার্প) আইনের তোয়াক্কা না করেই প্রতিশোধ নেওয়ার অভিযানে নামেন এবং ফ্র্যাঙ্ক স্টিলওয়েল খুনের ঘটনায় তাঁদের বিরুদ্ধে গ্রেপ্তারি পরোয়ানা জারি করা হয়। কোচিস কাউন্টি কাউবয়রা ছিল মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্যতম প্রথম সংগঠিত অপরাধ সিন্ডিকেট এবং ওয়ায়াট ইয়ার্পের হাতেই তাদের পতন ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের গল্পকার এবং চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাতারা তাঁদের অনেক সৃষ্টিতে এই বন্দুকযুদ্ধকে তুলে ধরেছেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ওয়াল্টার নোবেল বার্নসের উপন্যাস ''টম্বস্টোন'' (১৯২৭) ইয়ার্পকে বিখ্যাত করে তোলে। হলিউড ইয়ার্পের টম্বস্টোন দিবস উদযাপন করে জন ফোর্ডের ''মাই ডার্লিং ক্লেমেন্টাইন'' (১৯৪৬), জন স্টার্জেসের ''গানফাইট অ্যাট দ্য ওকে কোরাল'' (১৯৫৭) এবং ''আওয়ার অফ দ্য গান'' (১৯৬৭), ফ্রাঙ্ক পেরির ''ডক'' (১৯৭১), জর্জ কসম্যাটসের ''[[টম্বস্টোন (চলচ্চিত্র)|টম্বস্টোন]]'' (১৯৯৩) এবং লরেন্স কাসদানের ''ওয়াট ইয়ার্প'' (১৯৯৪)-এর মতো চলচ্চিত্রের মাধ্যমে উদযাপন করেছে। এই কাজগুলোই আধুনিক সমাজে ইয়ার্পের ভাবমূর্তিকে পুরানো পশ্চিমের সবচেয়ে ভয়ংকর বন্দুকধারী হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত করেছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== ডাকাতি =====
{{একাধিক চিত্র
| align             = 
| total_width       = 550
| image1            = Dalton Gang memento mori 1892.jpg
| image2            = Cherokeebill posing with captors.jpg
| image3            = Cherokee bill death.jpg
| footer            = (বামে): ১৮৯২ সালে কফিভিল যুদ্ধের পর ডাল্টন গ্যাং-এর সদস্যরা; (মাঝখানে): ১৮৯৫ সালে ওকলাহোমার নোয়াটাতে ট্রেন থামার সময় ক্রফোর্ড &quot;চেরোকি বিল&quot; গোল্ডসবি তাঁর বন্দিকারীদের সাথে পোজ দিচ্ছেন। বাম থেকে ডানে যথাক্রমে #৫) জেকে ক্রিটেনডেন; #৪) ডিক ক্রিটেনডেন; চেরোকি বিল; #২) ক্লিন্ট স্কেলস, #১) আইক রজার্স; #৩) ডেপুটি মার্শাল বিল স্মিথ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weE1AQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Clint+scales+photograph+with+Cherokee+Bill&amp;pg=PA398|title=Hell on the Border: He Hanged Eighty-eight Men. A History of the Great United States Criminal Court at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and of Crime and Criminals in the Indian Territory, and the Trial and Punishment Thereof Before ... Judge Isaac C. Parker ... and by the Courts of Said Territory, Embracing the Leading Sentences and Charges to Grand and Petit Juries Delivered by the World Famous Jurist – his Acknowledged Masterpieces, Besides Much Other Legal Lore ... Illustrated with Over Fifty Fine Half-tones|first=S. W.|last=Harman|date=January 10, 1898|publisher=Phoenix publishing Company|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ডানে): ১৮৯৬ সালের ১৭ই মার্চ চেরোকি বিলের ফাঁসির চিত্রায়ন, যা তাঁর মৃত্যুদণ্ডের পর সংবাদপত্রগুলোতে প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল।
}}
প্রধান ধরণের ডাকাতি পশ্চিমের কুখ্যাত দস্যুদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হত, যার মধ্যে ছিল জেমস-ইয়ংগার গ্যাং, [[বিলি দ্য কিড]], ডাল্টন গ্যাং, ব্ল্যাক বার্ট, স্যাম বাস, বুচ ক্যাসিডি'স ওয়াইল্ড বাঞ্চ এবং আরও শত শত অপরাধী যারা ব্যাংক, ট্রেন, যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচ এবং এমনকি কিছু ক্ষেত্রে হোয়াম পে-মাস্টার ডাকাতি ও স্কেলিটন ক্যানিয়ন ডাকাতির মতো সশস্ত্র সরকারি পরিবহনেও হামলা চালাত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জেসি জেমসের মতো কিছু দস্যু ছিল গৃহযুদ্ধের সহিংসতার ফল (জেমস কোয়ান্ট্রিলস রেইডার্সের সাথে কাজ করেছিলেন), আবার অনেকে গবাদি পশু শিল্পের দুর্দিনেও দস্যু হয়ে উঠেছিলেন। তাঁদের মধ্যে অনেকেই ছিলেন সমাজের সাথে মানিয়ে নিতে না পারা মানুষ বা ভবঘুরে যারা আইনের হাত থেকে বাঁচতে পশ্চিমে ঘুরে বেড়াতেন। গ্রামীণ এলাকাগুলোতে হোয়াকিন মুরিয়েতা, জ্যাক পাওয়ারস, অগাস্টিন চ্যাকন এবং অন্যান্য দস্যুরা ত্রাসের রাজত্ব কায়েম করেছিল। যখন কোনো দস্যু দল কাছাকাছি থাকত, তখন শহরগুলো তাদের তাড়ানোর জন্য বা ধরার জন্য মাঝেমধ্যে একটি &quot;সশস্ত্র দল&quot; গঠন করত। দস্যুদের মোকাবিলা করা একটি ক্রমবর্ধমান ব্যবসার সুযোগ হিসেবে দেখে অ্যালান পিঙ্কারটন ১৮৫০ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত তাঁর ন্যাশনাল ডিটেকটিভ এজেন্সিকে পশ্চিমে শাখা খোলার নির্দেশ দেন এবং তাঁরা দস্যুদের তাড়া করা ও ধরার ব্যবসায় নেমে পড়েন।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; আইনের হাত থেকে বাঁচতে দস্যুরা লুকানোর জন্য উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমি, প্রত্যন্ত গিরিপথ এবং দুর্গম অঞ্চলের সুবিধা নিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্তের কিছু জনপদ এবং শহরেও দস্যু ও অপরাধীরা আশ্রয় নিত, যেগুলোকে &quot;দস্যু শহর&quot; বলা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বন্য পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের কিছু স্বল্প পরিচিত দস্যু এবং দস্যুর তালিকায় কিছু কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলাও ছিলেন। এলিজা স্টুয়ার্ট, যিনি বন্ধুদের কাছে &quot;বিগ জ্যাক&quot; নামে পরিচিত ছিলেন, তার প্রেমিকের ওপর হত্যার চেষ্টার দায়ে এবং পরবর্তীতে মারধরের দায়ে গ্রেপ্তার হয়েছিলেন। স্টুয়ার্ট ওয়াইমিংয়ের লারামির একটি কারাগারে সাজা খেটেছিলেন। ক্যারোলিন হেইস ছিলেন আরেকজন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলা দস্যু যিনি চুরির জন্য কুখ্যাত ছিলেন এবং ওয়াইমিংয়ের লারামি ও শায়েন কারাগারে বন্দি ছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

১৮৪৯ সালের পর ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় দস্যুবৃত্তি একটি বড় সমস্যা হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছিল, কারণ পরিবার বা সমাজ থেকে বিচ্ছিন্ন হাজার হাজার যুবক এমন একটি ভূখণ্ডে চলে এসেছিল যেখানে আইন প্রয়োগের ব্যবস্থা ছিল খুব সামান্য। এটি মোকাবিলা করার জন্য সান ফ্রান্সিসকো সতর্কতা কমিটি বা ভিজিল্যান্স কমিটি গঠন করা হয় যাতে কুখ্যাত অপরাধীদের &quot;সংক্ষিপ্ত বিচার&quot; এবং মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেওয়া যায়। একইভাবে, শান্তি-রক্ষণকারী প্রতিষ্ঠানের অভাবে অন্যান্য আদি জনপদগুলোও সমাজ রক্ষার জন্য তাদের নিজস্ব বেসরকারি সংস্থা তৈরি করেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;CultureViolence&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=DiLorenzo|প্রথমাংশ=Thomas J.|শিরোনাম=The Culture of Violence in the American West: Myth versus Reality|ইউআরএল=http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=803|ওয়েবসাইট=The Independent Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  এই সতর্কতা কমিটিগুলো সীমান্তের বিভিন্ন পেশার প্রতিফলন ঘটাত, যেমন ভূমি ক্লাব, গবাদি পশু মালিকদের সমিতি এবং খনি শিবির। টেক্সাসেও একই ধরণের সতর্কতা কমিটি বিদ্যমান ছিল এবং তাদের মূল উদ্দেশ্য ছিল আইনহীনতা দমন করা এবং সমাজকে দুশ্চরিত্র ও গবাদি পশু চোরদের হাত থেকে মুক্ত করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই কমিটিগুলো মাঝেমধ্যে ব্যক্তিগত সতর্কতা গোষ্ঠীগুলোর জন্য উগ্র ভিড়ের শাসনে পরিণত হতো, কিন্তু সাধারণত এগুলো দায়িত্বশীল নাগরিকদের নিয়ে গঠিত হতো যারা কেবল শৃঙ্খলা বজায় রাখতে চাইতেন। এই সতর্কতা কমিটিগুলোর হাতে ধরা পড়া অপরাধীদের সাথে নিষ্ঠুর আচরণ করা হতো; প্রায়ই কোনো ধরণের বিচার ছাড়াই তাঁদের ফাঁসি দেওয়া হতো বা গুলি করা হতো।&lt;ref name=&quot;Vigil&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Gard|প্রথমাংশ=Wayne|তারিখ=June 15, 2010|প্রকাশক=Handbook of Texas|শিরোনাম=Vigilantes and Vigilance Committees|ইউআরএল=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jnv01|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পুরানো পশ্চিমে সাধারণ মানুষও নিজেদের রক্ষার জন্য অস্ত্র তুলে নিত, কখনো কখনো আইন রক্ষাকারীদের পাশে দাঁড়িয়ে (কফিভিল ব্যাংক ডাকাতি), আবার কখনো দস্যুদের পাশে দাঁড়িয়ে (ইনগ্যালস যুদ্ধ)। মেরি ফিল্ডস, যিনি পশ্চিমে প্রথম মহিলা ডাক কর্মী হিসেবে তাঁর ভূমিকার জন্য &quot;স্টেজকোচ মেরি&quot; নামেও পরিচিত ছিলেন, তিনি একজন ঝগড়াটে এবং শটগান চালক হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিলেন। একজন সাধারণ নাগরিক এবং কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলা হিসেবে তিনি তাঁর শটগান দিয়ে নিজেকে রক্ষা করতেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; গৃহযুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী সীমান্তে ৫২৩ জনেরও বেশি শ্বেতাঙ্গ, ৩৪ জন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ এবং আরও ৭৫ জন গণপিটুনি বা লিঞ্চিং-এর শিকার হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বে পুরানো পশ্চিমে লিঞ্চিং-এর ঘটনাগুলো মূলত বিচারব্যবস্থার অভাবের কারণে ঘটেনি, বরং সামাজিক শ্রেণির কারণেও ঘটেছিল। ইতিহাসবিদ মাইকেল জে. ফিফার লিখেছেন, &quot;জনপ্রিয় ধারণার বিপরীতে, শুরুর দিকের আঞ্চলিক লিঞ্চিং আইন প্রয়োগের অনুপস্থিতি বা দূরত্ব থেকে তৈরি হয়নি, বরং তৈরি হয়েছিল প্রাথমিক জনপদগুলোর সামাজিক অস্থিরতা এবং সম্পত্তি, মর্যাদা ও সামাজিক শৃঙ্খলার সংজ্ঞা নির্ধারণের লড়াই থেকে&quot;।&lt;ref name=&quot;pfeifer-frontier-quote2&quot;&gt;Michael J. Pfeifer, ''Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947'' (U of Illinois Press, 2004), p.&amp;nbsp;30.&lt;/ref&gt;
===== গোষ্ঠীদ্বন্দ্ব =====
[[File:What an Unbranded Cow Has Cost by Frederic Remington 1895.jpeg|right|thumb|ফ্রেডেরিক রেমিংটনের ''একটি অচিহ্নিত গরুর মূল্য যা দিতে হয়েছে'', যা কাউবয় এবং সন্দেহভাজন গবাদি পশু চোরদের মধ্যে একটি চারণভূমি যুদ্ধের পরিণাম চিত্রিত করে। ১৮৯৫।]]

চারণভূমি যুদ্ধগুলো ছিল আমেরিকান সীমান্তের &quot;উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমিতে&quot; সংঘটিত কুখ্যাত সশস্ত্র সংঘাত। চাষাবাদ এবং গবাদি পশু চরানোর জন্য অবাধে ব্যবহৃত জমির নিয়ন্ত্রণ ছিল এই সংঘাতগুলোর মূল বিষয়, যার ফলে এই নাম দেওয়া হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Marilynn S. Johnson, ''Violence in the West: The Johnson County Range War and Ludlow Massacre: A Brief History with Documents''. (2008) p.&amp;nbsp;12. {{ISBN|978-0312445799}}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকান গৃহযুদ্ধের শেষের দিকে চারণভূমি যুদ্ধগুলো আরও সাধারণ হয়ে ওঠে এবং অসংখ্য সংঘাত সংঘটিত হয় যেমন প্লিজ্যান্ট ভ্যালি যুদ্ধ, জনসন কাউন্টি যুদ্ধ, পেকোস যুদ্ধ, মেসন কাউন্টি যুদ্ধ, কলোরাডো চারণভূমি যুদ্ধ, বেড়া কাটা যুদ্ধ, কোলফ্যাক্স কাউন্টি যুদ্ধ, ক্যাসটাইক চারণভূমি যুদ্ধ, স্প্রিং ক্রিক অভিযান, পোরাম চারণভূমি যুদ্ধ, বারবার-মিজেল দ্বন্দ্ব, সান এলিজারিও সল্ট যুদ্ধ এবং অন্যান্য।&lt;ref&gt;Randy McFerrin and Douglas Wills, &quot;High Noon on the Western Range: A Property Rights Analysis of the Johnson County War&quot;, ''Journal of Economic History'' (2007) 67#1 pp.&amp;nbsp;69–92&lt;/ref&gt; মন্টানায় একটি চারণভূমি যুদ্ধের সময় &quot;স্টুয়ার্ট'স স্ট্র্যাংলারস&quot; নামক একটি সতর্কতা গোষ্ঠী, যারা গবাদি পশু মালিক এবং কাউবয়দের নিয়ে গঠিত ছিল, তারা ১৮৮৪ সালেই প্রায় ২০ জন অপরাধী এবং অনধিকার প্রবেশকারীকে হত্যা করেছিল।&lt;ref name=Howard&gt;{{cite book |author=Joseph Kinsey Howard |title=Montana, high, wide, and handsome |year=2003 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln |isbn=978-0803273399 |pages=129–137 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vDLc6nfBc1kC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.historynet.com/gang-crackdown-when-stuarts-stranglers-raided-the-rustlers.htm |title=Gang Crackdown: When Stuart's Stranglers Raided |last=DeArment |first=R.K. |work=Wild West Magazine |date=June 7, 2007 }} June 7, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; নেব্রাস্কায় গবাদি পশু পালনকারী আইসোম অলিভ ১৮৭৮ সালে একটি চারণভূমি যুদ্ধের নেতৃত্ব দিয়েছিলেন যেখানে বেশ কিছু বসতি স্থাপনকারী লিঞ্চিং এবং গোলাগুলিতে নিহত হন, যা শেষ পর্যন্ত তাঁর নিজের হত্যাকাণ্ডের দিকে নিয়ে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/johnson.html |title=Johnson County War |publisher=Wyoming Tails and Trails |access-date=February 2, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108082126/http://wyomingtalesandtrails.com/johnson.html |archive-date=January 8, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমি সংঘাতের আরেকটি কুখ্যাত ধরণ ছিল &quot;ভেড়া যুদ্ধ&quot;, যা ভেড়া পালনকারী এবং গবাদি পশু পালনকারীদের মধ্যে চারণভূমির অধিকার নিয়ে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল এবং মূলত টেক্সাস, অ্যারিজোনা এবং ওয়াইমিং ও কলোরাডোর সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;tshaonline1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/azs01 |title=Sheep Wars &amp;#124; The Handbook of Texas Online&amp;#124; Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) |publisher=Tshaonline.org |access-date=February 10, 2012|date=June 15, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jcs-group1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jcs-group.com/oldwest/wars/sheepmen.html |title=Feuds &amp; Range Wars – Sheepmen vs. Cattlemen |publisher=Jcs-group.com |access-date=February 10, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেশিরভাগ ক্ষেত্রে এই সংঘাতগুলো দ্রুত থামানোর জন্য আনুষ্ঠানিক সামরিক হস্তক্ষেপ ব্যবহার করা হতো। জমি এবং ভূখণ্ড নিয়ে অন্যান্য সংঘাতও সংঘটিত হয়েছিল যেমন রেগুলেটর-মডারেটর যুদ্ধ, কর্তিনা গোলযোগ, লাস কুয়েভাস যুদ্ধ এবং দস্যু যুদ্ধ।

পরিবার এবং রক্তধারা নিয়ে জড়িত গোষ্ঠীদ্বন্দ্বও সীমান্তে অনেক দেখা যেত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-feuds.html|title=Legends of America: Feuds and Range Wars|access-date=September 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; যেহেতু বেসরকারি সংস্থা এবং সতর্কতা কমিটিগুলোই ছিল যথাযথ আদালতের বিকল্প, তাই অনেক পরিবার প্রাথমিকভাবে তাদের নিরাপত্তা ও বিচারের জন্য নিজেদের এবং তাদের সমাজের ওপর নির্ভর করত। এই যুদ্ধগুলোর মধ্যে রয়েছে লিংকন কাউন্টি যুদ্ধ, টুট-এভারেট যুদ্ধ, ফ্লিন-ডোরান দ্বন্দ্ব, আর্লি-হাসলে দ্বন্দ্ব, ব্রুকস-ব্যাক্সটার যুদ্ধ, সাটন-টেলর দ্বন্দ্ব, হরেল ব্রাদার্স দ্বন্দ্ব, ব্রুকস-ম্যাকফারল্যান্ড দ্বন্দ্ব, রিস-টাউনসেন্ড দ্বন্দ্ব এবং ইয়ার্প ভেন্ডেটা রাইড।

====গবাদি পশু====
[[File:Charles Marion Russell - Buccaroos (1902).jpg|thumb|আমেরিকান কাউবয়ের একটি ধ্রুপদী ছবি, যা সি. এম. রাসেলের তুলিতে ফুটে উঠেছে।]]

মহিষের পালের সমাপ্তি গবাদি পশুর খামার তৈরির জন্য লক্ষ লক্ষ একর জমি উন্মুক্ত করে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[[Lewis Eldon Atherton|Atherton, Lewis E]], ''The Cattle Kings'' (1961), is an influential interpretive study&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;For a brief survey and bibliography see {{cite book|first1=Ray Allen|last1=Billington|first2=Martin|last2=Ridge|title=Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoV-k7VcyZ0C|year=2001|publisher=U. of New Mexico Press|pages=611–628, 837–842|isbn=978-0826319814}}&lt;/ref&gt; স্পেনীয় পশুপালকরা ১৭শ শতাব্দীতে দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে গবাদি পশুর খামার এবং লংহর্ন প্রজাতির গরুর প্রচলন করেছিলেন। এই খামারগুলোতে যারা কাজ করতেন তাঁদের &quot;ভাকুয়েরো&quot; বলা হতো, যারা ছিলেন পশ্চিমের প্রথম &quot;কাউবয়&quot;। গৃহযুদ্ধের পর টেক্সাসের খামারিরা বিপুল সংখ্যক লংহর্ন গরুর পাল লালন-পালন শুরু করেন। নিকটতম রেলহেডগুলো ছিল টেক্সাস থেকে ৮০০ মাইল বা তারও বেশি (১৩০০+ কিমি) উত্তরে কানসাসে (অ্যাবিলিন, কানসাস সিটি, ডজ সিটি এবং উইচিটা)। তাই গবাদি পশুগুলো হৃষ্টপুষ্ট হওয়ার পর খামারি এবং কাউবয়রা সেই পালের দলগুলোকে ওয়েস্টার্ন, চিজম এবং শনি ট্রেইল ধরে উত্তরের দিকে নিয়ে যেতেন। সেখান থেকে দ্রুত বর্ধনশীল শহরগুলোতে মাংসের চাহিদা মেটানোর জন্য গবাদি পশুগুলো শিকাগো, সেন্ট লুইস এবং পূর্বের বিভিন্ন প্রান্তে পাঠানো হতো। জেসি চিজমের চিহ্নিত একটি পুরনো পথ ধরে খামারি জোসেফ ম্যাককয় চিজম ট্রেইল তৈরি করেছিলেন। এটি ছিল গবাদি পশু ব্যবসার প্রধান পথ। ১৮৬৭ থেকে ১৮৭১ সালের মধ্যে এই পথ দিয়ে দক্ষিণ টেক্সাস থেকে কানসাসের অ্যাবিলিন পর্যন্ত ৮০০ মাইল (১,৩০০ কিমি) দূরত্বে ১৫ লক্ষেরও বেশি গবাদি পশু নিয়ে যাওয়া হয়েছিল। এই দীর্ঘ যাত্রাগুলো ছিল অত্যন্ত বিপজ্জনক। বিশেষ করে ব্রাজোস এবং রেড রিভারের মতো নদীগুলো পার হওয়া এবং আদিবাসী ও দস্যুদের আক্রমণ মোকাবিলা করা ছিল বড় চ্যালেঞ্জ। সাধারণত একটি যাত্রায় তিন থেকে চার মাস সময় লাগত এবং সারিবদ্ধভাবে থাকা গরুর পাল প্রায় দুই মাইল (৩ কিমি) দীর্ঘ হতো। ঝুঁকি থাকা সত্ত্বেও একটি সফল যাত্রা সংশ্লিষ্ট সবার জন্য অত্যন্ত লাভজনক ছিল। কারণ টেক্সাসে একটি ষাঁড়ের দাম ছিল ৪ ডলার এবং আমেরিকার পূর্ব অঞ্চলে তার দাম ছিল ৪০ ডলার।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Ted|last=Morgan|title=Shovel of Stars: The Making of the American West 1800 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aveRrVPqc0UC&amp;pg=PA257|year=1996|publisher=Simon and Schuster|page=257|isbn=978-0684814926}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৭০ এবং ১৮৮০-এর দশকের মধ্যে গবাদি পশুর খামারগুলো আরও উত্তরে নতুন চারণভূমিতে বিস্তৃত হয়। এগুলো ওয়াইমিং, মন্টানা, কলোরাডো, নেব্রাস্কা এবং ডাকোটা অঞ্চলে মহিষের পালের জায়গা দখল করে নেয়। উভয় উপকূলে গবাদি পশু পাঠানোর জন্য রেলপথ ব্যবহার করা হতো। অনেক বড় খামারের মালিক ছিলেন স্কটিশ এবং ইংরেজ অর্থদাতারা। সমগ্র পশ্চিমের বৃহত্তম গবাদি পশুর খামারটির মালিক ছিলেন জন ডব্লিউ ইলিফ, যাকে &quot;সমতলের গবাদি পশুর রাজা&quot; বলা হতো। তিনি কলোরাডো এবং ওয়াইমিং-এ ব্যবসা পরিচালনা করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Daniel|last=Boorstin|title=The Americans: The Democratic Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RicRyr47FMgC&amp;pg=PT23|year=1974|publisher=Random House|page=23|isbn=978-0307756497}}&lt;/ref&gt; ধীরে ধীরে উত্তর-পশ্চিমের বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মাধ্যমে আসা ব্রিটিশ ব্রিড হেয়ারফোর্ড এবং অ্যাঙ্গাস দিয়ে লংহর্ন গরুর জায়গা পূরণ করা হয়। যদিও এই নতুন প্রজাতির গরুগুলো কম সহনশীল এবং রোগাক্রান্ত হওয়ার সম্ভাবনা বেশি ছিল, তবে এগুলোর মাংস ছিল অনেক সুস্বাদু এবং এগুলো খুব দ্রুত বড় হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard W.|last=Slatta|title=The Cowboy Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_08YPVPGE_MC&amp;pg=PA227|year=1996|publisher=W. W. Norton|page=227|isbn=978-0393314731}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গবাদি পশু শিল্পের প্রয়োজনীয় অর্থের বেশিরভাগই আসত ব্রিটিশ উৎস থেকে। ইউরোপীয় বিনিয়োগকারীরা এই ব্যবসায় এক ধরণের উন্মাদনায় মেতেছিলেন, যা ছিল মূলত একটি অর্থনৈতিক &quot;বুদবুদ&quot; বা বাবল। গ্রাহাম মনে করেন যে এই উন্মাদনা যেমন প্রকৃত সুযোগের ওপর ভিত্তি করে তৈরি হয়েছিল, তেমনই এর পেছনে &quot;অতিরঞ্জন, অতিবিশ্বাস, অপর্যাপ্ত যোগাযোগ, অসততা এবং অযোগ্যতা&quot;র ভূমিকাও ছিল। ১৮৮৬ সালের শেষের দিকে এবং ১৮৮৭ সাল পর্যন্ত সমতল অঞ্চলে এক ভয়াবহ শীতের প্রকোপ দেখা দেয়। প্রেইরি অঞ্চলের ঘাস বরফের নিচে ঢাকা পড়ে যায় যা ক্ষুধার্ত গরুর পাল ভেদ করতে পারেনি। এর ফলে ব্রিটিশ বিনিয়োগকারীরা এবং থিওডোর রুজভেল্টের মতো পূর্বের বিনিয়োগকারীরা তাঁদের বেশিরভাগ অর্থ হারান। তবে তাঁদের এই বিনিয়োগ একটি বিশাল শিল্প তৈরি করেছিল যা আজও উত্থান-পতনের মধ্য দিয়ে টিকে আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 3111428|title = The Investment Boom in British-Texan Cattle Companies 1880–1885|journal = The Business History Review|volume = 34|issue = 4|pages = 421–445|last1 = Graham|first1 = Richard|year = 1960|doi = 10.2307/3111428| s2cid=153932584 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

তুলনামূলকভাবে ছোট পরিসরে ভেড়া পালন বেশ জনপ্রিয় ছিল কারণ ভেড়া খাওয়ানো সহজ এবং এদের জলের প্রয়োজনও কম হতো। তবে আমেরিকানরা ভেড়ার মাংস বা মাটন খুব একটা খেত না। যখন কৃষকরা উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমিতে আসতে শুরু করলেন, তখন গবাদি পশুর খামারগুলোর সেই আদি যুগ শেষ হয়ে যায়। এর বদলে কাঁটাতারের বেড়া দেওয়া এলাকা তৈরি হয় যেখানে জল, প্রজনন এবং ঘাস খাওয়ার বিষয়টি নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা সম্ভব হতো। এটি পরবর্তীতে জলের অধিকার নিয়ে বিতর্কের জেরে &quot;বেড়া যুদ্ধে&quot;র জন্ম দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Everett Dick, ''Vanguards of the Frontier: A Social History of the Northern Plains and the Rocky Mountains from the Fur Traders to the Busters'' (1941) pp. 497–508.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=David|last=Montejano|author-link=David Montejano|title=[[Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986]]|year=1987|publisher=[[U. of Texas Press]]|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YnUKT4f_fZQC&amp;pg=PA87 87]|isbn=978-0292788077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====গবাদি পশুর শহর=====
১৮৬০ এবং ১৮৭০-এর দশকের উদীয়মান গবাদি পশু শিল্পের প্রধান ভিত্তি ছিল কানসাস এবং মিসৌরির এই শহরগুলো। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ও নেভাদার খনি শহরগুলোর মতো অ্যাবিলিন, ডজ সিটি এবং এলসওয়ার্থের মতো গবাদি পশুর শহরগুলোও প্রায় পাঁচ বছর স্থায়ী এক দ্রুত উত্থান ও পতনের মধ্য দিয়ে গিয়েছিল। জমির ফাটকাবাজরা সম্ভাব্য রেললাইনের কথা মাথায় রেখে আগেভাগেই সেখানে হাজির হতেন এবং পশুপালক ও কাউবয়দের জন্য আকর্ষণীয় পরিষেবা সহ একটি শহর গড়ে তুলতেন। রেলপথের সংযোগ পেলে নতুন চারণভূমি এবং সেই শহরটি গবাদি পশুর ব্যবসার একটি নিরাপদ কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হতো। তবে খনি শহরগুলো আকরিক শেষ হওয়ার পর অনেক ক্ষেত্রেই পরিত্যক্ত বা ভুতুড়ে শহরে পরিণত হলেও, এই শহরগুলোর বিবর্তন ছিল ভিন্ন। চারণভূমি শেষ হয়ে যাওয়ার পর এই শহরগুলো সাধারণত গবাদি পশুর ব্যবসা থেকে কৃষিভিত্তিক জনপদে রূপান্তরিত হতো এবং নিজেদের অস্তিত্ব টিকিয়ে রাখত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Robert R.|last=Dykstra|title=The Cattle Towns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t15L9AfXlPcC&amp;pg=PA131|year=1983|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0803265615}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===সংরক্ষণ এবং পরিবেশবাদ===

[[File:TR-Enviro.JPG|thumb|১৯০৮ সালের একটি সম্পাদকীয় কার্টুনে প্রেসিডেন্ট থিওডোর রুজভেল্টকে তাঁর কাউবয় বেশে এবং প্রকৃতি সংরক্ষণের আন্দোলনে তাঁর জেহাদি ভূমিকার সাথে ফুটিয়ে তোলা হয়েছে।]]

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে পরিবেশ রক্ষার বিষয়টি একটি নতুন ইস্যু হিসেবে আবির্ভূত হয়, যা বিভিন্ন স্বার্থের মধ্যে দ্বন্দ্ব তৈরি করেছিল। একদিকে ছিল কাঠ এবং কয়লা কোম্পানিগুলো, যারা কর্মসংস্থান, অর্থনৈতিক প্রবৃদ্ধি এবং নিজেদের মুনাফা বাড়াতে প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদের সর্বোচ্চ ব্যবহারের দাবি জানিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Char Miller, ''Gifford Pinchot and the making of modern environmentalism'' (2001) p.&amp;nbsp;4&lt;/ref&gt;

মাঝখানে ছিলেন সংরক্ষণবাদীরা, যাদের নেতৃত্বে ছিলেন থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট এবং তাঁর মিত্র আউটডোরম্যান, ক্রীড়াবিদ, পাখি পর্যবেক্ষক ও বিজ্ঞানীরা। তাঁরা অপচয় কমাতে চেয়েছিলেন; পর্যটনের জন্য প্রাকৃতিক সৌন্দর্য এবং শিকারিদের জন্য প্রচুর বন্যপ্রাণীর মূল্যের ওপর জোর দিয়েছিলেন। তারা যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, সঠিক ব্যবস্থাপনার মাধ্যমে পরিকল্পিত আহরণ এবং পরিবেশগত সুরক্ষা নিশ্চিত করলে সমাজের দীর্ঘমেয়াদী অর্থনৈতিক সুবিধা বৃদ্ধি পাবে। রুজভেল্ট তাঁর পুরো কর্মজীবন জুড়ে এই বিষয়টিকে জাতীয় এজেন্ডার শীর্ষে রাখার চেষ্টা করেছেন। তিনি প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ সংরক্ষণের বিষয়ে গভীরভাবে প্রতিশ্রুতিবদ্ধ ছিলেন। তিনি গিফোর্ড পিনচোর সাথে নিবিড়ভাবে কাজ করেছিলেন এবং ক্ষুদ্র খামারে সেচ দেওয়ার জন্য ফেডারেল বাঁধ নির্মাণকে উৎসাহিত করতে ১৯০২ সালের নিউল্যান্ডস রিক্লেমেশন অ্যাক্ট ব্যবহার করেছিলেন। তিনি প্রায় ২৩০ মিলিয়ন একর (৯,৩০,০০০ বর্গ কিমি) জমিকে ফেডারেল সুরক্ষার অধীনে নিয়ে আসেন। রুজভেল্ট তাঁর পূর্বসূরিদের সবার মিলিত সংখ্যার চেয়েও বেশি ফেডারেল ভূমি, জাতীয় উদ্যান এবং প্রকৃতি সংরক্ষণ কেন্দ্র তৈরি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;Douglas G. Brinkley, ''The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America'' (2010)&lt;/ref&gt;

১৯১০ সালে রুজভেল্ট তার অবস্থান ব্যাখ্যা করেছিলেন:

{{blockquote|সংরক্ষণ বলতে সুরক্ষার পাশাপাশি উন্নয়নকেও বোঝায়। আমাদের ভূখণ্ডের প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ উন্নয়ন ও ব্যবহারের ক্ষেত্রে বর্তমান প্রজন্মের অধিকার ও কর্তব্যকে আমি স্বীকার করি, কিন্তু সেগুলোকে অপচয় করার অথবা অপব্যয়ের মাধ্যমে আমাদের পরবর্তী প্রজন্মকে বঞ্চিত করার অধিকার আমি স্বীকার করি না।&lt;ref&gt;W. Todd Benson, ''President Theodore Roosevelt's Conservation Legacy'' (2003) p.&amp;nbsp;25&lt;/ref&gt;}}

তৃতীয় পক্ষে ছিল পরিবেশবাদীরা, যারা প্রথমে সংখ্যায় কম থাকলেও ১৮৭০ সালের পর দ্রুত বাড়তে থাকেন। তাঁরা প্রকৃতির নিজস্ব সত্তার প্রতি শ্রদ্ধাশীল ছিলেন এবং মানুষের সর্বোচ্চ সুবিধা পাওয়ার লক্ষ্যকে প্রত্যাখ্যান করেছিলেন। তাঁদের নেতা ছিলেন জন মুইর (১৮৩৮-১৯১৪), একজন জনপ্রিয় লেখক, প্রকৃতিবিদ এবং বন্যভূমি রক্ষার পথিকৃৎ প্রবক্তা। তিনি সিয়েরা ক্লাব প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ভিত্তিক স্কটিশ-আমেরিকান মুইর ১৮৮৯ সালে ইয়োসেমাইট উপত্যকার সেকুইয়া গাছগুলো রক্ষার জন্য জনমত গঠন শুরু করেন; এর ফলে কংগ্রেস ইয়োসেমাইট ন্যাশনাল পার্ক বিল (১৮৯০) পাস করে। ১৮৯৭ সালে প্রেসিডেন্ট গ্রোভার ক্লিভল্যান্ড তেরোটি সংরক্ষিত অরণ্য তৈরি করেছিলেন, কিন্তু কাঠের ব্যবসায়ীদের প্রভাবে কংগ্রেস সেই উদ্যোগ বাতিল করে দেয়। মুইর তখন একজন ধর্মপ্রচারকের মতো কাঠুরেদের বিরুদ্ধে জেহাদ ঘোষণা করেন এবং একে &quot;প্রাকৃতিক ন্যায়পরায়ণতা বনাম শয়তানের&quot; লড়াই হিসেবে চিত্রিত করেন।&lt;ref&gt;Dennis C. Williams, ''God's wilds: John Muir's vision of nature'' (2002) p.&amp;nbsp;134&lt;/ref&gt; একজন দক্ষ প্রচারক হিসেবে মুইরের ম্যাগাজিন নিবন্ধগুলো, যা ''হার্পারস উইকলি'' (৫ জুন, ১৮৯৭) এবং ''দ্য আটলান্টিক মান্থলিতে'' প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল, জনমতের মোড় ঘুরিয়ে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;John Muir, [https://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=atla;idno=atla0080-2 &quot;The American Forests&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; তিনি রুজভেল্টের জাতীয় স্মৃতিসৌধ, জাতীয় বন সংরক্ষণ এবং জাতীয় উদ্যান কর্মসূচিকে সমর্থন করার জন্য জনমতকে সংগঠিত করেছিলেন। তবে ইয়োসেমাইট জাতীয় উদ্যানে সান ফ্রান্সিসকোতে জল সরবরাহের জন্য নির্মিত হেচ হেচি বাঁধের প্রশ্নে মুইর রুজভেল্ট এবং বিশেষ করে প্রেসিডেন্ট উইলিয়াম হাওয়ার্ড ট্যাফ্টের সাথে সম্পর্ক ছিন্ন করেন। জীবনীকার ডোনাল্ড ওরস্টার বলেন, &quot;আমেরিকান আত্মাকে বস্তুবাদের কাছে সম্পূর্ণ আত্মসমর্পণ থেকে বাঁচানোই ছিল তাঁর লড়াইয়ের মূল কারণ।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Donald|last=Worster|title=A Passion for Nature: The Life of John Muir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuAsAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Oxford U. Press|page=403|isbn=978-0195166828}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====মহিষ====

[[File:Alfred Jacob Miller - Wounded Buffalo - Walters 37194056.jpg|thumb|আলফ্রেড জ্যাকব মিলারের আঁকা &quot;আহত মহিষ&quot;।]]

গবাদি পশু শিল্প এবং কাউবয়দের উত্থান সরাসরি ম&quot;হিষের&quot; বিশাল পালের বিলুপ্তির সাথে জড়িত। একসময় গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চলে এদের সংখ্যা আড়াই কোটিরও বেশি ছিল। এই তৃণভোজী প্রাণীর পালগুলো সমতল ভূমির আদিবাসীদের জন্য একটি অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সম্পদ ছিল; যা তাদের খাবার, পোশাক ও আশ্রয়ের জন্য চামড়া এবং বিভিন্ন সরঞ্জাম তৈরির জন্য হাড় সরবরাহ করত। বাসস্থানের অভাব, রোগবালাই এবং অতিরিক্ত শিকারের ফলে উনবিংশ শতাব্দী জুড়ে এই পালের সংখ্যা ক্রমাগত কমতে থাকে এবং একপর্যায়ে তা প্রায় বিলুপ্তির কাছাকাছি পৌঁছে যায়। ১৮৭২ থেকে ১৮৮৩ সালের মধ্যবর্তী মাত্র এক দশকে শেষ ১ থেকে ১.৫ কোটি মহিষ মারা যায়; শেষ পর্যন্ত মাত্র ১০০টি মহিষ টিকে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;M. Scott Taylor, &quot;Buffalo Hunt: International Trade and the Virtual Extinction of the North American Bison&quot;, ''[[American Economic Review]]'', (Dec 2011) 101#7 pp.&amp;nbsp;3162–3195&lt;/ref&gt; যেসব উপজাতি টিকে থাকার জন্য মহিষের ওপর নির্ভরশীল ছিল, তাদের কাছে সরকারের দেওয়া সংরক্ষিত এলাকার প্রস্তাব মেনে নেওয়া ছাড়া আর কোনো উপায় ছিল না। সেখানে সরকার তাদের খাবার এবং প্রয়োজনীয় রসদ সরবরাহের প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়েছিল। ১৯০৫ সালে সংরক্ষণবাদীরা &quot;আমেরিকান মহিষ সমিতি&quot; প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন; এই সংস্থাটি সরকারিভাবে মহিষের পাল গঠনের জন্য কংগ্রেসের ওপর চাপ সৃষ্টি করেছিল। মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এবং কানাডায় বেশ কিছু জাতীয় উদ্যান তৈরি করা হয়েছিল মূলত মহিষ এবং অন্যান্য বড় বন্যপ্রাণীদের অভয়ারণ্য হিসেবে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Glenn E. |last1=Plumb |first2=Rosemary |last2=Sucec |title=A Bison Conservation History in the U.S. National Parks |journal=[[Journal of the West]] |date=2006 |volume=45 |issue=2 |citeseerx=10.1.1.470.4476 |pages=22–28}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০০৩ সালের মধ্যে মহিষের সংখ্যা ৫,০০,০০০-এ পৌঁছায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Delaney P. |last1=Boyd  |first2=C. Cormack |last2=Gates |title=A Brief Review of the Status of Plains Bison in North America |journal=Journal of the West |date=2006 |volume= 45|issue=2|pages=15–21|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237633250}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== সরকার ===
মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম দিকের আঞ্চলিক সরকারগুলো মার্কিন সরকার কর্তৃক পাস হওয়া &quot;সাংগঠনিক আইন&quot; (Organic Acts)-এর মাধ্যমে তৈরি করা হয়েছিল এবং এদের কাঠামো খুব সামান্য পার্থক্য ছাড়া প্রায় একই রকম ছিল। প্রতিটি অঞ্চলের জন্য একজন গভর্নর, একজন আঞ্চলিক সচিব, &quot;ইন্ডিয়ান এজেন্ট&quot; এবং আদালতের জন্য তিনজন বিচারক ছিলেন; এঁরা সবাই মার্কিন প্রেসিডেন্ট কর্তৃক নিযুক্ত হতেন এবং মার্কিন সেনেটের &quot;পরামর্শ ও সম্মতি&quot;র ভিত্তিতে নিশ্চিত হতেন। প্রতিটি অঞ্চলের একটি দ্বিকক্ষবিশিষ্ট আইনসভা ছিল। বিচারক, বিচারপতি, আঞ্চলিক অ্যাটর্নি, মার্শাল এবং কাউন্টি অফিসের পদগুলো হয় জনগণের ভোটে নির্বাচিত হতো অথবা আঞ্চলিক গভর্নর দ্বারা মনোনীত হয়ে আইনসভার উচ্চকক্ষ কর্তৃক অনুমোদিত হতো। কোনো অঞ্চলের পাস করা যেকোনো আইনের জন্য কংগ্রেসের অনুমোদনের প্রয়োজন ছিল, অন্যথায় তা অবৈধ বলে গণ্য হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bakken |first=Gordon Morris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjHQWyttp6QC |title=Law in the Western United States |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2000 |pages=293 &amp; 294 |isbn=978-0-8061-3215-0 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===সীমান্তের অবসান===
[[File:Distribution of US Rural Population during 1910.pdf|thumb|১৯১০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির একটি মানচিত্র, যা আমেরিকান সীমান্তের অবশিষ্ট বিস্তৃতি দেখাচ্ছে।]]

১৮৯০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির পর, সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট ঘোষণা করেন যে জনবসতি এগিয়ে যাওয়ার আর কোনো স্পষ্ট রেখা নেই এবং সেই অনুযায়ী মহাদেশীয় মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে আর কোনো অবিচ্ছিন্ন সীমান্ত অবশিষ্ট নেই। তবে ১৯০০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির [[c:File:Distribution of US Rural Population during 1900.pdf|জনসংখ্যার বিন্যাস]] পর্যবেক্ষণ করলে দেখা যায় যে, অবিচ্ছিন্ন সীমান্তরেখা তখনও বজায় ছিল। কিন্তু ১৯১০ সালের আদমশুমারির সময় সীমান্তের কেবল কিছু বিচ্ছিন্ন অংশই অবশিষ্ট ছিল এবং কোনো স্পষ্ট পশ্চিমমুখী রেখা ছিল না। এর ফলে কোনো সীমান্তরেখা অতিক্রম না করেই পুরো মহাদেশ পাড়ি দেওয়া সম্ভব হয়ে ওঠে।

১৮৯০ সালের পর চাষযোগ্য নতুন জমি পাওয়া ক্রমশ কঠিন হয়ে পড়েছিল—যদিও রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো পূর্ব মন্টানায় এমন কিছু জমির বিজ্ঞাপন দিত। বিচা দেখিয়েছেন যে, ১৮৯৭ থেকে ১৯১৪ সালের মধ্যে প্রায় ৬,০০,০০০ মার্কিন কৃষক সস্তায় জমির আশায় কানাডিয়ান পশ্চিমের প্রেইরি সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে চলে গিয়েছিলেন। তবে তাঁদের মধ্যে প্রায় দুই-তৃতীয়াংশ মানুষই হতাশ হয়ে যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে ফিরে আসেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Murdoch&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first=David | last=Murdoch | title=The American West: The Invention of a Myth | publisher=[[University of Nevada Press]] | isbn= 978-0874173697 | year = 2001| page= vii | location=Reno | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8OkTAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=no%20other%20nation%20has%20taken%20a%20time%20and%20a%20place%20from%20its%20past}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 986139|title = The Plains Farmer and the Prairie Province Frontier, 1897–1914|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-american-philosophical-society_1965-12-10_109_6/page/398|journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume = 109|issue = 6|pages = 398–440|last1 = Bicha|first1 = Karel Denis|year = 1965}}&lt;/ref&gt; তা সত্ত্বেও, উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর তুলনায় বিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথম দুই দশকে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা অনেক বেশি জমি নিজেদের নামে দাবি করেছিলেন। সীমান্ত সঙ্কুচিত হওয়ার পেছনে হোমস্টেড অ্যাক্টস বা বসতভিটা আইন এবং রেলপথের দ্রুত প্রসারকে প্রধান কারণ হিসেবে ধরা হয়, কারণ এগুলো অত্যন্ত দক্ষভাবে বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং প্রয়োজনীয় অবকাঠামো পৌঁছে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Railroads Forever Changed the Frontier {{!}} American Heritage|url=https://www.americanheritage.com/how-railroads-forever-changed-frontier|access-date=August 10, 2021|website=www.americanheritage.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; T১৯০৯ সালে জমি বরাদ্দের পরিমাণ ১৬০ একর থেকে বাড়িয়ে ৩২০ একর এবং ১৯১৬ সালে চারণভূমির ক্ষেত্রে তা ৬৪০ একর করা হলে এই প্রক্রিয়া আরও ত্বরান্বিত হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; কাঁটাতারের বেড়ার ব্যবহারও ঐতিহ্যবাহী উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমি কমিয়ে দেওয়ার অন্যতম কারণ হিসেবে বিবেচিত হয়। এ ছাড়াও অটোমোবাইলের ক্রমবর্ধমান ব্যবহার এবং ১৯১৬ সালের ফেডারেল এইড হাইওয়ে অ্যাক্টের মাধ্যমে প্রথমবারের মতো সরকারি ভর্তুকিতে তৈরি রাস্তাঘাট সীমান্তের চূড়ান্ত অবসান নিশ্চিত করে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Barbed Wire {{!}} The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture|url=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=BA016|access-date=August 10, 2021|website=www.okhistory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Milner |first1=Clyde A. |url=http://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00clyd |title=The Oxford history of the American West |last2=O'Connor |first2=Carol A. |last3=Sandweiss |first3=Martha A. |date=1994 |publisher= Oxford University Press  |location=New York |isbn=978-0195059687 |page=745}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৯০৭ সালে ওকলাহোমা অঞ্চল এবং অবশিষ্ট ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরি একত্রিত হয়ে ওকলাহোমা একটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়। এরপর ১৯১২ সালে অ্যারিজোনা এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো রাজ্য হিসেবে স্বীকৃতি পেলে অনেক পণ্ডিতের মতে সীমান্তের গল্পের সমাপ্তি ঘটে। যদিও সেই সময়ে এই অঞ্চলগুলোতে জনসংখ্যা অত্যন্ত কম এবং অসম ছিল, তাই সীমান্ত অঞ্চল হিসেবে এগুলো আরও কিছুদিন টিকে ছিল। তবে সীমান্তের চিরচেনা কিছু ঘটনা তখনও মাঝেমধ্যে ঘটত; যেমন ১৯১৬ সালের ডিসেম্বরে নেভাদার অবশিষ্ট সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে সর্বশেষ যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচ ডাকাতির ঘটনা ঘটে। ১৮৫০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯১৯ সাল পর্যন্ত চলা এক দীর্ঘ সহিংস সময়কে &quot;একীভূতকরণের পশ্চিমা গৃহযুদ্ধ&quot; হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হয়।

মেক্সিকান বিপ্লবের ফলেও মার্কিন-মেক্সিকো সীমান্ত জুড়ে উল্লেখযোগ্য সংঘাত ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল যা মূলত সীমান্ত অঞ্চলের মধ্যেই সীমাবদ্ধ ছিল; এটি মেক্সিকান বর্ডার ওয়ার (১৯১০-১৯১৯) নামে পরিচিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Illustrations: Population|date=July 1914|url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/statistical-atlas-united-states-74/illustrations-population-492434|work=Statistical Atlas of the United States|others=United States. Bureau of the Census|series=Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1910 |access-date=August 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯১৬ সালের কলম্বাস যুদ্ধ এবং পুনিটিভ এক্সপিডিশন ছিল এই যুদ্ধের প্রধান কেন্দ্রবিন্দু। এ ছাড়া ১৯১৫ থেকে ১৯১৯ সালের ব্যান্ডিট ওয়ার বা দস্যু যুদ্ধের সময় টেক্সাসের বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের লক্ষ্য করে আক্রমণ চালানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=TSHA {{!}} Plan of San Diego|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/plan-of-san-diego|access-date=August 9, 2021|website=www.tshaonline.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; আদিবাসীদের সাথে খণ্ডযুদ্ধ ১৯২০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্তও চলেছিল, যার উদাহরণ হলো ব্লাফ যুদ্ধ (১৯১৪-১৯১৫) এবং পোসি যুদ্ধ (১৯২৩)।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় অঞ্চলে মার্কিন প্রভাব ও বিচারিক ক্ষমতার বিস্তার ছিল এক অর্থে নতুন একটি &quot;এশিয়া-প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় সীমান্ত&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Azuma |first=Eiichiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbmkDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA31 |title=In Search of Our Frontier: Japanese America and Settler Colonialism in the Construction of Japan's Borderless Empire |date=2019-10-08 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-30438-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের বিকাশের জন্য এটি একটি প্রয়োজনীয় উপাদান ছিল। তাঁর মতে, একটি সভ্য এবং আদর্শবাদী জাতি হিসেবে আমেরিকার আত্মপরিচয় টিকে ছিল ক্রমাগত কোনো এক 'অসভ্য অন্যকে' জয় করার ওপর।&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Turner |first=Oliver |title=US imperial hegemony in the American Pacific |date=2020-02-28 |work=The United States in the Indo-Pacific |pages=13–28 |url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/display/9781526135025/9781526135025.00008.xml |access-date=2024-09-06 |publisher=Manchester University Press |language=en-US |isbn=978-1-5261-3502-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৯৫৯ সালের আগে আলাস্কা পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা পায়নি। এর মাধ্যমেই &quot;আমেরিকান সীমান্তের&quot; চালিকাশক্তি এবং মূল কাহিনীর চিরস্থায়ী অবসান ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Barbara|last=Cloud|title=The Coming of the Frontier Press: How the West Was Really Won|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LVzRxYMIOMC&amp;pg=PA17|year=2008|publisher=Northwestern University Press|pages=17–18|isbn=978-0810125087}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:পশ্চিম যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের সংস্কৃতি]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:মার্কিন লোককাহিনি]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:২০শ শতাব্দীতে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র]]

== পপ সংস্কৃতিতে আমেরিকান সীমান্ত ==

&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Buffalo_bill_wild_west_show_c1899.jpg|থাম্ব|''বাফেলো বিলের ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট'' শোর একটি পোস্টার।]]
&quot;আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট&quot;-এর অনুসন্ধান, জনবসতি স্থাপন, শোষণ এবং সংঘাতগুলো এমন একটি সাংস্কৃতিক পরিমণ্ডল তৈরি করেছে যা আমেরিকান এবং বিদেশি—উভয় পক্ষই শিল্পকলা, সংগীত, নৃত্য, উপন্যাস, ম্যাগাজিন, ছোটগল্প, কবিতা, থিয়েটার, ভিডিও গেম, চলচ্চিত্র, রেডিও, টেলিভিশন, গান এবং মৌখিক ঐতিহ্যের মাধ্যমে উদযাপন করেছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; বেথ ই. লেভি যুক্তি দেন যে, বাস্তব এবং পৌরাণিক পশ্চিমাঞ্চল অ্যারন কোপল্যান্ড, রায় হ্যারিস, ভার্জিল থমসন, চার্লস ওয়েকফিল্ড ক্যাডম্যান এবং আর্থার ফারওয়েলের মতো সুরকারদের অনুপ্রাণিত করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

ধর্মীয় ভাবধারা অনেক পরিবেশবাদীকে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছে যখন তারা সীমান্তবাসীদের দ্বারা এর আধ্যাত্মিকতা লঙ্ঘিত হওয়ার আগে আদিম পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে নিয়ে চিন্তা করেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; প্রকৃতপক্ষে, ইতিহাসবিদ উইলিয়াম ক্রোনন যেমনটি দেখিয়েছেন, উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর রোমান্টিক আন্দোলনের আগে &quot;বন্যভূমি&quot;র ধারণাটি ছিল অত্যন্ত নেতিবাচক এবং তা ধর্মীয় চেতনার সম্পূর্ণ বিপরীত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৯৩ সালে ঘোষিত ইতিহাসবিদ ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নারের সীমান্ত তত্ত্ব ইতিহাস রচনার প্রধান ধারাগুলো প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; এটি তিন বা চার প্রজন্মের পাণ্ডিত্যকে গভীরভাবে প্রভাবিত করেছিল এবং কার্যত সব আমেরিকান ছাত্রছাত্রীদের ব্যবহৃত পাঠ্যপুস্তকে স্থান পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

=== পশ্চিমা লোকগাথার জনপ্রিয়করণ ===
১৮৪০-এর দশকে লোকগীতি ও অভিনয়ের আসর এবং জনপ্রিয় সঙ্গীতের মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের এই পৌরাণিক রূপান্তরের সূচনা ঘটে। একই সময়ে, পি. টি. বারনাম তাঁর জাদুঘরগুলোতে আদিবাসী প্রধানদের জীবনযাত্রা, তাঁদের নাচ এবং অন্যান্য বন্য পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় প্রদর্শনী তুলে ধরতেন। তবে এর ব্যাপক প্রচার শুরু হয় ১৮৫৯ সালে সস্তা জনপ্রিয় উপন্যাসের আবির্ভাবের মাধ্যমে, যার মধ্যে প্রথমটি ছিল ''ম্যালেস্কা, দ্য ইন্ডিয়ান ওয়াইফ অফ দ্য হোয়াইট হান্টার''।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; বাস্তবতাকে অতিসরল করে এবং সত্যকে ব্যাপকভাবে অতিরঞ্জিত করে এই উপন্যাসগুলো সহিংসতা ও বীরত্বের রোমাঞ্চকর গল্পের মাধ্যমে সাধারণ মানুষের নজর কেড়েছিল। এগুলো মানুষের মনে বীর এবং খলনায়কের নির্দিষ্ট কিছু ধারণা গেঁথে দিয়েছিল—যেমন সাহসী কাউবয় বনাম বন্য আদিবাসী, গুণী আইন রক্ষাকারী বনাম নিষ্ঠুর দস্যু, সাহসী বসতি স্থাপনকারী বনাম শিকারি পশুপালক। এই ধরণের উপন্যাসের হাজার হাজার শিরোনাম লক্ষ লক্ষ সংখ্যায় বিক্রি হতো। জনপ্রিয় রুচির কথা মাথায় রেখে এগুলো সাধারণত গতানুগতিক কিছু সাহিত্যিক ফর্মুলা মেনে লেখা হতো এবং অনেক ক্ষেত্রে মাত্র কয়েক দিনেই একটি বই শেষ করা হতো। এই সস্তা উপন্যাসগুলোর মধ্যে সবচেয়ে সফল ছিল এডওয়ার্ড এস. এলিসের ''সেথ জোন্স'' (১৮৬০)। নেড বান্টলাইনের গল্পগুলো বাফেলো বিল কোডি-কে মহিমান্বিত করেছিল এবং এডওয়ার্ড এল. হুইলার ক্যালামিটি জেন-এর জীবনীর ওপর ভিত্তি করে &quot;ডেডউড ডিক&quot; ও &quot;হারিকেন নেলের&quot; মতো চরিত্র সৃষ্টি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

বাফেলো বিল কোডি ছিলেন আমেরিকা এবং ইউরোপে পুরানো পশ্চিমকে জনপ্রিয় করার ক্ষেত্রে সবচেয়ে প্রভাবশালী ব্যক্তি। ১৮৮৩ সালে তিনি প্রথম &quot;বন্য পশ্চিমাঞ্চল&quot; বা ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শো উপস্থাপন করেন, যেখানে বিখ্যাত যুদ্ধগুলোর (বিশেষ করে কাস্টারের শেষ লড়াই) পুনর্নির্মাণ, অব্যর্থ লক্ষ্যভেদের প্রদর্শনী এবং কাউবয় ও আদিবাসীদের রোমাঞ্চকর অশ্বচালনা দেখানো হতো। এই শোর অন্যতম আকর্ষণ ছিলেন নির্ভুল নিশানাবাজ অ্যানি ওকলি।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে পূর্ব উপকূলের অভিজাত লেখক ও শিল্পীরা পশ্চিমা লোকগাথার প্রচার ও প্রসারে অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Christine Bold 20132&quot;&gt;Christine Bold, ''The Frontier Club: Popular Westerns and Cultural Power, 1880–1924'' (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; একজন ইতিহাসবিদ, অভিযাত্রী, শিকারি, খামারি এবং প্রকৃতিবিদ হিসেবে থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট এক্ষেত্রে বিশেষভাবে সক্রিয় ছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; তাদের কাজগুলো ''হার্পারস উইকলির'' মতো নামী জাতীয় ম্যাগাজিনগুলোতে প্রকাশিত হতো, যেখানে ফ্রেডরিক রেমিংটন এবং চার্লস এম. রাসেলের মতো শিল্পীদের আঁকা ছবি স্থান পেত। পাঠকরা ওয়েন উইস্টারের মতো লেখকদের অ্যাকশনধর্মী গল্পগুলো আগ্রহ নিয়ে কিনতেন, যা পুরানো পশ্চিমের এক জীবন্ত প্রতিচ্ছবি তুলে ধরত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; রেমিংটন সেই যুগের অবসান নিয়ে আক্ষেপ করে লিখেছিলেন যা তিনি নিজেই নথিবদ্ধ করতে সাহায্য করেছিলেন:
{{Blockquote|আমি জানতাম যে বন্য আরোহীরা এবং সেই জনশূন্য ভূমি চিরতরে হারিয়ে যেতে বসেছে... আমি আমেরিকার তিন শতাব্দীর ধোঁয়া, ধুলো আর ঘামের এক জীবন্ত এবং সশব্দ পরিসমাপ্তি দেখেছিলাম।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-first=Nicolas S.|editor-last=Witschi|title=A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gm0vRsG7jZ8C&amp;pg=PA271|year=2011|publisher=Wiley|page=271|isbn=978-1444396577}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== বিংশ শতাব্দীর চিত্রায়ন ===
[[চিত্র:SearchersPoster-BillGold.jpg|থাম্ব|''[[দ্য সার্চার্স]]'', ১৯৫৬ সালের একটি চলচ্চিত্র যেখানে ১৮৬০-এর দশকের জাতিগত সংঘাত চিত্রিত হয়েছে।]]
[[থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট]] পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এবং সীমান্ত নিয়ে অনেক বই লিখেছিলেন এবং প্রেসিডেন্ট থাকাকালীন সময়ে তিনি প্রায়ই এই বিষয়ের উল্লেখ করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষভাগ থেকে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো পশ্চিমে পর্যটন শিল্পের প্রচার শুরু করে। তারা পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বিভিন্ন দর্শনীয় স্থানে এবং বিশেষ করে [[ইয়েলোস্টোন জাতীয় উদ্যান|ইয়েলোস্টোন জাতীয় উদ্যানের]] মতো জাতীয় উদ্যানগুলোতে গাইডসহ ভ্রমণের ব্যবস্থা করত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমে আসা পর্যটক এবং কল্পকাহিনীর উৎসাহী পাঠক—উভয় পক্ষই সীমান্তের সেই দৃশ্যপটগুলো দারুণ উপভোগ করতেন। ১৯০০ সালের পর পশ্চিমা চলচ্চিত্রগুলি এর সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত উদাহরণ হয়ে ওঠে, যেমন জন ফোর্ডের অসংখ্য সিনেমা। তিনি বিশেষ করে মনুমেন্ট ভ্যালির সৌন্দর্যে মুগ্ধ ছিলেন। সমালোচক কিথ ফিপস বলেন, &quot;এর ১৩ বর্গকিলোমিটার (৫ বর্গমাইল) এলাকা দশকের পর দশক ধরে চলচ্চিত্র দর্শকদের মনে আমেরিকান পশ্চিমাঞ্চল সম্পর্কে এক বিশেষ ধারণা তৈরি করে দিয়েছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৬০-এর দশকের মাঝামাঝি সময়ে আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ নির্মাণের বীরত্বগাথাগুলো বহু সস্তা জনপ্রিয় উপন্যাসকে প্রাণবন্ত করে তুলেছিল। আধুনিকতার প্রতীক লোহার ঘোড়ার সাথে চিরচেনা প্রাকৃতিক পরিবেশের সহাবস্থান চিত্রিত করে সেই সময়কার বহু সংবাদপত্র ও ম্যাগাজিন সাজানো হতো।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

==== কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তি ====
এক শতাব্দীরও বেশি সময় ধরে কাউবয় আমেরিকার একটি আইকনিক ভাবমূর্তি হিসেবে দেশে এবং বিদেশে সমাদৃত হয়ে আসছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

হিদার কক্স রিচার্ডসন কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তির একটি রাজনৈতিক প্রেক্ষাপট নিয়ে যুক্তি দিয়েছেন:&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;গবাদি পশু শিল্পের প্রসারের সময়কালটি এমন ছিল যে কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তি এক অসাধারণ ক্ষমতা অর্জন করেছিল। যুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী বছরগুলোর জটিল রাজনীতির সাথে জড়িয়ে ডেমোক্র্যাটরা, বিশেষ করে পুরনো কনফেডারেসির লোকেরা, পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে এমন এক ভূমি হিসেবে কল্পনা করতেন যা তাঁদের অপছন্দের রিপাবলিকান রাজনীতিকদের প্রভাবমুক্ত। তাঁরা কাউবয়দের এমন এক মানুষ হিসেবে চিত্রিত করেছিলেন যারা কঠোর পরিশ্রম করে, প্রাণ খুলে আনন্দ করে, একটি নির্দিষ্ট সম্মানবোধ নিয়ে চলে, নিজেদের রক্ষা করে এবং সরকারের কাছে কিছুই দাবি করে না। ডেমোক্র্যাটিক সংবাদপত্র সম্পাদকদের হাতে কাউবয় জীবনের বাস্তব পরিস্থিতি—দারিদ্র্য, বিপদ, ক্লান্তিকর কর্মঘণ্টা—সবই রোমান্টিক হয়ে উঠেছিল। কাউবয়রা এমন সব গুণের প্রতীক হয়ে উঠেছিল যা ডেমোক্র্যাটদের মতে রিপাবলিকানরা অলস প্রাক্তন ক্রীতদাসদের তুষ্ট করার জন্য একটি দানবীয় সরকার তৈরির মাধ্যমে ধ্বংস করে দিচ্ছিল। ১৮৬০-এর দশকের মধ্যে গবাদি পশুর দীর্ঘ যাত্রাগুলো সমতল ভূমির দৃশ্যের একটি অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ হয়ে ওঠে এবং ডেমোক্র্যাটরা কাউবয়দের কঠোর ব্যক্তিগত স্বাধীনতার প্রতীকে পরিণত করেন, যা তাঁদের মতে রিপাবলিকানরা ধ্বংস করতে উদ্যত ছিল।&lt;/blockquote&gt;এই ভাবমূর্তির সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত প্রচারকদের মধ্যে ছিলেন খণ্ডকালীন কাউবয় এবং &quot;রাফ রাইডার&quot; প্রেসিডেন্ট থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট (১৮৫৮–১৯১৯)। তিনি ছিলেন একজন রিপাবলিকান যিনি &quot;কাউবয়&quot; শব্দটিকে আন্তর্জাতিকভাবে এক উদ্ধত এবং আক্রমণাত্মক আমেরিকানের সমার্থক করে তুলেছিলেন। তাঁর পরে আসেন ১৯২০-এর দশকের প্রধান কৌতুক অভিনেতা এবং দড়ি নিয়ে খেলা দেখানো উইল রজার্স (১৮৭৯–১৯৩৫)।

রুজভেল্ট গবাদি পশু পালনকারীকে (কাউবয়) স্থায়ী কৃষকের থেকে আলাদা এক সভ্যতার স্তর হিসেবে কল্পনা করেছিলেন এই থিমটি ১৯৪৪ সালের হলিউড হিট সিনেমাট ''ওকলাহোমা!'' -তে খুব সুন্দরভাবে প্রকাশিত হয়েছে যা কাউবয় এবং কৃষকদের মধ্যে দীর্ঘস্থায়ী সংঘাতকে তুলে ধরে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; রুজভেল্ট যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, কাউবয়দের মতো পৌরুষ এবং বাইরে বিভিন্ন শারীরিক কর্মকাণ্ড ও খেলাধুলা আমেরিকান পুরুষদের জন্য অপরিহার্য ছিল যাতে তাঁরা শহরের আরামদায়ক জীবনের ফলে তৈরি হওয়া অলসতা ও নৈতিক অবক্ষয় এড়াতে পারেন।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

ওকলাহোমার একজন চেরোকি বিচারকের ছেলে উইল রজার্স দড়ি নিয়ে খেলা এবং চমৎকার অশ্বচালনা দিয়ে শুরু করেছিলেন। কিন্তু ১৯১৯ সালের মধ্যে তিনি আবিষ্কার করেন যে দর্শকরা সাধারণ মানুষের প্রজ্ঞার উপস্থাপনে তাঁর বুদ্ধিমত্তায় আরও বেশি মুগ্ধ।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

আমেরিকান কাউবয়ের রোমান্টিক ভাবমূর্তি বৃদ্ধিতে অবদান রাখা অন্যদের মধ্যে রয়েছেন চার্লস সিরিঙ্গো (১৮৫৫–১৯২৮) এবং অ্যান্ডি অ্যাডামস (১৮৫৯–১৯৩৫)।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; সিরিঙ্গো ছিলেন একাধারে কাউবয়, পিঙ্কারটন গোয়েন্দা এবং পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় লেখক; তিনি প্রথম নির্ভরযোগ্য কাউবয় আত্মজীবনীকার। অ্যাডামস ১৮৮০-এর দশকে টেক্সাসের গবাদি পশু শিল্পে এবং ১৮৯০-এর দশকে রকি পর্বতে খনি শিল্পে কাজ করেছিলেন। ১৮৯৮ সালের একটি নাটকে টেক্সাসবাসীর ভুল চিত্রায়নে ক্ষুব্ধ হয়ে অ্যাডামস নিজের অভিজ্ঞতা থেকে নাটক, ছোটগল্প এবং উপন্যাস লিখতে শুরু করেন। তার ''দ্য লগ অফ আ কাউবয়'' (১৯০৩) গবাদি পশু ব্যবসার বিশেষ করে পশুপালের দীর্ঘ যাত্রার একটি ধ্রুপদী উপন্যাসে পরিণত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; এটি ১৮৮২ সালে টেক্সাস থেকে মন্টানা পর্যন্ত সার্কেল ডট নামক গবাদি পশুর পালের একটি কাল্পনিক যাত্রার বর্ণনা দেয় এবং কাউবয় জীবনের একটি প্রধান উৎসে পরিণত হয়। ১৯৬০-এর দশকে ইতিহাসবিদরা এই যাত্রার পথটি পুনরায় অনুসরণ করেন এবং এর নির্ভুলতা নিশ্চিত করেন। তার লেখাগুলো একদিকে যেমন খুঁটিনাটি বর্ণনার জন্য প্রশংসিত, অন্যদিকে সাহিত্যিক গুণের অভাবের জন্য সমালোচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; অনেকেই হাওয়ার্ড হকস পরিচালিত এবং জন ওয়েন ও মন্টগোমারি ক্লিফট অভিনীত &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwC38&quot;&gt;রেড রিভার&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (১৯৪৮) চলচ্চিত্রটিকে গবাদি পশুর যাত্রার একটি নির্ভরযোগ্য চিত্রায়ন হিসেবে বিবেচনা করেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

কাউবয়দের অনন্য দক্ষতাগুলো রোডিওর মাধ্যমে বিশেষভাবে ফুটিয়ে তোলা হয়। ১৮৮০-এর দশকে পশ্চিমে এটি একটি সংগঠিত রূপ পায় যখন বেশ কিছু শহর ভ্রমণকারী ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শো অনুসরণ করে বিভিন্ন উৎসবের আয়োজন করে যেখানে রোডিও কর্মকাণ্ড অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল। ১৯২০-এর দশকে পূর্বের বড় শহরগুলোতে কাউবয়দের প্রতিযোগিতার ফলে রোডিও ক্রীড়া হিসেবে জনপ্রিয় হয়ে ওঠে। ট্রেইল কাউবয়রা যারা জন ওয়েসলি হার্ডিন, লিউক শর্ট এবং অন্যদের মতো বন্দুকধারী বা &quot;গানফাইটার&quot; হিসেবেও পরিচিত ছিলেন, তাঁরা তাঁদের পিস্তল ও অন্যান্য আগ্নেয়াস্ত্র চালনায় দক্ষতা এবং গতির জন্য বিখ্যাত ছিলেন। সময়ের সাথে সাথে তাঁদের হিংস্র কর্মকাণ্ড এবং খ্যাতি &quot;কাউবয় হিরো&quot; বা বীর কাউবয়ের সেই গতানুগতিক সহিংস ভাবমূর্তিতে রূপান্তরিত হয়েছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Watts2&quot;&gt;Linda S. Watts, ''Encyclopedia of American Folklore'' (2007) pp.&amp;nbsp;36, 224, 252&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== পশ্চিমের নীতি ===
আমেরিকান পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের ইতিহাসবিদরা পৌরাণিক পশ্চিমাঞ্চল নিয়ে অনেক লিখেছেন; যা মূলত পশ্চিমা সাহিত্য, শিল্পকলা এবং মানুষের যৌথ স্মৃতির একটি সংমিশ্রণ।&lt;ref name=&quot;Milner MT Shared Memory&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Milner, II|প্রথমাংশ=Clyde A.|তারিখ=Winter 1987|শিরোনাম=The Shard Memory of Montana Pioneers|ইউআরএল=https://archive.org/details/sim_montana-the-magazine-of-western-history_winter-1987_37_1/page/n3|সাময়িকী=Montana: The Magazine of Western History|খণ্ড=37|সংখ্যা নং=1|পাতাসমূহ=2–13|jstor=4519027}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই বিষয়টি &quot;কাল্পনিক পশ্চিমাঞ্চল&quot; হিসেবে পরিচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;পশ্চিমের নীতিসংহিতা&quot; ছিল একটি অলিখিত এবং সামাজিকভাবে স্বীকৃত অনানুষ্ঠানিক নিয়মাবলী, যা পুরানো পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের কাউবয় সংস্কৃতিকে গড়ে তুলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; সময়ের সাথে সাথে কাউবয়রা নিজেদের একটি স্বতন্ত্র সংস্কৃতি গড়ে তোলেন, যা ছিল বিভিন্ন মূল্যবোধের সংমিশ্রণ এবং এমনকি সেখানে বীরত্ব ও সৌজন্যবোধের অবশিষ্টাংশও বিদ্যমান ছিল। বিচ্ছিন্ন পরিবেশে এমন ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ কাজ তাঁদের মধ্যে আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা এবং ব্যক্তিবাদের ঐতিহ্য তৈরি করেছিল, যেখানে ব্যক্তিগত সততাকে অনেক গুরুত্ব দেওয়া হতো। এই গুণগুলো বিভিন্ন গান এবং কাউবয় কবিতায় বিশেষভাবে ফুটে উঠেছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;CattleKings2412&quot;&gt;[[Lewis Eldon Atherton|Atherton, Lewis E]] ''The Cattle Kings'', (University of Nebraska Press 1961) pp.&amp;nbsp;241–262.&lt;/ref&gt; এই নীতিসংহিতার মধ্যে বন্দুকধারীরাও অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিলেন, যারা বিরোধ মেটানোর জন্য এবং দ্বৈরথের ক্ষেত্রে মাঝেমধ্যে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের প্রাচীন দ্বৈরথের নিয়মাবলী অনুসরণ করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Willy&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|তারিখ=November 16, 2009|প্রকাশক=History.com|শিরোনাম=Wild Bill Hickok fights first western showdown|ইউআরএল=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/wild-bill-hickok-fights-first-western-showdown|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=October 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে দেখা যাওয়া বিচারবহির্ভূত বিচার যেমন [[গণপিটুনি]], ভিজিলান্টিজম এবং বন্দুকযুদ্ধ যা পরবর্তীতে পশ্চিমা ঘরানার সাহিত্য ও চলচ্চিত্রের মাধ্যমে জনপ্রিয় হয়েছে—আধুনিক সময়ে ''সীমান্তবর্তী অঞ্চলের বিচারের'' উদাহরণ হিসেবে পরিচিত।&lt;ref name=&quot;wyatt_kingseed2&quot;&gt;Wyatt Kingseed, &quot;Teddy Roosevelt's Frontier Justice&quot;. ''American History'' 36 (2002): pp.&amp;nbsp;22–28.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস লিখনধারা ==

ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নারের অসংখ্য ছাত্র পশ্চিমা অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলোর ইতিহাস বিভাগে অধ্যাপক হয়েছিলেন এবং তার চিন্তাধারায় প্রভাবিত হয়ে সীমান্তের ওপর পাঠদান করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; পণ্ডিতরা সীমান্তের অনেক লোকগাথাকে খণ্ডন করেছেন, কিন্তু সেগুলো তবুও সামাজিক ঐতিহ্য, লোককাহিনি এবং কল্পকাহিনিতে টিকে আছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯৭০-এর দশকে প্রথাগত সীমান্ত গবেষণা এবং &quot;নব্য পশ্চিমা ইতিহাসের&quot; মধ্যে ইতিহাস লিখনধারা নিয়ে একটি বিবাদ শুরু হয়। প্রথাগত গবেষণা পুরো আমেরিকান ইতিহাস ও সংস্কৃতির ওপর সীমান্তের প্রভাবকে গুরুত্ব দেয়, যেখানে &quot;নব্য পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস&quot; ভৌগোলিক ও সময়ের কাঠামোকে সংকুচিত করে ১৮৫০ পরবর্তী মিসিসিপি-পারবর্তী পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের ওপর আলোকপাত করে। এটি &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; শব্দটি এড়িয়ে চলে এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ সংস্কৃতির সাথে আদিবাসী ও হিস্পানিকদের মতো গোষ্ঠীগুলোর সাংস্কৃতিক মিথস্ক্রিয়ার ওপর জোর দেয়। সান ডিয়েগো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ইতিহাসের অধ্যাপক উইলিয়াম উইকস যুক্তি দেন যে এই &quot;নব্য পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস&quot; পদ্ধতিতে:

{{Blockquote|কারা খারাপ লোক তা বলা সহজ—তারা প্রায় সবসময়ই শ্বেতাঙ্গ, পুরুষ এবং মধ্যবিত্ত বা তার চেয়ে উচ্চবিত্ত, অন্যদিকে ভালো লোকরা প্রায় সবসময়ই অ-শ্বেতাঙ্গ, নারী বা নিম্নবিত্ত শ্রেণীর... অ্যাংলো-আমেরিকান সভ্যতাকে পিতৃতান্ত্রিক, বর্ণবাদী, গণহত্যাকারী এবং পরিবেশ ধ্বংসকারী হিসেবে উপস্থাপন করা হয়; সেইসাথে অভিযোগ করা হয় যে তারা ভণ্ডামির মাধ্যমে সেইসব আদর্শের সাথে বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা করেছে যার ওপর ভিত্তি করে এই সভ্যতা গড়ে ওঠার কথা ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=William E. |last=Weeks|chapter=American Expansionism, 1815–1860|editor-first=Robert D.|editor-last=Schulzinger|title=A Companion to American Foreign Relations|publisher=Blackwell|date=2006|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_jk8rKq5_MC&amp;pg=PA65|page=65|isbn=978-0470999035}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

২০০৫ সালের মধ্যে স্টিভেন অ্যারন যুক্তি দেন যে উভয় পক্ষই তাদের &quot;তাত্ত্বিক যুক্তি এবং সমালোচনার ক্ষেত্রে একটি ভারসাম্যপূর্ণ অবস্থায় পৌঁছেছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; তবে তারপর থেকে আমেরিকান সীমান্ত এবং পশ্চিমা আঞ্চলিক ইতিহাসের ক্ষেত্রটি ক্রমশ আরও অন্তর্ভুক্তিমূলক হয়ে উঠেছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;WHA 2024&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Western History Association – 2024 Kansas City|ইউআরএল=https://www.westernhistory.org/2024|ওয়েবসাইট=westernhistory.org}}{{অকার্যকর সংযোগ|তারিখ=এপ্রিল ২০২৬ |bot=InternetArchiveBot |ঠিক করার প্রচেষ্টা=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[উইকিপিডিয়া:তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন|&lt;span title=&quot;while this claim seems to be a given, more reliable, independent sources are needed (November 2023)&quot;&gt;অতিরিক্ত উদ্ধৃতি প্রয়োজন&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতির ২০২৪ সালের একটি বিবৃতিতে এই ক্ষেত্রের সাম্প্রতিক দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি ফুটে উঠেছে:

{{Blockquote|পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতি একসময় শ্বেতাঙ্গ পুরুষ পণ্ডিতদের দ্বারা নিয়ন্ত্রিত ছিল যারা সাধারণত বিজয়োল্লাসধর্মী ইতিহাস লিখতেন। আমরা এখন আর সেই সংস্থা নই। আমরা এখন প্রথাগত সম্প্রসারণের কাহিনী থেকে ইতিপূর্বে বাদ পড়া অনেক সম্প্রদায়ের সদস্যদের নিয়ে যুগান্তকারী গবেষণা পরিচালনা করছি। এই নতুন কাজ এবং লেখকরা পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতি, মার্কিন পশ্চিমের ইতিহাস এবং সামগ্রিকভাবে এই পেশাকে রূপান্তরিত করেছেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;WHA 2024&quot;/&gt;}}

ইতিমধ্যে, সীমান্ত ইতিহাস লিখনধারা থেকে অনেকাংশেই পরিবেশগত ইতিহাসের উদ্ভব ঘটেছে, যার ফলে এটি বন্যভূমির ওপর গুরুত্ব দেয়।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্ত গবেষণায় এটি ক্রমশ বড় ভূমিকা পালন করছে&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; ইতিহাসবিদরা পরিবেশকে দুটি দৃষ্টিভঙ্গিতে দেখেন। প্রথম গোষ্ঠী পরিবেশের ওপর মানুষের প্রভাবকে গুরুত্ব দেয়; দ্বিতীয় গোষ্ঠী পরিবেশের প্রভাবকে দেখে। উইলিয়াম ক্রোনন যুক্তি দিয়েছেন যে টার্নারের ১৮৯৩ সালের বিখ্যাত প্রবন্ধটি ছিল ভ্রূণ অবস্থায় থাকা পরিবেশগত ইতিহাস। এটি বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের আকৃষ্ট ও রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে মুক্ত জমির বিশাল শক্তির ওপর জোর দিয়েছিল, যা বন্যভূমি থেকে সভ্যতায় রূপান্তর ঘটায়।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt;

সাংবাদিক স্যামুয়েল লুবেল টার্নারের বর্ণিত অভিবাসীদের মার্কিনীকরণ এবং পরবর্তীকালে বড় শহরগুলোতে অভিবাসীদের ধনী পাড়ায় চলে যাওয়ার মাধ্যমে সামাজিক পদমর্যাদায় উত্তরণের মধ্যে মিল খুঁজে পেয়েছেন। তিনি পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় জমি উন্মুক্ত করার ক্ষেত্রে রেলপথের প্রভাবকে শহুরে পরিবহন ব্যবস্থা এবং অটোমোবাইলের সাথে তুলনা করেছেন; এবং সামাজিক মর্যাদা প্রত্যাশী দরিদ্র শহরবাসীদের সাথে পশ্চিমা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের &quot;জমির ক্ষুধা&quot;-র তুলনা করেছেন। ঠিক যেমন রিপাবলিকান পার্টি সীমান্তে বসতি স্থাপন করা &quot;পুরানো&quot; অভিবাসী গোষ্ঠীগুলোর সমর্থন থেকে লাভবান হয়েছিল, তেমনি &quot;নতুন&quot; শহুরে অভিবাসীরা ডেমোক্র্যাটিক &quot;নিউ ডিল জোটের&quot; একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অংশ হয়ে ওঠে যা ১৯৩২ সালের প্রেসিডেন্ট নির্বাচনে [[ফ্রাঙ্কলিন ডি. রুজভেল্ট|ফ্র্যাঙ্কলিন ডেলানো রুজভেল্টের]] বিজয়ের মাধ্যমে শুরু হয়েছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;lubell1956&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=The Future of American Politics|শেষাংশ=Lubell|প্রথমাংশ=Samuel|বছর=1956|প্রকাশক=Anchor Press|পাতাসমূহ=65–68, 82–83|ol=6193934M|সংস্করণ=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

নিউ মেক্সিকো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ইতিহাস বিভাগ এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস ১৯৬০-এর দশক থেকে গবেষণার একটি সক্রিয় কেন্দ্র হিসেবে কাজ করছে। সেখানকার শীর্ষস্থানীয় ইতিহাসবিদদের মধ্যে রয়েছেন জেরাল্ড ডি. ন্যাশ, ডোনাল্ড সি. কাটার, রিচার্ড এন. এলিস, রিচার্ড এটুলিন, ফেরেঙ্ক সাজ, মার্গারেট কনেল-সাজ, পল হাটন, ভার্জিনিয়া স্কার্ফ এবং স্যামুয়েল ট্রুয়েট। এই বিভাগটি অন্যান্য বিভাগের সাথে সহযোগিতা করে এবং দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় আঞ্চলিকতা, দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমের সংখ্যালঘু গোষ্ঠী এবং ইতিহাস লিখনধারার ওপর গুরুত্ব দেয়।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt;

== ব্যাখ্যামূলক টীকা ==
{{সূত্র তালিকা|দল=nb}}
== তথ্যসূত্র ==
{{মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাস}}&lt;gallery widths=&quot;210&quot; heights=&quot;145&quot;&gt;
চিত্র:United_States_1789-03-1789-08.png|alt=1789: The new nation| ১৭৮৯: নতুন জাতি
চিত্র:United_States_1819-12-1820.png|alt=1819–1820: Post-War of 1812| ১৮১৯–১৮২০: ১৮১২ সালের যুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী
চিত্র:United_States_1845-12-1846-06.png|alt=1845–1846: Before Mexican–American War| ১৮৪৫–১৮৪৬: মেক্সিকান-আমেরিকান যুদ্ধের আগে
চিত্র:United_States_1859-1860.png|alt=1859–1860: Pre-Civil War Expansion| ১৮৫৯–১৮৬০: গৃহযুদ্ধ-পূর্ব সম্প্রসারণ
চিত্র:United_States_1884-1889-11-02.png|alt=1884–1889: Post–Civil War expansion| ১৮৮৪-১৮৮৯: গৃহযুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী সম্প্রসারণ
চিত্র:United_States_1912-08-1959-01.png|alt=1912: Contiguous US, all states| ১৯১২: সংলগ্ন মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, সমস্ত রাজ্য
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== কালানুক্রম ==
ইতিহাসবিদদের মধ্যে এই সীমান্ত যুগের শুরু এবং শেষ কবে হয়েছিল এবং এর প্রধান উপ-বিভাগগুলো কী কী ছিল, তা নিয়ে দীর্ঘকাল ধরে বিতর্ক চলেছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian W. Dippie 19892&quot;&gt;Brian W. Dippie, &quot;American Wests: historiographical perspectives.&quot; ''American Studies International'' 27.2 (1989): 3–25.&lt;/ref&gt; উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ১৮৬৫ সালে [[মার্কিন গৃহযুদ্ধ]] শেষ হওয়ার পর থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারি পর্যন্ত সময়কালকে ইতিহাসবিদরা অনেক সময় ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট বা প্রাচীন পশ্চিমা উপ-যুগ হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেন। এই সময়ে আদমশুমারির সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট উইলিয়াম রাশ মেরিয়াম ঘোষণা করেছিলেন যে, [[মার্কিন জনশুমারি দপ্তর|মার্কিন আদমশুমারি ব্যুরো]] ১৮৯০ সালের পর থেকে তাদের আদমশুমারির তালিকায় পশ্চিমী সীমান্তের জনবসতি রেকর্ড করা বন্ধ করে দেবে।&lt;ref name=&quot;porter&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Turner, Frederick Jackson 1920 293&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে তার পরবর্তী উত্তরসূরিরা ১৯২০ সালের আদমশুমারি পর্যন্ত এই ব্যবস্থা জারি রেখেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Population, Plate No. 3&quot;/&gt;

[[লাইব্রেরি অফ কংগ্রেস|কংগ্রেসের লাইব্রেরি]] এবং [[অক্সফোর্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] সহ আরও অনেকে এই সময়ের ব্যাপ্তি সম্পর্কে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন মত পোষণ করেন যা ১৯০০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত। সাধারণত [[প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ|প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধে]] আমেরিকার যোগদানের আগের প্রথম দুই দশক পর্যন্ত সময়কে এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত ধরা হয়।{{R|LOC TAW}}&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৫০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯১৯ সাল পর্যন্ত সময়কালটি &quot;দ্য ওয়েস্টার্ন সিভিল ওয়ার অফ ইনকর্পোরেশন&quot; বা অন্তর্ভুক্তিকরণ সংক্রান্ত পশ্চিমা গৃহযুদ্ধ নামে পরিচিত ছিল। এই যুগে এমন কিছু ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা ঘটেছিল যা মূলত প্রাচীন পশ্চিম বা &quot;ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টের&quot; মূল বৈশিষ্ট্যের সাথে মিলে যায়। এর মধ্যে উল্লেখযোগ্য হলো সীমান্ত এলাকায় নতুন বসতি স্থাপনের ফলে উদ্ভূত সহিংস সংঘাত, আদিবাসীদের উচ্ছেদ ও তাদের মূলধারার সাথে একীভূত করার চেষ্টা এবং বড় কর্পোরেশন ও সরকারের অধীনে সম্পত্তির কেন্দ্রীভূতকরণ। এ ছাড়াও সেই সময়ে সাধারণ মানুষের আইন হাতে তুলে নেওয়া এবং অপরাধীদের ওপর আইন প্রয়োগের আপ্রাণ চেষ্টার মতো ঘটনাগুলোও এই সময়ের অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

৮৯০ সালে আদমশুমারির সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট উইলিয়াম রাশ মেরিয়াম একটি মন্তব্য করেছিলেন। তিনি বলেছিলেন: &quot;১৮৮০ সাল পর্যন্ত এই দেশে একটি নির্দিষ্ট ভূখণ্ডগত সীমান্ত ছিল। কিন্তু বর্তমানে জনশূন্য এলাকাগুলো বিচ্ছিন্ন জনবসতির কারণে এত ছোট ছোট অংশে বিভক্ত হয়ে পড়েছে যে, সেখানে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সীমান্ত রেখা আছে বলে মনে হয় না। তাই এর পরিধি এবং পশ্চিম দিকে এর অগ্রসর হওয়ার মতো বিষয়গুলো আদমশুমারির প্রতিবেদনে আর অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা যাবে না।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তা সত্ত্বেও [[commons:File:Distribution_of_US_Rural_Population_during_1900.pdf|১৯০০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারিতে]] পশ্চিমমুখী সীমান্ত রেখাটি প্রদর্শন করা হয়েছিল এবং তাঁর উত্তরসূরিরা এই ধারা বজায় রেখেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{উদ্ধৃতি |last=United States. Bureau of the Census |title=Statistical Atlases of the United States Series |url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/series/statistical-atlases-united-states-series-5578 |access-date=2024-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; তবে ১৯১০ সালের মার্কিন আদমশুমারির সময় পর্যন্ত এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটি এতটাই সংকুচিত হয়ে পড়েছিল যে, সেখানে পশ্চিমের দিকে এগোতে থাকা কোনো একক জনবসতি রেখা অবশিষ্ট ছিল না।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথম দুই দশকে বিপুল সংখ্যক মানুষ কৃষি কাজের জন্য জমি দখল করে বসতি গড়তে শুরু করেন। এই সময়ের মধ্যে গৃহহীনদের দেওয়া জমির পরিমাণ উনিশ শতকের মোট বরাদ্দের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি ছিল। মনে করা হয় যে, এই কারণেই উন্মুক্ত জমির পরিমাণ উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে হ্রাস পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

''সীমান্ত'' জনবসতি এলাকার প্রান্তসীমায় অবস্থিত একটি সংযোগকারী অঞ্চল। তাত্ত্বিক ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটিই ছিল মার্কিন সভ্যতা গঠনের মূল কেন্দ্রস্থল। তিনি জোরালোভাবে বলেছিলেন, &quot;সীমান্ত এলাকাটি মার্কিন জনগণের জন্য একটি মিশ্র জাতীয়তা গঠনের প্রক্রিয়াকে ত্বরান্বিত করেছে।&quot;। তিনি একে একটি উন্নয়নমূলক প্রক্রিয়া হিসেবে তাত্ত্বিকভাবে ব্যাখ্যা করেছিলেন। তাঁর মতে, &quot;আমেরিকান জীবনের এই চিরস্থায়ী পুনর্জন্ম, এর প্রবহমানতা এবং পশ্চিম দিকে এই যে ক্রমাগত বিস্তার, এগুলোই আসলে মার্কিন ...চরিত্র গঠনে মূল শক্তি হিসেবে কাজ করে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯৩ সাল থেকে টার্নারের এই ধারণাগুলো পরবর্তী প্রজন্মের অনেক ইতিহাসবিদ ও সমালোচককে আমেরিকার বিভিন্ন সীমান্ত অঞ্চল নিয়ে গবেষণা করতে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছে। তবে সাধারণ মানুষের কাছে সীমান্ত বলতে মূলত [[মিসিসিপি নদী|মিসিসিপি নদীর]] পশ্চিমে অবস্থিত আদিবাসীদের জমি দখল এবং সেখানে বসতি স্থাপনের কাহিনীকেই বোঝায়। বর্তমানের  [[মধ্যপশ্চিম যুক্তরাষ্ট্র|মধ্য-পশ্চিম]], [[টেক্সাস]], [[গ্রেট প্লেইনস]], [[রকি পর্বতমালা]], দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চল এবং পশ্চিম উপকূলীয় এলাকাগুলো এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর দ্বিতীয়ার্ধ থেকে বিংশ শতাব্দীর শুরু পর্যন্ত, অর্থাৎ ১৮৫০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯১০-এর দশক পর্যন্ত আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এবং বিশেষ করে দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলের প্রতি মানুষের ব্যাপক আগ্রহ তৈরি হয়েছিল। তৎকালীন বিভিন্ন প্রচারমাধ্যমে সেই সময়ের রোমান্টিকতা, অরাজকতা এবং বিশৃঙ্খল সহিংসতার চিত্রগুলো অনেক বেশি নাটকীয়ভাবে এবং অতিরঞ্জিত করে উপস্থাপন করা হতো। এই বিষয়গুলোই পরবর্তীকালে চলচ্চিত্র জগতের ওয়েস্টার্ন বা পশ্চিমা ঘরানাকে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছিল। এর পাশাপাশি টেলিভিশন শো, উপন্যাস, কমিক বই, ভিডিও গেম এবং এমনকি শিশুদের খেলনা ও পোশাকেও এই ঘরানার প্রভাব লক্ষ্য করা যায়।

হাইন এবং ফ্যারাঘারের দেওয়া সংজ্ঞা অনুযায়ী, &quot;সীমান্তের ইতিহাস আসলে বিভিন্ন গোষ্ঠী বা সম্প্রদায় তৈরি এবং তাদের রক্ষার কাহিনী। এটি ভূমির ব্যবহার, নতুন নতুন ফসলের চাষাবাদ, হোটেল নির্মাণ এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্য গঠনের গল্প।&quot; তাঁরা আরও ব্যাখ্যা করে বলেছেন যে, &quot;এটি যেমন জয়ের কাহিনী, তেমনই এটি টিকে থাকা, ধৈর্য এবং বিভিন্ন জাতি ও সংস্কৃতির মিলনের গল্প যা আমেরিকাকে জন্ম দিয়েছে এবং আজও সচল রেখেছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; টার্নার নিজেও বারবার উল্লেখ করেছেন যে, নতুন খামার তৈরির জন্য &quot;মুক্ত জমি&quot;র সহজলভ্যতা কীভাবে আমেরিকানদের এই অভিযানে আকৃষ্ট করেছিল। তিনি লিখেছিলেন, &quot;একটি নির্দিষ্ট মুক্ত জমির অস্তিত্ব, এর ক্রমাগত অপসরণ এবং পশ্চিমের দিকে মার্কিন জনবসতির অগ্রগমনই আসলে আমেরিকার সামগ্রিক উন্নয়নের মূল রহস্য।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বিদেশি রাষ্ট্র এবং স্থানীয় আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের সাথে স্বাক্ষরিত বিভিন্ন চুক্তি, রাজনৈতিক সমঝোতা, সামরিক অভিযান এবং আইন-শৃঙ্খলা প্রতিষ্ঠার মাধ্যমে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এক বিশাল সাম্রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়। খামার, গবাদি পশুর চারণভূমি ও নতুন শহর নির্মাণ এবং খনি খনন ও যাতায়াতের পথ তৈরির পাশাপাশি দলে দলে অভিবাসীদের আগমনের ফলে আমেরিকার সীমানা এক উপকূল থেকে অন্য উপকূলে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে। এর মাধ্যমেই শেষ পর্যন্ত ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি বা বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্যের আদর্শটি সফল হয়েছিল। ১৮৯৩ সালে তাঁর বিখ্যাত &quot;ফ্রন্টিয়ার থিসিস&quot; বা সীমান্ত তত্ত্বে টার্নার উল্লেখ করেছিলেন যে, এই সীমান্ত এলাকাটি ছিল এমন এক পরিবর্তনের প্রক্রিয়া যা ইউরোপীয়দের এক নতুন জাতি অর্থাৎ আমেরিকানদের রূপান্তরিত করেছিল। এই নতুন জাতির জীবনবোধ ছিল সাম্য, গণতন্ত্র এবং আশাবাদের ওপর ভিত্তি করে তৈরি। এর পাশাপাশি [[ব্যক্তিস্বাতন্ত্র্যবাদ|ব্যক্তিগতস্বাতন্ত্র্য]], আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা এবং ক্ষেত্রবিশেষে সহিংসতার মতো বৈশিষ্ট্যগুলোও তাদের চরিত্রের অংশ হয়ে উঠেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Distribution_of_US_Rural_Population_during_1900.pdf|থাম্ব|১৯০০ সালে মার্কিন আদমশুমারির মানচিত্র যেখানে বসতি স্থাপনের পরিমাণ এবং সীমান্তরেখা দেখানো হয়েছে]]
[[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র|মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের]] নির্ধারিত সীমান্ত রেখার বাইরে যে সমস্ত অনুন্নত বা অবিকশিত ভূখণ্ড ছিল, মূলত সেগুলোকেই ফ্রন্টিয়ার বা সীমান্ত এলাকা হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[মার্কিন জনশুমারি দপ্তর|মার্কিন আদমশুমারি ব্যুরো]] সীমান্ত অঞ্চল হিসেবে সাধারণত এমন জনশূন্য ভূখণ্ডকে চিহ্নিত করত, যেখানে জনঘনত্ব প্রতি বর্গমাইলে ২ জনেরও কম (প্রতি বর্গকিলোমিটারে ০.৭৭ জন)। এই জমিগুলোতে ইউরোপীয়-আমেরিকানদের বসতি স্থাপনের শেষ প্রান্তিক সীমানাটিই সীমান্ত রেখা হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৬০০-এর দশক থেকে ১৯০০-এর দশক পর্যন্ত এই রেখাটি [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পূর্ব উপকূল|পূর্ব উপকূলের]] প্রথম স্থায়ী ইউরোপীয় বসতি থেকে শুরু করে ক্রমাগত পশ্চিম দিকে অগ্রসর হয়েছে। তবে ক্ষেত্রবিশেষে এই রেখাটি উত্তরে মেইন এবং নিউ হ্যাম্পশায়ারের দিকে, দক্ষিণে ফ্লোরিডার দিকে এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া থেকে পূর্ব দিকে নেভাদার দিকেও সরে গিয়েছিল।

কখনও কখনও মূল সীমান্ত রেখা অতিক্রম করে অনেক দূরেও জনবসতি গড়ে উঠতে দেখা যেত। বিশেষ করে পশ্চিম উপকূলীয় অঞ্চল এবং দেশের গভীর অভ্যন্তরীণ অংশে যথাক্রমে [[লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেস]] এবং [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটির]] মতো শহরগুলোতে এমন বিচ্ছিন্ন জনবসতি লক্ষ করা যেত। সেই সীমানার কাছাকাছি সদ্য বসতি গড়ে তোলা এলাকাগুলোকেই মূলত &quot;ওয়েস্ট&quot; বা পশ্চিম বলা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই কারণে [[মধ্যপশ্চিম যুক্তরাষ্ট্র|মধ্য-পশ্চিম]] এবং মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের বেশ কিছু এলাকাকে বর্তমানে 'পশ্চিমাঞ্চল' হিসেবে গণ্য করা না হলেও, আধুনিক পশ্চিমা রাজ্যগুলোর মতো এই অঞ্চলগুলোতেও এক সময়ের সীমান্ত ঐতিহ্যের ছাপ রয়ে গিয়েছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamar1977&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; রিচার্ড ডব্লিউ স্ল্যাটা সীমান্তের বিষয়ে তাঁর নিজস্ব অভিমত প্রকাশ করতে গিয়ে লিখেছেন যে, &quot;ইতিহাসবিদরা অনেক সময় মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে ''৯৮তম [[দ্রাঘিমারেখা|মেরিডিয়ান]]'' বা ৯৮° পশ্চিম [[দ্রাঘিমাংশ|দ্রাঘিমাংশের]] পশ্চিমে অবস্থিত ভূখণ্ড হিসেবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করেন,&quot; এবং এই অঞ্চলটির অন্যান্য সংজ্ঞায় &quot;মিসিসিপি বা মিসৌরি নদীর পশ্চিমে অবস্থিত সমস্ত জমিকেও অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা হয়েছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অঞ্চলগুলির মানচিত্র ==
{{Blockquote|তাদের হিসেবে, মার্কিন সরকারের অধীনে &quot;আদিবাসীদের&quot; সাথে ৪০টিরও বেশি যুদ্ধ হয়েছে। এতে প্রায় ১৯,০০০ শ্বেতাঙ্গ পুরুষ, মহিলা এবং শিশু প্রাণ হারিয়েছেন যার মধ্যে ব্যক্তিগত লড়াইয়ে নিহতরাও অন্তর্ভুক্ত। অন্যদিকে প্রায় ৩০,০০০ আদিবাসী এই যুদ্ধে মারা গেছেন। তবে নিহত ও আহত আদিবাসীদের প্রকৃত সংখ্যা এই হিসাবের চেয়ে অনেক বেশি হওয়া স্বাভাবিক... অতিরিক্ত পঞ্চাশ শতাংশ যোগ করলে তা একটি নির্ভরযোগ্য অনুমান হতে পারে...&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Bureau of the Census|title=Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWkUAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA637|year=1894|page=637|publisher=Norman Ross Pub. |isbn=978-0883544624}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
চাবি:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{Legend inline|ffcccc|States}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== ইতিহাস ==

=== ঔপনিবেশিক সীমান্ত ===
{{Blockquote|সীমান্তের এই সেনাবাহিনী ছিল একটি প্রথাগত সামরিক শক্তি যারা চিরাচরিত যুদ্ধরীতি ব্যবহার করে এমন একদল মানুষকে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করার চেষ্টা করছিল যাদের আচরণ সাধারণ শত্রুর মতো ছিল না। এমনকি প্রকৃতপক্ষে তারা অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রেই আমেরিকার শত্রু ছিল না। সামরিক বাহিনীর জন্য এটিই হলো সবচেয়ে কঠিনতম দায়িত্ব, তা সে আফ্রিকা বা এশিয়াতেই হোক কিংবা আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Robert M.|last=Utley|title=Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojYrdQ-IBaMC&amp;pg=PA411|year=1984|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|page=411|isbn=0803295510}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
১৭৭৬ সালের আগের ঔপনিবেশিক যুগে, বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং রাজনীতিবিদের কাছে পশ্চিমাঞ্চল ছিল অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বিষয়। ১৬০৭ সালে ইংরেজরা যখন ভার্জিনিয়ার জেমসটাউন অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপন করে, মূলত তখনই মার্কিন সীমান্তের জয়যাত্রা শুরু হয়। আটলান্টিক উপকূলে ইউরোপীয়দের বসতি স্থাপনের শুরুর দিনগুলোতে, অর্থাৎ প্রায় ১৬৮০ সাল পর্যন্ত, আটলান্টিক উপকূলের বিদ্যমান জনবসতির বাইরের মহাদেশের অভ্যন্তরীণ যেকোনো অংশই মূলত সীমান্ত হিসেবে গণ্য হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ইংরেজি, ফরাসি, স্প্যানিশ এবং ডাচদের সীমানা বিস্তার ও বসতি স্থাপনের ধরণগুলো ছিল একে অপরের থেকে বেশ আলাদা। মাত্র কয়েক হাজার ফরাসি নাগরিক কানাডায় পাড়ি দিয়েছিলেন; এই অধিবাসীরা  [[সেন্ট লরেন্স নদী]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;বরাবর বিভিন্ন গ্রামে বসতি স্থাপন করেন এবং সেখানে দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে স্থিতিশীল সম্প্রদায় গড়ে তোলেন। যদিও ফরাসি পশম ব্যবসায়ীরা গ্রেট লেকস এবং মধ্য-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলে ব্যাপকভাবে ঘুরে বেড়াতেন, কিন্তু তাঁরা খুব কমই স্থায়ীভাবে সেখানে বসবাস শুরু করতেন। ফরাসিদের বসতি ইলিনয়ের কাসকাসকিয়ার মতো গুটি কয়েক অত্যন্ত ছোট গ্রাম এবং [[নিউ অর্লিন্স|নিউ অরলিন্সের]] আশেপাশের একটি বড় জনপদেই সীমাবদ্ধ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বর্তমানে যা নিউ ইয়র্ক স্টেট নামে পরিচিত, সেখানে ওলন্দাজরা হাডসন রিভার ভ্যালিতে পশম ব্যবসার কেন্দ্র স্থাপন করেছিল। এরপরে তারা ধনী ভূস্বামীদের বড় বড় জমি অনুদান দেয়, যারা আবার সেখানে ভাড়াটে কৃষকদের নিয়ে আসে। এই কৃষকরাই পরবর্তীতে নিবিড় এবং স্থায়ী গ্রাম গড়ে তোলে। তারা আপস্টেট নিউ ইয়র্কে ঘন গ্রামীণ জনবসতি তৈরি করলেও, পশ্চিমের দিকে খুব একটা অগ্রসর হয়নি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭০০ সালের দিকে উত্তরের যে অঞ্চলগুলো সীমান্ত পর্যায়ে ছিল, সেখানে সাধারণত উন্নত যোগাযোগ ব্যবস্থা ছিল না। ফলে বাণিজ্যিক কৃষিকাজের সুযোগও সেখানে ছিল বেশ কম। এই এলাকাগুলো মূলত জীবনধারণের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় কৃষিকাজের ওপরই নির্ভরশীল ছিল। এর ফলে ১৭৬০-এর দশকের মধ্যে এই সমাজগুলো অত্যন্ত [[সমানাধিকারবাদ|সাম্যবাদী]] হয়ে ওঠে, যা ইতিহাসবিদ জ্যাকসন টার্নার মেইন ব্যাখ্যা করেছেন:
{{প্রশস্ত চিত্র|Denver Colorado 1898 - LOC - restoration1.jpg|783px|Panorama of [[Denver]] circa 1898}}
দক্ষিণাঞ্চলে [[অ্যাপালাচীয় পর্বতমালা|অ্যাপালাচিয়ান]] পর্বতমালা অঞ্চলের মতো যে সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোতে উন্নত যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থা ছিল না, সেগুলো জীবনধারণ ভিত্তিক কৃষিকাজের ওপরই নির্ভরশীল ছিল। উত্তরের মতো এই অঞ্চলগুলোও অনেকটা সাম্যবাদী ছিল, যদিও এখানে দাসমালিকদের একটি তুলনামূলক বড় উচ্চবিত্ত শ্রেণি বিদ্যমান ছিল। উত্তর ক্যারোলিনা ছিল এর একটি আদর্শ উদাহরণ। তবে ১৭০০ সালের দিকে যে সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোর সাথে উন্নত নদীপথের যোগাযোগ ছিল, সেগুলো ধীরে ধীরে বাগান ভিত্তিক কৃষিনির্ভর এলাকায় রূপান্তরিত হতে থাকে। বিত্তবানরা সেখানে এসে ভালো জমিগুলো কিনে নিতেন এবং দাসদের দিয়ে সেই জমিতে কাজ করাতেন। এর ফলে সেই এলাকাগুলো আর &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; থাকে না। সেখানে একটি স্তরবিন্যাসযুক্ত সমাজ গড়ে ওঠে, যার সামাজিক পিরামিডের শীর্ষে ছিল শক্তিশালী শ্বেতাঙ্গ ভূস্বামী গোষ্ঠী, মাঝে একটি ছোট মধ্যবিত্ত শ্রেণি এবং তাদের নিচে ভূমিহীন বা ভাড়াটে শ্বেতাঙ্গ কৃষকদের একটি বেশ বড় দল। আর পিরামিডের একেবারে নিচে ছিল ক্রমবর্ধমান ক্রীতদাস জনসংখ্যা। উত্তরের মতো এখানে ছোট ছোট শহর বা বড় নগর গড়ে ওঠার চল ছিল না, বরং দক্ষিণাঞ্চল ছিল মূলত গ্রামপ্রধান।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ব্রিটিশ কৃষক থেকে আমেরিকান কৃষক ====
সমুদ্রতীরবর্তী ঔপনিবেশিক জনপদগুলোতে বসবাসকারী সাধারণ মানুষের কাছে ব্যক্তিগতভাবে জমির মালিক হওয়ার বিষয়টি সবচেয়ে বেশি অগ্রাধিকার পেত। পরবর্তীতে যখন এই অঞ্চলগুলোতে জনসংখ্যা বাড়তে শুরু করে, তখন নতুন এবং উর্বর চাষযোগ্য জমির সন্ধানে তারা ক্রমশ পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হতে থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ব্রিটেনের সাথে আমেরিকার এই পরিস্থিতির একটি বড় পার্থক্য ছিল। ব্রিটেনে সাধারণত মুষ্টিমেয় কয়েকজন প্রভাবশালী ভূস্বামীর হাতে অধিকাংশ জমির মালিকানা কুক্ষিগত থাকত। কিন্তু সেই তুলনায় আমেরিকায় জমি কেনা ছিল বেশ সস্তা এবং সহজ, যার ফলে সাধারণ মানুষের মধ্যে জমির মালিকানা ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। জমির মালিকানা লাভের বিষয়টি মানুষের মনে যেমন এক ধরণের আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা বা স্বাধীনতার জন্ম দিত, তেমনই এটি তাদের স্থানীয় এবং প্রাদেশিক প্রশাসনিক পদগুলোর নির্বাচনের ক্ষেত্রে ভোট দেওয়ার অধিকারও প্রদান করত। নিউ ইংল্যান্ডের প্রথাগত জনবসতিগুলো ছিল বেশ ছোট এবং ঘনবদ্ধ, যা সচরাচর এক বর্গমাইলেরও কম এলাকা জুড়ে বিস্তৃত থাকত। আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সাথে এসব এলাকার মানুষের বিরোধের প্রধান কারণ ছিল রাজনৈতিক ক্ষমতার লড়াই, অর্থাৎ এই অঞ্চলগুলো আসলে কারা শাসন করবে তা নিয়ে মতপার্থক্য তৈরি হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পূর্ব দিকে গড়ে ওঠা প্রাথমিক সীমান্ত এলাকাগুলোর মধ্যে কানেকটিকাট নদীর উপত্যকা অন্যতম ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; এছাড়া উত্তর নিউ ইংল্যান্ডের দিকেও মানুষ বসতি স্থাপন করতে শুরু করেছিল (যদিও এটি ছিল উত্তরমুখী অগ্রসর হওয়ার ঘটনা, পশ্চিমমুখী নয়)।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফরাসি এবং আদিবাসীদের সাথে যুদ্ধ ====
[[চিত্র:Siege_of_Fort_Detroit.jpg|থাম্ব|১৭৬৩ সালে পন্টিয়াকের যুদ্ধের সময় ফোর্ট ডেট্রয়েট অবরোধ]]
সীমান্তের বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা প্রায়শই তাদের ওপর ঘটা ছোটখাটো বা বিচ্ছিন্ন ঘটনাগুলোকে ইন্ডিয়ানদের একটি পরিকল্পিত ষড়যন্ত্র হিসেবে ব্যাখ্যা করতেন। তারা মনে করতেন যে আদিবাসীরা দলবদ্ধ হয়ে তাদের ওপর আক্রমণ করার প্রস্তুতি নিচ্ছে। তবে ১৭৬৩ সালের পর এই ঘটনাগুলোর সাথে ফরাসিদের কোনো কূটনৈতিক যোগসূত্র ছিল না এবং ১৮২০ সালের পর স্প্যানিশদের সাথেও কোনো সম্পর্ক খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়নি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সীমান্তের অধিকাংশ এলাকাকেই বহুবার ভয়াবহ সব সংঘাতের সাক্ষী হতে হয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ব্রিটেন ও ফ্রান্সের মধ্যে ফরাসি ও আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ শুরু হলে ফরাসিরা তাদের সীমিত জনশক্তির অভাব পূরণ করার জন্য স্থানীয় আদিবাসী যুদ্ধবাজ দলগুলোকে নিজেদের মিত্র হিসেবে গ্রহণ করে। ইউরোপীয় যুদ্ধগুলোর প্রভাবে শুরু হওয়া এই দীর্ঘকালীন লড়াইগুলো শেষ পর্যন্ত বিশ্বজুড়ে চলা সপ্তবর্ষব্যাপী যুদ্ধে ব্রিটিশদের এক বড় জয়ের মাধ্যমে সমাপ্ত হয়। [[প্যারিসের চুক্তি (১৭৬৩)|১৭৬৩ সালের শান্তি চুক্তিতে]] ফ্রান্স কার্যত তাদের সমস্ত দাবি ছেড়ে দেয়। এর ফলে ফ্লোরিডা এবং নিউ অরলিন্স ছাড়াও মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম তীরের জমিগুলো স্পেনের অধীনে চলে যায়। অন্য দিকে, মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকের ভূখণ্ড এবং বর্তমান কানাডার অঞ্চলগুলো ব্রিটেনের শাসনাধীনে চলে আসে।&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[উইকিপিডিয়া:তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)&quot;&gt;তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

==== সীমান্তবর্তী অঞ্চলে অবিচ্ছিন্ন অভিবাসন ====
যুদ্ধ বিগ্রহ চললেও সাধারণ আমেরিকানরা অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালা পেরিয়ে পশ্চিম পেনসিলভেনিয়া এবং বর্তমান পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া অভিমুখে যাত্রা থামিয়ে রাখেনি। তারা ওহিও কান্ট্রি, কেন্টাকি এবং টেনেসি অঞ্চলের দিকেও নিরন্তর অগ্রসর হতে থাকে। কাম্বারল্যান্ড গ্যাপ বা গিরিপথ ব্যবহার করে দক্ষিণের জনপদগুলোতে যাতায়াতের ক্ষেত্রে তাদের সবচেয়ে অগ্রগণ্য নেতা ছিলেন ড্যানিয়েল বুন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তৎকালীন তরুণ [[জর্জ ওয়াশিংটন]] পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া এবং বর্তমান পশ্চিম ভার্জিনিয়া অঞ্চলের জমিগুলোতে জনবসতি গড়ে তোলার বিষয়টিকে বিশেষভাবে উৎসাহিত করেছিলেন। ভার্জিনিয়ার মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীতে যুদ্ধকালীন বীরত্বের পুরস্কার হিসেবে রাজকীয় সরকার তাঁকে এবং তাঁর অনুগত সৈন্যদের এই জমিগুলো বরাদ্দ দিয়েছিল। ১৭৬৩ সালের রয়্যাল প্রোক্লামেশন বা রাজকীয় ঘোষণার মাধ্যমে অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পশ্চিমে নতুন করে বসতি স্থাপনের ওপর সাময়িক একটি নিষেধাজ্ঞা জারি করা হয়েছিল। তবে পরবর্তীতে ১৭৬৮ সালে স্বাক্ষরিত ফোর্ট স্ট্যানউইক্স চুক্তির মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমের বেশিরভাগ জমি সীমান্তবাসীদের বসতি স্থাপনের জন্য পুনরায় খুলে দেওয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== নতুন জাতি ===
১৭৮৩ সালের পর থেকে নবগঠিত এই জাতিটি শান্তির মুখ দেখতে শুরু করে। অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলো পশ্চিমের জমিগুলোর প্রশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্রণ কংগ্রেসের হাতে তুলে দিয়েছিল এবং সেখানে জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধির জন্য একটি পরিকল্পিত ও কার্যকর ব্যবস্থা তৈরি করা হয়েছিল। ১৭৮৭ সালের নর্থওয়েস্ট অর্ডিন্যান্সের মাধ্যমে ওহিও নদীর উত্তর দিকের এলাকাগুলোতে দাসপ্রথা পুরোপুরি নিষিদ্ধ করা হয়। একই সাথে প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হয়েছিল যে, কোনো নির্দিষ্ট অঞ্চলের জনসংখ্যা যখন একটি নির্দিষ্ট সীমা অতিক্রম করবে, তখন তাকে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা দেওয়া হবে। ১৮০৩ সালে ওহিও এই নিয়মেই একটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যে পরিণত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৮১ সালে [[মার্কিন স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ|বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধ]] শেষ হওয়ার পরপরই পেনসিলভেনিয়া, ভার্জিনিয়া এবং উত্তর ক্যারোলিনা থেকে অ্যাপালাচিয়ান পর্বতমালার পশ্চিমে প্রথম বড় ধরণের অভিযান শুরু হয়। এই অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীরা বা পাইওনিয়াররা শুরুর দিকে কোনোমতে খড়কুটো দিয়ে তৈরি মাথা গোঁজার ঠাঁই অথবা বড়জোর এক কামরার একটি কাঠের কুঁড়েঘরে বসবাস করতেন। তাদের খাবারের মূল চাহিদা মেটাত মূলত হরিণ ও টার্কি শিকার এবং প্রকৃতিতে সহজলভ্য অন্যান্য বন্য প্রাণী।
{{Blockquote|সাধারণত একটি সীমান্ত সমাজ এমন ছিল যেখানে শ্রেণিগত পার্থক্য খুবই কম থাকত। কোনো ধনী ফাটকাবাজ বা ব্যবসায়ী যদি এর সাথে যুক্তও থাকতেন, তিনি সাধারণত নিজের বাড়িতেই থাকতেন, তাই স্বাভাবিকভাবে সেখানে কোনো বিত্তবান ব্যক্তি বসবাস করতেন না। ভূমিহীন দরিদ্র মানুষের সংখ্যাও ছিল নগণ্য। এলাকার সিংহভাগ মানুষই ছিলেন জমির মালিক, যাদের বেশিরভাগই আবার গরিব ছিলেন কারণ তারা খুব সামান্য সম্পত্তি নিয়ে জীবন শুরু করেছিলেন। তারা তখনও খুব বেশি জমি চাষযোগ্য করে তুলতে পারেননি কিংবা পর্যাপ্ত কৃষি সরঞ্জাম ও গবাদি পশু জোগাড় করতে পারেননি যা তাদের ভবিষ্যতে সমৃদ্ধশালী করে তুলতে পারে। কিছু কারিগর সীমান্তে বসতি স্থাপন করলেও তারা মূলত কৃষিকাজের পাশাপাশি বাড়তি আয়ের উৎস হিসেবে নিজেদের পেশা চর্চা করতেন। সেখানে হয়তো একজন দোকানদার, একজন ধর্মযাজক এবং সম্ভবত একজন ডাক্তার থাকতেন; আর ছিলেন কয়েকজন ভূমিহীন শ্রমিক, বাকি সবাই ছিলেন কৃষক।&lt;ref&gt;Jackson Turner Main, ''Social structure of revolutionary America'' (1965) p.&amp;nbsp;11.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
কয়েক বছরের ব্যবধানে এই অগ্রগামীরা তাদের খামারে শুকর, ভেড়া এবং গবাদি পশু পালন শুরু করতেন এবং কেউ কেউ ঘোড়াও জোগাড় করে নিতেন। তখন পশুর চামড়ার তৈরি পোশাকের জায়গা দখল করে নিত হাতে বোনা সুতির কাপড়। তবে যারা একটু বেশি ডানপিটে বা অস্থির স্বভাবের ছিলেন, তারা সভ্য জীবনের অত্যধিক নিয়মশৃঙ্খলায় অসন্তুষ্ট হয়ে পড়তেন। তারা তখন আবার নিজেদের ঘরবাড়ি ছেড়ে আরও ৮০ বা ১৬০ কিলোমিটার (৫০ বা ১০০ মাইল) দূরে পশ্চিমের অজানা সীমানার দিকে পাড়ি জমাতেন।

==== ভূমি নীতি ====
[[চিত্র:Wilderness_road_en.png|থাম্ব|১৭৮৫ সালের ওয়াইল্ডারনেস রোডের মানচিত্র]]
নবগঠিত এই রাষ্ট্রটির ভূমি সংক্রান্ত নীতি ছিল বেশ রক্ষণশীল। যেখানে দেশের পূর্ব দিকে ইতিমধ্যে স্থাপিত জনবসতিগুলোর প্রয়োজনের দিকে বিশেষ নজর দেওয়া হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৭৯০ থেকে ১৮২০ সালের এই সময়কালে প্রধান রাজনৈতিক দলগুলোর লক্ষ্য ছিল দেশের অর্থনীতির চাকা সচল রাখা এবং পূর্ব দিকের রাজ্যগুলো থেকে দক্ষ কর্মীরা যাতে চলে না যায় সেদিকে খেয়াল রাখা। তারা জমির সুপরিকল্পিত বণ্টন নিশ্চিত করার পাশাপাশি এমন একটি মূল্য নির্ধারণ করতে চেয়েছিল যা সাধারণ মানুষের নাগালে থাকে এবং একইসাথে যা থেকে পাওয়া অর্থ জাতীয় ঋণ পরিশোধে সহায়তা করে। এ ছাড়া জমির আইনি মালিকানা স্পষ্ট করা এবং পশ্চিমের অর্থনীতিকে এমনভাবে বৈচিত্র্যময় করে তোলা তাদের উদ্দেশ্য ছিল যাতে তা মূল জনপদের সাথে নিবিড়ভাবে যুক্ত থাকে এবং সেখান থেকে কোনো বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী আন্দোলনের ঝুঁকি তৈরি না হয়। তবে ১৮৩০-এর দশকের মধ্যে পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এমন অনেক জবরদখলকারী বা চাষিদের দ্বারা পূর্ণ হয়ে ওঠে যাদের কাছে জমির কোনো বৈধ দলিলপত্র ছিল না। যদিও তারা হয়তো পূর্ববর্তী দখলদারদের অর্থের বিনিময়ে সেই জমি অধিকার করেছিল। জ্যাকসোনিয়ান ডেমোক্র্যাটরা সস্তায় জমি দ্রুত পাইয়ে দেওয়ার প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়ে এই জবরদখলকারী চাষিদের পক্ষ নিয়েছিলেন। এর বিপরীতে হেনরি ক্লে পশ্চিম অভিমুখে ধাবমান এই &quot;আইনহীন জনতা&quot;র বিষয়ে শঙ্কিত ছিলেন। তাঁর মতে এই মানুষগুলো একটি আইন মেনে চলা এবং স্থিতিশীল মধ্যবিত্ত প্রজাতান্ত্রিক সমাজব্যবস্থার আদর্শকে নষ্ট করে দিচ্ছিল। এই সময়ে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের ধনী ব্যক্তিরা বড় বড় বাগান বা ক্রীতদাস নির্ভর খামার গড়ে তোলার জন্য উন্নত মানের জমি কেনার সুযোগ খুঁজছিলেন। ১৮৪০-এর দশকের মুক্ত ভূমি আন্দোলন স্বাধীন শ্বেতাঙ্গ কৃষকদের জন্য সস্তায় জমির দাবি তুলেছিল। ১৮৬২ সালে নতুন রিপাবলিকান পার্টি এই দাবিটিকে আইনে রূপান্তর করে। এই আইনের অধীনে সমস্ত প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক পুরুষ ও মহিলাকে, তারা কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ বা শ্বেতাঙ্গ হোক অথবা জন্মগত মার্কিন বা অভিবাসী হোক, ১৬০ একর (৬৫ হেক্টর) করে চাষযোগ্য জমি বা বসতভিটা বিনা মূল্যে দেওয়ার কথা বলা হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৮৩ সালে [[মার্কিন স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ|বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধে]] জয়লাভের পর বিপুল সংখ্যক মার্কিন নাগরিক পশ্চিম দিকে পাড়ি দিতে শুরু করেন। ১৭৮৮ সালে নর্থওয়েস্ট টেরিটোরি বা উত্তর-পশ্চিম ভূখণ্ডে আসা অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীরা ওহাইওর মেরিয়েটা শহরটি প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। এটিই ছিল সেই অঞ্চলের প্রথম স্থায়ী মার্কিন বসতি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৭৭৫ সালে ড্যানিয়েল বুন ট্রান্সিলভানিয়া কোম্পানির জন্য ভার্জিনিয়া থেকে কাম্বারল্যান্ড গ্যাপ বা গিরিপথ হয়ে মধ্য কেন্টাকি পর্যন্ত একটি নতুন রাস্তা তৈরি করেন। পরবর্তীকালে এই পথটিকে [[লুভল|লুইভিলে]] ফলস অফ দ্য ওহাইও পর্যন্ত সম্প্রসারিত করা হয়েছিল। এই &quot;ওয়াইল্ডারনেস রোড&quot; বা বন্য পথটি ছিল অত্যন্ত খাড়া এবং দুর্গম। এই পথ দিয়ে কেবল পায়ে হেঁটে বা ঘোড়ায় চড়েই যাতায়াত করা সম্ভব ছিল। তা সত্ত্বেও [[কেন্টাকি|কেন্টাকিতে]] বসতি গড়তে যাওয়া হাজার হাজার মানুষের কাছে এটিই ছিল যাতায়াতের জন্য সবচেয়ে সুবিধাজনক পথ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিছু কিছু জায়গায় অভিযাত্রীদের স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের মুখোমুখি হতে হতো। শুধুমাত্র ১৭৮৪ সালেই আদিবাসীরা এই পথে যাতায়াতকারী ১০০-র বেশি মানুষকে হত্যা করেছিল। এই সময়ে কেন্টাকি প্রায় জনশূন্য হয়ে পড়েছিল এবং সেখানে &quot;আদিবাসীদের কোনো গ্রাম অবশিষ্ট ছিল ছিল না&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে মাঝে মাঝে আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণকারী দলগুলো সেখান দিয়ে যাতায়াত করত। এই ধরণের আক্রমণের কবলে পড়েছিলেন [[আব্রাহাম লিংকন|আব্রাহাম লিঙ্কনের]] দাদাও। ১৭৮৪ সালে লুইভিলের কাছে আদিবাসীদের হাতে তিনি প্রাণ হারান।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আদিবাসীদের জমি দখল ====
[[চিত্র:Death_tecumseh_1813.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮১৩ সালে রিচার্ড এম. জনসনের হাতে যুদ্ধে নিহত হন আদিবাসী নেতা টেকুমসেহ, যিনি পরে ভাইস প্রেসিডেন্ট হন।]]
১৮১২ সালের যুদ্ধটি ছিল একটি চূড়ান্ত লড়াই যেখানে ব্রিটিশ এবং স্থানীয় আদিবাসী বাহিনী একত্রিত হয়ে মার্কিন সীমানা বিস্তার রোধ করার চেষ্টা করেছিল। ব্রিটিশদের যুদ্ধের অন্যতম লক্ষ্য ছিল মধ্য-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলে তাদের নিজস্ব তত্ত্বাবধানে একটি আদিবাসী রাষ্ট্র তৈরি করা। এই রাষ্ট্রটি পশ্চিম দিকে আমেরিকার সীমানা বৃদ্ধিতে বাধার প্রাচীর হিসেবে কাজ করত। জেনারেল [[অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসন|অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসনের]] অধীনে মার্কিন সীমান্ত মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী ক্রিক উপজাতির আদিবাসীদের পরাজিত করে দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলকে উন্মুক্ত করে দেয়। অন্য দিকে ১৮১৩ সালে কানাডায় থেমস নদীর যুদ্ধে গভর্নর [[উইলিয়াম হেনরি হ্যারিসন|উইলিয়াম হেনরি হ্যারিসনের]] নেতৃত্বাধীন মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী আদিবাসী ও ব্রিটিশদের সম্মিলিত শক্তিকে পরাজিত করে। যুদ্ধের ময়দানে আদিবাসী নেতা টেকুমসের মৃত্যু হলে বিদ্রোহী আদিবাসী উপজাতিগুলোর মধ্যে গড়ে ওঠা জোটটি ভেঙে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  একই সময়ে ১৮১৪ সালে আলাবামার হরসশু বেন্ডের যুদ্ধে জেনারেল [[অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসন]] দক্ষিণ-পূর্বাঞ্চলে আদিবাসীদের সামরিক হুমকির অবসান ঘটান। সাধারণভাবে বলা যায় যে সীমান্তবাসীরা মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী বা ফেডারেল সরকারের খুব সামান্য সহায়তা নিয়েই আদিবাসীদের বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই চালিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Blockquote|ল্যাম্পের আলোয় হেইস সিটি ছিল অসাধারণ চঞ্চল, কিন্তু খুব একটা নীতিবান নয়। পানশালাগুলোর আলোয় রাস্তাগুলো ঝলমল করত এবং ভেতরে উঁকি দিলে দেখা যেত নর্তকীতে ঠাসা মেঝে; উজ্জ্বল পোশাক পরা মহিলারা ফিতে এবং রঙ দিয়ে তাঁদের মুখের সেই ভয়াবহ রেখাগুলো ঢাকার চেষ্টা করছেন যা 'উশৃঙ্খলতা' নামক কঠোর শিল্পী তাঁদের মুখে এঁকে দিতে ভালোবাসেন... বেহালা আর পায়ের শব্দের তালে তালে নাচ চলতে থাকে, আর আমরা সেই উন্মাদনার গোলকধাঁধায় এমন বৃদ্ধদেরও দেখেছি যারা হয়তো তাঁদের কবরের একদম কিনারে দাঁড়িয়ে নাচছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=William Edward |last=Webb |title=Buffalo land: an authentic narrative of the adventures and misadventures of a late scientific and sporting party upon the great plains of the West. With full descriptions of the buffalo, wolf, and wild horse, etc., etc. Also an appendix, constituting the work a manual for sportsmen and hand-book for emigrants seeking homes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ug5LAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA142 |year=1873 |page=142 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==== নতুন অঞ্চল এবং রাজ্য ====
[[চিত্র:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|[[টমাস জেফারসন]] নিজেকে সীমান্তের একজন মানুষ এবং একজন বিজ্ঞানী হিসেবে মনে করতেন; পশ্চিমের সীমানা বিস্তার এবং সেই অঞ্চল অনুসন্ধানে তার গভীর আগ্রহ ছিল।]]
যখন দলে দলে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা আসতে শুরু করেন, তখন সীমান্তের জেলাগুলো প্রথমে &quot;টেরিটরি&quot; বা বিশেষ ভূখণ্ডে রূপান্তরিত হতো। সেখানে জনগণের ভোটে নির্বাচিত একটি আইনসভা এবং রাষ্ট্রপতির নিযুক্ত একজন গভর্নর থাকতেন। পরবর্তীতে যখন কোনো ভূখণ্ডের জনসংখ্যা ১,০০,০০০ এ পৌঁছাত, তখন সেই অঞ্চলটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ অঙ্গরাজ্যের মর্যাদার জন্য আবেদন করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্তের এই মানুষগুলো সাধারণত পূর্ব উপকূলের উচ্চবিত্তদের পছন্দ করা জটিল আইনি আনুষ্ঠানিকতা এবং সীমিত ভোটাধিকারের প্রথাগুলোকে বর্জন করতেন। এর পরিবর্তে তারা অধিকতর গণতন্ত্র এবং সাম্যবাদী আদর্শকে গ্রহণ করে নিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮১০ সালের মধ্যে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পশ্চিম সীমান্ত [[মিসিসিপি নদী]] পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হয়েছিল। মিসৌরি অঙ্গরাজ্যের [[সেন্ট লুইস]] ছিল সেই সময়ের সীমান্তের বৃহত্তম শহর। এটি পশ্চিম দিকে যাত্রার প্রবেশদ্বার হওয়ার পাশাপাশি মিসিসিপি নদীর নৌ-চলাচল এবং অভ্যন্তরীণ বাণিজ্যের প্রধান কেন্দ্র হয়ে উঠেছিল। তবে ১৮০৩ সাল পর্যন্ত এই শহরটি স্প্যানিশদের অধীনে ছিল।

==== লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয় ====
{{Blockquote|সীমান্ত শহরের সীমানার ভেতরে বন্দুক বহন করা সাধারণত নিষিদ্ধ ছিল। ডজ সিটি থেকে টুম্বস্টোন পর্যন্ত সব জায়গাতেই অস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করার আইন ছিল সাধারণ বিষয়। যখন ডজ সিটির বাসিন্দারা তাঁদের প্রথম পৌর সরকার গঠন করেন, তখন একদম শুরুর দিকে পাস হওয়া আইনগুলোর একটি ছিল গোপনে অস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করা। শীঘ্রই এই নিষেধাজ্ঞা প্রকাশ্যে অস্ত্র বহনের ক্ষেত্রেও কার্যকর হয়। হলিউডের চলচ্চিত্রে যে চিত্র দেখা যায় যে একজন বন্দুকধারী কোমরের দুই পাশে দুটি কোল্ট নিয়ে শহরের বুক চিরে হেঁটে যাচ্ছেন—তা কেবলই একটি হলিউড চিত্র, যা স্রেফ নাটকীয়তা তৈরির জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2014/04/29/rick-santorums-misguided-view-of-gun-control-in-the-wild-west/ |title=Rick Santorum's misguided view of gun control in the Wild West |first=Glenn |last=Kassler |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 29, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[টমাস জেফারসন]] নিজেকে সীমান্তের একজন মানুষ বলে ভাবতেন এবং পশ্চিমের সীমানা বাড়ানো ও নতুন এলাকা খুঁজে দেখার ব্যাপারে তাঁর বিশেষ উৎসাহ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮০৩ সালে জেফারসনের লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের ফলে ১ কোটি ৫০ লক্ষ ডলারের বিনিময়ে দেশটির আয়তন দ্বিগুণ হয়ে যায়। এতে প্রতি একর জমির দাম পড়েছিল মাত্র ৪ সেন্টের মতো (যা ২০২৪ সালের হিসেবে প্রায় ৩১ কোটি ৫০ লক্ষ ডলার এবং প্রতি একরে ৪২ সেন্টের কম)।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ফেডারেলিস্টরা এই সীমানা বিস্তারের বিরোধিতা করেছিলেন, কিন্তু জেফারসনপন্থীরা এই সুযোগটিকে স্বাগত জানান। তারা মনে করেছিলেন এর ফলে লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন খামার তৈরি হবে যা জমি-মালিক কৃষকদের বা ইওমেনদের প্রভাব বৃদ্ধি করবে। তারা বিশ্বাস করতেন যে জমির মালিকানা একটি আদর্শ প্রজাতান্ত্রিক সমাজকে শক্তিশালী করবে, যা বাণিজ্যের বদলে কৃষির ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠবে। এই সমাজ স্বল্প শাসিত হবে এবং মানুষের মধ্যে আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা ও নৈতিকতা বৃদ্ধি করবে। একইসাথে এটি জেফারসনীয় গণতন্ত্রের রাজনৈতিক ভিত্তি হিসেবেও কাজ করবে।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আন্তর্জাতিক আইন অনুযায়ী ফ্রান্সকে এই ভূখণ্ডের সার্বভৌমত্বের জন্য অর্থ প্রদান করা হয়েছিল। ১৮০৩ থেকে ১৮৭০-এর দশকের মধ্যে ফেডারেল সরকার সেই সময়ে জমির দখলে থাকা আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের কাছ থেকেও জমি কিনে নিয়েছিল। বিংশ শতাব্দীর হিসাবরক্ষক এবং আদালতগুলো আদিবাসীদের দেওয়া এই অর্থ বা পাওনার মূল্য নির্ধারণ করেছেন। এর মধ্যে ছিল নগদ টাকা, খাবার, ঘোড়া, গবাদি পশু, নিত্যপ্রয়োজনীয় সামগ্রী, দালানকোঠা নির্মাণ এবং শিক্ষা ও চিকিৎসা সেবার মতো ভবিষ্যৎ সুযোগ-সুবিধা। নগদ অর্থের হিসেবে লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয় এলাকার উপজাতিদের মোট প্রায় ২৬০ কোটি ডলার দেওয়া হয়েছিল, যা ২০১৬ সালের হিসেবে প্রায় ৯০০ কোটি ডলারের সমান। এ ছাড়াও মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকে বসবাসকারী আদিবাসীদের তাদের জমির জন্য অতিরিক্ত অর্থ দেওয়া হয়েছিল। সেই সাথে লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের বাইরে পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের অন্যান্য অংশে বসবাসকারী আদিবাসীদেরও পাওনা পরিশোধ করা হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জমি কেনার আগেই জেফারসন সেই এলাকাগুলো অনুসন্ধান এবং মানচিত্র তৈরির জন্য অভিযানের পরিকল্পনা করছিলেন। তিনি [[লুইস ও ক্লার্কের অভিযান|লুইস এবং ক্লার্ককে]] এই দায়িত্ব দিয়ে বলেছিলেন, &quot;মিসৌরি নদী এবং এর প্রধান শাখাগুলো অনুসন্ধান করুন যা প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরের জলধারার সাথে যুক্ত হতে পারে; সেটি কলম্বিয়া, ওরেগন, কলোরাডো বা অন্য যে কোনো নদী হতে পারে যা বাণিজ্যের জন্য মহাদেশের এপার থেকে ওপার যাতায়াতে সবচেয়ে সহজ এবং কার্যকর পথ হিসেবে কাজ করবে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জেফারসন এই অভিযাত্রী দলকে ওই অঞ্চলের আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের সম্পর্কে জানার নির্দেশ দিয়েছিলেন। তাদের নৈতিকতা, ভাষা এবং সংস্কৃতি ছাড়াও আবহাওয়া, মাটি, নদী, বাণিজ্যিক লেনদেন এবং পশুপাখি ও উদ্ভিদ জগত নিয়ে পড়াশোনা করার নির্দেশও তিনি দিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{একাধিক চিত্র
| align             = 
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| image1            = Dalton Gang memento mori 1892.jpg
| image2            = Cherokeebill posing with captors.jpg
| image3            = Cherokee bill death.jpg
| footer            = (বামে): ১৮৯২ সালে কফিভিল যুদ্ধের পর ডাল্টন গ্যাং-এর সদস্যরা; (মাঝখানে): ১৮৯৫ সালে ওকলাহোমার নোয়াটাতে ট্রেন থামার সময় ক্রফোর্ড &quot;চেরোকি বিল&quot; গোল্ডসবি তাঁর বন্দিকারীদের সাথে পোজ দিচ্ছেন। বাম থেকে ডানে যথাক্রমে #৫) জেকে ক্রিটেনডেন; #৪) ডিক ক্রিটেনডেন; চেরোকি বিল; #২) ক্লিন্ট স্কেলস, #১) আইক রজার্স; #৩) ডেপুটি মার্শাল বিল স্মিথ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weE1AQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Clint+scales+photograph+with+Cherokee+Bill&amp;pg=PA398|title=Hell on the Border: He Hanged Eighty-eight Men. A History of the Great United States Criminal Court at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and of Crime and Criminals in the Indian Territory, and the Trial and Punishment Thereof Before ... Judge Isaac C. Parker ... and by the Courts of Said Territory, Embracing the Leading Sentences and Charges to Grand and Petit Juries Delivered by the World Famous Jurist – his Acknowledged Masterpieces, Besides Much Other Legal Lore ... Illustrated with Over Fifty Fine Half-tones|first=S. W.|last=Harman|date=January 10, 1898|publisher=Phoenix publishing Company|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ডানে): ১৮৯৬ সালের ১৭ই মার্চ চেরোকি বিলের ফাঁসির চিত্রায়ন, যা তাঁর মৃত্যুদণ্ডের পর সংবাদপত্রগুলোতে প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল।
}}

[[চিত্র:Fort_Nez_Perces_Trading_1841.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৪১ সালে ফোর্ট নেজ পারসেসে [[পশম বাণিজ্য|পশম ব্যবসা]]]]
[[চিত্র:353_I._Chesnut-backed_Titmouse_-_2._Black-capt_Titmouse_-_3._Chesnut-crowned_Titmouse_(cropped).jpg|থাম্ব|[[জন জেমস আদোবান|অডুবনের]] ''বার্ডস অফ আমেরিকার'' প্লেট]]
সীমান্ত যখন ক্রমশ পশ্চিম দিকে সরছিল, তখন ফাঁদ পেতে পশু শিকারি বা ট্র্যাপার এবং সাধারণ শিকারিরা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের আগেই সেই সব এলাকায় পৌঁছে যেতেন। তারা মূলত ইউরোপে পাঠানোর জন্য বিভার বা উদবিড়াল এবং অন্যান্য পশুর চামড়া বা পশম খুঁজতেন। ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট বা প্রাচীন পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বেশিরভাগ এলাকায় এই শিকারিরাই ছিলেন প্রথম পৌঁছানো ইউরোপীয়। তারাই পশ্চিমের আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সাথে প্রথম কাজের সম্পর্ক গড়ে তুলেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তারা উত্তর-পশ্চিমের ভূখণ্ড সম্পর্কে বিশদ জ্ঞান অর্জন করেছিলেন, যার মধ্যে মধ্য রকি পর্বতমালার গুরুত্বপূর্ণ &quot;সাউথ পাস&quot; বা দক্ষিণ গিরিপথটি অন্যতম ছিল। ১৮১২ সালের দিকে আবিষ্কৃত এই পথটি পরবর্তীতে ওরেগন এবং ওয়াশিংটনে যেতে চাওয়া বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের প্রধান রাস্তা হয়ে ওঠে। তবে ১৮২০ সালের মধ্যে একটি নতুন &quot;ব্রিগেড-রঁদেভ্যু&quot; বা দলগত সাক্ষাৎ ব্যবস্থা চালু হয়। এর মাধ্যমে কোম্পানির লোকেরা বড় দলে ভাগ হয়ে দীর্ঘ অভিযানের মাধ্যমে দেশজুড়ে যাতায়াত করতেন এবং অনেক আদিবাসী উপজাতিকে এড়িয়ে চলতেন। এই ব্যবস্থাটি &quot;মুক্ত শিকারি&quot;দের নিজেদের উদ্যোগে নতুন নতুন অঞ্চল খুঁজে দেখতে উৎসাহিত করেছিল। শিকারের মরসুম শেষে এই শিকারিরা [[সবুজ নদী (কলোরাডো নদীর উপনদী)|গ্রিন রিভার]], আপার মিসৌরি এবং আপার মিসিসিপি নদীর তীরের বন্দরগুলোতে নির্দিষ্ট জায়গায় বা রঁদেভ্যুতে সমবেত হতেন এবং তাদের সংগৃহীত পণ্যের বিনিময়ে পারিশ্রমিক বুঝে নিতেন। এই ধরণের মিলনস্থল বা রঁদেভ্যু শহরগুলোর মধ্যে সেন্ট লুইস ছিল বৃহত্তম। তবে ১৮৩০ সালের মধ্যে ফ্যাশন বদলে যায় এবং বিভার বা পশমের টুপির জায়গা দখল করে নেয় রেশমি টুপি। এর ফলে দামি আমেরিকান পশমের চাহিদা কমে যায়। এভাবেই জেডেডিয়া স্মিথ, হিউ গ্লাস, ডেভি ক্রকেট, জ্যাক ওমোহুন্ড্রো এবং তাঁদের মতো অন্যান্য মাউন্টেন মেন, শিকারি ও পথপ্রদর্শকদের যুগের অবসান ঘটে। ১৮৪৫ সালের মধ্যে বিভারের পশমের ব্যবসা কার্যত বন্ধ হয়ে গিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফেডারেল সরকার এবং পশ্চিমমুখী সম্প্রসারণ ====
যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থা ছিল একটি অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়। নদীপথে নৌ-চলাচল সহজতর করার সম্পূর্ণ দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়েছিল সেনাবাহিনীর ওপর, বিশেষ করে আর্মি কোর অফ ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্সকে। ১৮১১ সালে ওহিও নদীতে প্রথম বাষ্পীয় চালিত নৌকা বা স্টিমবোট ব্যবহার করা হয়। এর ফলে নদীপথ ব্যবহার করে, বিশেষত মিসিসিপি ও মিসৌরি নদী এবং তাদের শাখা নদীগুলোর মাধ্যমে স্বল্প ব্যয়ে যাতায়াত করা সম্ভব হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১ ১৮১৮ থেকে ১৮২৫ সালের মধ্যে মিসৌরি নদীতে পরিচালিত সামরিক অভিযানগুলো প্রকৌশলীদের স্টিমবোট প্রযুক্তির উন্নয়নে সাহায্য করেছিল। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ১৮১৯ সালের সামরিক স্টিমবোট &quot;ওয়েস্টার্ন ইঞ্জিনিয়ার&quot; অগভীর জলে চলার ক্ষমতার সাথে শুরুর দিকের  পিছনের চাকাযুক্ত প্রযুক্তির সমন্বয় ঘটানো হয়েছিল। এ ছাড়া ১৮১৯ থেকে ১৮২৫ সালের মধ্যে কর্নেল হেনরি অ্যাটকিনসন হাতে চালিত প্যাডেল হুইল বিশিষ্ট বিশেষ ধরণের নৌকা তৈরি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জাতীয় সীমানা বিস্তারে ফেডারেল ডাক ব্যবস্থার ভূমিকা ছিল অপরিসীম। একটি সস্তা, দ্রুত এবং সুবিধাজনক যোগাযোগ ব্যবস্থা গড়ে তোলার মাধ্যমে এটি পশ্চিমের প্রসারে গতি এনেছিল। আদি বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের পাঠানো চিঠিগুলো থেকে পাওয়া তথ্য এবং উৎসাহমূলক বার্তাগুলো অন্যদেরও পশ্চিমে আসতে উৎসাহিত করত। এই ডাক ব্যবস্থার মাধ্যমেই ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে থাকা পরিবারগুলো একে অপরের সাথে যোগাযোগ রাখতে পারত এবং ব্যবসায়ীরা নতুন সুযোগের সন্ধান পেত। এ ছাড়া এটি পূর্বের পাইকারি বিক্রেতা ও কারখানাগুলোর সাথে পশ্চিমের বণিকদের নিয়মিত বাণিজ্যিক সম্পর্ক বজায় রাখতে সাহায্য করেছিল। ডাক পরিষেবা একইভাবে সেনাবাহিনীকে বিশাল পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় ভূখণ্ডের ওপর নিয়ন্ত্রণ বাড়াতেও সাহায্য করেছিল। ''নিউ ইয়র্ক উইকলি ট্রিবিউনের'' মতো গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সংবাদপত্রগুলো ডাকের মাধ্যমে ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়ায় বিভিন্ন রাজ্যের রাজনীতিকদের মধ্যে সমন্বয় করা সহজ হয়ে যায়। এই ডাক ব্যবস্থা বিদ্যমান জনপদগুলোর সাথে সীমান্ত এলাকার সেতুবন্ধন তৈরি করে জাতীয়তাবাদের জন্ম দেয় এবং একটি প্রয়োজনীয় পরিকাঠামো প্রদান করে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সেনাবাহিনী শুরু থেকেই পশ্চিমমুখী প্রসারের পথগুলো বরাবর বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের নিরাপত্তার দায়িত্ব গ্রহণ করেছিল। ১৮৫৭ সালে মার্কিন যুদ্ধ সচিব জন বি ফয়েড এই নীতিটি এভাবে বর্ণনা করেছিলেন:&lt;ref name=&quot;forts&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger, and D.A. Russell, 1849–1912|শেষাংশ=Hogland|প্রথমাংশ=Alison K.|প্রকাশক=University of Oklahoma Press|পাতা=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;আমাদের সীমান্তের সমান্তরালে অথচ আদিবাসীদের স্বাভাবিক বাসস্থানের কাছাকাছি নির্দিষ্ট দূরত্বে এবং উপযুক্ত স্থানে যদি পদাতিক বাহিনীর ঘাঁটি স্থাপন করা হয়, তবে তা উপজাতিগুলোর ওপর একটি কার্যকর নিয়ন্ত্রণ বজায় রাখবে। তারা অনুভব করতে পারবে যে শ্বেতাঙ্গদের জনপদে তাদের যোদ্ধারা কোনো আক্রমণ চালালে তাৎক্ষণিকভাবে তাদের নিজেদের ঘরবাড়িতেও পাল্টা আঘাত আসতে পারে।&lt;/blockquote&gt;সেই সময়ে দুর্গের সঠিক আকার কেমন হওয়া উচিত তা নিয়ে একটি বিতর্ক তৈরি হয়েছিল। জেফারসন ডেভিস, উইনফিল্ড স্কট এবং থমাস জেসাপ সংখ্যায় কম কিন্তু আকারে বড় দুর্গের পক্ষে ছিলেন। অন্যদিকে ফ্লয়েডের পরিকল্পনাটি ছিল বেশি ব্যয়বহুল কিন্তু সাধারণ মানুষ ও বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা এটিই বেশি পছন্দ করত, কারণ তারা চাইত সেনাবাহিনী যেন তাদের যতটা সম্ভব কাছাকাছি থাকে। সীমান্ত এলাকাটি ছিল বিশাল এবং ডেভিসও শেষ পর্যন্ত স্বীকার করেছিলেন যে, &quot;একই জায়গায় সেনাবাহিনী কেন্দ্রীভূত করলে সীমান্তের অনেক অংশ আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের মুখে অরক্ষিত হয়ে পড়বে।&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;forts&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger, and D.A. Russell, 1849–1912|শেষাংশ=Hogland|প্রথমাংশ=Alison K.|প্রকাশক=University of Oklahoma Press|পাতা=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== বিজ্ঞানী, শিল্পী এবং অভিযাত্রী ====
[[চিত্র:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Fort_Laramie_-_Walters_37194049.jpg|ডান|থাম্ব|১৮৪০ সালের আগের চেহারার প্রথম ফোর্ট লারামি । আলফ্রেড জ্যাকব মিলারের স্মৃতি থেকে আঁকা ছবি]]
সরকারি এবং বেসরকারি বিভিন্ন উদ্যোগের মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমের অজানা অঞ্চলগুলো খুঁজে দেখার জন্য বহু অভিযাত্রীকে পাঠানো হয়েছিল। ১৮০৫-১৮০৬ সালের দিকে সেনাবাহিনীর লেফটেন্যান্ট জেবুলন পাইক (১৭৭৯-১৮১৩) ২০ জন সৈন্যের একটি দল নিয়ে মিসিসিপি নদীর উৎসের সন্ধানে যাত্রা করেছিলেন। পরবর্তীতে তিনি স্প্যানিশ ভূখণ্ডের রেড এবং আরকানসাস নদীগুলোর গতিপথ অনুসন্ধান করেন এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত [[রিও গ্রান্দে|রিও গ্র্যান্ডে]] গিয়ে পৌঁছান। ফেরার পথে পাইক কলোরাডোর সেই সুউচ্চ পর্বতশৃঙ্গটি দেখতে পান যা বর্তমানে তাঁর নামেই পরিচিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মেজর স্টিফেন হ্যারিম্যান লং (১৭৮৪-১৮৬৪) ১৮১৯-১৮২০ সালে ইয়েলোস্টোন এবং মিসৌরি অভিযান পরিচালনা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু ১৮২৩ সালে গ্রেট প্লেইনস অঞ্চলকে তিনি অত্যন্ত শুষ্ক এবং চাষবাসের অযোগ্য হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেন। এর ফলে এলাকাটি &quot;গ্রেট আমেরিকান মরুভূমি&quot;  হিসেবে কুখ্যাতি পায়। এই নেতিবাচক প্রচারের কারণে পরবর্তী কয়েক দশক ধরে সেই এলাকায় জনবসতি স্থাপনের বিষয়ে সাধারণ মানুষ নিরুৎসাহিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গৃহযুদ্ধ-পূর্ব পশ্চিমাঞ্চল ===

==== ধর্ম ====
[[চিত্র:Circuit_rider_illustration_Eggleston.png|থাম্ব|এডওয়ার্ড এগলস্টনের লেখা ''&quot;দ্য সার্কিট রাইডার: আ টেল অফ দ্য হিরোইক এজ&quot;'' বই থেকে চিত্রিত। সুসংগঠিত মেথডিস্টরা একটি ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলে একাধিক গির্জা তৈরি এবং পরিবেশন করার জন্য সার্কিট রাইডারকে পাঠিয়েছিলেন।]]
{{Blockquote|একজন অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীর বাহ্যিক রূপ ছিল অত্যন্ত স্বতন্ত্র। তাদের পরনে থাকত হাতে তৈরি চামড়ার প্যান্ট, মোকাশিন জুতো, পশমের তৈরি টুপি এবং শিকার করার জন্য বিশেষভাবে তৈরি জামা। কোমরে একটি বেল্ট বা কোমরবন্ধনী বাঁধা থাকত যেখান থেকে একটি শিকারি ছুরি এবং কার্তুজের ব্যাগ ঝুলত। এই সমস্ত কিছুই তারা নিজেরা ঘরে বসে তৈরি করতেন। অল্প সময়ের মধ্যেই তিনি বনের একটি নির্দিষ্ট অংশ পরিষ্কার করে সেখানে ভুট্টা, গম, তিসি, তামাক এবং অন্যান্য ফসল চাষ করতে শুরু করতেন। এমনকি ফলের বাগানও তৈরি করতেন অনেকে।}}
স্থানীয় ব্যাপটিস্টরা অনেকগুলো ছোট ছোট স্বাধীন গির্জা স্থাপন করেছিলেন কারণ তারা কোনো কেন্দ্রীয় প্রশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্রণ পছন্দ করতেন না। প্রতিটি স্থানীয় গির্জা নিজস্ব উপাসনাকারীদের স্বাধীনতার নীতির ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। অন্যদিকে সুসংগঠিত এবং কেন্দ্রীয়ভাবে নিয়ন্ত্রিত মেথডিস্টদের বিশপরা নির্দিষ্ট এলাকার জন্য সার্কিট রাইডার বা ভ্রাম্যমাণ ধর্মপ্রচারক নিয়োগ করতেন। এই প্রচারকরা কয়েক বছর একটি নির্দিষ্ট এলাকায় কাজ করার পর তাদের আবার নতুন কোনো অঞ্চলে ধর্ম প্রচারের জন্য পাঠিয়ে দেওয়া হতো। এই সময়ে বেশ কিছু নতুন ধর্মীয় শাখা বা গোষ্ঠী তৈরি হয়েছিল যার মধ্যে খ্রীষ্টের শিষ্যরা ছিল বৃহত্তম।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পূর্ব উপকূলের সুপ্রতিষ্ঠিত গির্জাগুলো সীমান্তের মানুষের এই আধ্যাত্মিক প্রয়োজনীয়তা মেটাতে কিছুটা সময় নিয়েছিল। প্রেসবিটেরিয়ান এবং কংগ্রিগেশনালিস্টরা যেহেতু মূলত সুশিক্ষিত ধর্মযাজকদের ওপর নির্ভর করতেন, তাই সীমান্তের মানুষের মধ্যে ধর্ম প্রচারের জন্য তাদের প্রয়োজনীয় জনবলের অভাব দেখা দিয়েছিল। সীমান্তে নিজেদের সম্পদ ও শক্তিকে একত্রিত করে কাজ করার জন্য তারা ১৮০১ সালে একটি ঐক্য পরিকল্পনা বা প্ল্যান অফ ইউনিয়ন তৈরি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মধ্য-পশ্চিমে গণতন্ত্র ====
ইতিহাসবিদ মার্ক ওয়াইম্যান উইসকনসিনকে একটি &quot;একের ওপর এক লেখা প্রাচীন পাণ্ডুলিপি&quot; বলে অভিহিত করেছেন যেখানে বিভিন্ন জাতি এবং শক্তির প্রভাবে স্থায়ী ছাপ রয়ে গিয়েছে। তিনি গত তিন শতাব্দী ধরে গড়ে ওঠা এই স্তরগুলোকে বিভিন্ন &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেছেন। যেমন আদিবাসী আমেরিকান সীমান্ত, ফরাসি সীমান্ত, ব্রিটিশ সীমান্ত, পশম ব্যবসার সীমান্ত, খনিজ উত্তোলনের সীমান্ত এবং কাঠ কাটার সীমান্ত। সবশেষে রেলপথের আগমনের মাধ্যমেই এই সীমান্ত যুগের অবসান ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার উইসকনসিনের সীমান্তের শেষ পর্যায়ে সেখানে বড় হয়েছিলেন এবং অঙ্গরাজ্যটি ভ্রমণের সময় তিনি এই সামাজিক ও রাজনৈতিক বিবর্তনের স্তরগুলো প্রত্যক্ষ করেছিলেন। টার্নারের শেষ ছাত্রদের মধ্যে একজন ছিলেন মার্লে কার্টি। তিনি গণতন্ত্র সম্পর্কে টার্নারের তত্ত্বটি যাচাই করার জন্য উইসকনসিনের স্থানীয় ইতিহাসের ওপর একটি গভীর বিশ্লেষণ পরিচালনা করেন। টার্নারের মতে আমেরিকান গণতন্ত্রের অর্থ ছিল &quot;সাধারণ জীবনকে প্রভাবিত করে এমন সিদ্ধান্ত গ্রহণের ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণ মানুষের ব্যাপক অংশগ্রহণ, ব্যক্তিগত উদ্যোগ ও আত্মনির্ভরশীলতার বিকাশ এবং অর্থনৈতিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক সুযোগের সমতা। এর সাথে অভিবাসীদের আমেরিকান হিসেবে গড়ে তোলার প্রক্রিয়াটিও জড়িয়ে ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কার্টি তথ্য সংগ্রহ করে দেখেন যে ১৮৪০ থেকে ১৮৬০ সালের মধ্যে উইসকনসিনের দরিদ্রতম গোষ্ঠীগুলো খুব দ্রুত জমির মালিকানা লাভ করেছিল এবং তারা প্রায়শই স্থানীয় পর্যায়ের রাজনৈতিক নেতৃত্বে উঠে আসত। তিনি আরও লক্ষ্য করেন যে এমনকি ভূমিহীন তরুণ খামার শ্রমিকরাও খুব শীঘ্রই নিজেদের খামারের মালিক হতে সক্ষম হতেন। তাই সীমান্তের এই মুক্ত জমি ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসী এবং পুরোনো শ্বেতাঙ্গ মার্কিনি বা ইয়াঙ্কি উভয় পক্ষের জন্যই সুযোগ এবং গণতন্ত্র তৈরি করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম ====
১৭৭০ থেকে ১৮৩০ এর দশক পর্যন্ত অভিযাত্রীরা কেন্টাকি থেকে শুরু করে অ্যালাবামা এবং টেক্সাস পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত নতুন জমিগুলোতে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন। তাদের মধ্যে অধিকাংশই ছিলেন কৃষক যারা দলবদ্ধভাবে সপরিবারে সেখানে যেতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ইতিহাসবিদ লুই হ্যাকার দেখিয়েছেন যে প্রথম প্রজন্মের অভিযাত্রীরা কতটা অপচয়কারী ছিলেন। সঠিকভাবে জমি চাষ করার বিষয়ে তাদের পর্যাপ্ত জ্ঞান ছিল না এবং যখন কুমারী জমির প্রাকৃতিক উর্বরতা শেষ হয়ে যেত তখন তারা সেই জমি বিক্রি করে দিয়ে আবার নতুন করে চেষ্টা করার জন্য পশ্চিম দিকে চলে যেতেন। হ্যাকার ১৮১২ সালের দিকে কেন্টাকির অবস্থা বর্ণনা করতে গিয়ে লিখেছেন:
{{Blockquote|মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র কখনোই আদিবাসীদের কাছ থেকে শান্তিপূর্ণ উপায় এবং তাদের অবাধ সম্মতি ছাড়া জমি দখল করতে চায় না। তবে এই প্রক্রিয়ার মাধ্যমেই ক্রমবর্ধমান জনসংখ্যার প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী নিজেদের স্বীকৃত সীমানার ভেতরের প্রতিটি অংশকে বন্য অবস্থা থেকে উদ্ধার করে চাষযোগ্য করে তুলতে তারা সম্পূর্ণ বদ্ধপরিকর। লক্ষ লক্ষ সভ্য মানুষের বাঁচার রসদ জোগানোর এই কাজে ন্যায়বিচার বা মানবতার কোনো আদর্শই ক্ষুণ্ণ হবে না। কারণ যে কয়েক হাজার অসভ্য মানুষ ঐ এলাকায় ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে আছেন তারা যে অধিকার ত্যাগ করবেন তার বিনিময়ে তাদের উপযুক্ত ক্ষতিপূরণ দেওয়া হবে। এর পাশাপাশি তাদের কাছে চাষাবাদের জন্য যতটা জমি প্রয়োজন বা জীবনধারণের জন্য যতটুকু জায়গা যথেষ্ট তার চেয়েও বেশি জমি তাদের মালিকানাতেই থাকবে। যদি একে ক্ষমতা বিস্তারের আকাঙ্ক্ষা বলা হয় তবে আমরা তা স্বীকার করতে প্রস্তুত। কিন্তু এর মাধ্যমে ইউরোপীয় দেশগুলোর সাথে বিদ্যমান সীমানা অসম্মান করার বা গ্রেট ব্রিটেনের ভূখণ্ড দখল করার বিন্দুমাত্র ইচ্ছা প্রকাশ পায় না। [...] তারা বিশ্বাস করে না যে সেই সরকার কেবল কিছু অসভ্য মানুষের জন্য এক চিরস্থায়ী মরুভূমি বজায় রাখার তাগিদে মার্কিন ভূখণ্ডের ভেতরে তাদের স্বাভাবিক বিকাশের পথে বাধা সৃষ্টি করবে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|jstor=1896318|at=quote on p.&amp;nbsp;507|title=The West in American Diplomacy, 1812–1815|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=26|issue=4|last1=Gates|first1=Charles M.|year=1940|doi=10.2307/1896318}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
হ্যাকার আরও উল্লেখ করেন যে দ্বিতীয় তরঙ্গে আসা বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা জমিগুলো উদ্ধার করেন এবং ক্ষতিগুলো মেরামত করে আরও টেকসই কৃষিব্যবস্থা গড়ে তোলেন। ইতিহাসবিদ ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নার প্রথম প্রজন্মের এই ব্যক্তিগত স্বাতন্ত্র্যবাদী বিশ্ববীক্ষা ও মূল্যবোধ নিয়ে গবেষণা করেছিলেন:
{{Blockquote|দশ থেকে পঞ্চাশ একর পরিষ্কার করা জমি সম্বলিত খামারগুলো বিক্রির জন্য তৈরি ছিল। সেখানে কাঠের বাড়ি, পিচ ফলের বাগান এবং কখনও কখনও আপেল বাগানও থাকত। এই জমিগুলো বেড়া দিয়ে ঘেরা ছিল এবং জ্বালানি হিসেবে ব্যবহারের জন্য সেখানে প্রচুর গাছপালাও ছিল। এই জমিগুলোতে মূলত প্রধান ফসল হিসেবে গম ও ভুট্টা বোনা হতো। তবে দড়ি তৈরির জন্য উর্বর নদী উপত্যকায় ক্রমশ শণ চাষের পরিমাণও বাড়ছিল...। তবুও সামগ্রিকভাবে এটি ছিল এমন একটি কৃষিভিত্তিক সমাজ যেখানে দক্ষতা বা সম্পদের অভাব ছিল। তারা সেই সমস্ত ভুল কাজ করত যা একজন অপচয়কারী এবং অজ্ঞ চাষির পরিচায়ক। ঘাস থেকে খড় তৈরির জন্য তারা বীজ বুনত না এবং এর ফলে খামারের পশুদের খাবারের জন্য বনের ওপর নির্ভর করতে হতো। মাঠগুলোকে চারণভূমি হিসেবে ব্যবহারের সুযোগ দেওয়া হতো না। জমির উর্বরতা পুরোপুরি শেষ না হওয়া পর্যন্ত সেখানে বারবার একই ফসল চাষ করা হতো। জমির পুষ্টি ফেরানোর জন্য পুনরায় সেখানে গোবর বা সার ব্যবহার করা হতো না। খামারের জমির মাত্র একটি ছোট অংশে চাষ করা হতো এবং বাকি অংশে গাছপালা জন্মানোর জন্য ফেলে রাখা হতো। চাষের সরঞ্জামগুলো ছিল অত্যন্ত স্থূল ও আনাড়ি ধরণের এবং সেগুলোর সংখ্যাও ছিল খুব কম কারণ তার বেশিরভাগই খামারে তৈরি করা হতো। আমেরিকান সীমান্তবাসীরা কেন সবসময় এক জায়গা থেকে অন্য জায়গায় ঘুরে বেড়াতেন তা এখন পরিষ্কার। সভ্য সমাজের সুযোগ-সুবিধা বা কঠোর নিয়মের প্রতি ভয় তাদের এই বিরামহীন ছোটাছুটির কারণ ছিল না কিংবা নবাগতদের কাছে লাভজনক মূল্যে জমি বিক্রি করার সুযোগও এর প্রধান কারণ ছিল না। মূলত জমির ক্ষয়ই তাদের তাড়িয়ে নিয়ে বেড়াত। ক্ষুধাই ছিল তাদের একমাত্র তাড়না। এই অগ্রগামী কৃষকদের অজ্ঞতা, চাষাবাদের অপর্যাপ্ত সুযোগ এবং যাতায়াত ব্যবস্থার সীমাবদ্ধতা তাদের ঘন ঘন জায়গা বদলাতে বাধ্য করত। তারা কেবল কুমারী বা নতুন উর্বর জমিতেই সফল হতে পারতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 1892931|title = Western Land Hunger and the War of 1812: A Conjecture|journal = The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume = 10|issue = 4|pages = 365–395|last1 = Hacker|first1 = Louis Morton|year = 1924|doi = 10.2307/1892931}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==== প্রকাশ্য নিয়তি ====
{{Blockquote|তারা মূলত সেই সমস্ত অযৌক্তিক বাধা বা কৃত্রিম সীমাবদ্ধতার বিরোধিতা করত যা এই সীমান্তবাসীদের কারো পক্ষপাতিত্ব বা ভয় ছাড়াই নিজের জীবন গড়ে তোলার পথে অন্তরায় হয়ে দাঁড়াত। পার্থক্যের এই যে দীর্ঘস্থায়ী রূপ, সুযোগের একচেটিয়া অধিকার এবং সরকার বা সামাজিক প্রথার মাধ্যমে সেই একচেটিয়া অধিকারকে স্থায়ী করে দেওয়া—এই বিষয়গুলোকেই তারা সহজাতভাবে ঘৃণা করত। পথ সবসময় খোলা রাখতে হবে। খেলার নিয়ম মেনেই খেলা চলতে হবে। সুযোগের সমতাকে কৃত্রিমভাবে দমিয়ে রাখা যাবে না, দক্ষ মানুষের জন্য দরজা বন্ধ করা চলবে না এবং খেলা শেষ না হওয়া পর্যন্ত এই অবাধ প্রতিযোগিতাকে থামানো যাবে না। এর চেয়েও বড় কথা ছিল একটি অনুক্ত কিন্তু বাস্তব অনুভূতি। এই প্রতিযোগিতায় সফল হওয়ার মাধ্যমে কোনো দক্ষ ব্যক্তি শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব অর্জন করতে পারেন, কিন্তু সেই সাফল্য তাকে তার প্রতিবেশীদের নিচু চোখে দেখার কোনো অধিকার দেয় না। শ্রেষ্ঠত্বের দোহাই দিয়ে অহংকার করা বা কম সফলদের সমান অধিকার ও মর্যাদাকে খর্ব করার কোনো চিরস্থায়ী অধিকারও তার নেই।&lt;ref&gt;Frederick Jackson Turner, ''The Frontier in American History'' (1920) p.&amp;nbsp;342.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[চিত্র:United_States_1834-1836-03.png|থাম্ব|১৮৩৪-১৮৩৬ সালে মার্কিন অঞ্চলগুলি]]
ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি বা বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্য ছিল একটি বিতর্কিত বিশ্বাস যে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের সীমানা আটলান্টিক উপকূল থেকে প্রশান্ত মহাসাগর পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হওয়া পূর্বনির্ধারিত ছিল এবং এই বিশ্বাসকে বাস্তবে রূপ দেওয়ার জন্য নানা প্রচেষ্টা চালানো হয়েছিল। এই ধারণাটি ঔপনিবেশিক আমলেই পরিলক্ষিত হয়েছিল, কিন্তু ১৮৪০-এর দশকে একটি জনপ্রিয় সাময়িকী প্রথম এই শব্দবন্ধটি ব্যবহার করে। সেখানে সম্পাদকীয়তে লেখা হয়েছিল, &quot;আমাদের বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্য পূরণ করাই হলো... সেই মহাদেশে ছড়িয়ে পড়া যা বিধাতা আমাদের প্রতি বছর বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া লক্ষ লক্ষ মানুষের অবাধ বিকাশের জন্য বরাদ্দ করেছেন।&quot;। দেশের উন্নতির সাথে সাথে &quot;ম্যানিফেস্ট ডেসটিনি&quot; ডেমোক্র্যাটিক পার্টির সম্প্রসারণবাদীদের কাছে একটি প্রধান স্লোগান হয়ে ওঠে। ১৮৪০-এর দশকে টাইলার এবং পোল্ক প্রশাসন (১৮৪১-১৮৪৯) সফলভাবে এই জাতীয়তাবাদী মতবাদটির প্রচার চালিয়েছিল। তবে ব্যবসায়িক এবং আর্থিক স্বার্থের প্রতিনিধিত্বকারী হুইগ পার্টি এই বিধিনির্ধারিত ভাগ্যের আদর্শের বিরোধিতা করেছিল। হেনরি ক্লে এবং আব্রাহাম লিনকনের মতো হুইগ নেতারা সাধারণ ভৌগোলিক প্রসারের বদলে আধুনিকায়ন এবং নগরায়নের মাধ্যমে সমাজকে আরও উন্নত করার আহ্বান জানিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্সাসকে অন্তর্ভুক্ত করার মাধ্যমে সম্প্রসারণবাদীরা জয়লাভ করেন। ১৮৪৫ সালে টেক্সাসকে যুক্ত করার ঘটনাটি দাসপ্রথা বিরোধী হুইগ নেতা [[জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামস|জন কুইন্সি অ্যাডামসের]] কাছে &quot;আমার নিজের এবং আমার দেশের জন্য ঘটা সবচেয়ে বড় বিপর্যয়&quot; বলে মনে হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪০-এর দশকে পশম ব্যবসায়ী এবং ফ্রেমন্টের অভিযানের মাধ্যমে পাওয়া রাস্তার খবরাখবর নিয়ে প্রকাশিত অভিবাসীদের &quot;পথনির্দেশিকা বই&quot;গুলো বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের পশ্চিম দিকে যেতে অনেক সাহায্য করেছিল। এই বইগুলো রকি পর্বতমালার ওপারে উর্বর চাষযোগ্য জমির প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;, For example, see {{বই উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআরএল=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXgUAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA160|শিরোনাম=Life on the plains and among the diggings: being scenes and adventures of an overland journey to California: with particular incidents of the route, mistakes and sufferings of the emigrants, the Indian tribes, the present and the future of the great West|শেষাংশ=Delano|প্রথমাংশ=Alonzo|বছর=1854|প্রকাশক=Miller, Orton &amp; Mulligan|পাতা=160}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মেক্সিকো এবং টেক্সাস ====
{{Blockquote|আমি জানতাম যে বন্য আরোহীরা এবং সেই জনশূন্য ভূমি চিরতরে হারিয়ে যেতে বসেছে... আমি আমেরিকার তিন শতাব্দীর ধোঁয়া, ধুলো আর ঘামের এক জীবন্ত এবং সশব্দ পরিসমাপ্তি দেখেছিলাম।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-first=Nicolas S.|editor-last=Witschi|title=A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gm0vRsG7jZ8C&amp;pg=PA271|year=2011|publisher=Wiley|page=271|isbn=978-1444396577}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[চিত্র:SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৩৬ সালে মেক্সিকান জেনারেল সান্তা আনার আত্মসমর্পণ গ্রহণ করছেন স্যাম হিউস্টন]]
১৮২১ সালে মেক্সিকো স্পেনের হাত থেকে স্বাধীনতা লাভ করে এবং টেক্সাস থেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত স্পেনের উত্তরের এলাকাগুলো নিজেদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে নেয়। আমেরিকান ক্যারাভান বা পণ্যবাহী দলগুলো সান্টা ফে ট্রেইল ধরে মেক্সিকোর সান্টা ফে শহরে পণ্য সরবরাহ করতে শুরু করে। মিসৌরির কানসাস সিটি (যা তখন ওয়েস্টপোর্ট নামে পরিচিত ছিল) থেকে ১,৪০০ কিলোমিটার (৮৭০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ এই পথ পাড়ি দিতে ৪৮ দিন সময় লাগত। সান্টা ফে শহরটি &quot;এল কামিনো রিয়াল&quot; বা রাজপথের যাত্রাপথ হিসেবেও ব্যবহৃত হতো। এটি ছিল এমন একটি বাণিজ্য পথ যার মাধ্যমে আমেরিকার তৈরি পণ্য মেক্সিকোর গভীর অভ্যন্তরে পাঠানো হতো এবং বিনিময়ে রূপো, পশুর পশম ও খচ্চর উত্তরে নিয়ে আসা হতো (ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার মিশনগুলোকে যুক্ত করা অন্য একটি &quot;কামিনো রিয়ালের&quot; সাথে এটিকে গুলিয়ে ফেললে চলবে না)। এই পথের একটি শাখা মেক্সিকো উপসাগরের পাশ দিয়ে পূর্ব দিকেও গিয়েছিল যাকে ওল্ড সান আন্তোনিও রোড বলা হতো। সান্টা ফে শহরটি ওল্ড স্প্যানিশ ট্রেইল বা প্রাচীন স্প্যানিশ পথের মাধ্যমে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার সাথে সরাসরি যুক্ত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মেক্সিকান-আমেরিকান যুদ্ধ ====
{{Blockquote|কারা খারাপ লোক তা বলা সহজ—তারা প্রায় সবসময়ই শ্বেতাঙ্গ, পুরুষ এবং মধ্যবিত্ত বা তার চেয়ে উচ্চবিত্ত, অন্যদিকে ভালো লোকরা প্রায় সবসময়ই অ-শ্বেতাঙ্গ, নারী বা নিম্নবিত্ত শ্রেণীর... অ্যাংলো-আমেরিকান সভ্যতাকে পিতৃতান্ত্রিক, বর্ণবাদী, গণহত্যাকারী এবং পরিবেশ ধ্বংসকারী হিসেবে উপস্থাপন করা হয়। সেইসাথে অভিযোগ করা হয় যে তারা ভণ্ডামির মাধ্যমে সেইসব আদর্শের সাথে বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা করেছে যার ওপর ভিত্তি করে এই সভ্যতা গড়ে ওঠার কথা ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=William E. |last=Weeks|chapter=American Expansionism, 1815–1860|editor-first=Robert D.|editor-last=Schulzinger|title=A Companion to American Foreign Relations|publisher=Blackwell|date=2006|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_jk8rKq5_MC&amp;pg=PA65|page=65|isbn=978-0470999035}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[চিত্র:Kearny-Las-Vegas-Aug-1846-engraving-1882.jpg|থাম্ব|জেনারেল কার্নির [[নিউ মেক্সিকো]] দখল, ১৫ আগস্ট, ১৮৪৬]]
মেক্সিকো ১৮৩৬ সালে টেক্সাসের স্বাধীনতা স্বীকার করতে অস্বীকার করলেও মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এবং ইউরোপীয় শক্তিগুলো তা মেনে নিয়েছিল। মেক্সিকো হুমকি দিয়েছিল যে টেক্সাস যদি আমেরিকার সাথে যুক্ত হয় তবে তারা যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা করবে। ১৮৪৫ সালে টেক্সাসের অন্তর্ভুক্তির পর ঠিক সেটাই ঘটেছিল। মেক্সিকোর অভ্যন্তরীণ রাজনৈতিক ডামাডোলের কারণে আমেরিকার আলোচনাকারীরা সেখান থেকে বিফল হয়ে ফিরে আসেন। যখন একটি বিতর্কিত এলাকায় মেক্সিকান সেনাবাহিনী ১৬ জন মার্কিন সৈন্যকে হত্যা করে, তখন যুদ্ধ অনিবার্য হয়ে পড়ে। কংগ্রেস সদস্য [[আব্রাহাম লিংকন|আব্রাহাম লিংকনের]] মতো হুইগ নেতারা এই যুদ্ধের তীব্র নিন্দা করেছিলেন। তবে নিউ ইংল্যান্ড অঞ্চলের বাইরে এই যুদ্ধ বেশ জনপ্রিয়তা পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মেক্সিকোর রণকৌশল ছিল মূলত প্রতিরক্ষামূলক। অন্যদিকে আমেরিকা বিপুল সংখ্যক স্বেচ্ছাসেবী সৈন্য নিয়ে তিন দিক থেকে আক্রমণ করার পরিকল্পনা গ্রহণ করে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকার স্থলবাহিনী খুব সামান্য প্রতিরোধের মাধ্যমেই নিউ মেক্সিকো দখল করে নেয়। এরপর তারা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দিকে অগ্রসর হয়। ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া খুব দ্রুত আমেরিকার স্থল ও নৌবাহিনীর নিয়ন্ত্রণে চলে আসে। নিউ অরলিন্সের প্রধান ঘাঁটি থেকে জেনারেল [[জ্যাকারি টেইলার|জ্যাকারি টেলর]] উত্তর মেক্সিকোতে সৈন্য পরিচালনা করেন। তিনি সেখানে ধারাবাহিকভাবে বেশ কিছু যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করেন। মার্কিন নৌবাহিনী জেনারেল উইনফিল্ড স্কটকে ভেরাক্রুজ বন্দরে পৌঁছে দেয়। এরপর তিনি তাঁর ১২,০০০ সৈন্যের বাহিনী নিয়ে পশ্চিম দিকে মেক্সিকো সিটির অভিমুখে যাত্রা করেন এবং চ্যাপুল্টেপেক নামক স্থানে চূড়ান্ত যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করেন। সমগ্র মেক্সিকো দখল করে নেওয়ার পরিকল্পনাটি শেষ পর্যন্ত বাতিল করা হয়। কারণ মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী বুঝতে পারে যে মেক্সিকোর রাজনৈতিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক মূল্যবোধ আমেরিকার তুলনায় একেবারেই আলাদা। যেমনটা ''সিনসিনাটি হেরাল্ড'' পত্রিকায় প্রশ্ন তোলা হয়েছিল যে, মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র ৮০ লক্ষ মেক্সিকানদের নিয়ে কী করবে &quot;যাদের মূর্তিপূজা, পৌত্তলিক কুসংস্কার এবং অধঃপতিত মিশ্র জাতি বিদ্যমান?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== টেক্সাসের বৃদ্ধি ====
দলে দলে অভিবাসীরা পূর্ব টেক্সাসের উর্বর তুলা চাষের জমিতে আসতে শুরু করার ফলে নতুন এই অঙ্গরাজ্যটি খুব দ্রুত উন্নতির পথে এগিয়ে চলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জার্মানিতে তৈরি হওয়া অর্থনৈতিক, সামাজিক এবং রাজনৈতিক অস্থিরতার কারণে ১৮৪০-এর দশকের শুরুর দিকে সেখান থেকে অনেক জার্মান অভিবাসী এখানে আসতে শুরু করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; পূর্ব দিকের জেলাগুলোতে বড় বড় চাষিরা তুলা চাষের জমি এবং ক্রীতদাসের ওপর অর্থ বিনিয়োগ করে বিশালাকার তুলার বাগান গড়ে তোলেন। অঙ্গরাজ্যটির মধ্য অঞ্চল মূলত সেইসব চাষিদের মাধ্যমে বিকশিত হয়েছিল যারা শুধু নিজেদের জীবনধারণের জন্য কৃষিকাজ করতেন এবং যাদের খুব একটা ক্রীতদাস ছিল না।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

টেক্সাস তার ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টেরর দিনগুলোতে এমন সাহসী পুরুষদের আকৃষ্ট করত যারা নির্ভুল লক্ষ্যভেদ করতে পারতেন এবং যাদের মধ্যে ছিল অজানাকে জানার প্রবল নেশা। তারা &quot;পুরুষোচিত খ্যাতি, দেশপ্রেমমূলক সেবা, যুদ্ধের গৌরব এবং বীরের মতো মৃত্যুকে বরণ করে নিতে&quot; সবসময় প্রস্তুত থাকতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া গোল্ড রাশ ====
{{Blockquote|পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতি একসময় শ্বেতাঙ্গ পুরুষ পণ্ডিতদের দ্বারা নিয়ন্ত্রিত ছিল যারা সাধারণত বিজয়োল্লাসধর্মী ইতিহাস লিখতেন। আমরা এখন আর সেই সংস্থা নই। আমরা এখন প্রথাগত সম্প্রসারণের কাহিনী থেকে ইতিপূর্বে বাদ পড়া অনেক সম্প্রদায়ের সদস্যদের নিয়ে যুগান্তকারী গবেষণা পরিচালনা করছি। এই নতুন কাজ এবং লেখকরা পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতি, মার্কিন পশ্চিমের ইতিহাস এবং সামগ্রিকভাবে এই পেশাকে রূপান্তরিত করেছেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;WHA 2024&quot;/&gt;}}
[[চিত্র:California_Clipper_500.jpg|থাম্ব|ক্লিপার জাহাজগুলি ১৭,০০০ মাইল (২৭,০০০ মাইল) পথ পাড়ি দিতে পাঁচ মাস সময় নিয়েছিল&amp;nbsp;কিমি) নিউ ইয়র্ক সিটি থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত।]]
[[চিত্র:SanFranciscoharbor1851c_sharp.jpg|থাম্ব|সান ফ্রান্সিসকো বন্দর {{আনুমানিক|1850}} ১৮৪৭ থেকে ১৮৭০ সালের মধ্যে, সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর জনসংখ্যা ৫০০ থেকে ১৫০,০০০-এ উন্নীত হয়।]]
১৮৪৬ সালে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় প্রায় ১০,০০০ ক্যালিফোর্নিও বা হিস্পানিক মানুষ বসবাস করতেন। তাদের বেশিরভাগই বর্তমান লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেস এলাকার পশুপালনের খামারগুলোতে থাকতেন। উত্তরের জেলাগুলোতে কয়েকশ বিদেশি ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে ছিলেন যাদের মধ্যে কিছু আমেরিকানও ছিলেন। ১৮৪৬ সালে মেক্সিকোর সাথে যুদ্ধ শুরু হওয়ার পর মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র সেখানে ফ্রেমন্ট এবং [[মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী|সেনাবাহিনীর]] একটি দল পাঠায়। সেই সাথে নৌবাহিনীর সহায়তায় তারা দ্রুত ওই অঞ্চলের নিয়ন্ত্রণ নিয়ে নেয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যুদ্ধ যখন শেষ পর্যায়ে, ঠিক তখনই উত্তরের অঞ্চলে সোনার সন্ধান পাওয়া যায় এবং এই খবরটি খুব দ্রুত সারা বিশ্বে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে।

হাজার হাজার &quot;ফর্টি-নাইনার্স&quot; বা সোনার সন্ধানে আসা মানুষ ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় পৌঁছান। কেউ দক্ষিণ আমেরিকা ঘুরে জাহাজে চড়ে এসেছিলেন অথবা রোগব্যাধি ছড়ানো পানামা হয়ে সংক্ষিপ্ত পথ ধরেছিলেন। আবার অনেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দুর্গম পথ হেঁটে পাড়ি দিয়েছিলেন। ১৮৫২ সালের মধ্যে জনসংখ্যা বেড়ে ২,০০,০০০ ছাড়িয়ে যায়। তাদের বেশিরভাগই সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর পূর্ব দিকের পাহাড়ি এলাকার স্বর্ণ সমৃদ্ধ অঞ্চলে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন।

সান ফ্রান্সিসকোতে বাসস্থানের প্রচণ্ড সংকট ছিল। খনিগুলোতে কাজ করতে আসা জাহাজের কর্মীরা তাদের জাহাজগুলো ফেলে যেতেন এবং সেই পরিত্যক্ত জাহাজগুলোকেই অনেক সময় অস্থায়ী আবাসে পরিণত করা হতো। খনি অঞ্চলগুলোতে জীবনযাত্রার মান ছিল একেবারেই আদিম ধরণের, যদিও সেখানকার মনোরম আবহাওয়া সবার কাছে আকর্ষণীয় ছিল। প্রয়োজনীয় সামগ্রীর দাম ছিল অনেক বেশি এবং খাবারের মান ছিল অত্যন্ত নিম্ন। তাদের নিত্যদিনের তালিকায় মূলত শুকরের মাংস, মটরশুঁটি এবং হুইস্কি থাকত। মূলত পুরুষ প্রধান এবং অস্থায়ী এই জনপদগুলোতে কোনো প্রতিষ্ঠিত প্রতিষ্ঠান ছিল না। ফলে সেখানে হিংসা, মদ্যপান, গালিগালাজ এবং লোভী আচরণের মতো ঘটনা খুব বেশি ঘটত। খনি এলাকাগুলোতে বিভিন্ন দাবি এবং ন্যায়বিচার কার্যকর করার জন্য কোনো আদালত বা পুলিশ ছিল না। তাই খনি শ্রমিকরা নিজেরাই একটি অস্থায়ী বিচার ব্যবস্থা তৈরি করেছিলেন। এটি বিদেশের অন্যান্য খনি অঞ্চলের &quot;খনি আইনের&quot; ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। প্রতিটি শিবিরের নিজস্ব নিয়ম ছিল এবং তারা প্রায়ই জনমতের ভিত্তিতে বিচার করত। কখনও কখনও তারা সঠিক বিচার করলেও অনেক সময় আইন হাতে তুলে নিত। আদিবাসী আমেরিকান (ইন্ডিয়ান), মেক্সিকান এবং চীনাদের সাধারণত সবচেয়ে কঠোর সাজা দেওয়া হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গোল্ড রাশ বা সোনার সন্ধানে এই উন্মাদনা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার অর্থনীতিকে আমূল বদলে দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে সেখানে খনি শ্রমিক, পানশালার মালিক, জুয়াড়ি এবং যৌনকর্মীদের পাশাপাশি ধাতু বিশেষজ্ঞ, ব্যবসায়ী, ডাক্তার এবং আইনজীবীদের মতো পেশাদার মানুষের সমাগম ঘটে। সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর একটি সংবাদপত্র জানিয়েছিল, &quot;পুরো দেশজুড়ে... কেবল সোনার সেই কর্কশ চিৎকার শোনা যাচ্ছে! সোনা! সোনা! ''সোনা''! মাঠগুলো অর্ধেক চাষ করা অবস্থায় পড়ে আছে, বাড়ি অর্ধেক তৈরি হয়েই থেমে আছে। কোদাল এবং গাঁইতি তৈরি ছাড়া মানুষ বাকি সবকিছু অবহেলা করছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার গোল্ড রাশের সেই পাঁচ বছরে ২,৫০,০০০-এর বেশি খনি শ্রমিক সর্বমোট ২০ কোটি ডলারের বেশি মূল্যের সোনা খুঁজে পেয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard R. Lamar 1977, pp. 446–472&quot;&gt;Howard R. Lamar (1977), pp.&amp;nbsp;446–447&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে হাজার হাজার মানুষের ভিড়ে খুব কম শ্রমিকের ভাগ্যেই এই সোনার দেখা মিলত। শেষ পর্যন্ত তাদের অধিকাংশেরই অবস্থা হতো অত্যন্ত শোচনীয় এবং নিঃস্ব।

হিংস্র ডাকাতরা প্রায়ই খনি শ্রমিকদের ওপর আক্রমণ করত। যেমন জোনাথন আর ডেভিস একাই এগারোজন ডাকাতকে হত্যা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Davis2&quot;&gt;Fournier, Richard. &quot;Mexican War Vet Wages Deadliest Gunfight in American History&quot;, ''VFW Magazine'' (January 2012), p.&amp;nbsp;30.&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকান নদীর উত্তর ও দক্ষিণ দিকে এবং পূর্বের সিয়েরা পর্বতমালা পর্যন্ত অসংখ্য শিবির গড়ে উঠেছিল। কয়েক বছরের মধ্যেই প্রায় সমস্ত স্বাধীন খনি শ্রমিকরা তাদের জায়গা হারান। বড় বড় কোম্পানিগুলো খনিগুলো কিনে নেয় এবং সেখানে খুব সামান্য বেতনে শ্রমিকদের নিয়োগ করে। সোনা খুঁজে পাওয়া এবং তা বের করা যখন আরও কঠিন হয়ে পড়ল, তখন একাকী সোনা সন্ধানী বা প্রস্পেক্টরদের জায়গা দখল করে নিল বেতনভুক্ত শ্রমিকের দল, বিশেষ দক্ষতা এবং খনি চালানোর বড় বড় যন্ত্রপাতি। তবে বড় খনিগুলোর কারণে পরিবেশের অনেক বেশি ক্ষতি হয়েছিল। পাহাড়গুলোতে সুড়ঙ্গ খুঁড়ে খনিজ সংগ্রহের ফলে প্রচুর পরিমাণে বর্জ্য তৈরি হতো। ১৮৫২ সালে গোল্ড রাশের শেষ দিক থেকে ১৮৮৩ সাল পর্যন্ত হাইড্রোলাইক বা জলচালিত খনি ব্যবস্থা ব্যবহার করা হতো। এতে প্রচুর মুনাফা হলেও এটি মুষ্টিমেয় কিছু পুঁজিপতির হাতে চলে যায় এবং সাধারণ শ্রমিকরা কাজ হারান। এর ফলে নদীগুলোতে বিপুল পরিমাণ বর্জ্য মিশে যেত এবং পরিবেশের ওপর মারাত্মক প্রভাব ফেলত। চাষের জমি নষ্ট হওয়ার বিরুদ্ধে জনগণের তীব্র প্রতিবাদের মুখে হাইড্রোলাইক খনি ব্যবস্থা নিষিদ্ধ করা হলে এই প্রক্রিয়ার অবসান ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

নিউ মেক্সিকো থেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং দক্ষিণ ডাকোটা পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত ত্রিভুজাকার পাহাড়ি এলাকায় কয়েকশ খনি অঞ্চল ছিল। সেখানে প্রস্পেক্টররা সোনা, রূপো, তামা এবং অন্যান্য খনিজ পদার্থের (সেই সাথে কিছু নরম পাথরের কয়লা) সন্ধান পেয়েছিলেন। রাতারাতি অসংখ্য অস্থায়ী খনি শিবির গড়ে উঠেছিল। কিন্তু খনিজ ফুরিয়ে যাওয়ার সাথে সাথে এর বেশিরভাগই জনশূন্য বা ভূতুড়ে শহরে পরিণত হয়েছিল। অভিযাত্রীরা রকি পর্বতমালা এবং দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চল বরাবর সোনা ও রূপোর সন্ধানে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন। শীঘ্রই ১৮৬৪ সালের মধ্যে কলোরাডো, ইউটা, অ্যারিজোনা, নিউ মেক্সিকো, আইডাহো, মন্টানা এবং দক্ষিণ ডাকোটায় সোনার খোঁজ পাওয়া যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

রূপোর এক বিশাল খনি আবিষ্কৃত হওয়ার ফলে নেভাদার ভার্জিনিয়া সিটি, [[কারসন সিটি, নেভাডা|কারসন সিটি]] এবং সিলভার সিটির মতো শহরগুলোতে হঠাৎ করেই সমৃদ্ধি আসে। সোনার চেয়ে রূপোর মাধ্যমে পাওয়া সম্পদ ১৮৬০-এর দশকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকোর পূর্ণ বিকাশে অনেক বেশি সাহায্য করেছিল। এটি জর্জ হার্স্টের মতো বেশ কিছু অত্যন্ত ধনী পরিবারের উত্থানেও বড় ভূমিকা রেখেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ওরেগন ট্রেইল ====
{{প্রবেশদ্বার|United States}}
[[চিত্র:Wpdms_nasa_topo_oregon_trail.jpg|থাম্ব|৪,০০,০০০ পুরুষ, মহিলা এবং শিশু ২,০০০ মাইল (৩,২০০&amp;nbsp;কিমি) ওরেগন ট্রেইলে ছয় মাসের যাত্রায়।]]
পশ্চিম উপকূলের সেই সমৃদ্ধ নতুন ভূখণ্ডে পৌঁছানোর জন্য তিনটি পথ খোলা ছিল: কেউ জাহাজে করে দক্ষিণ আমেরিকার দক্ষিণ প্রান্ত ঘুরে ছয় মাসের এক দীর্ঘ সমুদ্রযাত্রা করতেন, কেউ পানামা যোজকের বিপজ্জনক পথ বেছে নিতেন, আবার প্রায় ৪,০০,০০০ মানুষ ৩,২০০ কিলোমিটার (২,০০০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ স্থলপথ হেঁটে পাড়ি দিতেন। তাদের মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরগুলো সাধারণত মিসৌরি থেকে যাত্রা শুরু করত। তারা একজন অভিজ্ঞ মালবাহী গাড়ির চালকের অধীনে বড় বড় দলে ভাগ হয়ে যাতায়াত করতেন এবং সাথে নিতেন নিজেদের জামাকাপড়, চাষবাসের সরঞ্জাম, অস্ত্রশস্ত্র এবং গবাদি পশু। এই গাড়ির বহরগুলো বড় বড় নদী অনুসরণ করে সমতল ভূমি ও পাহাড় অতিক্রম করত এবং সাধারণত ওরেগন ও ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় গিয়ে যাত্রা শেষ করত। অগ্রগামীরা সাধারণত একটি গ্রীষ্মকালীন মরসুমের মধ্যে, অর্থাৎ ছয় মাসের মধ্যে এই ভ্রমণ শেষ করার চেষ্টা করতেন। ১৮৩৬ সালে যখন [[ইন্ডিপেন্ডেন্স, মিজুরি|মিসৌরির ইন্ডিপেন্ডেন্সে]] প্রথম অভিবাসী মালবাহী গাড়ির বহর সংগঠিত হয়, ততদিনে আইডাহোর ফোর্ট হল পর্যন্ত একটি পথ তৈরি হয়ে গিয়েছিল। ধীরে ধীরে আরও পশ্চিমের পথ পরিষ্কার করা হয় এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত তা ওরেগনের উইল্যামেট উপত্যকা পর্যন্ত পৌঁছায়। প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় উত্তর-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলের দিকে যাওয়া এই মালবাহী গাড়ির রাস্তার নেটওয়ার্কটিই পরে ওরেগন ট্রেইল নামে পরিচিতি পায়। ১৮৪৩ সাল থেকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ট্রেইল, ১৮৪৭ সাল থেকে মরমোন ট্রেইল এবং ১৮৬৩ সাল থেকে বোজম্যান ট্রেইলের যাত্রীরাও তাদের নির্দিষ্ট গন্তব্যের দিকে মোড় নেওয়ার আগে এই পথের পূর্ব অর্ধাংশ ব্যবহার করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সব অভিবাসী তাদের গন্তব্যে পৌঁছাতে পারতেন না। স্থলপথের এই যাত্রায় বিপদের কোনো শেষ ছিল না: সাপের কামড়, মালবাহী গাড়ির দুর্ঘটনা, সহযাত্রীদের সহিংসতা, আত্মহত্যা, অপুষ্টি, পশুর পালের হুড়োহুড়ি, আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণ, নানা ধরণের রোগব্যাধি (যার মধ্যে [[আমাশয়]], [[আন্ত্রিক জ্বর|টাইফয়েড]] এবং [[কলেরা]]  ছিল সবচেয়ে সাধারণ), প্রতিকূল আবহাওয়া, তুষারধস ইত্যাদি। এই যাত্রার ভয়াবহ প্রকৃতির একটি বিশেষ পরিচিত উদাহরণ হলো দুর্ভাগা ডনার পার্টির কাহিনী, যারা ১৮৪৬–১৮৪৭ সালের শীতকালে [[সিয়েরা নেভাদা]] পাহাড়ে আটকা পড়েছিলেন। এই দলের ৯০ জন মানুষের অর্ধেকই ক্ষুধা ও প্রচণ্ড ঠান্ডায় মারা যান এবং কেউ কেউ বেঁচে থাকার জন্য মানুষের মাংস খেতেও বাধ্য হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; নরমাংসভক্ষণের অন্য একটি কাহিনীতে অ্যালফার্ড প্যাকার এবং ১৮৭৪ সালে কলোরাডোতে তাঁর অভিযানের কথা উঠে আসে। এ ছাড়া ডাকাত এবং হাইওয়েম্যানদেরও ঘনঘন আক্রমণ চলত, যেমন কুখ্যাত হার্প ব্রাদার্স যারা সীমান্ত পথে টহল দিত এবং অভিবাসী দলগুলোকে লক্ষ্যবস্তু বানাত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মরমোন এবং ইউটা ====
{{সূত্র তালিকা|দল=nb}}
[[চিত্র:Mountain_Meadows_Massacre.jpg|থাম্ব|মাউন্টেন মিডোজ গণহত্যাটি ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় আবদ্ধ ১২০ জন বেসামরিক নাগরিকের উপর মর্মন এবং পাইউট আদিবাসীদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হয়েছিল।]]
[[চিত্র:Mormon_Pioneer_handcart_statue.jpg|থাম্ব|উটাহের সল্ট লেক সিটির টেম্পল স্কোয়ারে অবস্থিত টরলেফ এস. ন্যাফাসের লেখা ''হ্যান্ডকার্ট পাইওনিয়ার মনুমেন্ট'' ।]]
মিসৌরি এবং ইলিনয়ে মরমোন বসতি স্থাপনকারী ও স্থানীয়দের মধ্যে শত্রুতা ক্রমেই বাড়তে থাকে, যা কয়েক বছর পর ইউটার মতো অন্যান্য অঙ্গরাজ্যেও দেখা গিয়েছিল। ১৮৩৮ সালের ২৪ অক্টোবর শেষ পর্যন্ত এই সহিংসতা ছড়িয়ে পড়ে যখন উভয় পক্ষের মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী সংঘর্ষে লিপ্ত হয় এবং এর ৬ দিন পরে লিভিংস্টন কাউন্টিতে মরমোনদের ব্যাপক হারে হত্যা করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এএই সংঘর্ষের সময় একটি &quot;মরমোন উচ্ছেদ আদেশ&quot; জারি করা হয় এবং মরমোনরা ছত্রভঙ্গ হয়ে যেতে বাধ্য হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ইলিনয় এবং মিসৌরিতে ধর্মীয় নিপীড়ন থেকে বাঁচতে এবং আমেরিকার বিচারিক এলাকা থেকে বাইরে যাওয়ার উদ্দেশ্যে ব্রিঘাম ইয়ং মরমোনদের [[গ্রেট সল্ট লেক|গ্রেট সল্ট লেকে]] উপত্যকায় নিয়ে যান, যা সেই সময় মেক্সিকোর অধীনে থাকলেও তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে ছিল না। ইয়ং যাকে &quot;ডেসেরেট&quot; বলতেন, সেখানে শ’খানেক গ্রামীণ মরমোন জনপদ গড়ে ওঠে যা তিনি একটি ধর্মরাষ্ট্র হিসেবে শাসন করতেন। পরবর্তীতে এটি ইউটা টেরিটরিতে পরিণত হয়। [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটি]] জনপদটি তাদের নেটওয়ার্কের কেন্দ্র হিসেবে কাজ করত, যা পার্শ্ববর্তী অঞ্চলগুলোতেও ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। মরমোনদের সাম্প্রদায়িক জীবনযাত্রা এবং উন্নত কৃষিপদ্ধতি তাদের সফল হতে সাহায্য করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; মরমোনরা প্রায়শই সেখান দিয়ে যাওয়া মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরগুলোর কাছে পণ্য বিক্রি করত। ১৮৫০ সালে ফোর্ট ইউটার যুদ্ধের পর ব্রিঘাম ইয়ং আদিবাসীদের বিষয়ে একটি বিশেষ নীতি গ্রহণ করেন যাকে প্রায়ই এভাবে বলা হয় &quot;তাদের সাথে যুদ্ধ করার চেয়ে তাদের খাওয়ানো সস্তা।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে ওয়াকারার যুদ্ধ এবং ইউটার ব্ল্যাক হক যুদ্ধ প্রমাণ করে যে শত্রুতা চলতেই থাকে, যতক্ষণ না ফেডারেল এবং আঞ্চলিক নেতারা একমত হন যে নিকটবর্তী আদিবাসীদের সবাইকে উইন্টা রিজার্ভেশনে সরিয়ে দেওয়া উচিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই বিপদগ্রস্ত গোষ্ঠীটিকে রক্ষা করতে, ধর্মীয় মতবিরোধ কমাতে এবং গোষ্ঠীর সংহতি বজায় রাখতে শিক্ষাকে উচ্চ অগ্রাধিকার দেওয়া হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪৮ সালে মেক্সিকো–আমেরিকান যুদ্ধ শেষ হওয়ার পর মেক্সিকো ইউটা অঞ্চলটি মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের কাছে হস্তান্তর করে। যদিও যুদ্ধের সময় ইউটার মরমোনরা আমেরিকার প্রচেষ্টাকে সমর্থন করেছিল। কিন্তু প্রটেস্ট্যান্ট গির্জাগুলোর চাপে ফেডারেল সরকার ধর্মশাসন এবং বহুবিবাহ প্রথা প্রত্যাখ্যান করে। ১৮৫২ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত রিপাবলিকান পার্টি বহুবিবাহের কারণে ইউটার চার্চ অফ জেসাস ক্রাইস্ট অফ ল্যাটার-ডে সেন্টস (এলডিএস চার্চ) এর প্রতি প্রকাশ্যে শত্রুতা পোষণ করত। তৎকালীন অধিকাংশ আমেরিকান জনগণের কাছে এই বহুবিবাহ প্রথা আধুনিক সভ্যতার ধর্মীয়, সাংস্কৃতিক ও নৈতিক মূল্যবোধের ওপর এক চরম আঘাত হিসেবে বিবেচিত হতো। ১৮৫০-এর দশকের শেষের দিকে পরিস্থিতি যুদ্ধের কাছাকাছি পৌঁছে যায় যখন রাষ্ট্রপতি বিউকানান সেখানে সৈন্য পাঠান। যদিও সেখানে বড় কোনো সামরিক যুদ্ধ হয়নি এবং আলোচনার মাধ্যমে পরিস্থিতি শান্ত হয়, তবুও সহিংসতা বৃদ্ধি পেয়েছিল এবং বেশ কয়েকজন হতাহত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গৃহযুদ্ধের পর ফেডারেল সরকার পদ্ধতিগতভাবে ইউটার নিয়ন্ত্রণ গ্রহণ করে। ওই অঞ্চলে এলডিএস চার্চকে আইনত বিলুপ্ত করা হয় এবং ইয়ং সহ চার্চের উচ্চপদস্থ ব্যক্তিদের কার্যত সমস্ত সরকারি অফিস থেকে সরিয়ে দেওয়া হয় এবং নিষিদ্ধ করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এরই মধ্যে আমেরিকা এবং ইউরোপে সফল ধর্মপ্রচারের ফলে ইউটাতে মরমোন ধর্মান্তরিতদের ঢল নামে। এই সময়ে কংগ্রেস ইউটাকে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদা দিতে অস্বীকার করেছিল কারণ রাজ্য হওয়ার অর্থ ছিল অঞ্চলের ওপর থেকে সরাসরি ফেডারেল নিয়ন্ত্রণ শেষ হওয়া এবং এলডিএস চার্চের পছন্দ করা বা তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রিত রাজনীতিকদের সম্ভাব্য উত্থান ঘটা। অবশেষে ১৮৯০ সালে চার্চের নেতৃত্ব ঘোষণা করেন যে বহুবিবাহ আর তাদের মূল আদর্শের অংশ নয়, যা ছিল মূলত একটি আপস। ১৮৯৬ সালে ইউটা ৪৫তম অঙ্গরাজ্য হিসেবে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয় এবং মরমোনরা রিপাবলিকান ও ডেমোক্র্যাট এই দুই ভাগে বিভক্ত হয়ে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পনি এক্সপ্রেস এবং টেলিগ্রাফ ====
{{সূত্র তালিকা}}
[[চিত্র:Ponymap.jpg|থাম্ব|পনি এক্সপ্রেস রুটের মানচিত্র]]
চিঠি এবং মালপত্র আদানপ্রদানের অগ্রগতির জন্য ফেডারেল সরকার ভর্তুকি প্রদান করেছিল। ১৮৫৬ সালের মধ্যে কংগ্রেস ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় যাওয়ার সড়ক ব্যবস্থার উন্নয়ন এবং একটি স্থলপথের ডাক পরিষেবা চালু করার অনুমতি প্রদান করে। নতুন এই বাণিজ্যিক মালবাহী গাড়ির পরিষেবাটি মূলত পণ্য পরিবহনের কাজে ব্যবহৃত হতো। ১৮৫৮ সালে জন বাটারফিল্ড (১৮০১-১৮৬৯) একটি ঘোড়ায় টানা যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ির পরিষেবা চালু করেছিলেন। এই পরিষেবাটি একটি দক্ষিণ পথ ধরে সেন্ট লুইস থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত পৌঁছাতে মাত্র ২৪ দিন সময় নিত। ১৮৬১ সালে টেক্সাস কনফেডারেসিতে যোগ দেওয়ার পর এই পথটি পরিত্যক্ত হয়। এর পরিবর্তে ফোর্ট লারামি এবং [[সল্ট লেক শহর|সল্ট লেক সিটির]] মধ্য দিয়ে একটি নতুন যাত্রাপথ তৈরি করা হয় যা ছিল ২৪ দিনের এক দীর্ঘ যাত্রা। এই পথে ওয়েলস ফার্গো অ্যান্ড কোম্পানি প্রধান পরিষেবা প্রদানকারী হিসেবে আবির্ভূত হয় যারা শুরুর দিকে পুরনো &quot;বাটারফিল্ড&quot; নামটিই ব্যবহার করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬১ সালে কংগ্রেস ল্যান্ড-গ্রান্ট টেলিগ্রাফ অ্যাক্ট পাস করে যা ওয়েস্টার্ন ইউনিয়নের আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় টেলিগ্রাম লাইন তৈরির খরচ মেটানোয় সাহায্য করেছিল। ওয়েস্টার্ন ইউনিয়নের প্রধান হিরাম সিবলি রেলপথগুলোর সাথে একটি বিশেষ চুক্তি করেন যাতে তাদের নির্ধারিত সংরক্ষিত পথে টেলিগ্রাম লাইন বসানো যায়। ১৮৬১ সালের ২৪ অক্টোবর আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ চালু হওয়ার আট বছর আগেই নেব্রাস্কার ওমাহা থেকে সান ফ্রান্সিসকো পর্যন্ত প্রথম আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় টেলিগ্রামের সংযোগ স্থাপিত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; টেলিগ্রামের গতির সাথে কোনোভাবেই পাল্লা দিতে না পারায় মাত্র ১৮ মাসের মধ্যেই পনি এক্সপ্রেসের পরিসমাপ্তি ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== রক্তাক্ত কানসাস ====
[[চিত্র:Marais-massacre.jpg|alt=Men lined up along a tree line are shot by men on horseback.|থাম্ব|দাসত্ব বিরোধী কানসানের মারাইস ডেস সিগনেস গণহত্যা, ১৯ মে, ১৮৫৮]]

=== পশ্চিমে গৃহযুদ্ধ ===
[[চিত্র:Execution_of_38_Sioux_Indians_at_Mankato_Minnesota_1862_(cleaned).jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬২ সালে মিনেসোটার মানকাটোতে হত্যা ও ধর্ষণের দায়ে দোষী সাব্যস্ত সিউক্স যোদ্ধাদের গণহত্যা]]
বিশাল ভূখণ্ড হওয়া সত্ত্বেও, ট্রান্স-মিসিসিপি পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে জনসংখ্যা ছিল অত্যন্ত কম। এই কারণে আমেরিকান গৃহযুদ্ধের ইতিহাসচর্চায় এই অঞ্চলের যুদ্ধকালীন কাহিনীগুলো অনেকাংশেই উপেক্ষিত থেকে গিয়েছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ট্রান্স-মিসিসিপি পেক্ষাগৃহ ====
কনফেডারেসি পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে বেশ কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সামরিক অভিযান পরিচালনা করেছিল। তবে যুদ্ধের আগে কানসাস চরম সংঘাতের কেন্দ্রবিন্দু থাকলেও, যুদ্ধ চলাকালীন সেখানে শুধুমাত্র একটি যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল যা মাইন ক্রিক যুদ্ধ নামে পরিচিত। কিন্তু কনফেডারেট সীমানার কাছাকাছি হওয়ায় কোয়ান্ট্রিলস রেইডার্সের মতো কনফেডারেট-পন্থী গেরিলা দলগুলো ইউনিয়নের শক্ত ঘাঁটিগুলোতে আক্রমণ করার এবং সেখানকার বাসিন্দাদের নির্বিচারে হত্যা করার সুযোগ পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

টেক্সাসের নাগরিকরা ভোট দিয়ে কনফেডারেসিতে যোগ দেওয়ার সিদ্ধান্ত নিয়েছিলেন। সেখানে যুদ্ধ-বিরোধী জার্মানদের ফাঁসিকাষ্ঠে ঝোলানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; স্থানীয় সৈন্যরা সান আন্তোনিওর ফেডারেল অস্ত্রাগার দখল করে নেয়। তাদের পরিকল্পনা ছিল উত্তর নিউ মেক্সিকো, ইউটা, কলোরাডো এবং সম্ভব হলে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া দখল করা। মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী ওই এলাকা থেকে চলে যাওয়ার পর অ্যাপাচি উপজাতির আক্রমণ থেকে রক্ষা পেতে অ্যারিজোনার নাগরিকরাই  কনফেডারেট অ্যারিজোনা গঠন করেন। এরপর কনফেডারেসির লক্ষ্য ছিল নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলের নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেওয়া। জেনারেল হেনরি হপকিন্স সিবলিকে এই অভিযানের দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয়। তিনি তাঁর নিউ মেক্সিকো বাহিনী নিয়ে রিও গ্র্যান্ডে অভিমুখে যাত্রা করেন যাতে কলোরাডো এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার খনিজ সম্পদ দখল করা যায়। তবে ফার্স্ট রেজিমেন্ট অফ ভলান্টিয়ার্স এই বিদ্রোহীদের গতিবিধি টের পেয়ে যায় এবং তারা ফোর্ট ইউনিয়নে থাকা ইয়াঙ্কিদের সতর্ক করে তাদের সাথে যোগ দেয়। শীঘ্রই গ্লোরিয়েটা পাস যুদ্ধ শুরু হয় এবং ইউনিয়ন বাহিনী কনফেডারেটদের অভিযান থামিয়ে দেয়। এর ফলে টেক্সাসের পশ্চিম দিকের এলাকাগুলো ইউনিয়নের নিয়ন্ত্রণেই থেকে যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মিসৌরি ছিল দক্ষিণ সীমান্তের এমন একটি রাজ্য যেখানে দাসপ্রথা বৈধ ছিল। সেখানকার আইনসভার ভোটের বিরুদ্ধে গিয়ে বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী গভর্নর যখন সেন্ট লুইসের ফেডারেল অস্ত্রাগারে সৈন্য পরিচালনা করেন, তখন এটি যুদ্ধক্ষেত্রে পরিণত হয়। আরকানসাস এবং লুইজিয়ানা থেকে আসা কনফেডারেট বাহিনী তাঁকে সাহায্য করেছিল। মিসৌরির গভর্নর এবং রাজ্য আইনসভার একাংশ নিওশোতে একটি বিচ্ছিন্নকরণ অধ্যাদেশ বা অর্ডিন্যান্স অফ সেসেশন স্বাক্ষর করেন এবং মিসৌরিতে কনফেডারেট সরকার গঠন করেন। এর ফলে দক্ষিণ মিসৌরি কনফেডারেটদের নিয়ন্ত্রণে চলে যায়। তবে ইউনিয়ন জেনারেল স্যামুয়েল কার্টিস সেন্ট লুইস এবং পুরো মিসৌরিকে পুনরায় ইউনিয়নের অধীনে ফিরিয়ে আনেন। এই রাজ্যটি পশ্চিমে অসংখ্য হামলা এবং গেরিলা যুদ্ধের সাক্ষী হয়ে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== শান্তিরক্ষা ====
[[চিত্র:Dakota_War_of_1862-stereo-right.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬২ সালের ডাকোটা যুদ্ধ থেকে পালিয়ে আসা বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা]]
১৮৫০ সালের পর মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী সীমান্ত জুড়ে কতগুলো সামরিক ঘাঁটি বা পোস্ট স্থাপন করেছিল। এগুলোর উদ্দেশ্য ছিল আদিবাসী উপজাতিগুলোর নিজেদের মধ্যকার লড়াই অথবা আদিবাসী ও বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মধ্যকার যুদ্ধ বন্ধ করা। উনিশ শতক জুড়ে সেনাবাহিনীর কর্মকর্তাদের ক্যারিয়ার সাধারণত এক দুর্গ থেকে অন্য দুর্গে শান্তি রক্ষাকারীর ভূমিকা পালন করার মধ্য দিয়েই কাটত। একজন সাধারণ সৈনিকের জন্য সরাসরি যুদ্ধক্ষেত্রে লড়াই করার অভিজ্ঞতা ছিল বেশ বিরল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

সবচেয়ে নাটকীয় সংঘাতটি ছিল ১৮৬২ সালে মিনেসোটার সিওক্স যুদ্ধ। তখন ডাকোটা উপজাতিরা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের বিতাড়িত করার জন্য জার্মানি থেকে আসা কৃষকদের খামারে পরিকল্পিতভাবে আক্রমণ শুরু করে। বেশ কয়েক দিন ধরে লোয়ার সিওক্স এজেন্সি, নিউ আলম এবং হাচিনসনে ডাকোটাদের আক্রমণে প্রায় ৩০০ থেকে ৪০০ শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারী নিহত হন। রাজ্য মিলিশিয়া পাল্টা লড়াই শুরু করে এবং রাষ্ট্রপতি লিনকন সেখানে ফেডারেল সৈন্য পাঠান। এরপর ফোর্ট রিজলি, বার্চ কুলি, ফোর্ট অ্যাবারক্রম্বি এবং উড লেকের যুদ্ধগুলোর মাধ্যমে ছয় সপ্তাহের এই লড়াই শেষ হয় যেখানে আমেরিকানরা জয়লাভ করে। ফেডারেল সরকার ৪২৫ জন আদিবাসীর বিরুদ্ধে খুনের মামলা চালায় এবং ৩০৩ জনকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত করে মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেয়। লিনকন তাদের অধিকাংশকেই ক্ষমা করে দিয়েছিলেন, তবে ৩৮ জন নেতাকে ফাঁসিতে ঝোলানো হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে ইউনিয়ন সৈন্যদের উপস্থিতি কমে যাওয়ার ফলে সেখানে প্রশিক্ষণহীন মিলিশিয়া বাহিনী অবশিষ্ট ছিল। শত্রুভাবাপন্ন উপজাতিরা এই সুযোগটি কাজে লাগিয়ে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর আক্রমণ চালায়। মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীও এর কঠোর জবাব দিয়েছিল। ১৮৬৪ সালের শেষের দিকে পূর্ব কলোরাডোর স্যান্ড ক্রিক গণহত্যা এর একটি বড় উদাহরণ। সেখানে শায়েন এবং আরাপাহো উপজাতির শীতকালীন আস্তানায় আক্রমণ চালানো হয়েছিল যেখানে মূলত নারী ও শিশুরাই বেশি ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৪ সালে কিট কারসন এবং মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী নিউ মেক্সিকোতে পুরো [[নাভাহো|নাভাজো]] উপজাতিকে ফাঁদে ফেলে। তারা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর আক্রমণ চালাত বলে তাদের ধরে একটি সংরক্ষিত এলাকা বা রিজার্ভেশনে রাখা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বর্তমান ওকলাহোমা বা তৎকালীন ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরিতে পাঁচটি সভ্য উপজাতির মধ্যেও সংঘাত দেখা দেয়। তাদের মধ্যে বেশিরভাগই নিজেরা ক্রীতদাসের মালিক হওয়ায় দক্ষিণ পক্ষকে সমর্থন করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালে কংগ্রেস পশ্চিমে বসতি স্থাপন সহজতর করার জন্য দুটি বড় আইন পাস করে: হোমস্টেড অ্যাক্ট এবং প্যাসিফিক রেলরোড অ্যাক্ট। এর ফলে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে সমতল অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতে লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন খামার গড়ে ওঠে। এগুলোর মধ্যে অনেকগুলোই জার্মানি এবং স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়া থেকে আসা নতুন অভিবাসীদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হতো।

=== যুদ্ধোত্তর পশ্চিম ===

==== গৃহযুদ্ধের পর অভিবাসন ====
[[চিত্র:Fsstockade.jpg|থাম্ব|ক্যাম্প সাপ্লাই স্টকেড, ফেব্রুয়ারি ১৮৬৯]]
যুদ্ধ শেষ হওয়ার এবং দাসপ্রথা বিলুপ্ত হওয়ার পর, ফেডারেল সরকার বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলের শাসনব্যবস্থা উন্নত করার দিকে মনোনিবেশ করে। ১৭৮৭ সালের &quot;নর্থওয়েস্ট অর্ডিন্যান্স&quot; বা উত্তর-পশ্চিম অধ্যাদেশের নজির অনুসরণ করে তারা বেশ কিছু অঞ্চলকে ছোট ছোট ভাগে বিভক্ত করে পূর্ণাঙ্গ রাজ্যের মর্যাদার জন্য প্রস্তুত করে। সরকার আঞ্চলিক সরকারগুলোর তত্ত্বাবধান এবং কার্যপ্রণালীকে একটি নির্দিষ্ট মানদণ্ডে নিয়ে আসে, যার ফলে স্থানীয় কিছু ক্ষমতা কেড়ে নেওয়া হয় এবং প্রচুর পরিমাণে &quot;রেড টেপ&quot; বা আমলাতান্ত্রিক জটিলতা আরোপ করা হয়। এর ফলে ফেডারেল আমলাতন্ত্রের পরিধি উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে বৃদ্ধি পায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

অঞ্চলগুলোতে ফেডারেল সরকারের সম্পৃক্ততা ছিল বিশাল। সরাসরি ভর্তুকি দেওয়ার পাশাপাশি, ফেডারেল সরকার সামরিক ঘাঁটিগুলো রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ করত, আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণ থেকে নিরাপত্তা নিশ্চিত করত, চুক্তিবদ্ধ দায়বদ্ধতা মেটানোর জন্য অর্থ জোগান দিত, ভূমি জরিপ ও জমি বিক্রির কাজ পরিচালনা করত এবং রাস্তাঘাট নির্মাণ করত। এ ছাড়াও তারা ভূমি অফিসের জন্য কর্মী নিয়োগ, বন্দরগুলোর উন্নয়ন এবং স্থলপথের ডাক পরিষেবায় ভর্তুকি প্রদান করত। ওই অঞ্চলের নাগরিকরা একদিকে যেমন ফেডারেল ক্ষমতা এবং স্থানীয় দুর্নীতির নিন্দা করত, ঠিক তেমনই আবার তাদের এলাকায় আরও বেশি ফেডারেল অর্থ পাঠানো হচ্ছে না কেন তা নিয়েও আক্ষেপ প্রকাশ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আঞ্চলিক গভর্নররা ছিলেন রাজনৈতিকভাবে নিযুক্ত ব্যক্তি এবং ওয়াশিংটনের কাছে দায়বদ্ধ। তাই তাঁরা সাধারণত খুব নমনীয়ভাবে শাসন পরিচালনা করতেন এবং স্থানীয় সমস্যাগুলো সমাধানের ভার আইনসভার ওপর ছেড়ে দিতেন। একজন বেসামরিক গভর্নরের ভূমিকার পাশাপাশি, আঞ্চলিক গভর্নর একই সাথে মিলিশিয়া বাহিনীর কমান্ডার, আদিবাসী বিষয়ক স্থানীয় সুপারিনটেনডেন্ট এবং ফেডারেল সংস্থাগুলোর সাথে রাজ্যের সংযোগকারী বা লিয়াজোঁ হিসেবে কাজ করতেন। অন্যদিকে, আইনসভাগুলো স্থানীয় নাগরিকদের কথা বলত এবং ফেডারেল সরকার তাদের স্থানীয় আইন তৈরির ক্ষেত্রে যথেষ্ট স্বাধীনতা প্রদান করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

শাসনব্যবস্থার এই উন্নতি সত্ত্বেও অসাধু উপায়ে মুনাফা অর্জনের প্রচুর সুযোগ থেকে গিয়েছিল। নেভাদার সচিব হিসেবে কর্মরত নিজের ভাইয়ের অধীনে কাজ করার সময় মার্ক টোয়েন লিখেছিলেন, &quot;আমার দেশের সরকার সততাকে অবজ্ঞা করে কিন্তু শৈল্পিক ধূর্ততাকে আদর করে; আমার মনে হয় আমি একজন খুব দক্ষ পকেটমার হয়ে উঠতে পারতাম যদি আমি আরও এক বা দুই বছর জনসেবায় নিয়োজিত থাকতাম।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;আঞ্চলিক চক্রগুলো&quot; ছিল স্থানীয় রাজনীতিবিদ এবং ব্যবসায়ীদের এমন এক দুর্নীতিগ্রস্ত গোষ্ঠী যারা ফেডারেল পৃষ্ঠপোষকতায় পুষ্ট ছিল। তারা আদিবাসী উপজাতি এবং স্থানীয় নাগরিকদের অর্থ তছরুপ করত, বিশেষ করে ডাকোটা এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো অঞ্চলগুলোতে এই প্রবণতা বেশি ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ফেডারেল ভূমি ব্যবস্থা ====
[[চিত্র:Photograph_of_a_Family_with_Their_Covered_Wagon_During_the_Great_Western_Migration,_1866_-_NARA_-_518267.jpg|থাম্ব|গৃহস্থ, {{আনুমানিক}} ১৮৬৬]]
১৮৬২ সালে কংগ্রেস তিনটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিল পাস করে যা ভূমি ব্যবস্থার খোলনলচে বদলে দেয়। হোমস্টেড আইন বা বসতভিটা আইনের মাধ্যমে এমন প্রত্যেক বসতি স্থাপনকারীকে ১৬০ একর জমি বিনামূল্যে দেওয়া হয় যারা পাঁচ বছর সেই জমির উন্নয়ন ঘটিয়েছে। নাগরিক এবং অ-নাগরিক সহ জবরদখলকারী ও মহিলারাও এই সুবিধার যোগ্য ছিলেন। এর একমাত্র খরচ ছিল সামান্য আবেদন ফি। সমতল অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতে জনবসতি স্থাপনের ক্ষেত্রে এই আইনটি বিশেষভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ছিল। অনেকে বিনামূল্যে বসতভিটা গ্রহণ করেছিলেন এবং অন্যরা রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর কাছ থেকে কম দামে জমি কিনেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালের প্যাসিফিক রেলরোড অ্যাক্ট আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ তৈরির জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় জমির ব্যবস্থা করেছিল। রেলপথের জন্য বরাদ্দ করা জমিগুলো সরকারি জমির সাথে পর্যায়ক্রমে বণ্টন করা হতো যা বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের বিনামূল্যে বিতরণের জন্য রাখা হয়েছিল। সাম্যতা বজায় রাখার জন্য ফেডারেল সরকার প্রতিটি জমির পরিমাণ কমিয়ে ৮০ একর (৩২ হেক্টর) করেছিল কারণ রেললাইনের কাছে হওয়ায় এগুলোর মূল্য অনেক বেশি বলে মনে করা হতো। রেললাইন বসানোর পর রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো তাদের জমি বিক্রি বা বন্ধক রাখার জন্য পাঁচ বছর পর্যন্ত সময় পেত এবং এরপর যে কেউ অবিক্রিত জমিগুলো কিনতে পারত। প্রায়ই রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো তাদের সরকারিভাবে পাওয়া জমির কিছু অংশ অবিলম্বে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের কাছে বিক্রি করে দিত যাতে সেখানে জনবসতি গড়ে ওঠে এবং বাজারের প্রসার ঘটে যা পরবর্তীতে রেল পরিষেবাগুলোর গ্রাহক হতে পারে। ১৮৭০-এর দশকে নেব্রাস্কার রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো তাদের যাত্রাপথের ধারের জমিগুলোর ব্যাপক প্রচার চালিয়েছিল। তারা জার্মানি এবং স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়াতে প্রতিনিধি পাঠিয়েছিল যারা পরিবারের যাতায়াত সহ আসবাবপত্র ও চাষের সরঞ্জামের সস্তা পরিবহনের প্যাকেজ অফার করত। তারা খুব কম সুদে দীর্ঘমেয়াদী ঋণের সুবিধাও দিত। এই প্রচার অভিযানে সাফল্য এসেছিল এবং প্রচুর সাহসী আমেরিকান ও ইউরোপীয় পরিবার নেব্রাস্কার প্রতি আকৃষ্ট হয়েছিল যা তাদের ভালো শর্তে জমির মালিক হতে সাহায্য করেছিল। জমির বিক্রয় মূল্য মাটির গুণমান, পানির সহজলভ্যতা এবং রেলপথ থেকে দূরত্বের মতো বিষয়গুলোর ওপর নির্ভর করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ ====
১৮৫০-এর দশকে আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের জন্য সম্ভাব্য পথ নির্ধারণের উদ্দেশ্যে মার্কিন সরকার পশ্চিমের অবশিষ্ট অনাবিষ্কৃত অঞ্চলগুলোতে জরিপ চালানোর উদ্যোগ নিয়েছিল। এই কাজের বেশিরভাগই সম্পন্ন করেছিল কর্পস অফ ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স, কর্পস অফ টপোগ্রাফিক্যাল ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স এবং ব্যুরো অফ এক্সপ্লোরেশনস অ্যান্ড সার্ভেস। এই বিশাল অভিযানটি &quot;দ্য গ্রেট রিকনেসাঁ&quot; বা মহান অনুসন্ধান নামে পরিচিতি লাভ করে। রেলপথের জন্য উত্তর, মধ্য না কি দক্ষিণ—কোন পথটি বেছে নেওয়া হবে তা নিয়ে কংগ্রেসে আঞ্চলিক রেষারেষি ও বিতর্ক দেখা দেয়। সেকালের দুর্বল ইঞ্জিনের কথা মাথায় রেখে রেলপথের জন্য পর্যাপ্ত জল ও কাঠের যোগান থাকা এবং যতটা সম্ভব সমতল পথ বেছে নেওয়া ছিল কারিগরি দিক থেকে অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Transcontinental_railroad_route.png|থাম্ব|পশ্চিম মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র জুড়ে প্রথম আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের রুট (নির্মিত, ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৯)]]
এই রেলপথ নির্মাণের জন্য নিউ ইয়র্ক, বোস্টন এবং লন্ডন থেকে বন্ধকি ঋণ নেওয়া হয়েছিল যার গ্যারান্টি ছিল ভূমি অনুদান। ফেডারেল সরকারের পক্ষ থেকে সরাসরি কোনো নগদ ভর্তুকি দেওয়া হয়নি। তবে মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথকে একটি ঋণ দেওয়া হয়েছিল যা পরবর্তীতে ছয় শতাংশ সুদসহ পরিশোধ করা হয়। ফেডারেল সরকার দাবাবোর্ডের ছকের মতো নকশায় জমি অনুদান দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো একটি করে বর্গাকার প্লট বিক্রি করত আর তার পাশের প্লটটি সরকার বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের জন্য খুলে রাখত। এ ছাড়াও সরকার সমতল এলাকায় প্রতি মাইলে ১৬,০০০ ডলার এবং পাহাড়ি এলাকায় ৩২,০০০ থেকে ৪৮,০০০ ডলার ঋণ দিয়েছিল যা পরবর্তীতে কোম্পানিগুলো ফেরত দিয়েছিল। স্থানীয় এবং অঙ্গরাজ্য সরকারগুলোও এই বিশাল কর্মকাণ্ডে অর্থায়নে সহায়তা করেছিল।

মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথে কর্মরত বেশিরভাগ কায়িক শ্রমিকই ছিলেন চীন থেকে আসা নতুন অভিবাসী।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই মানুষগুলো কীভাবে বসবাস করতেন, কীভাবে কাজ করতেন এবং নিজেদের উপার্জিত অর্থ কীভাবে পরিচালনা করতেন তা ক্রাউস বিস্তারিতভাবে দেখিয়েছেন। তার গবেষণা অনুযায়ী রেলের ঊর্ধ্বতন কর্মকর্তারা খুব শীঘ্রই বুঝতে পেরেছিলেন যে চীনা শ্রমিকরা অত্যন্ত পরিষ্কার-পরিচ্ছন্ন এবং নির্ভরযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ ১২,০০০-এর বেশি চীনা শ্রমিক নিয়োগ করেছিল যা ছিল তাদের মোট কায়িক শ্রমশক্তির ৯০ শতাংশ। অং তাঁর গবেষণায় খতিয়ে দেখেছেন যে শ্বেতাঙ্গদের তুলনায় চীনা শ্রমিকরা বৈষম্যের শিকার হয়েছিলেন কি না। তিনি লক্ষ্য করেন যে রেলপথ কর্তৃপক্ষ শ্বেতাঙ্গ ও চীনাদের জন্য আলাদা মজুরি নির্ধারণ করেছিল এবং চীনাদের দিয়ে বেশি বিপজ্জনক কাজ করানো হতো। যেমন [[নাইট্রোগ্লিসারিন]] নাড়াচাড়া করা বা তা ঢালার মতো কাজগুলো চীনাদের করতে হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে রেলপথ কর্তৃপক্ষ চীনাদের পছন্দমতো খাবার ও শিবিরের ব্যবস্থা নিশ্চিত করত এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গদের হুমকি থেকে চীনা শ্রমিকদের নিরাপত্তা দিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Union_pacific_poster.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬৯ সালে ইউনিয়ন প্যাসিফিক রেলপথের উদ্বোধনী দিনের পোস্টার]]
রেলপথ তৈরির কাজে মূলত ছয়টি প্রধান পর্যায় ছিল। এগুলো হলো পথের জরিপ করা, চলাচলের পথ পরিষ্কার করার জন্য বিস্ফোরণ ঘটানো, সুড়ঙ্গ ও সেতু তৈরি করা, রেলের রাস্তা পরিষ্কার করে তা বিছানো, স্লিপার ও রেললাইন বসানো এবং শ্রমিকদের খাবার ও সরঞ্জাম সরবরাহ করা। এই কাজটি ছিল অত্যন্ত পরিশ্রমসাধ্য যেখানে ঘোড়ায় টানা লাঙল, মাটি কাটার যন্ত্র, গাঁইতি, কুঠার, হাতুড়ি ও হাতগাড়ি ব্যবহার করা হতো। খুব সামান্য কিছু বাষ্পচালিত যন্ত্র যেমন বাষ্পীয় বেলচা ব্যবহার করা হয়েছিল। রেললাইনগুলো লোহার তৈরি ছিল কারণ ইস্পাতের লাইন আরও কয়েক বছর পরে বাজারে আসে। প্রতিটি রেলের ওজন ছিল ৩২০ কেজি (৭০০ পাউন্ড) এবং এটি তুলতে অন্তত পাঁচজন মানুষের প্রয়োজন হতো। বিস্ফোরণের জন্য তারা কালো বারুদ ব্যবহার করত। ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথের নির্মাণকর্মীরা যাদের বেশিরভাগই ছিলেন আইরিশ আমেরিকান তারা প্রতিদিন গড়ে প্রায় ৩ কিলোমিটার (২ মাইল) নতুন রেললাইন বসাতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

স্বর্ণালী যুগে আমেরিকায় ছয়টি আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ তৈরি করা হয়েছিল এবং সেই সাথে কানাডায় আরও দুটি রেলপথ নির্মিত হয়। এই পথগুলো কৃষক ও পশুপালকদের জন্য পশ্চিমের দ্বার খুলে দেয়। উত্তর থেকে দক্ষিণে এই রেলপথগুলো ছিল কানাডা-মার্কিন সীমান্ত বরাবর নর্দান প্যাসিফিক, মিলওয়াকি রোড এবং গ্রেট নর্দান। মাঝখানে ছিল ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ ও মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ এবং দক্ষিণে ছিল সান্টা ফে ও সাউদার্ন প্যাসিফিক। জেমস জে হিলের গ্রেট নর্দান ছাড়া বাকি সব কটি রেলপথই সরকারি জমি অনুদানের ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। এই রেলপথগুলোর আর্থিক লেনদেনের কাহিনী ছিল বেশ জটিল। উদাহরণস্বরূপ নর্দান প্যাসিফিক ১৮৬৪ সালে তাদের প্রধান ভূমি অনুদান পায়। অর্থদাতা জে কুক ১৮৭৩ সালে দেউলিয়া হওয়ার আগে পর্যন্ত এর দায়িত্বে ছিলেন। তবে ফেডারেল আদালতগুলো দেউলিয়া হয়ে যাওয়া রেলপথগুলোকে সচল রেখেছিল। ১৮৮১ সালে হেনরি ভিলার্ড দায়িত্ব গ্রহণ করেন এবং অবশেষে সিয়াটেল পর্যন্ত লাইনটি সম্পূর্ণ করেন। কিন্তু ১৮৯৩ সালের অর্থনৈতিক মন্দার সময় এটি দেউলিয়া হয়ে যায় এবং হিল এর নিয়ন্ত্রণ নেন। এরপর তিনি [[জে. পি. মরগান|জে পি মরগানের]] অর্থায়নে বেশ কয়েকটি লাইনকে একত্রিত করেন কিন্তু ১৯০৪ সালে রাষ্ট্রপতি থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট সেগুলো ভেঙে দেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৯-৭০ সালে রেলপথ চালুর প্রথম বছরেই ১,৫০,০০০ যাত্রী এই দীর্ঘ পথে ভ্রমণ করেন। কয়েক বছর ধরে কিস্তিতে রেলপথের জমি কেনার জন্য বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের উৎসাহিত করা হতো। তাদের বিনামূল্যে এলাকা ঘুরে দেখার সুযোগ দেওয়া হতো যাতে তারা জমি দেখে সিদ্ধান্ত নিতে পারেন। রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর &quot;অভিবাসন দপ্তর&quot; ছিল যা জার্মানি ও স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়ার কৃষকদের জন্য সস্তায় যাতায়াত এবং সহজ শর্তে জমি কেনার বিশেষ প্যাকেজ অফার করত। তাদের প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হয়েছিল যে প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে কাজ করা মানে হাড়ভাঙা খাটুনি নয়। কারণ বলা হয়েছিল যে &quot;লাঙল দেওয়ার জন্য প্রস্তুত প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপন করা আর গাছপালায় ঘেরা জঙ্গলে বসতি স্থাপন করা এক বিষয় নয়।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই বসতি স্থাপনকারীরাই ছিলেন রেলপথের প্রধান গ্রাহক যারা তাদের উৎপাদিত ফসল ও গবাদি পশু বাইরে পাঠাতেন এবং বিনিময়ে শিল্পজাত পণ্য কিনতেন। পরিবহনের খরচ কমে যাওয়ায় এবং ব্যবসার পরিধি বেড়ে যাওয়ায় সমস্ত উৎপাদনকারীরাই দারুণভাবে লাভবান হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

হোয়াইট এক মিশ্র পর্যবেক্ষণের মাধ্যমে এই রেল যুগের ইতি টেনেছেন। আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথগুলো অবশ্যই জনবসতি স্থাপনের জন্য পশ্চিমের পথ খুলে দিয়েছিল। এটি হাজার হাজার উচ্চ প্রযুক্তিজ্ঞানসম্পন্ন ও উচ্চবেতনভোগী শ্রমিক এবং ব্যবস্থাপকদের কর্মসংস্থানের সুযোগ করে দিয়েছিল। এর ফলে হাজার হাজার শহর ও নগর গড়ে উঠেছিল এবং গোটা দেশ একটি পূর্ব-পশ্চিম অক্ষে পরিচালিত হতে শুরু করেছিল। সামগ্রিকভাবে এটি দেশের অগ্রগতির জন্য অত্যন্ত মূল্যবান প্রমাণিত হয়েছিল। অন্যদিকে চাহিদার তুলনায় অনেক বেশি রেলপথ তৈরি করা হয়েছিল এবং প্রয়োজনের অনেক আগেই এগুলো নির্মিত হয়েছিল। এর ফলে একটি অর্থনৈতিক বুদবুদ তৈরি হয় যার কারণে বিনিয়োগকারীরা ব্যাপক ক্ষতির সম্মুখীন হন এবং দুর্বল ব্যবস্থাপনা গড়ে ওঠে। এর বিপরীতে হোয়াইট উল্লেখ করেছেন যে মধ্য-পশ্চিম ও পূর্ব দিকের লাইনগুলো বিপুল জনসংখ্যার ওপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছিল। সেগুলো কৃষিকাজ, শিল্প ও খনি শিল্পকে সহায়তা করার পাশাপাশি নিয়মিত মুনাফা অর্জন করত এবং সরকারের কাছ থেকে খুব সামান্য সুবিধাই গ্রহণ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Picturesque_America58.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৭২ সালের ''&quot;এমিগ্রান্টস ক্রসিং দ্যা প্লেনস&quot;'' ছবিতে বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের [[গ্রেট প্লেইনস|গ্রেট প্লেইন]] অতিক্রম করতে দেখা যাচ্ছে। এফওসি ডার্লির লেখা এবং এইচবি হলের লেখায় খোদাই করা।]]
[[মার্কিন গৃহযুদ্ধ|গৃহযুদ্ধের]] সমাপ্তি এবং দাসপ্রথা বিলুপ্ত হওয়ার পর, আমেরিকার পূর্ব উপকূল এবং ইউরোপের বহু মানুষ পশ্চিমের দিকে পাড়ি দিতে আগ্রহী হয়ে ওঠেন। আত্মীয়স্বজনদের কাছ থেকে পাওয়া ইতিবাচক খবরাখবর এবং বিভিন্ন কোম্পানির ব্যাপক প্রচার অভিযান তাদের এই আগ্রহকে প্রবলভাবে উসকে দিয়েছিল। সেই বিজ্ঞাপনগুলোতে &quot;সেরা প্রেইরি জমি&quot;, &quot;অল্প দাম&quot;, &quot;নগদ অর্থে বিশাল ছাড়&quot; এবং &quot;আগের তুলনায় অনেক ভালো সুযোগ!&quot; দেওয়ার মতো লোভনীয় সব প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া হতো। নতুন স্থাপিত রেলপথগুলো এই অভিবাসীদের জন্য এলাকাটি সশরীরে গিয়ে দেখার এক সুবর্ণ সুযোগ করে দেয়। এর জন্য বিশেষ ধরণের পারিবারিক টিকিটের ব্যবস্থা করা হয়েছিল। এই টিকিটের জন্য ব্যয় করা অর্থ পরবর্তীতে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলোর কাছ থেকে জমি কেনার সময় মূল দামের সাথে সমন্বয় করে নেওয়া যেত। তবে সমতল ভূমিতে চাষবাস করা পূর্বের এলাকাগুলোর তুলনায় অনেক বেশি কঠিন ছিল। সেখানে জল ব্যবস্থাপনা ছিল অত্যন্ত জরুরি একটি বিষয়। এ ছাড়াও ঘনঘন বজ্রপাত থেকে অগ্নিকাণ্ড, প্রতিকূল আবহাওয়া এবং বৃষ্টিপাতের অনিশ্চয়তা চাষিদের জন্য বড় চ্যালেঞ্জ হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ভীতু স্বভাবের মানুষেরা নিজেদের বাড়িতেই রয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। তবে প্রকৃত অভিযাত্রীরা অজানার ভয়কে জয় করে এগিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। তাঁদের পশ্চিমের দিকে যাওয়ার প্রধান উদ্দেশ্য ছিল বর্তমান জীবনের চেয়ে আরও উন্নত একটি অর্থনৈতিক জীবন খুঁজে পাওয়া। কৃষকরা বড়, সস্তা এবং আরও উর্বর জমির সন্ধানে ছিলেন। অন্যদিকে ব্যবসায়ী ও কারিগররা নতুন গ্রাহক এবং নেতৃত্বের সুযোগ খুঁজছিলেন। শ্রমিকরা চেয়েছিলেন আরও ভালো পরিবেশ এবং বেশি বেতনের কাজ। বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা যখন পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হচ্ছিলেন, তখন তাঁদের পথে নানা ধরণের কঠিন সমস্যার মুখোমুখি হতে হয়েছিল। এর মধ্যে ছিল বাড়ি তৈরির জন্য কাঠের অভাব, তুষারঝড় ও খরা সহ অত্যন্ত খারাপ আবহাওয়া এবং বিধ্বংসী টর্নেডোর আতঙ্ক।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গাছপালাহীন প্রেইরি অঞ্চলে বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা মাটির চাপড়া দিয়ে ঘর তৈরি করতেন। ১৮৭৪ সালে পঙ্গপালের আক্রমণ ছিল এই বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের ওপর নেমে আসা অন্যতম বড় একটি বিপর্যয়, যা সমগ্র গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চলকে লণ্ডভণ্ড করে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই সমস্ত প্রতিকূলতা এবং চ্যালেঞ্জগুলো সীমান্ত জয় করার লড়াইয়ে এই মানুষগুলোকে আরও কঠোর ও সহনশীল করে তুলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আলাস্কা ক্রয় ====
ক্রিমিয়ার যুদ্ধে রাশিয়ার পরাজয়ের পর, [[রুশ সাম্রাজ্য|রাশিয়ার]] জার দ্বিতীয় আলেকজান্ডার রাশিয়ার আমেরিকান ভূখণ্ড [[আলাস্কা|আলাস্কাকে]] মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের কাছে বিক্রি করার সিদ্ধান্ত নেন। এই সিদ্ধান্তের পেছনে একদিকে যেমন অর্থের প্রয়োজন ছিল, অন্যদিকে রাশিয়ার প্রশাসনের একটি ভয়ও কাজ করছিল। তারা মনে করেছিল যে ভবিষ্যতে ব্রিটেনের সাথে কোনো যুদ্ধ বাঁধলে ব্রিটেন খুব সহজেই আলাস্কা দখল করে নিতে পারে। তৎকালীন মার্কিন বিদেশ সচিব উইলিয়াম সিওয়ার্ড রাশিয়ার সাথে আলোচনার মাধ্যমে আলাস্কার এই বিশাল ভূখণ্ডটি অর্জনের প্রক্রিয়া সম্পন্ন করেন। এই অঞ্চলটি আয়তনে অবশিষ্ট মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের প্রায় পাঁচ ভাগের এক ভাগ ছিল। ১৮৬৭ সালের ৩০ শে মার্চ মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র রাশিয়ার কাছ থেকে ৭২ লক্ষ ডলারের বিনিময়ে এই ভূখণ্ডটি কিনে নেয় (যা ২০২৪ সালের হিসেবে প্রায় ১৬ কোটি ২০ লক্ষ ডলারের সমান)। ১৮৬৭ সালের ১৮ ই অক্টোবর সিটকা নামক স্থানে একটি আনুষ্ঠানিক অনুষ্ঠানের মাধ্যমে হস্তান্তর প্রক্রিয়া সম্পন্ন হয়, যেখানে রুশ সৈন্যরা মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর হাতে এই ভূখণ্ডের দায়িত্ব তুলে দেন।

==== ওকলাহোমা ল্যান্ড রাশ ====
১৮৮৯ সালে ওয়াশিংটন প্রশাসন ওকলাহোমা অঞ্চলের ২০ লক্ষ একর (৮,১০০ বর্গ কিমি) খালি জমি সর্বসাধারণের জন্য উন্মুক্ত করে দেয়। ২২ শে এপ্রিল ১ লক্ষেরও বেশি বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং পশুপালক (যারা &quot;বুমার&quot; নামে পরিচিত ছিলেন) সীমান্তে ভিড় জমান।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যখন সেনাবাহিনীর বন্দুক এবং বিউগলের মাধ্যমে সংকেত দেওয়া হলো, তখন ১৮৮৯ সালের এই ভূমি দখলের দৌড়ে নিজের জমির দাবি নিশ্চিত করার জন্য সবাই পাগলের মতো ছুটে চললেন। একজন প্রত্যক্ষদর্শী লিখেছেন, &quot;ঘোড়সওয়াররা শুরু থেকেই সবচেয়ে সুবিধাজনক অবস্থানে ছিলেন। প্রথম কয়েক মিনিট এটি একটি চমৎকার দৌড় প্রতিযোগিতা মনে হয়েছিল, কিন্তু শীঘ্রই আরোহীরা পাখার মতো চারিদিকে ছড়িয়ে পড়তে শুরু করলেন। যখন তাঁরা দিগন্ত রেখায় পৌঁছালেন, ততক্ষণে চোখের দৃষ্টি যতদূর যায় তাঁরা সব জায়গায় ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মাত্র একদিনের ব্যবধানে [[ওকলাহোমা সিটি]], নরম্যান এবং গাথরি নামে নতুন তিনটি শহর মানচিত্রে জায়গা করে নেয়। একইভাবে পরবর্তী চার বছরে আরও লক্ষ লক্ষ একর জমি উন্মুক্ত করা হয় এবং সেখানে জনবসতি গড়ে ওঠে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ ===
[[চিত্র:Sitting_Bull.jpg|থাম্ব|সিওক্স চিফ সিটিং বুল]]
[[চিত্র:Plenty_Coups_Edward_Curtis_Portrait_(c1908).jpg|থাম্ব|ক্রো চিফ প্লেন্টি অভ্যুত্থান]]
আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র জুড়ে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। তবে সাধারণত এই সংঘাতগুলোকে দুটি প্রধান ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়। মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ এবং মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ। [[মার্কিন জনশুমারি দপ্তর|মার্কিন আদমশুমারি ব্যুরো]] (১৮৯৪) মৃত্যুর একটি সম্ভাব্য খতিয়ান প্রদান করে:

ইতিহাসবিদ রাসেল থর্নটনের অনুমান অনুযায়ী ১৮০০ থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে আদিবাসীদের জনসংখ্যা ৬,০০,০০০ থেকে কমে মাত্র ২,৫০,০০০-এ দাঁড়িয়েছিল। এই জনসংখ্যা হ্রাসের প্রধান কারণ ছিল [[গুটিবসন্ত]] এবং অন্যান্য [[সংক্রমণ|সংক্রামক রোগ]]। টেক্সাসের কারানকাওয়ান, আকোকিসা এবং বিডুইয়ের মতো অনেক উপজাতি টেক্সাসের বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের সাথে যুদ্ধের ফলে পুরোপুরি বিলুপ্ত হয়ে গিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  গৃহযুদ্ধের পর আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের জনসংখ্যার এই দ্রুত হ্রাস মার্কিন সরকারকে চিন্তিত করে তোলে। এর ফলে ডুলিটল কমিটি গঠন করা হয় যার কাজ ছিল এই ধ্বংসের কারণগুলো অনুসন্ধান করা এবং জনসংখ্যা রক্ষার জন্য সুপারিশ প্রদান করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; আদিবাসীদের ওপর হওয়া অত্যাচার রোধ করার জন্য এই কমিটি পাঁচটি পরিদর্শন বোর্ড গঠনের মতো যে সমাধানগুলো প্রস্তাব করেছিল, পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বিশাল পরিযান শুরু হওয়ার ফলে সেগুলোর খুব একটা প্রভাব পড়েনি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মিসিসিপি নদীর পূর্ব দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ ====
বিপ্লবী যুদ্ধের পর (১৭৮৩-১৮১২) ব্রিটিশ ব্যবসায়ীরা এবং সরকারি প্রতিনিধিরা মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে বসবাসকারী আদিবাসীদের অস্ত্র সরবরাহ শুরু করেন। তাঁদের আশা ছিল যদি কোনো যুদ্ধ বাধে তবে আদিবাসীরা ব্রিটিশদের পক্ষে লড়াই করবে। ব্রিটিশরা আরও পরিকল্পনা করেছিল যে ওহিও-উইসকনসিন এলাকায় একটি আদিবাসী রাষ্ট্র গড়ে তুলবে যাতে আমেরিকার প্রসারের পথ বন্ধ করা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এর প্রতিবাদ জানায় এবং ১৮১২ সালে যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা করে। বেশিরভাগ আদিবাসী উপজাতি ব্রিটিশদের সমর্থন করেছিল বিশেষ করে যারা টেকুমসের মিত্র ছিল, কিন্তু শেষ পর্যন্ত জেনারেল [[উইলিয়াম হেনরি হ্যারিসন]] তাদের পরাজিত করেন। পরাজিত উপজাতিদের অনেক শরণার্থী সীমান্ত পেরিয়ে কানাডায় চলে যান। অন্যদিকে দক্ষিণের আদিবাসীরা ফ্লোরিডার দিকে চলে যান যা তখন নিউ স্পেনের ভাইসরয়্যালিটির অধীনে স্প্যানীয়দের নিয়ন্ত্রণে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র স্পেনের কাছ থেকে ফ্লোরিডা কিনে নেওয়ার পর স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের ওকলাহোমায় চলে যাওয়ার জন্য অর্থ প্রদান করে এবং বেশিরভাগই তা মেনে নেন। তবে সেমিনোল যুদ্ধগুলো ছিল এমন কয়েকশ সেমিনোল যোদ্ধার বিরুদ্ধে পরিচালিত সামরিক অভিযান যারা নিজেদের পূর্বপুরুষদের সমাধি ছেড়ে যেতে অস্বীকার করেছিলেন। জলাভূমি অঞ্চলে অতর্কিত হামলা ও খণ্ডযুদ্ধের মাধ্যমে এই লড়াই চলেছিল এবং ১৮৪২ সালে সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে এর অবসান ঘটে। এই সংঘাত বছরের পর বছর ধরে চলেছিল এবং সংবাদপত্রে এর ব্যাপক প্রচারের ফলে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের আত্মপরিচয় গঠনে এটি সহায়তা করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিম দিকের আদিবাসী যুদ্ধসমূহ ====
[[চিত্র:Western_Indian_Wars.jpg|থাম্ব|ট্রান্স মিসিসিপি পশ্চিমে আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ (১৮৬০-১৮৯০)]]
পশ্চিমের আদিবাসী যোদ্ধারা তাদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী সীমিত ও যুদ্ধমুখী লড়াইয়ের মাধ্যমে মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর মোকাবিলা করেছিলেন। আদিবাসীরা ব্যক্তিগত সাহসিকতার ওপর জোর দিতেন। অন্যদিকে সেনাবাহিনী ব্যক্তিগত লড়াইয়ের চেয়ে দুর্গের নেটওয়ার্ক তৈরি, রসদ সরবরাহ ব্যবস্থার উন্নয়ন এবং বাহিনীগুলোর মধ্যে সমন্বয় বজায় রাখতে টেলিগ্রাফ ও রেলপথ ব্যবহারের ওপর বেশি গুরুত্ব দিয়েছিল। সমতল ভূমির আদিবাসীদের আন্তঃউপজাতি লড়াইয়ের সাথে জনসংখ্যা ও সম্পদে এগিয়ে থাকা আমেরিকানদের ইউরোপীয় কায়দার আধুনিক যুদ্ধের কোনো মিল ছিল না। অনেক উপজাতি যুদ্ধ এড়িয়ে চলতেন এবং অনেকে মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীকে সাহায্যও করতেন। সরকারের প্রতি শত্রুভাবাপন্ন উপজাতিগুলো তাদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী লড়াইয়ের পদ্ধতি বজায় রেখেছিল। এই কারণেই তারা সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে স্থায়ী কোনো সাফল্য লাভ করতে পারেনি।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমের সমস্ত অঞ্চল জুড়েই আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। তবে অভ্যন্তরীণ রাজ্যগুলোর তুলনায় মেক্সিকো সীমান্ত সংলগ্ন রাজ্যগুলোতে সংঘাতের পরিমাণ ছিল অনেক বেশি। অ্যারিজোনা এক্ষেত্রে তালিকার শীর্ষে ছিল। সেখানে আমেরিকান ও আদিবাসীদের মধ্যে ৩১০টি যুদ্ধের কথা জানা যায়। যুদ্ধে নিহতের সংখ্যার দিক থেকেও অ্যারিজোনা সবার উপরে ছিল। সেখানে সৈন্য, সাধারণ নাগরিক এবং আদিবাসী মিলিয়ে মোট ৪,৩৪০ জন নিহত হয়েছিলেন। এই সংখ্যাটি তালিকায় দ্বিতীয় স্থানে থাকা টেক্সাসে নিহতের সংখ্যার দ্বিগুণেরও বেশি ছিল। অ্যারিজোনার অধিকাংশ মৃত্যুর জন্য অ্যাপাচি উপজাতি দায়ী ছিল। মিচনো আরও জানিয়েছেন যে ১৮৫০ থেকে ১৮৯০ সালের মধ্যে হওয়া আদিবাসী যুদ্ধের ৫১ শতাংশই অ্যারিজোনা, টেক্সাস এবং নিউ মেক্সিকোতে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল। এ ছাড়া মিসিসিপি নদীর পশ্চিমের অঞ্চলগুলোতে হওয়া হতাহতের ৩৭ শতাংশও এই রাজ্যগুলোতে হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কোমাঞ্চি উপজাতি স্পেনীয় এবং পরবর্তীতে মেক্সিকান ও আমেরিকান সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে বেশ কিছু লড়াই করেছিল। ১৮৪০-এর দশকে কোমাঞ্চিদের শক্তি চরমে পৌঁছেছিল যখন তারা মেক্সিকোর কয়েকশ মাইল ভেতরে বড় ধরণের আক্রমণ চালিয়েছিল। একইসাথে তারা স্বাধীন টেক্সাসে বসতি স্থাপন করা অ্যাংলো-আমেরিকান এবং তেজানোদের বিরুদ্ধেও যুদ্ধ করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৪-১৮৬৮ সালের স্নৈক যুদ্ধ ছিল অন্যতম একটি ভয়াবহ সংঘাত। এটি নর্দান পাইউট, ব্যানক এবং শশোন আদিবাসীদের একটি জোট পরিচালনা করেছিল যারা সম্মিলিতভাবে &quot;স্নৈক ইন্ডিয়ানস&quot; নামে পরিচিত ছিল। ওরেগন, নেভাদা, ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং আইডাহো রাজ্যের স্নৈক নদী বরাবর মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে এই লড়াই চলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; স্থানীয় আদিবাসীদের এলাকায় অগ্রগামী অভিযাত্রীদের ঢল নামার ফলে এবং সম্পদের ভাগ নিয়ে উত্তেজনার সৃষ্টি হলে এই যুদ্ধের সূত্রপাত হয়। এই আদিবাসী গোষ্ঠীর সদস্যরা [[স্নেক নদী]] উপত্যকা দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী অভিবাসী দল এবং খনি শ্রমিকদের ওপর আক্রমণ ও হয়রানি শুরু করেন। এর জবাবে শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা পাল্টা আক্রমণ চালায় এবং মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী হস্তক্ষেপ করে। এই যুদ্ধে উভয় পক্ষের মোট ১,৭৬২ জন নিহত, আহত বা বন্দি হয়েছিলেন। অন্যান্য আদিবাসী যুদ্ধের তুলনায় এই যুদ্ধের কাহিনী মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাসে অনেকটাই বিস্মৃত হয়ে গিয়েছে কারণ সেই সময় এর সংবাদ প্রচার ছিল খুব সীমিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

শায়েন, আরাপাহো এবং সিওক্স উপজাতিরা কলোরাডো থেকে নেব্রাস্কা পর্যন্ত এলাকায় কলোরাডো যুদ্ধে লিপ্ত হয়েছিলেন। গৃহযুদ্ধ চলাকালীন ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৫ সালের মধ্যে এই সংঘাতটি হয়েছিল। আদিবাসী এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের মধ্যে তৈরি হওয়া তিক্ততা থেকে এই যুদ্ধের জন্ম হয়। উভয় পক্ষের করা নৃশংসতার জন্য এই যুদ্ধ কুখ্যাত হয়ে আছে। শ্বেতাঙ্গ মিলিশিয়ারা আদিবাসীদের গ্রাম ধ্বংস করে দিত এবং স্যান্ড ক্রিক গণহত্যার মতো ঘটনায় আদিবাসী নারী ও শিশুদের হত্যা করত। এর পাল্টায় আদিবাসীরাও বিভিন্ন খামার ও বসতিতে আক্রমণ চালাত এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ পরিবারগুলোকে হত্যা করত। আমেরিকান র‍্যাঞ্চ গণহত্যা এবং গডফ্রে র‍্যাঞ্চের আক্রমণ এর অন্যতম উদাহরণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬২ সালে কর্নেল ক্রিস্টোফার &quot;কিট&quot; কারসন মেসকালেরো অ্যাপাচিদের একটি সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে বাধ্য করেন। ১৮৬৩-১৮৬৪ সালে কারসন নাভাজো অভিযানে পোড়ামাটি নীতি ব্যবহার করেন। তিনি নাভাজোদের ঘরবাড়ি ও ফসলের খেত পুড়িয়ে দেন এবং তাদের গবাদি পশু মেরে ফেলেন বা দখল করে নেন। ইউটেস উপজাতির মতো যে আদিবাসীদের সাথে নাভাজোদের দীর্ঘদিনের শত্রুতা ছিল তারা কারসনকে সাহায্য করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই যুদ্ধের আরেকটি উল্লেখযোগ্য ঘটনা ছিল ১৮৮০-এর দশকে টেক্সাসের জনপদগুলোতে জেরোনিমোর লড়াই। তাঁর অধীনে থাকা অ্যাপাচিরা মার্কিন অশ্বারোহী বাহিনী এবং দুর্গের ওপর অতর্কিত হামলা চালাত যেমন সিবেকু ক্রিকে তাদের আক্রমণ। এ ছাড়াও তারা বিভিন্ন খামার ও চারণভূমিতে হামলা চালাত যেমন এম্পায়ার র‍্যাঞ্চে তাদের কুখ্যাত আক্রমণ যেখানে তিনজন কাউবয় নিহত হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiefs&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=The Great Chiefs|শেষাংশ=Capps|প্রথমাংশ=Benjamin|বছর=1975|প্রকাশক=Time-Life Education|পাতা=240|আইএসবিএন=978-0316847858}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অবশেষে ১৮৮৬ সালে জেরোনিমোর নেতৃত্বাধীন শেষ বিদ্রোহী অ্যাপাচি দলটি আত্মসমর্পণ করতে বাধ্য হয়।

১৮৭৪-১৮৭৫ সালে রেড রিভার যুদ্ধ শুরু হয়েছিল কারণ কোমাঞ্চিদের প্রধান খাদ্য মহিষের সংখ্যা কমে আসছিল এবং কিছু দল সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে অস্বীকার করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কোমাঞ্চিরা টেক্সাসের ছোট ছোট জনপদে আক্রমণ শুরু করলে মহিষ শিকারিদের সাথে বাফেলো ওয়ালো এবং দ্বিতীয় অ্যাডোবি ওয়ালস যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়। এ ছাড়াও টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সদের সাথে লস্ট ভ্যালি যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল। শেষ পর্যন্ত প্যালো ডুরো ক্যানিয়নে মার্কিন অশ্বারোহী বাহিনীর সাথে কোমাঞ্চিদের চূড়ান্ত লড়াইয়ের মাধ্যমে যুদ্ধের অবসান ঘটে। ১৮৭৫ সালের জুন মাসে শেষ কোমাঞ্চি প্রধান কুয়ানা পার্কার আত্মসমর্পণ করেন যার ফলে টেক্সাসবাসী এবং আদিবাসীদের দীর্ঘ যুদ্ধের সমাপ্তি ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Fetterman_massacre.jpg|থাম্ব|ডাকোটা টেরিটরির ফোর্ট ফিল কার্নির কাছে যুদ্ধ, ২১ ডিসেম্বর, ১৮৬৬]]
[[চিত্র:ScalpedHunter.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৬৮ সালে ক্যানসাসের ফোর্ট ডজের কাছে শায়েনেসের সাথে সংঘর্ষের পর মহিষ শিকারীর খোঁচা কাটা মৃতদেহ পাওয়া গেছে।]]
১৮৭৭ সালের জুন মাসে নেজ পার্স যুদ্ধে চিফ জোসেফের নেতৃত্বে আদিবাসীরা নিজেদের ঐতিহ্যবাহী ভূমি ছেড়ে সংরক্ষিত এলাকায় যেতে অস্বীকার করেন। ওরেগন থেকে মন্টানা সীমান্ত পর্যন্ত ২,০০০ কিলোমিটার (১,২০০ মাইল) দীর্ঘ পথ তারা লড়াই করতে করতে পিছিয়ে গিয়েছিলেন। মাত্র ২০০ জন যোদ্ধা নিয়ে নেজ পার্স উপজাতি &quot;বিভিন্ন সামরিক ইউনিটের প্রায় ২,০০০ নিয়মিত ও স্বেচ্ছাসেবী আমেরিকান সৈন্য এবং তাদের সহযোগী বহু উপজাতির আদিবাসীদের সাথে মোট ১৮টি লড়াই করেছিলেন যার মধ্যে চারটি বড় যুদ্ধ এবং অন্তত চারটি তীব্র সংঘর্ষ অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিয়ার প’র যুদ্ধে নেজ পার্সরা চারদিক থেকে ঘেরাও হয়ে যান এবং আত্মসমর্পণ করেন। ১৮৭৬ সালের মহান সিওক্স যুদ্ধ সিটিং বুল এবং ক্রেজি হর্সের নেতৃত্বে লাকোটা উপজাতিরা শুরু করেছিলেন। পাহাড়ে সোনার সন্ধান পাওয়ার পর ১৮৬৮ সালের ফোর্ট লারামি চুক্তির বারবার লঙ্ঘনের ফলে এই সংঘাতের সূত্রপাত হয়। এই যুদ্ধের একটি বিখ্যাত লড়াই হলো লিটল বিগহর্ন যুদ্ধ যেখানে সিওক্স এবং শায়েনদের সম্মিলিত বাহিনী জেনারেল জর্জ আর্মস্ট্রং কাস্টারের নেতৃত্বাধীন সপ্তম অশ্বারোহী বাহিনীকে পরাজিত করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইউটা এবং কলোরাডোর বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের বিরুদ্ধে ইউট উপজাতির লড়াইয়ে দুটি বড় যুদ্ধ হয়েছিল। মিকার গণহত্যায় ১১ জন প্রতিনিধি নিহত হন এবং পিনহুক গণহত্যায় ১৩ জন সশস্ত্র খামারি ও কাউবয় প্রাণ হারান।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯২৩ সালের পোসি যুদ্ধের মাধ্যমে ইউট উপজাতির দীর্ঘ সংঘাতের ইতি ঘটে যা মূলত বসতি স্থাপনকারী ও আইন-শৃঙ্খলা রক্ষাকারী বাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে সংঘটিত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Utah History Encyclopedia|ইউআরএল=https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POSEY_WAR.shtml|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 14, 2020|ওয়েবসাইট=www.uen.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৯০ সালের ২৯ শে ডিসেম্বর উন্ডেড নি গণহত্যার মাধ্যমে প্রধান আদিবাসী যুদ্ধগুলোর অবসান ঘটে। সেখানে সপ্তম অশ্বারোহী বাহিনী একজন সিওক্স ব্যক্তিকে নিরস্ত্রীকরণ করতে গিয়ে এক হত্যাযজ্ঞ চালিয়েছিল যেখানে প্রায় ১৫০ জন সিওক্স পুরুষ, মহিলা ও শিশু নিহত হন। এর মাত্র তেরো দিন আগে সিটিং বুলকে তাঁর ছেলে ক্রাউ ফুটের সাথে গুলিবিদ্ধ হয়ে মারা যেতে হয়েছিল। আমেরিকান সরকার তাঁকে গ্রেপ্তার করার জন্য একদল আদিবাসী পুলিশ পাঠিয়েছিল যাদের সাথে লড়াইয়ে তিনি নিহত হন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  তা সত্ত্বেও ১৯২০-এর দশকের শুরু পর্যন্ত ব্লাফ যুদ্ধ (১৯১৪-১৯১৫) এবং পোসি যুদ্ধের মতো আরও কিছু সংঘাত ও বিচ্ছিন্ন ঘটনা ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Utah History Encyclopedia|ইউআরএল=https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POSEY_WAR.shtml|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 14, 2020|ওয়েবসাইট=www.uen.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; তবে মার্কিন সেনা সদস্য এবং আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের মধ্যে সর্বশেষ সরাসরি যুদ্ধটি সংঘটিত হয়েছিল ১৯১৮ সালের ৯ ই জানুয়ারি বিয়ার ভ্যালি যুদ্ধে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|তারিখ=April 19, 2005|শিরোনাম=Squadron History|ইউআরএল=http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm|আর্কাইভের-ইউআরএল=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419173045/http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm|আর্কাইভের-তারিখ=April 19, 2005|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== দুর্গ এবং ফাঁড়ি ====
সীমান্ত যখন ক্রমশ পশ্চিমের দিকে সরে যাচ্ছিল, তখন তার সাথে তাল মিলিয়ে মার্কিন সামরিক দুর্গগুলোও নতুন নতুন এলাকায় গড়ে উঠতে থাকে। এই দুর্গগুলো নতুন ভূখণ্ডগুলোর ওপর ফেডারেল সরকারের সার্বভৌমত্ব বজায় রাখার এবং কেন্দ্রীয় কর্তৃত্বের প্রতীক হিসেবে কাজ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই সামরিক ঘাঁটিগুলোতে সাধারণত প্রতিরক্ষার জন্য বড় কোনো দেওয়াল থাকত না, তবে সেখানে আক্রমণের ঘটনাও খুব কমই দেখা যেত। এগুলো মূলত কৌশলগতভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ এলাকাগুলোতে বা তার সন্নিকটে সৈন্যদের ঘাঁটি হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতো যাতে সেখানে আদিবাসীদের উপস্থিতিকে কার্যকরভাবে মোকাবিলা করা যায়। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, অ্যারিজোনার দক্ষিণাঞ্চলে টুসঁ এবং এল পাসোর মধ্যবর্তী ডাক চলাচলের পথে অবস্থিত অ্যাপাচি পাসকে রক্ষা করার দায়িত্ব ছিল ফোর্ট বোয়ির ওপর। কোচিস এবং জেরোনিমোর মতো আদিবাসী নেতাদের বিরুদ্ধে অভিযান চালানোর জন্য এই দুর্গটিকে প্রধান কেন্দ্র হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা হতো। ফোর্ট লারামি এবং ফোর্ট কিয়ার্নি গ্রেট প্লেইনস বা বিশাল সমভূমি অঞ্চল অতিক্রমকারী অভিবাসীদের সুরক্ষা নিশ্চিত করতে সাহায্য করত। এ ছাড়া ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার বেশ কয়েকটি সামরিক ঘাঁটি খনি শ্রমিকদের নিরাপত্তা দেওয়ার জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছিল। সিওক্স উপজাতির বিরুদ্ধে আক্রমণ পরিচালনার উদ্দেশ্যেও বেশ কিছু দুর্গ নির্মাণ করা হয়েছিল। যখন ইন্ডিয়ান রিজার্ভেশন বা আদিবাসীদের জন্য সংরক্ষিত এলাকাগুলো তৈরি হতে শুরু করে, তখন সেগুলোকে পাহারা দেওয়ার জন্য সেনাবাহিনী নতুন দুর্গ স্থাপন করে। দুর্গগুলো ইউনিয়ন প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় রেলপথ এবং অন্যান্য প্রধান রেললাইনগুলোকেও পাহারা দিত। পশ্চিমের অন্যান্য গুরুত্বপূর্ণ দুর্গগুলোর মধ্যে ছিল ওকলাহোমার ফোর্ট সিল, আরকানসাসের ফোর্ট স্মিথ, মিনেসোটার ফোর্ট স্নেলিং, নিউ মেক্সিকোর ফোর্ট ইউনিয়ন, টেক্সাসের ফোর্ট ওয়ার্থ এবং ওয়াশিংটনের ফোর্ট ওয়ালা ওয়ালা। নেব্রাস্কার ফোর্ট ওমাহা ছিল ডিপার্টমেন্ট অফ দ্য প্ল্যাট-এর প্রধান কার্যালয়। ১৮৭০-এর দশকের শেষ দিকে এটি প্রতিষ্ঠার পর থেকে পরবর্তী ২০ বছরেরও বেশি সময় ধরে পশ্চিমের অধিকাংশ ঘাঁটিগুলোতে প্রয়োজনীয় রসদ ও সরঞ্জাম সরবরাহের গুরুদায়িত্ব ছিল এর ওপর। অ্যারিজোনার ফোর্ট হুয়াচুকাও শুরুতে একটি সীমান্ত ঘাঁটি হিসেবে তৈরি করা হয়েছিল যা বর্তমানেও মার্কিন সেনাবাহিনী ব্যবহার করে থাকে।

==== আদিবাসী সংরক্ষিত এলাকা ====
[[চিত্র:Native_American_Chiefs_1865.jpg|থাম্ব|আদি আমেরিকান প্রধানরা, ১৮৬৫]]
ওরেগন এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার দিকে স্থলপথে যাত্রা করা বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা প্রায়শই আদিবাসীদের হুমকির লক্ষ্যবস্তুতে পরিণত হতেন। রবার্ট এল মানক্রেস ১৮৩৪ থেকে ১৮৬০ সালের মধ্যে ওরেগন ট্রেইল দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী দলের ৬৬টি ডায়েরি পর্যালোচনা করেছিলেন। এর মূল উদ্দেশ্য ছিল নেব্রাস্কা এবং ওয়াইমিং অঞ্চলে আদিবাসীদের আক্রমণের ফলে পর্যটকরা আসলে কতটা বিপদের সম্মুখীন হয়েছিলেন তার একটি বাস্তবসম্মত হিসাব বের করা। ডায়েরি লেখকদের বিশাল একটি অংশ সশস্ত্র আক্রমণের কোনো অভিজ্ঞতার কথা উল্লেখ করেননি। তবে অনেকেই আদিবাসীদের হাতে হয়রানির শিকার হওয়ার কথা জানিয়েছিলেন। সেই আদিবাসীরা অনেক সময় ভিক্ষা চাইত অথবা জোর করে পথকর দাবি করত এবং মাঝেমধ্যে ঘোড়া ও গবাদি পশু চুরি করে নিয়ে যেত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ম্যাডসেনের দেওয়া তথ্য অনুযায়ী, ইউটার উত্তর ও পশ্চিম দিকের শশোন এবং ব্যানক উপজাতিরা মালবাহী গাড়ির বহরের প্রতি অনেক বেশি আক্রমণাত্মক মনোভাব পোষণ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৫০ সালের শুরুর দিকে দুটি নতুন চুক্তির মাধ্যমে ফেডারেল সরকার উত্তেজনা কমানোর এবং গ্রেট প্লেইনস অঞ্চলে নতুন উপজাতীয় সীমানা নির্ধারণের চেষ্টা করেছিল। ফোর্ট লারামি চুক্তির মাধ্যমে সিওক্স, শায়েন, আরাপাহো, ক্রো এবং অন্যান্য উপজাতিদের জন্য নির্দিষ্ট এলাকা বা জোন চিহ্নিত করে দেওয়া হয়। একইসাথে উপজাতীয় ভূখণ্ডের মধ্য দিয়ে রাস্তা ও সামরিক ঘাঁটি তৈরির অনুমতি প্রদান করা হয়েছিল। দ্বিতীয় একটি চুক্তির মাধ্যমে সান্টা ফে ট্রেইল দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী মালবাহী গাড়িগুলোর জন্য নিরাপদ পথ নিশ্চিত করা হয়। এর বিনিময়ে এই উপজাতিরা অভিবাসীদের কারণে হওয়া ক্ষয়ক্ষতির জন্য পরবর্তী দশ বছর পর্যন্ত বার্ষিক ক্ষতিপূরণ পাওয়ার আশ্বাস পায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; কানসাস এবং নেব্রাস্কা অঞ্চলগুলোও বিবাদের কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হয়েছিল কারণ ফেডারেল সরকার ভবিষ্যৎ আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ নির্মাণের জন্য ওই জমিগুলো অধিকার করতে চেয়েছিল। সুদূর পশ্চিমে ফেডারেল সরকার আদিবাসী উপজাতিদের কাছ থেকে জমির মালিকানা বা স্বত্ব পাওয়ার আগেই অনেক বসতি স্থাপনকারী ওরেগন এবং ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার জমি দখল করতে শুরু করেন। এর ফলে উভয় পক্ষের মধ্যে প্রবল তিক্ততা ও সংঘাতের সৃষ্টি হয়। ইউটাতেও মরমোনরা ফেডারেল সরকারের আইনি মালিকানা পাওয়ার আগেই সেখানে বসতি স্থাপন করেছিলেন।

&quot;ইন্ডিয়ান টেরিটরি&quot; বা আদিবাসী অঞ্চলের সীমানা যখন ক্রমশ লঙ্ঘিত হতে শুরু করে, তখন ধীরে ধীরে সংরক্ষিত এলাকা বা রিজার্ভেশন স্থাপনের এক নতুন নীতি রূপ নিতে থাকে। আদিবাসীদের জন্য এই সংরক্ষিত এলাকার ব্যবস্থা করার মাধ্যমে কংগ্রেস এবং অফিস অফ ইন্ডিয়ান অ্যাফেয়ার্স আশা করেছিল যে এর ফলে আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের উপজাতীয় মানসিকতা দূর করা সম্ভব হবে। তাদের মূল আমেরিকান সমাজের সাথে একীভূত হওয়ার জন্য প্রস্তুত করাই ছিল এর লক্ষ্য যা ছিল মূলত &quot;আমাদের নাগরিক জনসংখ্যার মূল স্রোতের সাথে চূড়ান্ত সংযুক্তি&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এর ফলে কানসাস-নেব্রাস্কা আইনের পর লুইজিয়ানা ক্রয়ের অবশিষ্ট অংশ থেকে তৈরি হওয়া নতুন নেব্রাস্কা অঞ্চলে মিসৌরি নদী বরাবর ডজনখানেক নদী তীরবর্তী শহর গড়ে ওঠার পথ প্রশস্ত হয়। এই সময়ের প্রভাবশালী অগ্রগামী শহরগুলোর মধ্যে ছিল ওমাহা, নেব্রাস্কা সিটি এবং সেন্ট জোসেফ।

এই সময়কালে আদিবাসীদের প্রতি আমেরিকানদের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি ছিল অত্যন্ত বিচিত্র। এর এক প্রান্তে ছিল চরম বিদ্বেষ যেমন &quot;একজন মৃত ইন্ডিয়ানই হলো একমাত্র ভালো ইন্ডিয়ান&quot;। আবার অন্য প্রান্তে ছিল এক ধরণের ভুল পথে পরিচালিত মানবতাবাদ যেখানে মনে করা হতো ইন্ডিয়ানরা &quot;নিম্নমানের&quot; সমাজে বাস করে এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ সমাজের সাথে মিশে যাওয়ার মাধ্যমেই কেবল তাদের অবস্থার উন্নতি সম্ভব। এ ছাড়াও ছিল কিছুটা বাস্তববাদী দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি যেখানে ভাবা হতো আদিবাসী এবং বসতি স্থাপনকারীরা পশ্চিমের অবশিষ্ট জমি নিজেদের মধ্যে ভাগ করে নিয়ে আলাদা অথচ সমান সমাজে সহাবস্থান করতে পারে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; যাযাবর উপজাতিদের সামলানোর বিষয়টি রিজার্ভেশন তৈরির পরিকল্পনাকে জটিল করে তুলেছিল। সমতল ভূমির আদিবাসীদের মধ্যে কোনো কেন্দ্রীয় ক্ষমতা বা নেতৃত্ব না থাকায় তাদের সাথে যেকোনো চুক্তি করা ছিল একটি অত্যন্ত কঠিন কাজ। ১৮৫০-এর দশকে এই সংঘাতগুলো আরও বৃদ্ধি পায় যার ফলশ্রুতিতে বিভিন্ন আদিবাসী যুদ্ধ শুরু হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সংঘাতের এই দিনগুলোতে আদিবাসীরা তাদের নিজস্ব এলাকায় শ্বেতাঙ্গদের প্রবেশের ব্যাপারে অনেক বেশি কঠোর ও কড়া হয়ে ওঠেন। যেমন অলিভার লাভিংয়ের ক্ষেত্রে দেখা গিয়েছিল যে তারা তাদের এলাকার সীমানা অতিক্রম করার সময় [[রাখাল বালক|কাউবয়]] এবং তাদের গবাদি পশুর ওপর আক্রমণ চালাত।&lt;ref name=&quot;richardmelzer2&quot;&gt;Richard Melzer, ''Buried Treasures: Famous and Unusual Gravesites in New Mexico History'', Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press, 2007, p.&amp;nbsp;105&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarah2&quot;&gt;Carter, Sarah, ''Cowboys, Ranchers and the Cattle Business: Cross-Border Perspectives on Ranching History'', Univ Pr of Colorado (2000) p.&amp;nbsp;95.&lt;/ref&gt; এমনকি অভাবের সময় খাবারের সংস্থান না থাকলে তারা গৃহপালিত পশুর ওপর হামলা চালাত। তবে কাউবয় এবং আদিবাসী আমেরিকানদের সম্পর্ক সাধারণত যেমনটা নাটকীয়ভাবে প্রচার করা হয় তার চেয়ে অনেক বেশি পারস্পরিক ছিল। অনেক সময় কাউবয়রা আদিবাসীদের এলাকার ভেতর দিয়ে যাতায়াতের অনুমতি পাওয়ার জন্য প্রতি গরুর পিছু ১০ সেন্ট করে জরিমানা বা ফি প্রদান করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; আদিবাসীরা অনেক সময় ঘোড়া এবং অন্যান্য মূল্যবান সামগ্রীর লোভে সীমান্ত দিয়ে যাতায়াতকারী যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচগুলোর ওপরও হামলা চালাতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== সামাজিক ইতিহাস ===
পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের মানুষেরা গণতন্ত্র এবং সাম্যের আন্দোলনে তাঁদের নেতৃত্বের জন্য অত্যন্ত গর্ববোধ করতেন, যা ছিল ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নারের আলোচনার অন্যতম প্রধান বিষয়। রাজনীতি এবং সমাজের প্রেক্ষাপটে কেন্টাকি, টেনেসি, অ্যালাবামা এবং ওহাইওর মতো নতুন অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলো পূর্ব উপকূলের আদি রাজ্যগুলোর তুলনায় অনেক বেশি গণতান্ত্রিক ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেরিকার পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় রাজ্যগুলোই প্রথম নারীদের ভোটাধিকার প্রদান করেছিল। ১৯০০ সালের মধ্যে সমগ্র পশ্চিমে, বিশেষ করে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া এবং ওরেগনে প্রগতিশীল আন্দোলন দারুণ গতি পায়।

==== নগর সীমান্ত ====
নগর সীমান্ত সীমান্তের উন্নয়নে শহরগুলো অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করেছিল। এগুলো যাতায়াতের কেন্দ্রবিন্দু, আর্থিক ও যোগাযোগ কেন্দ্র এবং বিভিন্ন পণ্য, পরিষেবা ও বিনোদনের জোগানদাতা হিসেবে কাজ করত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৬০ সালের পর রেলপথ যখন জনশূন্য এলাকা দিয়ে পশ্চিমের দিকে অগ্রসর হতে শুরু করে, তখন রেললাইন নির্মাণের কর্মী, ট্রেনের কর্মী এবং যাত্রীদের প্রয়োজন মেটানোর জন্য ছোট ছোট শহর গড়ে তোলা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের বেশিরভাগ জায়গায় মাইলের পর মাইল বড় কোনো শহর ছিল না। টেক্সাসের ক্ষেত্রেও একই চিত্র দেখা গিয়েছিল, তাই ১৮৮০-এর দশকের আগে সেখানে রেলপথ পৌঁছাতে পারেনি। রেলপথ আসার পর গবাদি পশু বাইরে পাঠানো শুরু হলে দীর্ঘপথ ধরে গরু তাড়িয়ে নিয়ে যাওয়ার বিষয়টি কমে আসে। তবে সেই সময়ের যাত্রীবাহী ট্রেনগুলো প্রায়শই সশস্ত্র ডাকাত দলের লক্ষ্যবস্তু হয়ে উঠত।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বিশাল তামা খনির শহর মন্টানার বিউট ছিল সীমান্তের বৃহত্তম এবং সবচেয়ে ধনী খনি শিবির। এটি ছিল একটি জাতিগত দুর্গ যেখানে আইরিশ ক্যাথলিকদের হাতে রাজনীতি এবং অ্যানাকোন্ডা কপার নামক শীর্ষস্থানীয় খনি কোম্পানির সেরা কাজগুলোর নিয়ন্ত্রণ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৯৪ সালে শহরের উৎসাহী নাগরিকেরা একটি পাবলিক লাইব্রেরি বা গণগ্রন্থাগার স্থাপন করেন। রিংয়ের মতে এই লাইব্রেরিটি আসলে সমাজকে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করার একটি কৌশল ছিল যা &quot;খনি শ্রমিকদের মদ্যপান এবং জুয়ার আসক্তির প্রতিষেধক&quot; হিসেবে কাজ করত। এটি মধ্যবিত্ত মূল্যবোধের প্রচার এবং পূর্ব উপকূলের মানুষকে এটা বোঝানোর জন্য তৈরি করা হয়েছিল যে বিউট আসলে একটি সুসংস্কৃত শহর।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== জাতি এবং নৃতাত্ত্বিক পরিচয় ====

===== ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসীরা =====
[[চিত্র:Volga-Germans-US.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৭৫ সালে মধ্য [[ক্যান্সাস|কানসাসে]] ভোলগা জার্মানদের জন্য অস্থায়ী আবাসস্থল]]
ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসী ইউরোপীয় অভিবাসীরা প্রায়ই একই ধর্মীয় এবং জাতিগত পটভূমির মানুষের সাথে মিলে নিজেদের জনপদ গড়ে তুলতেন। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ফিনল্যান্ডের অনেক মানুষ মিনেসোটা ও মিশিগানে বসতি স্থাপন করেছিলেন। সুইডিশ এবং নরওয়েজিয়ানরা মিনেসোটা ও ডাকোটা অঞ্চলে এবং আইরিশরা আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের কেন্দ্রগুলোতে জমায়েত হয়েছিলেন। এ ছাড়াও ভলগা জার্মানরা উত্তর ডাকোটায় এবং ব্রিটিশরা এলডিএস চার্চের অনুসারী হয়ে ইউটাতে চলে যান। [[রকি পর্বতমালা|রকি মাউন্টেন]] অঞ্চলের রাজ্যগুলোতেও (কলোরাডো, ওয়াইমিং এবং আইডাহো) অনেক ব্রিটিশ অভিবাসী বসতি গড়েছিলেন এবং [[জার্মান সাম্রাজ্যে ইহুদি নৃগোষ্ঠী|জার্মান ইহুদিরা]] ওরেগনের পোর্টল্যান্ডে থিতু হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== আফ্রিকান আমেরিকানরা =====
[[চিত্র:Army_buffalo_soldiers.jpg|বাম|থাম্ব|একজন মহিষ সৈনিক। কালো সৈনিকদের এই ডাকনামটি তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রিত স্থানীয় উপজাতিরা দিয়েছিল।]]
সেই সময় আমেরিকায় নারীদের অধিকার ছিল অত্যন্ত নগণ্য এবং তাঁরা মূলত গৃহস্থালি কাজের মধ্যেই সীমাবদ্ধ থাকতেন। শ্বেতাঙ্গ নারীদের তুলনায় কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ এবং অন্যান্য সংখ্যালঘু নারীদের অধিকার ও সুযোগ-সুবিধা আরও অনেক কম ছিল। ১৮০০ এবং ১৯০০-এর দশকের শুরুর দিকে পশ্চিমে যাওয়া কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ নারীদের যে সংখ্যার নথি পাওয়া যায় তা বেশ কম, তবে তাঁরা সেখানে অবশ্যই উপস্থিত ছিলেন। অনেকে সমতল ভূমিতে স্কুলের শিক্ষিকা হিসেবে কাজ করতেন, আবার কেউ কেউ ঘোড়া পোষ মানানো, ধাত্রীবিদ্যা, ব্যবসা, পানশালা পরিচালনা, নার্স এবং ডাক বাহকের কাজ করতেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience on the North American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://archive.org/details/blackpioneersima00rava|শেষাংশ=Ravage|প্রথমাংশ=John W.|বছর=1997|প্রকাশক=University of Utah Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলারা জাতিগত ও লিঙ্গ বৈষম্যের শিকার হলেও মার্কিন সীমান্তের নতুন ও বৈচিত্র্যময় প্রকৃতির কারণে তাঁরা পূর্ব উপকূলের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি স্বাধীনতা ভোগ করতেন।

মার্কিন পশ্চিমের ইতিহাসে অনেক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ নারীর কথা প্রায়ই এড়িয়ে যাওয়া হয়। মেরি ফিল্ডস, যাঁকে সাধারণত &quot;স্টেজকোচ মেরি&quot; বা &quot;ব্ল্যাক মেরি&quot; বলা হতো, তিনি পশ্চিমে নিজের জন্য এক স্বতন্ত্র পথ তৈরি করেছিলেন। তিনি টেনেসি রাজ্যে একজন ক্রীতদাস ছিলেন এবং পরে পশ্চিমে চলে যান। সেখানে তিনি ডাক বাহক এবং মন্টানার মাইলস সিটিতে একটি পানশালা ও একটি বারবণিতা গৃহের মালিক হিসেবে কাজ করেছেন। বিশাল দেহ এবং শক্ত মেজাজের জন্য পরিচিত ফিল্ডস তাঁর আচরণ এবং ব্যবসায়িক কাজের মাধ্যমে সেই সময়ের লিঙ্গ ও বর্ণবাদী ধ্যানধারণাকে দারুণভাবে চ্যালেঞ্জ জানিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience on the North American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://archive.org/details/blackpioneersima00rava|শেষাংশ=Ravage|প্রথমাংশ=John W.|বছর=1997|প্রকাশক=University of Utah Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; ক্লারা ব্রাউন বা &quot;আন্ট ক্লারা&quot; হলেন এই অঞ্চলে নিজের পথ তৈরি করা আরেকজন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলার উদাহরণ। ব্রাউন কলোরাডোতে পৌঁছে খুব মিতব্যয়ী জীবন যাপন করে ধীরে ধীরে সেন্ট্রাল সিটি এবং ডেনভারের কাছে জমি ও মূলধন অর্জন করেন। তিনি অত্যন্ত দয়ালু এবং পরোপকারী হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিলেন। তিনি প্রায়শই অভাবী খনি শ্রমিকদের খাবার দিতেন এবং তাঁর বাড়িতে ভাগ্যহীনদের আশ্রয় দিতেন। দুর্ভাগ্যবশত ক্লারার গল্পের শেষটা ভালো ছিল না। একটি বন্যায় তাঁর জমির সমস্ত নথিপত্র নষ্ট হয়ে যাওয়ার ফলে তিনি আর মালিকানা প্রমাণ করতে পারেননি এবং প্রায় সমস্ত সম্পত্তি হারিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

===== এশীয়রা =====
ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার গোল্ড রাশে হাজার হাজার মেক্সিকান এবং চীনা মানুষের সমাগম ঘটেছিল। চীনা অভিবাসীদের মধ্যে অনেকেই ছিলেন দরিদ্র কৃষক। তারা আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথের মধ্য প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় অংশের নির্মাণ কাজে প্রধান শ্রমশক্তি হিসেবে কাজ করেছিলেন। রেলপথের কাজ শেষ হলে ১৮৭০ সালের মধ্যে তাঁদের বেশিরভাগই নিজেদের দেশে ফিরে গিয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; থেকে গিয়েছিলেন তাঁরা খনি শিল্প, কৃষিকাজ এবং মুদি দোকান, লন্ড্রি ও রেস্তোরাঁর মতো ছোট ছোট ব্যবসা শুরু করেন। পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় অঙ্গরাজ্য এবং এলাকাগুলোতে চীনাদের প্রতি প্রবল বিদ্বেষ বজায় ছিল যা চীনা গণহত্যা কোভ এবং রক স্প্রিংস গণহত্যার মতো ঘটনাগুলোর মাধ্যমে স্পষ্ট হয়। সাধারণত চীনাদের সান ফ্রান্সিসকো, পোর্টল্যান্ড, সিয়াটেল এবং লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেসের মতো শহরগুলোতে স্বতন্ত্র এবং স্বনির্ভর &quot;চায়নাটাউন&quot; বা চীনা পল্লীগুলোতে থাকতে বাধ্য করা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৭১ সালে লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেসে চীনা বিরোধী সর্বশেষ বড় দাঙ্গাটি হয়েছিল যার পর থেকে স্থানীয় আইন-শৃঙ্খলা ব্যবস্থা আরও কঠোর করা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে এই চীনা পল্লীগুলো ছিল অত্যন্ত ঘিঞ্জি বস্তি এলাকা যা অনৈতিক কাজ, পতিতাবৃত্তি, মাদক এবং বিভিন্ন দলের মধ্যে সশস্ত্র লড়াইয়ের জন্য কুখ্যাত ছিল। তবে ১৯৩০-এর দশকের মধ্যে এই চায়নাটাউনগুলো পরিষ্কার-পরিচ্ছন্ন, নিরাপদ এবং আকর্ষণীয় পর্যটন কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৬৯ সালে জাপান থেকে প্রথম ২২ জন মানুষ একটি সামুরাই পরিবারের সদস্য হিসেবে আমেরিকায় আসেন। তাঁরা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার প্লেসার কাউন্টিতে থিতু হন এবং সেখানে &quot;ওয়াকামাতসু চা ও রেশম খামার উপনিবেশ&quot; স্থাপন করেন। ১৮৮৫ সাল থেকে হাওয়াইয়ের বাগানগুলোতে কাজ করার জন্য জাপানিদের নিয়োগ করা শুরু হয়। উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে আরও অনেক জাপানি মানুষ হাওয়াই এবং আমেরিকার মূল ভূখণ্ডে অভিবাসী হিসেবে আসতে থাকেন। ১৭৯০ সালের মার্কিন ন্যাচারালাইজেশন আইন অনুযায়ী এই প্রথম প্রজন্মের জাপানি অভিবাসীদের বা &quot;ইসেই&quot;দের মার্কিন নাগরিক হওয়ার অনুমতি দেওয়া হয়নি কারণ তাঁরা &quot;মুক্ত শ্বেতাঙ্গ ব্যক্তি&quot; ছিলেন না। ১৯৫২ সালে ইমিগ্রেশন অ্যান্ড ন্যাশনালিটি অ্যাক্ট বা &quot;ম্যাককারান-ওয়াল্টার অ্যাক্ট&quot; পাস না হওয়া পর্যন্ত এই পরিস্থিতির কোনো পরিবর্তন হয়নি। এই আইনের মাধ্যমেই জাপানি অভিবাসীরা প্রথমবার মার্কিন নাগরিকত্ব পাওয়ার সুযোগ পান।

১৯২০ সালের মধ্যে জাপানি-আমেরিকান কৃষকরা ৬ কোটি ৭০ লক্ষ ডলার মূল্যের ফসল উৎপাদন করেছিলেন যা ছিল ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার মোট ফসলের মূল্যের ১০ শতাংশেরও বেশি। সেই সময়ে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে ১,১১,০০০ জাপানি আমেরিকান ছিলেন যাঁদের মধ্যে ৮২,০০০ জন ছিলেন অভিবাসী এবং ২৯,০০০ জন আমেরিকায় জন্মগ্রহণ করেছিলেন&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯২৪ সালে কংগ্রেস ইমিগ্রেশন অ্যাক্ট পাস করে যার ফলে আমেরিকায় জাপানিদের অভিবাসন কার্যত বন্ধ হয়ে যায়। তবে মার্কিন সংবিধানের চতুর্দশ সংশোধনী অনুযায়ী জাপানি অভিবাসীদের আমেরিকায় জন্ম নেওয়া সন্তানরা সরাসরি নাগরিকত্বের অধিকার লাভ করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Exterior_of_the_Mission_Xavier_del_Bac.jpg|থাম্ব|১৭০০ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত টুকসনের কাছে সান জেভিয়ার দেল বাকের স্প্যানিশ মিশন]]
নিউ স্পেনের প্রাক্তন ভূখণ্ডগুলোতে বসবাসকারী হিস্পানিক সম্প্রদায়ের বিশাল একটি অংশ সেখানেই থেকে গিয়েছিলেন এবং ১৮৪৮ সালে তাঁরা আমেরিকার নাগরিকত্ব লাভ করেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; প্রায় ১০,০০০ '''ক্যালিফোর্নিও''' নাগরিকও মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের নাগরিক হিসেবে অন্তর্ভুক্ত হন। তাঁরা মূলত দক্ষিণ ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় বসবাস করতেন এবং ১৮৮০ সালের পর পূর্ব দিকের রাজ্যগুলো থেকে আসা লক্ষ লক্ষ নতুন অভিবাসীদের প্রভাবে তাঁদের প্রাধান্য ম্লান হয়ে যায়। নিউ মেক্সিকোর শহর ও গ্রামগুলোতে তাঁদের আধিপত্য বিংশ শতাব্দীর মাঝামাঝি পর্যন্ত প্রায় অপরিবর্তিত ছিল। মেক্সিকো থেকে নতুন অভিবাসীদের আগমন অব্যাহত থাকে, বিশেষ করে ১৯১১ সালের মেক্সিকান বিপ্লবের সময় হাজার হাজার গ্রাম আক্রান্ত হওয়ার পর সেখান থেকে মানুষ প্রাণভয়ে পালিয়ে আসতে শুরু করেন। এই শরণার্থীদের বেশিরভাগই টেক্সাস বা ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় আশ্রয় নেন এবং শীঘ্রই অনেক সীমান্ত শহরে দরিদ্র '''বারিও''' বা বস্তি এলাকা গড়ে ওঠে। ১৮৫০-এর দশকে ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ার &quot;রবিন হুড&quot; নামে পরিচিত হোয়াকিন মুরিয়েতা একটি সশস্ত্র দল গঠন করেছিলেন। তাঁর দল শোষক খনি শ্রমিকদের বাড়ি পুড়িয়ে দিত, তাদের হত্যা করত এবং জমিদারদের যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচ লুট করত। তিনি মূলত লাতিন আমেরিকানদের ওপর হওয়া সহিংসতা ও বৈষম্যের বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই করেছিলেন। টেক্সাসে হুয়ান কর্তিনা ১৮৫৯ সালের দিকে অ্যাংলো বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সদের বিরুদ্ধে এক দীর্ঘ ২০ বছরের লড়াই পরিচালনা করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পারিবারিক জীবন ====
[[গ্রেট প্লেইনস|গ্রেট প্লেইনে]] অঞ্চলে খুব কম অবিবাহিত পুরুষই একা খামার বা চারণভূমি পরিচালনা করার ঝুঁকি নিতেন। কৃষকরা খুব ভালোভাবেই বুঝতেন যে বাড়ির অজস্র কাজ সামলানোর জন্য একজন কঠোর পরিশ্রমী স্ত্রী এবং অনেকগুলো সন্তানের প্রয়োজন। এই কাজের তালিকায় ছিল সন্তান লালন-পালন, পরিবারের সবার অন্ন ও বস্ত্রের সংস্থান, ঘরের কাজ সামলানো এবং খামারের মজুরদের খাবারের ব্যবস্থা করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বসতি স্থাপনের শুরুর বছরগুলোতে খামারের মহিলারা বাইরে কাজ করার মাধ্যমে পরিবারের টিকে থাকা নিশ্চিত করতে অবিচ্ছেদ্য ভূমিকা পালন করতেন। এক প্রজন্ম পার হওয়ার পর, মহিলারা ধীরে ধীরে বাইরের কাজ কমিয়ে ঘরের কাজে বেশি মনোনিবেশ করেন, যা পরিবারে তাদের ভূমিকাকে নতুনভাবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করে। সেলাই মেশিন এবং কাপড় ধোয়ার মেশিনের মতো নতুন উদ্ভাবনগুলো মহিলাদের গৃহস্থালি কাজের প্রতি আরও আগ্রহী করে তোলে। গণমাধ্যম এবং সরকারি প্রতিনিধিদের মাধ্যমে প্রচারিত বৈজ্ঞানিক গৃহস্থালি আন্দোলন, মেলাগুলোতে ঘরোয়া রান্না ও খাবার সংরক্ষণের প্রদর্শন এবং খবরের কাগজে মহিলাদের জন্য পরামর্শমূলক কলাম—এই সবই তাঁদের ঘরমুখী হওয়ার প্রবণতাকে বাড়িয়ে দিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== শৈশব =====
আমেরিকান সীমান্তে শৈশব কাটানো নিয়ে পণ্ডিতদের মধ্যে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন মত রয়েছে। ঔপন্যাসিক [[উইলা ক্যাদার|উইলা ক্যাথার]] এবং [[লরা ইঙ্গলস ওয়াইল্ডার|লরা ইঙ্গলস ওয়াইল্ডারের]] দেখানো পথ অনুসরণ করে একদল বিশেষজ্ঞ মনে করেন যে গ্রামীণ পরিবেশ শিশুদের বড় হওয়ার জন্য সহায়ক ছিল। ইতিহাসবিদ ক্যাথরিন হ্যারিস&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এবং এলিয়ট ওয়েস্ট&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; লিখেছেন যে গ্রামীণ প্রতিপালন শিশুদের বয়স এবং লিঙ্গভিত্তিক শহুরে কঠোর সামাজিক কাঠামো থেকে মুক্তি দিয়েছিল। এটি পরিবারের সদস্যদের মধ্যে পারস্পরিক নির্ভরতা বাড়িয়েছিল এবং শেষ পর্যন্ত এমন এক প্রজন্মের জন্ম দিয়েছিল যারা তাদের শহুরে বা পূর্ব অঞ্চলের সমসাময়িকদের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি আত্মনির্ভরশীল, গতিশীল, মানিয়ে নেওয়ার ক্ষমতাসম্পন্ন, দায়িত্বশীল, স্বাধীন এবং প্রকৃতির কাছাকাছি ছিল। অন্যদিকে, ইতিহাসবিদ এলিজাবেথ হ্যাম্পস্টেন&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এবং লিলিয়ান শ্লিসেল&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; একাকীত্ব, বঞ্চনা, নির্যাতন এবং অল্প বয়স থেকেই হাড়ভাঙা কায়িক শ্রমের এক করুণ চিত্র তুলে ধরেছেন। রিনে-কেহরবার্গ এই দুই চরম মতের মাঝামাঝি একটি অবস্থানে রয়েছেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== পতিতাবৃত্তি এবং জুয়া ====
যেকোনো নতুন জনপদ বা খনি শিবির শুরু হলে সবার আগে সেখানে একটি জুয়ার আসর বা গ্যাম্বলিং হল তৈরি হতো। জনসংখ্যা বাড়ার সাথে সাথে এই জুয়ার হলগুলোই সাধারণত শহরের বৃহত্তম এবং সবচেয়ে জমকালো ভবনে পরিণত হতো। এগুলোতে প্রায়ই পানশালা, বিনোদনের মঞ্চ এবং অতিথিদের থাকার জন্য হোটেলের ঘর থাকত। এই প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলো স্থানীয় অর্থনীতির মূল চালিকাশক্তি ছিল এবং অনেক শহরের সমৃদ্ধি মাপা হতো সেখানে কতগুলো জুয়ার আসর বা পেশাদার জুয়াড়ি রয়েছে তার ওপর ভিত্তি করে। জুয়া খেলার প্রতি নমনীয় শহরগুলোকে সাধারণত &quot;প্রশস্ত-জাগ্রত&quot; বা &quot;প্রশস্ত-খোলা&quot; হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; টেক্সাস, ওকলাহোমা, কানসাস এবং নেব্রাস্কার গবাদি পশুর শহরগুলো জুয়া খেলার প্রধান কেন্দ্র হিসেবে বিখ্যাত হয়ে উঠেছিল। কাউবয়রা অনেক দিন ধরে জমানো মজুরি নিয়ে আনন্দ করার জন্য এই শহরগুলোতে আসতেন। অ্যাবিলিন, ডজ সিটি, [[উইচিটা, কানসাস|উইচিটা]], [[ওমাহা]] এবং [[ক্যানসাস সিটি, মিজুরি|কানসাস সিটির]] পরিবেশ জুয়া খেলার জন্য অত্যন্ত অনুকূল ছিল। তবে এমন পরিবেশ বিশৃঙ্খলাও ডেকে আনত এবং এই শহরগুলো আইনহীন ও বিপজ্জনক জায়গা হিসেবে পরিচিতি পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== আইন শৃঙ্খলা ====
[[চিত্র:DodgeCityPeaceCommission.jpg|থাম্ব|১৮৮৩ সালের ১০ই জুন তোলা &quot;ডজ সিটি শান্তি কমিশনের&quot; একটি ঐতিহাসিক ছবি। (দাঁড়িয়ে বাম থেকে) উইলিয়াম এইচ. হ্যারিস, লিউক শর্ট, উইলিয়াম &quot;ব্যাট&quot; মাস্টারসন, উইলিয়াম এফ. পেটিলন; (বসে বাম থেকে) চার্লি ব্যাসেট, ওয়ায়াট ইয়ার্প, মাইকেল ফ্রান্সিস &quot;ফ্র্যাঙ্ক&quot; ম্যাকলিন এবং কর্নেলিয়াস &quot;নিল&quot; ব্রাউন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
ইতিহাসবিদ ওয়াদি ডব্লিউ. মুর আদালতের নথিপত্র ব্যবহার করে দেখিয়েছেন যে, আরকানসাসের জনবিরল সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে আইনহীনতা ছিল একটি সাধারণ বিষয়। তিনি অপরাধগুলোকে দুটি ভাগে ভাগ করেছেন: &quot;অেশাদার&quot; (দ্বৈরথ, মদ্যপানজনিত অপরাধ, আদিবাসীদের কাছে হুইস্কি বিক্রি করা, সরকারি জমির গাছ কাটা) এবং &quot;পেশাদার&quot; (গবাদি পশু চুরি, রাজপথে ডাকাতি, জালিয়াতি)।&lt;ref name=&quot;MooreCrimeArkansas&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Moore|প্রথমাংশ=Waddy W.|তারিখ=Spring 1964|শিরোনাম=Some Aspects of Crime and Punishment on the Arkansas Frontier|সাময়িকী=Arkansas Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=23|সংখ্যা নং=1|পাতাসমূহ=50–64|doi=10.2307/40021171|jstor=40021171}}&lt;/ref&gt; দস্যুরা বসতি স্থাপনকারী পরিবারগুলোর সর্বস্ব লুটে নেওয়ার অনেক সুযোগ পেত, অন্যদিকে অর্থের অভাবে ধুঁকতে থাকা অল্প কয়েকজন আইন রক্ষাকারীর পক্ষে অপরাধীদের শনাক্ত করা, গ্রেপ্তার করা বা দোষী সাব্যস্ত করা ছিল অত্যন্ত কঠিন। সাধারণত দুই বা তিনজনের দলে থাকা ডাকাতরা খুব কমই এমন যাত্রীবাহী গাড়িতে আক্রমণ করত যেটির পাহারাদারের কাছে দুই নলা বন্দুক থাকত। বরং মালবাহী গাড়ির চালক, পথচারী বা একাকী ঘোড়সওয়ারদের লুট করা অনেক কম ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; অন্যদিকে ব্যাংকগুলো সুরক্ষিত থাকায় সেখানে ডাকাতি করা ছিল অনেক বেশি কঠিন। ইতিহাসবিদ ব্রায়ান রবের মতে, আমেরিকায় সংগঠিত অপরাধের আদি রূপটি এই &quot;পুরানো পশ্চিম&quot;-এর ডাকাত দলগুলোর মাধ্যমেই জন্ম নিয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

অপরাধী যখন দোষী সাব্যস্ত হতো, তখন তার শাস্তি হতো অত্যন্ত কঠোর।&lt;ref name=&quot;MooreCrimeArkansas&quot;&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Moore|প্রথমাংশ=Waddy W.|তারিখ=Spring 1964|শিরোনাম=Some Aspects of Crime and Punishment on the Arkansas Frontier|সাময়িকী=Arkansas Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=23|সংখ্যা নং=1|পাতাসমূহ=50–64|doi=10.2307/40021171|jstor=40021171}}&lt;/ref&gt; শ্চিমাঞ্চলের শেরিফ এবং মার্শাল ছাড়াও আমেরিকান সীমান্ত জুড়ে টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্সের মতো বিভিন্ন আইন প্রয়োগকারী সংস্থা সক্রিয় ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই আইন রক্ষাকারীরা কেবল শান্তি বজায় রাখতেই নয়, বরং সীমান্ত এলাকায় আদিবাসী এবং মেক্সিকানদের হুমকি থেকেও স্থানীয়দের রক্ষা করতে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্রামীণ এলাকার তুলনায় শহরগুলোতে আইন প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্রে অনেক বেশি কঠোরতা দেখা যেত। আইন রক্ষাকারীরা সশস্ত্র যুদ্ধের চেয়ে স্থিতিশীলতা বজায় রাখার ওপর বেশি জোর দিতেন। তাঁদের মূল লক্ষ্য ছিল মদ্যপান নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা, বন্দুক নিয়ন্ত্রণ আইন লঙ্ঘনকারী কাউবয়দের নিরস্ত্রীকরণ করা এবং জুয়া ও পতিতাবৃত্তি সংক্রান্ত আইন ভঙ্গকারীদের বিরুদ্ধে ব্যবস্থা নেওয়া।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

এটা স্বীকৃত যে ডজ সিটির জনপ্রিয় চিত্রায়ণে কিছুটা সত্যতাও আছে, কারণ স্থানীয় সরকার প্রতিষ্ঠার আগে সেখানে বন্দুক সংক্রান্ত অপরাধ ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল। তবে শহরের বাসিন্দারা আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে তাঁদের প্রথম পৌর সরকার গঠন করার পরেই প্রকাশ্যে বা গোপনে আগ্নেয়াস্ত্র বহন নিষিদ্ধ করে একটি আইন পাস করেন এবং এর ফলে অপরাধের হার দ্রুত কমে যায়। অন্যান্য সীমান্ত শহরেও বন্দুকের সহিংসতা কমাতে একই ধরণের আইন পাস করা হয়েছিল। ইউসিএলএর আইনের অধ্যাপক অ্যাডাম রিঙ্কলার যেমনটা উল্লেখ করেছেন:

[[টম্বস্টোন|অ্যারিজোনার টম্বস্টোন]] ছিল একটি অশান্ত খনি শহর যা ১৮৭৭ থেকে ১৯২৯ সাল পর্যন্ত দীর্ঘ সময় টিকে ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৭৭ সালে সেখানে রূপোর সন্ধান পাওয়া যায় এবং ১৮৮১ সালের মধ্যে শহরটির জনসংখ্যা ১০,০০০ ছাড়িয়ে যায়। ১৮৭৯ সালে নবাগত ইয়ার্প ভাইয়েরা খনির শেয়ার এবং জুয়া খেলার অনুমতিপত্র কিনে নেন। কিন্তু ভার্জিল, ওয়ায়াট এবং মরগান ইয়ার্প বিভিন্ন সময়ে ফেডারেল ও স্থানীয় আইন রক্ষাকারী হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছিলেন। এক বছরেরও বেশি সময় ধরে চলা হুমকি এবং শত্রুতার পর তাঁরা ডক হলিডে-কে সাথে নিয়ে &quot;ও.কে. কোরাল বন্দুকযুদ্ধ&quot;-এ তিন দস্যুকে হত্যা করেন, যা ছিল পুরানো পশ্চিমের সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত বন্দুকযুদ্ধ। এর রেশ ধরে ভার্জিল ইয়ার্প এক অতর্কিত হামলায় পঙ্গু হয়ে যান এবং মরগান ইয়ার্প বিলিয়ার্ড খেলার সময় আততায়ীর হাতে নিহত হন। ওয়ায়াট এবং তাঁর অন্য ভাইয়েরা (জেমস এবং ওয়ারেন ইয়ার্প) আইনের তোয়াক্কা না করেই প্রতিশোধ নেওয়ার অভিযানে নামেন এবং ফ্র্যাঙ্ক স্টিলওয়েল খুনের ঘটনায় তাঁদের বিরুদ্ধে গ্রেপ্তারি পরোয়ানা জারি করা হয়। কোচিস কাউন্টি কাউবয়রা ছিল মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অন্যতম প্রথম সংগঠিত অপরাধ সিন্ডিকেট এবং ওয়ায়াট ইয়ার্পের হাতেই তাদের পতন ঘটেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের গল্পকার এবং চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাতারা তাঁদের অনেক সৃষ্টিতে এই বন্দুকযুদ্ধকে তুলে ধরেছেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ওয়াল্টার নোবেল বার্নসের উপন্যাস ''টম্বস্টোন'' (১৯২৭) ইয়ার্পকে বিখ্যাত করে তোলে। হলিউড ইয়ার্পের টম্বস্টোন দিবস উদযাপন করে জন ফোর্ডের ''মাই ডার্লিং ক্লেমেন্টাইন'' (১৯৪৬), জন স্টার্জেসের ''গানফাইট অ্যাট দ্য ওকে কোরাল'' (১৯৫৭) এবং ''আওয়ার অফ দ্য গান'' (১৯৬৭), ফ্রাঙ্ক পেরির ''ডক'' (১৯৭১), জর্জ কসম্যাটসের ''[[টম্বস্টোন (চলচ্চিত্র)|টম্বস্টোন]]'' (১৯৯৩) এবং লরেন্স কাসদানের ''ওয়াট ইয়ার্প'' (১৯৯৪)-এর মতো চলচ্চিত্রের মাধ্যমে উদযাপন করেছে। এই কাজগুলোই আধুনিক সমাজে ইয়ার্পের ভাবমূর্তিকে পুরানো পশ্চিমের সবচেয়ে ভয়ংকর বন্দুকধারী হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত করেছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== ডাকাতি =====
প্রধান ধরণের ডাকাতি পশ্চিমের কুখ্যাত দস্যুদের দ্বারা পরিচালিত হত, যার মধ্যে ছিল জেমস-ইয়ংগার গ্যাং, [[বিলি দ্য কিড]], ডাল্টন গ্যাং, ব্ল্যাক বার্ট, স্যাম বাস, বুচ ক্যাসিডি'স ওয়াইল্ড বাঞ্চ এবং আরও শত শত অপরাধী যারা ব্যাংক, ট্রেন, যাত্রীবাহী গাড়ি বা স্টেজকোচ এবং এমনকি কিছু ক্ষেত্রে হোয়াম পে-মাস্টার ডাকাতি ও স্কেলিটন ক্যানিয়ন ডাকাতির মতো সশস্ত্র সরকারি পরিবহনেও হামলা চালাত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; জেসি জেমসের মতো কিছু দস্যু ছিল গৃহযুদ্ধের সহিংসতার ফল (জেমস কোয়ান্ট্রিলস রেইডার্সের সাথে কাজ করেছিলেন), আবার অনেকে গবাদি পশু শিল্পের দুর্দিনেও দস্যু হয়ে উঠেছিলেন। তাঁদের মধ্যে অনেকেই ছিলেন সমাজের সাথে মানিয়ে নিতে না পারা মানুষ বা ভবঘুরে যারা আইনের হাত থেকে বাঁচতে পশ্চিমে ঘুরে বেড়াতেন। গ্রামীণ এলাকাগুলোতে হোয়াকিন মুরিয়েতা, জ্যাক পাওয়ারস, অগাস্টিন চ্যাকন এবং অন্যান্য দস্যুরা ত্রাসের রাজত্ব কায়েম করেছিল। যখন কোনো দস্যু দল কাছাকাছি থাকত, তখন শহরগুলো তাদের তাড়ানোর জন্য বা ধরার জন্য মাঝেমধ্যে একটি &quot;সশস্ত্র দল&quot; গঠন করত। দস্যুদের মোকাবিলা করা একটি ক্রমবর্ধমান ব্যবসার সুযোগ হিসেবে দেখে অ্যালান পিঙ্কারটন ১৮৫০ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত তাঁর ন্যাশনাল ডিটেকটিভ এজেন্সিকে পশ্চিমে শাখা খোলার নির্দেশ দেন এবং তাঁরা দস্যুদের তাড়া করা ও ধরার ব্যবসায় নেমে পড়েন।&lt;ref&gt;{{সাময়িকী উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Lang|প্রথমাংশ=Robert E.|শেষাংশ২=Popper|প্রথমাংশ২=Deborah E.|তারিখ=1995|শিরোনাম='Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://doi.org/10.2307/970654|সাময়িকী=Western Historical Quarterly|খণ্ড=26|সংখ্যা নং=3|পাতাসমূহ=289–307|doi=10.2307/970654|jstor=970654|ইউআরএল-সংগ্রহ=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; আইনের হাত থেকে বাঁচতে দস্যুরা লুকানোর জন্য উন্মুক্ত চারণভূমি, প্রত্যন্ত গিরিপথ এবং দুর্গম অঞ্চলের সুবিধা নিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্তের কিছু জনপদ এবং শহরেও দস্যু ও অপরাধীরা আশ্রয় নিত, যেগুলোকে &quot;দস্যু শহর&quot; বলা হতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৪৯ সালের পর ক্যালিফোর্নিয়ায় দস্যুবৃত্তি একটি বড় সমস্যা হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছিল, কারণ পরিবার বা সমাজ থেকে বিচ্ছিন্ন হাজার হাজার যুবক এমন একটি ভূখণ্ডে চলে এসেছিল যেখানে আইন প্রয়োগের ব্যবস্থা ছিল খুব সামান্য। এটি মোকাবিলা করার জন্য সান ফ্রান্সিসকো সতর্কতা কমিটি বা ভিজিল্যান্স কমিটি গঠন করা হয় যাতে কুখ্যাত অপরাধীদের &quot;সংক্ষিপ্ত বিচার&quot; এবং মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেওয়া যায়। একইভাবে, শান্তি-রক্ষণকারী প্রতিষ্ঠানের অভাবে অন্যান্য আদি জনপদগুলোও সমাজ রক্ষার জন্য তাদের নিজস্ব বেসরকারি সংস্থা তৈরি করেছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;CultureViolence&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=DiLorenzo|প্রথমাংশ=Thomas J.|শিরোনাম=The Culture of Violence in the American West: Myth versus Reality|ইউআরএল=http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=803|ওয়েবসাইট=The Independent Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  এই সতর্কতা কমিটিগুলো সীমান্তের বিভিন্ন পেশার প্রতিফলন ঘটাত, যেমন ভূমি ক্লাব, গবাদি পশু মালিকদের সমিতি এবং খনি শিবির। টেক্সাসেও একই ধরণের সতর্কতা কমিটি বিদ্যমান ছিল এবং তাদের মূল উদ্দেশ্য ছিল আইনহীনতা দমন করা এবং সমাজকে দুশ্চরিত্র ও গবাদি পশু চোরদের হাত থেকে মুক্ত করা।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই কমিটিগুলো মাঝেমধ্যে ব্যক্তিগত সতর্কতা গোষ্ঠীগুলোর জন্য উগ্র ভিড়ের শাসনে পরিণত হতো, কিন্তু সাধারণত এগুলো দায়িত্বশীল নাগরিকদের নিয়ে গঠিত হতো যারা কেবল শৃঙ্খলা বজায় রাখতে চাইতেন। এই সতর্কতা কমিটিগুলোর হাতে ধরা পড়া অপরাধীদের সাথে নিষ্ঠুর আচরণ করা হতো; প্রায়ই কোনো ধরণের বিচার ছাড়াই তাঁদের ফাঁসি দেওয়া হতো বা গুলি করা হতো।&lt;ref name=&quot;Vigil&quot;&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Gard|প্রথমাংশ=Wayne|তারিখ=June 15, 2010|প্রকাশক=Handbook of Texas|শিরোনাম=Vigilantes and Vigilance Committees|ইউআরএল=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jnv01|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=February 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পুরানো পশ্চিমে সাধারণ মানুষও নিজেদের রক্ষার জন্য অস্ত্র তুলে নিত, কখনো কখনো আইন রক্ষাকারীদের পাশে দাঁড়িয়ে (কফিভিল ব্যাংক ডাকাতি), আবার কখনো দস্যুদের পাশে দাঁড়িয়ে (ইনগ্যালস যুদ্ধ)। মেরি ফিল্ডস, যিনি পশ্চিমে প্রথম মহিলা ডাক কর্মী হিসেবে তাঁর ভূমিকার জন্য &quot;স্টেজকোচ মেরি&quot; নামেও পরিচিত ছিলেন, তিনি একজন ঝগড়াটে এবং শটগান চালক হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিলেন। একজন সাধারণ নাগরিক এবং কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ মহিলা হিসেবে তিনি তাঁর শটগান দিয়ে নিজেকে রক্ষা করতেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience on the North American Frontier|ইউআরএল=https://archive.org/details/blackpioneersima00rava|শেষাংশ=Ravage|প্রথমাংশ=John W.|বছর=1997|প্রকাশক=University of Utah Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; গৃহযুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী সীমান্তে ৫২৩ জনেরও বেশি শ্বেতাঙ্গ, ৩৪ জন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ এবং আরও ৭৫ জন গণপিটুনি বা লিঞ্চিং-এর শিকার হয়েছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|শেষাংশ=Magazine|প্রথমাংশ=Smithsonian|শেষাংশ২=Woodard|প্রথমাংশ২=Colin|ভাষা=en|শিরোনাম=How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start|ইউআরএল=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2025-01-20|ওয়েবসাইট=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; বে পুরানো পশ্চিমে লিঞ্চিং-এর ঘটনাগুলো মূলত বিচারব্যবস্থার অভাবের কারণে ঘটেনি, বরং সামাজিক শ্রেণির কারণেও ঘটেছিল। ইতিহাসবিদ মাইকেল জে. ফিফার লিখেছেন, &quot;জনপ্রিয় ধারণার বিপরীতে, শুরুর দিকের আঞ্চলিক লিঞ্চিং আইন প্রয়োগের অনুপস্থিতি বা দূরত্ব থেকে তৈরি হয়নি, বরং তৈরি হয়েছিল প্রাথমিক জনপদগুলোর সামাজিক অস্থিরতা এবং সম্পত্তি, মর্যাদা ও সামাজিক শৃঙ্খলার সংজ্ঞা নির্ধারণের লড়াই থেকে&quot;।&lt;ref name=&quot;pfeifer-frontier-quote2&quot;&gt;Michael J. Pfeifer, ''Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947'' (U of Illinois Press, 2004), p.&amp;nbsp;30.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;
[[চিত্র:Buffalo_bill_wild_west_show_c1899.jpg|থাম্ব|''বাফেলো বিলের ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট'' শোর একটি পোস্টার।]]
&quot;আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট&quot;-এর অনুসন্ধান, জনবসতি স্থাপন, শোষণ এবং সংঘাতগুলো এমন একটি সাংস্কৃতিক পরিমণ্ডল তৈরি করেছে যা আমেরিকান এবং বিদেশি—উভয় পক্ষই শিল্পকলা, সংগীত, নৃত্য, উপন্যাস, ম্যাগাজিন, ছোটগল্প, কবিতা, থিয়েটার, ভিডিও গেম, চলচ্চিত্র, রেডিও, টেলিভিশন, গান এবং মৌখিক ঐতিহ্যের মাধ্যমে উদযাপন করেছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; বেথ ই. লেভি যুক্তি দেন যে, বাস্তব এবং পৌরাণিক পশ্চিমাঞ্চল অ্যারন কোপল্যান্ড, রায় হ্যারিস, ভার্জিল থমসন, চার্লস ওয়েকফিল্ড ক্যাডম্যান এবং আর্থার ফারওয়েলের মতো সুরকারদের অনুপ্রাণিত করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

ধর্মীয় ভাবধারা অনেক পরিবেশবাদীকে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছে যখন তারা সীমান্তবাসীদের দ্বারা এর আধ্যাত্মিকতা লঙ্ঘিত হওয়ার আগে আদিম পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে নিয়ে চিন্তা করেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; প্রকৃতপক্ষে, ইতিহাসবিদ উইলিয়াম ক্রোনন যেমনটি দেখিয়েছেন, উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর রোমান্টিক আন্দোলনের আগে &quot;বন্যভূমি&quot;র ধারণাটি ছিল অত্যন্ত নেতিবাচক এবং তা ধর্মীয় চেতনার সম্পূর্ণ বিপরীত ছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

১৮৯৩ সালে ঘোষিত ইতিহাসবিদ ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নারের সীমান্ত তত্ত্ব ইতিহাস রচনার প্রধান ধারাগুলো প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; এটি তিন বা চার প্রজন্মের পাণ্ডিত্যকে গভীরভাবে প্রভাবিত করেছিল এবং কার্যত সব আমেরিকান ছাত্রছাত্রীদের ব্যবহৃত পাঠ্যপুস্তকে স্থান পেয়েছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

=== পশ্চিমা লোকগাথার জনপ্রিয়করণ ===
১৮৪০-এর দশকে লোকগীতি ও অভিনয়ের আসর এবং জনপ্রিয় সঙ্গীতের মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের এই পৌরাণিক রূপান্তরের সূচনা ঘটে। একই সময়ে, পি. টি. বারনাম তাঁর জাদুঘরগুলোতে আদিবাসী প্রধানদের জীবনযাত্রা, তাঁদের নাচ এবং অন্যান্য বন্য পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় প্রদর্শনী তুলে ধরতেন। তবে এর ব্যাপক প্রচার শুরু হয় ১৮৫৯ সালে সস্তা জনপ্রিয় উপন্যাসের আবির্ভাবের মাধ্যমে, যার মধ্যে প্রথমটি ছিল ''ম্যালেস্কা, দ্য ইন্ডিয়ান ওয়াইফ অফ দ্য হোয়াইট হান্টার''।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; বাস্তবতাকে অতিসরল করে এবং সত্যকে ব্যাপকভাবে অতিরঞ্জিত করে এই উপন্যাসগুলো সহিংসতা ও বীরত্বের রোমাঞ্চকর গল্পের মাধ্যমে সাধারণ মানুষের নজর কেড়েছিল। এগুলো মানুষের মনে বীর এবং খলনায়কের নির্দিষ্ট কিছু ধারণা গেঁথে দিয়েছিল—যেমন সাহসী কাউবয় বনাম বন্য আদিবাসী, গুণী আইন রক্ষাকারী বনাম নিষ্ঠুর দস্যু, সাহসী বসতি স্থাপনকারী বনাম শিকারি পশুপালক। এই ধরণের উপন্যাসের হাজার হাজার শিরোনাম লক্ষ লক্ষ সংখ্যায় বিক্রি হতো। জনপ্রিয় রুচির কথা মাথায় রেখে এগুলো সাধারণত গতানুগতিক কিছু সাহিত্যিক ফর্মুলা মেনে লেখা হতো এবং অনেক ক্ষেত্রে মাত্র কয়েক দিনেই একটি বই শেষ করা হতো। এই সস্তা উপন্যাসগুলোর মধ্যে সবচেয়ে সফল ছিল এডওয়ার্ড এস. এলিসের ''সেথ জোন্স'' (১৮৬০)। নেড বান্টলাইনের গল্পগুলো বাফেলো বিল কোডি-কে মহিমান্বিত করেছিল এবং এডওয়ার্ড এল. হুইলার ক্যালামিটি জেন-এর জীবনীর ওপর ভিত্তি করে &quot;ডেডউড ডিক&quot; ও &quot;হারিকেন নেলের&quot; মতো চরিত্র সৃষ্টি করেছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষের দিকে পূর্ব উপকূলের অভিজাত লেখক ও শিল্পীরা পশ্চিমা লোকগাথার প্রচার ও প্রসারে অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করেন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Christine Bold 20132&quot;&gt;Christine Bold, ''The Frontier Club: Popular Westerns and Cultural Power, 1880–1924'' (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; একজন ইতিহাসবিদ, অভিযাত্রী, শিকারি, খামারি এবং প্রকৃতিবিদ হিসেবে থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট এক্ষেত্রে বিশেষভাবে সক্রিয় ছিলেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; তাদের কাজগুলো ''হার্পারস উইকলির'' মতো নামী জাতীয় ম্যাগাজিনগুলোতে প্রকাশিত হতো, যেখানে ফ্রেডরিক রেমিংটন এবং চার্লস এম. রাসেলের মতো শিল্পীদের আঁকা ছবি স্থান পেত। পাঠকরা ওয়েন উইস্টারের মতো লেখকদের অ্যাকশনধর্মী গল্পগুলো আগ্রহ নিয়ে কিনতেন, যা পুরানো পশ্চিমের এক জীবন্ত প্রতিচ্ছবি তুলে ধরত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; রেমিংটন সেই যুগের অবসান নিয়ে আক্ষেপ করে লিখেছিলেন যা তিনি নিজেই নথিবদ্ধ করতে সাহায্য করেছিলেন:

=== বিংশ শতাব্দীর চিত্রায়ন ===
[[চিত্র:SearchersPoster-BillGold.jpg|থাম্ব|''[[দ্য সার্চার্স]]'', ১৯৫৬ সালের একটি চলচ্চিত্র যেখানে ১৮৬০-এর দশকের জাতিগত সংঘাত চিত্রিত হয়েছে।]]
[[থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট]] পশ্চিমাঞ্চল এবং সীমান্ত নিয়ে অনেক বই লিখেছিলেন এবং প্রেসিডেন্ট থাকাকালীন সময়ে তিনি প্রায়ই এই বিষয়ের উল্লেখ করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষভাগ থেকে রেলপথ কোম্পানিগুলো পশ্চিমে পর্যটন শিল্পের প্রচার শুরু করে। তারা পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের বিভিন্ন দর্শনীয় স্থানে এবং বিশেষ করে [[ইয়েলোস্টোন জাতীয় উদ্যান|ইয়েলোস্টোন জাতীয় উদ্যানের]] মতো জাতীয় উদ্যানগুলোতে গাইডসহ ভ্রমণের ব্যবস্থা করত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

পশ্চিমে আসা পর্যটক এবং কল্পকাহিনীর উৎসাহী পাঠক—উভয় পক্ষই সীমান্তের সেই দৃশ্যপটগুলো দারুণ উপভোগ করতেন। ১৯০০ সালের পর পশ্চিমা চলচ্চিত্রগুলি এর সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত উদাহরণ হয়ে ওঠে, যেমন জন ফোর্ডের অসংখ্য সিনেমা। তিনি বিশেষ করে মনুমেন্ট ভ্যালির সৌন্দর্যে মুগ্ধ ছিলেন। সমালোচক কিথ ফিপস বলেন, &quot;এর ১৩ বর্গকিলোমিটার (৫ বর্গমাইল) এলাকা দশকের পর দশক ধরে চলচ্চিত্র দর্শকদের মনে আমেরিকান পশ্চিমাঞ্চল সম্পর্কে এক বিশেষ ধারণা তৈরি করে দিয়েছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৬০-এর দশকের মাঝামাঝি সময়ে আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় রেলপথ নির্মাণের বীরত্বগাথাগুলো বহু সস্তা জনপ্রিয় উপন্যাসকে প্রাণবন্ত করে তুলেছিল। আধুনিকতার প্রতীক লোহার ঘোড়ার সাথে চিরচেনা প্রাকৃতিক পরিবেশের সহাবস্থান চিত্রিত করে সেই সময়কার বহু সংবাদপত্র ও ম্যাগাজিন সাজানো হতো।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

এক শতাব্দীরও বেশি সময় ধরে কাউবয় আমেরিকার একটি আইকনিক ভাবমূর্তি হিসেবে দেশে এবং বিদেশে সমাদৃত হয়ে আসছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

হিদার কক্স রিচার্ডসন কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তির একটি রাজনৈতিক প্রেক্ষাপট নিয়ে যুক্তি দিয়েছেন:&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;গবাদি পশু শিল্পের প্রসারের সময়কালটি এমন ছিল যে কাউবয় ভাবমূর্তি এক অসাধারণ ক্ষমতা অর্জন করেছিল। যুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী বছরগুলোর জটিল রাজনীতির সাথে জড়িয়ে ডেমোক্র্যাটরা, বিশেষ করে পুরনো কনফেডারেসির লোকেরা, পশ্চিমাঞ্চলকে এমন এক ভূমি হিসেবে কল্পনা করতেন যা তাঁদের অপছন্দের রিপাবলিকান রাজনীতিকদের প্রভাবমুক্ত। তাঁরা কাউবয়দের এমন এক মানুষ হিসেবে চিত্রিত করেছিলেন যারা কঠোর পরিশ্রম করে, প্রাণ খুলে আনন্দ করে, একটি নির্দিষ্ট সম্মানবোধ নিয়ে চলে, নিজেদের রক্ষা করে এবং সরকারের কাছে কিছুই দাবি করে না। ডেমোক্র্যাটিক সংবাদপত্র সম্পাদকদের হাতে কাউবয় জীবনের বাস্তব পরিস্থিতি—দারিদ্র্য, বিপদ, ক্লান্তিকর কর্মঘণ্টা—সবই রোমান্টিক হয়ে উঠেছিল। কাউবয়রা এমন সব গুণের প্রতীক হয়ে উঠেছিল যা ডেমোক্র্যাটদের মতে রিপাবলিকানরা অলস প্রাক্তন ক্রীতদাসদের তুষ্ট করার জন্য একটি দানবীয় সরকার তৈরির মাধ্যমে ধ্বংস করে দিচ্ছিল। ১৮৬০-এর দশকের মধ্যে গবাদি পশুর দীর্ঘ যাত্রাগুলো সমতল ভূমির দৃশ্যের একটি অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংশ হয়ে ওঠে এবং ডেমোক্র্যাটরা কাউবয়দের কঠোর ব্যক্তিগত স্বাধীনতার প্রতীকে পরিণত করেন, যা তাঁদের মতে রিপাবলিকানরা ধ্বংস করতে উদ্যত ছিল।&lt;/blockquote&gt;রুজভেল্ট গবাদি পশু পালনকারীকে (কাউবয়) স্থায়ী কৃষকের থেকে আলাদা এক সভ্যতার স্তর হিসেবে কল্পনা করেছিলেন এই থিমটি ১৯৪৪ সালের হলিউড হিট সিনেমাট ''ওকলাহোমা!'' -তে খুব সুন্দরভাবে প্রকাশিত হয়েছে যা কাউবয় এবং কৃষকদের মধ্যে দীর্ঘস্থায়ী সংঘাতকে তুলে ধরে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; রুজভেল্ট যুক্তি দিয়েছিলেন যে, কাউবয়দের মতো পৌরুষ এবং বাইরে বিভিন্ন শারীরিক কর্মকাণ্ড ও খেলাধুলা আমেরিকান পুরুষদের জন্য অপরিহার্য ছিল যাতে তাঁরা শহরের আরামদায়ক জীবনের ফলে তৈরি হওয়া অলসতা ও নৈতিক অবক্ষয় এড়াতে পারেন।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

ওকলাহোমার একজন চেরোকি বিচারকের ছেলে উইল রজার্স দড়ি নিয়ে খেলা এবং চমৎকার অশ্বচালনা দিয়ে শুরু করেছিলেন। কিন্তু ১৯১৯ সালের মধ্যে তিনি আবিষ্কার করেন যে দর্শকরা সাধারণ মানুষের প্রজ্ঞার উপস্থাপনে তাঁর বুদ্ধিমত্তায় আরও বেশি মুগ্ধ।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

আমেরিকান কাউবয়ের রোমান্টিক ভাবমূর্তি বৃদ্ধিতে অবদান রাখা অন্যদের মধ্যে রয়েছেন চার্লস সিরিঙ্গো (১৮৫৫–১৯২৮) এবং অ্যান্ডি অ্যাডামস (১৮৫৯–১৯৩৫)।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; সিরিঙ্গো ছিলেন একাধারে কাউবয়, পিঙ্কারটন গোয়েন্দা এবং পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় লেখক; তিনি প্রথম নির্ভরযোগ্য কাউবয় আত্মজীবনীকার। অ্যাডামস ১৮৮০-এর দশকে টেক্সাসের গবাদি পশু শিল্পে এবং ১৮৯০-এর দশকে রকি পর্বতে খনি শিল্পে কাজ করেছিলেন। ১৮৯৮ সালের একটি নাটকে টেক্সাসবাসীর ভুল চিত্রায়নে ক্ষুব্ধ হয়ে অ্যাডামস নিজের অভিজ্ঞতা থেকে নাটক, ছোটগল্প এবং উপন্যাস লিখতে শুরু করেন। তার ''দ্য লগ অফ আ কাউবয়'' (১৯০৩) গবাদি পশু ব্যবসার বিশেষ করে পশুপালের দীর্ঘ যাত্রার একটি ধ্রুপদী উপন্যাসে পরিণত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; এটি ১৮৮২ সালে টেক্সাস থেকে মন্টানা পর্যন্ত সার্কেল ডট নামক গবাদি পশুর পালের একটি কাল্পনিক যাত্রার বর্ণনা দেয় এবং কাউবয় জীবনের একটি প্রধান উৎসে পরিণত হয়। ১৯৬০-এর দশকে ইতিহাসবিদরা এই যাত্রার পথটি পুনরায় অনুসরণ করেন এবং এর নির্ভুলতা নিশ্চিত করেন। তার লেখাগুলো একদিকে যেমন খুঁটিনাটি বর্ণনার জন্য প্রশংসিত, অন্যদিকে সাহিত্যিক গুণের অভাবের জন্য সমালোচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; অনেকেই হাওয়ার্ড হকস পরিচালিত এবং জন ওয়েন ও মন্টগোমারি ক্লিফট অভিনীত &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwC38&quot;&gt;রেড রিভার&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (১৯৪৮) চলচ্চিত্রটিকে গবাদি পশুর যাত্রার একটি নির্ভরযোগ্য চিত্রায়ন হিসেবে বিবেচনা করেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;

কাউবয়দের অনন্য দক্ষতাগুলো রোডিওর মাধ্যমে বিশেষভাবে ফুটিয়ে তোলা হয়। ১৮৮০-এর দশকে পশ্চিমে এটি একটি সংগঠিত রূপ পায় যখন বেশ কিছু শহর ভ্রমণকারী ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শো অনুসরণ করে বিভিন্ন উৎসবের আয়োজন করে যেখানে রোডিও কর্মকাণ্ড অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল। ১৯২০-এর দশকে পূর্বের বড় শহরগুলোতে কাউবয়দের প্রতিযোগিতার ফলে রোডিও ক্রীড়া হিসেবে জনপ্রিয় হয়ে ওঠে। ট্রেইল কাউবয়রা যারা জন ওয়েসলি হার্ডিন, লিউক শর্ট এবং অন্যদের মতো বন্দুকধারী বা &quot;গানফাইটার&quot; হিসেবেও পরিচিত ছিলেন, তাঁরা তাঁদের পিস্তল ও অন্যান্য আগ্নেয়াস্ত্র চালনায় দক্ষতা এবং গতির জন্য বিখ্যাত ছিলেন। সময়ের সাথে সাথে তাঁদের হিংস্র কর্মকাণ্ড এবং খ্যাতি &quot;কাউবয় হিরো&quot; বা বীর কাউবয়ের সেই গতানুগতিক সহিংস ভাবমূর্তিতে রূপান্তরিত হয়েছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Watts2&quot;&gt;Linda S. Watts, ''Encyclopedia of American Folklore'' (2007) pp.&amp;nbsp;36, 224, 252&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== পশ্চিমের নীতি ===
আমেরিকান পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের ইতিহাসবিদরা পৌরাণিক পশ্চিমাঞ্চল নিয়ে অনেক লিখেছেন; যা মূলত পশ্চিমা সাহিত্য, শিল্পকলা এবং মানুষের যৌথ স্মৃতির একটি সংমিশ্রণ।&lt;ref name=&quot;Milner MT Shared Memory&quot;/&gt; এই বিষয়টি &quot;কাল্পনিক পশ্চিমাঞ্চল&quot; হিসেবে পরিচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;পশ্চিমের নীতিসংহিতা&quot; ছিল একটি অলিখিত এবং সামাজিকভাবে স্বীকৃত অনানুষ্ঠানিক নিয়মাবলী, যা পুরানো পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের কাউবয় সংস্কৃতিকে গড়ে তুলেছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt; সময়ের সাথে সাথে কাউবয়রা নিজেদের একটি স্বতন্ত্র সংস্কৃতি গড়ে তোলেন, যা ছিল বিভিন্ন মূল্যবোধের সংমিশ্রণ এবং এমনকি সেখানে বীরত্ব ও সৌজন্যবোধের অবশিষ্টাংশও বিদ্যমান ছিল। বিচ্ছিন্ন পরিবেশে এমন ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ কাজ তাঁদের মধ্যে আত্মনির্ভরশীলতা এবং ব্যক্তিবাদের ঐতিহ্য তৈরি করেছিল, যেখানে ব্যক্তিগত সততাকে অনেক গুরুত্ব দেওয়া হতো। এই গুণগুলো বিভিন্ন গান এবং কাউবয় কবিতায় বিশেষভাবে ফুটে উঠেছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;CattleKings2412&quot;&gt;[[Lewis Eldon Atherton|Atherton, Lewis E]] ''The Cattle Kings'', (University of Nebraska Press 1961) pp.&amp;nbsp;241–262.&lt;/ref&gt; এই নীতিসংহিতার মধ্যে বন্দুকধারীরাও অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিলেন, যারা বিরোধ মেটানোর জন্য এবং দ্বৈরথের ক্ষেত্রে মাঝেমধ্যে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলের প্রাচীন দ্বৈরথের নিয়মাবলী অনুসরণ করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard W. Slatta, &quot;Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier&quot;, ''European Journal of American Culture'' (2010) 29#2 pp.&amp;nbsp;81–92&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Willy&quot;/&gt; সীমান্ত অঞ্চলে দেখা যাওয়া বিচারবহির্ভূত বিচার যেমন [[গণপিটুনি]], ভিজিলান্টিজম এবং বন্দুকযুদ্ধ যা পরবর্তীতে পশ্চিমা ঘরানার সাহিত্য ও চলচ্চিত্রের মাধ্যমে জনপ্রিয় হয়েছে—আধুনিক সময়ে ''সীমান্তবর্তী অঞ্চলের বিচারের'' উদাহরণ হিসেবে পরিচিত।&lt;ref name=&quot;wyatt_kingseed2&quot;&gt;Wyatt Kingseed, &quot;Teddy Roosevelt's Frontier Justice&quot;. ''American History'' 36 (2002): pp.&amp;nbsp;22–28.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beth E. Levy, ''Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West'' (University of California Press; 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

ফ্রেডরিক জ্যাকসন টার্নারের অসংখ্য ছাত্র পশ্চিমা অঙ্গরাজ্যগুলোর ইতিহাস বিভাগে অধ্যাপক হয়েছিলেন এবং তার চিন্তাধারায় প্রভাবিত হয়ে সীমান্তের ওপর পাঠদান করতেন।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; পণ্ডিতরা সীমান্তের অনেক লোকগাথাকে খণ্ডন করেছেন, কিন্তু সেগুলো তবুও সামাজিক ঐতিহ্য, লোককাহিনি এবং কল্পকাহিনিতে টিকে আছে।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯৭০-এর দশকে প্রথাগত সীমান্ত গবেষণা এবং &quot;নব্য পশ্চিমা ইতিহাসের&quot; মধ্যে ইতিহাস লিখনধারা নিয়ে একটি বিবাদ শুরু হয়। প্রথাগত গবেষণা পুরো আমেরিকান ইতিহাস ও সংস্কৃতির ওপর সীমান্তের প্রভাবকে গুরুত্ব দেয়, যেখানে &quot;নব্য পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস&quot; ভৌগোলিক ও সময়ের কাঠামোকে সংকুচিত করে ১৮৫০ পরবর্তী মিসিসিপি-পারবর্তী পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের ওপর আলোকপাত করে। এটি &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; শব্দটি এড়িয়ে চলে এবং শ্বেতাঙ্গ সংস্কৃতির সাথে আদিবাসী ও হিস্পানিকদের মতো গোষ্ঠীগুলোর সাংস্কৃতিক মিথস্ক্রিয়ার ওপর জোর দেয়। সান ডিয়েগো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ইতিহাসের অধ্যাপক উইলিয়াম উইকস যুক্তি দেন যে এই &quot;নব্য পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস&quot; পদ্ধতিতে:

২০০৫ সালের মধ্যে স্টিভেন অ্যারন যুক্তি দেন যে উভয় পক্ষই তাদের &quot;তাত্ত্বিক যুক্তি এবং সমালোচনার ক্ষেত্রে একটি ভারসাম্যপূর্ণ অবস্থায় পৌঁছেছে।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; তবে তারপর থেকে আমেরিকান সীমান্ত এবং পশ্চিমা আঞ্চলিক ইতিহাসের ক্ষেত্রটি ক্রমশ আরও অন্তর্ভুক্তিমূলক হয়ে উঠেছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;WHA 2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[উইকিপিডিয়া:তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন|&lt;span title=&quot;while this claim seems to be a given, more reliable, independent sources are needed (November 2023)&quot;&gt;অতিরিক্ত উদ্ধৃতি প্রয়োজন&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতির ২০২৪ সালের একটি বিবৃতিতে এই ক্ষেত্রের সাম্প্রতিক দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি ফুটে উঠেছে:

ইতিমধ্যে, সীমান্ত ইতিহাস লিখনধারা থেকে অনেকাংশেই পরিবেশগত ইতিহাসের উদ্ভব ঘটেছে, যার ফলে এটি বন্যভূমির ওপর গুরুত্ব দেয়।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; সীমান্ত গবেষণায় এটি ক্রমশ বড় ভূমিকা পালন করছে&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; ইতিহাসবিদরা পরিবেশকে দুটি দৃষ্টিভঙ্গিতে দেখেন। প্রথম গোষ্ঠী পরিবেশের ওপর মানুষের প্রভাবকে গুরুত্ব দেয়; দ্বিতীয় গোষ্ঠী পরিবেশের প্রভাবকে দেখে। উইলিয়াম ক্রোনন যুক্তি দিয়েছেন যে টার্নারের ১৮৯৩ সালের বিখ্যাত প্রবন্ধটি ছিল ভ্রূণ অবস্থায় থাকা পরিবেশগত ইতিহাস। এটি বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের আকৃষ্ট ও রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে মুক্ত জমির বিশাল শক্তির ওপর জোর দিয়েছিল, যা বন্যভূমি থেকে সভ্যতায় রূপান্তর ঘটায়।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt;

নিউ মেক্সিকো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ইতিহাস বিভাগ এবং নিউ মেক্সিকো ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস ১৯৬০-এর দশক থেকে গবেষণার একটি সক্রিয় কেন্দ্র হিসেবে কাজ করছে। সেখানকার শীর্ষস্থানীয় ইতিহাসবিদদের মধ্যে রয়েছেন জেরাল্ড ডি. ন্যাশ, ডোনাল্ড সি. কাটার, রিচার্ড এন. এলিস, রিচার্ড এটুলিন, ফেরেঙ্ক সাজ, মার্গারেট কনেল-সাজ, পল হাটন, ভার্জিনিয়া স্কার্ফ এবং স্যামুয়েল ট্রুয়েট। এই বিভাগটি অন্যান্য বিভাগের সাথে সহযোগিতা করে এবং দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমাঞ্চলীয় আঞ্চলিকতা, দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমের সংখ্যালঘু গোষ্ঠী এবং ইতিহাস লিখনধারার ওপর গুরুত্ব দেয়।&lt;ref&gt;Richard Etulain, ed. ''Writing Western History'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt;


== আরও দেখুন ==
{{প্রবেশদ্বার|মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র}}
=== সাধারণ ===
* আমেরিকান ইন্ডিয়ান যুদ্ধ, জমির মালিকানা নিয়ে আমেরিকান বসতি স্থাপনকারী এবং আমেরিকান ইন্ডিয়ান উপজাতিদের মধ্যে সংঘটিত দ্বন্দ্ব।
* আমেরিকান পশ্চিমে ভুল-প্রজনন বিরোধী মামলা
* কানাডিয়ান সীমান্ত
* ভারতীয় গণহত্যা, ভারতীয় উপজাতি এবং আমেরিকান বসতি স্থাপনকারীদের একে অপরের বিরুদ্ধে করা গণহত্যার তালিকা।
* মার্চ (আঞ্চলিক সত্তা) : কিছু মিল সহ মধ্যযুগীয় ইউরোপীয় শব্দ
* ন্যাশনাল কাউবয় অ্যান্ড ওয়েস্টার্ন হেরিটেজ মিউজিয়াম : ওকলাহোমা সিটি, ওকলাহোমাতে অবস্থিত জাদুঘর এবং আর্ট গ্যালারি, যেখানে পশ্চিমা, আমেরিকান কাউবয়, আমেরিকান রোডিও এবং আমেরিকান নেটিভ শিল্প, নিদর্শন এবং সংরক্ষণাগারের উপকরণের বিশ্বের বৃহত্তম সংগ্রহ রয়েছে।
* ওরেগন-ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া ট্রেইলস অ্যাসোসিয়েশন পশ্চিম দিকে এই ট্রেইলগুলি অনুসরণকারী অভিবাসীদের ইতিহাস সংরক্ষণ, সুরক্ষা এবং ভাগ করে নেয়।
* রোডিও : গবাদি পশুদের ঝগড়া করার দক্ষতার প্রদর্শন।
* মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অঞ্চলসমূহ
* পশ্চিম আমেরিকা হিসেবে
* আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্টের সময়রেখা
* ওয়ান্টেড পোস্টার : পশ্চিমা পৌরাণিক দৃশ্যে জনপ্রিয় একটি পোস্টার, যা জনসাধারণকে অপরাধীদের সম্পর্কে জানায় যাদের কর্তৃপক্ষ গ্রেপ্তার করতে চায়।
* পাশ্চাত্য জীবনধারা
* পশ্চিম মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, সীমান্ত সমাপ্তির পরে উন্নয়নের জন্য
* ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শো : আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ারের ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট শোগুলির একটি অনুসরণ

=== মানুষ ===
* বন্দুকধারী
* আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট বহিরাগতদের তালিকা : আমেরিকান সীমান্তের পরিচিত [[আইন-বহির্ভূত অপরাধী|বহিরাগত]] এবং বন্দুকধারীদের তালিকা যারা &quot;ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট&quot; নামে পরিচিত।
* [[কাউবয় এবং কাউগার্লদের তালিকা]]
* পশ্চিমা আইনজীবিদের তালিকা : আমেরিকান সীমান্তের উল্লেখযোগ্য আইন প্রয়োগকারী কর্মকর্তাদের তালিকা। তারা পুলিশ, মার্শাল, টেক্সাস রেঞ্জার্স এবং অন্যান্য পদে অধিষ্ঠিত ছিলেন।
* স্কুলমার্চ: একজন মহিলা শিক্ষিকা যিনি সাধারণত [[এক কক্ষের বিদ্যালয়]]ে কাজ করেন।
* [[বিষয়শ্রেণী:আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্টের বন্দুকধারীরা]]
* [[বিষয়শ্রেণী:আমেরিকান ওল্ড ওয়েস্টের আইনজীবিরা]]
* [[বিষয়শ্রেণী:আমেরিকান পুরাতন পশ্চিমের অপরাধীরা]]

=== অধ্যয়ন ===

* ''[[ডেজার্ট ম্যাগাজিন]]''
* ''[[জার্নাল অফ দ্য ওয়েস্ট]]''
* ''[[ট্রু ওয়েস্ট ম্যাগাজিন]]''
* [[পশ্চিমা ইতিহাস সমিতি]]

=== সাহিত্য ===
* [[ক্রিস এনস]] : ঐতিহাসিক নন-ফিকশনের লেখক যা পুরাতন পশ্চিমের ভুলে যাওয়া নারীদের নথিভুক্ত করে।
* [[জেন গ্রে]] : পুরাতন পশ্চিমের উপর অনেক জনপ্রিয় উপন্যাসের লেখক
* [[লুই ল'আমোর]] : অনেক পশ্চিমা বইয়ের লেখক; &quot;সীমান্ত&quot; ধারার ১০০ টিরও বেশি উপন্যাসের লেখক
* [[কার্ল মে]] : সর্বকালের সর্বাধিক বিক্রিত জার্মান লেখক, মূলত আমেরিকান পশ্চিমে স্থাপিত ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট বইয়ের জন্য বিখ্যাত।
* [[লরিন মরগান-রিচার্ডস]] : ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট শিরোনাম এবং দ্য গুডবাই ফ্যামিলি সিরিজের লেখক।
* [[উইনেটো]] : কার্ল মে রচিত বেশ কয়েকটি উপন্যাসের আমেরিকান-ভারতীয় নায়ক।

=== খেলাসমূহ ===
* ''এসেস অ্যান্ড এইটস: শ্যাটারড ফ্রন্টিয়ার'' : একটি পুরস্কারপ্রাপ্ত বিকল্প ইতিহাসের পশ্চিমা রোল-প্লেয়িং গেম।
* বুট হিল: টিএসআরের প্রথম দিকের বিকল্প আরপিজিগুলির মধ্যে একটি এবং ''ডাঞ্জিয়ন্স এবং ড্রাগনের'' অনুরূপ সিস্টেম ব্যবহার করে।
* ''ডেডল্যান্ডস'' : একটি বিকল্প ইতিহাসের পশ্চিমা ভৌতিক ভূমিকা-প্লেয়িং গেম।
* ''ডাস্ট ডেভিলস'' : ক্লিন্ট ইস্টউড এবং অনুরূপ গাঢ় পশ্চিমা চলচ্চিত্রের অনুকরণে তৈরি একটি পশ্চিমা ভূমিকা-প্লেয়িং গেম।
* [[রেড ডেড|''রেড ডেড'' সিরিজটি]] ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্টের সময়ে ঘটে।
* পশ্চিমা কম্পিউটার এবং ভিডিও গেমের তালিকা : পশ্চিমাদের অনুকরণে তৈরি [[ভিডিও গেম|কম্পিউটার এবং ভিডিও গেমের]] একটি তালিকা।
== তথ্যসূত্র ==
{{সূত্র তালিকা}}

==আরও পড়ুন==
{{Refbegin}}
* বিলিংটন, রে অ্যালেন। ''ওয়েস্টওয়ার্ড এক্সপ্যানশন: আ হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ার।'' (থার্ড এডিশন) নিউ ইয়র্ক: ম্যাকমিলান, ১৯৬৭। [https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio0000bill_j3p3 অনলাইন]
* বিলিংটন, রে অ্যালেন। ''দ্য ফার ওয়েস্টার্ন ফ্রন্টিয়ার, ১৮৩০–১৮৬০।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: হার্পার অ্যান্ড রো, ১৯৫৯।
* {{cite book
 |title=ড্রিমস অব এল দোরাদো: আ হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট
 |url=https://archive.org/details/dreamsofeldorado0000bran
 |year=২০১৯
 |first=এইচ. ডব্লিউ.
 |last=ব্র্যান্ডস
 |publisher=বেসিক বুকস
 |isbn=978-1541672529}}
* বুলে, আর. কার্লাইল। ''দ্য ওল্ড নর্থওয়েস্ট: পাইওনিয়ার পিরিয়ড, ১৮১৫–১৮৪০'' (২ ভলিউম, ইন্ডিয়ানা হিস্টোরিক্যাল সোসাইটি, ১৯৫০)। ওহাইও, ইন্ডিয়ানা, ইলিনয়, মিশিগান ও উইসকনসিনের প্রধান ইতিহাস; পুলিৎজার পুরস্কার। [https://archive.org/details/oldnorthwestpion0001rcar/page/n7/mode/1up ভলিউম ১ অনলাইন]; আরও দেখুন [https://archive.org/details/oldnorthwestpion0002bule/mode/1up ভলিউম ২ অনলাইন]
* ডেভিস, উইলিয়াম সি। ''দ্য আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ার: পাইওনিয়ার্স, সেটলার্স, অ্যান্ড কাউবয়েজ, ১৮০০–১৮৯৯।'' ইউনিভার্সিটি অব ওকলাহোমা প্রেস, ১৯৯৯। [https://books.google.com/books?id=u8FGYmBn8ZcC&amp;dq=cattle++%22American+frontier%22&amp;pg=PA72 অনলাইন]
* ডেভেরেল, উইলিয়াম, সম্পাদক। ''আ কম্প্যানিয়ন টু দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' হোবোকেন, নিউ জার্সি: ওয়াইলি-ব্ল্যাকওয়েল, ২০০৪।
* এটুলেইন, রিচার্ড ডব্লিউ। ''বিয়ন্ড দ্য মিসৌরি: দ্য স্টোরি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' আলবুকার্কি: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব নিউ মেক্সিকো প্রেস, ২০০৬।
* ফাইট, গিলবার্ট সি। ''দ্য ফার্মার’স ফ্রন্টিয়ার, ১৮৬৫–১৯০০।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: হোল্ট, রাইনহার্ট অ্যান্ড উইনস্টন, ১৯৬৬।
* হগউড, জন এ। ''[[America's Western Frontiers|আমেরিকা’স ওয়েস্টার্ন ফ্রন্টিয়ার্স: দ্য এক্সপ্লোরেশন অ্যান্ড সেটেলমেন্ট অব দ্য ট্রান্স-মিসিসিপি ওয়েস্ট]]।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: নফ্‌প, ১৯৬৯।
* হাইন, রবার্ট ভি., এবং [[John Mack Faragher|জন ম্যাক ফারাগার]]। ''দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট: আ নিউ ইন্টারপ্রেটিভ হিস্ট্রি।'' নিউ হেভেন: ইয়েল ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস, ২০০০।
* হাইড, অ্যান এফ। ''এম্পায়ার্স, নেশনস, অ্যান্ড ফ্যামিলিজ: আ হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য নর্থ আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট, ১৮০০–১৮৬০।'' লিঙ্কন: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব নেব্রাস্কা প্রেস, ২০১১।
* জোসেফি জুনিয়র, অ্যালভিন এম। ''দ্য আমেরিকান হেরিটেজ বুক অব দ্য পাইওনিয়ার স্পিরিট।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: আমেরিকান হেরিটেজ, ১৯৫৯।
* লামার, হাওয়ার্ড আর., সম্পাদক। ''দ্য নিউ এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' নিউ হেভেন: ইয়েল ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস, ১৯৯৮।
* লামার, হাওয়ার্ড আর., সম্পাদক। ''দ্য রিডার’স এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' ক্রোয়েল, ১৯৭৭। [https://archive.org/details/readersencyclope00lama/page/n6/mode/1up অনলাইন]
* {{Cite book
 |last=ম্যাকলাফলিন
 |first=ডেনিস
 |url=https://archive.org/details/wildwoolly00denn_0
 |title=ওয়াইল্ড অ্যান্ড উলি: অ্যান এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব দ্য ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট
 |date=১৯৯৫
 |publisher=[[Barnes &amp; Noble Books|বার্নস অ্যান্ড নোবেল বুকস]]
 |isbn=978-1-56619-961-2
 |location=নিউ ইয়র্ক}}
** এছাড়াও প্রকাশিত হয়েছে {{Cite book
 |last=ম্যাকলাফলিন
 |first=ডেনিস
 |title=দ্য এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব দ্য ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট
 |date=১৯৭৭
 |publisher=[[Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul|রাউটলেজ অ্যান্ড কেগান পল]]
 |isbn=978-0-7100-8628-0
 |location=লন্ডন
 |author-mask=2}} সহিংস ঘটনাবলির উপর বিশেষ গুরুত্ব।
* মিলনার, ক্লাইড; ক্যারোল ও’কনর; এবং মার্থা স্যান্ডওয়াইস, সম্পাদকগণ। ''দ্য অক্সফোর্ড হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: অক্সফোর্ড ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস, ১৯৯৪; গবেষকদের দীর্ঘ প্রবন্ধ; [https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00clyd অনলাইন]
* অটো, জন সলোমন। ''দ্য সাউদার্ন ফ্রন্টিয়ার্স, ১৬০৭–১৮৬০: দ্য এগ্রিকালচারাল ইভল্যুশন অব দ্য কলোনিয়াল অ্যান্ড অ্যান্টিবেলাম সাউথ।'' ওয়েস্টপোর্ট, কানেকটিকাট: প্রেগার, ১৯৮৯।
* প্যাক্সন, ফ্রেডেরিক লোগান। ''হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ার, ১৭৬৩–১৮৯৩।'' বোস্টন: হটন মিফলিন, ১৯২৪। প্রামাণ্য সমীক্ষা; পুলিৎজার পুরস্কার। [https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000paxs/page/n4/mode/1up অনলাইন]
* প্যাক্সন, ফ্রেডেরিক লোগান। ''দ্য লাস্ট আমেরিকান ফ্রন্টিয়ার।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: ম্যাকমিলান, ১৯১০। [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.60021 অনলাইন]
* [[পোমেরয়, আর্ল]]। “টুওয়ার্ড আ রিওরিয়েন্টেশন অব ওয়েস্টার্ন হিস্ট্রি: কন্টিনিউইটি অ্যান্ড এনভায়রনমেন্ট” ''জার্নাল অব আমেরিকান হিস্ট্রি'' ৪১#৪ (মার্চ ১৯৫৫), পৃষ্ঠা ৫৭৯–৬০০, https://doi.org/10.2307/1889178
* পোমেরয়, আর্ল। ''দ্য প্যাসিফিক স্লোপ: আ হিস্ট্রি অব ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া, ওরেগন, ওয়াশিংটন, আইডাহো, উটাহ, অ্যান্ড নেভাডা।'' সিয়াটল: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব ওয়াশিংটন প্রেস, ১৯৭৩। [https://archive.org/details/pacificslopehist0000pome_m4b4/mode/1up অনলাইন]
* রবিনসন, ডব্লিউ. স্টিট। ''দ্য সাউদার্ন কলোনিয়াল ফ্রন্টিয়ার, ১৬০৭–১৭৬৩।'' আলবুকার্কি: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব নিউ মেক্সিকো প্রেস, ১৯৭৯।
* টার্নার, ফ্রেডেরিক জ্যাকসন। ''দ্য ফ্রন্টিয়ার ইন আমেরিকান হিস্ট্রি।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: হোল্ট, ১৯২০।
* ইউটলি, রবার্ট এম। ''দ্য স্টোরি অব দ্য ওয়েস্ট: আ হিস্ট্রি অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট অ্যান্ড ইটস পিপল।'' নিউ ইয়র্ক: পেঙ্গুইন বুকস, ২০০৩।
* ওয়েব, ওয়াল্টার প্রেসকট। ''দ্য গ্রেট ফ্রন্টিয়ার।'' বোস্টন: হটন মিফলিন, ১৯৫২।
* ওয়েস্ট, এলিয়ট। ''কন্টিনেন্টাল রেকনিং: দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট ইন দ্য এজ অব এক্সপ্যানশন।'' লিঙ্কন: ইউনিভার্সিটি অব নেব্রাস্কা প্রেস, ২০২৩; পুলিৎজার পুরস্কার ফাইনালিস্ট।
* ওয়েক্সলার, অ্যালান প্রমুখ। ''অ্যাটলাস অব ওয়েস্টওয়ার্ড এক্সপ্যানশন'' (১৯৯৫) [https://archive.org/details/atlasofwestwarde00alan/page/n4/mode/1up অনলাইন]
* রাইট, উইল। ''দ্য ওয়াইল্ড ওয়েস্ট: দ্য মিথিক্যাল কাউবয় অ্যান্ড সোশ্যাল থিওরি'' (২০০১)
{{Refend}}

==বহিঃসংযোগ==
{{Commons category|Wild West}}
{{Wikivoyage|ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট}}

===সংস্কৃতি===
* [http://www.westernfolklife.org/ ওয়েস্টার্ন ফোকলাইফ সেন্টার]

===ইতিহাস===
* [http://www.geneautry.com/museum অট্রি ন্যাশনাল সেন্টার অব দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট – লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেস, ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া]
* [http://www.vlib.us/americanwest আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট হিস্ট্রি]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970607212146/http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/ নিউ পার্সপেকটিভস অন ‘দ্য ওয়েস্ট’]। দ্য ওয়েস্ট ফিল্ম প্রজেক্ট, [[WETA-TV|ডব্লিউইটিএ-টিভি]], ২০০১
* [http://www.skyways.org/orgs/fordco/dodgecity.html ডজ সিটি, কানসাস ‘কাউবয় ক্যাপিটাল’]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511113744/http://www.skyways.org/orgs/fordco/ftdodge.html ফোর্ট ডজ, কানসাস হিস্ট্রি] — আইডা এলেন রাথ কর্তৃক, ১৯৬৪; ফটোগ্রাফসহ
* [http://www.vlib.us/old_west ওল্ড ওয়েস্ট কানসাস]
* [http://www.tombstonetimes.com/ টুম্বস্টোন অ্যারিজোনা হিস্ট্রি]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548gg &quot;দ্য আমেরিকান ওয়েস্ট&quot;], বিবিসি রেডিও ৪ আলোচনা — ফ্র্যাঙ্ক ম্যাকলিন, জেনি ক্যাল্ডার ও ক্রিস্টোফার ফ্রেইলিং-এর সঙ্গে (''ইন আওয়ার টাইম'', ১৩ জুন ২০০২)

===গণমাধ্যম===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180710144806/http://rack1.ul.cs.cmu.edu/is/frontier/ ''দ্য ফ্রন্টিয়ার: আ ফ্রন্টিয়ার টাউন থ্রি মান্থস ওল্ড'' — ওয়ার্ড প্ল্যাট কর্তৃক] — বাস্তব ওয়েস্ট নিয়ে ১৯০৮ সালের গ্রন্থ। বিনামূল্যে পড়া যায় এবং পূর্ণ-পাঠ অনুসন্ধানযোগ্য।
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170925043204/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/the-pageant-of-america-collection#/?tab=navigation&amp;roots=1:3b916bc0-c611-012f-f63c-58d385a7bc34 ফ্রন্টিয়ার ভূগোল ও ব্যক্তিত্বের ১৬১টি আলোকচিত্র; এগুলি ১৯২৩-পূর্ববর্তী এবং কপিরাইটমুক্ত]</text>
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== I have sent you a note about a page you reviewed ==

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'''&amp;middot;&amp;middot;&amp;middot;''' &lt;span title=&quot;Cherry blossom&quot;&gt;🌸&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''&amp;middot;''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|&lt;span title=&quot;Let's discuss!&quot;&gt;☕&lt;/span&gt;]] 15:35, 26 September 2020 (UTC)</text>
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== How we will see unregistered users ==

&lt;section begin=content/&gt;
Hi!

You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki.

When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed.

Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help.

If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]].

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Thank you. 
/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]&lt;section end=content/&gt;

18:19, 4 January 2022 (UTC)
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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{{Information
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=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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{{Information
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=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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{{Information
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}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746913</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746914</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
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}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746919</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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|permission=
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}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Autocreateaccount log associated afpv.png</title>
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      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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|date=2026-06-02
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|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746923</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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{{Information
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|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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{{Information
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|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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{{Information
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|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746927</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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{{Information
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|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Webauthn reg incorrect label.png</title>
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      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746939</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746941</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746943</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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|date=2026-06-02
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|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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{{Information
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|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 00ldp6it.jpg</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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{{Information
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|date=2026-06-02
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|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746946</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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{{Information
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|date=2026-06-02
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|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746947</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Information
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|date=2026-06-02
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|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) 2 foobaz.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176280</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746948</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:23:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Redsq.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176281</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746951</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:27:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746951</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Img 247.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746952</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:27:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pb example.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176283</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746953</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:27:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746953</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 06av10e1.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176284</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746954</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:27:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746954</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 04ur1fjy.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176285</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746955</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:27:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746955</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 01ipqte9.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176286</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746956</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:27:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 00pp5m8v.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176287</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746957</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:27:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 00eo4tgc.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176288</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746958</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:27:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746958</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Img 163.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176289</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746959</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:28:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:File moving to Commons.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746960</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:28:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746960</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Screen Shot 2015-10-06 at 2.05.08 PM.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176291</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746961</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:28:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746961</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Green Image Test.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746962</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:28:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:CuteGoat.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176293</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746963</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:28:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Img 135.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176294</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746964</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:28:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746964</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Si id commas.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746965</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:28:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746965</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Invalid other expiry before.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746966</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:28:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746966</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Screen Shot 2015-10-06 at 2.02.57 PM.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746967</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:30:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746967</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 0601gdft.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746968</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:30:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Screen Shot 2015-10-07 at 12.53.21 PM.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176299</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746969</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:30:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746969</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 00g7dsjh.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746970</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746970</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
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|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
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}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Cute baby goat.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746971</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:30:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 05oe8p7n.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746972</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:30:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746972</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 025kmat2.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176303</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746973</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:30:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746973</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 06edx1ro.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176304</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746974</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:30:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746974</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 02xld5gy.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176305</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746975</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:31:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746975</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tally job in-progress.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746976</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:31:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746976</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 00mifpcy.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176307</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746977</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:31:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746977</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Test image 00v7f456.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176308</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746978</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:31:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746978</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Log multiple.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176309</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746979</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:31:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746979</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Explodeme.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746980</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:31:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746980</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Invalid other expiry after.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176311</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746981</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:31:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746981</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Untranslated expiry options.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746982</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:31:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746982</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Psi phab.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746983</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:36:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746983</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Urlshortener monobook.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746984</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:36:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Qrcode false.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746985</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:36:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746985</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Urlshortener minerva.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746986</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:36:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=foobar blah}}
|date=2026-06-02
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Dwalden test acctcreation33|Dwalden test acctcreation33]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Translate tag in 2010 editor.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>176317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>746987</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:36:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dwalden test acctcreation33</username>
        <id>74448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded own work with UploadWizard</comment>
      <origin>746987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="bm84s1htu5c1oeyaeso4vwcrsazgitp" xml:space="preserve">=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
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=={{int:license-header}}==
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-zero}}

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;errorbox&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hey, no categories?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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foobar blah

=={{int:license-header}}==
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