Wikipedia tlwiki https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unang_Pahina MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Midya Natatangi Usapan Tagagamit Usapang tagagamit Wikipedia Usapang Wikipedia Talaksan Usapang talaksan MediaWiki Usapang MediaWiki Padron Usapang padron Tulong Usapang tulong Kategorya Usapang kategorya Portada Usapang Portada TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2035 2204321 2200038 2026-04-23T02:37:42Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204321 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang sumusunod ay '''talaan ng mga unibersidad at kolehiyo sa [[Pilipinas]]''' ayon sa [[Rehiyon ng Pilipinas|rehiyon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Higher Education |url=https://ched.gov.ph/list-higher-education-institutions/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |archive-date=2021-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081448/https://ched.gov.ph/list-higher-education-institutions/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unifast.gov.ph/uf_heis.php |title=UniFAST |access-date=2021-09-04 |archive-date=2021-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904201949/https://unifast.gov.ph/uf_heis.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.rappler.com/nation/list-state-colleges-universities-free-tuition "LIST: State colleges and universities covered by free tuition law".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705222557/https://www.rappler.com/nation/177684-list-state-colleges-universities-free-tuition |date=2019-07-05 }} mula sa [[Rappler]]</ref> == Kalakhang Maynila == * ABE International Business College, Caloocan City * ABE International Business College, Commonwealth * ABE International Business College, Makati [http://www.abe.edu.ph/makati/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224953/http://abe.edu.ph/makati/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * ABE International Business College-Manila * ABE International College of Business and Accountancy, Cubao [http://www.abe.edu.ph/cubao/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224131/http://abe.edu.ph/cubao/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * ABE International College of Business and Accountancy, Las Piñas [http://www.abe.edu.ph/laspinas/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225229/http://abe.edu.ph/laspinas/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Access Computer and Technical College, Camarin [https://access.edu.ph/] * Access Computer and Technical Colleges, Cubao * Access Computer and Technical College, Lagro [https://access.edu.ph/] * Access Computer and Technical Colleges-Manila * Access Computer and Technical College, Quezon City [https://access.edu.ph/] * ACLC College, Taguig [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * Adamson University [https://www.adamson.edu.ph/] * Air Link International Aviation College * Alliance Graduate School * AMA Computer College-Caloocan * AMA Computer College, Fairview [http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ncr.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080324/http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ncr.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College-Las Piñas * AMA Computer College-Parañaque * AMA Computer College-Pasig City * AMA Computer College, Makati City [http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ncr.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080324/http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ncr.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College, Mandaluyong [http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ncr.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080324/http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ncr.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA School of Medicine [http://amaschoolofmedicine.amaes.edu.ph/] * AMA Computer College-Sta. Mesa * AMA University [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Angelicum College [http://www.angelicum.edu.ph/Angelicum/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702084827/http://www.angelicum.edu.ph/Angelicum/ |date=2019-07-02 }} * Arellano University, Malabon [https://www.arellano.edu.ph/elisa-esguerra-campus/welcome-elisa-esguerra-campus-arellano-university-malabon-city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080401/https://www.arellano.edu.ph/elisa-esguerra-campus/welcome-elisa-esguerra-campus-arellano-university-malabon-city |date=2021-09-04 }} * Arellano University, Mandaluyong [https://www.arellano.edu.ph/plaridel-campus/welcome-plaridel-campus-arellano-university-mandaluyong-city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080344/https://www.arellano.edu.ph/plaridel-campus/welcome-plaridel-campus-arellano-university-mandaluyong-city |date=2021-09-04 }} * Arellano University, Manila [https://www.arellano.edu.ph/] * Arellano University, Pasay [https://www.arellano.edu.ph/jose-abad-santos-campus/welcome-jose-abad-santos-campus-arellano-university-pasay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080334/https://www.arellano.edu.ph/jose-abad-santos-campus/welcome-jose-abad-santos-campus-arellano-university-pasay |date=2021-09-04 }} * Arellano University, Pasig [https://www.arellano.edu.ph/andres-bonifacio-campus/welcome-andres-bonifacio-campus-arellano-university-pasig-city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080334/https://www.arellano.edu.ph/andres-bonifacio-campus/welcome-andres-bonifacio-campus-arellano-university-pasig-city |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asia Graduate School of Theology * Asia Harvesters College and Seminary Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/asia-harvesters-college-seminary-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://ched.gov.ph/asia-harvesters-college-seminary-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asia Pacific College [https://www.apc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925122834/https://apc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-25 }} * Asia School of Arts and Sciences [https://ched.gov.ph/asia-school-arts-sciences-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080329/https://ched.gov.ph/asia-school-arts-sciences-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian Institute for Distance Education * Asian College of Science and Technology, Cubao [http://www.asiancollege.edu.ph/] * Asian Institute of Computer Studies, Bicutan [http://aics.edu.ph/branches/south-branches/] * Asian Institute of Computer Studies, Caloocan [http://aics.edu.ph/branches/central-branches/] * Asian Institute of Computer Studies, Commonwealth [http://aics.edu.ph/branches/central-branches/] * Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication [http://aijc.com.ph/] * Asian Institute of Management * Asian Institute of Maritime Studies [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-institute-maritime-studies-profile/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Asian Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-institute-science-technology-profile-2/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Asian Seminary of Christian Ministries * Asian Social Institute [https://www.asinet-online.org/] * Asian School of Aviation Professional [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-school-aviation-professional-profile/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Asian Theological Seminary [https://www.apts.edu] * Assumption College [http://www.assumption.edu.ph/] * Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City [http://www.ateneo.edu/] * Ateneo de Manila University Graduate School of Business [http://gsb.ateneo.edu/] * Ateneo De Manila University School of Medicine and Public Health * Bernardo College * Bestlink College of the Philippines * Bethel Bible College of the Assemblies of God [http://bethelbiblecollege-ph.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611195009/http://bethelbiblecollege-ph.com/ |date=2019-06-11 }} * Biblical Seminary of the Philippines * CAP College Foundation * Capitol Medical Center Colleges [http://capitolmedical.org/CMCcolleges/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609120009/http://www.capitolmedical.org/CMCcolleges/index.html |date=2021-06-09 }} * Central College of the Philippines [https://www.ccp.edu.ph/students/CCPjw/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731105306/http://www.ccp.edu.ph/students/CCPjw/index.php |date=2019-07-31 }} * Center for Culinary Arts * Centro Escolar University-Makati * Centro Escolar University, Manila [http://www.ceu.edu.ph/] * Chiang Kai Shek College [http://www.cksc.edu.ph/] * Chinese General Hospital Colleges, Inc. [http://www.cghc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080324/http://www.cghc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Children of Mary Immaculate College [https://ched.gov.ph/children-mary-immaculate-college-profile/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Christ the King College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/christ-king-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080924/https://ched.gov.ph/christ-king-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CIIT College of Arts and Technology [http://www.ciit.edu.ph/] * Colegio de San Gabriel Archangel of Caloocan * Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Manila [http://www.letran.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507034432/https://letran.edu.ph/ |date=2021-05-07 }} * Colegio de San Lorenzo [http://sanlo.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083152/https://sanlo.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Sta. Teresa de Avila Foundation, Inc. [http://csta.ph/] * College of Arts and Sciences of Asia and the Pacific [http://www.casap.edu.ph/] * College of Divine Wisdom [http://www.cdweduph.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195128/https://www.cdweduph.com/ |date=2019-01-12 }} * College of St. Catherine [https://ched.gov.ph/college-st-catherine-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080454/https://ched.gov.ph/college-st-catherine-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of the Holy Spirit of Manila [http://www.holyspirit.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520001247/http://holyspirit.edu.ph/ |date=2022-05-20 }} * Concordia College [http://www.laconcordia.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920201031/https://laconcordia.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * Criminal Justice College * Datamex College of Saint Adeline, Fairview [https://ched.gov.ph/datamex-college-saint-adeline-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/https://ched.gov.ph/datamex-college-saint-adeline-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Datamex-College of Saint Adeline, Parañaque [https://ched.gov.ph/datamex-college-saint-adeline-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/https://ched.gov.ph/datamex-college-saint-adeline-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Datamex-College of Saint Adeline, Valenzuela [https://ched.gov.ph/datamex-college-saint-adeline-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/https://ched.gov.ph/datamex-college-saint-adeline-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * De La Salle College of Saint Benilde [https://www.benilde.edu.ph/] * De La Salle-Araneta University [https://www.dlsau.edu.ph/] * De La Salle University [http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/] * De Ocampo Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/de-ocampo-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080417/https://ched.gov.ph/de-ocampo-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Diliman College [http://www.thedilimancollege.edu.ph/] * Divine Mercy College Foundation, Inc. [https://dmcfi.jimdo.com/about-1/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Divine Word Mission Seminary * Dominican College * Don Bosco Technical College [https://dbmanda.one-bosco.org/] * Don Carlo Cavina School, Inc [http://www.doncarlocavinaschool.com/] * Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College [http://lantingcollege.edu.ph/] * Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital School of Midwifery * Eclaro Academy * Electron College of Technical Education * Emilio Aguinaldo College [http://www.eac.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213070244/http://www.eac.edu.ph/ |date=2011-12-13 }} * Enderun College [https://www.enderuncolleges.com/] * Entrepreneurs School of Asia [http://www.entrepreneur.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912185342/http://www.entrepreneur.edu.ph/ |date=2018-09-12 }} * Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology * Far East Institute of Arts & Sciences Foundation * Far Eastern University [https://www.feu.edu.ph/] * Far Eastern University, Makati [http://www.feu.edu.ph/manila/index.php/academics/feu-makati/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330011624/https://www.feu.edu.ph/manila/index.php/academics/feu-makati/ |date=2019-03-30 }} * FEATI University * Febias College of Bible [http://www.febias.edu.ph/] * FEU Alabang [https://feualabang.edu.ph/] * FEU Diliman [http://feudiliman.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150759/https://feudiliman.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * FEU Institute of Technology [https://www.feutech.edu.ph/] * FEU-Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation [http://www.feu-nrmf.ph/] * Flight School International * Gardner College Diliman Inc. [http://gardner.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080509/https://gardner.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Global City Innovative College [http://www.global.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224738/https://global.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Global Reciprocal Colleges * Golden Link College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/golden-link-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080410/https://ched.gov.ph/golden-link-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Governor Andres Pascual College * Grace Christian College [http://www.gcc.edu.ph/] * Greenville College * Guang Ming College [https://guangmingcollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/https://guangmingcollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Guzman College of Science and Technology * Holy Rosary College Foundation * ICI Global University * IETI College of Science and Technology-Marikina * Immaculada Concepcion College * Immaculate Heart of Mary College, Parañaque [https://ched.gov.ph/immaculate-heart-mary-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080525/https://ched.gov.ph/immaculate-heart-mary-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Informatics College Eastwood, Inc. [http://www.informatics.edu.ph/branches/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808151802/https://www.informatics.edu.ph/branches/ |date=2020-08-08 }} * Informatics College Caloocan, Inc. [http://www.informatics.edu.ph/branches/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808151802/https://www.informatics.edu.ph/branches/ |date=2020-08-08 }} * Informatics College-Manila * Informatics College Northgate, Inc. [http://www.informatics.edu.ph/branches/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808151802/https://www.informatics.edu.ph/branches/ |date=2020-08-08 }} * Information and Communications Technology Academy [http://www.iacademy.edu.ph/] * Infotech College of Arts and Sciences Philippines, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/infotech-institute-arts-sciences-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080726/https://ched.gov.ph/infotech-institute-arts-sciences-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Institute of Community and Family Health * Institute of Formation and Religious Studies * Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/integrated-innovation-hospitality-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080347/https://ched.gov.ph/integrated-innovation-hospitality-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Interface Computer College-Caloocan * Interface Computer College-Manila * International Baptist College * International Graduate School of Leadership * International School of Asia and the Pacific * Jesus Reigns Christian College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/jesus-reigns-christian-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080935/https://ched.gov.ph/jesus-reigns-christian-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Jose Rizal University [http://jru.edu/] * Kalayaan College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/kalayaan-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080741/https://ched.gov.ph/kalayaan-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College Manila [http://www.lccm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094106/http://www.lccm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College, Caloocan [http://www.lccm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094106/http://www.lccm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College, Novaliches * La Consolacion College, Pasig [http://www.lccm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094106/http://www.lccm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College, Valenzuela [http://www.lccm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094106/http://www.lccm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Verdad Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/la-verdad-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080440/https://ched.gov.ph/la-verdad-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lady of Lourdes Hospital & Colleges of Caybiga, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-lourdes-hospital-colleges-caybiga-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081259/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-lourdes-hospital-colleges-caybiga-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Loral Douglas Woosley Bethany Colleges * Lyceum of Alabang [https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-alabang-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080601/https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-alabang-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of the Philippines University [http://www.lpu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421015016/http://www.cavite.lpu.edu.ph/ |date=2012-04-21 }} * Makati Medical Center College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/makati-medical-center-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081302/https://ched.gov.ph/makati-medical-center-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Makati Science Technological Institute of the Philippines [http://mstip.edu.ph/] * Manila Adventist College [http://mac.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://mac.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Manila Business College Foundation [http://www.mbc.edu.ph/] * Manila Central University [http://www.mcu.edu.ph/stag/]{{Dead link|date=Nobiyembre 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Manila Theological College [http://www.mtcslshs.edu.ph/main/main.php] * Manila Tytana Colleges [http://www.mtc.edu.ph/] * Marianum College [https://ched.gov.ph/marianum-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080604/https://ched.gov.ph/marianum-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marie-Bernarde College * Mary Chiles College [http://marychilescollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904110731/https://marychilescollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mapua Institute of Technology, Makati [https://www.mapua.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921210608/https://www.mapua.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-21 }} * Mapua Institute of Technology, Manila [https://www.mapua.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921210608/https://www.mapua.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-21 }} * Martinez Memorial Colleges [https://martinezmc.weebly.com/] * Mary the Queen College of Quezon City Inc. [http://mqc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://mqc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Meridian International College of Business and Arts [http://www.mintcollege.com/] * Messiah College Foundation * Metropolitan Institute of Arts and Sciences * Metropolitan Medical Center College of Arts, Science and Technology, Inc. [http://www.metro.edu.ph/] * MFI Foundation [https://www.mfi.org.ph/] * Miriam College [http://www.mc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921143323/https://www.mc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-21 }} * NAMEI Polytechnic Institute [http://namei.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225519/http://namei.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * National Christian Life College * National College of Business and Arts, Cubao [https://ncba.edu.ph/] * National College of Business and Arts, Fairview [https://ncba.edu.ph/] * National Polytechnic College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/national-polytechnic-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080341/https://ched.gov.ph/national-polytechnic-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * National University [http://www.national-u.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201015124/http://www.national-u.edu.ph/ |date=2009-12-01 }} * NBS College * New England College [http://nec.edu.ph/] * New Era University [http://www.neu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080335/http://www.neu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Nova College * Olivarez College [http://www.olivarezcollege.edu.ph/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710163256/http://olivarezcollege.edu.ph/home/ |date=2018-07-10 }} * Our Lady of Fatima University, Quezon City [http://www.fatima.edu.ph/] * Our Lady of Guadalupe Colleges, Inc. [http://www.olgc.edu.ph/] * Our Lady of Lourdes Technological College * Our Lady of Perpetual Succor College [http://www.olopsc.edu.ph/] * Pacific Inter Continental College * Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela [https://valenzuela.plv.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Pasig Catholic College [http://www.pasigcatholic.edu.ph/] * PATTS College of Aeronautics [https://www.patts.edu.ph/] * Perpetual Help College of Manila [http://manila.uphsl.edu.ph/] * Philippine Christian University [http://pcu.edu.ph/] * Philippine College of Criminology [http://www.pccr.edu.ph/pccr/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126140301/http://www.pccr.edu.ph/pccr/ |date=2021-01-26 }} * Philippine Cultural College [http://www.philippineculturalcollege.edu.ph/] * Philippine College of Health Sciences [http://pchsmanila.edu.ph/] * Philippine Hoteliers International Center for Hospitality Education, Inc. * Philippine Merchant Marine School, Las Piñas [http://pmms-online.com/v2/?page_id=256] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127203947/http://pmms-online.com/v2/?page_id=256 |date=2020-01-27 }} * Philippine Normal University Main [https://www.pnu.edu.ph/] * Philippine Rehabilitation Institute Foundation, Inc. [http://prifnet.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727170859/http://www.prifnet.com/ |date=2020-07-27 }} * Philippine School of Interior Design-Ahlen Institute, Inc. [http://www.psid.edu.ph/2013/04/19/psid-ahlen-institute-inc-announcement/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313150339/http://www.psid.edu.ph/2013/04/19/psid-ahlen-institute-inc-announcement/ |date=2018-03-13 }} * PNTC Colleges – Manila [http://www.pntc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://www.pntc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Polytechnic University of the Philippines [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Open University [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Parañaque Campus [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Quezon City Campus [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-San Juan Campus [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Taguig [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Rizal Technological University-Pasig * Recoletos School of Theology * Rogationist Seminary College of Philosophy * Romarinda International College * Saint Anthony Mary Claret College * Saint Bernadette College of Alabang * Saint Francis of Assisi College System [http://www.stfrancis.edu.ph/] * Saint Pedro Poveda College [http://www.poveda.edu.ph/] * Samson College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/samson-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080927/https://ched.gov.ph/samson-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Beda College [http://www.sanbeda.edu.ph/] * San Beda College Alabang [http://www.sanbeda-alabang.edu.ph/bede/] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120908235823/http://www.sanbeda-alabang.edu.ph/bede/ |date=2012-09-08 }} * San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation, Inc. [http://sjdefi.edu.ph/] * San Sebastian College-Recoletos [http://sscrmnl.edu.ph/] * Santa Isabel College [http://www.santaisabel.edu.ph/] * Sapphire International Aviation Academy * School of Fashion and the Arts [https://sofa.edu.ph/] * Siena College [http://www.scqc.edu.ph/] * Southeast Asia Christian College [https://sacccaloocan.weebly.com/] * South Mansfield College [http://www.smc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/https://www.smc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * South SEED LPDH College [http://sslc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904090528/https://sslc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southville International School and Colleges [https://www.southville.edu.ph/] * Sta. Cecilia College * St. Bernadette of Lourdes College [http://sblc-edu.com/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://sblc-edu.com/index.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Clare College of Caloocan * St. Dominic Institute [http://www.sdi.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115170959/http://www.sdi.edu.ph/ |date=2018-01-15 }} * St. John of Beverly School * St. Joseph's College, Quezon City [http://www.sjcqc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080512/https://sjcqc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Jude College [http://www.stjude.edu.ph/homepage/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214130210/http://www.stjude.edu.ph/homepage/ |date=2018-02-14 }} * St. Luke's College of Medicine William H. Quasha Memorial [http://stlukesmedcollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202161738/https://stlukesmedcollege.edu.ph/ |date=2020-12-02 }} * St. Mary’s College [http://smcqc.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316141213/https://www.smcqc.net/ |date=2020-03-16 }} * St. Paul University, Manila [http://spumanila.edu.ph/] * St. Paul University, Quezon City [https://spuqc.edu.ph/] * St. Scholastica’s College [http://ssc.edu.ph/] * St. Therese of the Child Jesus Institute of Arts and Sciences [https://ched.gov.ph/st-therese-child-jesus-institute-arts-sciences-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080331/https://ched.gov.ph/st-therese-child-jesus-institute-arts-sciences-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Vincent de Ferrer College of Camarin * STI College – Novaliches [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Parañaque [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Alabang [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Quezon Avenue [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Fairview [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Taft [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Caloocan [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Cubao [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Global City [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Las Piñas [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Makati [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College-Marikina * STI College – Muñoz-EDSA [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College-Recto * STI College – Shaw [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * System Plus Computer College-Caloocan * Technological Institute of the Philippines, Manila [http://www.tip.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904132012/https://tip.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Technological Institute of the Philippines, Quezon City [http://www.tip.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904132012/https://tip.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The Family Clinic, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/family-clinic-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080446/https://ched.gov.ph/family-clinic-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The Fisher Valley College * The Manila Times College * The One Nation Entrepreneur School * The Philippine Women's University, Manila [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/] * The Philippine Women's University, Quezon City [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/] * The National Teacher’s College [http://www.ntc.edu.ph/] * The University of Manila [http://www.umnla.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014040041/http://www.umnla.ph/ |date=2017-10-14 }} * Trinity University of Asia [http://www.tua.edu.ph/] * Treston International College [http://www.treston.edu.ph/] * UBIX Institute of Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/ubix-institute-technologies-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080513/https://ched.gov.ph/ubix-institute-technologies-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Perpetual Help System Dalta [http://perpetualdalta.edu.ph/] * University of Santo Tomas [http://www.ust.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110154921/http://www.ust.edu.ph/?option=com_content&task=view&id=102&Itemid=58 |date=2014-11-10 }} * University of the East, Caloocan [https://www.ue.edu.ph/caloocan/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224036/https://www.ue.edu.ph/caloocan/index.html |date=2021-06-27 }} * University of the East, Manila [https://www.ue.edu.ph/manila/index.html]{{Dead link|date=Hunyo 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * University of the Philippines Diliman [https://upd.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines Manila [https://www.upm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904024445/https://www1.upm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Universal College of Parañaque [http://www.ucp.edu.ph/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630023854/http://www.ucp.edu.ph/home/ |date=2018-06-30 }} * University of Asia and the Pacific [http://www.uap.asia/] * University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center [https://uerm.edu.ph/] * Villagers Montessori [http://vmc.edu.ph/] * Wesleyan College of Manila * West Bay College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/west-bay-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080402/https://ched.gov.ph/west-bay-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * WCC Aeronautical and Technological College – North Manila, Inc. * World Citi Colleges-Quezon City [http://www.worldciti.edu.ph/]</p> == Rehiyon I == * ABE International College of Business and Accountancy [http://www.abe.edu.ph] * AIE College, Inc. * AMA Computer College – La Union [http://www.amaes.edu.ph] * AMA Computer College – Dagupan City [http://www.amaes.edu.ph] * AMA Computer College-Laoag City [http://www.amaes.edu.ph] * Asbury College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/asbury-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080418/https://ched.gov.ph/asbury-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asiacareer College Foundation, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/asiacareer-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080427/https://ched.gov.ph/asiacareer-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Baccarra Medical Center School of Midwifery [https://ched.gov.ph/baccarra-medical-center-school-midwifery-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080524/https://ched.gov.ph/baccarra-medical-center-school-midwifery-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CICOSAT Colleges [http://cicosatcolleges.edu.ph/index.php/about-cicosat-colleges/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Colegio de Dagupan [http://www.cdd.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225023/http://www.cdd.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Colegio de San Juan de Letran – Manaoag (formerly Our Lady of Manaoag College) [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-juan-de-letran-manaoag-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080358/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-juan-de-letran-manaoag-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio San Jose De Alaminos [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-san-jose-de-alaminos-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080608/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-san-jose-de-alaminos-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dagupan Colleges Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/dagupan-colleges-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080347/https://ched.gov.ph/dagupan-colleges-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Data Center College of the Philippines of Laoag City, Inc. [http://dccp.edu.ph] * Data Center College of the Philippines-Vigan City [https://ched.gov.ph/data-center-college-philippines-vigan-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081114/https://ched.gov.ph/data-center-college-philippines-vigan-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divine Word College of Laoag [http://www.dwcl.edu.ph] * Divine Word College of Urdaneta [http://dwcu.wordpress.com] * Divine Word College of Vigan [https://ched.gov.ph/divine-word-college-vigan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080400/https://ched.gov.ph/divine-word-college-vigan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union [http://www.dmmmsu-mluc.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409164838/http://www.dmmmsu-mluc.edu.ph/ |date=2018-04-09 }} * Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – North La Union – Main Campus [http://www.dmmmsu.edu.ph/] * Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Open University [http://www.dmmmsu-ous.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724083450/http://dmmmsu-ous.org/ |date=2019-07-24 }} * Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – South La Union [http://www.dmmmsu-sluc.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924020812/http://dmmmsu-sluc.com/ |date=2021-09-24 }} * Golden West Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/golden-west-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080729/https://ched.gov.ph/golden-west-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College [http://www.ispsc.edu.ph] * Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College-Candon [http://www.ispsc.edu.ph] * Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College-Cervantes [https://ched.gov.ph/ilocos-sur-polytechnic-state-college-cervantes-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081125/https://ched.gov.ph/ilocos-sur-polytechnic-state-college-cervantes-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College-College of Arts and Sciences-Tagudin [http://www.ispsc.edu.ph] * Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College-College of Fisheries and Marine Sciences – Narvacan [https://ched.gov.ph/ilocos-sur-polytechnic-state-college-college-fisheries-marine-sciences-narvacan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080355/https://ched.gov.ph/ilocos-sur-polytechnic-state-college-college-fisheries-marine-sciences-narvacan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College-Santiago [http://www.ispsc.edu.ph] * International Colleges for Excellence [http://www.ice.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/http://ice.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Kingfisher School of Business and Finance [https://ched.gov.ph/kingfisher-school-business-finance-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080510/https://ched.gov.ph/kingfisher-school-business-finance-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Finn’s Scholastica [https://ched.gov.ph/la-finns-scholastica-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080427/https://ched.gov.ph/la-finns-scholastica-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Union Christian Comprehensive College [https://ched.gov.ph/la-union-christian-comprehensive-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080330/https://ched.gov.ph/la-union-christian-comprehensive-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Union College of Science and Technology [http://www.lucst.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080808/https://lucst.net/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lorma Colleges [http://www.lorma.edu] * Luna Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/luna-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080516/https://ched.gov.ph/luna-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Luzon College of Science and Technology (Urdaneta) [https://ched.gov.ph/luzon-college-science-technology-urdaneta-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080432/https://ched.gov.ph/luzon-college-science-technology-urdaneta-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum Northern Luzon [https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-northern-luzon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080612/https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-northern-luzon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum Northwestern University [http://lyceum.edu.ph/] * Lyceum Northwestern University-Urdaneta Campus [http://lyceum.edu.ph/] * Macro Colleges Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/macro-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080516/https://ched.gov.ph/macro-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Malasiqui Agno Valley College [https://ched.gov.ph/malasiqui-agno-valley-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080454/https://ched.gov.ph/malasiqui-agno-valley-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mariano Marcos State University [http://www.mmsu.edu.ph] * Mariano Marcos State University – Currimao Ilocos Norte [http://www.mmsu.edu.ph] * Mariano Marcos State University-College of Agriculture and Forestry-Dingras [http://www.mmsu.edu.ph] * Mariano Marcos State University-College of Industrial Technology-Laoag City [http://www.mmsu.edu.ph] * Mariano Marcos State University-College of Teacher Education-Laoag City [http://www.mmsu.edu.ph] * Mary Help of Christians College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/mary-help-christians-theology-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080511/https://ched.gov.ph/mary-help-christians-theology-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Metro-Dagupan Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/metro-dagupan-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080508/https://ched.gov.ph/metro-dagupan-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mystical Rose College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/mystical-rose-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080359/https://ched.gov.ph/mystical-rose-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * NICOSAT Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/nicosat-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080440/https://ched.gov.ph/nicosat-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * NJ Valdez Colleges Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/nj-valdez-colleges-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080443/https://ched.gov.ph/nj-valdez-colleges-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * North Luzon Philippines State College [http://www.nlpsc.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://www.nlpsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Christian College [http://www.ncc.edu.ph] * Northern Luzon Adventist College [http://www.nlac.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/http://nlac.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Philippines College for Maritime, Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-philippines-college-maritime-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080344/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-philippines-college-maritime-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northwestern University [https://www.nwu.edu.ph/] * Osias Educational Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/osias-educational-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080522/https://ched.gov.ph/osias-educational-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Palaris College [https://palariscollegesweb.weebly.com/] * Pangasinan Merchant Marine Academy [https://pammaonline.weebly.com/] * Pangasinan State University [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Alaminos City [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Asingan [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Bayambang [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Binmaley [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Infanta [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-San Carlos City [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Sta. Maria [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Urdaneta City [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Panpacific University North Philippines-Tayug [https://ched.gov.ph/panpacific-university-north-philippines-tayug-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080344/https://ched.gov.ph/panpacific-university-north-philippines-tayug-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Panpacific University North Philippines-Urdaneta City [https://ched.gov.ph/panpacific-university-north-philippines-tayug-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080344/https://ched.gov.ph/panpacific-university-north-philippines-tayug-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pass College [https://ched.gov.ph/pass-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080731/https://ched.gov.ph/pass-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan [http://www.uphsl.edu.ph] * Philippine College of Northwestern Luzon * Philippine College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080448/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PHINMA-UPang College Urdaneta, Inc. [http://www.up.phinma.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520003904/https://up.phinma.edu.ph/ |date=2022-05-20 }} * Philippine Darakbang Theological College [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-darakbang-theological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080557/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-darakbang-theological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PIMSAT Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-colleges-san-carlos-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080533/https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-colleges-san-carlos-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PIMSAT Colleges-San Carlos [https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-colleges-san-carlos-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080533/https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-colleges-san-carlos-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Polytechnic College of La Union [https://ched.gov.ph/polytechnic-college-la-union-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080541/https://ched.gov.ph/polytechnic-college-la-union-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Polytechnic College of Region I [https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-colleges-san-carlos-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080533/https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-colleges-san-carlos-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Rosales Wesleyan Bible College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/rosales-wesleyan-bible-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080449/https://ched.gov.ph/rosales-wesleyan-bible-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Columban’s College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-columbans-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080546/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-columbans-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Louis College-City of San Fernando [http://www.slc-sflu.edu.ph] * Saint Mary’s College Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-marys-college/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Saint Therese College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-therese-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080619/https://ched.gov.ph/st-therese-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Carlos College [http://www.sancarloscollege.edu.ph] * Sea and Sky College [https://ched.gov.ph/sea-sky-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080423/https://ched.gov.ph/sea-sky-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Señor Tesoro College Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/senor-tesoro-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080408/https://ched.gov.ph/senor-tesoro-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * South Ilocandia College of Arts and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/south-ilocandia-college-arts-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080948/https://ched.gov.ph/south-ilocandia-college-arts-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Camillus College of Manaoag Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-camillus-college-manaoag-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080406/https://ched.gov.ph/st-camillus-college-manaoag-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. John Bosco College of Northern Luzon [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-john-bosco-college-northern-luzon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080457/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-john-bosco-college-northern-luzon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul College of Ilocos Sur [http://www.spcis.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904112357/https://spcis.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sta. Veronica College [https://ched.gov.ph/sta-veronica-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080403/https://ched.gov.ph/sta-veronica-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College – Dagupan [http://www.sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – La Union [http://www.sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Vigan [http://www.sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI Education Services Group * The Adelphi College [https://ched.gov.ph/adelphi-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/https://ched.gov.ph/adelphi-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The Great Plebeian College [https://ched.gov.ph/great-plebeian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080610/https://ched.gov.ph/great-plebeian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Union Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/union-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080946/https://ched.gov.ph/union-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Luzon [http://www.ul.edu.ph] * University of Northern Philippines [http://www.unp.edu.ph] * University of Pangasinan [http://www.up.phinma.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520003904/https://up.phinma.edu.ph/ |date=2022-05-20 }} * Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation [http://www.vmuf.edu.ph] * WCC Aeronautical and Technological College [http://www.wccaviation.com]</p> == Rehiyon II == * Aldersgate College [http://aldersgate-college.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731181531/http://www.aldersgate-college.com/ |date=2021-07-31 }} * AMA Computer College Tuguegarao City [http://www.amaes.edu.ph] * AMA Computer College-Santiago City [http://www.amaes.edu.ph] * Batanes State College, Basco, Batanes [http://www.bscbatanes.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313142521/http://bscbatanes.edu.ph/ |date=2016-03-13 }} * Cagayan State University-Andrews Campus, Tuguegarao City [http://www.csu.edu.ph/] * Cagayan State University-Aparri [http://www.csu.edu.ph/campus-aparri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718005055/https://csu.edu.ph/campus-aparri |date=2021-07-18 }} * Cagayan State University-Gonzaga Campus [http://www.csu.edu.ph/campus-gonzaga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715173356/https://csu.edu.ph/campus-gonzaga |date=2021-07-15 }} * Cagayan State University-Lal-lo Campus [http://www.csu.edu.ph/campus-lallo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717123832/https://csu.edu.ph/campus-lallo |date=2021-07-17 }} * Cagayan State University-Lasam Campus [http://www.csu.edu.ph/campus-lasam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718003802/https://csu.edu.ph/campus-lasam |date=2021-07-18 }} * Cagayan State University-Piat Campus [http://www.csu.edu.ph/campus-piat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718003654/https://csu.edu.ph/campus-piat |date=2021-07-18 }} * Cagayan State University-Sanchez Mira Campus [http://www.csu.edu.ph/campus-sanchezmira] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717123845/https://csu.edu.ph/campus-sanchezmira |date=2021-07-17 }} * Cagayan State University – Tuguegarao [http://www.csu.edu.ph] * Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College [http://cvcitc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080511/https://cvcitc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eveland Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/eveland-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080429/https://ched.gov.ph/eveland-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * F. L. Vargas College – Abulug Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/f-l-vargas-college-abulug-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080937/https://ched.gov.ph/f-l-vargas-college-abulug-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * FL Vargas College – Tuguegarao Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/fl-vargas-college-tuguegarao-campus/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080549/https://ched.gov.ph/fl-vargas-college-tuguegarao-campus/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Fuzeko Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/fuzeko-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081128/https://ched.gov.ph/fuzeko-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Global Academy of Technology and Entrepreneurship [https://ched.gov.ph/global-academy-technology-entrepreneurship-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080338/https://ched.gov.ph/global-academy-technology-entrepreneurship-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * HG Baquiran College Tumauini, Isabela [https://ched.gov.ph/hgbaquiran-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081232/https://ched.gov.ph/hgbaquiran-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Infant Jesus Montessori School (College Dept) [https://ched.gov.ph/infant-jesus-montessori-school-college-department-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080333/https://ched.gov.ph/infant-jesus-montessori-school-college-department-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * International School of Asia and the Pacific [https://ched.gov.ph/international-school-asia-pacific-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080503/https://ched.gov.ph/international-school-asia-pacific-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Isabela College of Arts and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/isabela-college-arts-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080358/https://ched.gov.ph/isabela-college-arts-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Isabela Colleges [http://isabela.colleges.tripod.com/#] * Isabela State University, Angadanan Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph/index.php/campuses/angadanan-campus] * Isabela State University, Cabagan Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph] * Isabela State University, Cauayan Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph/index.php/campuses/cauayan-city-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204143217/http://www.isu.edu.ph/index.php/campuses/cauayan-city-campus |date=2018-02-04 }} * Isabela State University-Ilagan Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph] * Isabela State University-Jones Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph/] * Isabela State University-Main Campus, Echague, Isabela [http://www.isu.edu.ph/] * Isabela State University-Palanan Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph/] * Isabela State University-Roxas Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph/] * Isabela State University-San Mariano Campus [http://isu.edu.ph] * Isabela State University-San Mateo Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph/] * John Wesley College [https://ched.gov.ph/john-wesley-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080432/https://ched.gov.ph/john-wesley-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * King's College of the Philippines – Bambang [https://ched.gov.ph/kings-college-philippines-bambang-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080421/https://ched.gov.ph/kings-college-philippines-bambang-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Salette of Roxas College Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/la-salette-roxas-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080546/https://ched.gov.ph/la-salette-roxas-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of Aparri [https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-of-aparri-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080452/https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-of-aparri-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of Tuao [https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-tuao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080435/https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-tuao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Maila Rosario Colleges, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan [https://ched.gov.ph/maila-rosario-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080543/https://ched.gov.ph/maila-rosario-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mallig Plains Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/mallig-plains-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904130643/https://ched.gov.ph/mallig-plains-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Medical Colleges of Northern Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/medical-colleges-of-northern-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080614/https://ched.gov.ph/medical-colleges-of-northern-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Metropolitan College of Science and Technology Santiago City, Isabela [https://ched.gov.ph/metropolitan-school-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080437/https://ched.gov.ph/metropolitan-school-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northeast Luzon Adventist College [https://ched.gov.ph/northeast-luzon-adventist-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080929/https://ched.gov.ph/northeast-luzon-adventist-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northeastern College [http://www.northeasterncollege.edu.ph/] * Northern Cagayan Colleges Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-cagayan-colleges-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080336/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-cagayan-colleges-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Nueva Vizcaya State University-Bambang [http://www.nvsu.edu.ph] * Nueva Vizcaya State University-Main Campus, Bayombong [http://www.nvsu.edu.ph] * Our Lady of the Pillar College-Cauayan [http://www.olpcc.edu.ph] * Our Lady of the Pillar College-Cauayan San Manuel Branch [http://olpcc.edu.ph/main/] * Patria Sable Corpus College [http://www.pscc.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831193146/https://www.pscc.edu.ph/ |date=2018-08-31 }} * Philippine Law Enforcement College [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-law-enforcement-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080409/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-law-enforcement-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Normal University – North Luzon Campus [https://www.pnu.edu.ph/pnu-north-luzon/] * PLT College [http://www.pltcollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080839/https://pltcollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Quezon Colleges of the North [https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-colleges-north-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080558/https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-colleges-north-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Quirino State University-Cabarroguis Campus [http://qsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804210436/https://qsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-04 }} * Quirino State University-Diffun, Quirino [http://qsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804210436/https://qsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-04 }} * Quirino State University-Maddela, Quirino [http://qsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804210436/https://qsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-04 }} * Saint Anthony’s College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-anthonys-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080513/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-anthonys-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Dominic College of Batanes [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-dominic-college-batanes-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080413/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-dominic-college-batanes-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Ferdinand College – Cabagan [http://www.sfc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://sfc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Ferdinand College – Ilagan [http://www.sfc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://sfc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Joseph’s College of Baggao [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-josephs-college-baggao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-josephs-college-baggao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Mary's University of Bayombong [http://www.smu.edu.ph/] * Saint Paul University Philippines, Tuguegarao City [http://www.spup.edu.ph/] * Santiago City Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/santiago-city-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080609/https://ched.gov.ph/santiago-city-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sierra College [https://ched.gov.ph/sierra-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080553/https://ched.gov.ph/sierra-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * SISTECH College of Santiago City [https://ched.gov.ph/sistech-college-santiago-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081229/https://ched.gov.ph/sistech-college-santiago-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College-Cauayan [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College-Tuguegarao [http://www.sti.edu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602233009/http://www.sti.edu/ |date=2008-06-02 }} * University of Cagayan Valley [http://www.ucv.edu.ph] * University of La Salette [https://ched.gov.ph/university-of-la-salette-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080415/https://ched.gov.ph/university-of-la-salette-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Perpetual Help System Cauayan City [https://www.uphsl.edu.ph/] * University of Saint Louis-Tuguegarao [http://www.usl.edu.ph/]</p> == Rehiyon III == * ABE International College of Business & Economics-Cabanatuan City, Inc. [http://www.abe.edu.ph/cabanatuan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225725/http://abe.edu.ph/cabanatuan/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * ABE International College of Business & Accountancy, Inc.-Malolos City [http://www.abe.edu.ph/malolos/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225703/http://abe.edu.ph/malolos/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Academia De San Lorenzo Dema-Ala, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/academia-de-san-lorenzo-dema-ala-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080519/https://ched.gov.ph/academia-de-san-lorenzo-dema-ala-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ACLC College of Apalit, Inc. [http://amaclc.net/apalit/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224726/http://amaclc.net/apalit/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * ACLC College of Balanga, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Gapan, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Mabalacat, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Malolos, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Meycauayan, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Poblacion, Baliuag, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Sta. Maria, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * AMA Computer College-Angeles City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-Cabanatuan City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-Malolos City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-Olongapo City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-San Fernando City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-Tarlac City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Angeles University Foundation [http://www.auf.edu.ph/#sthash.IGXodOQS.dpbs] * Asia Pacific College of Advanced Studies [http://apcas.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://apcas.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian Institute of Computer Studies-Central Inc. [http://www.aics.edu.ph/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822183056/http://www.aics.edu.ph/home |date=2018-08-22 }} * Aurora Polytechnic College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/aurora-polytechnic-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080336/https://ched.gov.ph/aurora-polytechnic-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Aurora State College of Technology-Casiguran Campus [http://ascot.edu.ph/] * Aurora State College of Technology-Main Campus [http://ascot.edu.ph/] * Aurora State College of Technology-Maria Aurora Campus [http://ascot.edu.ph/] * Baliuag University [http://baliuagu.edu.ph/] * Baliwag Maritime Academy * Bataan Heroes Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/bataan-heroes-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080508/https://ched.gov.ph/bataan-heroes-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bataan Peninsula State University-Abucay Campus [http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/abucaymenu] * Bataan Peninsula State University-Balanga Campus [http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/aboutfaf/476-balanga-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917034726/http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/aboutfaf/476-balanga-campus |date=2019-09-17 }} * Bataan Peninsula State University-Dinalupihan Campus [http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/aboutfaf/478-dinalupihan-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915080048/http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/aboutfaf/478-dinalupihan-campus |date=2019-09-15 }} * Bataan Peninsula State University-Main Campus [http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208104905/http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/ |date=2011-12-08 }} * Bataan Peninsula State University-Orani Campus [http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/aboutfaf/477-orani-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905123102/http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/aboutfaf/477-orani-campus |date=2019-09-05 }} * Bestlink College of the Philippines, Inc. [http://bcp.edu.ph/] * Bulacan Agricultural State College [http://www.basc.edu.ph/] * Bulacan State University – Bulacan (Meneses) Campus [http://www.bulsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225070343/http://bulsu.edu.ph/ |date=2016-12-25 }} * Bulacan State University – Bustos Campus [http://www.bulsu.edu.ph/academics/campuses.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225215/https://www.bulsu.edu.ph/academics/campuses.php |date=2021-06-27 }} * Bulacan State University – Hagonoy Campus [https://bsuhagonoy.weebly.com/] * Bulacan State University – Main Campus [http://www.bulsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225070343/http://bulsu.edu.ph/ |date=2016-12-25 }} * Bulacan State University – Sarmiento Campus [http://www.bulsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225070343/http://bulsu.edu.ph/ |date=2016-12-25 }} * Camiling Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/camiling-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080532/https://ched.gov.ph/camiling-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Carthel Science Educational Foundation (CSEF), Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/carthel-science-educational-foundation-csef-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080941/https://ched.gov.ph/carthel-science-educational-foundation-csef-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Central Luzon College of Science And Technology Olongapo City, Inc. [http://www.clcst.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826231144/http://www.clcst.edu.ph/ |date=2016-08-26 }} * Central Luzon College of Science And Technology, Inc.-San Fernando City [http://www.clcst.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826231144/http://www.clcst.edu.ph/ |date=2016-08-26 }} * Central Luzon Doctors’ Hospital Educational Institution, Inc. [http://www.cldhei.edu.ph/] * Central Luzon State University [https://clsu.edu.ph/] * Centro Colegio De Tarlac, Inc. [http://centrocolegio.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707222237/http://centrocolegio.edu.ph/ |date=2018-07-07 }} * Centro Escolar University At Malolos [http://malolos.ceu.edu.ph/] * CIT Colleges of Paniqui Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/cit-colleges-paniqui-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080424/https://ched.gov.ph/cit-colleges-paniqui-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Clark College of Science And Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/clark-college-science-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080350/https://ched.gov.ph/clark-college-science-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De Calumpit, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-calumpit-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081256/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-calumpit-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Gabriel Arcangel, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-gabriel-arcangel-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080555/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-gabriel-arcangel-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Juan De Letran [http://www.letran.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507034432/https://letran.edu.ph/ |date=2021-05-07 }} * Colegio De San Pascual Baylon [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-pascual-baylon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080616/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-pascual-baylon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De Sebastian-Pampanga, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sebastian-pampanga-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080734/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sebastian-pampanga-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College For Research & Technology of Cabanatuan, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/college-research-technology-cabanatuan-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080406/https://ched.gov.ph/college-research-technology-cabanatuan-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of Mary Immaculate of Pandi, Bulacan, Inc. [http://collegeofmaryimmaculate.yolasite.com/] * College of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel (Pampanga), Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/college-lady-mt-carmel-pampanga-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081246/https://ched.gov.ph/college-lady-mt-carmel-pampanga-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of Saint Lawrence, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/college-saint-lawrence-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080416/https://ched.gov.ph/college-saint-lawrence-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of Subic Montessori Subic Bay, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/college-subic-montessori-subic-bay-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080333/https://ched.gov.ph/college-subic-montessori-subic-bay-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of Subic Montessori, Inc. * College of the Holy Spirit of Tarlac [https://collegoftheholyspiritotarlac.weebly.com/] * College of the Immaculate Conception [http://www.cic.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904092925/https://www.cic.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of the Most Holy Trinity Catholic Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/college-holy-trinity-catholic-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080621/https://ched.gov.ph/college-holy-trinity-catholic-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of the Our Lady of Mercy of Pulilan Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/college-lady-mercy-pulilan-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080404/https://ched.gov.ph/college-lady-mercy-pulilan-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colleges of Advance Technology And Management of the Phils. (CATMAN), Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colleges-advance-technology-management-phils-catman-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080341/https://ched.gov.ph/colleges-advance-technology-management-phils-catman-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Columban College, Inc.-Olongapo City [http://www.columban.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904095141/https://www.columban.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Columban College-Sta. Cruz [https://ched.gov.ph/columban-college-sta-cruz-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080535/https://ched.gov.ph/columban-college-sta-cruz-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Comteq Computer & Business College [http://www.comteq.edu.ph] * Concepcion Holy Cross College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/concepcion-holy-cross-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081122/https://ched.gov.ph/concepcion-holy-cross-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Core Gateway College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/core-gateway-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/https://ched.gov.ph/core-gateway-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divina Pastora College [https://ched.gov.ph/divina-pastora-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080451/https://ched.gov.ph/divina-pastora-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dominican College of Tarlac, Inc. [https://dct.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/https://dct.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University – Main [http://www.dhvtsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315162819/http://dhvtsu.edu.ph/ |date=2012-03-15 }} * Dr. Gloria D. Lacson Foundation Colleges of Cabanatuan City, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/dr-gloria-d-lacson-foundation-colleges-cabanatuan-city-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080530/https://ched.gov.ph/dr-gloria-d-lacson-foundation-colleges-cabanatuan-city-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dr. Gloria D. Lacson Foundation Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/dr-gloria-d-lacson-foundation-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081241/https://ched.gov.ph/dr-gloria-d-lacson-foundation-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. [http://www.dyci.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://www.dyci.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastwoods Professional College of Science And Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/eastwoods-professional-college-science-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080600/https://ched.gov.ph/eastwoods-professional-college-science-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ecumenical Christian College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/ecumenical-christian-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081120/https://ched.gov.ph/ecumenical-christian-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Emmanuel System College of Bulacan, Inc. * Erhard Science College-Bulacan, Inc. [http://www.esc.ph/web/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122015447/http://esc.ph/web/index.php |date=2018-11-22 }} * Exact Colleges of Asia, Inc. [http://www.exact-center.com/] * Fernandez College of Arts & Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/fernandez-college-arts-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080602/https://ched.gov.ph/fernandez-college-arts-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * First City Providential College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/first-city-providential-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080420/https://ched.gov.ph/first-city-providential-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Fundamental Baptist College For Asians, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/fundamental-baptist-college-asians-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/https://ched.gov.ph/fundamental-baptist-college-asians-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * General De Jesus College [http://gendejesus.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081456/http://gendejesus.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Gerona Junior Colege, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/gerona-junior-colege-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081131/https://ched.gov.ph/gerona-junior-colege-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Golden Valley Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/golden-valley-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081235/https://ched.gov.ph/golden-valley-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Guagua National Colleges [http://www.guaguanationalcolleges.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814000249/http://guaguanationalcolleges.com/ |date=2020-08-14 }} * Holy Angel University, Inc. [http://www.hau.edu.ph/] * Holy Cross College-Nueva Ecija [http://hcc.netne.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619025325/http://hcc.netne.net/ |date=2018-06-19 }} * Holy Cross College-Pampanga [http://www.holycrosscollegepampanga.edu.ph/] * Holy Rosary Colleges Foundation of Calaba [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-rosary-colleges-foundation-calaba-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080544/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-rosary-colleges-foundation-calaba-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Immaculate Conception I-College of Arts And Technology, Inc. [https://www.icinstitutions.edu.ph/ici/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Immaculate Conception Major Seminary [https://www.icmasbulacan.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824143459/https://www.icmasbulacan.com/ |date=2018-08-24 }} * Interworld College of Science And Technology – Tarlac City [https://ched.gov.ph/interworld-college-science-technology-tarlac-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081249/https://ched.gov.ph/interworld-college-science-technology-tarlac-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Interworld Colleges Foundation, Inc. – Paniqui Tarlac [https://icfpaniqui.edu.ph/] * Jesus Is Lord College Foundation, Inc. [http://www.jilcf.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310191009/http://www.jilcf.edu.ph/ |date=2016-03-10 }} * Jocson College, Inc. [http://www.jocsoncollegeinc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619032641/http://jocsoncollegeinc.edu.ph/ |date=2018-06-19 }} * Jose C. Feliciano College Foundation, Inc. [http://www.josecfelicianocollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518075444/https://josecfelicianocollege.com/ |date=2021-05-18 }} * La Concepcion College [https://laconcepcioncollege.com/] * La Consolacion University Philippines (Formerly University of Regina Carmeli) [https://www.lcup.edu.ph/] * La Fortuna College [http://lfcweb.lafortunacollege.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622043205/http://lfcweb.lafortunacollege.net/ |date=2018-06-22 }} * La Verdad Christian College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/la-verdad-christian-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080943/https://ched.gov.ph/la-verdad-christian-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Liceo De Pulilan Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/liceo-de-pulilan-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080607/https://ched.gov.ph/liceo-de-pulilan-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lourdes College of Bulacan, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/lourdes-college-bulacan-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080529/https://ched.gov.ph/lourdes-college-bulacan-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lourdes College Of Pampanga, Inc. [http://ollc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617195925/http://ollc.edu.ph/ |date=2019-06-17 }} * Lyceum of Subic Bay, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-subic-bay-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080500/https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-subic-bay-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of the East-Aurora, Inc. [http://www.kaibiganusaptayo.com/kingalvin/lyceumoftheeast/index.php#] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119061445/http://www.kaibiganusaptayo.com/kingalvin/lyceumoftheeast/index.php |date=2018-11-19 }} * M. V. Gallego Foundation Colleges [http://mvgallego.edu.ph/] * Magsaysay Memorial College of Zambales, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/magsaysay-memorial-college-zambales-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080502/https://ched.gov.ph/magsaysay-memorial-college-zambales-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Maria Assumpta Seminary [http://assumptaseminary.blogspot.com/] * Marian College of Baliuag, Inc. [http://www.mariancollegebaliuag.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027202950/http://mariancollegebaliuag.com/ |date=2021-10-27 }} * Maritime Academy of Asia And the Pacific [http://maap.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://maap.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mary the Queen College (Pampanga), Inc. [http://mqc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://mqc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mater Redemptoris College of San Jose City, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/mater-redemptoris-college-san-jose-city-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080555/https://ched.gov.ph/mater-redemptoris-college-san-jose-city-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Megabyte College, Inc.-Florida Blanca [https://ched.gov.ph/megabyte-college-inc-florida-blanca-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080412/https://ched.gov.ph/megabyte-college-inc-florida-blanca-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Metro Subic Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/metro-subic-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081244/https://ched.gov.ph/metro-subic-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Meycauayan College [http://meyc-college.edu.ph/] * Micro Asia College of Science & Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/micro-asia-college-science-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080443/https://ched.gov.ph/micro-asia-college-science-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Microcity Computer of Business And Technology( Formerly: Microcity Computer College Foundation, Inc.) [https://ched.gov.ph/microcity-computer-business-technology-formerly-microcity-computer-college-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080605/https://ched.gov.ph/microcity-computer-business-technology-formerly-microcity-computer-college-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Midway Maritime Foundation, Inc. [http://midwaymaritime.com.ph/#/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://midwaymaritime.com.ph/#/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mondriaan Aura College [https://www.aura.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.aura.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mother of Good Counsel Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/mother-good-counsel-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080618/https://ched.gov.ph/mother-good-counsel-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mount Carmel College of Baler, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/mount-carmel-college-baler-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080519/https://ched.gov.ph/mount-carmel-college-baler-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mount Carmel College of Casiguran, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/mount-carmel-college-casiguran-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080435/https://ched.gov.ph/mount-carmel-college-casiguran-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mt. Carmel College of Bocaue Bulacan, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/mt-carmel-college-bocaue-bulacan-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080349/https://ched.gov.ph/mt-carmel-college-bocaue-bulacan-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Nazarenus College And Hospital Foundation, Inc. [http://www.nazarenuscollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502191341/http://www.nazarenuscollege.com/ |date=2019-05-02 }} * New Era University [http://www.neu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080335/http://www.neu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Zambales College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-zambales-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080739/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-zambales-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Nueva Ecija Doctors Colleges, Inc. * Nueva Ecija University of Science And Technology – Gabaldon Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Nueva Ecija University of Science And Technology-Atate Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Nueva Ecija University of Science And Technology-Carranglan Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Nueva Ecija University of Science And Technology-Fort Magsaysay Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Nueva Ecija University of Science And Technology-Gen. Tinio Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology-San Isidro Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Nueva Ecija University of Science And Technology-Sumacab Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Osias Colleges, Inc. [http://osiascolleges.edu.ph/] * Our Lady of Fatima University – Pampanga, Inc. [http://www.fatima.edu.ph/campus.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093639/https://www.fatima.edu.ph/campus.php |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Fatima University, Inc (Formerly East Central Colleges) [http://www.fatima.edu.ph/campus.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093639/https://www.fatima.edu.ph/campus.php |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Manaoag Montessori College, Inc. [http://www.olmamc.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://www.olmamc.net/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Peace College Seminary * Our Lady of the Sacred Heart College of Guimba, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-sacred-heart-college-guimba-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080505/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-sacred-heart-college-guimba-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pamantasan Ng Araullo (Araullo University), Inc. 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[http://prifnet.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727170859/http://www.prifnet.com/ |date=2020-07-27 }} * Philippine Women’s University Career Development And Continuing Education Center Bataan, Inc. [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Women’s University Career Development And Continuing Education Center Tarlac, Inc. [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ramon Magsaysay Technological University (Botolan Campus) [http://rmtu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126231829/http://rmtu.edu.ph/ |date=2019-01-26 }} * Ramon Magsaysay Technological University (Main Campus) [http://rmtu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126231829/http://rmtu.edu.ph/ |date=2019-01-26 }} * Ramon Magsaysay Technological University (San Marcelino Campus) [http://rmtu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126231829/http://rmtu.edu.ph/ |date=2019-01-26 }} * Richwell Colleges, Inc. [https://richwell.com.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829065957/http://www.richwell.com.ph/ |date=2023-08-29 }} * RCC Colegio De San Rafael, Inc. [http://rcc.edu.ph/cdsr/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408152255/http://rcc.edu.ph/cdsr/ |date=2017-04-08 }} * Republic Central Colleges [http://www.rcc.edu.ph/] * Sact St. Mutien College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/sact-st-mutien-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080412/https://ched.gov.ph/sact-st-mutien-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Mary’s Angels College of Pampanga, Inc. [http://gocloudasia.net/saintmary/content.php?content_id=5] * San Jose Christian Colleges [http://www.sjccolleges.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203062900/http://www.sjccolleges.org/ |date=2020-02-03 }} * Santa Rita College of Pampanga, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/santa-rita-college-pampanga-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080418/https://ched.gov.ph/santa-rita-college-pampanga-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Siena College of San Jose, Inc. * SJDM Cornerstone College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/sjdm-cornerstone-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080527/https://ched.gov.ph/sjdm-cornerstone-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Somascan Fathers Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/somascan-fathers-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080446/https://ched.gov.ph/somascan-fathers-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Anthony College of Technology [https://www.sact.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * St. Augustine Colleges Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-augustine-colleges-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://ched.gov.ph/st-augustine-colleges-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Benilde Center For Global Competence, Inc. 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[https://ched.gov.ph/st-josephs-college-balanga-city-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080356/https://ched.gov.ph/st-josephs-college-balanga-city-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary’s College of Baliuag [http://www.smcbaliwag.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904232953/https://www.smcbaliwag.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary’s College of Meycauayan [http://smcm.edu.ph/home/] * St. Nicolas College of Business And Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-nicolas-college-business-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080457/https://ched.gov.ph/st-nicolas-college-business-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul College of Arts And Sciences, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-paul-college-arts-sciences-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080613/https://ched.gov.ph/st-paul-college-arts-sciences-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul College of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/st-paul-college-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080553/https://ched.gov.ph/st-paul-college-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul University at San Miguel [http://paulinians02.synthasite.com/] * St. Rose College Educational Foundation, Inc. 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Maria [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=32] * STI College – San Jose [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=39] * STI College – Tarlac [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=33] * Sto. Rosario Sapang Palay College [https://ched.gov.ph/sto-rosario-sapang-palay-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081251/https://ched.gov.ph/sto-rosario-sapang-palay-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Subic Bay College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/subic-bay-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080736/https://ched.gov.ph/subic-bay-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Systems Plus College Foundation, Inc. [http://www.spcf.edu.ph/] * Tarlac Agricultural University (Formerly: Tarlac College of Agriculture) [http://www.tca.edu.ph/] * Tarlac Christian Colleges, Inc. [https://www.tarlacchristiancollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/https://www.tarlacchristiancollege.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tarlac State University – Main Campus [http://www.tsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203224619/http://www.tsu.edu.ph/ |date=2015-12-03 }} * Tarlac State University – San Isidro Campus [http://www.tsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203224619/http://www.tsu.edu.ph/ |date=2015-12-03 }} * The Good Samaritan Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/good-samaritan-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080338/https://ched.gov.ph/good-samaritan-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The Manila Times College of Subic, Inc. [http://subic.tmtc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814185210/http://subic.tmtc.edu.ph/ |date=2016-08-14 }} * Tomas Del Rosario College [http://trc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093125/https://trc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * United School of Science And Technology Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/united-school-science-technology-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080415/https://ched.gov.ph/united-school-science-technology-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Assumption [http://ua.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines – Diliman (Olongapo City) [http://www.updepo.com/] * University of the Philippines – Diliman (Pampanga) [http://www.upepp.upd.edu.ph/] * Virgen Milagrosa Del Rosario College Seminary * Wesleyan University-Philippines-Aurora [http://www.wesleyan.edu.ph/] * Wesleyan University-Philippines-Cabanatuan City [http://www.wesleyan.edu.ph/] * Westfields International College, Inc. [http://westfields.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116054749/https://westfields.edu.ph/ |date=2019-01-16 }} * World Citi Colleges-Guimba, Inc. [http://www.worldciti.edu.ph/guimba-campus/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413050512/http://www.worldciti.edu.ph/guimba-campus/ |date=2019-04-13 }}</p> == Rehiyon IV-A == * ABE International Business College Quezon Province [http://www.abe.edu.ph/lucena/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225257/http://abe.edu.ph/lucena/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * ABE International College of Business and Economics-Cainta [http://www.abe.edu.ph/] * ACLC College Of San Pablo [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Taytay [https://ched.gov.ph/aclc-college-taytay-2/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * ACTS Computer College [http://actscc.edu.ph/] * ACTS Computer College Infanta [http://actscc.edu.ph/index.php] * Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies [https://www.aiias.edu/en/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015205/https://www.aiias.edu/en/ |date=2020-11-01 }} * Adventist University of the Philippines [http://web1.aup.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://web1.aup.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Agoncillo College [https://ched.gov.ph/agoncillo-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081254/https://ched.gov.ph/agoncillo-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Alitagtag College [https://ched.gov.ph/alitagtag-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080535/https://ched.gov.ph/alitagtag-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * All Nations College [https://ched.gov.ph/nations-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081117/https://ched.gov.ph/nations-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Alpha Centauri Educational System [http://aces.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225320/http://aces.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * AMA Computer College Lipa [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College Batangas City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College Binan [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College Calamba [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College Dasmarinas [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College East Rizal [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College Lucena [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College Sta.Cruz [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA School of Medicine [http://www.amaschoolofmedicine.com/] * Asia Pacific Christian College And Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/asia-pacific-christian-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080521/https://ched.gov.ph/asia-pacific-christian-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asia Tech. School of Sci. and Arts [http://asiatech.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083233/https://www.asiatech.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian Institute of Technology and Education Tiaong Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-institute-technology-education-tiaong-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080552/https://ched.gov.ph/asian-institute-technology-education-tiaong-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian School of Hospitality Arts [http://asha.edu.ph/] * Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary [http://www.apnts.edu.ph/] * Baptist Bible Seminary and Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/baptist-bible-seminary-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080409/https://ched.gov.ph/baptist-bible-seminary-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Baptist Voice Bible College [http://www.baptistvoicecollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801203733/http://baptistvoicecollege.com/ |date=2019-08-01 }} * Batangas College of Arts and Sciences [http://www.bcas.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125204510/http://bcas.edu.ph/ |date=2021-11-25 }} * Batangas Eastern College [https://ched.gov.ph/batangas-eastern-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081237/https://ched.gov.ph/batangas-eastern-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Batangas State University Apolinario R. Apacible School of Fisheries Nasugbu [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/nasugbu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922003621/https://batstate-u.edu.ph/nasugbu/ |date=2020-09-22 }} * Batangas State University Balayan [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/balayan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922015529/https://batstate-u.edu.ph/balayan/ |date=2020-09-22 }} * Batangas State University Jose P. Laurel Polytechnic College Malvar [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/malvar/] * Batangas State University Lemery [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/lemery/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922015714/https://batstate-u.edu.ph/lemery/ |date=2020-09-22 }} * Batangas State University Lipa City [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/lipa/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926205319/https://batstate-u.edu.ph/lipa/ |date=2020-09-26 }} * Batangas State University Lobo [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/lobo/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926203350/http://batstate-u.edu.ph/lobo/ |date=2020-09-26 }} * Batangas State University Main [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/] * Batangas State University Rosario [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/san-juan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926213919/http://batstate-u.edu.ph/san-juan/ |date=2020-09-26 }} * Batangas State University San Juan [http://www.bcc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111212341/http://www.bcc.edu.ph/ |date=2019-01-11 }} * Binangonan Catholic College [http://www.bcc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111212341/http://www.bcc.edu.ph/ |date=2019-01-11 }} * Brookfield College [https://ched.gov.ph/brookfield-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080932/https://ched.gov.ph/brookfield-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BWEST College [https://ched.gov.ph/bwest-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080429/https://ched.gov.ph/bwest-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cainta Catholic College [http://www.caintacatholiccollege.com/] * Calamba Doctors’ College [http://calambadoctorscollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080324/http://calambadoctorscollege.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }}&lt; * Calauag Central College [https://ched.gov.ph/calauag-central-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080800/https://ched.gov.ph/calauag-central-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Calayan Educational Foundation [http://www.cefi.edu.ph/] * Canossa College [http://canossacollegespc.com.ph/] * CARD-MRI Development Institute [http://casans.edu.ph/] * Casa Del Nino College [http://casans.edu.ph/] * Cavite State University General Trias Campus [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/general-trias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106072810/http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/general-trias |date=2018-01-06 }} * Cavite State University Main [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009210942/http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-10-09 }} * Cavite State University Bacoor [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/bacoor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109013751/http://cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/bacoor |date=2018-01-09 }} * Cavite State University Carmona [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/carmona] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117031240/http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/carmona |date=2018-01-17 }} * Cavite State University Cavite City [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/cavite-city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104072622/http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/cavite-city |date=2018-01-04 }} * Cavite State University Imus [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/imus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109013309/http://cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/imus |date=2018-01-09 }} * Cavite State University Naic [http://www.cvsu-naic.edu.ph/] * Cavite State University Rosario [https://www.cvsu-rosario.edu.ph/] * Cavite State University Silang Campus [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/tanza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105231239/http://cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/tanza |date=2018-01-05 }} * Cavite State University Tanza Campus [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/tanza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105231239/http://cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/tanza |date=2018-01-05 }} * Cavite State University Trece Martires City [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/trece-martires-city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110230404/http://cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/trece-martires-city |date=2018-01-10 }} * Cavite West Point College Cavite City [https://ched.gov.ph/cavite-west-point-college-cavite-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080903/https://ched.gov.ph/cavite-west-point-college-cavite-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cavite West Point College Ternate [http://cavitewestpointcollege2000.blogspot.com] * Center for Biblical Studies Institute and Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/center-biblical-studies-institute-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081133/https://ched.gov.ph/center-biblical-studies-institute-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Christian College of Tanauan [https://christiancollegeoftanauan.wordpress.com/] * CITI Global College Inc. Biñan [http://www.citiglobalcollege.edu.ph/tag/binan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080354/http://www.citiglobalcollege.edu.ph/tag/binan/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CITI Global College Inc. Cabuyao [http://www.citiglobalcollege.edu.ph/] * Colegio de Amore [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-amore-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080459/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-amore-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Los Banos [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-los-banos-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080802/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-los-banos-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Porta Vaga [http://www.colegiodeportavaga.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080335/http://www.colegiodeportavaga.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Juan De Letran Calamba [https://www.letran-calamba.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.letran-calamba.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Pedro [http://www.cdsp.edu.ph/] * Colegio de Sto. Cristo de Burgos [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sto-cristo-de-burgos-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080504/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sto-cristo-de-burgos-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De Sto. Domingo De Silos [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sto-domingo-de-silos-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080957/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sto-domingo-de-silos-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio San Agustin Binan [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-san-agustin-binan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080626/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-san-agustin-binan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of Arts and Sciences of Asia and the Pacific [http://www.casap.edu.ph/] * College of San Benildo Rizal [http://www.sanbenildo.edu.ph/] * College of Saint John Paul II Arts and Sciences [https://ched.gov.ph/college-saints-john-paul-ii-arts-sciences-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081059/https://ched.gov.ph/college-saints-john-paul-ii-arts-sciences-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CSTC College of Science, Technology and Communication, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/cstc-college-science-technology-communication-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080930/https://ched.gov.ph/cstc-college-science-technology-communication-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CVE Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/cve-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080838/https://ched.gov.ph/cve-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Daehan College Of Business And Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/daehan-college-business-technology-inc-provile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080959/https://ched.gov.ph/daehan-college-business-technology-inc-provile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * De La Salle Health Sciences Institute [http://www.dlshsi.edu.ph/] * De La Salle Lipa [http://www.dlsl.edu.ph/] * De La Salle University Dasmarinas [http://www.dlsud.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717213109/http://www.dlsud.edu.ph/ |date=2018-07-17 }} * Deaf Evangelistic Alliance Foundation [http://www.mccidonline.net/deafinc/lagunaschool.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://www.mccidonline.net/deafinc/lagunaschool.htm |date=2021-09-04 }} * D’Illumina College [https://ched.gov.ph/dillumina-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080927/https://ched.gov.ph/dillumina-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divine Word Seminary [http://divinewordseminary.blogspot.com/] * DMMC Institute of Health Sciences [http://dmmcihs.edu.ph/7/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106101258/http://dmmcihs.edu.ph/7/ |date=2018-11-06 }} * Dominican College Sta. Rosa [https://ched.gov.ph/dominican-college-sta-rosa-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080733/https://ched.gov.ph/dominican-college-sta-rosa-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Don Bosco College Canlubang [http://donboscocanlubang.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Nobiyembre 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Dr. Francisco L. Calingasan Memorial Colleges Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/dr-francisco-l-calingasan-memorial-colleges-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080906/https://ched.gov.ph/dr-francisco-l-calingasan-memorial-colleges-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * East Systems College [https://ched.gov.ph/east-systems-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080834/https://ched.gov.ph/east-systems-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Quezon College [http://eqcgumaca.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003145452/http://eqcgumaca.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-03 }} * Eastern Tayabas College [https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-tayabas-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081310/https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-tayabas-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ebenezer International Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/ebenezer-international-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080832/https://ched.gov.ph/ebenezer-international-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Elijah International World Mission Institute [http://eiwmi.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Emilio Aguinaldo College (Yaman ng Lahi Foundation) [http://www.eac.edu.ph/about-eac/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923185145/https://eac.edu.ph/about-eac/ |date=2021-09-23 }} * Evangelical Theological College of the Philippines Luzon [https://ched.gov.ph/evangelical-theological-college-philippines-luzon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081005/https://ched.gov.ph/evangelical-theological-college-philippines-luzon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Far East Asia Pacific Institute of Tourism Science [https://ched.gov.ph/far-east-asia-pacific-institute-tourism-science-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080624/https://ched.gov.ph/far-east-asia-pacific-institute-tourism-science-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Far Eastern College Silang [http://www.feucavite.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510120240/http://www.feucavite.edu.ph/ |date=2015-05-10 }} * Far Eastern Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/far-eastern-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081015/https://ched.gov.ph/far-eastern-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * FEU Roosevelt [https://feuroosevelt.edu.ph/] * First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities [http://www.firstasia.edu.ph/] * Golden Gate Colleges [https://goldengatecolleges.wordpress.com/] * Granby College of Science & Technology [http://www.granby.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027230343/http://www.granby.edu.ph/ |date=2019-10-27 }} * Guardian Bona Fide for Hope Foundation [http://www.gbhfischool.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001110217/http://www.gbhfischool.com/ |date=2019-10-01 }} * Guinayangan College Fdtn. [https://ched.gov.ph/guinayangan-college-fdtn-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080749/https://ched.gov.ph/guinayangan-college-fdtn-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Harris Memorial College [http://www.harris.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080334/http://www.harris.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Child Jesus College [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-jesus-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080816/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-jesus-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ICCT Colleges [http://icct.edu.ph/] * ICCT Colleges Fdtn. Binangonan [http://icct.edu.ph/] * ICCT Colleges Fdtn. Taytay [http://icct.edu.ph/] * ICCT Colleges Fdtn. Antipolo [http://icct.edu.ph/] * ICCT Colleges Fdtn. San Mateo [http://icct.edu.ph/] * ICT-ED Institute of Science and Technology [https://www.ictedu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.ictedu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * IETI College of Science and Technology [http://www.ieti.edu.ph/] * IKON College Calamba [https://ched.gov.ph/ikon-college-calamba-private/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080440/https://ched.gov.ph/ikon-college-calamba-private/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Immaculate Conception College Balayan [http://iccbalayan.edu.ph/] * Immanuel Theological Seminary [http://www.immanuelseminary.com/] * Imus Institute of Science and Technology Inc [http://iist.edu.ph/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321115126/http://iist.edu.ph/home/ |date=2018-03-21 }} * Informatics International College Rizal [https://ched.gov.ph/informatics-international-college-rizal-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080824/https://ched.gov.ph/informatics-international-college-rizal-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Inter-Global College Foundation [http://igcfi.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204081855/http://igcfi.edu.ph/ |date=2018-02-04 }} * International Christian College of Manila [https://ched.gov.ph/international-christian-college-manila-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080726/https://ched.gov.ph/international-christian-college-manila-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * International Peace Leadership College [https://ched.gov.ph/international-peace-leadership-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080609/https://ched.gov.ph/international-peace-leadership-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ISHRM School System Bacoor [http://www.ishrm.edu.ph/] * ISHRM School System Dasmarinas [http://www.ishrm.edu.ph/] * Jesus Reigns Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/jesus-reigns-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080707/https://ched.gov.ph/jesus-reigns-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Kurios Christian College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/kurios-christian-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080754/https://ched.gov.ph/kurios-christian-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College Tanauan [http://www.lcctanauan.edu.ph/main.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528213612/http://www.lcctanauan.edu.ph/main.php |date=2018-05-28 }} * La Consolacion College Binan [http://www.lcctanauan.edu.ph/main.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528213612/http://www.lcctanauan.edu.ph/main.php |date=2018-05-28 }} * La Salle College Antipolo [https://www.lsca.edu.ph/] * Laguna College [http://www.lcba.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904092931/https://www.lcba.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Laguna College of Business and Arts [http://lcba.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125222052/https://lcba.edu.ph/ |date=2025-01-25 }} * Laguna Maritime, Arts & Business College [http://lmabc.weebly.com/] * Laguna Northwestern College [https://ched.gov.ph/laguna-northwestern-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080746/https://ched.gov.ph/laguna-northwestern-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Laguna Northwestern College SLRMC [https://ched.gov.ph/laguna-northwestern-college-slrmc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081158/https://ched.gov.ph/laguna-northwestern-college-slrmc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Laguna Science and Technology College [https://ched.gov.ph/laguna-science-technology-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080515/https://ched.gov.ph/laguna-science-technology-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Laguna State Polytechnic University Los Banos College of Fisheries [http://lspusc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329174528/http://lspusc.edu.ph/ |date=2018-03-29 }} * Laguna State Polytechnic University Siniloan [http://lspusc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329174528/http://lspusc.edu.ph/ |date=2018-03-29 }} * Laguna State Polytechnic University Laguna College of Arts and Trades Sta. Cruz [http://lspu.edu.ph/] * Laguna State Polytechnic University San Pablo City [http://lspu.edu.ph/] * Lemery Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/lemery-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080601/https://ched.gov.ph/lemery-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Leon Guinto Memorial College [https://web.ched.gov.ph/leon-guinto-memorial-college-profile/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Lipa City Colleges [http://www.lipacitycolleges.edu.ph/newsite/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227102832/http://www.lipacitycolleges.edu.ph/newsite/ |date=2021-02-27 }} * LNC Corinthian Center [https://ched.gov.ph/lnc-corinthian-center-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080841/https://ched.gov.ph/lnc-corinthian-center-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of the Philippines St. Cabrini College of Allied Medicine [http://lpulaguna.edu.ph/academics/college-of-allied-medicine-cam/] * Lyceum of the Philippines University Batangas [http://lpubatangas.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520001652/https://lpubatangas.edu.ph/ |date=2022-05-20 }} * Lyceum of the Philippines Cavite [https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-philippines-cavite-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080822/https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-philippines-cavite-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of the Philippines Laguna [http://lpulaguna.edu.ph/] * Mabini College of Batangas [http://www.mabinicolleges.edu.ph/] * Malayan Colleges of Laguna [https://mcl.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083232/https://www.mcl.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Manuel S. Enverga Institute Foundation San Antonio [http://mseuf.edu.ph/] * Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation Candelaria [http://mseuf.edu.ph/] * Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation Catanauan [http://mseuf.edu.ph/] * Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation Lucena [http://mseuf.edu.ph/] * Marasigan Institute of Science and Technology [http://www.mist.edu.ph/] * Marcelino Fule Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/marcelino-fule-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080754/https://ched.gov.ph/marcelino-fule-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mary Help of Christian College, Salesian Sisters [https://ched.gov.ph/mary-help-christian-college-salesian-sisters-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080701/https://ched.gov.ph/mary-help-christian-college-salesian-sisters-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Maryhill College [https://ched.gov.ph/maryhill-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080806/https://ched.gov.ph/maryhill-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mater Redemptoris Collegium [https://ched.gov.ph/mater-redemptoris-collegium-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080737/https://ched.gov.ph/mater-redemptoris-collegium-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * MFI Polytechnic Institute, Inc [http://maicollege.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://maicollege.net/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mind and Integrity College [http://maicollege.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://maicollege.net/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Montessori Professional College Imus [https://ched.gov.ph/montessori-professional-college-imus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080635/https://ched.gov.ph/montessori-professional-college-imus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mt. St. Aloysius Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/mt-st-aloysius-seminary-2/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * National College of Business and Arts Taytay [https://ched.gov.ph/national-college-business-arts-taytay-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080837/https://ched.gov.ph/national-college-business-arts-taytay-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * National College of Science and Technology [http://ncst.edu.ph/] * Nazareth Institute Of Alfonso</span> [https://ched.gov.ph/nazareth-institute-alfonso-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081026/https://ched.gov.ph/nazareth-institute-alfonso-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * New Era University Lipa Campus [http://www.neu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080335/http://www.neu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * New Sanai School and Colleges [http://www.ntma.edu.ph/] * Northern Quezon College [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-quezon-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081155/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-quezon-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * NTC Education Batangas [https://ched.gov.ph/ntc-education-batangas-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080740/https://ched.gov.ph/ntc-education-batangas-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * NYK-TDG Maritime Academy [http://www.ntma.edu.ph/] * Oblates of Saint Joseph College of Philosophy [http://osjphil.org/fhosjcs.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083231/http://osjphil.org/fhosjcs.php |date=2021-09-04 }} * Olivarez College-Tagaytay [http://www.olivarezcollegetagaytay.edu.ph/home/]{{Dead link|date=Pebrero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Our Lady of Assumption College of Laguna Inc. – San Pedro [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-assumption-college-laguna-inc-san-pedro-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080743/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-assumption-college-laguna-inc-san-pedro-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Assumption College Batangas [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-assumption-college-batangas-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080437/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-assumption-college-batangas-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Assumption College Cabuyao [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-assumption-college-cabuyao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081015/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-assumption-college-cabuyao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Fatima University Antipolo [http://www.fatima.edu.ph/] * Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-holy-rosary-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080649/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-holy-rosary-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Oxfordian Colleges [http://oxfordiancollege.byethost18.com/?i=1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://oxfordiancollege.byethost18.com/?i=1 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Paete Science & Business College [https://ched.gov.ph/paete-science-business-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081326/https://ched.gov.ph/paete-science-business-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Paul College of Leadership [https://ched.gov.ph/paul-college-leadership-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080617/https://ched.gov.ph/paul-college-leadership-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Best Training System College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-best-training-system-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081002/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-best-training-system-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine International College [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-international-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081208/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-international-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Missionary Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-missionary-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080710/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-missionary-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine National Police Academy [https://www.pnpa.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224040/https://pnpa.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Philippine Normal University Lopez [https://www.pnu.edu.ph/pnu-south-luzon/] * Philippine State College of Aeronautics Fernando Air Base [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-state-college-aeronautics-fernando-air-base-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080938/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-state-college-aeronautics-fernando-air-base-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Women’s University CDCEC Sta. Cruz [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Women’s University Career Development and Continuing Education Center Calamba City [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * PIMSAT College – Bacoor [https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-college-bacoor-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081206/https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-college-bacoor-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PNTC Colleges [http://www.pntc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://www.pntc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Polytechnic University of the Philippines Lopez [https://www.pup.edu.ph/lopez/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines Mulanay [https://www.pup.edu.ph/mulanay/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines Sto. Tomas [https://www.pup.edu.ph/stotomas/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines Unisan [https://www.pup.edu.ph/unisan/] * Power School of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/power-school-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081025/https://ched.gov.ph/power-school-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Professional Montessori College [https://ched.gov.ph/professional-montessori-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080842/https://ched.gov.ph/professional-montessori-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PTS College and Advanced Studies [https://www.ptscollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917031748/http://www.ptscollege.edu.ph/ |date=2019-09-17 }} * Quezon Center for Research and Studies [https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-center-research-studies-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080655/https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-center-research-studies-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Quezonian Educational College [https://ched.gov.ph/quezonian-educational-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080858/https://ched.gov.ph/quezonian-educational-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Rizal College of Laguna [https://ched.gov.ph/rizal-college-laguna-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080638/https://ched.gov.ph/rizal-college-laguna-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Rizal College of Taal [http://www.rctaal.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028051609/http://www.rctaal.edu.ph/ |date=2021-10-28 }} * Rogationist College [http://www.rog.edu.ph/] * Sacred Heart College [http://www.shc.edu.ph/] * St. Anne College Lucena, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-anne-college-lucena-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080744/https://ched.gov.ph/st-anne-college-lucena-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Bridget College [http://sbcbatangas.edu.ph/] * Saint Francis Institute of Computer Studies [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-institute-computer-studies-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080653/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-institute-computer-studies-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Francis of Assisi College Cavite [http://www.stfrancis.edu.ph/] * St. John Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080501/https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Louis Anne Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-louis-anne-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080749/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-louis-anne-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Michael’s College of Laguna [http://www.smcl.edu.ph/] * Saint Peter’s College Seminary [http://spcs.edu.ph/about.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110173813/http://spcs.edu.ph/about.php |date=2016-11-10 }} * Saints John and Paul Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/saints-john-paul-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080512/https://ched.gov.ph/saints-john-paul-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Antonio De Padua College [http://sapc.edu.ph/] * San Ildefonso College [https://ched.gov.ph/san-ildefonso-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080432/https://ched.gov.ph/san-ildefonso-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Pablo Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/san-pablo-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080743/https://ched.gov.ph/san-pablo-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Pedro College of Business Administration [http://www.spcba.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083235/https://www.spcba.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Sebastian College Recoletos Canlubang [https://ched.gov.ph/san-sebastian-college-recoletos-canlubang-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080706/https://ched.gov.ph/san-sebastian-college-recoletos-canlubang-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Sebastian Colleg Recoletos de Cavite [http://www.sscr.edu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705033910/http://www.sscr.edu/ |date=2008-07-05 }} * Siena College of Taytay [http://www.sct.edu.ph/] * Skill Power Institute [http://www.spi.edu.ph/] * South Forbes City College [http://www.sfcitycollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://www.sfcitycollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southdale International School of Science, Arts and Techology [https://ched.gov.ph/southdale-international-school-science-arts-techology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081002/https://ched.gov.ph/southdale-international-school-science-arts-techology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University Judge Guillermo Eleazar Polytechnic College -Tagkawayan [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University Tiaong [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University Alabat [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University Infanta [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University- Lucena [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University Polilio [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University Sampaloc [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Philippines Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-philippines-institute-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080604/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-philippines-institute-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Augustine School of Nursing Lucena [http://www.sasn.edu.ph/] * St. Augustine School of Nursing Lipa [http://www.sasn.edu.ph/] * St. Constantine Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/st-constantine-institute-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080813/https://ched.gov.ph/st-constantine-institute-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Dominic College of Asia [http://sfstheo.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916124117/http://sfstheo.edu.ph/ |date=2019-09-16 }} * St. Francis de Sales Theological Seminary [http://sfstheo.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916124117/http://sfstheo.edu.ph/ |date=2019-09-16 }} * St. Joseph College Rosario, Batangas [https://ched.gov.ph/st-joseph-college-rosario-batangas-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080935/https://ched.gov.ph/st-joseph-college-rosario-batangas-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Joseph College Cavite City [http://www.sjccavite.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126004240/http://www.sjccavite.org/ |date=2019-01-26 }} * St. Joseph’s College of Rodriguez [http://www.sjcqc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080512/https://sjcqc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Jude College [http://www.stjude.edu.ph/homepage/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214130210/http://www.stjude.edu.ph/homepage/ |date=2018-02-14 }} * St. Mary Magdalene College of Laguna [https://ched.gov.ph/st-mary-magdalene-college-laguna-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080909/https://ched.gov.ph/st-mary-magdalene-college-laguna-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Matthew College [http://stmatthewcollege.ph/wp/] * Sta. Teresa College [https://ched.gov.ph/sta-teresa-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080624/https://ched.gov.ph/sta-teresa-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College Bacoor [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Balayan [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Batangas [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Calamba [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Dasmarinas [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Lucena [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Ortigas Cainta [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College San Pablo [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Sta. Cruz [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Sta. Rosa [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Tanauan [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Lipa [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Rosario [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Tagaytay [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Tanay [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI eCollege Southwoods [https://www.sti.edu/] * Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences [https://ched.gov.ph/sumulong-college-arts-sciences-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080757/https://ched.gov.ph/sumulong-college-arts-sciences-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tanauan City College [https://ched.gov.ph/tanauan-city-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081007/https://ched.gov.ph/tanauan-city-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tanauan Institute [http://www.tanauaninstitute.edu.ph/] * Tayabas Western Academy [https://ched.gov.ph/tayabas-western-academy-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080819/https://ched.gov.ph/tayabas-western-academy-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Technological University of the Philippines Cavite [http://www.tup.edu.ph/cavite/home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621152045/http://www.tup.edu.ph/cavite/home |date=2018-06-21 }} * Teodoro M. Luansing College of Rosario [https://ched.gov.ph/teodoro-m-luansing-college-rosario-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080849/https://ched.gov.ph/teodoro-m-luansing-college-rosario-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The Bearer Of Light & Wisdom Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/bearer-light-wisdom-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081040/https://ched.gov.ph/bearer-light-wisdom-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tomas Claudio Colleges [http://tcc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217091633/http://tcc.edu.ph/ |date=2020-02-17 }} * Trace College [http://trimexcolleges.edu.ph/] * Trimex College [http://trimexcolleges.edu.ph/] * Unciano Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/unciano-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080853/https://ched.gov.ph/unciano-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Unida Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/unida-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080901/https://ched.gov.ph/unida-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Union College of Laguna [https://ched.gov.ph/union-college-laguna-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080749/https://ched.gov.ph/union-college-laguna-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Batangas [http://www.ub.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018041942/http://www.ub.edu.ph/ |date=2007-10-18 }} * University of Batangas Lipa [http://www.ub.edu.ph/UBLC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080347/http://www.ub.edu.ph/UBLC |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Perpetual Help Dr. Jose G. Tamayo Medical University [https://uphdjgtmedicaluniversity.edu.ph/] * University of Perpetual Help Rizal Molino Campus [http://perpetualdalta.edu.ph/molino-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123184513/http://perpetualdalta.edu.ph/molino-campus |date=2018-01-23 }} * University of Perpetual Help System Dalta Calamba [http://perpetualdalta.edu.ph/academics/calamba]{{Dead link|date=Hulyo 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * University of Perpetual Help System GMA Campus [http://gma.uphsl.edu.ph/] * University of Perpetual Help System Laguna [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System-Angono [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Antipolo [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Binangonan [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Cainta [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Cardona [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Morong [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Pililia [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Rodriguez [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Tanay [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Taytay [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of the Philippines Los Banos [https://uplb.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211041257/https://uplb.edu.ph/ |date=2022-12-11 }} * Western Colleges [http://www.wci.edu.ph/contact/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127070146/http://www.wci.edu.ph/contact/ |date=2019-11-27 }} * Westmead International School [http://www.westmead-is.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093514/https://www.westmead-is.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * West Point College – Magallanes [http://cavitewestpointcollege2000.blogspot.com/] * World Citi Colleges [http://www.worldciti.edu.ph/] * Young Ji College [http://www.upou.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines Open University [http://www.upou.edu.ph/] == Rehiyon IV-B == * Abada College [https://ched.gov.ph/abada-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080641/https://ched.gov.ph/abada-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ACLC College of Calapan [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/p/aclc-campuses-mimaropa.html] * Ark of the Covenant Montessori Chamber of Learning College [https://ched.gov.ph/ark-of-the-covenant-montessori-chamber-of-learning-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081005/https://ched.gov.ph/ark-of-the-covenant-montessori-chamber-of-learning-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Clarendon College [https://ched.gov.ph/clarendon-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081037/https://ched.gov.ph/clarendon-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CLCC Institute of Computer Arts & Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/clcc-institute-of-computer-arts-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080805/https://ched.gov.ph/clcc-institute-of-computer-arts-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Sebastian [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-sebastian-sablayan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080738/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-sebastian-sablayan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divine Word College of Calapan [https://ched.gov.ph/divine-word-college-calapan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080632/https://ched.gov.ph/divine-word-college-calapan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divine Word College of San Jose [http://www.dwcsj.edu.ph/] * Eastern Mindoro College [https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-mindoro-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081135/https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-mindoro-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Erhard Science and Technological Institute – Oriental Mindoro, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/erhard-science-and-technological-institute-oriental-mindoro-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080442/https://ched.gov.ph/erhard-science-and-technological-institute-oriental-mindoro-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Educational Systems Technological Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/educational-systems-technological-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080858/https://ched.gov.ph/educational-systems-technological-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * EMA EMITS College Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/ema-emits-college-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080448/https://ched.gov.ph/ema-emits-college-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Erhard Systems Technological Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/erhard-systems-technological-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080831/https://ched.gov.ph/erhard-systems-technological-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Fullbright College [https://ched.gov.ph/fullbright-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080822/https://ched.gov.ph/fullbright-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Grace Mission College [https://ched.gov.ph/grace-mission-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080736/https://ched.gov.ph/grace-mission-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Trinity University [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-trinity-university-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080620/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-trinity-university-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Innovative College of Science and Technology [http://home.icst.edu.ph/] * Institute of Business Science & Medical Arts [https://ibsmainc.weebly.com/] * John Paul College [https://ched.gov.ph/john-paul-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080647/https://ched.gov.ph/john-paul-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Luna Goco Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/luna-goco-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080954/https://ched.gov.ph/luna-goco-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Malindig Institute Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/malindig-institute-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080818/https://ched.gov.ph/malindig-institute-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marinduque Midwest College [https://ched.gov.ph/marinduque-midwest-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081007/https://ched.gov.ph/marinduque-midwest-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marinduque State College – Gasan [https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716053548/https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-16 }} * Marinduque State College – Main Campus [https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716053548/https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-16 }} * Marinduque State College – Sta. Cruz [https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716053548/https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-16 }} * Marinduque State College – Torrijos [https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716053548/https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-16 }} * Mina De Oro Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/mina-de-oro-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081336/https://ched.gov.ph/mina-de-oro-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindoro State College of Agriculture & Technology – Bongabong [https://www.minscat.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730031647/https://www.minscat.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Mindoro State College of Agriculture & Technology – Calapan [https://www.minscat.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730031647/https://www.minscat.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Mindoro State College of Agriculture & Technology – Main [https://www.minscat.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730031647/https://www.minscat.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Occidental Mindoro State College – Labangan [http://www.omsc.edu.ph/] * Occidental Mindoro State College – Main [http://www.omsc.edu.ph/] * Occidental Mindoro State College – Mamburao [http://www.omsc.edu.ph/] * Occidental Mindoro State College – Murtha [http://www.omsc.edu.ph/] * Occidental Mindoro State College – Sablayan [http://www.omsc.edu.ph/] * Palawan Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/palawan-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080830/https://ched.gov.ph/palawan-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Palawan State University – Araceli [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Balabac [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Bataraza [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Brooke’s Point [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Coron [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Cuyo [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Dumaran [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – El Nido [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Linapacan [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Main [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/] * Palawan State University – Narra [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Quezon [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Rizal [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Roxas [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – San Rafael, Puerto Princesa [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – San Vicente [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Sofronio Española [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Taytay [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan Technological College [https://ched.gov.ph/palawan-technological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080814/https://ched.gov.ph/palawan-technological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Paradigm College of Science & Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/paradigm-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081203/https://ched.gov.ph/paradigm-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Central Islands College [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-central-islands-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080930/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-central-islands-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pinamalayan Maritime Foundation Technological College [https://pmftci.edufrog.online/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224317/https://pmftci.edufrog.online/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Bansud Campus [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Sablayan Campus [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Prince of Peace College [https://ched.gov.ph/prince-peace-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080424/https://ched.gov.ph/prince-peace-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – Cajidiocan [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/]{{Dead link|date=Marso 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Romblon State University – Calatrava [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – Main [http://rsu.edu.ph/] * Romblon State University – Romblon [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – San Agustin [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – San Andres [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – San Fernando [http://rsu.edu.ph/] * Romblon State University – San Jose [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – Sawang [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – Sta. Fe [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – Sta. Maria [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Augustine Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-augustine-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081307/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-augustine-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Francisco Javier College [https://ched.gov.ph/san-francisco-javier-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080949/https://ched.gov.ph/san-francisco-javier-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Lorenzo Ruiz Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/san-lorenzo-ruiz-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080914/https://ched.gov.ph/san-lorenzo-ruiz-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Santa Cruz Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/santa-cruz-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080747/https://ched.gov.ph/santa-cruz-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Seminario De San Jose [https://ched.gov.ph/seminario-de-san-jose-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080725/https://ched.gov.ph/seminario-de-san-jose-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southwestern College of Maritime, Business and Technology [https://scmbt.edu.ph/] * Southwestern Institute of Business and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/southwestern-institute-business-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081052/https://ched.gov.ph/southwestern-institute-business-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Anthony College [http://sacci-online.com/]{{Dead link|date=Marso 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * St. Mary’s College of Marinduque [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-marinduque-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080730/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-marinduque-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College – Puerto Princesa [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=56] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072608/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=56 |date=2017-12-18 }} * Western Philippines University – Busuanga [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Philippines University – Culion [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Philippines University – El Nido [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Philippines University – Main [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Philippines University – Puerto Princesa [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Philippines University – Quezon [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Philippines University – Rio Tuba [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112 |date=2021-09-04 }} == Rehiyon V == * ACLC College of Daet [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Iriga City, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Sorsogon, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * Aemilianum College [http://aemilianum.edu.ph/aci/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730105835/http://aemilianum.edu.ph/aci/index.php |date=2021-07-30 }} * Aeronautical Academy of the Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/aeronautical-academy-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730112012/https://ched.gov.ph/aeronautical-academy-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Ago Medical and Educational Center [http://amecbccm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225611/http://amecbccm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Alfelor Sr. Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/alfelor-sr-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904131901/https://ched.gov.ph/alfelor-sr-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College – Legazpi City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College – Naga [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Amando Cope College [https://ched.gov.ph/amando-cope-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904090740/https://ched.gov.ph/amando-cope-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Annunciation College of Bacon Sorsogon Unit, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/annunciation-college-bacon-sorsogon-unit-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730113634/https://ched.gov.ph/annunciation-college-bacon-sorsogon-unit-inc-profile/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Ateneo De Naga University [https://www.adnu.edu.ph/] * Belen B. Francisco Foundation-Albay [https://ched.gov.ph/belen-b-francisco-foundation-daraga-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730112856/https://ched.gov.ph/belen-b-francisco-foundation-daraga-profile/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Belen B. Francisco Foundation-Sorsogon [https://ched.gov.ph/belen-b-francisco-foundation-sorsogon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080957/https://ched.gov.ph/belen-b-francisco-foundation-sorsogon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bicol Christian College of Medicine [http://amecbccm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225611/http://amecbccm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Bicol College [http://bicolcollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://bicolcollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bicol Merchant Marine College [https://ched.gov.ph/bicol-merchant-marine-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080821/https://ched.gov.ph/bicol-merchant-marine-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bicol State College of Applied Sciences and Technology [https://www.biscast.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919174637/https://www.biscast.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-19 }} * Bicol Training and Technological College [https://ched.gov.ph/bicol-training-and-technological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080837/https://ched.gov.ph/bicol-training-and-technological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bicol University – College of Agriculture and Forestry [http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224322/http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Bicol University – Daraga Campus [http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224322/http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Bicol University – Gubat Campus [http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/gubat+campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080401/https://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/gubat+campus |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bicol University – Main [http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224322/http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Bicol University – Polangui Campus [http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/polangui+campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093146/https://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/polangui+campus |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bicol University – Tabaco Campus [http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/tabaco+campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094716/https://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/tabaco+campus |date=2021-09-04 }} * Brentwood College of Asia International School [https://ched.gov.ph/brentwood-college-asia-international-school-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080735/https://ched.gov.ph/brentwood-college-asia-international-school-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BST Grace College [https://ched.gov.ph/bst-grace-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080914/https://ched.gov.ph/bst-grace-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Camarines Norte College [https://ched.gov.ph/camarines-norte-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080445/https://ched.gov.ph/camarines-norte-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Camarines Norte College of Arts and Business [https://ched.gov.ph/camarines-norte-college-arts-business-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080626/https://ched.gov.ph/camarines-norte-college-arts-business-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Camarines Norte School of Laws, Arts and Sciences [https://ched.gov.ph/camarines-norte-school-laws-arts-sciences-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080825/https://ched.gov.ph/camarines-norte-school-laws-arts-sciences-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Camarines Norte State College-Abaño Campus [http://cnsc.edu.ph/] * Camarines Norte State College-Entienza Campus [http://cnsc.edu.ph/] * Camarines Norte State College-Labo Campus [http://cnsc.edu.ph/] * Camarines Norte State College-Main [http://cnsc.edu.ph/] * Camarines Norte State College-Mercedes Campus [http://cnsc.edu.ph/] * Camarines Norte State College-Panganiban Campus [http://cnsc.edu.ph/] * Camarines Sur Polytechnic College-Main [https://cspc.edu.ph/] * Capalonga College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/capalonga-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904135023/https://ched.gov.ph/capalonga-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cataingan Polytechnic Institute * Catanduanes Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/catanduanes-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080959/https://ched.gov.ph/catanduanes-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Catanduanes Institute of Technology Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/catanduanes-institute-technology-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080720/https://ched.gov.ph/catanduanes-institute-technology-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Catanduanes State University – Main [http://www.catanduanesstateu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www.catanduanesstateu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Catanduanes State University – Panganiban [http://www.catanduanesstateu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www.catanduanesstateu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ceguera Technological College [https://ched.gov.ph/ceguera-technological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080426/https://ched.gov.ph/ceguera-technological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Central Bicol State University of Agriculture – Calabanga [http://www.cbsua.edu.ph/] * Central Bicol State University of Agriculture – Main [http://www.cbsua.edu.ph/] * Central Bicol State University of Agriculture – Pasacao [http://www.cbsua.edu.ph/] * Central Bicol State University of Agriculture – Sipocot [http://www.cbsua.edu.ph/] * Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes [https://ched.gov.ph/christian-polytechnic-institute-catanduanes-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080657/https://ched.gov.ph/christian-polytechnic-institute-catanduanes-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Sta. Monica of Polangui, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sta-monica-polangui-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080952/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sta-monica-polangui-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Computer Arts and Technological College [https://ched.gov.ph/computer-arts-technological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080701/https://ched.gov.ph/computer-arts-technological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Computer Arts and Technological College-Ligao City * Computer Arts and Technological College-Polangui Campus * Computer Communication Development Institute-Legazpi City * Computer Communication Development Institute-Naga * Computer Communication Development Institute-Sorsogon * Computer Systems Institute * Daniel B. Peña Memorial College Foundation [https://dbpmcf.edu.ph/HOME.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225622/https://dbpmcf.edu.ph/HOME.html |date=2021-06-27 }} * De Vera Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/de-vera-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080833/https://ched.gov.ph/de-vera-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divine Word College of Legazpi [https://www.dwc-legazpi.edu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928194938/https://www.dwc-legazpi.edu/ |date=2021-09-28 }} * Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College-Dr. Ruby Lanting Casaul Educational Foundation, Inc. * Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa, Sr. Memorial State College of Agriculture and Technology [http://www.debesmscat.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://www.debesmscat.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Estenias Science Foundation School [https://ched.gov.ph/estenias-science-foundation-school-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081002/https://ched.gov.ph/estenias-science-foundation-school-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Fatima School of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/fatima-school-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081152/https://ched.gov.ph/fatima-school-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Felix O. Alfelor Sr. Foundation College * Forbes Colleges [http://forbes.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://forbes.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Rosary Major Seminary * Holy Rosary Minor Seminary * Holy Trinity College of Camarines Sur * Holy Trinity College Seminary * Immaculate Conception College-Albay [https://ched.gov.ph/immaculate-conception-college-albay-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081053/https://ched.gov.ph/immaculate-conception-college-albay-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Infotech Development Systems Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/infotech-development-systems-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080835/https://ched.gov.ph/infotech-development-systems-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College-Daet [https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-daet-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080818/https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-daet-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College-Iriga City [http://lcc-i.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://lcc-i.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Liceo De Masbate [https://ched.gov.ph/liceo-de-masbate-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080940/https://ched.gov.ph/liceo-de-masbate-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Liceo de San Jacinto Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/liceo-de-san-jacinto-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081144/https://ched.gov.ph/liceo-de-san-jacinto-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lower Isarog Foundation Exponent [https://ched.gov.ph/lower-isarog-foundation-exponent-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080919/https://ched.gov.ph/lower-isarog-foundation-exponent-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Luis H. Dilanco Sr. Foundation College [https://ched.gov.ph/luis-h-dilanco-sr-foundation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080746/https://ched.gov.ph/luis-h-dilanco-sr-foundation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mabini Colleges [http://www.mabinicolleges.edu.ph/] * Mariners’ Polytechnic Colleges-Naga City [http://marinersnaga.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://marinersnaga.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mariners&#8217; Polytechnic Colleges Foundation of Canaman, Inc. [http://marinerscanaman.edu.ph/] * Mariners&#8217; Polytechnic Colleges Foundation of Legazpi City, Inc. [http://marinerslegazpi.edu.ph/] * Masbate Central Technical Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/masbate-central-technical-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080845/https://ched.gov.ph/masbate-central-technical-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Masbate Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/masbate-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080949/https://ched.gov.ph/masbate-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Masbate Polytechnic and Development College [https://ched.gov.ph/masbate-polytechnic-and-development-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080846/https://ched.gov.ph/masbate-polytechnic-and-development-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mater Salutis College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/mater-salutis-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081056/https://ched.gov.ph/mater-salutis-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mountview College [https://ched.gov.ph/mountview-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080811/https://ched.gov.ph/mountview-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Naga College Foundation [https://www.ncf.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711175419/https://www.ncf.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-11 }} * Naga View Adventist College [https://nvac.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174053/https://nvac.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-19 }} * Osmeña Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/osmena-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080558/https://ched.gov.ph/osmena-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation [https://ollcfd.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224153/https://ollcfd.org/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Our Lady of Peñafrancia Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/our-lady-of-penafrancia-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081020/https://ched.gov.ph/our-lady-of-penafrancia-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Salvation College [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-salvation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080903/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-salvation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of the Most Holy Trinity College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/our-lady-of-the-most-holy-trinity-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081304/https://ched.gov.ph/our-lady-of-the-most-holy-trinity-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Partido College [https://ched.gov.ph/partido-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080717/https://ched.gov.ph/partido-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Partido State University-Main [http://www.parsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322022538/http://www.parsu.edu.ph/ |date=2016-03-22 }} * Partido State University-Caramoan Campus [https://www.parsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924005624/https://www.parsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-24 }} * Partido State University-Lagonoy Campus [https://www.parsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924005624/https://www.parsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-24 }} * Partido State University-Sagñay Campus [http://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/sagnay-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803000343/https://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/sagnay-campus |date=2021-08-03 }} * Partido State University-Salogon Campus [http://parsu.edu.ph/index.php/salogon-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/salogon-campus |date=2021-09-04 }} * Partido State University – San Jose [http://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/san-jose-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081501/https://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/san-jose-campus |date=2021-09-04 }} * Partido State University-Tinambac Campus [http://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/tinambac-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803004119/https://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/tinambac-campus |date=2021-08-03 }} * Perpetual Help Paramedical School [https://ched.gov.ph/perpetual-help-paramedical-school-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080709/https://ched.gov.ph/perpetual-help-paramedical-school-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Computer Foundation College – Naga City [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-computer-foundation-college-naga-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080800/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-computer-foundation-college-naga-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Computer Foundation College – Pili [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-computer-foundation-college-pili-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080704/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-computer-foundation-college-pili-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pili Capital College [https://ched.gov.ph/pili-capital-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080612/https://ched.gov.ph/pili-capital-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PLT College of Guinobatan [https://pltcollegeguinobatan.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://pltcollegeguinobatan.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Polytechnic Institute of Tabaco [https://ched.gov.ph/polytechnic-institute-tabaco-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081028/https://ched.gov.ph/polytechnic-institute-tabaco-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Ragay Campus [https://www.pup.edu.ph/ragay/] * R.G. de Castro Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/r-g-de-castro-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081031/https://ched.gov.ph/r-g-de-castro-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Regina Mondi College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/regina-mondi-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081028/https://ched.gov.ph/regina-mondi-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Republic Colleges of Guinobatan, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/republic-colleges-guinobatan-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080810/https://ched.gov.ph/republic-colleges-guinobatan-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Louise De Marillac College of Sorsogon [https://ched.gov.ph/st-louise-de-marillac-college-of-sorsogon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081147/https://ched.gov.ph/st-louise-de-marillac-college-of-sorsogon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Shepherdville College [https://ched.gov.ph/shepherdville-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080453/https://ched.gov.ph/shepherdville-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Siena College Tigaon, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/siena-college-tigaon-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080928/https://ched.gov.ph/siena-college-tigaon-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Solis Institute of Technology [https://sit-bulan.wixsite.com/sit-bulan/welcome] * Sorsogon College of Criminology [https://ched.gov.ph/sorsogon-college-criminology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081018/https://ched.gov.ph/sorsogon-college-criminology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sorsogon State College – Bulan Campus [https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225239/https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Sorsogon State College – Castilla Campus [https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225239/https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Sorsogon State College – Magallanes Campus [https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225239/https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Sorsogon State College-Main [https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225239/https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Southern Bicol Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-bicol-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080714/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-bicol-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080635/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon Technological College Foundation-Legazpi [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-technological-college-foundation-legazpi-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080434/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-technological-college-foundation-legazpi-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon Technological College Foundation Pilar, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-technological-college-foundation-pilar-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081315/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-technological-college-foundation-pilar-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon Technological College Foundation-Pioduran [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-technological-college-foundation-pioduran-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080732/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-technological-college-foundation-pioduran-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Masbate Roosevelt College [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-masbate-roosevelt-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080606/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-masbate-roosevelt-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Speed Computer College [https://ched.gov.ph/speed-computer-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080855/https://ched.gov.ph/speed-computer-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * SPJ International Technology Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/spj-international-technology-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080751/https://ched.gov.ph/spj-international-technology-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Francis Carraciolo Culinary Academy [https://ched.gov.ph/st-francis-carraciolo-culinary-academy-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081323/https://ched.gov.ph/st-francis-carraciolo-culinary-academy-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Peter Baptist College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/st-peter-baptist-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080943/https://ched.gov.ph/st-peter-baptist-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sta. Elena (Camarines Norte) College [https://ched.gov.ph/sta-elena-camarines-norte-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080843/https://ched.gov.ph/sta-elena-camarines-norte-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sta. Elena Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/sta-elena-institute-of-science-and-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080933/https://ched.gov.ph/sta-elena-institute-of-science-and-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College-Legazpi [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=46#.WhZhhkqWbIU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072532/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=46#.WhZhhkqWbIU |date=2017-12-18 }} * STI College – Naga [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=55#.WhZh00qWbIU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072602/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=55#.WhZh00qWbIU |date=2017-12-18 }} * Tabaco College [https://ched.gov.ph/tabaco-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080641/https://ched.gov.ph/tabaco-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tanchuling College [http://www.tanchuling.edu.ph/] * The Lewis College [https://thelewiscollege.edu.ph/] * Universidad de Sta. Isabel [http://www.usi.edu.ph/] * University of Northeastern Philippines [http://inet.unep.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225826/http://inet.unep.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * University of Nueva Caceres [http://www.unc.edu.ph/] * University of Saint Anthony [https://usant.edu.ph/] * University of Santo Tomas-Legazpi [https://www.ust-legazpi.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/https://www.ust-legazpi.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Veritas College of Irosin [https://ched.gov.ph/veritas-college-irosin-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080713/https://ched.gov.ph/veritas-college-irosin-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * West Coast College [https://ched.gov.ph/west-coast-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080629/https://ched.gov.ph/west-coast-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Worldtech Resources Foundation-Iriga City [https://wricolleges.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/https://wricolleges.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Worldtech Resources Foundation-Naga City [https://wricolleges.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/https://wricolleges.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Zamora Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/zamora-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081038/https://ched.gov.ph/zamora-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }}</p> == Rehiyon VI == * ABE International College of Business and Economics, Iloilo City [http://www.abe.edu.ph/iloilo/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225110/http://abe.edu.ph/iloilo/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * ACLC College of Iloilo [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/p/aclc-college-iloilo.html] * ACSI College of Iloilo, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/acsi-college-iloilo-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080901/https://ched.gov.ph/acsi-college-iloilo-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Advance Central College [http://advancecentralcollege.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Hunyo 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Aklan Catholic College [http://acc.edu.ph/accnew/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226195202/http://acc.edu.ph/accnew/ |date=2019-02-26 }} * Aklan Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/aklan-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080621/https://ched.gov.ph/aklan-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Aklan State University, Ibajay Campus [http://ibajay.asu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704131112/http://ibajay.asu.edu.ph/ |date=2020-07-04 }} * Aklan State University, Kalibo Campus [http://kalibo.asu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703093643/http://kalibo.asu.edu.ph/ |date=2020-07-03 }} * Aklan State University, Main Campus [http://www.asu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728142357/https://asu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-28 }} * Aklan State University, Makato Campus [http://www.asu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728142357/https://asu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-28 }} * Aklan State University, New Washington Campus [http://newwashington.asu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704131117/http://newwashington.asu.edu.ph/ |date=2020-07-04 }} * AMA Computer College – Iloilo [http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ama-campuses-western-visayas.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ama-campuses-western-visayas.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cabalum Western College [http://cwciloilo.yolasite.com/] * Capiz State University, Burias Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Dayao Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Dumarao Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Main Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Mambusao Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Pilar Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Pontevedra Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Sapian Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Sigma Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Tapaz Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Central Philippine University [http://www.cpu.edu.ph/cpucmsv2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212011012/http://www.cpu.edu.ph/cpucmsv2/ |date=2021-02-12 }} * Colegio de San Jose [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-jose-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081007/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-jose-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio del Sagrado Corazon de Jesus [http://cscj.edu.ph/] * Colegio dela Purisima Concepcion [http://edge.purisima.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904091705/http://edge.purisima.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of St. John-Roxas [http://www.collegeofstjohnroxas.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://www.collegeofstjohnroxas.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dominican College of Iloilo [https://ched.gov.ph/dominican-college-iloilo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080721/https://ched.gov.ph/dominican-college-iloilo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Filamer Christian University [http://www.filamer.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126194837/http://filamer.edu.ph/ |date=2021-01-26 }} * Garcia College of Technology [https://gcteduph.wordpress.com/] * GSEF College [https://ched.gov.ph/gsef-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080935/https://ched.gov.ph/gsef-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Guimaras State College, Baterna Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/guimaras-state-college-baterna-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080716/https://ched.gov.ph/guimaras-state-college-baterna-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Guimaras State College, Main Campus [http://www1.gsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080554/https://www.gsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Guimaras State College, Mosqueda Campus [http://www1.gsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080554/https://www.gsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * HERCOR College [http://www.hercorcollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831011050/http://www.hercorcollege.edu.ph/ |date=2013-08-31 }} * Hua Siong College of Iloilo [https://ched.gov.ph/hua-siong-college-iloilo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081023/https://ched.gov.ph/hua-siong-college-iloilo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iloilo Doctor’s College [http://idc.edu.ph/] * Iloilo Doctor’s College of Medicine, Inc. [http://idc.edu.ph/academics/programs/college-of-medicine/] * Iloilo Science And Technology University – Barotac Nuevo Campus [http://wvcstbnc.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Iloilo Science And Technology University – Dumangas Campus [http://www.isatu.edu.ph/] * Iloilo Science And Technology University – Leon Campus [http://www.isatu.edu.ph/] * Iloilo Science And Technology University – Main Campus [http://www.isatu.edu.ph/] * Iloilo Science And Technology University – Miagao Campus [http://www.sipc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904104735/https://www.sipc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iloilo State College of Fisheries, Barotac Nuevo Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-barotac-nuevo-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080757/https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-barotac-nuevo-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iloilo State College of Fisheries, Dingle Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-dingle-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081012/https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-dingle-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iloilo State College of Fisheries, Dumangas Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-dumangas-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080945/https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-dumangas-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iloilo State College of Fisheries, Main Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-main-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080811/https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-main-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iloilo State College of Fisheries, San Enrique Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-san-enrique-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080816/https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-san-enrique-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Integrated Midwives Association of the Philippines Foundation School of Midwifery, Inc. [http://imapinc.org/public/imapinc/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://imapinc.org/public/imapinc/index.php |date=2021-09-04 }} * Interface Computer College [http://home.interfacecollege.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126020311/http://home.interfacecollege.org/ |date=2021-01-26 }} * John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Arevalo, Inc. [http://www.jblfmu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802025025/https://www.jblfmu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-02 }} * John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Molo, Inc. [http://www.jblfmu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802025025/https://www.jblfmu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-02 }} * New Lucena Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/new-lucena-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080847/https://ched.gov.ph/new-lucena-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Ajuy Campus [http://nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-ajuy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302231646/https://www.nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-ajuy |date=2021-03-02 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Barotac Viejo Campus [http://nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-barotac-viejo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302225735/https://www.nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-barotac-viejo |date=2021-03-02 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Batad Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-iloilo-polytechnic-state-college-batad-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081328/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-iloilo-polytechnic-state-college-batad-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Concepcion Campus [http://nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-concepcion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302230429/https://www.nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-concepcion |date=2021-03-02 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Lemery Campus [http://nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-lemery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302223819/https://www.nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-lemery |date=2021-03-02 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Main Campus [http://nipsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730031647/https://www.nipsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Sara Campus [http://nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-sara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302234841/https://www.nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-sara |date=2021-03-02 }} * Northwestern Visayan Colleges [http://www.nvc.edu.ph/] * Panay Technological College [https://ched.gov.ph/panay-technological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080912/https://ched.gov.ph/panay-technological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pandan Bay Institute, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/pandan-bay-institute-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081023/https://ched.gov.ph/pandan-bay-institute-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine College of Business and Accountancy [http://www.pcba.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://www.pcba.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Gabriel College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-gabriel-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080704/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-gabriel-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sancta Maria et Regina Seminarium [https://ched.gov.ph/sancta-maria-et-regina-seminarium-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080848/https://ched.gov.ph/sancta-maria-et-regina-seminarium-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Santa Isabel College of Iloilo City [https://ched.gov.ph/santa-isabel-college-iloilo-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080507/https://ched.gov.ph/santa-isabel-college-iloilo-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Anne College of Iloilo [https://ched.gov.ph/st-anne-college-iloilo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080751/https://ched.gov.ph/st-anne-college-iloilo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Anthony’s College of Antique [http://sac.edu.ph/] * St. Anthony’s College of Roxas City [http://www.sachri.edu.ph/] * St. Paul University Iloilo [http://spuiloilo.edu.ph/] * St. Therese-MTC College-La Fiesta [http://sttheresemtcc.com/LaFiesta/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://sttheresemtcc.com/LaFiesta/index.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Therese-MTC College-Magdalo [http://sttheresemtcc.com/Magdalo/index.html]{{Dead link|date=Abril 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * St. Therese-MTC College-Tigbauan [http://sttheresemtcc.com/Tigbauan/index.html]{{Dead link|date=Abril 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * St. Vincenct Ferrer Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/st-vincenct-ferrer-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081010/https://ched.gov.ph/st-vincenct-ferrer-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St.Vincent College of Business and Accountancy [https://ched.gov.ph/st-vincent-college-business-accountancy-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081057/https://ched.gov.ph/st-vincent-college-business-accountancy-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Vincent College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/st-vincent-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080917/https://ched.gov.ph/st-vincent-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College – Kalibo [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=69] * STI College – Iloilo [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=68] * Sto. Niño Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/sto-nio-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080757/https://ched.gov.ph/sto-nio-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Antique, Hamtic Campus [https://antiquespride.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094129/https://antiquespride.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Antique, Main Campus [https://antiquespride.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * University of Antique, Tibiao Campus [https://antiquespride.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * University of Iloilo [http://ui.phinma.edu.ph/] * University of San Agustin [http://www.usa.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines – Visayas [https://www.upv.edu.ph/] * West Visayas State University, Calinog Campus [http://wvsu.edu.ph/] * West Visayas State University, Janiuay Campus [http://janiuay.wvsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081835/https://janiuay.wvsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * West Visayas State University, Lambunao Campus [https://wvsu.edu.ph/external-campus/lambunao-campus/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081829/https://wvsu.edu.ph/external-campus/lambunao-campus/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * West Visayas State University, Main Campus [https://wvsu.edu.ph/] * West Visayas State University, Pototan Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/west-visayas-state-university-pototan-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080429/https://ched.gov.ph/west-visayas-state-university-pototan-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Institute of Technology [http://wit.vic.edu.au/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://wit.vic.edu.au/ |date=2021-09-04 }} == Rehiyon VII == * ACLC College – Tagbilaran [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Mandaue [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College – Cebu [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-Dumaguete [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Asian College of Science and Technology-Dumaguete [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-college-science-technology-dumaguete-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080712/https://ched.gov.ph/asian-college-science-technology-dumaguete-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian College of Technology International Education Foundation [https://www.act.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822073732/https://www.act.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-22 }} * Bantayan Southern Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/bantayan-southern-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080917/https://ched.gov.ph/bantayan-southern-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Baptist Theological College [http://btccgst.org/] * Batuan Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/batuan-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081149/https://ched.gov.ph/batuan-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Benedicto College [http://benedictocollege.edu.ph/] * Benthel Asia School of Technology Inc. [http://benthelasia.edu.ph/] * BIT International College – Carmen [https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-carmen-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080615/https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-carmen-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BIT International College – Tagbilaran [https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-tagbilaran-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080643/https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-tagbilaran-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BIT International College- Siquijor [https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-siquijor-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080656/https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-siquijor-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BIT International College- Talibon [https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-talibon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080912/https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-talibon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BIT International College-Jagna [https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-jagna-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080759/https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-jagna-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Blessed Trinity College [https://ched.gov.ph/blessed-trinity-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080722/https://ched.gov.ph/blessed-trinity-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bohol International Learning College [https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-international-learning-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080943/https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-international-learning-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bohol Island State University – Balilihan [http://balilihan.bisu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002074411/http://balilihan.bisu.edu.ph/ |date=2019-10-02 }} * Bohol Island State University – Bilar [http://bilar.bisu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083230/http://bilar.bisu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bohol Island State University – Calape [http://calape.bisu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602170252/http://calape.bisu.edu.ph/ |date=2019-06-02 }} * Bohol Island State University – Candijay [http://www.bisu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927045042/http://www.bisu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-27 }} * Bohol Island State University – Clarin [http://www.bisuclarin.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225900/https://www.bisuclarin.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Bohol Island State University – Tagbilaran [http://www.bisu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927045042/http://www.bisu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-27 }} * Bohol Northern Star College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-northern-star-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080627/https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-northern-star-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bohol Northwestern Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-northwestern-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080652/https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-northwestern-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bohol Wisdom School [https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-wisdom-school-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080946/https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-wisdom-school-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Carmelite College of Siquijor [https://ched.gov.ph/carmelite-college-siquijor-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080754/https://ched.gov.ph/carmelite-college-siquijor-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CBD College [https://ched.gov.ph/cbd-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080638/https://ched.gov.ph/cbd-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cebu Aeronautical Technical School [http://www.cats.edu.ph/] * Cebu Doctors’ University [http://www.cebudoctorsuniversity.edu/] * Cebu Doctors’ University College of Medicine [http://www.cebudoctorsuniversity.edu/2013/colleges/medicine/admission.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111080659/http://cebudoctorsuniversity.edu/2013/colleges/medicine/admission.html/ |date=2019-11-11 }} * Cebu Eastern College [https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-eastern-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081016/https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-eastern-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cebu Institute of Medicine [http://cim.edu.ph/] * Cebu Institute of Technology – University [http://www.cit.edu/v6/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311114428/https://www.cit.edu/v6/ |date=2020-03-11 }} * Cebu Mary Immaculate College [https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-mary-immaculate-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080951/https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-mary-immaculate-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cebu Normal University [http://www.cnu.edu.ph/] * Cebu Roosevelt Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-roosevelt-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080824/https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-roosevelt-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cebu Sacred Heart College [https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-sacred-heart-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080628/https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-sacred-heart-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cebu School of Midwifery [https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-school-midwifery-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080724/https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-school-midwifery-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cebu Technological University – Argao [http://www.argao.ctu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210100331/http://www.argao.ctu.edu.ph/ |date=2019-02-10 }} * Cebu Technological University – Carmen [http://www.carmen.ctu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521205455/http://www.carmen.ctu.edu.ph/ |date=2018-05-21 }} * Cebu Technological University – Danao [http://www.ctu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814140359/http://ctu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-14 }} * Cebu Technological University – Main [http://www.ctu.edu.ph/tag/ctu-moalboal/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015331/https://www.ctu.edu.ph/tag/ctu-moalboal/ |date=2021-07-26 }} * Cebu Technological University – Moalboal [http://www.ctu.edu.ph/tag/ctu-moalboal/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015331/https://www.ctu.edu.ph/tag/ctu-moalboal/ |date=2021-07-26 }} * Cebu Technological University – San Francisco [http://www.sanfran.ctu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617180118/http://www.sanfran.ctu.edu.ph/ |date=2018-06-17 }} * Cebu Technological University – Tuburan [http://www.tuburan.ctu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417055908/http://www.tuburan.ctu.edu.ph/ |date=2018-04-17 }} * Central Philippine Bible College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/central-philippine-bible-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080450/https://ched.gov.ph/central-philippine-bible-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Centre for International Education Global Colleges [https://cts.powersites.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409222550/https://cts.powersites.ph/ |date=2018-04-09 }} * Colegio de San Antonio de Padua [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-antonio-de-padua-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080808/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-antonio-de-padua-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-santa-catalina-de-alejandria-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080808/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-santa-catalina-de-alejandria-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of Technological Sciences – Cebu [https://cts.powersites.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409222550/https://cts.powersites.ph/ |date=2018-04-09 }} * Collegium Societatis Angeli Pacis [https://ched.gov.ph/collegium-societatis-angeli-pacis-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080809/https://ched.gov.ph/collegium-societatis-angeli-pacis-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Concord Technical Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/concord-technical-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081017/https://ched.gov.ph/concord-technical-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Consolatrix College of Toledo City [https://ched.gov.ph/consolatrix-college-toledo-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080828/https://ched.gov.ph/consolatrix-college-toledo-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cristal e-College Panglao [http://www.cec.edu.ph/] * Cristal e-College Tagbilaran [http://www.cec.edu.ph/] * De La Salle Andres Soriano Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/de-la-salle-andres-soriano-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081033/https://ched.gov.ph/de-la-salle-andres-soriano-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Diaz College [https://ched.gov.ph/diaz-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080816/https://ched.gov.ph/diaz-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Don Bosco Technology Center [https://dbtc-cebu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081455/https://dbtc-cebu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Evangelical Theological College of the Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/evangelical-theological-college-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080827/https://ched.gov.ph/evangelical-theological-college-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Felipe R. Verallo Memorial Foundation-Bogo [https://ched.gov.ph/felipe-r-verallo-memorial-foundation-bogo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080954/https://ched.gov.ph/felipe-r-verallo-memorial-foundation-bogo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Foundation University [https://foundationu.com/] * Golden Success College [https://ched.gov.ph/golden-success-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080941/https://ched.gov.ph/golden-success-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Name University [http://www.htcgsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://www.htcgsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Trinity College [http://www.htcgsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://www.htcgsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary [http://ihms-bohol.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821040621/http://ihms-bohol.com/ |date=2021-08-21 }} * Immanuel Bible College [https://ched.gov.ph/immanuel-bible-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080803/https://ched.gov.ph/immanuel-bible-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Indiana School of Aeronautics [http://iau.com.ph/college/] * Informatics College Cebu [http://www.informatics.edu.ph/] * La Consolacion College – Bais [https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-bais-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080852/https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-bais-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolascion College – Lilo-an [https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-lilo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080954/https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-lilo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Larmen de Guia Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/larmen-de-guia-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080623/https://ched.gov.ph/larmen-de-guia-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of Cebu [http://lyceum.cebucficoop.com.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418144430/http://lyceum.cebucficoop.com.ph/ |date=2019-04-18 }} * Mary Our Help Technical Institute for Women [http://mdc.ph/] * Mary’s Children Formation College [https://ched.gov.ph/marys-children-formation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081141/https://ched.gov.ph/marys-children-formation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mater Dei College [http://mdc.ph/] * Maxino College [https://ched.gov.ph/maxino-college-dumaguete-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081320/https://ched.gov.ph/maxino-college-dumaguete-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Metro Dumaguete College [https://ched.gov.ph/metro-dumaguete-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080741/https://ched.gov.ph/metro-dumaguete-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Microsystems International Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/microsystems-international-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080925/https://ched.gov.ph/microsystems-international-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mount Moriah College [https://ched.gov.ph/mount-moriah-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080919/https://ched.gov.ph/mount-moriah-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Negros College [https://ched.gov.ph/negros-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081031/https://ched.gov.ph/negros-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Negros Maritime Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/negros-maritime-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080421/https://ched.gov.ph/negros-maritime-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Negros Oriental State University- Bais I [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University -Bais II [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Bayawan [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Guihulngan [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Mabinay [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Main [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Siaton [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Northeastern Cebu Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/northeastern-cebu-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080644/https://ched.gov.ph/northeastern-cebu-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Cebu Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-cebu-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080729/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-cebu-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine State College of Aeronautics – Mactan Air Base [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-state-college-aeronautics-mactan-air-base-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080806/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-state-college-aeronautics-mactan-air-base-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PMI Colleges-Bohol [https://ched.gov.ph/pmi-colleges-bohol-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080719/https://ched.gov.ph/pmi-colleges-bohol-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Presbyterian Theological College [http://www.rog.edu.ph/] * Professional Academy of the Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/professional-academy-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080959/https://ched.gov.ph/professional-academy-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Quezon Memorial Institute of Siquijor [https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-memorial-institute-siquijor-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080922/https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-memorial-institute-siquijor-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Rizwoods College – N. Bacalso [https://ched.gov.ph/rizwoods-college-n-bacalso-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080922/https://ched.gov.ph/rizwoods-college-n-bacalso-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Rogationist Seminary College [http://www.rog.edu.ph/] * Rosemont Hills Montesorri College [http://www.scc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122202622/http://www.scc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-01-22 }} * Royal Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/royal-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080925/https://ched.gov.ph/royal-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Catherine&#8217;s College [http://www.scc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122202622/http://www.scc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-01-22 }} * Saint Francis College- Guihulngan [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-college-guihulngan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080803/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-college-guihulngan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Joseph College of Canlaon [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-joseph-college-canlaon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081312/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-joseph-college-canlaon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Louis College-Cebu [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-louis-college-cebu-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080556/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-louis-college-cebu-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Salazar Colleges of Science and Institute of Technology – Madridejos [http://www.scsit.edu.ph/scsit/madridejos] * Salazar Colleges of Science and Institute of Technology, N. Bacalso Ave., Cebu City [http://www.scsit.edu.ph/scsit/madridejos] * Salazar Colleges of Science and Institute of Technology, Talisay City, Cebu [http://www.scsit.edu.ph/scsit/madridejos] * San Carlos Seminary College [http://scs.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416221313/http://www.scs.edu.ph/ |date=2013-04-16 }} * Silliman University [http://su.edu.ph/] * Siquijor State College [http://www.siquijorstate.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311130155/http://www.siquijorstate.edu.ph/ |date=2020-03-11 }} * Southwestern University [http://swumhamcollegeofmedicine.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919000626/http://swumhamcollegeofmedicine.com/ |date=2018-09-19 }} * Southwestern University-Matias H.Aznar Memorial College of Medicine, Inc. [http://swumhamcollegeofmedicine.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919000626/http://swumhamcollegeofmedicine.com/ |date=2018-09-19 }} * St. Cecilia’s College-Cebu [https://ched.gov.ph/st-cecilias-college-cebu-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081136/https://ched.gov.ph/st-cecilias-college-cebu-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Joseph Seminary College [https://ched.gov.ph/st-joseph-seminary-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081010/https://ched.gov.ph/st-joseph-seminary-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul College Foundation Inc. – Mandaue [http://www.spcfi.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093051/https://www.spcfi.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul College Foundation Inc.- Bulacao [http://www.spcfi.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093051/https://www.spcfi.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul University Dumaguete [http://www.stcqc.edu.ph/home/] * St. Theresa’s College [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College – Bohol (formerly STI College Tagbilaran) [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College – Cebu [https://www.sti.edu/] * Sto. Tomas College [https://ched.gov.ph/sto-tomas-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080658/https://ched.gov.ph/sto-tomas-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tabor Hills College [https://ched.gov.ph/tabor-hills-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080951/https://ched.gov.ph/tabor-hills-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Trade-Tech International Science Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/trade-tech-international-science-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080956/https://ched.gov.ph/trade-tech-international-science-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Bohol [http://universityofbohol.edu.ph/] * University of Cebu [http://uc.edu.ph/] * University of Cebu – Banilad Campus [http://banilad.uc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094120/https://banilad.uc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Cebu – Lapu-lapu and Mandaue [http://uc.edu.ph/] * University of San Carlos [http://www.usc.edu.ph/] * University of San Jose-Recoletos [https://ched.gov.ph/university-san-jose-recoletos-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081036/https://ched.gov.ph/university-san-jose-recoletos-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Philippines – College of Cebu [http://upcebu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904024418/https://www.upcebu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Southern Philippines Foundation [http://uspf.edu.ph/] * University of the Visayas [http://uv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/https://uv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Visayas – Dalaguete [http://uv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/https://uv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Visayas – Danao City [http://uv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/https://uv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Visayas – Gullas College of Medicine [http://www.uvgullas.com/profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130014615/http://www.uvgullas.com/profile.php |date=2020-01-30 }} * University of the Visayas – Mandaue [http://uv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/https://uv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Visayas-Minglanilla [http://uv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/https://uv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Visayas-Toledo City Campus [http://uv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/https://uv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Visayan Nazarene Bible College [http://www.vnbc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904084659/https://www.vnbc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * VillaFlores College [https://ched.gov.ph/villaflores-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080650/https://ched.gov.ph/villaflores-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Velez College [http://www.velezcollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://www.velezcollege.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Philippines College of Cebu [https://www.up.edu.ph/] == Rehiyon VIII == * ABE International College Of Business And Economics – Tacloban City [http://www.abe.edu.ph/] * ACLC College-Ormoc [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/p/aclc-campuses-eastern-visayas.html] * ACLC College Tacloban City [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/p/aclc-campuses-eastern-visayas.html] * AMA Computer College- Tacloban City [http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ama-campuses-eastern-visayas.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ama-campuses-eastern-visayas.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asia College Of Advance Studies In Arts Sciences And Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/asia-college-advance-studies-arts-sciences-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080855/https://ched.gov.ph/asia-college-advance-studies-arts-sciences-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian Development Foundation College [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-development-foundation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081334/https://ched.gov.ph/asian-development-foundation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bato Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/bato-institute-of-science-and-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080632/https://ched.gov.ph/bato-institute-of-science-and-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Biliran Province State University-Main [https://www.bipsu.edu.ph/] * Biliran Province State University-Biliran Campus [https://www.bipsu.edu.ph/] * Calbiga Western Samar College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/calbiga-western-samar-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080647/https://ched.gov.ph/calbiga-western-samar-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Christ The King College – Calbayog City [https://ched.gov.ph/christ-king-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080752/https://ched.gov.ph/christ-king-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De La Salle Fondation De Tacloban Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-la-salle-fondation-de-tacloban-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080456/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-la-salle-fondation-de-tacloban-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Juan Samar, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-juan-samar-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081013/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-juan-samar-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Lorenzo Ruiz De Manila Of Northern Samar, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-lorenzo-ruiz-de-manila-northern-samar-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081139/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-lorenzo-ruiz-de-manila-northern-samar-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De Sta Lourdes of Leyte Foundation,Inc. [https://csllfi.wordpress.com/] * Doña Remedios Trinidad-Romualdez Medical Foundation [https://rtrfoundation.com.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231124808/http://rtrfoundation.com.ph/ |date=2017-12-31 }} * Dr. V. Orestes Romualdez Educational Foundation [https://rtrfoundation.com.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231124808/http://rtrfoundation.com.ph/ |date=2017-12-31 }} * Eastern Samar State University- Guiuan [http://www.essu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080357/https://www.essu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Samar State University- Main [http://www.essu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080357/https://www.essu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Samar State University- Salcedo [http://www.essu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080357/https://www.essu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Samar State University-Can-Avid [http://www.essu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080357/https://www.essu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Samar State University-Maydolong [http://www.essu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080357/https://www.essu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Visayas Central Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-visayas-central-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080728/https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-visayas-central-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Visayas State University- Burauen [http://www.evsu.edu.ph/] * Eastern Visayas State University Carigara [http://www.evsu.edu.ph/] * Eastern Visayas State University- Main [http://www.evsu.edu.ph/] * Eastern Visayas State University Tanauan [http://www.evsu.edu.ph/] * Eastern Visayas State University-Ormoc [http://www.evsu.edu.ph/] * Franciscan College Of The Immaculate Conception [http://fcic.edu.ph/] * Global School For Technological Studies, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/global-school-technological-studies-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080932/https://ched.gov.ph/global-school-technological-studies-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Cross College Of Carigara [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-cross-college-carigara-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080909/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-cross-college-carigara-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Infant College [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-infant-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081034/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-infant-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Spirit College Foundation In Leyte, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-spirit-college-foundation-leyte-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080938/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-spirit-college-foundation-leyte-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Virgin Of Salvacion Foundation College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-virgin-salvacion-foundation-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080840/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-virgin-salvacion-foundation-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * JE Mondejar Computer College [http://www.mondejar.edu/] * Leyte Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/leyte-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080906/https://ched.gov.ph/leyte-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Leyte Normal University [http://www.lnu.edu.ph/] * Mater Divinae Gratiae College [https://ched.gov.ph/mater-divinae-gratiae-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080630/https://ched.gov.ph/mater-divinae-gratiae-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Montano Lamberte Go College of Learning, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/montano-lamberte-go-college-learning-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081318/https://ched.gov.ph/montano-lamberte-go-college-learning-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Leyte College [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-leyte-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081200/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-leyte-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Samar Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-samar-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081020/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-samar-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northwest Samar State University-Main [http://main.nwssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064114/http://main.nwssu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-10-08 }} * Northwest Samar State University-San Jorge [http://main.nwssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064114/http://main.nwssu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-10-08 }} * Our Lady of Mercy College [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-mercy-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080850/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-mercy-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Palompon Institute Of Technology-Main [http://pit.edu.ph/pitsuc/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://pit.edu.ph/pitsuc/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Palompon Institute Of Technology-Tabango [http://pit.edu.ph/pitsuc/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://pit.edu.ph/pitsuc/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sacred Heart Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/sacred-heart-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081108/https://ched.gov.ph/sacred-heart-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Francis College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080845/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Joseph College [https://www.sjc.edu.ph/] * Saint Michael College of Hindang [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-michael-college-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081112/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-michael-college-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Paul School of Professional Studies, Inc. [http://www.spsps.edu.ph/] * Saint Scholastica&#8217;s College Tacloban [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-scholasticas-college-tacloban-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081115/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-scholasticas-college-tacloban-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Thomas Aquinas College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-thomas-aquinas-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081146/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-thomas-aquinas-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Vincent De Paul College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-vincent-de-paul-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081105/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-vincent-de-paul-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Samar Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/samar-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080831/https://ched.gov.ph/samar-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Samar State University-Main [https://ssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011034231/https://ssu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-10-11 }} * Samar State University-Basey [http://ssu.edu.ph/basey-campus/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080630/https://ssu.edu.ph/basey-campus/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Samar State University-Mercedes [http://ssu.edu.ph/mercedes-campus/] * Samar State University-Paranas [http://ssu.edu.ph/paranas-campus/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080400/https://ssu.edu.ph/paranas-campus/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Lorenzo Ruiz College of Ormoc, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/san-lorenzo-ruiz-college-ormoc-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081339/https://ched.gov.ph/san-lorenzo-ruiz-college-ormoc-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Leyte State University [http://slsuonline.edu.ph/v4/index.php/en/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://slsuonline.edu.ph/v4/index.php/en/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Leyte State University-San Juan [http://slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/sanjuan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/sanjuan/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Leyte State University-Bontoc [http://slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/bontoc/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/bontoc/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Leyte State University-Hinunangan [http://www.slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/hinunangan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821223021/http://www.slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/hinunangan/ |date=2021-08-21 }} * Southern Leyte State University-Maasin Campus [http://slsuonline.edu.ph/v4/index.php/en/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://slsuonline.edu.ph/v4/index.php/en/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Leyte State University-Tomas Oppus [http://www.slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/tomasoppus/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://www.slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/tomasoppus/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. John the Evangelist School of Theology [http://sjest.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://sjest.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary&#8217;s College Of Borongan [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-of-borongan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080829/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-of-borongan/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary&#8217;s College Of Catbalogan [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-of-catbalogan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080826/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-of-catbalogan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Peters College Of Ormoc, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-peters-college-ormoc-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081012/https://ched.gov.ph/st-peters-college-ormoc-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College – Ormoc [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=70] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229003734/http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=70 |date=2017-12-29 }} * Sto. Niño College of Ormoc, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/sto-nino-college-ormoc-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080520/https://ched.gov.ph/sto-nino-college-ormoc-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tan Ting Bing Memorial Colleges Foundation Incorporated [https://ched.gov.ph/tan-ting-bing-memorial-colleges-foundation-incorporated-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081128/https://ched.gov.ph/tan-ting-bing-memorial-colleges-foundation-incorporated-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The College Of Maasin [https://www.cm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080354/https://www.cm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University Of Eastern Philippines-Catubig [http://uep.edu.ph/] * University Of Eastern Philippines-Laoang [http://uep.edu.ph/] * University Of Eastern Philippines-Main [http://uep.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines Manila (Palo Leyte) [http://shs.upm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093806/https://shs.upm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University Of The Philippines Visayas Tacloban College [https://tac.upv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094128/https://tac.upv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Visayas Christian Institute Of Technology, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/visayas-christian-institute-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081342/https://ched.gov.ph/visayas-christian-institute-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Visayas State University-Isabel [https://www.vsu.edu.ph/academe/satellite-campuses/isabel] * Visayas State University-Main [https://www.vsu.edu.ph/] * Visayas State University-Villaba [https://www.vsu.edu.ph/academe/satellite-campuses/villaba] * Visayas State University- Alang-Alang [https://www.vsu.edu.ph/academe/satellite-campuses/alangalang] * Visayas State University-Tolosa [https://www.vsu.edu.ph/academe/satellite-campuses/tolosa] * Western Leyte College Of Ormoc City, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/western-leyte-college-ormoc-city-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081130/https://ched.gov.ph/western-leyte-college-ormoc-city-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }}</p> == Rehiyon IX == * Aim High College [https://ched.gov.ph/aim-high-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081050/https://ched.gov.ph/aim-high-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Alhadeetha Mindanao College [https://ched.gov.ph/alhadeetha-mindanao-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081004/https://ched.gov.ph/alhadeetha-mindanao-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College-Zamboanga City [http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ama-campuses-zamboanga.html]{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Andres Bonifacio College, Inc. [http://www.abcollege.edu.ph/] * Ateneo de Zamboanga University [https://www.adzu.edu.ph/] * Aurora Pioneers Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/aurora-pioneers-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081103/https://ched.gov.ph/aurora-pioneers-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ave Maria College [https://ched.gov.ph/ave-maria-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081139/https://ched.gov.ph/ave-maria-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Basilan State College Lamitan Extension * Basilan State College Main Campus * Basilan State College Maluso Campus * Blancia College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/blancia-college-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081133/https://ched.gov.ph/blancia-college-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Brent Hospital and Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/brent-hospital-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081101/https://ched.gov.ph/brent-hospital-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Claret College of Isabela [https://ched.gov.ph/claret-college-isabela-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081055/https://ched.gov.ph/claret-college-isabela-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Francisco Javier [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-francisco-javier-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081133/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-francisco-javier-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Computer Technologies Institute of Zamboanga City [https://ched.gov.ph/computer-technologies-institute-zamboanga-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081021/https://ched.gov.ph/computer-technologies-institute-zamboanga-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Computer Technologies Institute of Basilan [https://ched.gov.ph/computer-technologies-institute-basilan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081141/https://ched.gov.ph/computer-technologies-institute-basilan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dipolog City Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/dipolog-city-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081046/https://ched.gov.ph/dipolog-city-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * DMC College Foundation, Inc. [http://dmc.edu.ph/v3/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225239/http://dmc.edu.ph/v3/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Dr. Aurelio Mendoza Memorial College [http://ammc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131021624/http://ammc.edu.ph/ |date=2018-01-31 }} * Eastern Mindanao College of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-mindanao-college-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080510/https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-mindanao-college-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ebenezer Bible College and Seminary [http://myebenezerschool.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://myebenezerschool.org/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * HMIJ – Foundation Philippine Islamic College [https://ched.gov.ph/hmij-foundation-philippine-islamic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081109/https://ched.gov.ph/hmij-foundation-philippine-islamic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Hyrons College Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/hyrons-college-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080526/https://ched.gov.ph/hyrons-college-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Immaculate Conception Archdiocesan School [https://www.zamboanga.com/tetuan/icas_col.htm] * JH Cerilles State College – Bayog [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Canuto MS Enerio [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Dimataling [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Dumingag [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Guipos [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Josefina [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Kumalarang [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Lapuyan [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Mahayag [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Main [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Margosatubig [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Midsalip [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Pagadian [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Ramon Magsaysay [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – San Pablo [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Sominot [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Tabina [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Tambulig [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Tigbao [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Tukuran [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Vincenzo Sagun [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * Jose Rizal Memorial State University Dipolog Campus [http://dipolog.jrmsu.edu.ph/] * Jose Rizal Memorial State University- Katipunan Campus [http://katipunan.jrmsu.edu.ph/] * Jose Rizal Memorial State University Main [http://jrmsu.edu.ph/] * Jose Rizal Memorial State University- Siocon Campus [http://siocon.jrmsu.edu.ph/] * Jose Rizal Memorial State University Tampilisan [http://tampilisan.jrmsu.edu.ph/] * Jose Rizal Memorial State University-Sibuco External Studies Unit [http://sibuco_campus.jrmsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903141631/http://sibuco_campus.jrmsu.edu.ph/ |date=2018-09-03 }} * Juan S. Alano Memorial School [https://ched.gov.ph/juan-s-alano-memorial-school-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081117/https://ched.gov.ph/juan-s-alano-memorial-school-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lucan Central Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/lucan-central-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081042/https://ched.gov.ph/lucan-central-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marian College [https://ched.gov.ph/marian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081120/https://ched.gov.ph/marian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Medina College Ipil, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/medina-college-ipil-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081127/https://ched.gov.ph/medina-college-ipil-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Medina College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/medina-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081100/https://ched.gov.ph/medina-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * MEIN College * Mindanao State University Buug Campus [http://www.msumain.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021012222936/http://www.msumain.edu.ph/ |date=2002-10-12 }} * Nuevo Zamboanga College [https://ched.gov.ph/nuevo-zamboanga-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081047/https://ched.gov.ph/nuevo-zamboanga-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pagadian Capitol College [https://ched.gov.ph/pagadian-capitol-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081149/https://ched.gov.ph/pagadian-capitol-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Advent College [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-advent-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081116/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-advent-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Advent College, Inc. – Salug [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-advent-college-inc-salug-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081138/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-advent-college-inc-salug-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }}&lt; * Philippine Technological & Marine Sciences [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-technological-marine-sciences-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081045/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-technological-marine-sciences-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pilar College of Zamboanga City Inc. [http://www.pczc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904090341/https://www.pczc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Rizal Memorial Institute of Dapitan City, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/rizal-memorial-institute-dapitan-city-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081122/https://ched.gov.ph/rizal-memorial-institute-dapitan-city-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Columban College [http://www.sccpag.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Saint Estanislao Kostka College, Inc. [http://sekc.org.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128171326/http://sekc.org.ph/ |date=2021-11-28 }} * Saint Joseph College of Sindangan Incorporated [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-joseph-college-sindangan-incorporated-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081124/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-joseph-college-sindangan-incorporated-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Vincent’s College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-vincents-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081113/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-vincents-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sibugay Technical Institute, Inc. [http://sibugaytech.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505210454/http://sibugaytech.edu.ph/ |date=2018-05-05 }} * SMC Agro -Tech [https://ched.gov.ph/smc-agro-tech-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080529/https://ched.gov.ph/smc-agro-tech-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern City Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-city-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081018/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-city-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Mindanao Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-mindanao-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081107/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-mindanao-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Peninsula College [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-peninsula-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080634/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-peninsula-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. John College of Buug Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-college-buug-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081104/https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-college-buug-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary’s College of Labason, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-labason-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080839/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-labason-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College Pagadian [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=91#.WhZV8UqWaUk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218073021/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=91#.WhZV8UqWaUk |date=2017-12-18 }} * STI College Zamboanga [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=82#.WhZWFUqWaUk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072952/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=82#.WhZWFUqWaUk |date=2017-12-18 }} * STI College – Dipolog [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=84#.WhZWfkqWaUk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072957/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=84#.WhZWfkqWaUk |date=2017-12-18 }} * Universidad de Zamboanga [https://uz.edu.ph/] * Universidad de Zamboanga-Ipil [http://uz.edu.ph/academics/uz-pagadian/] * Universidad de Zamboanga – Pagadian [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao Foundation College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/western-mindanao-foundation-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080842/https://ched.gov.ph/western-mindanao-foundation-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Mindanao State University [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Alicia External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Aurora External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Curuan External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Diplahan External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Imelda External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Ipil External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Mabuhay External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Malangas External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Molave External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Naga External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Olutanga External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Pagadian External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Siay External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Tungawan External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Yllana Bay View College [https://ched.gov.ph/yllana-bay-view-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081111/https://ched.gov.ph/yllana-bay-view-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Zamboanga City State Polytechnic College [http://www.zcspc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://www.zcspc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Zamboanga Del Sur Maritime Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/zamboanga-del-sur-maritime-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081122/https://ched.gov.ph/zamboanga-del-sur-maritime-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Zamboanga State College of Marine Sciences and Technology [http://www.zscmst.edu.ph/] == Rehiyon X == * ACLC College of Bukidnon, Inc. [http://www.aclcbukidnon.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080358/https://www.aclcbukidnon.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Adventist Medical Center College [http://www.amcc.edu.ph/] * Adventist Technological Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/adventist-technological-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081152/https://ched.gov.ph/adventist-technological-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College – Cagayan de Oro [https://www.amaes.edu.ph/] * Blessed Mother College [http://blessedmothercollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080330/https://blessedmothercollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bukidnon State University [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Alubijid [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Baungon [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Cabanglasan [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Damulog [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Iligan [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Impasugong [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Kadingilan [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Kalilangan [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Kitaotao [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Libona [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Malitbog [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Medina [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Quezon [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – San Fernando [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Sugbongcogon [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Talakag [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Talisayan [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Cagayan de Oro College [http://coc.phinma.edu.ph/] * Camiguin Polytechnic State College [http://www.cpsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311114643/http://www.cpsc.edu.ph/ |date=2020-03-11 }} * Capitol University [http://www.cu.edu.ph/] * Central Mindanao University [http://www.cmu.edu.ph/] * Christ the King College de Maranding [https://ched.gov.ph/christ-king-college-de-maranding-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081041/https://ched.gov.ph/christ-king-college-de-maranding-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Christ the King College [http://ckcgingoog.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204104928/http://ckcgingoog.edu.ph/ |date=2015-02-04 }} * Colegio de Sto. Nino de Jasaan [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sto-nino-de-jasaan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081140/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sto-nino-de-jasaan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dr. Solomon U. Molina College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/dr-solomon-u-molina-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080631/https://ched.gov.ph/dr-solomon-u-molina-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Fatima College of Camiguin [https://ched.gov.ph/fatima-college-camiguin-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081125/https://ched.gov.ph/fatima-college-camiguin-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Gingoog Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/gingoog-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081130/https://ched.gov.ph/gingoog-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Gingoog City Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/gingoog-city-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081010/https://ched.gov.ph/gingoog-city-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Golden Heritage Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/golden-heritage-polytechnic-college-report/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081049/https://ched.gov.ph/golden-heritage-polytechnic-college-report/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * IBA College of Mindanao [https://ched.gov.ph/iba-college-mindanao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080518/https://ched.gov.ph/iba-college-mindanao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iligan Capitol College [http://icc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://icc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iligan Medical Center College [http://imcc.edu.ph/] * La Salle University [https://lsu.edu.ph/] * Lanao School of Science and Technology Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/lanao-school-science-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081136/https://ched.gov.ph/lanao-school-science-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Liceo de Cagayan University [http://www.liceo.edu.ph/] * Lourdes College [https://www.lccdo.edu.ph/] * Lyceum of Iligan Foundation [http://lif.edu.ph/] * Masters Technological Institute of Mindanao [https://ched.gov.ph/masters-technological-institute-mindanao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081211/https://ched.gov.ph/masters-technological-institute-mindanao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Medina College [https://ched.gov.ph/medina-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081119/https://ched.gov.ph/medina-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Medina Foundation College [https://ched.gov.ph/medina-foundation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081144/https://ched.gov.ph/medina-foundation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindanao Arts and Technological Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/mindanao-arts-technological-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080523/https://ched.gov.ph/mindanao-arts-technological-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology [https://www.msuiit.edu.ph/] * Mindanao State University-Lanao del Norte Agricultural College [http://www.msumain.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021012222936/http://www.msumain.edu.ph/ |date=2002-10-12 }} * Mindanao State University-Maigo School of Arts and Trades [http://www.msumain.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021012222936/http://www.msumain.edu.ph/ |date=2002-10-12 }} * Mindanao State University-Naawan [http://www.msunaawan.edu.ph/] * Misamis Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/misamis-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081331/https://ched.gov.ph/misamis-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Misamis Oriental Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/misamis-oriental-institute-of-science-and-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081044/https://ched.gov.ph/misamis-oriental-institute-of-science-and-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Misamis University [http://www.mu.edu.ph/] * Misamis University-Oroquieta [http://www.mu.edu.ph/] * Mountain View College [http://www.mvc.edu.ph/] * North Central Mindanao College [https://www.ncmc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.ncmc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Bukidnon State College [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-bukidnon-state-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081216/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-bukidnon-state-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northwestern Mindanao Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/northwestern-mindanao-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081229/https://ched.gov.ph/northwestern-mindanao-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northwestern Mindanao Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/northwestern-mindanao-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081345/https://ched.gov.ph/northwestern-mindanao-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northwestern Mindanao State College of Science and Technology [http://www.nmsc.edu.ph/] * Oro Bible College [https://ched.gov.ph/oro-bible-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080855/https://ched.gov.ph/oro-bible-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Triumph Institute of Technology [http://www.olt.edu.ph/] * Philippine College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081026/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Countryville College [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-countryville-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081205/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-countryville-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Picardal Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/picardal-institute-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081217/https://ched.gov.ph/picardal-institute-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pilgrim Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/pilgrim-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080637/https://ched.gov.ph/pilgrim-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Quezon Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081253/https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Roman C. Villalon Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/roman-c-villalon-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081204/https://ched.gov.ph/roman-c-villalon-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sacred Heart College of Calamba [https://ched.gov.ph/sacred-heart-college-calamba-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081213/https://ched.gov.ph/sacred-heart-college-calamba-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Agustin Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/san-agustin-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081247/https://ched.gov.ph/san-agustin-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Isidro College [http://sic.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://sic.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Santa Monica Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/santa-monica-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081037/https://ched.gov.ph/santa-monica-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Bukidnon Foundation Academy [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-bukidnon-foundation-academy-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081158/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-bukidnon-foundation-academy-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Capital College [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-capital-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080850/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-capital-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern de Oro Philippines College [http://www.southphilcollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094225/https://southphilcollege.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Maramag Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-maramag-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081242/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-maramag-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. John Vianney Theological Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-vianney-theological-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081151/https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-vianney-theological-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary’s Maternity and Children Hospital College [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-maternity-children-hospital-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081255/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-maternity-children-hospital-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Michael’s College [https://www.smciligan.edu.ph/] * St. Peter’s College of Misamis Oriental [https://ched.gov.ph/st-peters-college-of-misamis-oriental-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081153/https://ched.gov.ph/st-peters-college-of-misamis-oriental-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Peter’s College [http://www.spc.edu.ph/] * St. Rita&#8217;s College of Balingasag [https://ched.gov.ph/st-ritas-college-balingasag-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081232/https://ched.gov.ph/st-ritas-college-balingasag-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Stella Maris College [https://ched.gov.ph/stella-maris-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081215/https://ched.gov.ph/stella-maris-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College Education Services Group – Mindanao [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College – Iligan [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College – Malaybalay [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College – Valencia [https://www.sti.edu/] * The New El Salvador College [https://ched.gov.ph/new-el-salvador-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081201/https://ched.gov.ph/new-el-salvador-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Science and Technology [http://www.ustp.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918042922/https://www.ustp.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * University of Science and Technology – Claveria [http://www.ustp.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918042922/https://www.ustp.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * University of Science and Technology-Jasaan [http://www.ustp.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918042922/https://www.ustp.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * University of Science and Technology-Oroquieta [http://www.ustp.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918042922/https://www.ustp.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * University of Science and Technology-Panaon [http://www.ustp.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918042922/https://www.ustp.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Valencia Colleges Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/valencia-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081148/https://ched.gov.ph/valencia-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Vineyard International Polytechnic College [https://www.vipc.edu.ph/] * Xavier University [http://www.xu.edu.ph/] == Rehiyon XI == * ACES Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/aces-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081208/https://ched.gov.ph/aces-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ACES Tagum College [https://ched.gov.ph/aces-tagum-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080532/https://ched.gov.ph/aces-tagum-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ACLC College of Tagum [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACQ College of Ministries [http://acqcm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419075141/http://acqcm.edu.ph/ |date=2018-04-19 }} * Agro-Industrial Foundation College of the Philippines-Matina [http://agrocollegedavao.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729074916/http://agrocollegedavao.com/ |date=2018-07-29 }} * AMA Computer College [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Arriesgado College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/arriesgado-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080642/https://ched.gov.ph/arriesgado-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian International School of Aeronautics and Technology [http://aisat.edu.ph] * Assumption College of Davao [http://www.assumptiondavao.edu.ph/acd2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019000841/http://www.assumptiondavao.edu.ph/acd2/ |date=2018-10-19 }} * Assumption College of Nabunturan [https://ched.gov.ph/assumption-college-nabunturan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081157/https://ched.gov.ph/assumption-college-nabunturan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ateneo de Davao University [http://www.addu.edu.ph/] * Brokenshire College [http://www.brokenshire.edu.ph/index.php/home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www.brokenshire.edu.ph/index.php/home |date=2021-09-04 }} * Card-MRI Development Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/card-mri-development-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081203/https://ched.gov.ph/card-mri-development-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Christian Colleges of Southeast Asia [https://ched.gov.ph/christian-colleges-of-southeast-asia-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081239/https://ched.gov.ph/christian-colleges-of-southeast-asia-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Compostela Valley State College-Main [https://cvsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://cvsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Compostela Valley State College – Maragusan [https://cvsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://cvsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Compostela Valley State College – Montevista [https://cvsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://cvsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Compostela Valley State College – New Bataan [https://cvsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://cvsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cor Jesu College [http://www.cjc.edu.ph/] * Davao Central College [https://ched.gov.ph/davao-central-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081348/https://ched.gov.ph/davao-central-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Davao del Norte State College [http://dnsc.edu.ph/] * Davao del Sur State College [https://www.dssc.edu.ph/index.php] * Davao Doctors College [https://www.davaodoctors.edu.ph/] * Davao Medical School Foundation [http://www.davaomedicalcollege.org/] * Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology-Banaybanay Campus [http://www.doscst.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225244/http://www.doscst.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology-Cateel Extension [http://www.doscst.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225244/http://www.doscst.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology-Main [http://www.doscst.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225244/http://www.doscst.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology-San Isidro Extension [http://www.doscst.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225244/http://www.doscst.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Davao Vision Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/davao-vision-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081146/https://ched.gov.ph/davao-vision-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Davao Winchester Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/davao-winchester-colleges-problem/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081034/https://ched.gov.ph/davao-winchester-colleges-problem/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * DMMA College of Southern Philippines [http://www.dmmacsp.edu.ph/] * Evangelical Mission College ,Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/evangelical-mission-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081245/https://ched.gov.ph/evangelical-mission-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Evelyn E. Fabie College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/evelyn-e-fabie-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081221/https://ched.gov.ph/evelyn-e-fabie-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Gabriel Taborin College of Davao Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/gabriel-taborin-college-davao-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081223/https://ched.gov.ph/gabriel-taborin-college-davao-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * General Baptist Bible College [https://ched.gov.ph/general-baptist-bible-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080852/https://ched.gov.ph/general-baptist-bible-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Child College of Davao [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-college-davao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081250/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-college-davao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Cross College of Calinan [http://hccc.edu.ph/] * Holy Cross College of Sasa [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-cross-college-of-sasa-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081143/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-cross-college-of-sasa-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Cross of Davao College [http://www.hcdc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083133/https://www.hcdc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Interface Computer College [http://home.interfacecollege.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126020311/http://home.interfacecollege.org/ |date=2021-01-26 }} * Institute of International Culinary and Hospitality Entrepreneurship [http://www.ichef.com.ph/] * Joji Ilagan Career Center Foundation [http://www.jojiilagancareercenter.com/] * Joji Ilagan International Management School [https://www.theinternationalmanagementschool.com/] * Jose Maria College [https://jmc.edu.ph/] * Koinonia Theological Seminary Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/koinonia-theological-seminary-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081039/https://ched.gov.ph/koinonia-theological-seminary-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Laak Institute Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/laak-institute-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081226/https://ched.gov.ph/laak-institute-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Legacy College of Compostela [https://ched.gov.ph/legacy-college-compostela-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081211/https://ched.gov.ph/legacy-college-compostela-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Liceo De Davao [http://liceodedavao.online/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://liceodedavao.online/index.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of the Philippines-Davao [https://lpudavao.edu.ph/] * Malayan Colleges Mindanao [https://mcm.edu.ph/] * Maryknoll College of Panabo [https://ched.gov.ph/maryknoll-college-of-panabo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081237/https://ched.gov.ph/maryknoll-college-of-panabo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mati Doctors College [https://ched.gov.ph/mati-doctors-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081350/https://ched.gov.ph/mati-doctors-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mati Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/mati-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081212/https://ched.gov.ph/mati-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * MATS College of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/mats-college-of-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081156/https://ched.gov.ph/mats-college-of-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindanao Kokusai Daigaku [https://ched.gov.ph/mindanao-kokusai-daigaku-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081206/https://ched.gov.ph/mindanao-kokusai-daigaku-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindanao Medical Foundation College [http://mmfcdavao.com.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093602/https://mmfcdavao.com.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mt. Apo Science Foundation College [https://ched.gov.ph/mt-apo-science-foundation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081200/https://ched.gov.ph/mt-apo-science-foundation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * North Davao Colleges-Panabo [https://ched.gov.ph/north-davao-colleges-panabo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081218/https://ched.gov.ph/north-davao-colleges-panabo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * North Davao College-Tagum Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/north-davao-college-tagum-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081154/https://ched.gov.ph/north-davao-college-tagum-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northlink Technological College [https://ched.gov.ph/northlink-technological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081213/https://ched.gov.ph/northlink-technological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine College of Technology [http://www.pctdavao.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081455/http://www.pctdavao.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Women’s College of Davao [http://pwc.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic College of Davao Del Sur [https://ched.gov.ph/polytechnic-college-davao-del-sur-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081234/https://ched.gov.ph/polytechnic-college-davao-del-sur-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Queen of Apostles College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/queen-apostles-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080640/https://ched.gov.ph/queen-apostles-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Francis Xavier College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-xavier-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081029/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-xavier-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Peter’s College of Toril [https://ched.gov.ph/st-peters-college-toril-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081209/https://ched.gov.ph/st-peters-college-toril-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Samson Polytechnic College of Davao [https://ched.gov.ph/samson-polytechnic-college-davao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081032/https://ched.gov.ph/samson-polytechnic-college-davao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Pedro College [http://www.spcdavao.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083231/http://www.spcdavao.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Serapion C Basalo Memorial Foundation Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/serapion-c-basalo-memorial-foundation-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081023/https://ched.gov.ph/serapion-c-basalo-memorial-foundation-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * South Philippine Adventist College [http://www.spaconline.org/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081829/http://www.spaconline.org/home/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southeastern College of Padada [https://ched.gov.ph/southeastern-college-of-padada-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081042/https://ched.gov.ph/southeastern-college-of-padada-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Philippines Agriculture, Business, Marine and Aquatic School of Technology-Digos [http://spamast.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080354/https://spamast.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Philippines Agriculture, Business, Marine and Aquatic School of Technology-Malita [http://spamast.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080354/https://spamast.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Philippines Baptist Theological Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-philippines-baptist-theological-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081220/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-philippines-baptist-theological-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Francis Xavier Regional Major Seminary of Mindanao [https://ched.gov.ph/st-francis-xavier-regional-major-seminary-of-mindanao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081259/https://ched.gov.ph/st-francis-xavier-regional-major-seminary-of-mindanao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. John Paul II College of Davao [https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-paul-ii-college-of-davao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081304/https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-paul-ii-college-of-davao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary’s College of Baganga [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-baganga-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081302/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-baganga-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary's College of Bansalan [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-bansalan-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081223/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-bansalan-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary’s College of Tagum [http://www.smctagum.edu.ph/] * St. Thomas More School of Law And Business [http://stms.edu.ph/] * STI College – Tagum [http://www.sti.edu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602233009/http://www.sti.edu/ |date=2008-06-02 }} * STI Education Services Group-Davao [http://www.sti.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602233009/http://www.sti.edu/ |date=2008-06-02 }} * Tagum City College Of Science And Technology Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/tagum-city-college-science-technology-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080652/https://ched.gov.ph/tagum-city-college-science-technology-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tagum Doctors College [https://ched.gov.ph/tagum-doctors-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081254/https://ched.gov.ph/tagum-doctors-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tecarro College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/tecarro-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081315/https://ched.gov.ph/tecarro-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The Rizal Memorial Colleges [http://rmcdavao.com/] * UM Bansalan College [http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203203952/http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/home |date=2020-12-03 }} * UM Digos College [http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203210454/http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/ |date=2020-12-03 }} * UM Panabo College [http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203210454/http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/ |date=2020-12-03 }} * UM Penaplata College [http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203210454/http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/ |date=2020-12-03 }} * UM Tagum College [http://tagum.umindanao.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080354/http://tagum.umindanao.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Mindanao [http://umindanao.edu.ph/] * University of Southeastern Philippines-Main [http://www.usep.edu.ph/mintal/] * University of Southeastern Philippines-Mintal [http://www.usep.edu.ph/mintal/] * University of Southeastern Philippines-Tagum and Mabini Campus [http://www.usep.edu.ph/tagum-mabini/] * University of the Immaculate Conception [https://www.uic.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines-Mindanao [https://www2.upmin.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Marso 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Rehiyon XII == * ACLC College of Marbel [https://ched.gov.ph/aclc-college-of-marbel-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080701/https://ched.gov.ph/aclc-college-of-marbel-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ACLC College-Gereneral Santos City [https://aclcgensan.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309142346/http://www.aclcgensan.net/ |date=2021-03-09 }} * Adventist College of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/adventist-college-of-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081225/https://ched.gov.ph/adventist-college-of-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College-General Santos Campus [https://www.amaes.edu.ph/] * Asian Colleges and Technological Institute, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-colleges-technological-institute-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080537/https://ched.gov.ph/asian-colleges-technological-institute-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * B.E.S.T. College of Polomolok, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/b-e-s-t-college-polomolok-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081241/https://ched.gov.ph/b-e-s-t-college-polomolok-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Brokenshire College of SOCSKSARGEN [https://ched.gov.ph/brokenshire-college-socsksargen-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081056/https://ched.gov.ph/brokenshire-college-socsksargen-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Central Mindanao Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/central-mindanao-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081320/https://ched.gov.ph/central-mindanao-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Central Mindanao Computer School Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/central-mindanao-computer-school-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081331/https://ched.gov.ph/central-mindanao-computer-school-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Kidapawan [http://www.cdk.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312021126/http://www.cdk.edu.ph/ |date=2012-03-12 }} * Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology [http://cfcst.edu.ph/] * Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology – Antipas [http://cfcst.edu.ph/] * Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology – Katipunan [http://cfcst.edu.ph/] * Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology – Pikit [http://cfcst.edu.ph/] * Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/cotabato-medical-foundation-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080658/https://ched.gov.ph/cotabato-medical-foundation-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cronasia Foundation College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/cronasia-foundation-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081259/https://ched.gov.ph/cronasia-foundation-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dr. Domingo B. Tamondong Memorial Hospital and College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/dr-domingo-b-tamondong-memorial-school-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081257/https://ched.gov.ph/dr-domingo-b-tamondong-memorial-school-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Edenton Mission College, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/edenton-mission-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081334/https://ched.gov.ph/edenton-mission-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Filipino Canadian Community College Foundation [https://filcancollege.com/] * General Santos Academy, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/general-santos-academy-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080908/https://ched.gov.ph/general-santos-academy-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * General Santos Doctors’ Medical School Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/general-santos-doctors-medical-school-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080655/https://ched.gov.ph/general-santos-doctors-medical-school-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Gensan College of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/gensan-college-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081304/https://ched.gov.ph/gensan-college-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Gensantos Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/gensantos-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080858/https://ched.gov.ph/gensantos-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Goldenstate College [http://www.goldenstate.edu.ph/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122163545/http://goldenstate.edu.ph/home/ |date=2019-01-22 }} * Goldenstate College of Kiamba * Goldenstate College of Koronadal City [http://www.goldenstate.edu.ph/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122163545/http://goldenstate.edu.ph/home/ |date=2019-01-22 }} * Goldenstate College of Maasim * Goldenstate College of Malungon * Green Valley College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/green-valley-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080540/https://ched.gov.ph/green-valley-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Green Valley College Foundation – Isulan Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/green-valley-college-foundation-isulan-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081326/https://ched.gov.ph/green-valley-college-foundation-isulan-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Child College of Information Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-college-information-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081219/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-college-information-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Trinity College of General Santos City [http://www.htcgsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://www.htcgsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * I Link College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/link-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080900/https://ched.gov.ph/link-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * International Cruise Ship College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/international-cruise-ship-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081246/https://ched.gov.ph/international-cruise-ship-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Joji Ilagan International School of Hotel & Tourism Management [https://ched.gov.ph/joji-ilagan-international-school-hotel-tourism-management-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080903/https://ched.gov.ph/joji-ilagan-international-school-hotel-tourism-management-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Kidapawan Doctors College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/kidapawan-doctors-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081323/https://ched.gov.ph/kidapawan-doctors-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * King’s College of Isulan [https://ched.gov.ph/kings-college-isulan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081238/https://ched.gov.ph/kings-college-isulan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * King’s College of Marbel [https://ched.gov.ph/kings-college-marbel-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081318/https://ched.gov.ph/kings-college-marbel-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Korbel Foundation College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/korbel-foundation-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081236/https://ched.gov.ph/korbel-foundation-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Kulaman Academy, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/kulaman-academy-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081233/https://ched.gov.ph/kulaman-academy-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lebak Family Doctor&#8217;s School of Midwifery [https://ched.gov.ph/lebak-family-doctors-school-of-midwifery-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081249/https://ched.gov.ph/lebak-family-doctors-school-of-midwifery-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marbel Institute of Technical College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/marbel-institute-technical-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081216/https://ched.gov.ph/marbel-institute-technical-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marbel School of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/marbel-school-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081358/https://ched.gov.ph/marbel-school-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marvelous College of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/marvelous-college-of-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080535/https://ched.gov.ph/marvelous-college-of-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindanao Polytechnic College [https://www.mpcgensan.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/https://www.mpcgensan.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindanao State University-General Santos City [https://msugensan.edu.ph/] * MMG College of General Santos City [https://ched.gov.ph/mmg-college-of-general-santos-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081353/https://ched.gov.ph/mmg-college-of-general-santos-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * New Brighton School of the Philippines * New Era University-General Santos City [https://ched.gov.ph/new-era-university-general-santos-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080906/https://ched.gov.ph/new-era-university-general-santos-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * North Valley College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/north-valley-college-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080645/https://ched.gov.ph/north-valley-college-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * North Point College of Arts and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/north-point-college-of-arts-and-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081312/https://ched.gov.ph/north-point-college-of-arts-and-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Notre Dame of Dadiangas University [https://nddu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064058/https://www.nddu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-10-08 }} * Notre Dame of Kidapawan College [http://www.ndkc.edu.ph/] * Notre Dame of Marbel University [http://www.ndmu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303044347/http://www.ndmu.edu.ph/ |date=2007-03-03 }} * Notre Dame of Midsayap College [https://www.ndmc.edu.ph/] * Notre Dame of Salaman College [https://ched.gov.ph/notre-dame-salaman-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081051/https://ched.gov.ph/notre-dame-salaman-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Notre Dame of Tacurong College [http://www.ndtc.edu.ph/] * Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok [https://ched.gov.ph/notre-dame-siena-college-polomolok-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081251/https://ched.gov.ph/notre-dame-siena-college-polomolok-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pacific Southbay College * Primasia Foundation College [https://ched.gov.ph/primasia-foundation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081230/https://ched.gov.ph/primasia-foundation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Quezon Colleges of Southern Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-colleges-southern-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081302/https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-colleges-southern-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/ramon-magsaysay-memorial-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081329/https://ched.gov.ph/ramon-magsaysay-memorial-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ramon Magsaysay Memorial College – Marbel [https://ched.gov.ph/ramon-magsaysay-memorial-college-marbel-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081228/https://ched.gov.ph/ramon-magsaysay-memorial-college-marbel-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Read Data Access Computer College [https://ched.gov.ph/read-data-access-computer-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081053/https://ched.gov.ph/read-data-access-computer-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Regency Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/regency-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081045/https://ched.gov.ph/regency-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Albert Polytechnic College, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-albert-polytechnic-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081337/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-albert-polytechnic-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Salaman Institute * Schola De San Jose [https://ched.gov.ph/schola-de-san-jose-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081047/https://ched.gov.ph/schola-de-san-jose-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Senator Ninoy Aquino College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/senator-ninoy-aquino-college-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081310/https://ched.gov.ph/senator-ninoy-aquino-college-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * South East Asian Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/south-east-asian-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081244/https://ched.gov.ph/south-east-asian-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Baptist College [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-baptist-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080649/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-baptist-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Christian College [http://southernchristiancollege.edu.ph/] * Southern Mindanao Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-mindanao-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081356/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-mindanao-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Philippines Methodist College [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-philippines-methodist-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081307/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-philippines-methodist-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Philippine Technical College of Koronadal * Southpoint College of Arts and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/southpoint-college-of-arts-and-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081340/https://ched.gov.ph/southpoint-college-of-arts-and-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Alexius College [https://ched.gov.ph/st-alexius-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081345/https://ched.gov.ph/st-alexius-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Luke’s Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/st-lukes-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081307/https://ched.gov.ph/st-lukes-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College – General Santos City [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=80] * STI College – Tacurong [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=93] * STI College – Koronadal [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=89] * Stratford International School [http://www.stratford.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718134159/http://stratford.edu.ph/ |date=2016-07-18 }} * Sultan Kudarat Educational Institution [https://ched.gov.ph/sultan-kudarat-educational-institution-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081342/https://ched.gov.ph/sultan-kudarat-educational-institution-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University – Bagumbayan Campus [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University – Isulan Campus [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University – Kalamansig Campus [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University – Lutayan Campus [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University – Palimbang Campus [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University – Tacurong Campus [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * University of Southern Mindanao [https://www.usm.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Disyembre 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * University of Southern Mindanao – Kidapawan City Campus [https://www.usm.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Disyembre 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Villamor College of Business and Arts [https://ched.gov.ph/villamor-college-business-arts-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080703/https://ched.gov.ph/villamor-college-business-arts-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * VMC Asian College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/vmc-asian-college-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080707/https://ched.gov.ph/vmc-asian-college-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * West Celebes College of Technology, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/west-celebes-college-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081059/https://ched.gov.ph/west-celebes-college-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} == CARAGA == * ACLC College Of Butuan City, Inc. [http://www.aclcbutuan.edu.ph/] * Agusan Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/agusan-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081315/https://ched.gov.ph/agusan-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Agusan Del Sur College, Inc. [http://agusandelsurcollege.com/] * Agusan Del Sur State College Of Agriculture And Technology [http://asscat.edu.ph/] * Andres Soriano Colleges of Bislig [http://ascofbislig.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224642/https://ascofbislig.com/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Asian College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081313/https://ched.gov.ph/asian-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Balite Institute of Technology-Butuan [https://ched.gov.ph/balite-institute-of-technology-butuan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081318/https://ched.gov.ph/balite-institute-of-technology-butuan/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bucas Grande Foundation College [https://ched.gov.ph/bucas-grande-foundation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080542/https://ched.gov.ph/bucas-grande-foundation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Butuan City Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/butuan-city-colleges/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081353/https://ched.gov.ph/butuan-city-colleges/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Butuan Doctors’ College [https://ched.gov.ph/butuan-doctors-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081348/https://ched.gov.ph/butuan-doctors-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Candelaria Institute Of Cabadbaran, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/candelaria-institute-cabadbaran-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081350/https://ched.gov.ph/candelaria-institute-cabadbaran-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Caraga Institute Of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/caraga-institute-of-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081409/https://ched.gov.ph/caraga-institute-of-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Caraga State University – Cabadbaran Campus [http://www.carsu.edu.ph/] * Caraga State University – Main [http://www.carsu.edu.ph/] * De La Salle John Bosco College [http://www.dlsjbc.edu.ph/] * Don Jose Ecleo Memorial Foundation College Of Science And Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/don-jose-ecleo-memorial-foundation-college-of-science-and-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081310/https://ched.gov.ph/don-jose-ecleo-memorial-foundation-college-of-science-and-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Elisa R. Ochoa Memorial Northern Mindanao School Of Midwifery [https://ched.gov.ph/elisa-r-ochoa-memorial-northern-mindanao-school-midwifery-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080911/https://ched.gov.ph/elisa-r-ochoa-memorial-northern-mindanao-school-midwifery-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Father Saturnino Urios University [http://www.urios.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427195856/http://www.urios.edu.ph/ |date=2020-04-27 }} * Holy Child Colleges Of Butuan [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-colleges-butuan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081401/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-colleges-butuan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Merchant Marine Academy of Caraga [https://ched.gov.ph/merchant-marine-academy-of-caraga-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081404/https://ched.gov.ph/merchant-marine-academy-of-caraga-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mt. Carmel College Of San Francisco, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/mt-carmel-college-san-francisco-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081401/https://ched.gov.ph/mt-carmel-college-san-francisco-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northeastern Mindanao Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/northeastern-mindanao-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081404/https://ched.gov.ph/northeastern-mindanao-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Mindanao Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-mindanao-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081101/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-mindanao-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northwestern Agusan Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/northwestern-agusan-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081358/https://ched.gov.ph/northwestern-agusan-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Electronics And Communication Institute Of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-electronics-communication-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081412/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-electronics-communication-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Normal University – Mindanao [https://www.pnumindanao.com/] * Saint Francis Xavier College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-xavier-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081406/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-xavier-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Joseph Institute Of Technology [http://www.sjit.edu.ph/] * Saint Michael College [http://www.smccantilan.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080401/http://www.smccantilan.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Michael College Of Caraga [http://www.smccnasipit.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207111935/http://www.smccnasipit.edu.ph/ |date=2020-02-07 }} * Saint Peter College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-peter-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081221/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-peter-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Theresa College Of Tandag, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-theresa-college-tandag-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080913/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-theresa-college-tandag-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Vincent De Paul Diocesan College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-vincent-de-paul-diocesan-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081415/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-vincent-de-paul-diocesan-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Francisco Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/san-francisco-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081418/https://ched.gov.ph/san-francisco-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Siargao Island Institute Of Technology [http://www.siit.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313143205/http://www.siit.edu.ph/ |date=2013-03-13 }} * Southern Technological Institute Of The Philippines, Inc. [https://stipbislig.webs.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/https://stipbislig.webs.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southway College Of Technology [http://socotech.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094119/https://socotech.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Jude Thaddeus Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/st-jude-thaddeus-institute-of-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081334/https://ched.gov.ph/st-jude-thaddeus-institute-of-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul University Surigao [http://www.spusedu.com/] * STI College – San Francisco [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College – Surigao [https://www.sti.edu/] * Surigao Del Sur State University – Cagwait Campus [http://www.sdssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701155725/https://www.sdssu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-07-01 }} * Surigao Del Sur State University – Cantilan Campus [http://www.sdssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701155725/https://www.sdssu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-07-01 }} * Surigao Del Sur State University – Lianga Campus [http://www.sdssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701155725/https://www.sdssu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-07-01 }} * Surigao Del Sur State University – Main [http://www.sdssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701155725/https://www.sdssu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-07-01 }} * Surigao Del Sur State University – San Miguel Campus [http://www.sdssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701155725/https://www.sdssu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-07-01 }} * Surigao Del Sur State University – Tagbina Campus [http://www.sdssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701155725/https://www.sdssu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-07-01 }} * Surigao Doctors’ College [https://ched.gov.ph/surigao-doctors-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081326/https://ched.gov.ph/surigao-doctors-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Surigao Education Center [http://www.sec.edu.ph/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093513/https://www.sec.edu.ph/index.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Surigao State College Of Technology – Del Carmen Campus [http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524154617/http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/ |date=2019-05-24 }} * Surigao State College Of Technology – Main [http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524154617/http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/ |date=2019-05-24 }} * Surigao State College Of Technology – Mainit Campus [http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524154617/http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/ |date=2019-05-24 }} * Surigao State College Of Technology – Malimono Campus [http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524154617/http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/ |date=2019-05-24 }} * Surigao Sur Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/surigao-sur-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080712/https://ched.gov.ph/surigao-sur-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Southeastern Philippines-Bislig Campus [http://www.usep.edu.ph/] == CAR == * Abra State Institute of Science and Technology- Bangued [http://www.asist.edu.ph/] * Abra State Institute of Science and Technology- Lagangilang [http://www.asist.edu.ph/] * Abra Valley Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/abra-valley-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081423/https://ched.gov.ph/abra-valley-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College-Baguio [http://www.ama.edu.ph/contact/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080516/https://www.ama.edu.ph/contact/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Apayao State College-Conner [http://www.asc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225042/http://www.asc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Apayao State College-Luna [http://www.asc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225042/http://www.asc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Baguio Central University [http://bcu.edu.ph/] * Baguio City Academy Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/baguio-city-academy-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080715/https://ched.gov.ph/baguio-city-academy-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Baguio Cornerstone Mediary International College [https://ched.gov.ph/baguio-cornerstone-mediary-international-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081104/https://ched.gov.ph/baguio-cornerstone-mediary-international-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Baguio Colleges of Technology [http://bct.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/http://bct.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Benguet State University-Bokod [http://www.bsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330131210/http://www.bsu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-03-30 }} * Benguet State University-Buguias [http://www.bsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330131210/http://www.bsu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-03-30 }} * Benguet State University-Main [http://www.bsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330131210/http://www.bsu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-03-30 }} * Benguet State University-Open University [http://www.bsu.edu.ph/ou] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227125039/http://www.bsu.edu.ph/ou |date=2019-12-27 }} * BSBT College [https://ched.gov.ph/bsbt-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081321/https://ched.gov.ph/bsbt-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BVS Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/bvs-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081431/https://ched.gov.ph/bvs-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Casiciaco Recoletos Seminary [https://www.recoletosdebaguio.edu.ph/] * Concordia College of Benguet [http://concordia.edu.ph/] * Cordillera A+ Computer Technology College [https://ched.gov.ph/cordillera-computer-technology-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080916/https://ched.gov.ph/cordillera-computer-technology-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cordillera Career Development College [http://ccdc.edu.ph/] * Data Center of the Philippines of Baguio City, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/data-center-philippines-baguio-city-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080710/https://ched.gov.ph/data-center-philippines-baguio-city-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Data Center of the Philippines of Bangued, Abra [https://ched.gov.ph/data-center-philippines-bangued-abra-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081332/https://ched.gov.ph/data-center-philippines-bangued-abra-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divine Word College of Bangued [https://ched.gov.ph/divine-word-college-bangued-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081420/https://ched.gov.ph/divine-word-college-bangued-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Easter College, Inc. [http://www.eastercollege.ph/recent/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229163647/http://www.eastercollege.ph/recent/ |date=2019-12-29 }} * Ifugao State University-Aguinaldo [http://ifsu.edu.ph/aguinaldo/] * Ifugao State University-Hapao [http://ifsu.edu.ph/hapao/] * Ifugao State University-Lagawe [http://ifsu.edu.ph/about/campuses/lagawe/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721114041/http://ifsu.edu.ph/about/campuses/lagawe/ |date=2018-07-21 }} * Ifugao State University-Main [http://ifsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080543/https://ifsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ifugao State University-Potia [http://ifsu.edu.ph/about/campuses/potia/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724224337/http://ifsu.edu.ph/about/campuses/potia/ |date=2018-07-24 }} * Ifugao State University-Tinoc [http://ifsu.edu.ph/about/campuses/tinoc/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723010643/http://ifsu.edu.ph/about/campuses/tinoc/ |date=2018-07-23 }} * International School of Asia and the Pacific [https://ched.gov.ph/international-school-asia-pacific-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081329/https://ched.gov.ph/international-school-asia-pacific-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Kalinga State University-Dagupan [http://www.ksu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814043102/https://ksu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-14 }} * Kalinga State University-Main [http://www.ksu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814043102/https://ksu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-14 }} * Kalinga State University-Rizal [http://www.ksu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814043102/https://ksu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-14 }} * Kalinga Colleges of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/kalinga-colleges-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081426/https://ched.gov.ph/kalinga-colleges-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Keystone College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/keystone-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081323/https://ched.gov.ph/keystone-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * King’s College of the Philippines [http://kcp.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094645/https://kcp.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mt. Province State Polytechnic College-Main [http://mpspc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224439/https://mpspc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Mt. Province State Polytechnic College-Tadian [http://mpspc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224439/https://mpspc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Philippine College of Ministry [http://www.pcm.ph/] * Philippine Military Academy [http://www.pma.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010302162749/http://www.pma.ph/ |date=2001-03-02 }} * Philippine Nazarene College [http://philnazcollege.edu.ph/] * Philippine Women’s University-CDCEC [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pines City Colleges [http://www.pcc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080330/http://www.pcc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Louis College of Bulanao [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-louis-college-bulanao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081428/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-louis-college-bulanao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Louis University [http://www.slu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920071143/https://www.slu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * Saint Tonis College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-tonis-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081435/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-tonis-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Pablo Major Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/san-pablo-major-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081224/https://ched.gov.ph/san-pablo-major-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College – Baguio [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=21] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072442/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=21 |date=2017-12-18 }} * Theological Foundation for Asia (Asia Pacific Theological Seminary) [https://apts.edu/] * University of Baguio [https://www.ubaguio.edu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904045157/https://ubaguio.edu/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Cordilleras [http://www.uc-bcf.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines Baguio [https://www.upb.edu.ph/] * Xijen College of Mt. Province [https://ched.gov.ph/xijen-college-mt-province-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080545/https://ched.gov.ph/xijen-college-mt-province-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} == NIR == * ABE International College of Business and Economics, Bacolod City [http://www.abe.edu.ph/bacolod/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224630/http://abe.edu.ph/bacolod/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * AMA Computer College Bacolod [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-Dumaguete [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Asian College of Science and Technology-Dumaguete [http://www.asiancollege.edu.ph/] * Binalbagan Catholic College [https://ched.gov.ph/binalbagan-catholic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081443/https://ched.gov.ph/binalbagan-catholic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cabarrus Catholic College [https://ched.gov.ph/cabarrus-catholic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081340/https://ched.gov.ph/cabarrus-catholic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Carlos Hilado Memorial State College, Alijis Campus [http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=196] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080339/http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=196 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Carlos Hilado Memorial State College, Bacolod Campus [http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/] * Carlos Hilado Memorial State College, Binalbagan Campus [http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=198] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080356/http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=198 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Carlos Hilado Memorial State College, Fortune Towne Campus [http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92&Itemid=197] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92&Itemid=197 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Carlos Hilado Memorial State College, Main Campus [http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/] * Central Philippine Adventist College [http://www.cpac.edu.ph/] * Central Philippines State University, Candoni Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Cauayan Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Hinigaran Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Hinobaan Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Ilog Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Main Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Moises Padilla Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, San Carlos Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Sipalay Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Victorias Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-santa-catalina-de-alejandria-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080808/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-santa-catalina-de-alejandria-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias [http://www.colegiodestaanadevictorias.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080335/https://www.colegiodestaanadevictorias.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio San Agustin – Bacolod [http://www.csab.edu.ph/portal/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225759/http://www.csab.edu.ph/portal/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Convention Baptist Bible College [https://ched.gov.ph/convention-baptist-bible-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080718/https://ched.gov.ph/convention-baptist-bible-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Diaz College [https://ched.gov.ph/diaz-college-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081345/https://ched.gov.ph/diaz-college-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Fellowship Baptist College [https://ched.gov.ph/fellowship-baptist-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081107/https://ched.gov.ph/fellowship-baptist-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Foundation University [https://foundationu.com/] * John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation (Bacolod) [http://www.jblcf-bacolod.edu.ph/courses.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504015444/http://www.jblcf-bacolod.edu.ph/courses.php |date=2018-05-04 }} * Kabankalan Catholic College [http://kabankalan-catholic-college.16mb.com/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * La Consolacion College – Bais [https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-bais-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080852/https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-bais-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College, Isabela [https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-isabela-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081440/https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-isabela-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College-Bacolod [http://lcc.edu.ph/] * Mater Dei College of the Marian Missionaries of the Holy Cross [http://www.mmhc.com.ph/directory.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223143135/http://www.mmhc.com.ph/directory.html |date=2020-02-23 }} * Maxino College [https://ched.gov.ph/maxino-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081437/https://ched.gov.ph/maxino-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Metro Dumaguete College [https://ched.gov.ph/metro-dumaguete-college-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081343/https://ched.gov.ph/metro-dumaguete-college-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mount Carmel College [https://ched.gov.ph/mount-carmel-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081337/https://ched.gov.ph/mount-carmel-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Negros College [https://ched.gov.ph/negros-college-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080548/https://ched.gov.ph/negros-college-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Negros Maritime Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/negros-maritime-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081446/https://ched.gov.ph/negros-maritime-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Negros Oriental State University – Bayawan [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/9.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505185514/http://norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/9.html |date=2019-05-05 }} * Negros Oriental State University- Bis I [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/8.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905202930/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/8.html |date=2019-09-05 }} * Negros Oriental State University -Bais II [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/8.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905202930/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/8.html |date=2019-09-05 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Guihulngan [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/10.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505185438/http://norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/10.html |date=2019-05-05 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Mabinay [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/11.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505185443/http://norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/11.html |date=2019-05-05 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Main [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Siaton [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/13.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505185453/http://norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/13.html |date=2019-05-05 }} * North Negros College [https://ched.gov.ph/north-negros-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080551/https://ched.gov.ph/north-negros-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology, Cadiz Campus [https://www.nonescost.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920233419/https://nonescost.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology, Calatrava Campus [https://www.nonescost.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920233419/https://nonescost.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology, Escalante Campus [https://www.nonescost.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920233419/https://nonescost.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology, Main Campus [https://www.nonescost.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920233419/https://nonescost.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * Philippine Normal University-Cadiz [https://www.pnu.edu.ph/pnu-visayas/] * Presbyterian Theological College [https://ched.gov.ph/presbyterian-theological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081351/https://ched.gov.ph/presbyterian-theological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Riverside College [https://ched.gov.ph/riverside-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080921/https://ched.gov.ph/riverside-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sacred Heart Seminary (Bacolod) School of Philosophy [https://ched.gov.ph/sacred-heart-seminary-bacolod-school-philosophy-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081454/https://ched.gov.ph/sacred-heart-seminary-bacolod-school-philosophy-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Francis College- Guihulngan [https://saintfranciscollegeguihulngan.weebly.com/] * Saint Joseph College of Canlaon [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-joseph-college-canlaon-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080723/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-joseph-college-canlaon-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Silay Institute [http://silayinstitute.edu.ph/] * Silliman University [http://su.edu.ph/] * Southern Negros College [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-negros-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081109/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-negros-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southland College of Kabankalan City [http://southlandcollege.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225708/http://southlandcollege.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * St. John Mary Vianney Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-mary-vianney-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080720/https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-mary-vianney-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Joseph Seminary College [https://ched.gov.ph/st-joseph-seminary-college-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081457/https://ched.gov.ph/st-joseph-seminary-college-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul University Dumaguete [http://www.spud.edu.ph/] * STI College Dumaguete [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=73#.WhuEXUqWaUk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072931/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=73#.WhuEXUqWaUk |date=2017-12-18 }} * STI College – Bacolod [https://www.sti.edu/default.asp#.WhuEx0qWaUk] * STI West Negros University [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=97#.WhuE4kqWaUk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218073044/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=97#.WhuE4kqWaUk |date=2017-12-18 }} * Tañon College [https://ched.gov.ph/tanon-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080918/https://ched.gov.ph/tanon-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Technological University of the Philippines, Visayas-Talisay [https://ched.gov.ph/technological-university-philippines-visayas-talisay-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081348/https://ched.gov.ph/technological-university-philippines-visayas-talisay-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Negros Occidental – Recoletos [http://www.uno-r.edu.ph/] * University of St. La Salle [http://www.usls.edu.ph/] * Villaflores College [https://ched.gov.ph/villaflores-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080650/https://ched.gov.ph/villaflores-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * VMA Global College & Training Center [http://www.vma.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093038/https://www.vma.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} == Tingnan din == * [[Kagawaran ng Edukasyon (Pilipinas)|Kagawaran ng Edukasyon]] * [[Komisyon sa Mas Mataas na Edukasyon]] == Mga sanggunian == [[Kaurian:Unibersidad at kolehiyo sa Pilipinas| ]] lqgfjnzsdefcooqdroicn3ujv39lj6e 0 2517 2204434 1946512 2026-04-23T09:21:59Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204434 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''GNU''' ay isang ''recursive'' na daglat ng GNU's Not [[Unix]]. Si [[Richard Stallman]] ang ama nito. Ang proyektong GNU ay inilunsad noong [[1984]] para makapagbuo ng isang kumpletong kasing tulad ng Unix [[operating system]] na [[malayang software]]: ang sistemang GNU. Ang GNU ay isang paulit-ulit na acronym para sa "''GNU's Not Unix''" ("GNU ay Hindi Unix" sa [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]]). Ang pagbigkas nito ay "gunú". Ang iba pang mga anyo ng operating system ng GNU, na gumagamit ng kernel na [[Linux]], ay malawakan na ngayong ginagamit; bagama’t ang mga sistemang ito ay malimit na tinutukoy na "Linux", mas tama silang tawaging mga sistemang [[GNU/Linux]]. Ginamit ni Stallman ang pangalang "GNU" kasi ang operating system nito ay kamukha ng Unix, pero iba ang GNU kasi malayang software ang GNU at iyon ang pinakaimportanteng kaibahan. Sa pagkilala ng GNU, nagsimulang mag-ambag ang mga interesadong negosyo sa pagbuo o pagbebenta ng software ng GNU at teknikal na suporta. Ang pinakatanyag at matagumpay sa mga ito ay ang Cygnus Solutions, ngayon ay bahagi ng Red Hat. == Mga kilalang proyektong GNU == * [[GNU Compiler Collection]] * [[GNU Emacs]] * [[GNU Symbolic Debugger]] (GDB) * [[GNU C Library]] * [[GNOME]] ("GNU Network Object Model Environment") == Mga Lisensyang GNU == * [[GNU General Public License]], para sa software * [[GNU Lesser General Public License]], para sa software * [[GNU Free Documentation License]], para sa dokyumentasyon == Tingnan din == * [[Free Software Foundation]] == Mga Kawing Panlabas == * http://www.gnu.org/home.tl.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050711073639/http://www.gnu.org/home.tl.html |date=2005-07-11 }} * [http://tl.linux.org.ph/babasahin/1anunsiy.html Ang unang anunsiyo ng GNU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050921163318/http://tl.linux.org.ph/babasahin/1anunsiy.html |date=2005-09-21 }} * [http://tl.linux.org.ph/babasahin/tanaw_gn.html Kabuuang Tanaw sa Proyektong GNU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419192211/http://tl.linux.org.ph/babasahin/tanaw_gn.html |date=2005-04-19 }} * [http://tl.linux.org.ph/babasahin/eben2.html Pagpapatupad ng GNU GPL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911045746/http://tl.linux.org.ph/babasahin/eben2.html |date=2005-09-11 }} [[Kategorya:Malayang software]] [[Kategorya:Free Software Foundation]] [[Kategorya:Operating system]] {{stub}} 57vbxp4l9j276urfu9ewt7ravuaufcc 0 3767 2204219 2160440 2026-04-22T14:11:30Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|Papa ng [[Simbahang Romano Katoliko]]|mga Papa ng ibang mga denominasyong Kristiyano|Papa (paglilinaw)}} {{Infobox Bishopric |border = Catholic |font_color = black |bishopric = [[Diyosesis ng Roma|Roma]] |coatofarms = Coat of arms Holy See.svg |image = |incumbent =[[Papa Leon XIV]] |episcopal conference = [[List of Roman Catholic dioceses (structured view)#Episcopal Conference of Italy|Italya]] |province = [[List of Roman Catholic dioceses (structured view)#Ecclesiastical Province of Rome|Lalawigang Eklesyastiko ng Roma]] |diocese = [[Diyosesis ng Roma]] |cathedral = [[Basilika ni San Juan de Letran]] |first_bishop = [[San Pedro]] |date = Unang siglo |website = [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/index.htm The Holy Father] }} Ang '''papa''' ay ang [[obispo]] ng [[Roma]] at ang pinuno ng pandaigdigang [[Simbahang Katolika]]. Kilala rin siya bilang '''Kataas-taasang Pontipise, Pontipikeng Romano, o Pontipise'''. Mula ika-8 siglo hanggang 1870, ang papa ay nagsilbing pinuno ng [[Estadong Papal]], at mula 1929 hanggang kasalukuyan ng mas maliit na bansang Lungsod ng Vaticano. Sa pananaw ng Simbahang Katolika, ang pagiging pangunahing obispo ng Roma ay nanggaling sa kaniyang tungkulin bilang apostolikong kahalili ni [[San Pedro]], na pinagkalooban ni [[Hesus]] ng mga [[Susi ng Langit]] at kapangyarihang “'''magbuklod at magkalag''',” at itinuring na “'''bato'''” kung saan itatayo ang Simbahan. Ang kasalukuyang papa ay si [[Papa Leon XIV|Leon XIV]], na nahalal noong 8 Mayo 2025. ==Etimolohiya ng titulo == Ang ''papa'' ay hinango mula sa Griyegong '''πάππας''' na nangangahulugang "ama." Sa mga simulang siglo ng [[Kristiyanismo]], ang pamagat na ito ay inilapat lalo na sa [[Silangang Kristiyanismo]] sa lahat ng mga obispo at iba pang mga nakatatandang klero. Ito ay kalaunang nireserba sa Kanlurang Kristiyanismo sa [[Obispo ng Roma]] na isang reserbasyong ginawa lamang opisyal noong ika-11 [[siglo]] CE.<ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Elwell+%22term+pappa%22 Walter A. Elwell, ''Evangelical Dictionary of Theology'' (Baker Academic 2001 ISBN 9780801020759), p. 888]</ref><ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Greer+Lewis+%22any+bishop+or%22 Thomas H. Greer, Gavin Lewis, ''A Brief History of the Western World'' (Cengage Learning 2004 ISBN 9780534642365), p. 172]</ref><ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Mazza+%22synonymous+with+bishop%22 Enrico Mazza, ''The Eucharistic Prayers of the Roman Rite'' (Liturgical Press 2004 ISBN 9780814660782), p. 63]</ref><ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=O%27Malley+%22term+was+applied+to+all+bishops%22 John W. O'Malley, ''A History of the Popes'' (Government Institutes 2009 ISBN 9781580512275), p. xv]</ref><ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Schatz+%22number+of+individual+bishops%22 Klaus Schatz, ''Papal Primacy'' (Liturgical Press 1996 ISBN 9780814655221), pp. 28-29]</ref> Ang pinakamaagang tala ng paggamit ng pamagat na "[[Papa (titulo)|Papa]]" sa kasaysayan ng [[Kristiyanismo]] ay sa namatay na [[Patriarka ng Alexandria]] na si [[Papa Heraclas ng Alexandria]](232–248).<ref>Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica Book VII, chapter 7.7</ref> Si [[Papa Marcelino]] (namatay noong 304) ang unang Obispo ng Roma na ipinakita sa mga sanggunian na may pamagat na "Papa" na ginamit sa kaniya. Sa Kanlurang Kristiyanismo, si [[Papa Siricio]] na nagsilbing papa ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano mula 384 CE - 398 CE ang pinaniniwalaang ang unang papang Katoliko Romano na gumamit ng pamagat na "papa" sa modernong kahulugan sa Simbahang Katoliko Romano. Bago nito, ang kaniyang pamagat ay payak na [[Obispo ng Roma]]. Pinaniniwalaan din ng ilan na si Papa Siricio ang unang gumamit ng pamagat na [[Pontifex Maximus]]. Gayunpaman, ayon sa ibang mga dalubhasa, ang pamagat na "Papa" ay galing sa simulang ika-3 siglo CE ay isang honoripikong designasyon na ginagamit para sa anumang obispo ng Kanlurang Kristiyanismo.<ref name="ODCC:Pope">Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ([[Oxford University Press]] 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article ''Pope''</ref> Sa Silangang Kristiyanismo, ang pamagat na "Papa" ay ginamit lamang para sa [[Obispo ng Alexandria]].<ref name=ODCC:Pope/> Mula sa ika-6 siglo CE, ang kanseriyang imperyal ng [[Imperyong Bizantino|Constantinople]] ay nagreserba ng designasyong ito para sa [[Obispo ng Roma]].<ref name=ODCC:Pope/> Mula sa simulang ika-6 siglo, ito ay nagsimulang ilimita sa Kanlurang Kristiyanismo sa Obispo ng Roma na isang kasanayan na matatag na inilagay sa ika-11 siglo nang ideklara ni [[Papa Gregorio VII]] ang pamagat na ito para sa Obispo ng Roma. ==Kasaysayan ng kapapahan sa Simbahang Katolika Romana== Kinikilala ng mga Romano Katoliko ang Papa ng Simbahang Katolika Romana bilang kahalili ni [[San Pedro]] na ayon sa interpretasyong Romano Katoliko ng [[bibliya]] ay pinangalanan ni [[Hesus]] si Pedro na "pastol" at "bato" ayon sa {{bibleverse||Mateo|16:18-19}} at {{bibleverse||Juan|21:17}}. Bagaman si Pedro ay hindi nagkaroon ng pamagat na "[[Papa (titulo)|Papa]]" na kalaunan lamang ginamit sa kasaysayan ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano, siya ay kinikilala ng mga Romano Katoliko na "unang papa". Ayon sa mga opisyal na deklarasyon ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano, ang mga papa ay humahawak ng isang posisyon sa loob ng [[kolehiyo ng mga obispo]] na katulad ng hinawakan ni Pedro sa loob ng kolehiyo ng mga apostol bilang prinsipe ng mga apostol na hinalinhan ng kolehiyo ng mga obispo bilang isang natatanging entidad. Bagaman inaangkin ng tradisyong Romano Katoliko na si Pedro ang unang "obispo" ng Simbahan ng Roma at kaya ay ang unang "papa", walang ebidensiya na si Pedro ay sangkot sa simulang pagtatag ng pamayanang Kristiyano sa Roma o nagsilbi sa Roma bilang "unang obispo". Ang pamumuno ng "isang obispo" sa simbahan ng Roma ay lumitaw lamang noong ikalawang siglo CE. Sa pagkapapa lamang ni [[Papa Pio I]] sa gitna ng ikalawang siglo CE nang ang simbahan sa Roma ay nagkaroon ng istrukturang pangangasiwang isang episkopa na "isang obispo" bilang pinunong pastor ng diocese. Ang itinatala ng tradisyong Katoliko na mga agarang kahalili ni Pedro gaya nina [[Papa Linus]], [[Papa Anacleto]] at iba pa ay hindi gumampan bilang "isang obispo" ng Roma.<ref>McBrien, Richard P. Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to Benedict XVI. Harper, San Francisco, 2005 updated ed., p.25</ref> Sa simulang mga siglo, ang mga obispo ng Roma ay hindi nagtamasa ng [[kapangyarihang temporal (papa)|kapangyarihang temporal]] hanggang sa panahon ng Emperador Romanong si [[Dakilang Constantino]]. Pagkatapos ng pagbagsak ng Roma, ang kapapahan ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano ay naimpluwensiyahan ng mga pinunong temporal ng at nakapaligid sa Peninsulang Italyano. Sa paglipas ng panahon, pinag-isa ng kapapahan ang mga pag-aangking pang-teritoryo nito sa isang bahagi ng peninsulang tinatawag na [[Mga estado na Pang-Papa]]. Pagkatapos nito, ang papel ng mga kapitbahay na soberanya ay pinalitan ng mas makapangyarihang mga pamilyang Romano noong [[saeculum obscurum]], panahong [[Crescentii]] at kapapahang [[Tusculan]]. Mula 1048 hanggang 1257, ang kapapahan ay dumanas ng papalaking pakikipag-alitan sa mga pinuno ng [[Banal na Imperyo Romano]] at [[Imperyong Bizantino]]. Ang huli ay humatong sa [[Sismang Silangan-Kanluran]] na naghati sa Simbahang Katoliko Romano at [[Silangang Ortodokso]]. [[File:Avignon, Palais des Papes by JM Rosier.jpg|thumb|right|Ang [[Palais des Papes]](Palasyo ng Papa) sa Avignon]] Mula 1257 hanggang 1377, ang papa na obispo ng Roma ay tumira sa Viterbo, Orvieto, at Perugia, at pagkatapos ay sa [[Avignon]], Pransiya. Sa panahon ng [[kapapahang Avignon]], ang pitong mga papa na lahat ay Pranses ay tumira sa [[Avignon]], Pransiya mula 130: [[Papa Clemente V]](1305–14), [[Papa Juan XXII]] (1316–34), [[Papa Benedicto XII]] (1334–42), [[Papa Clemente VI]] (1342–52), [[Papa Inocencio VI]] (1352–62), [[Papa Urbano V]] (1362–70) at [[Papa Gregorio XI]] (1370–78). Noong 1378, inilipat ni [[Gregorio XI]] ang tirahan ng papa pabalik sa Roma at namatay roon. Ang pagbalik ng mga papa sa Roma pagkatapos ng [[kapapahang Avignon]] ay sinundan ng Sismang Kanluraning na pagkakabahagi ng [[kanlurang Kristiyanismo|kanlurang simbahan]] sa dalawa at sa isang panahon ay tatlong magkakatunggaling nag-aangkin na papa. [[File:Raffael 040.jpg|thumb|right|Si [[Papa Leo X]] at kaniyang mga pinsang sina [[Papa Clemente VII|Giulio de' Medici]] (kaliwa na naging [[Papa Clemente VII]]) at Luigi de' Rossi (kanan) na kaniyang hinirang na mga [[pamangkin-kardinal]].]] Mula sa pagkakahalal kay [[Papa Martin V]] ng [[Konseho ng Constance]] noong 1417 hanggang sa [[Protestanteng Repormasyon]], ang [[Kanlurang Kristiyanismo]] ay malaking malaya mula sa pagkakabahagi gayudin sa mga [[antipapa|tumututol na nag-aangking papa]]. Ibinalik ni Martin V ang kapapahan sa Roma noong 1420. Hindi tulad ng kanilang mga katumbas na Europeo, ang mga papang Romano Katoliko ay hindi mga [[pagmamanang monarkiya|nagmamanang monarko]] kaya kanilang tanging maitataas ang mga interes ng kanilang pamilya sa pamamagitan ng [[nepotismo]].<ref name="s369">Spielvogel, 2008, p. 369.</ref> Ang salitang ''[[nepotismo|nepotism]]'' ay orihinal na spesipikong tumutukoy sa kasanayan ng paglikha ng mga [[pamangkin-kardinal]] nang ito ay lumitaw sa wikang Ingles noong 1669.<ref>[[Oxford English Dictionary]]. September 2003. "[http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00323182?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=nepotism&first=1&max_to_show=10 Nepotism]"</ref> Ayon kay Duffy, "ang hindi maiiwasang kalalabasan ng lahat ng ito ay ang paglikha ng isang makapangyarihang klaseng kardinalasyal na may malakas na mga koneksiyong pang-[[dinastiya]]."<ref name= "d193">Duffy, 2006, p. 193.</ref> Ang Kolehiyo ng mga Kardinal ay pinanaigan ng mga [[pamangkin-kardinal]] na mga kamag-anak ng mga papa na nagtaas sa kanila sa posisyon, mga [[korona-kardinal]] na mga kinatawan ng mga monarkiyang Katoliko sa Europa at mga kasapi ng makapangyarihang mga pamilyang Italyano. Ang [[Mga Estado ng Papa]] ay nagsimulang magmukhang isang modernong [[estado-bansa]] sa panahong ito at ang kapapahan ay kumuha ng papalaking aktibong papel sa mga digmaang Europeo at diplomasiya. Si [[Papa Julio II]] ay nakilala bilang "Mandirigmang Papa" dahil sa kaniyang paggamit ng pagdanak ng dugo upang palakihin ang kaniyang teritoryo at pag-aari ng kapapahan.<ref name="s368">Spielvogel, 2008, p. 368.</ref> Ang mga papa sa panahong ito ay gumamit ng hukbo ng pang-papa hindi lamang upang pagyamanin ang kanilang mga sarili at pamilya kundi pati ipatupad at palawigin ang matagal na mga pag-aangking pang-teritoryo at pag-aari ng kapapahan bilang isang institusyon.<ref name="d190">Duffy, 2006, p. 190.</ref> Bagaman bago ang Kanlurang Sisma, ang kapapahan ay humahango ng karamihan ng kita nito mula sa masiglang pagsasanay ng opisinang espiritwal nito, sa panahong ito, ang mga papa ay nakasalalay sa pananalapi sa mga kita ng mismong mga Estado na Pang-Papa. Dahil sa maambisyosong mga paggasta sa digmaan at mga proyekto ng pagtatayo ng mga gusali, ang mga papa ay lumipat sa mga bagong mapagkakakitaan mula sa pagbebenta ng mga [[indulhensiya]] at mga opisinang burokratiko at eklesiastikal.<ref name = "d194">Duffy, 2006, p. 194.</ref> Ang mga pangangampanyang diplomatiko at pang-militar ni [[Papa Clemente VII]] ay humantong sa pagsalakay at pagnanakaw sa Roma noong 1527.<ref>Duffy, 2006, p. 206.</ref> ==Doktrina ng primasiya ng papang Romano Katoliko== Ang primasiya o pangunguna ng [[Obispo ng Roma]] ang doktrinang Romano Katoliko na nauukol sa paggalang at autoridad na nararapat sa [[Obispo ng Roma]] mula sa ibang mga obispo at kanilang mga sede. Kasama ng [[Filioque|kontrobersiyang Filioque]], ang pagkakaiba sa interpretasyon ng doktrinang ito ang naging sanhi at ang nanatiling pangunahing mga sanhi ng [[sismang Kanluran-Silangan]] sa [[Kristiyanismo]].<ref name="Kasper2006">{{cite book |last=Kasper |first=Walter |title=The Petrine ministry: Catholics and Orthodox in dialogue : academic symposium held at the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3mxbj99yRaQC&pg=PA188 |accessdate=22 December 2011 |year=2006 |publisher=Paulist Press |isbn=978-0-8091-4334-4 |page=188 |quote=The question of the primacy of the Roman pope has been and remains, together with the question of the Filioque, one of the main causes of separation between the Latin Church and the Orthodox churches and one of the principal obstacles to their union.}}</ref> Para sa Simbahang [[Silangang Ortodokso]], ang pangunguna ng obispo ng Roma ay nauunawan na isang lamang na dakilang karangalan at itinuturi lamang siyang "''[[primus inter pares]]''" ("una sa mga magkakatumbas") nang walang tunay na kapangyarihan sa ibang mga simbahang Kristiyano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratzinger’s Ecumenism between light and shadows |url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/homepage/inquiries-and-interviews/detail/articolo/germania-germany-alemania-8380/ |access-date=2013-01-19 |archive-date=2013-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731130439/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/inquiries-and-interviews/detail/articolo/germania-germany-alemania-8380/ |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731130439/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/inquiries-and-interviews/detail/articolo/germania-germany-alemania-8380/ |date=2013-07-31 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=meyendorff+%22primacy+is+power%22+&btnG= John Meyendorff (editor), ''The Primacy of Peter'' (St Vladimir's Seminary Press 1995 ISBN 978-0-88141-125-6), p. 165]</ref> Sa karagdagan, ayon sa pananaw ng Simbahang [[Silangang Ortodokso]], ang mga pribilehiyao sa Roma ay hindi ganap na kapangyarihan. Sa [[Silangang Kristiyanismo]], marami ang mga itinuturing na "apostolikong sede" tulad ng [[Simbahan ng Herusalem]] ang itinuturing na "''ina ng lahat ng mga simbahan''". Ang [[obispo ng Antioch]] ay maari ring mag-angkin ng pamagat na kahalili ni Pedro dahil si Pedro ang pinuno ng [[Simbahan sa Antioch]]. Ayon sa Simbahang Katoliko Romano, ang primasiya ng Obispo ng Roma ay "buo, suprema at unibersal na kapangyarihan sa buong Simbahan na isang kapangyariahn na palagi niyang sinasanay nang hindi nahaharangan"<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM Catechism of the Catholic Church, 882]</ref> na isang kapangyarihang itinuturo rin ng Katoliko Romano sa [[Kolehiyo ng mga Obispo|buong katawan ng mga obispo]] na nagkakaisa sa Papa ng Romano Katoliko.<ref>Catechism of the Catholic Church, 883</ref> Ang kapangyarihang itinuturo nito sa autoridad na primasiya ng papa ay may mga limitasyon na opisyal, legal, dogmatiko, praktikal,<ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Granfield+%22official+legal+dogmatic+and+practical%22&btnG= Patrick Granfield, Peter C. Phan (editors), ''The Gift of the Church'' (Liturgical Press 2000 ISBN 978-0-8146-5931-1), pp. 486-488]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.catholicplanet.com/TSM/limits-magisterium.htm |title=The Limits of the Magisterium |access-date=2013-01-19 |archive-date=2006-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615184618/http://catholicplanet.com/TSM/limits-magisterium.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> at "''isang kamalian na isiping ang bawat salitang binibigkas ng Papa ay [[inpalible]] o walang kakayahang magkamali.''".<ref>[http://www.sspx.org/archbishop_lefebvre_daily_quotes/april_2011_quotes.htm Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, ''Open Letter to Confused Catholics'']{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ang ebolusyon ng mas naunang tradisyon ay naglalagay sa parehong sina [[Apostol Pedro]] at [[Apostol Pablo]] na mga mga ninuno ng mga obispo ng Roma na pinagtanggap ng mga ito ng posisyon bilang pangunahing pastol(Pedro) at supremang autoridad sa doktrina(Pablo).<ref>Schimmelpfennig, p. 27</ref> Upang itatag ang primasiya o pagiging una ng Obispo ng Roma, ang mga obispo ng Roma ay umaasa sa isang liham na isinulat noong 416 CE ni [[Papa Inocencio I]] sa Obispo ng Gubbio upang ipakita kung paanong ang pagpapailalim sa Roma ay naitatag. Dahil si Pedro ang pinaniniwalaang ang tanging apostol(hindi binanggit si Pablo) na nagtrabaho sa Kanluran ay kaya pinaniniwalaang ang mga tanging persona na nagtatag ng mga simbahan sa Italya, Espanya, Gaul, Sicicly, Aprika at mga kanluraning isla ay mga obispong hinirang ni Pedro o mga kahalili nito. Ang pag-aangkin ng primasiya ng papa ng Roma ay maaaring tinanggap sa Italya ngunit hindi handang tinanggap sa iba pang mga lugar sa Kanluran. Ang presensiya ni Pedro sa Roma ay pinagtibay nina [[Clemente ng Roma]], [[Ignatius ng Antioch]], [[Irenaeus ng Lyon]] at iba pang mga sinaunang manunulat na Kristiyano.<ref name=ODS>[http://www.google.com/search?q=Farmer+%22is+not+explicitly+affirmed%22&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks&tbo=1 David Hugh Farmer (editor), ''The Oxford Dictionary of Saints'' (Oxford University Press 2004 ISBN 978-0-19-860949-0), art. "Peter (1)"]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=93FSZsiM5cAC&pg=PA87&dq=Saint+Peter+in+Rome&hl=en&ei=mhexTsiYGoSmhAe758HQAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAjhk#v=onepage&q&f=false Lawrence Boadt, Linda Schapper (editors), ''The Life of St Paul" (Paulist Press 2008 ISBN 978-0-8091-0519-9), p. 88]</ref> Ang parehong mga manunulat ay nagpahiwatig rin na si Pedro ang tagapagtatag ng Simbahan sa Roma bagaman hindi sa kahulugan ng pagsisimula ng pamayanang Kristiyano doon.<ref name=JWOM>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=O%27Malley+%22despite+what+Irenaeus%22 John W. O'Malley, ''A History of the Popes'' (Rowland & Littlefield 2009 ISBN 978-1-58051-227-5), p. 11]</ref> Ikinatwiran rin ng mga Romano Katoliko na ang {{bibleverse|1|Pedro|5:13}} ay nagpapatunay na si Pedro ay tumungo sa Roma dahil ang [[Babilonia]] ay kanilang inaangking isang kriptikong pangalan para sa Roma gaya ng paggamit sa [[Aklat ng Pahayag]]. Gayunpaman, ang interpretasyong ito ay itinatakwil ng maraming mga skolar at komentador ng bibliya dahil walang ebidensiya na ang Roma ay kailanman tinawag na Babilonia pagkatapos ng [[Aklat ng Pahayag]]. Ang 1 Pedro ay hindi rin [[aklat apokaliptiko|apokaliptiko]] at ang Babilonia ay hindi mas kriptiko kesa sa [[Pontus]], [[Asya]] at iba pang mga lugar na binanggit sa 1 Pedro. Kanila ring inangkin na ang Babilonia ay tinitirhan pa rin ng maliit na bilang ng mga tao sa mga panahong ito. Dahil sa pagbanggit ng "''Binabati rin kayo ni Marcos na aking anak''" sa {{bibleverse|1|Pedro|5:13}} at dahil si [[Marcos ang Ebanghelista]] ay itinturing na tagapagtatag ng [[Koptikong Ortodoksong Simbahan ng Alehandriya|Simbahan ng Alehandriya]] kaya ang ilang mga skolar ay naniniwalang ang [[1 Pedro]] ay isinulat sa [[Ehipto]]. Ayon kay Irenaeus(130-202 CE), sina Pedro at Pablo ang mga tagapagtatag ng Simbahan ng Roma at kanilang hinirang si [[Papa Linus]] sa opisina ng episkopata na pagsisimula ng [[apostolikong paghalili]] ng sedeng Romano. Ayon kay Tertulliano(160–c. 225 CE), si [[Papa Clemente I|Clemente]] ang kahalili ni Pedro. Ayon kay [[Jeronimo]](347-420), si Clemente ang ikaapat na obispo ng Roma pagkatapos ni Pedro bagaman kaniyang idinagdag na "ang karamihan ng mga Latin ay naniniwalang si Clemente ang ikalawa pagkatapos ng apostol". Ang [[Mga Konstitusyong Apostoliko]](375CE-380CE) ay nagsaad na si Linus ang unang obispo ng Roma na inordina ni [[Apostol Pablo]]. Ang isang ''Linus'' ay binanggit sa {{bibleverse|1|Timoteo|4:19-22}} na inaangkin ng ilang mga Romano Katoliko na si Papa Linus. Gayunpaman, ang iba ay itinalang bago ni Linus at ang kawalan ng pagbibigay diin o preeminensiya kay Linus ay nagmumungkahing si Linus ay hindi isang pinuno o obispo at kahalili ni Pedro.<ref>We cannot be positive whether this identification of the pope as being the Linus mentioned in II Timothy 4:21, goes back to an ancient and reliable source, or originated later on account of the similarity of the name (Kirsch J.P. Transcribed by Gerard Haffner. Pope St. Linus. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume IX. Copyright © 1910 by Robert Appleton Company. Online Edition Copyright © 2003 by K. Knight. Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York).</ref> Sa karagdagan ay pinaniniwalaan ng mga skolar na ang [[2 Timoteo]] ay isinulat sa ikalawang siglo at isang pekeng liham na hindi isinulat ni Pablo. Ang karamihan ng mga skolar sa kasalukuyan ay tumatanggap rin na ang mga sinaunang Kristiyano sa Roma ay hindi umasal bilang isang nagkakaisang pamayanan sa ilalim ng isang pinuno o isang obispo noong unang siglo CE. Ang pagkakaroon ng isang obispo ay lumitaw lamang noong ikalawang siglo CE.<ref name=JWOM/><ref>ALTHOUGH CATHOLIC TRADITION, BEGINNING IN the late second and early third centuries, regards St. Peter as the first bishop of Rome and, therefore, as the first pope, there is no evidence that Peter was involved in the initial establishment of the Christian community in Rome (indeed, what evidence there is would seem to point in the opposite direction) or that he served as Rome's first bishop. Not until the pontificate of St. Pius I in the middle of the second century (ca. 142-ca. 155) did the Roman Church have a monoepiscopal structure of government (one bishop as pastoral leader of a diocese). Those who Catholic tradition lists as Peter's immediate successors (Linus, Anacletus, Clement, et al.) did not function as the one bishop of Rome (McBrien, Richard P. Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to Benedict XVI. Harper, San Francisco, 2005 updated ed., p.25).</ref><ref>The Christian community at Rome well into the second century operated as a collection of separate communites without any central structure...Rome was a constellation of house churches, independent of one another, each of which was loosely governed by an elder. The communities thus basically followed the pattern of the Jewish synagogues out of which they developed. (O'Malley JW. A History of the Popes. Sheed & Ward, 2009, p. 11)</ref> Gayunpaman, ang mga talatang {{bibleverse||Galacia|2:7-9}} at {{bibleverse||Roma|15:16-20}} ay ikinatwiran ng mga Protestante na nagpapatunay na si Pedro ay hindi nangaral sa mga [[hentil]] dahil siya ay itinakdang mangaral sa mga Hudyo. Si [[Apostol Pablo]] ay naglayag sa Roma({{bibleverse|Mga|Gawa|28:16,30-31}}) ngunit hindi binanggit ang presensiya ni Pedro sa kaniyang mga inaangking sulat mula sa Roma at [[Sulat sa mga taga-Roma|para sa Roma]]({{bibleverse||Roma|16}}. Noong 2009, isinaad ni Otto Zwierlein na "''walang isang piraso ng maasahang ebidensiyang pampanitikan at wala ring ebidensiyang arkeolohikal na si Pedro ay kailanman nasa Roma''".<ref name="Zwierlein review">[[Pieter Willem van der Horst]], review of Otto Zwierlein, ''Petrus in Rom: die literarischen Zeugnisse. Mit einer kritischen Edition der Martyrien des Petrus und Paulus auf neuer handschriftlicher Grundlage'', Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2009, in ''[[Bryn Mawr Classical Review]]'' [http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-03-25.html 2010.03.25].</ref><ref>[[James Dunn (theologian)|James Dunn]], review of Zwierlein 2009, in ''[[Review of Biblical Literature]]'' [http://www.bookreviews.org/bookdetail.asp?TitleId=7189 2010]</ref><ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1582585/St-Peter-was-not-the-first-Pope-and-never-went-to-Rome-claims-Channel-4.html</ref> Ang isang pangunahing debate sa pagitan ng mga Romano Katoliko at Protestante sa primasiya ng papang Romano ay nakasentro sa {{bibleverse||Mateo|16:18}} kung saan sinabi ni [[Hesus]] kay Pedro na: "''At sinasabi ko rin sa iyo: Ikaw ay Pedro. Sa ibabaw ng batong ito ay itatayo ko ang aking iglesiya. Hindi makakapanaig sa kaniya ang tarangkahan ng Hades.''" Ang talatang ito ay pinapakahulugan ng mga Romano Katoliko na sinasabi ni Hesus na itatag ang kaniyang simbahan kay Pedro. Dahil dito, kanilang inaangkin na si Pedro ang ''unang'' papa ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano. Gayunpaman, ang unang indibidwal na ginamitan ng pamagat na "[[Papa]]" sa Simbahang Katoliko Romano ay si [[Papa Marcelino]] (namatay noong 304) at ang unang obispo ng Roma na pinaniniwalaan ng ilan na kumuha ng pamagat na "[[Papa]]" ay si [[Papa Siricio]](384-399 CE). Inaangkin na rin ng mga teologong Romano Katoliko na si Pedro ang ginawang pastol ng apostolikong kawan sa {{bibleverse||Juan|21:15-19}} at nagpapalakas ng mga kapatid({{bibleverse||Lucas|22:31-32}}). Sa Griyego ng {{bibleverse||Mateo|16:18}} na pinaniniwalaang tunay na wika ng Bagong Tipan, ang pangalang ibinigay ni Hesus kay Simon ay ''petros'' ngunit kaniyang tinukoy ang "bato(rock)" bilang ''petra''. Ayon sa ilang skolar, may pagtatangi sa pagitan ng dalawang mga salitang petra at petros na ang petra ay "bato(rock)" samantalang ang petros ay maliit na bato(pebble). Pinapakahulugan ng mga Protestante na ang "''batong ito''" ay hindi si Pedro kundi sa konpesyon ng pananampalataya ni Pedro sa mga nakaraang talata at kaya ay hindi naghahayag ng primasiya ni Pedro kundi ay naghahayag na itatayo ni Hesus ang kaniyang simbahan sa pundasyon ng pahayag at konpesyon ng pananamapalataya ni Pedro na si Hesus ang Kristo. Ang pananaw na ito ang pananaw ng ilang mga ama ng simbahan gaya ni Juan Crisostomo. Gayunpaman, ang interpretasyong ito ay itinatakwil ng ilang mga skolar na Protestante gaya nina Blomberg at Carson na naniniwalang ang bato ay si Pedro. Ang ilang mga Protestante ay naniniwalang ang "batong ito" ay tumutukoy kay [[Hesus]] bilang reperensiya sa [[Aklat ng Deuteronomio]] 32:3-4, "''Ang [[diyos]]...ang bato(rock), ang kaniyang gawa ay sakdal''" na kanila ring sinusuportahan ng mga talatang {{bibleverse|1|Corinto|3:11,10:4}}, {{bibleverse||Efeso|2:20}}, at {{bibleverse|1|Pedro|2:4-8}}. Ang {{bibleverse||Efeso|2:20}} ay nagsasaad na ang ''mga apostol'' ang saligan at hindi lamang ang ''isang'' apostol. Ayon sa {{bibleverse||Galacia|2:7}}, ang pagkakatiwala ng pangangaral ni Pablo ng ebanghelyo sa mga [[hentil]] ay gaya ng kay Pedro sa mga Hudyo na nagpapahiwatig si Pedro ay hindi higit kay Pablo. Ayon sa {{bibleverse||Mateo|19:28}} at {{bibleverse||Pahayag|21:14}}, ang 12 apostol ay uupo sa 12 trono upang hukuman ang labindalawang lipi ng Israel. Ayon sa {{bibleverse||Lucas|22:24-29}}, "''Nagkaroon ng pagtatalo sa kanila kung sino sa kanila ang ituturing na pinakadakila. Sinabi ni Hesus sa kanila: Ang mga hari ng mga [[hentil]] ay naghahari sa kanila. Ang mga namamahala sa kanila ay tinatawag na tagagawa ng mabuti. Ngunit hindi gayon sa inyo. Ang pinakadakila sa inyo ay matulad sa pinakabata. Siya na tagapanguna ay matulad sa tagapaglingkod. Ito ay sapagkat sino nga ba ang higit na dakila, ang nakadulog ba o ang naglilingkod? Hindi ba ang higit na dakila ay ang nakadulog? Ngunit ako na nasa kalagitnaan ninyo ay tulad sa naglilingkod. Kayo iyong mga kasama kong nagpatuloy sa aking mga pagsubok. Ang aking Ama ay naglaan para sa akin ng isang paghahari. Ganito rin ang paglaan ko ng isang paghahari para sa inyo. Inilaan ko ito upang kayo ay makakain at makainom sa aking dulang sa aking paghahari. Inilaan ko ito upang kayo ay makaupo sa mga trono na hinahatulan ang labindalawang lipi ni Israel''". Ayon sa {{bibleverse||Mateo|23:8-11}}, "''Huwag kayong patawag sa mga tao na guro sapagkat iisa ang inyong pinuno, si Cristo, at kayong lahat ay magkakapatid. Huwag ninyong tawaging ama ang sinuman dito sa lupa sapagkat iisa ang inyong Ama na nasa langit. Huwag kayong patawag na mga pinuno sapagkat iisa ang inyong pinuno, si Cristo. Ngunit ang higit na dakila sa inyo ay magiging tagapaglingkod ninyo. Ang sinumang magtataas ng kaniyang sarili ay ibababa at ang sinumang magpapakumbaba sa kaniyang sarili ay itataas''". Ayon sa {{bibleverse||Juan|20:19-23}}, ang pagpapatawad ng mga kasalanan ay ipinagkaloob sa 11 mga apostol. [[File:Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg|thumb|200px|Emblem ng Papa ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano. Ang nakakrus na mga susi sa emblem ng [[kapapahan]] ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano ay sumisimbolo sa mga susi ng langit na ipinagkatiwala kay [[Simon Pedro]] ayon sa {{bibleverse||Mateo|16:18-19}}. Ang mga susi ay ginto at pilak na sumisimbolo sa kapangyarihan ng pagkakalag at pagtatali. Ang tripleng korona ng [[tiara ng papa]] ay kumakatawan sa tatlong mga gampanin ng papang Romano Katoliko bilang "supemang pastor", "supremang guro" at "supremang [[saserdote]](pari)". Ang gintong krus sa [[monde]](globo) na nasa itaas ng tiara ay sumisimbolo sa soberanya ni [[Hesus]].]] Inaangkin ng mga hindi-Romano Katoliko na ang mga susi sa kalangitan na pagkakaloob ng pagtatali at pagkakalag sa lupa sa {{bibleverse||Mateo|16:19}} ay hindi lamang ibinigay kay Pedro kundi sa lahat ng mga apostol na kanilang sinusuportahan ng talatang {{bibleverse||Mateo|18:18-20}}. Ang interpretasyong ito ang pananaw ng maraming mga ama ng simbahan gaya nina [[Tertulliano]],<ref>"What, now, (has this to do) with the Church, and) your (church), indeed, Psychic? For, in accordance with the person of Peter, it is to spiritual men that this power will correspondently appertain, either to an apostle or else to a prophet." ''On Modesty''. Book VII. Chapter XXI</ref> [[Hilary ng Poitiers]],<ref>"This faith it is which is the foundation of the Church; through this faith the gates of hell cannot prevail against her. This is the faith which has the keys of the kingdom of heaven. Whatsoever this faith shall have loosed or bound on earth shall be loosed or bound in heaven. This faith is the Father's gift by revelation; even the knowledge that we must not imagine a false Christ, a creature made out of nothing, but must confess Him the Son of God, truly possessed of the Divine nature."''On the Trinity''. Book VI.37</ref> [[Juan Crisostomo]],<ref>"For ([[John the Apostle|John]]) the Son of thunder, the beloved of Christ, the pillar of the Churches throughout the world, who holds the keys of heaven, who drank the cup of Christ, and was baptized with His baptism, who lay upon his Master’s bosom, with much confidence, this man now comes forward to us now"''Homilies on the Gospel of John.'' Preface to Homily 1.1</ref> [[Augustine]].<ref>"He has given, therefore, the keys to His Church, that whatsoever it should bind on earth might be bound in heaven, and whatsoever it should loose on earth might be, loosed in heaven; that is to say, that whosoever in the Church should not believe that his sins are remitted, they should not be remitted to him; but that whosoever should believe and should repent, and turn from his sins, should be saved by the same faith and repentance on the ground of which he is received into the bosom of the Church. For he who does not believe that his sins can be pardoned, falls into despair, and becomes worse as if no greater good remained for him than to be evil, when he has ceased to have faith in the results of his own repentance."''On Christian Doctrine'' Book I. Chapter 18.17 The Keys Given to the Church.</ref><ref>"...Peter, the first of the apostles, receive the keys of the kingdom of heaven for the binding and loosing of sins; and for the same congregation of saints, in reference to the perfect repose in the bosom of that mysterious life to come did the evangelist John recline on the breast of Christ. For it is not the former alone but the whole Church, that bindeth and looseth sins; nor did the latter alone drink at the fountain of the Lord's breast, to emit again in preaching, of the Word in the beginning, God with God, and those other sublime truths regarding the divinity of Christ, and the Trinity and Unity of the whole Godhead."''On the Gospel of John''. Tractate CXXIV.7 Abbé Guettée (1866). ''The Papacy: Its Historic Origin and Primitive Relations with the Eastern Churches'', (Minos Publishing; NY), p.175</ref><ref>"...the keys that were given to the Church..." ''A Treatise Concerning the Correction of the Donatists.'' Chapter 10.45</ref><ref>"How the Church? Why, to her it was said, "To thee I will give the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatsoever thou shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven, and whatsoever thou shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven."''Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John''. Homily X.10 cited in Whelton, M., (1998) Two Paths: Papal Monarchy - Collegial Tradition, (Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA), p28</ref> Ayon sa mga Katoliko, ang ginamit na Griyeong soi(iyo) ay singular na tumutukoy lamang kay Pedro. Ang {{bibleverse||Mateo|16:18}} ay gumagamit ng nagdudugtong na Griyegong pariralang kai epi tautee na isinaling "at sa batong ito" na ayon sa mga teologong Romano Katoliko ay nakabatay sa nakaraang sugnay na nagsisilbing magtumbas ng ikalawang batong petra sa unang batong petros. Gayunpaman, ikinatwiran ng mga Protestante na ang patakarang balarila ng mga pang-uri ay dapat umayon sa kaso, kasarian at bilang sa mga pangngalang binabago nito. Kanilang ikinatwiran na ang pagkakaiba sa kasarian ng mga salitang petra(babae) at petros(lalake) ay nagpapatunay na hindi si Pedro ang batong petra. Ikinatwiran ng mga Katoliko na ang patakarang ito ay hindi lumalapat sa mga salitang ito dahil ang parehong mga salita ay mga pangngalan at hindi pang-uri. Tungkol sa interpretasyon ng {{bibleverse||Mateo|16:18-19}}, isinulat ni Jaroslav Pelikan na "''Gaya ng pag-amin ngayon ng mga skolar na Romano Katoliko, ginamit ito ng sinaunang amang Kristiyano na si [[Cipriano]] upang patunayan ang autoridad ng obispo hindi lamang ng obispo ng Roma ngunit ng bawat obispo''" na tumutukoy sa gawa ni Maurice Bevenot tungkol kay Cipriano. Bagaman sa 12 alagad, si Pedro ang nananaig sa mga unang kabanata ng [[Mga Gawa ng mga Apostol]], si [[Santiago na kapatid ng Panginoon]] ay ipinakitang pinuno ng Simbahang Kristiyano sa mga kalaunang kabanata ng Mga Gawa. Ang ilan ay nag-aangkin na mas nanaig sa ranggo si Santiago kesa kay Pedro dahil si Santiago ang huling nagsalita sa [[Konseho ng Herusalem]] sa {{bibleverse|Mga|Gawa|15:13-21}} na nagmumungkahing ito ang huling pagpapasya na pinagkasunduan ng lahat. Ang kautusuan din ni Santiago ay sinunod sa lahat ng mga Kristiyano sa Antioch na nagpapahiwatig na ang autoridad ni Santiago ay lagpas sa Herusalem. Gayundin, binanggit ni [[Apostol Pablo]] si Santiago bago kay Pedro at Juan nang tawagin ni Pablo ang mga ito na "''mga haligi ng simbahan''" sa {{bibleverse||Galacia|2:9}}. Ayon sa {{bibleverse||Galacia|2:11-13}}, sinunod ni Pedro ang kautusan ni Santiago na lumayo sa mga [[hentil]] at hindi lamang si Pedro kundi pati ang kasamang misyonaryo ni Pablong si Barnabas gayundin ang lahat ng mga Hudyo. Gayunpaman, ayon sa mga teologong Romano Katoliko, ang mga talatang {{bibleverse|Mga|Gawa|12:12-17}} at {{bibleverse||Galacia|1:18-19}} ay nagpapahiwatig na si Pedro ang pinuno ng simbahang Kristiyano at si Pedro ang humirang kay Santiago na pinuno nang siya ay lumisan sa Herusalem. Gayunpaman, ayon sa mga hindi naniniwala sa interpretasyong ito ng Romano Katoliko, kung ang pagkakahirang kay Santiago ay kinailangan sa paglisan ni Pedro sa Herusalem, bakit hindi kinilala si Pedro na pinuno sa [[Konseho ng Herusalem]] sa {{bibleverse|Mga|Gawa|15}}. Si Santiago ay nanatiling nasa papel ng pinuno kahit sa presensiya ni Pedro sa Konseho ng Herusalem sa Mga Gawa 15. Ayon sa propesor na si John Painter, mas malamang na ang talata ay nagsasaad na si Pedro ay nag-uulat lamang ng kaniyang mga gawain sa kaniyang pinunong si Santiago. Ang Galacia 1:18-19 ay hindi malinaw at maaring pakahulugan upang itaguyod ang parehong pananaw na si Santiago o Pedro ang pinuno ng Simbahang Kristiyano sa Herusalem. Gayunpaman, ang katotohanang si Santiago ay binanggit maliban sa ''iba'' pang mga apostol ay nagpapakitang si Santiago ay napakahalaga para kay Pablo. Ayon kay [[Eusebio ng Caesarea]], si Santiago ang unang obispo o patriarka ng Simbahang Kristiyano sa Herusalem. Ikinatwiran din na ang mga [[Unang Pitong Konsehong Ekumenikal|konseho ng simbahan]] ay hindi tumuring sa mga desisyon ng papa na nagtatali. Ang [[Ikatlong Konsehong Ekumenikal]] ay ipinatawag bagaman kinondena ng romanong papa na si [[Papa Celestino I]] si [[Nestoryo]] bilang [[heretiko]] na ikinatwiran ni Whelton na nagpapakitang hindi itinuring ng konseho ang kondemnasyon ng papang Romano bilang depinitibo. .<ref>''Ibid.'', p153.</ref><ref>Whelton, M., (1998) Two Paths: Papal Monarchy - Collegial Tradition, (Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA), p.59.</ref> Ayon sa mga sumasalungat sa doktrinang ito, walang isang konsehong ekumenikal ang ipinatawag ng papa ng Roma. Ang lahat ng mga konsehong ekumenikal ay ipinatawag ng mga Emperador na [[Bizantino]]. Kung ang katuruan ng primasiya ng papang Romano ang bumuo ng bahagi ng Tradisyong Banal, ang gayong kapangyarihan ng papang Romano ay sasanayin upang lutasin ang mga alitan sa sinaunang kasaysayan ng Simbahang Kristiyano. Ang pangkalahatang konseho ay maaaring manaig sa desisyon ng mga papang Romano. Ang pagsalungat sa mga kautusan ng papang Romano ay hindi rin may-hanggan sa mga nakaraang siglo. Ang isang mahusay na kilalang halimbawa ang [[Society of St. Pius X]] na kumikilala ng primasiya ng papang Romano<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Statement of Reservations Concerning the Impending Beatification of Pope John Paul II |url=http://www.dici.org/en/documents/a-statement-of-reservations-concerning-the-impending-beatification-of-pope-john-paul-ii/ |access-date=2013-01-19 |archive-date=2012-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513082526/http://www.dici.org/en/documents/a-statement-of-reservations-concerning-the-impending-beatification-of-pope-john-paul-ii/ |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513082526/http://www.dici.org/en/documents/a-statement-of-reservations-concerning-the-impending-beatification-of-pope-john-paul-ii/ |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> ngunit tumangging tumanggap sa mga kautusan ng Papa tungkol sa [[liturhiya]]. Noong 2005, ang Romano Katolikong propesor na [[Hesuita]]ng si John J. Paris ay nagbalewala sa kautusan ng papa bilang nagkukulang sa awtoridad.<ref>[http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=6635 Patrick J. Reilly, "Teaching Euthanasia" (Catholic Culture)]</ref> Noong 2012, sa okasyon ng ika-50 anibersaryo ng pagbubukas ng Ikalawang Konsehong Vatikano, ang 60 prominenteng mga teologong Romano Katoliko ay naglimbag ng isang opisyal na deklarasyon na nagsasaad na ang kapapahan sa kasalukuyan ay lumalagpas sa awtoridad nito.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.churchauthority.org/index.asp |title=the JUBILEE DECLARATION, 11 October 2012 |access-date=19 Enero 2013 |archive-date=15 Oktubre 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015022156/http://www.churchauthority.org/index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ''Viva il Papa!'' == Nangangahulugan ang pariralang [[Wikang Italyano|Italyanong]] ''Viva il Papa!'' ng “Mabuhay ang Papa!” Ito ay ang karaniwang sigaw ng mga debotong Katoliko matapos na makalabas ang papa sa ospital o kapag nagpapakita ito sa madla. ==Mga pagtutol sa kapapahan ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano== Ang ibang mga tradisyonal na simbahang Kristiyano([[Asiryong Simbahan ng Silangan]], [[Silangang Ortodokso]], [[Simbahang Lumang Katoliko]], [[Komunyong Anglikano]], at iba pa) ay tumatanggap sa doktrina ng [[paghaliling apostoliko]] at ibat ibang mga saklaw ang mga pag-aankin ng papa sa primasiya ng karangalan samantalang pangkalahatang tumatakwil na ang papang Romano Katoliko ang kahalili ni Pedro sa anumang walang katulad na kahulugan na hindi totoo para sa anumang ibang mga obispo ng Kristiyanismo. Hindi nakikita ng mga simbahang ito ang saligan sa mga pag-aangkin ng Romano Katliko ng pangkalahatan o unibersal na agarang huridiksiyon o sa mga pag-aangkin ng [[inpalibilidad ng papa]]. Ang ilan sa mga simbahang ay tumatawag sa gayong mga pag-aangkin bilang [[ultramontanismo]]. Ang iba pang iba ibang mga pangkat na Kristiyano ay may iba ibang mga pagtutuol sa kapapahan ng Romano Katoliko mula sa payak na hindi pagtanggap sa pag-aangkin ng awtoridad ng papa bilang lehitimo at balido hanggang sa paniniwala sa interpretasyong ang papa ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano ang [[antikristo]], [[tao ng kasalanan]]({{bibleverse|2|Tesalonica|2:3-4}}) at [[Bilang ng Halimaw|Halimaw ng Aklat ng Pahayag]] gaya nina [[Martin Luther]], [[John Calvin]], [[Thomas Cranmer]], [[John Thomas]], [[John Knox]], [[Cotton Mather]], mga [[adbentista]] at iba pa. Kanilang inaangkin na ang [[Vicarius Filii Dei]] na kanilang inaangkin nasa tiara ng papa at isang pamagat ng papa ay may kabuuang 666. == Tingnan din == * [[Kronolohikong tala ng mga Papa]] * [[Habemvs papam]] *[[Papa (titulo)]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{Popes}} {{Antipopes}} {{Katolisismo}} [[Kategorya:Katolisismo]] [[Kategorya:Mga papa|*]] [[Kategorya:Mga pinuno ng relihiyon]] [[Kategorya:Talaan ng mga patriarka, primado at papa]] 1fdxdwvypy9yqbn49gdsd8v4q8cu275 0 8241 2204249 2203510 2026-04-22T18:45:47Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{featured article}} :{{For|iba pang gamit|Roma (paglilinaw)}}{{Confuse|Rumano|Rumanya|Rumana}} <!-- Ia-update yung Infobox settlement, masyadong outdated e. Aayusin ko yung lead. -GinawaSaHapon -->{{Infobox Settlement |name = Roma |established_title = Pagkatatag |established_date = 21 Abril, 753 {{abbr|BK|bago karaniwan}} (tradisyonal) |nickname = Ang Walang-Hanggang Lungsod <br /> ''The Eternal City'' |motto = ''Senātus Populusque Rōmānus''&nbsp;([[SPQR]]){{spaces|2}}<small>([[Latin]])</small> |website = |image_skyline = File:Rome Montage 2017.png |image_flag = Flag of Rome.svg |image_shield = Insigne Romanum coronatum.svg |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = [[Italya]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Italya|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Mga lalawigan ng Italya|Lalawigan]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Lazio]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Kalakhang Lungsod ng Roma Capital|Roma]] (RM) |leader_title = [[Talaan ng mga Alkalde ng Roma|Alkalde]] |leader_name = [[Virginia Raggi]] |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area_total_km2 = 1285.3 |population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2008gen/index_e.html|title=Monthly demographic balance Enero-Nobyembre 2008|author=[[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]|accessdate=2009-04-27|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214347/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2008gen/index_e.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_as_of = 31 Enero 2009 |population_total = 2722907 |population_urban = 3457690 |population_metro = 3700000 |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[Central European Time|Oras sa Gitnang Europa]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|Oras sa Gitnang Europa sa Tag-init]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |coordinates = {{coord|41|54|N|12|30|E|region:IT-62_type:city(3000000)|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = +20 |elevation_ft = 66 |postal_code_type = Postal codes |postal_code = 00121 hanggang 00199 |area_code = 06 |blank_name =Mga santong patron |blank_info =[[Saint Peter|San Pedro]] at [[Saint Paul|San Pablo]] |footnotes = }} Ang '''Roma''' ({{IPA-it|ˈroːma|pron}})<ref name="Biblia">{{cite-Biblia|Roma}}</ref> ay ang punong-lungsod ng bansang [[Italya]] at isang espesyal na [[komuna]] ng bansa (pinangalanang ''Comune di Roma Capitale,'' "Ang Komuna ng Punong Lungsod ng Roma"). Nagsisilbi rin itong punong-lungsod ng [[Mga rehiyon ng Italya|rehiyon]] ng [[Lazio]]. Tatlong milenyo nang tinitirahan ito ng mga tao, simula noong unang itinatag ito, ayon sa tradisyon, noong 753 {{Abbr|BK|bago karaniwan}}. Matatagpuan ito sa mga ilog [[Ilog Tevere|Tiber]] at [[Aniene]], malapit sa [[Dagat Mediterranean|Dagat Mediteraneo]]. Makikita sa loob nito ang [[Lungsod ng Vatikan|Lungsod ng Vaticano]], isang malayang bansang kinikilala pandaigdig, at nagsisilbing punong-tanggapan ng [[Simbahang Katoliko|Simbahang Katolika]] at ang tirahan ng [[Papa|Santo Papa]]. Ang Roma ay ang pinakamalaking lungsod sa Italya at isa rin sa mga pinakamalalaki sa [[Europa]], na may lawak na 1,285&nbsp;kilometro kuwadrado (496.1&nbsp;mi kuw). Ito ang sentro ng [[Kalakhang Lungsod ng Roma Capital|Kalakhang Lungsod ng Roma]], na may populasyon ng 4,355,725 (2020) naninirahan, at may katayuan bilang ang pinakamataong [[mga kalakhang lungsod ng Italya|kalakhang lungsod]] sa Italya.<ref>http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=DCIS_POPRES1 Popolazione residente al 1° gennaio"</ref> May [[Kabuuan ng Gawang Katutubo|KGK]] ito ng €75 bilyon—higit na mataas pa sa [[New Zealand|Bagong Zeeland]] at katumbas ng [[Singapore]]—noong taong 2001. Ibinubunga ng bayan ng Roma ang 6.5% ng pangkalahatang KGK ng Italya, ang pinakamalaking halaga sa lahat ng lungsod ng bansa. Umaabot ang kasaysayan ng lungsod nang 2,800 taon, kung kailan ito ay naging sentro ng [[sinaunang Roma]] ([[Kahariang Romano]], [[Republikang Romano]], at [[Imperyong Romano]]), at sunod ng [[Estado ng Simbahan|Estadong Papal]], [[Kaharian ng Italya]], at ngayon ng [[Italy|Republikang Italyano]]. == Etimolohiya == [[Talaksan:0142_-_Roma_-_Piazza_del_Campidoglio_-_Statua_del_Tevere_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall'Orto,_7-Apr-2008.jpg|right|thumb|Ang representasyong Romano ng Tiber bilang isang [[diyos]], [[Burol Capitolino]] sa Roma]] Ayon sa [[mitolohiya ng pagkakatatag]] ng lungsod mula mismo sa mga Sinaunang Romano,<ref name="livy17973">{{cite book|publisher=Printed for A.Strahan|last=Livy|others=George Baker (trans.)|title=The history of Rome|year=1797}}</ref> ang matagal nang tradisyon ng pinagmulan ng pangalang ''Roma'' ay pinaniniwalaang nagmula sa tagapagtatag at unang [[Rex (titulo)|''rex'']] (hari) ng lungsod na si [[Romulus at Remus|Romulo]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509038/Romulus-and-Remus|title=Romulus and Remus|encyclopedia=Britannica.com|date=25 Nobyembre 2014|accessdate=9 Marso 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317100831/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509038/Romulus-and-Remus|archivedate=17 Marso 2015}}</ref> Gayumpaman, may posibilidad na ang pangalang Romulo ay nagmula sa Roma mismo.<ref>Cf. Jaan Puhvel: ''Comparative mythology.'' The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London 1989, p. 287.</ref> Kahit noong ika-4 na siglo, mayroong mga alternatibong teoryang iminungkahi sa pinagmulan ng pangalang ''Roma''. Maraming pagpapalagay ang inihapag na tumututok sa mga ugat lingguwistiko na kung saan gayunpaman ang usapan ay nananatiling nagpapatuloy:<ref>Claudio Rendina: ''Roma Ieri, Oggi, Domani''. Newton Compton, Roma, 2007, p. 17.</ref> * mula sa ''Rumon'' o ''Rumen'', luma nang pangalan ng [[Ilog Tiber|Tiber]], na kung saan ay kaugnay umano sa salitang Griyego na ῥέω (''rhéō'') na 'dumaloy, pag-agos' at ang pandiwang Latin ''ruō na'' 'magmadali'; {{Efn|This hypothesis originates from the Roman Grammarian [[Maurus Servius Honoratus]]. However, the Greek verb descends from the [[Proto-Indo-European root]] [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/srew-|''*srew-'']] (compare Ancient Greek ῥεῦμα (''rheûma'') 'a stream, flow, current', the Thracian river name Στρυμών (''Strumṓn'') and Proto-Germanic ''*strauma-'' 'stream'; if it was related, however, the Latin river name would be expected to begin with **''Frum-'', like Latin ''[[wikt:frigeo|frīgeō]]'' 'to freeze' from the root ''*sreyHg-'') and the Latin verb from [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃rew-|''*h₃rew-'']].}} * mula sa salitang [[Wikang Etrusko|Etrusko]] na 𐌓𐌖𐌌𐌀 (''ruma''), na ang ugat ay ''*rum-'' "utong", na may posibleng sumasangguni alinman sa [[Pagkakatatag ng Roma|totem na lobong nag-ampon at nagpasuso]] sa kambal na sina [[Romulo at Remo]], o sa hugis ng [[Burol Palatino]] at [[Burol Aventino]]; * mula sa salitang Griyego na ῥώμη (''rhṓmē''), na nangangahulugang ''lakas''.{{Efn|This hypothesis originates from [[Plutarch]].}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|Kasaysayan ng Roma}} === Pinakaunang kasaysayan === Habang may mga natuklasan nang arkeolohikal na katibayan ng pananahan sa lugar ng Roma mula sa humigit-kumulang na 14,000 taon na ang nakalilipas, ang siksik na layer ng mga mas maagang labi ang bumabaon sa mga lugar [[Paleolitiko|Palaeolitiko]] at [[Neolitiko]].<ref name="Heiken, G. 2005">Heiken, G., Funiciello, R. and De Rita, D. (2005), ''The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City''. Princeton University Press.</ref> Ang ebidensiya ng mga kagamitang bato, palayok, at sandatang bato ay nagpapatunay sa halos 10,000 taong pananahan ng tao. Sinusuportahan ng maraming paghuhukay ang pananaw na ang Roma ay lumago mula sa mga paninirahang [[Pastoralismo|pastoral]] sa [[Burol Palatino]] na itinayo sa itaas ng lugar na magiging [[Forum ng Roma|Foro ng Roma]]. Sa pagitan ng pagtatapos ng [[Panahon ng Tansong Pula]] at pagsisimula ng [[Panahon ng Bakal]], ang bawat burol sa pagitan ng dagat at ng Capitolino ay pinangunahan ng isang nayon (sa Burol Capitolino, isang nayon ang napatunayan nang naroon mula noong pagtapos ang ika-14 na siglo BK).<ref name="coa9">Coarelli (1984) p. 9</ref> Gayunpaman, wala sa kanila ang maihahalintulad sa isang lungsod.<ref name="coa9" /> Mayroong malawak na pinagkasunduan ngayon na ang lungsod ay unti-unting nabuo sa pamamagitan ng pagsasama-sama ("[[sinoesismo]]") ng maraming nayon sa paligid ng pinakamalaki, ang nasa tuktok ng Palatino.<ref name="coa9" /> Ang pagsasama-sama na ito ay napadali ng pagdaragdag ng pagiging produktibo ng agrikultura na umangat mula sa [[Ekonomiya ng pamumuhay|antas ng pamumuhay]], na pinapayagan din ang pagtatag ng mga [[Sekundaryong sektor ng ekonomiya|sekundaryo]] at [[Tersiyaryong sektor ng ekonomiya|tersiyaryong gawain]]. Ang mga ito naman ay nagpalakas ng pag-unlad ng kalakal sa mga kolonya ng Gresya sa [[katimugang Italya]] (pangunahin sa [[Ischia]] at [[Cumae]]).<ref name="coa9" /> Ang mga pagpapaunlad na ito, na ayon sa ebidensiyang arkeolohikal ng mga pangyayari noong kalagitnaan ng ikawalong siglo BK, ay maaaring isaalang-alang bilang "kapanganakan" ng lungsod.<ref name="coa9" /> Sa kabila ng mga kamakailang paghuhukay sa burol Palatino, ang pananaw na ang Roma ay sadyang itinatag noong kalagitnaan ng ikawalong siglo BK, tulad ng iminungkahi ng alamat ng Romulo, ay nananatiling isang teoryang nasa laylayan.<ref name="foundation2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/science/12rome.html|title=More Clues in the Legend (or Is It Fact?) of Romulus|first=John Nobel|last=Wilford|date=12 June 2007|work=New York Times|accessdate=11 Agosto 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417112437/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/science/12rome.html|archivedate=17 Marso 2009}}</ref> ===== Alamat ng pagkakatatag ng Roma ===== [[Talaksan:Kapitolinische_Wölfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg|thumb|Ang{{Dead link|date=Mayo 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''[[Lobong Capitolino]]'', isang eskultura ng [[Babaeng lobo (mitolohiyang Romano)|kathang-isip na babaeng lobo]] na nagpapasuso ng kambal na sanggol na sina [[Romulus at Remus|Romulo at Remo]]]] Ang mga tradisyonal na kuwentong pinagpasahan ng mga mismong [[sinaunang Roma]]no ang nagpapaliwanag ng pinakamaagang [[Kasaysayan ng Roma|kasaysayan ng kanilang lungsod]] na makikita sa mga [[alamat]] at [[mito]]. Ang pinakapamilyar sa mga alamat na ito, at marahil ang pinakatanyag sa lahat ng [[mitolohiyang Romano]], ay ang kuwento nina [[Romulus at Remus|Romulo at Remo]], ang kambal na pinasuso ng isang [[Babaeng lobo (mitolohiyang Romano)|babaeng lobo]].<ref name="livy17973"/> Nagpasya silang magtayo ng isang lungsod, ngunit pagkatapos ng pagtatalo, pinatay ni [[Romulus|Romulo]] ang kaniyang kapatid at tinawag ang lungsod mula sa kaniyang pangalan. Ayon sa mga Romanong [[analista]], nangyari ito noong Abril 21, 753 BK.{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Ang alamat na ito ay kinailangang ipagkasundo sa isang dalawahang tradisyon, na itinakda nang mas maagang panahon, nang [[Digmaang Troya|tumakas]] ang [[Digmaang Troya|Troyang]] si [[Aineias]] papunta sa Italya at itinatag ang linya ng mga Romano sa pamamagitan ng kaniyang anak na si [[Ascanius|Iulus]], kung kanino ipinangalanan ang [[dinastiyang Julio-Claudio]].<ref name="livy20052">{{Cite book|publisher=Penguin Books Ltd|isbn=978-0-14-196307-5|last=Livy|title=The Early History of Rome|year=2005}}</ref> Ito ay nagawa ng makatang Romano na si [[Virgil]] noong unang siglo BC. Dagdag, binabanggit ni [[Strabo|Estrabon]] ang isang mas matandang kuwento, na ang lungsod ay isang kolonya ng [[Arcadia (sinaunang rehiyon)|Arcadia]] na itinatag ni [[Evandro]]. Isinulat din ni Estrabon na si [[Lucius Coelius Antipater]] ay naniniwalagngang ang Roma ay itinatag ng mga Griyego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.3.3|title=Strabo, Geography, book 5, chapter 3, section 3|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5C*.html|title=LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book V Chapter 3|website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> === Kaharian at republika === {{Main|Sinaunang Roma|Kahariang Romano|Republikang Romano|Imperyong Romano}} {{multiple image|align=right|caption_align=center|image1=Statue-Augustus.jpg|width1=155|caption1=[[Augusto]]|image2=Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|width2=128|caption2=[[Julio Cesar]]}}Matapos ang maalamat na pagkakatatag ni Romulo,{{sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964|p=73}} ang Roma ay pinasiyahan sa loob ng 244 na taon ng isang sistemang monarkiya, nagmula sa mga soberanong nagmula sa mga [[Mga Latin (Italikong tribo)|Latin]] at [[Mga Sabino|Sabino]], na kalaunan ay mga haring [[Kabihasnang Etrusko|Etrusko]]. Ang tradisyon ay naglatag ng pitong hari: [[Romulo]], [[Numa Pompilius]], [[Tullus Hostilius]], [[Ancus Marcius]], [[Lucius Tarquinius Priscus|Tarquinius Priscus]], [[Servius Tullius]], at [[Tarquinius Superbus]].{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Noong 509 BC, pinabaksak ng mga Romano ang huling hari mula sa kanilang lungsod at nagtatag ng isang [[Oligarkiya|oligarkong]] [[republika]]. Sa gayon ay nagsimula na ng Roma sa isang panahong naisasalarawan bilang alitan sa pagitan ng mga [[Patricio (sinaunang Roma)|patricio]] (aristokrata) at mga [[Mga Plebo|plebo]] (maliit na may-ari ng lupa), at sa pamamagitan ng patuloy na pakikidigma laban sa mga populasyon ng gitnang Italya: mga Etrusko, Latin, [[mga Volsco|Volsco]], [[mga Ecuo|Ecuo]], at [[Marsi|Marso]]{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Matapos maging pinuno ng [[Latium]], pinangunahan ng Roma ang maraming digmaan (laban sa mga [[Mga Galo|Galo]], [[Mga Osco|Osco]]-[[Mga Samnita|Samnita]] at kolonyang Griyego ng [[Tarento]], kaalyado ni [[Piro ng Epiro|Piro]], hari ng [[Epiro]]) na humantong sa pananakop sa [[tangway ng Italya]], mula sa gitna hanggang sa [[Magna Graecia]].{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Ang ikatlo at ikalawang siglo BK ay kakikitaan ang pagtatatag ng Romanong ehemoniya sa buong [[Dagat Mediteraneo|Mediteraneo]] at sa mga [[Balkan]], bunga ng tatlong [[Mga Digmaang Puniko|Digmaang Puniko]] (264–146 BC) na dumigma sa lungsod ng [[Kartago]], at ng tatlong Digmaang [[Mga digmaang Macedoniko|Macedoniko]] (212–168 BK) laban sa [[Kaharian ng Masedonya|Macedonia]].{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Ang mga unang [[lalawigang Romano]] ay itinatag sa panahong ito: [[Sicilia (lalawigang Romano)|Sicilia]], [[Sardinia at Corsica]], [[Hispania]], [[Macedonia (lalawigang Romano)|Macedonia]], [[Achaea (lalawiganng Romano)|Achaea]], at [[Africa (lalawigang Romano)|Africa]].{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}}[[Talaksan:Palatino_(Palatine_Hill,_Rome).jpg|thumb|Ang mga palasyo ng Sinaunang-Imperyal-Romano ng Palatino, isang serye ng mga palasyo na matatagpuan sa [[Burol Palatino]], litaw na nagpapahayag ng kapangyarihan at kayamanan ng mga emperador mula kay Augusto hanggang sa ika-4 na siglo.]] Mula sa pagsisimula ng ika-2 siglo BK, naglabanan ng kapangyarihan ang dalawang pangkat ng aristokrata: ang [[optimates]], na kumakatawan sa konserbatibong bahagi ng [[Senado ng Roma|Senado]], at ang mga [[populares]], na umaasa sa suporta ng mga [[Mga Plebo|plebo]] (urbanong mababang uri) upang makakuha ng kapangyarihan. Sa parehong panahon, ang pagkalugi ng maliliit na magsasaka at ang pagtatatag ng malalaking lupain pang-alipin ay naging sanhi ng malakihang paglipat sa lungsod. Ang tuloy-tuloy na digmaan ay humantong sa paglalatatag ng isang propesyonal na hukbo, na naging mas tapat sa mga heneral nito kaysa republika. Dahil dito, sa ikalawang kalahati ng ikalawang siglo at noong unang siglo BK, mayroong mga salungatan kapuwa laban sa ibang bansa at sa loob nito. Matapos ang nabigong pagtatangka ng repormang panlipunan ng populares na sina [[Tiberius Gracchus|Tiberius]] at [[Gaius Gracchus]],{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} at giyera laban kay [[Jugurtha|Jugurta]],{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} nagkaroon ng [[Unang digmaang sibil ni Sulla|unang digmaang sibil]] sa pagitan nina [[Gaius Marius]] at [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]].{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Isang [[Ikatlong Digmaang Servil|pangunahing pag-aalsa ng mga alipin]] sa ilalim ni [[Spartacus]] ang sumunod,{{sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964|p=91}} at pagkatapos ay ang pagkakatatag ng [[unang Triunvirato]] kasama sina [[Julio Cesar|Cesar]], [[Pompey]], at [[Marcus Crassus|Crassus]].{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} [[Talaksan:Trajansmärkte_Forum.jpg|left|thumb|Ang{{Dead link|date=Mayo 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} mga [[Mga imperyal na foro|imperyal na foro]] na kabilang sa isang serye ng mga monumental na foro (mga pampublikong plaza) na itinayo sa Roma ng mga emperador. Makikita rin sa imahen ang [[Palengke ni Trajano]].]] Ang pananakop sa mga [[mga Galo|Galo]] ang nagpakalakas at nagpasikat kay Cesar, na humantong sa [[Digmaang Sibil ni Cesar|pangalawang digmaang sibil]] laban sa Senado at kay Pompey. Matapos ang kaniyang tagumpay, itinatag ni Cesar ang kaniyang sarili bilang [[Diktador perpetuo|panghabangbuhay na diktador]].{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Ang pagpaslang sa kaniya ay humantong sa isang [[ikalawang Triunvirato]] sa pagitan nina [[Cesar Augusto|Octavio]] (apo at tagapagmana ni Cesar), [[Marcus Antonius|Marco Antonio]], at [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triunviro)|Lepido]], at sa [[Huling digmaang ng Republikang Romano|isa pang digmaang sibil]] sa pagitan nina Octavio at Antonio.{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} === Imperyo === [[Talaksan:Vue maquette de Gismondi, J.-P. Dalbéra.jpg|left|thumb|Rekonstruksiyon ng sinaunang Roma sa panahon ng Imperyo.]] Noong 27 BK, si Octavio ang naging ''[[Princeps|princeps civitatis]]'' at kinuha ang titulong [[Cesar Augusto|''Augustus'']], na itinatag ang [[prinsipado]], isang [[diarkiya]] sa pagitan ng mga ''princeps'' at ng senado.{{sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964|p=93}} Sa panahon ng paghahari ni [[Nero]], napakalaking bahagi ng lungsod ang nasira pagkatapos ng [[Dakilang Sunog ng Roma]], at sinimulan ang [[Pag-uusig sa mga Kristiyano sa Imperyong Romano|pang-uusig sa mga Kristiyano]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/great-fire-rome-background/1446/|title=The Great Fire of Rome {{!}} Background {{!}} Secrets of the Dead {{!}} PBS|date=29 Mayo 2014|website=Secrets of the Dead|language=en-US|access-date=7 Marso 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul19/great-fire-rome/|title=Great Fire of Rome|last=Society|first=National Geographic|date=18 Hunyo 2014|website=National Geographic Society|language=en|access-date=7 Marso 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Egypt, Greece, and Rome : civilizations of the ancient Mediterranean|last=Freeman, Charles, 1947-|isbn=978-0-19-965191-7|edition=Third|location=Oxford|oclc=868077503|date= Marso 2014}}</ref> Ang Roma ay itinatag bilang isang [[de facto]] na imperyo, na umabot sa pinakadakilang paglawak nito noong ikalawang siglo sa ilalim ng Emperado [[Trajano]]. Ang Roma ay itinuring bilang [[caput Mundi]], ibig sabihin, ang kabesera ng kilalang mundo, isang kataga na ginagamit pa kahit noong panahon ng Republika. Sa unang dalawang dantaon nito, ang imperyo ay pinamunuan ng mga emperador mula sa mga dinastiyang [[Dinastiyang Julio-Claudio|Julio-Claudio]],{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} [[Dinastiyang Flavio|Flavio]] (na nagtayo rin ng isang kapangalang ampiteatro, na kilala bilang [[Koliseo]]),{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} at [[Dinastiyang Nerva-Antonina|Antonina]].{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Ang panahong ito ay nailalarawan din dahil sa pagkalat ng relihiyong Kristiyano, na ipinangaral ni [[Hesus|Hesucristo]] sa [[Judea]] noong unang kalahati ng unang siglo (sa ilalim ng [[Tiberio]]) at ikinalat ng kaniyang mga [[apostol]] sa loob at labas ng imperyo.{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Ang panahong Antonina ay itinuturing na rurok ng Imperyo, na ang teritoryo ay mula sa [[Karagatang Atlantiko|Dagat Atlantiko]] hanggang sa [[Eufrates]] at mula sa [[Gran Britanya|Britanya]] hanggang [[Ehipto]].{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} [[Talaksan:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png|right|thumb|Ang Imperyong Romano sa pinakamalawak na sakop nito noong 117 AD, humigit-kumulang na {{Convert|6.5|e6km2|e6sqmi|1}}<ref>Parker, Philip, "The Empire Stops Here". p. 2.</ref> lupain.]] [[Talaksan:Foro_Romano_Forum_Romanum_Roman_Forum_(8043630550).jpg|right|thumb|Ang [[Forum ng Roma|Foro ng Roma]] ay ang labi ng mga gusaling iyon na sa karamihan ng panahon ng Sinaunang Roma ay kumakatawan sa sentro ng politika, batas, relihiyon, at ekonomiya ng lungsod at ang neuralhikong sentro ng lahat ng sibilisasyong Romano.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Roman Forum|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|date=18 Enero 2012|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/26/the-roman-forum/|access-date=22 Agosto 2019}}</ref>]] [[Talaksan:Rione_X_Campitelli,_00186_Roma,_Italy_-_panoramio_(128).jpg|right|thumb|[[Haligi ni Trajano]], haligi ng tagumpay at lugar kung saan inilagak ang mga labi ni [[Trajano|Emperador Trajano]].]]Matapos ng Dinastiyang Severo noong 235, ang Imperyo ay pumasok sa isang 50 taong panahon na kilala bilang [[Krisis ng Ikatlong Siglo]] kung saan maraming lupon ng heneral ang naghahangad na protektahan ang rehiyon ng imperyo na ipinagkatiwala sa kanila buhat ng kahinaan ng sentral na awtoridad sa Roma. Nariyan ang tinaguriang Imperyong Galo mula 260 hanggang 274 at ang pag-aalsa ni Zenobia at ng kaniyang ama mula sa kalagitnaan ng 260s na naghahangad na hadlangan ang mga pagsalakay ng Persia. Ang ilang rehiyon–Britanya, Espanya, at Hilagang Africa–ay halos hindi naapektuhan. Ang kawalang-tatag ay naging sanhi ng pagkasira ng ekonomiya, at nagkaroon ng mabilis na pagtaas ng implasyon habang naging lalong magastos ang pamamahala upang matugunan ang mga gastos. Ang mga [[Talaan ng mga sinaunang taong Aleman|tribong Aleman]] sa may Rin at sa hilaga ng Balkan ay nagsagawa ng malulubha, ngunit hindi koordinadong pagsalakay mula 250 hanggang 280 na itinuring bilang malalaking pagsalakay sa mga grupo kaysa mga pagtatangkang manirahan. Ang [[Dinastiyang Sasanida|Imperyong Persia]] ay sumalakay mula sa silangan nang maraming beses sa panahon ng 230s hanggang 260s ngunit kalaunan ay tinalo.{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Isinagawa ni Emperado [[Diocleciano]] (284) ang pagpapanumbalik ng Estado. Tinapos niya ang Principado at ipinakilala ang [[Tetrarkiya]] na naghahangad na dagdagan ang kapangyarihan ng estado. Ang pinakatampok na salik nito ay ang walang-habas na interbensiyon ng Estado hanggang sa antas-lungsod. Kung dati, ang Estado ay nagsumite ng isang panukalang pagbubuwis sa isang lungsod at hinayaan ng lungsod na magpasya sa ibabayad, mula sa kaniyang paghahari ay ginawa ito ng Estado hanggang sa antas ng nayon. Sa isang walang kabuluhang pagtatangka upang makontrol ang implasyon, nagpataw siya ng mga [[Mga kontrol sa presyo|kontrol sa presyo]] na hindi tumagal. Siya o si Constantino ang nagrehiyonalisa ng pangangasiwa ng imperyo na pangunahing nagbago sa paraan ng pamamahala nito sa pamamagitan ng paglikha ng mga rehiyonal na diyosesis. Ang pagkakaroon ng mga panrehiyong yunit ng pananalapi mula 286 ay nagsilbing modelo para sa walang-habas na pagbabagong ito. Pinabilis ng emperador ang proseso ng pag-alis ng utos-militar mula sa mga gobernador. Mula noon, ang administrasyong sibilyan at ang utos-militar ay magkahiwalay. Binigyan niya ang mga gobernador ng higit na tungkulin sa pananalapi at inatasan sila na pangasiwaan ang sistema ng suporta sa lohistika ng hukbo bilang pagtatangka na kontrolin ito sa pamamagitan ng pag-aalis ng sistema ng suporta mula sa kontrol nito. Pinamunuan ni Diocleciano ang silangang kalahati at tumira sa [[Nicomedia]], habang iniangat niya si [[Maximiano]] sa antas ''Augusto'' ng kanlurang kalahati, kung saan pinamumunuan niya ang karamihan mula sa [[Mediolanum]] kapag hindi nag-iikot.{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Noong 292, lumikha siya ng dalawang 'nakababatang' emperador, ang mga Cesar, isa para sa bawat Augusto. Ang mga ito ay sina Constantius para sa Britanya, Galia, at Espanya na ang luklukan ng kapangyarihan ay nasa [[Trier]] at si Licinius sa [[Sirmium]] sa Balkan. Hindi bago ang pagtatalaga ng isang Cesar: Sinubukan ni Diocleciano ang isang sistemang 'di-dinastikong pagkakasunud-sunod. Sa pagbaba sa puwesto noong 305, umangat ang mga Cesar at sila naman ay humirang ng dalawang kasamahan para sa kanilang sarili.{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} [[Talaksan:Piazza_di_porta_san_Paolo_102_2167.jpg|left|thumb|Ang [[Piramide ni Cestius|Piramide ni Gaius Cestius]] at ang mga [[Mga Pader Aureliano|Pader Aureliano]]]] Matapos ang pagbaba sa puwesto nina Diocleciano at Maximiano noong 305 at isang serye ng mga digmaang sibil sa pagitan ng mga karibal na nag-aangkin sa kapangyarihan ng imperyo, sa mga taon ng 306-313, ang Tetrarkiya ay inabandona. Nagsagawa si Constantinong Dakila ng isang pangunahing reporma ng burukrasya, hindi sa pamamagitan ng pagbabago ng estruktura ngunit sa pamamagitan ng rasyonalisasyon ng mga kakayahan ng maraming ministro sa mga taong 325-330, matapos niyang talunin si [[Licinius]], ang emperador sa Silangan, sa pagtatapos ng 324. Ang tinatawag na [[Kautusan ng Milano]] ng 313, sa katunayan ay isang piraso ng liham mula kay Licinius sa mga gobernador ng mga silangang lalawigan, ay pagbibigay ng kalayaan sa pagsamba ninuman, kasama na sa mga Kristiyano, at inatasan ang pagpapanumbalik ng mga nakumpiskang pag-aari ng simbahan sa petisyon sa mga bagong nilikha na vicario ng mga diyosesis. Pinondohan niya ang pagtatayo ng maraming simbahan at pinayagan ang kleriko na kumilos bilang mga tagapamagitan sa mga alitang sibil (isang batas na winakasan bago matapos ang pamumuno niya, ngunit ibinalik din). Binago niya ang bayan ng [[Byzantium]] bilang kaniyang bagong luklukan, kung saan, gayunpaman, ay hindi opisyal na anupaman kaysa isang tirahan ng imperyo tulad ng Milano o Trier o Nicomedia hanggang sa bigyan ng isang prepekto ng lungsod noong Mayo 359 ni Constantius II, at naging [[Constantinopla]].{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Ang Kristiyanismo sa anyo ng Kredong Niceno ang naging opisyal na relihiyon ng imperyo noong 380, sa pamamagitan ng [[Kautusan ng Tesalonica]] na inilabas sa ngalan ng tatlong emperador–Gratian, Valentiniano II, at [[Theodosius I|Theodosius I–]]<nowiki/>na malinaw na si Theodosius ang nagtutulak dito. Siya ang huling emperador ng pinag-isang imperyo. Pagkamatay niya noong 395, hinati ng kaniyang mga anak na sina [[Arcadius]] at [[Honorius]] ang imperyo sa [[Kanlurang Imperyong Romano|isang kanluran]] at [[Silangang Imperyong Romano|isang silangang]] bahagi. Ang luklukan ng pamahalaan sa Kanlurang Imperyong Romano ay inilipat sa [[Lungsod ng Ravenna|Ravenna]] pagkatapos ng [[Pagkubkob ng Milano]] noong 402. Noong ika-5 siglo, ang karamihan sa mga emperador mula 430 ay nanirahan sa kabeserang lungsod, Roma.{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Ang Roma, na nawala ang pangunahing papel nito sa pamamahala ng imperyo, ay [[Pandarambong sa Roma (410)|dinambong noong 410]] ng mga [[Visigodo]]ng pinamunuan ni [[Alarico I]],{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} ngunit napakaliit na pinsalang pisikal ang nagawa, na ang karamihan ay inayos din. Ang hindi madaling mapalitan ay ang mga natangay na bagay tulad ng likhang sining na pinalamutian at mga bagay sa tahanan na ninakaw. Pinaganda ng mga papa ang lungsod ng mga naglalakihang basilika, tulad ng [[Basilika ni Santa Maria la Mayor|Santa Maria Maggiore]] (sa pakikipagtulungan ng mga emperador). Ang populasyon ng lungsod ay bumagsak mula 800,000 hanggang 450-500,000 sa panahong ang lungsod ay dinambong noong 455 ni [[Genseric]]o, hari ng mga [[Lahing Bandalo|Bandalo]].{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Hindi napigilian ng mahihinang emperador ng ikalimang siglo ang pagkabulok, na humantong sa pagtitiwalag kay [[Romulo Augustulo]] noong 22 Agosto 476, na minarkahan ang pagtatapos ng Kanlurang Imperyong Romano at, para sa maraming istoryador, ang simula ng [[Gitnang Kapanahunan]].{{Sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964}} Ang pagbagsak ng populasyon ng lungsod ay sanhi ng pagkawala ng pang-angkat ng trigo mula sa Hilagang Africa, mula 440 pataas, at ang pagkaayaw ng mga senador na panatilihin ang mga donasyon upang suportahan ang isang populasyon na masyadong malaki para sa limitadong rekurso. Gayumpaman, pinagsumikapang panatilihin ang monumental na sentro, ang Palatino, at ang mga pinakamalaking paliguan, na patuloy na pinagana hanggang sa pagkubkob ng mga Gotiko noong 537. Ang malalaking paliguang Constantino sa Quirinal ay iniayos pa noong 443, at ang lawak ng pinsala ay ginawang eksaherasyon.<ref>''Rome, An Urban History from Antiquity to the Present'', Rabun Taylor, Katherine W. Rinne and Spiro Kostof, 2016 pp.&nbsp;160–179</ref> Gayumpaman, ang hitsura ng lungsod ay ang pangkalahatang pagkabalaho at pagkaagnas dahil sa malalawak na lugar na inabandona at sa pagbaba ng populasyon. Ang populasyon ay bumaba mula sa 500,000&nbsp;ng 452 patungo sa 100,000&nbsp;ng 500 AD (marahil ay mas malaki, kahit na walang tiyak na bilang ang maaaring malaman). Matapos ang pagkubkob ng mga Gotiko noong 537, ang populasyon ay bumaba pa sa 30,000 ngunit tumaas sa 90,000 sa ilalim ng pagka-papa ni [[Papa Gregorio I|Gregorio ang Dakila]].<ref>''Rome, Profile of a City: 321–1308'', [[Richard Krautheimer]], p.&nbsp;165</ref> Ang pagbaba ng populasyon ay sumabay sa pangkalahatang pagbagsak ng urbanong pamumuhay sa Kanluran noong ikalima at ikaanim na siglo, na may kaunting mga natatangi. Ang pamamahagi ng trigo ng estado na umaakay sa mas mahirap na mga kasapi ng lipunan ay nagpatuloy hanggang sa ikaanim na siglo at marahil ay pinigilan ang lalong pagbagsak ng populasyon.<ref>''Rome, Urban History'', pp.&nbsp;184–185</ref> Ang mga numero ng 450,000-500,000 ay batay sa dami ng baboy, 3,629,000&nbsp;lbs. ipinamahagi sa mas mahihirap na Romano sa loob ng limang buwan ng taglamig sa tantos ng limang Romanong lbs bawat tao bawat buwan, sapat para sa 145,000 katao o 1/4 o 1/3&nbsp;ng kabuuang populasyon.<ref>Novel 36, 2, Emperor Valeninian III</ref> Ang pamamahagi ng butil sa 80,000 may hawak ng boleto nang sabay-sabay ay nagmumungkahi ng 400,000 (itinakda ni Augusto ang bilang sa 200,000 o ikalimang bahagi ng populasyon). === Gitnang Panahon === [[Talaksan:Sack_of_Rome_by_Alaric_-_sacred_vessels_are_brought_to_a_church_for_safety_(2nd_of_2).jpg|right|thumb|Paglalarawan noong ika-15 siglo na naglalarawan ng [[Pandarambong sa Roma (410)]] ng haring [[Mga Visigodo|Visigodo]] na si [[Alarico I]]]] Ang Obispo ng Roma, na tinawag na [[Papa|Santo Papa]], ay mahalaga mula pa noong mga unang araw ng Kristiyanismo dahil sa pagkamartir doon ng parehong apostol na sina [[San Pedro|Pedro]] at [[Apostol Pablo|Pablo]]. Ang mga Obispo ng Roma ay nakita rin (at nakikita pa rin ng mga Katoliko) bilang kahalili ni Pedro, na itinuturing na unang Obispo ng Roma. Sa gayon ang lungsod ay nagkaroon ng mas nakaangat na halaga bilang sentro ng [[Simbahang Katolika Romana|Simbahang Katolika]]. Matapos ang [[pagbagsak ng Kanlurang Imperyong Romano]] noong 476 AD, ang Roma ay unang nasa ilalim ng kontrol ni [[Odoacer]] at pagkatapos ay naging bahagi ng [[Kahariang Ostrogodo]] bago bumalik sa kontrol ng [[Silangang Imperyong Romano|Silangang Romano]] pagkatapos ng [[Digmaang Gotiko (535–554)|Digmaang Gotiko]], na sumalanta sa lungsod [[Pandarambong sa Roma (546)|546]] at [[Pagkubkob sa Roma (549-550)|550]]. Ang populasyon nito ay bumulusok mula sa higit sa isang milyon noong 210 AD hanggang 500,000 noong 273<ref name="Editors">{{cite web|last=Editors|first=Mandatory|url=http://www.mandatory.com/2013/01/24/the-16-greatest-cities-in-human-history/9|title=travel, history, civilizations, greatest cities, largest cities, Rome|publisher=Mandatory|date=24 Enero 2013|accessdate=12 Marso 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130090938/http://www.mandatory.com/2013/01/24/the-16-greatest-cities-in-human-history/9|archivedate=30 Enero 2013}}</ref> hanggang 35,000 pagkatapos ng Digmaang Gotiko (535-554).<ref name="Editors"/> Nabawasan ang dating malawak na lungsod at naging mga pangkat ng mga tinitirahang gusali na magkakalayo at pinapalibutan ng malalaking pook ng mga labi, masusukal na lugar, anihan ng vino, at mga palengkeng halamanan.<ref>Norman John Greville Pounds. ''An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330''. p. 192.</ref> Pangkalahatang itinuturing na ang populasyon ng lungsod hanggang 300 AD ay 1 milyon (tinatayang mula 2 milyon hanggang 750,000) na bumababa sa 750–800,000 noong 400 AD, 450-500,000 noong 450 AD, at bumaba sa 80-100,000 noong 500 AD (bagaman maaaring dalawang beses ito).<ref>''Rome in Late Antiquity'', Bernard Lancon, 2001, pp.&nbsp;14, pp. 115–119 {{ISBN|0-415-92976-8}}; ''Rome Profile of a City'', Richard Krautheimer, 2000, pp.&nbsp;4, 65 {{ISBN|0-691-04961-0}}; ''Ancient Rome, The Archaeology of the Eternal City'', Editors Jon Coulston and Hazel Dodge, pp. 142–165 {{ISBN|978-0-947816-55-1}}</ref> Matapos ang [[Mga Lombardo|pagsalakay ng mga Lombardo sa Italya]], ang lungsod ay nanatiling Bisantino sa pangalan, ngunit sa totoo, ang mga papa ay sumunod sa isang patakaran ng balanse sa pagitan ng mga [[Silangang Imperyong Romano|Bisantino]], [[Mga Franco|Franco]], at [[Mga Lombardo|Lombardo]].{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Noong 729, ibinigay ng Lombardong hari na si [[Liutprand, Hari ng mga Lombardo|Liutprand]] ang hilagang bayan ng Latium ng [[Sutri]] sa Simbahan, ang simula ng temporal na kapangyarihan nito.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Noong 756, matapos talunin ni [[Pepin ang Maikli]] ang Lombardo, ay ibininigay sa Papa ang temoral na kapangyarihan sa Dukadong Romano at sa [[Exarcado ng Ravenna|Exarkado ng Ravenna]], sa gayon nalikha ang [[Estado ng Simbahan]].{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Mula sa panahong ito, sinubukan ng tatlong kapangyarihan na mamuno sa lungsod: ang papa, ang maharlika (kasama ang mga pinuno ng mga milisya, ang mga hukom, ang Senado at ang populasyon), at ang haring Franco, bilang hari ng mga Lombardo, patricius, at Emperador.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Ang tatlong partidong ito (teokratiko, republikano, at imperyal) ay isang katangian ng buhay Romano sa buong Gitnang Kapanahunan.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Noong gabi ng Pasko ng 800, si [[Carlomagno]] ay kinoronahan sa Roma bilang emperador ng [[Banal na Imperyong Romano]] ni [[Papa Leo III]]. Sa pagkakataong iyon, ang lungsod ay naglatag sa kauna-unahang pagkakataon ng dalawang kapangyarihan na ang pakikibaka para sa kontrol ay magiging madalas sa Gitnang Kapanahunan.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} [[Talaksan:Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_(Francis_1st_of_France)_by_Pope_Leo_III_(Leo_X)_Vatican_11.jpg|left|thumb|Detalye ng obra ni [[Rafael Sanzio|Raphael]] na naglalarawan ng pagkokorona kay [[Carlomagno]] sa [[Lumang Basilika ni San Pedro]], noong 25 Disyembre 800]] Noong 846, ang mga Arabong Muslim ay nagkaroon ng [[Pagsalakay ng mga Arabo sa Roma|hindi matagumpay na pagsugod sa mga pader ng lungsod]], ngunit nagawang mandambong sa basilika ni [[Lumang Basilika ni San Pedro|San Pedro]] at San Pablo, parehong nasa labas ng pader ng lungsod.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/eust/ht06eust.htm|title=Italian Peninsula, 500–1000 A.D.|date=5 Disyembre 2008|website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art|The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205030647/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/eust/ht06eust.htm|archive-date=5 Disyembre 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=22 Agosto 2019}}</ref> Matapos ang pag-agnas ng [[Imperyong Carolingio|kapangyarihang Carolingio]], ang Roma ay nabiktima ng kaguluhang piyudal: maraming marangal na pamilya ang nagtunggalian sa pagkapapa, sa pagka-emperador, at sa bawat isa. Ito ang mga panahon nina [[Theodora (senatrix)|Teodora]] at kaniyang anak na si [[Marozia]], mga kerida at ina ng ilang papa, at ni [[Crescentius ang Nakababata|Crescentius]], isang makapangyarihang piyudal na panginoon, na nilabanan ang sina Emperador [[Otto II, Banal na Emperador ng Roma|Otto II]] at [[Otto III, Banal na Emperador ng Roma|Otto III]].{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Ang mga eskandalo sa panahong ito ang nagtulak upang ireporma ng papado ang sarili nito. Ang halalan ng papa ay inilaan na lamang sa mga kardinal, at sinubukan ang reporma ng klero. Ang puwersa sa likod ng pagpapanibago na ito ay ang mongheng si [[Papa Gregorio VII|Ildebrando da Soana]], na dating nahalal ng papa sa ilalim ng pangalang [[Papa Gregorio VII|Gregoryo VII]] at naging kasangkot sa [[Kontrobersiyang Investiduras]] laban kay Emperador [[Henry IV, Banal na Emperador ng Roma|Henry IV]].{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Kasunod nito, ang Roma ay [[Pandarambong sa Roma (1084)|dimambong at sinunog]] ng mga [[Mga Normando|Normando]] sa ilalim ni [[Robert Guiscard]] na pumasok sa lungsod nang may suporta sa Papa, at matapos ay kinubkob ang [[Castel Sant'Angelo]].{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Sa panahong ito, ang lungsod ay nagsasariling pinamunuan ng isang ''senatore'' o ''patrizio'' . Noong ika-12 siglo, ang pamamahala na ito, tulad ng ibang mga lungsod sa Europa, ay umunlad at naging [[Medyebal na komuna|komuna]], isang bagong anyo ng organisasyong panlipunan na kinokontrol ng mga bagong mayamang uri.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Nakipaglaban si Papa [[Papa Lucio II|Lucio II]] laban sa komunang Romano, at ang pakikibaka ay ipinagpatuloy ng kaniyang kahalili na si [[Papa Eugenio III]]: sa yugtong ito, ang komuna, kaalyado ng aristokrasya, ay suportado ni [[Arnaldo da Brescia]], isang monghe na isang relihiyoso at repormistang panlipunan.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Pagkamatay ng papa, si Arnaldo ay dinala ng ibinilanggo ni [[Papa Adriano IV|Adriano IV]], at minarkahan ang pagtatapos ng awtonomiya ng komuna.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Sa ilalim ni [[Papa Inocencio III]], na ang pamamahala ay minarkahan ang rurok ng papado, nilusaw ng komuna ang senado, at pinalitan ito ng isang ''Senatore'', na napapailalim sa papa.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Sa panahong ito, ang pagkapapa ay gumampan ng isang sekular na halaga sa [[Kanlurang Europa]], na madalas na kumikilos bilang mga tagapamagitan sa pagitan ng mga Kristiyanong [[monarko]] at gumagamit ng mga karagdagang kapangyarihang pampolitika.<ref name="Faus">Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "''Autoridade da Verdade – Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico''". Capítulo VIII: Os papas repartem terras – Pág.: 64–65 e Capítulo VI: O papa tem poder temporal absoluto – Pág.: 49–55. Edições Loyola. {{ISBN|85-15-01750-4}}. Embora Faus critique profundamente o poder temporal dos papas ("''Mais uma vez isso salienta um dos maiores inconvenientes do status político dos sucessores de Pedro''" – pág.: 64), ele também admite um papel secular positivo por parte dos papas ("''Não podemos negar que intervenções papais desse gênero evitaram mais de uma guerra na Europa''" – pág.: 65).</ref><ref name="Papal Arbitration2">{{cathEncy|wstitle=Papal Arbitration|author=Jarrett, Bede}}</ref><ref>Such as regulating the [[colonization]] of the [[New World]]. See [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] and [[Inter caetera]].</ref> Noong 1266, si [[Carlos ng Anjou]], na patungo sa timog upang labanan ang [[Hohenstaufen]] sa ngalan ng papa, ay hinirang na Senador. Itinatag ni Carlos ang [[Unibersidad ng Roma La Sapienza|Sapienza]], ang unibersidad ng Roma.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Sa panahong iyon namatay ang papa, at ang mga kardinal, na ipinatawag sa [[Viterbo]], ay hindi mapagsang-ayon sa kaniyang kahalili. Nagalit ang mga tao sa lungsod, at tinapyasan ng bubong ang gusali kung saan sila nagtipon hanggang sila ay magnomina ng bagong papa. Minarkahan nito ang pagsilang ng [[kongklabe]].{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Sa panahong ito ang lungsod ay nasira rin ng tuloy-tuloy na labanan sa pagitan ng mga maharlikang pamilya: [[Pamilya Annibaldi|Annibaldi]], [[Caetani]], [[Pamilyang Colonna|Colonna]], [[Pamilya Orsini|Orsini]], [[Conti di Segni|Conti]], nakapugad sa kanilang mga [[portipikasyon|kuta]] na itinayo sa itaas ng mga sinaunang gusaling Romano, at nilabanan ang bawat isa upang makontrol ang papado.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Si [[Papa Bonifacio VIII]], ipinanganak na Caetani, ay ang huling papa na lumaban para sa [[unibersal na pamumuno]] ng simbahan; ipinahayag niya ang isang krusada laban sa [[pamilyang Colonna|pamilya Colonna]] at, noong 1300, tumawag para sa unang [[Hubileo ng Kristiyanismo]], na nagdala ng milyon-milyong [[Peregrinasyong Kristiyano|peregrino]] sa Roma.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Gayunpaman, ang kaniyang pag-asa ay dinurog ng haring Pransiya na si [[Felipe IV ng Pransiya|Felipe ang Patas]], na kinulong siya at pinatay sa [[Anagni]].{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Pagkatapos, isang bagong papa na matapat sa Pranses ang hinalal, at ang papado ay pansamantalang [[Papado sa Avignon|inilipat]] sa [[Avignon]] (1309–1377).{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Sa panahong ito ay napabayaan ang Roma, hanggang sa isang plebong si [[Cola di Rienzo]], ang iniluklok.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Isang idealista at mahilig sa sinaunang Roma, ipinangarap ni Cola ang muling pagsilang ng Imperyong Romano. Matapos angkinin ang kapangyarihang may titulong ''[[Tribune|Tribuno]]'', ang kaniyang mga reporma ay tinanggihan ng mamamayan.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Sapilitang pinalayas, si Cola ay bumalik bilang bahagi ng kasamahan ni Kardinal [[Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz|Albornoz]], kung kanino pinaubaya ang pagpapanumbalik ng kapangyarihan ng Simbahan sa Italya.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Bumalik sa kapangyarihan para sa isang maikling panahon, sa lalong madaling panahon, si Cola ay tinugis ng mamamayan, at sinakop ni Albornoz ang lungsod. Noong 1377, ang Roma ay naging luklukan muli ng papado sa ilalim ni [[Papa Gregorio XI|Gregorio XI]].{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Ang pagbabalik ng papa sa Roma sa taong iyon ay nagpakawala ng [[Paghahating Kanluranin]] (1377–1418), at sa susunod na apatnapung taon, ang lungsod ay naapektuhan ng mga pagkakahati-hating umuga sa Simbahan.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} === Maagang modernong kasaysayan === {{Main|2=Renasimiyentong Romano}} [[Talaksan:Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_Städtebilder_G_123_III.jpg|thumb|Halos{{Dead link|date=Mayo 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 500 taong gulang, ang mapa ng Roma na ito ni [[Mario Cartaro]] ay nagpapakita ng mga pangunahing mga monumento ng lungsod.]] [[Talaksan:0_Castel_et_pont_Sant'Angelo_(1).JPG|right|thumb|Ang [[Castel Sant'Angelo]] o Mausoleo ni Adriano, ay isang monumentong Romano na radikal na binago noong Gitnang Kapanahunan at Renasimiyento na itinayo noong 134 AD at nakoronahan ng mga estatwa mula sa ika-16 at ika-17 siglo.]] [[Talaksan:Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata,_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg|thumb|[[Fontana della Barcaccia]] ni [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] noong 1629]] Noong 1418, inayos ng [[Konseho ng Constancia]] ang [[Paghahating Kanluranin]], at isang Romanong papa, si [[Papa Martin V|Martin V]], ang hinalal.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Dinala nito sa Roma ang isang siglo ng panloob na kapayapaan, na minarkahan ang pagsisimula ng [[Renasimiyento]].{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Ang naghaharing papa hanggang sa unang kalahati ng ika-16 na siglo, mula kay [[Papa Nicolas V|Nicolas V]], tagapagtatag ng [[Aklatang Vaticano]], hanggang kay [[Papa Pío II|Pío II]], humanista at palabasa, mula kay [[Papa Sixto IV|Sixto IV]], isang mandirigmang papa, hanggang kay [[Papa Alejandro VI|Alejandro VI]], imoral at [[Nepotismo|nepotista]], mula kay [[Papa Julio II|Julio II]], sundalo at tagapagtaguyod, hanggang kay [[Papa Leo X|Leo X]], na nagbigay ng kaniyang pangalan sa panahong ito ("ang siglo ni Leo X"), lahat ay nagbuhos ng kanilang lakas para sa kadakilaan at kagandahan ng Walang-hanggang Lungsod at sa pagtangkilik ng mga sining.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Sa mga taong iyon, ang sentro ng [[Renasimiyentong Italyano]] ay lumipat mula sa Florencia tungo sa Roma. Ang mga kamangha-manghang obra, tulad ng bagong [[Basilika ni San Pedro]], ang [[Kapilya Sistina]], at ''[[Ponte Sisto]]'' (ang unang tulay na itinayo sa buong [[Ilog Tiber|Tiber]] mula pa noong unang panahon, bagaman ay nakatayo sa mga Romanong pundasyon) ay itinayo. Upang magawa iyon, ang Papa ay nakipagsalamuha sa mga pinakamahusay na artista ng panahong iyon, kasama sina [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Pietro Perugino|Perugino]], [[Rafael Sanzio|Raphael]], [[Domenico Ghirlandaio|Ghirlandaio]], [[Luca Signorelli]], [[Sandro Botticelli|Botticelli]], at [[Cosimo Rosselli]]. Ang panahon ay kasumpa-sumpa rin dahil sa katiwalian ng mga papa, na may maraming ama na kamag-anak, na kasangkot sa [[nepotismo]] at [[Simoiya|simoniya]]. Humantong ito sa [[Repormang Protestante|Repormasyon]] at, sa kabilang banda, ang [[Kontra-Reporma]] ay bunga na rin ng katiwalian ng mga Santo Papa at ang malaking gastos para sa kanilang mga proyekto. Sa ilalim ng kalabisan at kayamanan ng mga papa, ang Roma ay nabago bilang isang sentro ng sining, tula, musika, panitikan, edukasyon, at kultura. Nagawang makipagkumpitensiya ng Roma sa iba pang pangunahing lungsod ng Europa ng panahong iyon sa mga salik ng kayamanan, kadakilaan, mga sining, pag-aaral, at arkitektura. Lubos na binago ng Renasimiyento ang hitsura ng Roma, na may mga obra tulad ng [[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]] ni Michelangelo at mga fresco sa mga [[Mga Apartamentong Borgia|Apartamentong Borgia]]. Narating ng Roma ang rurok na karangalan sa ilalim ni [[Papa Julio II]] (1503–1513) at ng mga kahalili na sina [[Papa Leo X|Leo X]] at [[Papa Clemente VII|Clemente VII]], kapuwa mga miyembro ng [[pamilya Medici]]. [[Talaksan:Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001a.jpg|thumb|[[Karnabal]] sa Roma, {{circa|1650}}]] [[Talaksan:View_of_the_Piazza_Navona,_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg|thumb|''Isang Tanaw ng Piazza Navona, Roma'', [[Hendrik Frans van Lint]], {{circa|1730}}]] Sa dalawampung taong panahong ito, ang Roma ay naging isa sa pinakadakilang sentro ng sining sa buong mundo. Ang lumang Basilika ng San Pedro na itinayo ni Emperador Dakilang [[Dakilang Constantino|Constantino]] (na noon ay nasa isang sira-sira nang kalagayan) ay giniba at muling itinayo. Ang lungsod ay naging tahanan ng mga artista tulad ng [[Ridolfo Ghirlandaio|Ghirlandaio]], [[Pietro Perugino|Perugino]], [[Sandro Botticelli|Botticelli]], at [[Donato Bramante|Bramante]], na nagtayo ng templo ng [[San Pietro in Montorio]] at nagplano ng isang mahusay na proyekto upang ayusin ang Vaticano. Si Rafael, na sa Roma ay naging isa sa mga pinakatanyag na pintor ng Italya, ay lumikha ng mga fresco sa [[Villa Farnesina]], ang mga [[Mga Kuwarto ni Raphael|Kuwarto ni Rafael]], at maraming pang ibang tanyag na pinta. Sinimulan ni Michelangelo ang dekorasyon ng kisame ng Kapilya Sistina at inukit ang sikat na estatwa ng [[Moises]] para sa nitso ng Julio II. Naging mayabong ang ekonomiya nito, dahil na rin sa pagkakaroon ng maraming mananalaping Tuscano, kasama na si [[Agostino Chigi]], na kaibigan ni Rafael at isang tagapagtaguyod ng sining. Bago ang kaniyang maagang pagkamatay, isinulong din ni Rafael sa kauna-unahang pagkakataon ang pangangalaga sa mga sinaunang labi. Ang [[Digmaan ng Liga ng Cognac]] ay naging sanhi ng unang pandarambong ng lungsod sa higit sa limang daang taon mula noong [[Pandarambong sa Roma (1084)|nakaraang insidente]]; noong 1527, [[Pandarambong sa Roma (1527)|dinambong]] ng mga [[Landsknecht]] ni Emperador [[Carlos V, Banal na Emperador Romano|Carlos V]] ang lungsod, na nagdulot ng biglaang pagtatapos sa ginintuang panahon ng Renasimiyento sa Roma.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Simula sa [[Konsilyo ng Trento]] noong 1545, sinimulan ng Simbahan ang Kontra-Reporma bilang tugon sa Repormasyon. Ito ay isang malakihang alitan hinggil sa awtoridad ng Simbahan sa mga bagay na espiritwal at mga ugnayan sa gobyerno. Ang pagkawala ng kumpiyansang ito ay humantong sa pangunahing pagbabago ng kapangyarihang palayo sa Simbahan.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Sa ilalim ng mga papa mula kay [[Papa Pio IV|Pio IV]] hanggang sa [[Papa Sixto V|Sixto V]], ang Roma ay naging sentro ng repormang Katolisismo at nakita ang pagbuo ng mga bagong monumento na ipinagdiriwang ang papado.{{sfn|Bertarelli|1925|p=23}} Ang mga papa at kardinal ng ika-17 at unang bahagi ng ika-18 siglo ay nagpatuloy sa kilusan sa pamamagitan ng pagpapayaman sa tanawin ng lungsod ng mga gusaling baroko.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Ito ay isa pang panahon ng nepotismo. Ang mga bagong maharlikang pamilya ([[Pamilya Barberini|Barberini]], [[Pamilya Pamphili|Pamphili]], [[Pamilya Chigi|Chigi]], [[Pamilya Rospigliosi|Rospigliosi]], [[Pamilya Altieri|Altieri]], [[Erba-Odescalchi|Odescalchi]]) ay protektado ng kani-kanilang papa, na nagtayo ng malalaking gusaling baroko para sa kanilang mga kamag-anak.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Sa [[Panahon ng Pagkamulat]], ang mga bagong idea ay umabot sa Walang-Hanggang Lungsod, kung saan suportado ng papado ang mga arkeolohikong pag-aaral at pinahusay ang kapakanan ng mga tao.{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} Ngunit hindi lahat ay naging maayos para sa Simbahan sa panahon ng Kontra-Reporma. Mayroong mga kakulangan sa mga pagtatangka na igiit ang kapangyarihan ng Simbahan, isang kapansin-pansin na halimbawa noong 1773 nang pilitin ng mga puwersang sekular si Papa Clemento XIV na [[Pang-uusig sa Kapisanan ni Hesus|usigin ang ordeng Heswita]].{{Sfn|Bertarelli|1925}} === Kasalukuyang moderno === Ang pamamahala ng mga Papa ay nagambala ng panandaliang [[Republikang Romano (ika-18 siglo)|Republikang Romano]] (1798-1800), na itinaiag sa ilalim ng impluwensiya ng [[Himagsikang Pranses]]. Ang mga [[Estado ng Simbahan|Estadong ng Simbahan]] ay naibalik noong Hunyo 1800, ngunit sa panahon ng paghahari ni [[Napoleon I ng Pransiya|Napoleon]], ang Roma ay isinama bilang isang [[Roma (departamento)|''Département'']] ng [[Unang Imperyong Pranses|Imperyo ng Pransiya]]: una bilang ''Département du Tibre'' (1808-1810) at pagkatapos ay bilang ''Département Rome'' (1810–1814). Matapos ang pagbagsak ni Napoleon, ang mga Estadong ng Simbahan ay muling itinatag ng isang desisyon ng [[Kongreso ng Vienna]] noong 1814. Noong 1849, isang [[Republikang Romano (ika-19 na siglo)|pangalawang Republikang Romano]] ang ipinahayag sa loob ng isang taon ng mga [[Mga rebolusyon noong 1848|rebolusyon noong 1848]]. Ang dalawa sa mga pinakamaimpluwensiyang pigura ng [[pag-iisa ng Italya]], na sina [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] at [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], ay lumaban para sa pansamantalang republika. Naging pokus ang Roma buhat ng pag-asang mapag-isa ang Italya matapos mapag-isa ang mga natitirang bahagi ng Italya bilang [[Kaharian ng Italya]] noong 1861 nang may pansamantalang kapital sa [[Florencia]]. Sa taong iyon idineklara ang Roma na kabesera ng Italya kahit na nasa ilalim pa rin ito ng kontrol ng Papa. Noong 1860s, ang huling mga bahid ng mga Estadong Papa ay nasa ilalim ng proteksiyon ng Pransiya buhat ng [[patakarang panlabas]] ni [[Napoleon III]]. Ang mga hukbo ng Pransiya ay nakadestino sa rehiyon sa ilalim ng kontrol ng Papa. Noong 1870 ang hukbong Pranses ay umatras dahil sa pagsiklab ng [[Digmaang Prangko-Pruso]]. Nakuha ng mga hukbong Italyano ang [[Pagkubkob sa Roma|Roma]] na pumapasok sa lungsod sa pamamagitan ng isang butas malapit sa [[Porta Pia]]. Ipinahayag ni [[Papa Pio IX]] na siya ay isang [[bilanggo sa Vaticano]]. Noong 1871 ang kabesera ng Italya ay inilipat mula sa Florencia patungong Roma.{{fact}} Noong 1870 ang populasyon ng lungsod ay 212,000, marami na ring nakatira lampas sa mga hangganan ng sinaunang lungsod. Noong 1920, ang populasyon ay 660,000. Ang isang makabuluhang bahagi ay nanirahan sa labas ng mga pader sa hilaga at sa pagtawid ng Tiber sa lugar ng Vaticano. [[Talaksan:Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif|right|thumb|Pambobomba sa Roma ng mga [[Mga Alyado ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig|Alyadong]] eroplano, 1943]] Makalipas ang ilang sandali matapos ang [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]], sa huling bahagi ng 1922, nasaksihan ng Roma ang paglakas ng [[Pasismong Italyano]] pinangunahan ni [[Benito Mussolini]], na namuno sa isang [[Martsa sa Roma|martsa sa lungsod]]. Inalis niya ang demokrasya noong 1926, at kalaunan ay nagdeklara ng isang bagong [[Heteo|Imperyo ng Italya]] at nakikipag-alyansa ito sa [[Alemanyang Nazi]] noong 1938. Giniba ni Mussolini ang malalaking bahagi ng sentro ng lungsod upang makapagtayo ng malalawak na mga daan at mga plaza upang ipagdiwang ang pasistang rehimen, muling pagkabuhay, at pagluwalhati ng klasikong Roma.{{fact}} Ang panahon sa pagitan ng mga digmaan ay kakikitaan ng isang mabilis na paglaki ng populasyon ng lungsod na lumampas sa isang milyong naninirahan makalipas ang 1930. Sa panahon ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, dahil sa mga iniingatan at pinahahalagahang yamang-sining at sa pag-iral ng Vaticano, higit na nakatakas ang Roma sa kalunus-lunos na sinapit ng iba pang lungsod sa Europa. Gayunpaman, noong ika-19&nbsp;ng Hulyo 1943, ang [[Quartiere San Lorenzo|distrito ng San Lorenzo]] ay [[Pambobomba sa Roma sa Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig|binomba ng mga puwersang Anglo-Amerikano]], na nagresulta sa halos 3,000 agarang pagkamatay at 11,000 sugatan kung saan 1,500 pa ang namatay. Si Mussolini ay inaresto noong Hulyo 25. Sa petsa ng [[Armistisyo ng Cassibile|Italyanong Armistisyo]], 8 Setyembre 1943, ang lungsod ay sinakop ng mga Aleman. Idineklara ng Papa na ang Roma ay isang [[bukas na lungsod]]. Ito ay napalaya noong 4 Hunyo 1944. Ang Roma ay lubos na umunlad pagkatapos ng digmaan bilang bahagi ng "[[ekonomikong himala ng Italya]]" buhat ng rekonstruksiyon at modernisasyon noong 1950s at unang bahagi ng 1960. Sa panahong ito, sa mga taon ng ''la dolce vita'' ("ang matamis na buhay"), ang Roma ay naging isang kaakit-akit na lungsod, na may mga tanyag na klasikong pelikula tulad ng ''[[Ben-Hur (pelikula ng 1959)|Ben Hur]]'', ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 na pelikula)|Quo Vadis]]'', ''[[Roman Holiday]],'' at ''[[La Dolce Vita]],'' na kinunan sa tanyag na [[Cinecittà|Estudyong Cinecittà]] ng lungsod. Ang paglago ng populasyon ay nagpatuloy hanggang sa kalagitnaan ng 1980s nang ang ''komuna'' ay mayroong higit sa 2.8 milyong mga residente. Pagkatapos nito, ang populasyon ay mabagal na bumaba nang nagsilipat ang mga tao sa mga kalapit na mga suburb. === EUR (''Esposizione Universale Roma'') === Ang EUR (inisyal na itinalagang E 42) ay pook pantirahan at pangnegosyo sa timog-kanluran ng sentro ng lungsod. Ang rehiyon ay orihinal na pinili noong 1930s bilang pook ng 1942 World Fair, na planong buksan ni [[Benito Mussolini]] upang ipagdiwang ang 20 taon ng [[pasismo]]. Ang mga titik na EUR ay nangangahulugang ''Esposizione Universale Roma''. Ang EUR ay idinisenyo rin upang idirekta ang pagpapalawak ng lungsod sa timog-kanluran at dagat at upang maging isang bagong sentro ng lungsod sa Roma. Ang huling disenyo ay ipinakita noong 1939 ngunit dahil sa [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] ang eksibisyon ay hindi kailanman nangyari at ang konstruksiyon ay itinigil noong 1942. Matapos ang giyera, ang hindi natapos na mga pasilidad ng EUR ay malubhang napinsala. Gayumpaman, nagpasya ang mga awtoridad ng Roma na ang EUR ay maaaring maging simula ng isang sentro ng negosyo sa lunsod, at ang mga hindi natapos na mga gusali mula sa panahong pasista ay nakumpleto noong 1950s at 1960s. Ang mga mas bagong gusali ay itinayo rin para sa paggamit ng mga tanggapan at serbisyo ng gobyerno, sa gitna ng malalaking hardin at parke. Ang EUR ay halos buong nakumpleto para sa mga [[Palarong Olimpiko sa Tag-init 1960|Palarong Olimpiko noong 1960]]. == Pamahalaan == === Lokal na pamahalaan === Ang Roma ay bumubuo ng isang komunang ''[[Komuna|speciale]]'', na pinangalanang ''"Roma Capitale"'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW151061&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode|title=Roma diventa Capitale|accessdate=6 Marso 2012|language=Italian|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205130517/http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW151061&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode|archivedate=5 Pebrero 2012}}</ref> at ang pinakamalaki kapuwa sa lawak at sa populasyon sa 8,101 ''comuni'' ng Italya. Ito ay pinamamahalaan ng isang alkalde at isang konseho ng lungsod. Ang luklukan ng komuna ay ang ''Palazzo Senatorio'' sa [[Burol Capitolino]], ang makasaysayang luklukan ng pamahalaang lungsod. Ang lokal na administrasyon sa Roma ay karaniwang tinutukoy bilang ''"Campidoglio"'', ang Italyanong pangalan ng burol. ==== Mga pang-administratibo at lumang paghahati ==== [[Talaksan:Roma_-_Municipi_numerata.png|thumb|Ang ''municipi'' ng Roma]] [[Talaksan:Piazza Esedra 2022.jpg|thumb|Ang [[Piazza della Repubblica, Roma]]]] Mula pa noong 1972, ang lungsod ay hinati sa mga lugar pang-administratibo, na tinatawag na ''municipi'' (isahan ''Municipio'') (hanggang 2001 na pinangalanang ''circoscrizioni'').<ref>{{cite web|title=Territorio|publisher=Comune di Roma|accessdate=5 Oktubre 2009|url=http://www.comune.roma.it/was/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_21L?menuPage=/Area_di_navigazione/Sezioni_del_portale/Dipartimenti_e_altri_uffici/Dipartimento_XV/www-9-romastatistica-9-it/Territorio/&flagSub=|language=Italian|archive-date=2020-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111816/https://sso.comune.roma.it/oamsso-bin/loginSPID.pl?contextType=external&username=string&OverrideRetryLimit=0&password=secure_string&challenge_url=https%3A%2F%2Fsso.comune.roma.it%2Foamsso-bin%2FloginSPID.pl&DCCCtxCookieMaxLength=8192&creds=userid+password&request_id=283093623976930103&authn_try_count=0&locale=en_US&resource_url=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.comune.roma.it%252Fwas%252Fwps%252Fportal%252F%2521ut%252Fp%252F_s.7_0_A%252F7_0_21L%253FmenuPage%253D%25252FArea_di_navigazione%25252FSezioni_del_portale%25252FDipartimenti_e_altri_uffici%25252FDipartimento_XV%25252Fwww-9-romastatistica-9-it%25252FTerritorio%25252F%2526flagSub%253D|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa mga kadahilanang pang-administratibo, nilikha ang mga ito upang mapalawig ang [[desentralisasyon]] sa lungsod. Ang bawat ''municipio'' ay pinamamahalaan ng isang pangulo at isang konseho ng dalawampu't limang miyembro na inihahalal ng mga residente nito bawat limang taon. Ang ''municipi ay'' madalas na tumatawid sa mga hangganang tradisyonal, di-pang-administratibong mga dibisyon ng lungsod. Ang municipi ay orihinal na 20, pagkatapos ay ginawang 19,<ref>In 1992 after a [[referendum]] the XIX Circoscrizione became the ''[[Comune]]'' of [[Fiumicino]]</ref> at noong 2013, ang kanilang bilang ay binawasan at naging 15.<ref>{{cite news|title=Roma, sì all'accorpamento dei municipi: il Consiglio li riduce da 19 a 15|url=http://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/campidoglio/roma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione/notizie/257651.shtml#|accessdate=13 Marso 2013|newspaper=Il Messaggero|date=11 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316064219/http://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/campidoglio/roma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione/notizie/257651.shtml|archivedate=16 Marso 2013}}</ref> Ang Roma ay nahahati rin sa magkakaibang uri ng mga di-administratibong yunit. Ang makasaysayang sentro ay nahahati sa 22 ''[[Rioni ng Roma|rioni]]'', na ang lahat ay matatagpuan sa loob ng [[mga Pader Aureliano]] maliban sa [[Prati]] at [[Borgo (rione ng Roma)|Borgo]]. Nagmula ang mga ito mula sa [[14 na rehiyon ng Augustong Roma]], na binago noong Gitnang Kapanahunan hanggang maging [[14 na rehiyon ng Medyebal na Roma|medyebal na rioni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romeartlover.it/Rioni.html|title=The "Rioni" of Rome|publisher=Romeartlover.it|accessdate=3 Pebrero 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519060423/http://www.romeartlover.it/Rioni.html|archivedate=19 May 2009}}</ref> Sa [[Renasimiyento|Renasiiyento]], sa ilalim ng Papa [[Papa Sixto V|Sixto V]], umabot ulit sa labing-apat, at ang kanilang mga hangganan sa wakas ay itinakda sa ilalim ni [[Papa Benedicto XIV]] noong 1743. Naging pansamantala ang isang bagong pagkakahati ng lungsod sa ilalim ni [[Napoleon I ng Pransiya|Napoleon]], at walang seryosong pagbabago sa pag-oorganisa ng lungsod hanggang noong 1870 nang ang Roma ay naging ikatlong kabesera ng Italya. Ang mga pangangailangan ng bagong kabesera ay humantong sa isang matinding paglaki kapuwa sa urbanisasyon at sa populasyon sa loob at labas ng mga [[Mga Pader Aureliano|pader Aureliano]]. Noong 1874, isang labinlimang rione, ang [[Esquilino (rione ng Roma)|Esquilino]], ay nilikha sa bagong urbanisadong sona ng [[Monti (rione ng Roma)|Monti]]. Sa simula ng ika-20 siglo, ang iba pang rioni ay nilikha (ang huli ay si Prati–ang nag-iisa sa labas ng mga Pader ni [[Urbano VIII|Papa Urbano VIII]]–noong 1921). Pagkatapos, para sa mga bagong pagkakahating pang-administratibo ng lungsod, ginamit na ang terminong "quartiere". Ngayon ang lahat ng rioni ay bahagi ng unang Municipio, na samakatuwid ay ganap na nag-tutugma sa ''makasaysayang lungsod'' (''Centro Storico''). === Kalakhang at panrehiyong pamahalaan === Ang Roma ay ang pangunahing bayan ng [[Metropolitanong Lungsod ng Roma Capital|Kalakhang Lungsod ng Roma Capital]], na sinimulang pairalin noong Enero 1, 2015. Pinalitan ng Kalakhang Lungsod ang dating [[Roma (lalawigan)|provincia di Roma]], na kinabibilangan ng lugar ng kalakhang kinasasakupan ng lungsod at umaabot pa sa hilaga hanggang sa [[Civitavecchia]]. Ang Kalakhang Lungsod ng Roma ang may pinakamalaking lupaing sakop sa Italya. Sa {{Convert|5352|km2}}, ang mga sukat nito ay maihahambing sa rehiyon ng [[Liguria]]. Bukod dito, ang lungsod ay ang kabesera rin ng rehiyon ng [[Lazio]].<ref>Artour. [https://ar-tour.com/guides/in-sea-there-are-crocodiles/rome.aspx Rome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112717/https://ar-tour.com/guides/in-sea-there-are-crocodiles/rome.aspx |date=2020-11-28 }}. Nakuha noong Agosto 25th, 2020.</ref> === Pambansang pamahalaan === [[Talaksan:Quirinale palazzo e obelisco con dioscuri Roma.jpg|right|thumb|Ang [[Palasyo Quirinal|Palazzo del Quirinale]], ngayon ay luklukan ng [[Pangulo ng Italya|Pangulo ng Republika ng Italya]]]]Ang Roma ang pambansang kabesera ng Italya at ang luklukan ng [[Politika ng Italya|Pamahalaang Italyano]]. Ang mga opisyal na tirahan ng [[Pangulo ng Italya|Pangulo ng Republikang Italyano]] at ng [[Punong Ministro ng Italya]], ang mga luklukan ng parehong tanggapan ng [[Parlamentong Italyano]] at ng [[Konstitusyonal na Korte ng Italya]] ay matatagpuan sa sentrong pangkasaysayan. Ang mga ministro ng estado ay nakakalat sa lungsod; kasama rito ang Ministro ng Ugnayang Panlabas, na matatagpuan sa [[Palazzo della Farnesina]] malapit sa estadio Olimpiko. == Heograpiya == === Lokasyon === Ang Roma ay nasa rehiyon ng [[Lazio]] ng [[gitnang Italya]] sa [[Ilog Tiber]] ({{Lang-it|Tevere}}). Ang orihinal na kapitbahayan ay umunlad sa mga burol na nakaharap sa isang tawiran ng ilog sa tabi ng [[Pulo ng Tiber]], ang tanging natural na tawiran ng ilog sa lugar na ito. Ang Roma ng mga Hari ay itinayo sa pitong burol: ang [[Burol Aventino]], [[Burol Celio]], [[Burol Capitolino]], [[Burol Esquilino]], [[Burol Palatino]], [[Burol Quirinal]], at [[Burol Viminal]]. Ang modernong Roma ay sumasakop din ng isa pang ilog, ang [[Aniene]], na dumadaloy papuntang Tiber sa hilaga ng sentrong pangkasaysayan. Kahit na ang sentro ng lungsod ay nasa 24 kilometro (15&nbsp;mi) papaloob mula sa [[Dagat Tireno|Daga Tireno]], ang teritoryo ng lungsod ay sakop hanggang sa baybayin na kung saan naroon ang timog-kanlurang distrito ng [[Ostia (Roma)|Ostia]]. Ang altitudo ng sentrong bahagi ng Roma ay mula 13 metro (43 talampakan) [[Taas mula sa nibel ng dagat|taas mula]] [[Taas mula sa nibel ng dagat|sa nibel ng dagat]] (sa kinatatayuan ng [[Panteon]]) hanggang 139 metro (456 talampakan) [[Taas mula sa nibel ng dagat|taas mula]] [[Taas mula sa nibel ng dagat|sa nibel ng dagat]] (sa tuktok ng [[Monte Mario]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ravaglioli|first1=Armando|title=Roma anno 2750 ab Urbe condita|publisher=Tascabili Economici Newton|year=1997|location=Rome|language=Italian|isbn=978-88-8183-670-3}}</ref> Ang Komuna ng Roma ay sumasakop sa kabuuang lawak ng 1,285 kilometro kuwadrado (496 me kuw), kasama ang maraming parke at mapupunong lugar. === Topograpiya === [[Talaksan:Satellite_view_of_Rome_2001.jpg|thumb|Imaheng satellite ng Roma]] [[Talaksan:Roma_dall'aereo.JPG|right|thumb|Tanaw sa himpapawid ng bahaging ''Centro Storico'' ng Roma]] Sa buong kasaysayan ng Roma, ang mga hangganan ng lungsod ay itinuturing na lugar sa loob ng mga pader ng lungsod. Orihinal, ang mga ito ay binubuo ng [[Pader Serviano]], na itinayo labindalawang taon pagkatapos ng pandarambong ng mga [[mga Galo|Galo]] sa lungsod noong 390 BK. Naglalaman ito ng karamihan sa mga burol ng Esquilino at Celio, pati na rin sa kabuuan ng natitirang lima. Lumaki ng Roma labas ng Pader Serviano, ngunit wala nang pader ang itinayo hanggang sa halos 700 taong lumipas, nang, noong 270 AD, sinimulan ng Emperor [[Aurelian]]o ang pagtatayo ng [[mga Pader Aureliano]]. Ito ay halos {{Convert|19|km|0}} haba, at naging pader pa rin na kinailangang butasin ng mga hukbo ng [[Kaharian ng Italya]] noong 1870. Ang urbanong kinasasakupan ng lungsod ay hinahati sa dalawa sa pamamagitan ng daang singsing nito, ang ''[[Grande Raccordo Anulare]]'' ("GRA"), na natapos noong 1962, kung saan binilog ang sentro ng lungsod sa distanisya na mga {{Convert|10|km|0}}. Bagaman nang nakumpleto ang singsing ang karamihan sa mga bahagi ng lugar na tinitirhan ay napapaloob nito (bukod sa dating nayon ng [[Ostia (Roma)|Ostia]], na nasa baybayin ng Tireno), may mga baryo na ng lungsod na itinayo hanggang sa {{Convert|20|km|0}} lagpas nito. Sakop ng ''komuna'' ang isang lugar na halos tatlong beses sa kabuuang lugar sa loob ng ''Raccordo'' at maihahalintulad sa lugar sa buong kalakhang lungsod ng [[Milano]] at [[Napoles]], at sa isang lugar na anim na beses na laki ng teritoryo ng mga lungsod na ito. Kasama rin dito ang malalaking lugar ng inabandunang latiang hindi angkop para sa agrikultura o para sa kaunlarang urbano. Bilang kahihinatnan, ang densidad ng ''komuna'' ay hindi ganoon kataas, ang teritoryo nito ay nahahati sa pagitan ng mga matataong lugar at mga lugar na itinalaga bilang mga parke, mga [[reserbang pangkalikasan]], at pang-agrikultura. == Klima == Ang Roma ay mayroong [[klimang Mediteraneo]] ([[kategoryang Köppen sa klima]]: ''Csa''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/|archivedate=6 Setyembre 2010}}</ref> may mainit, tuyong tag-init, at banayad, mabanas na taglamig. Ang pangkaraniwang taunang temperatura ay higit sa {{Convert|21|°C|°F}} sa araw at {{Convert|9|°C|°F}} sa gabi. Sa pinakamalamig na buwan, Enero, ang pangkaraniwang temperatura ay {{Convert|12.6|°C|°F}} sa araw at {{Convert|2.1|°C|°F}} sa gabi. Sa pinakamainit na buwan, Agosto, ang pangkaraniwan temperatura ay {{Convert|31.7|°C|°F}} sa araw at {{Convert|17.3|°C|°F}} sa gabi. Disyembre, Enero, at Pebrero ang mga pinakamalamig na buwan, na may pang-araw-araw na temperatura na tinatayang {{Convert|8|°C|°F}}. Ang mga temperatura sa mga buwang ito sa pangkalahatan ay nag-iiba sa pagitan ng {{Convert|10|and|15|C|F}} sa araw at sa pagitan ng {{Convert|3|and|5|C|F}} sa gabi, na may mas malamig o mas maiinit na rurok na madalas na nangyayari. Ang pag-ulan ng niyebe ay bihira, na may mahihinang pag-ulan o bugso na nangyayari sa ilang taglamig. Sa pangkalahatan nang walang akumulasyon, at ang mga malakas na pag-ulan ng niyebe ay bihira (ang mga pinakahuling nangyari ay noong 2018, 2012, at 1986).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx|title=Storia della neve a Roma|accessdate=2 Oktubre 2014|archivedate=27 Hulyo 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727130551/http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Snow startles Rome on Europe's coldest day of the winter|website=The Mercury News|date=26 Pebrero 2018|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/|access-date=22 Agosto 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Roma, tutte le nevicate storiche in città dal ‘56 ad oggi|website=Corriere della sera|date=26 Pebrero 2018|url=https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml|access-date=13 Hulyo 2020}}</ref> Ang pangkaraniwang [[relatibong kahalumigmigan]] ay 75%, nag-iiba mula 72% sa Hulyo hanggang 77% sa Nobyembre. Ang temperatura ng dagat ay nag-iiba mula sa isang mababang {{Convert|13.9|°C|°F}} sa Pebrero sa isang mataas na {{Convert|25.0|°C|°F}} sa Agosto.<ref name="seatemperature.org2">[http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/tor-san-lorenzo-december.htm Monthly Tor San Lorenzo water temperature chart], seatemperature.org.</ref>{{Weather box|location=[[Paliparang Rome Urbe]] <small>(altitude: 24 m sl, 7 km north from Colosseum [http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Rome_Urbe_Airport&params=41.9519_N_12.4989_E_dim:10000_region:IT-RM_type:airport satellite view])</small>|Feb precipitation mm=75.8|year precipitation mm=798.5|Dec precipitation mm=84.4|Nov precipitation mm=109.9|Oct precipitation mm=107.0|Sep precipitation mm=71.8|Aug precipitation mm=34.1|Jul precipitation mm=21.0|Jun precipitation mm=40.7|May precipitation mm=49.1|Apr precipitation mm=76.2|Mar precipitation mm=59.0|Jan precipitation mm=69.5|Feb precipitation days=7.4|precipitation colour=green|year record low C=-9.8|Dec record low C=-5.4|Nov record low C=-7.2|Oct record low C=0.0|Sep record low C=5.4|Aug record low C=8.6|Jul record low C=9.8|Jun record low C=6.2|May record low C=3.7|Apr record low C=-2.5|Jan precipitation days=7.6|Mar precipitation days=7.8|Feb record low C=-6.0|Mar sun=167.4|source 1=[[Servizio Meteorologico]]<ref name=ServizioMeteorologico3>[http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClimatico/pdf/(235)Roma%20Urbe.pdf Tabelle climatiche 1971–2000 della stazione meteorologica di Roma-Urbe Ponente dall'Atlante Climatico 1971–2000], Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare.</ref> (1971–2000)|year sun=2473|Dec sun=111.6|Nov sun=129.0|Oct sun=195.3|Sep sun=237.0|Aug sun=297.6|Jul sun=331.7|Jun sun=285.0|May sun=263.5|Apr sun=201.0|Feb sun=132.8|Apr precipitation days=8.8|Jan sun=120.9|unit precipitation days=1&nbsp;mm|year precipitation days=77.7|Dec precipitation days=8.5|Nov precipitation days=9.1|Oct precipitation days=7.7|Sep precipitation days=5.6|Aug precipitation days=3.2|Jul precipitation days=2.3|Jun precipitation days=4.1|May precipitation days=5.6|Mar record low C=-9.0|Jan record low C=-9.8|metric first=Yes|Dec record high C=22.8|Oct high C=22.4|Sep high C=27.5|Aug high C=31.7|Jul high C=31.5|Jun high C=28.1|May high C=23.9|Apr high C=18.9|Mar high C=16.5|Feb high C=14.0|Jan high C=12.6|year record high C=40.0|Nov record high C=26.0|Dec high C=13.2|Oct record high C=31.4|Sep record high C=37.6|Aug record high C=39.6|Jul record high C=40.0|Jun record high C=36.8|May record high C=33.1|Apr record high C=28.3|Mar record high C=27.0|Feb record high C=23.6|Jan record high C=20.2|single line=Yes|Nov high C=16.5|year high C=21.4|year low C=9.1|Jan low C=2.1|Dec low C=3.1|Nov low C=5.8|Oct low C=10.5|Sep low C=14.3|Aug low C=17.3|Jul low C=16.9|Jun low C=14.3|May low C=10.8|Apr low C=6.8|Mar low C=4.3|Feb low C=2.7|year mean C=15.3|Jan mean C=7.4|Dec mean C=8.2|Nov mean C=11.2|Oct mean C=16.4|Sep mean C=20.9|Aug mean C=24.5|Jul mean C=24.2|Jun mean C=21.2|May mean C=17.3|Apr mean C=12.9|Mar mean C=10.4|Feb mean C=8.4|date=Disyembre 2014}} == Demograpiya == {{Historical populations|1861|18=1651754|31=2017|30=2617175|29=2011|28=2663182|27=2001|26=2775250|25=1991|24=2840259|23=1981|22=2781993|21=1971|20=2188160|19=1961|17=1951|194500|16=1150589|15=1936|14=930926|13=1931|12=660235|11=1921|10=518917|9=1911|8=422411|7=1901|6=273952|5=1881|4=212432|1871|32=2876051}}Noong 550 BK, ang Roma ang pangalawang pinakamalaking lungsod sa Italya, kung saan ang [[Taranto|Tarentum]] ang pinakamalaki.&nbsp; Mayroon itong lugar na humigit-kumulang na {{Convert|285|ha}} at tinatayang populasyon na 35,000. Ang iba pang nagmumukhahi ay naglalatag ng populasyon na nasa ilalim lamang ng 100,000 mula 600 hanggang 500 BK.<ref>Cornell (1995) 204–205</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL2ntMk7j-4C&pg=PA78|title=Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome|author=Gregory S. Aldrete|date=30 Enero 2007|accessdate=13 Hulyo 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130043744/https://books.google.com/books?id=vL2ntMk7j-4C&pg=PA78|archivedate=30 Nobyembre 2015|isbn=978-0-8018-8405-4}}</ref> Nang maitatag ang Republika noong 509 BK ang senso ay nagtala ng populasyon na 130,000. Kasama sa republika ang mismong lungsod at ang agarang nakapalibot. Ang iba pang sanggunian ay nagmumungkahi ng isang populasyon ng 150,000 noong 500 BK. Lumagpas ito sa 300,000 noong 150 BK.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtvowE9bt8C&pg=PA168|title=The History of Human Populations: Forms of growth and decline|author=P.M.G. Harris|accessdate=13 Hulyo 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtvowE9bt8C&pg=PA168|archivedate=1 Enero 2016|isbn=978-0-275-97131-1|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Herreros|first=Francisco|url=https://www.academia.edu/1458998|title=Size and Virtue|journal=European Journal of Political Theory|volume=6|issue=4|pages=463–482|accessdate=13 Hulyo 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013536/http://www.academia.edu/1458998/Size_and_Virtue|archivedate=4 Setyembre 2015|doi=10.1177/1474885107080651|year=2007| issn = 1474-8851 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=295257|title=Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.–400 B.C.|first=Lorne H.|last=Ward|date=1 Enero 1990|journal=The American Journal of Philology|volume=111|issue=1|pages=5–39|doi=10.2307/295257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/14/14443392/1444339214.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=24 Setyembre 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127113433/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/14/14443392/1444339214.pdf|archivedate=27 Enero 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA81|title=Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present|author=Paul Bairoch|date=18 Hunyo 1991|accessdate=13 Hulyo 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA81|archivedate=1 Enero 2016|isbn=978-0-226-03466-9}}</ref> Ang laki populasyon ng lungsod sa panahon ng Emperador [[Cesar Augusto|Augusto]] ay pagtatantiya, na mayroong mga batay sa pamamahagi ng palay, pag-angkat ng palay, kapasidad ng akwedukto, hangganan ng lungsod, kapal ng populasyon, mga ulat sa senso, at mga pagpapalagay tungkol sa bilang ng mga hindi naiulat na kababaihan, bata, at mga alipin na nagbibigay ng isang napakalawak na saklaw. Tinantiya ni Glenn Storey ang 450,000 katao, tinatantiya ng Whitney Oates ang 1.2 milyon. Nagbibigay si Neville Morely ng isang malabong pagtatantiya ng 800,000 at ibinukod ang naunang mga mungkahi ng 2 milyon.<ref>N.Morley, ''Metropolis and Hinterland'' (Cambridge, 1996) 33–39</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Duiker|first1=William|last2=Spielvogel|first2=Jackson|title=World History|date=2001|publisher=Wadsworth|isbn=978-0-534-57168-9|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik/page/149|url-access=registration|page=149|edition=Third}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Storey|first=Glenn R.|year=1997|title=The population of ancient Rome|url=|journal=Antiquity|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=71|issue=274|pages=966–978|doi=10.1017/s0003598x00085859|issn=0003-598X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Oates|first=Whitney J.|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/CP/29/2/Population_of_Rome*.html|title=The Population of Rome|journal=Classical Philology|publisher=University of Chicago Press|volume=29|issue=2|year=1934|issn=0009-837X|doi=10.1086/361701|pages=101–116}}</ref> Paiba-iba ang mga tantiya ng populasyon ng lungsod. Tinantiya ni A.H.M. Jones ang populasyon sa 650,000 sa kalagitnaan ng ikalimang siglo. Ang pinsalang dulot ng mga pandarambong ay maaaring pagmamalabis. Ang populasyon ay nagsimula nang lumiit mula sa huling bahagi ng ika-apat na siglo pataas, bagaman sa kalagitnaan ng ikalimang siglo, tila ang Roma ay nananatiling pinakapopular na lungsod ng dalawang bahagi ng Imperyo.<ref>Arnold HM Jones The Decline of the Ancient World, Lonmans, Green and Co. Ltd, London 1966</ref> Ayon kay Krautheimer malapit pa rin ito sa 800,000 noong 400 AD; at bumaba sa 500,000 noong 452, at marahil bumababa pa sa 100,000 noong 500 AD. Matapos ang mga Digmaang Gotiko, 535–552, ang populasyon ay maaaring bumulusok pansamantala sa 30,000. Sa panahon ng papado ni [[Papa Gregorio I]] (590-604), maaaring umabot ito sa 90,000, na dinagdagan ng mga takas.<ref>Richard Krautheimer, Rome, Profile of a City, 312-1308, 2000 p. 65 {{ISBN|0-691-04961-0}}</ref> Tinantiya ni Lancon na 500,000 ang populasyon batay sa bilang ng 'incisi' na nakatala bilang karapat-dapat makatanggap ng mga rasyon ng tinapay, langis, at vino; ang bilang ay bumagsak sa 120,000 sa [[reporma ng 419]].<ref>Bernard Lancon, Rome in Late Antiquity, 2001 p. 14 {{ISBN|0-415-92976-8}}</ref> Si Neil Christie, na sumasangguni sa libreng rasyon para sa pinakamahirap, ay nagtantiya ng 500,000 sa kalagitnaan ng ikalimang siglo at isang sangkapat pa rin ng isang milyon sa pagtatapos ng siglo.<ref>Neil Christie, From Constantine to Charlemagne, An Archaeology of Italy 300-800 A.D. 2006 p. 61, {{ISBN|978-1-85928-421-6}}</ref> Ang Nobela 36 ni Emperador [[Valentiniano III]] ay nagtala ng 3.629 milyong libra ng baboy na ibabahagi sa mga nangangailangan sa 5 libra bawat buwan para sa limang buwan ng taglamig, sapat para sa 145,000 na tatanggap. Ginamit ito upang magmungkahi ng populasyon na mas mababa sa 500,000 lamang. Ang mga daloy ng butil ay nanatiling matatag hanggang sa pag-agaw ng mga natitirang lalawigan ng Hilagang Africa noong 439&nbsp;ng mga [[Lahing Bandalo|Bandalo]], at maaaring bahagyang nagpatuloy nang ganito. Ang populasyon ng lungsod ay bumulusok pa sa mas mababa sa 50,000 katao noong [[Maagang Gitnang Kapanahunan]] mula 700 AD pataas. Nagpatuloy ito sa pagtimik o pag-urong hanggang sa [[Renasimiyento]].<ref>P. Llewellyn, ''Rome in the Dark Ages'' (London 1993), p. 97.</ref> Nang salakayin ng [[Kaharian ng Italya]] ang Roma noong 1870, ang lungsod ay may populasyon na humigit-kumulang 225,000. Mas mababa sa kalahati ng lungsod sa loob ng mga pader ang naitayo noong 1881 nang ang populasyon na naitala ay 275,000. Ito ay tumaas sa 600,000 sa bisperas ng Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig. Sinubukan ng [[Pasismo|pasistang]] rehimen ng Mussolini na pigilan ang labis na pagtaas ng demograpiko ng lungsod ngunit nabigong pigilan ito nang maabot ang isang milyong katao noong unang bahagi ng 1930.{{Linawin|why?}} Nagpatuloy ang paglaki ng populasyon pagkatapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, sa pamamagitan ng paglakas ng ekonomiya pagkatapos ng giyera. Ang pagdami ng konstruksiyon ay lumikha din ng maraming suburb noong 1950s at 1960s. Noong kalagitnaan ng 2010, mayroong 2,754,440 residente sa mismong lungsod, habang ilang 4.2&nbsp;milyong katao pa ang nanirahan sa mas malawak na lugar ng Roma (na maaaring ituring bilang bahagi ng administratibong kalakhang lungsod, na may densidad ng populasyon na halos 800 mga naninirahan/km² na saklaw ang {{Cvt|5,000|km2}}). Ang mga menor de edad (batang may edad 18 at mas bata) ay umabot sa 17.00% ng populasyon kumpara sa mga pensiyonado na may bilang na 20.76%. Kumpara ito sa pangkaraniwan sa Italya na 18.06% (menor de edad) at 19.94% (pensiyonado). Ang pangkaraniwang edad ng isang residenteng Romano ay 43 kumpara sa pangkaraniwan sa Italya na 42. Sa limang taon sa pagitan ng 2002 at 2007, ang populasyon ng Roma ay lumago nang 6.54%, habang ang Italya sa kabuuan ay lumago ng 3.56%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html|title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT|publisher=Demo.istat.it|accessdate=3 Pebrero 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426215446/http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html|archivedate=26 Marso 2009}}</ref> Ang kasalukuyang tantos ng kapanganakan ng Roma ay 9.10 ipinapanganak sa bawat 1,000 naninirahan kumpara sa pangkaraniwan sa Italya na 9.45 ang ipinapanganak. Ang urbanong sakop ng Roma ay lumalagpas sa mga administratibong hangganan lungsod na may populasyon na halos 3.9 milyon.<ref name="World_Urban_Areas2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|date= Enero 2015|website=demographia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517065701/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|archive-date=17 Mayo 2017|url-status=unfit}}</ref> Sa pagitan ng 3.2 at 4.2 milyong tao ang naninirahan sa [[metropolitanong sakop ng Roma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espon.eu/programme/projects/espon-2006/studies-and-scientific-support-projects/study-urban-functions|title=Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3)|date=2006|website=[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]]|at=Ch. 3|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822032242/https://www.espon.eu/programme/projects/espon-2006/studies-and-scientific-support-projects/study-urban-functions|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=Total population in Urban Audit cities, Larger Urban Zone|title=Total population in Urban Audit cities, Larger Urban Zone|date=2009|website=[[Eurostat]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924142951/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00080&plugin=1|archive-date=24 Setyembre 2012|url-status=unfit|access-date=22 Agosto 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2|title=World Urbanization Prospects (2009 revision)|date=2010|website=[[United Nations]] Department of Economic and Social Affairs|at=(Table A.12. Data for 2007)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425020103/http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2|archive-date=25 Marso 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=22 Agosto 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=OECD|authorlink=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=OECD Territorial Reviews Competitive Cities in the Global Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBsfY-Pe2Q4C|year=2006|publisher=OECD Publishing|location=Table 1.1|isbn=978-92-64-02708-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016032356/https://books.google.com/books?id=kBsfY-Pe2Q4C|archive-date=16 Oktubre 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|title=Major Agglomerations of the World|last=Brinkoff|first=Thomas|date=1 Enero 2019|website=Population Statistics and Maps|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704112702/http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|archive-date=4 Hulyo 2010|url-status=unfit}}</ref> === Mga pangkat-etniko === [[Talaksan:Esquilino_da_s_M_Maggiore_1240961.JPG|right|thumb|Ang [[Esquilino (rione ng Roma)|Esquilino]] ''[[Rioni ng Roma|rione]]'']] Ayon sa pinakabagong estadistikang isinasagawa ng ISTAT, humigit-kumulang na 9.5% ng populasyon ay binubuo ng mga hindi Italyano. Halos kalahati ng populasyong migrante ay binubuo ng iba`t ibang pinagmulan sa Europa (higit sa lahat Rumano, Polako, Ukranyo, at Albanes) na bilang ng pinagsamang kabuuang 131,118 o 4.7% ng populasyon. Ang natitirang 4.8% ay may di-Europeong pinagmulan, higit sa lahat ang mga Pilipino (26,933), Bangladesi (12,154), at Tsino (10,283). Ang [[Esquilino (rione ng Roma)|Esquilino]] ''[[Rioni ng Roma|rione]]'', sa labas ng [[Himpilan ng Termini (Roma)|Himpilan ng Tren ng Termini]], ay umunlad sa isang malakihang kapitbahayan ng mga migrante. Ito ay tinutukoy bilang Chinatown ng Roma. Ang mga migrante mula sa higit sa isang daang iba't ibang bansa ay naninirahan doon. Isang komersiyal na distrito, naglalaman ang Esquilino ng mga restawran na nagtatampok ng maraming uri ng lutuing pandaigdigan. May mga tindahan ng pakyawan sa damit. Sa 1,300 o higit pang komersiyal na establisimiyento sa distrito, 800 ay pag-aari ng mga Tsino; bandang 300 ay pinamamahalaan ng mga migrante mula sa ibang bansa sa buong mundo; 200 ang pagmamay-ari ng mga Italyano.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pretto|first=Emiliano|title=Rome Post – what's happening in Rome|website=romepost.it|date=21 Hunyo 2009|url=http://www.romepost.it/Rioni_of_Rome_Esquilino.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621033439/http://www.romepost.it/Rioni_of_Rome_Esquilino.htm|archive-date=21 Hunyo 2009|url-status=unfit|access-date=22 Agosto 2019}}</ref> === Relihiyon === [[Talaksan:San Giovanni in Laterano 2021.jpg|thumb|Ang [[Basilika ni San Juan de Letran|Arsobasilika ni San Juan de Letran]], ang Katedral ng Roma, na itinayo noong 324, at bahagyang itinayo muli sa pagitan ng 1660 at 1734]] {{bar box|title=Relihiyon sa Roma (2015), Porsiyento<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/droma.html |title=Diocese of Roma – Statistics |date=11 Hulyo 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://roma.corriere.it/roma/notizie/cronaca/14_gennaio_21/a-roma-provincia-immigrati-10percento-abitanti-guida-religioni-645b3982-827c-11e3-9102-882f8e7f5a8c.shtml |title=A Roma e Provincia, immigrati il 10% degli abitanti: una guida alle religioni |date=11 Hulyo 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neodemos.info/articoli/roma-citta-italiana-presenza-musulmana/ |title=Roma prima città italiana per presenza Musulmana |date=11 Hulyo 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visiterome.com/visite_rome_ita/scheda_ghetto_roma.php?ref=5 |title=Gli Ebrei a Roma |date=11 Hulyo 2019 |access-date=11 Hulyo 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929131918/http://www.visiterome.com/visite_rome_ita/scheda_ghetto_roma.php?ref=5 |archive-date=29 Setyembre 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caritasroma.it/2014/01/luoghi-di-incontro-e-di-preghiera-degli-immigrati-a-roma/ |title=Luoghi di incontro e di preghiera degli immigrati a Roma |date=14 Pebrero 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.comuniecitta.it/statistiche-demografiche/roma-c58091 |title=Popolazione Roma 2004–2016 |date=11 Hulyo 2019}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Katolisismo]]|gold|83|82.0}} {{bar percent|[[Denominasyong panrelihiyon|Iba]] or [[Walang-relihiyon|hindi relihiyoso]]|black|9|8.0}} {{bar percent|[[Silangang Ortodokso]]|purple|5|4.0}} {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|4.8|3.8}} {{bar percent|[[Protestantismo]]|pink|1.8|0.8}} {{bar percent|[[Hudaismo]]|darkblue|1.7|0.7}} {{bar percent|[[Hinduismo]]|orange|1.4|0.4}} {{bar percent|[[Budismo]]|brown|1.3|0.3}}}}Tulad ng natitirang bahagi ng Italya, ang Roma ay higit sa lahat ay [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]], at ang lungsod ay naging isang mahalagang sentro ng relihiyon at [[Kristiyanong peregrinasyon|peregrinasyon]] sa loob ng maraming siglo. Narito ang batayan ng sinaunang relihiyon ng Roma na may [[Pontifex Maximus|pontifex maximus]] at kalaunan, ito ang naging luklukan ng [[Banal na Luklukan|Vaticano]] at ng papa. Bago dumating ang mga Kristiyano sa Roma, ang [[Relihiyon sa Sinaunang Roma|Religio Romana]] (literal, ang "Relihiyong Romano") ay ang pangunahing relihiyon ng lungsod sa klasikong sinaunang panahon. Ang mga unang diyos na itinatalaga ng mga Romano ay si [[Hupiter (mitolohiya)|Hupiter]], ang Kataas-taasan, at si [[Marte (mitolohiya)|Marte]], ang diyos ng giyera, at ama ng mga kambal nagtatag ng Roma, sina [[Romulus at Remus]], ayon sa tradisyon. Ang ibang mga diyos tulad nina [[Vesta (mitolohiya)|Vesta]] at [[Minerva]] ay pinarangalan. Kumalat din sa Roma ang maraming misteryong kulto, tulad ng [[Mga misteryong Mitraiko|Mitraismo]]. Sa kalaunan, matapos maging martir sa lungsod sina [[San Pedro]] at [[Apostol Pablo|San Pablo]], at ang unang mga Kristiyano ay nagsimulang dumating, ang Roma ay naging Kristiyano, at ang [[Lumang Basilika ni San Pedro]] ay itinayo noong 313 AD. Sa kabila ng ilang pagkakagambala (tulad ng [[papado sa Avignon]]), ang Roma ay ilang daang siglo nang tahanan ng [[Simbahang Katolika Romana]] at ng [[Papa|Obispo ng Roma]], na kilala bilang Papa. [[Talaksan:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore - Roma.jpg|left|thumb|Ang [[Basilika ni Santa Maria la Mayor|Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore]], isa sa apat na papal na [[Mga basilika sa Simbahang Katolika|basilika mayor]] at may maraming estilo ng arkitektura, na itinayo sa pagitan ng ika-4 na siglo at 1743]] Sa kabila ng katotohanang ang Roma ay tahanan ng [[Lungsod ng Vaticano]] at Basilica ni San Pedro, ang katedral ng Roma ay ang [[Basilika ni San Juan de Letran|Arsobasilika ni San Juan de Letran]], sa timog-silangan ng sentro ng lungsod. Mayroong halos 900 mga simbahan sa Roma sa kabuuan. Bukod sa mismong katedral, kasama sa ilang iba pang kilala ay ang [[Basilika ni Santa Maria la Mayor|Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore]], ang [[Basilika ni San Pablo Extramuros]], ang [[San Clemente al Laterano|Basilica di San Clemente]], [[Simbahan ng San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane|San Carlo Al Quattro Fontane]], at ang [[Simbahan ng Gesù]]. Mayroon ding mga sinaunang [[Mga catacumba ng Roma|Catacumba ng Roma]] sa ilalim ng lungsod. Maraming institusyong pang-edukasyong pang-relihiyoso din ang nasa Roma, tulad ng [[Pontipikal na Lateranong Unibersidad]], [[Pontipikal na Suriang Biblikal]], [[Pontipikal na Gregoriong Unibersidad]], at [[Pontipikal na Suriang Oriental]]. Sa mga nagdaang taon, nagkaroon ng paglago sa pamayanang [[Muslim]] ng Roma, higit sa lahat dahil sa imigrasyon mula sa Hilagang Africa at Gitnang Silangan papunta sa lungsod.{{Linawin|date=Hunyo 2017}} Bilang resulta ng pagtaas ng mga lokal na tagapagsanay ng pananampalatayang [[Islam]], isinulong ng ''komuna'' ang pagtatayo ng [[Mosque ng Roma]], na kung saan ito ang pinakamalaking mosque sa [[Kanlurang Europa]], na dinisenyo ng arkitektong si [[Paolo Portoghesi]] at pinasinayaan noong Hunyo 21, 1995. Mula nang natapos ang [[Republikang Romano]], ang Roma ay sentro rin ng isang mahalagang pamayanan ng mga [[Mga Hudyo|Hudyo]],<ref>Coarelli, p. 308.</ref> na dating nakabase sa [[Trastevere]], at kalaunan sa [[Ghetto ng Roma]]. Nariyan din ang pangunahing sinagoga sa Roma, ang ''[[Dakilang Sinagoga ng Roma|Tempio Maggiore]]''. === Lungsod ng Vaticano === {{Main|Lungsod ng Vaticano}}{{Wide image|Vatikan Kolonaden Petersdom.jpg|1000px|[[Piazza San Pietro]] sa Lungsod ng Vaticano}}Ang teritoryo ng Lungsod ng Vaticano ay bahagi ng ''Mons Vaticanus'' ([[Burol Vaticano]]), at ng katabing dating Parang ng Vaticano, kung saan ang [[Basilika ni San Pedro]], ang [[Apostolikong Palasyo]], ang [[Kapilya Sistina]], at mga museo ay itinayo, kasama ang iba`t ibang gusali. Ang lugar ay bahagi ng Romanong [[rione]] ng [[Borgo (rione ng Roma)|Borgo]] hanggang 1929. Bilang hiwalay mula sa lungsod sa kanlurang pampang ng [[Ilog Tiber|Tiber]], ang lugar ay isang suburb na protektado dahil pinaloob sa mga pader ni [[Papa Leo IV|Leo IV]], na kalaunan ay pinalawak ang hanggang sa kasalukuyang kutang pader nina [[Papa Pablo III|Pablo III]], [[Papa Pio IV|Pio IV]], at [[Urbano VIII]]. Nang iniaayos ang [[Tratadong Letran]] na lumikha estado ng Vaticano noong 1929, ang mga hangganan ng iminungkahing teritoryo ay naiimpluwensiyahan buhat ng kalakhan nito ay napapaloob sa pabilog na ito. Walang pader sa ilang hangganan, ngunit ang linya ng ilang gusali ang ginagamit na bahagi ng hangganan, at mayroon ding maliit na bahagi ng bagong pader na itinayo. Kasama sa teritoryo ang [[Piazza San Pietro]], na hiwlay mula sa teritoryo ng Italya sa pamamagitan lamang ng isang puting linya sa hangganan ng plaza, kung saan ang hangganan ay sa Piazza Pio XII. Ang Piazza San Pietro ay naabot sa pamamagitan ng [[Via della Conciliazione]], na mula sa Tiber hanggang sa Basilika ni San Pedro. Ang engrandeng tunguhin na ito ay dinisenyo ng mga arkitektong sina [[Marcello Piacentini|Piacentini]] at Spaccarelli, sa mga tagubilin ni [[Benito Mussolini]] at alinsunod sa simbahan, matapos ng [[Kasunduang Laterano|Tratadong Letran]]. Ayon sa Kasunduan, ang ilang [[mga pag-aari ng Banal na Luklukan]] na matatagpuan sa teritoryo ng Italya, higit sa lahat ang [[Papal na Palasyo ng Castel Gandolfo]] at mga [[Mga basilika sa Simbahang Katolika|basilika mayor]], ay nagtatamasa ng katayuang ekstrateritoryal na katulad ng mga banyagang [[Misyong diplomatiko|embahada]]. === Peregrinasyon === [[Talaksan:Petersdom_bei_Nacht_Via_della_Conciliazione_in_Rome.jpg|right|thumb|Basilika ni San Pedro sa gabi mula sa [[Via della Conciliazione]] sa Roma]] Ang Roma ay naging pangunahing pook ng [[Kristiyanong peregrinasyon|peregrinasyong Kristiyano]] mula pa noong [[Gitnang Kapanahunan]]. Ang mga tao mula sa buong [[Kakristiyanuhan]] ay bumibisita sa Lungsod ng Vaticano, sa loob ng lungsod ng Roma, ang luklukan ng papado. Ang lungsod ay naging isang pangunahing lugar ng [[peregrinasyon]] sa panahon ng Gitnang Kapanahunan. Liban sa maikling panahon bilang isang malayang lungsod sa panahon ng [[Gitnang Kapanahunan|Gitnang Panahon]], pinanatili ng Roma ang katayuan nito bilang Papal na kabesera at banal na lungsod sa loob ng maraming siglo, kahit na noong [[Papado sa Avignon|sandaling lumipat]] ang Papado sa [[Avignon]] (1309–1377). Naniniwala ang mga Katoliko na ang Vaticano ay ang huling hantungan ni San Pedro. Ang mga peregrinasyon sa Roma ay maaaring may kasamang mga pagbisita sa maraming pook, kapuwa sa loob ng Lungsod ng Vaticano at sa teritoryo ng Italya. Ang isang tanyag na pinupuntahan ay ang [[Scala Sancta|hagdanan ni Pilato]]. Ayon sa tradisyong Kristiyano ito ay ang mga hakbang na humantong sa [[praetorium]] ng [[Poncio Pilato]] sa [[Herusalem]], na kung saan tumayo si [[Hesus|Hesukristo]] sa kaniyang [[Pasyon (Kristiyanismo)|Pasyon]] hapapunta sa kaniyang hatol.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1554541/Steps-Jesus-walked-to-trial-restored-to-glory.html|title=Steps Jesus walked to trial restored to glory|last=Moore|first=Malcolm|date=13 Hunyo 2007|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Ang mga hagdan ay sinasabing dinala sa Roma ni [[Santa Elena (emperatris)|Elena ng Constantinopla]] noong ika-apat na siglo. Sa loob ng daang siglo, ang ''Scala Santa'' ay umakit ng mga Kristiyanong peregrino na nagnanais na parangalan ang Pasyon ni Hesus. Kasama sa iba pang lugar na pinupuntahan ng mga peregrino ay ang catacumba na itinayo noong panahong imperyal, kung saan nagdarasal ang mga Kristiyano, inilibing ang kanilang mga patay, at nagsagawa ng pagsamba sa mga panahon ng pag-uusig, at iba't ibang [[Mga pambansang simbahan sa Roma|pambansang simbahan]] (kasama ng mga ito ang [[San Luigi dei Francesi|San Luigi dei francesi]] at [[Santa Maria dell'Anima]]), o mga simbahang nauugnay na may indibidwal na mga ordeng panrelihiyon, tulad ng sa mga [[Kapisanan ni Hesus|Heswita]] [[Simbahan ng Gesù]] at [[Sant'Ignazio]]. Ayon sa tradisyon, ang mga peregrino sa Roma (pati na rin ang mga debotong Romano) ay bumibisita sa [[Pitong Simbahang Pamperegrino ng Roma|pitong simbahang pamperegrino]] ({{Lang-it|Le sette chiese}}) sa loob ng 24 na oras. Ang pasadyang ito, ipinag-uutos para sa bawat manlalakbay noong Gitnang Kapanahunan, ay isinakodigo noong ika-16 na siglo ni San [[Felipe Neri]]. Ang pitong simbahan ay ang apat na basilika mayor ([[Basilika ni San Pedro|San Pedro sa Vaticano]], [[Basilika ni San Pablo Extramuros|St Pablo Extramuros]], [[Basilika ni San Juan de Letran|San Juan de Letran]] at [[Basilika ni Santa Maria la Mayor|Santa Maria Maggiore]]), habang ang tatlo pa ay ang [[San Lorenzo fuori le mura]] (isang [[Kasaysayan ng Kristiyanismo|Maagang Kristiyanong]] basilika), [[Santa Croce in Gerusalemme]] (isang simbahang itinatag ni [[Santa Elena (emperatris)|Elena]], ang ina ni Constantino, na naglalaman ng mga labi ng kahoy na sinasabing mula sa banal na krus) at [[San Sebastiano fuori le mura]] (na nasa [[Daang Apia]] at itinayo sa itaas ng [[mga Catacumba ni San Sebastian]]). == Tanawin == === Arkitektura === {{Main|Mga simbahan ng Roma}} [[Talaksan:Colosseo_Romano_Rome_04_2016_6289.jpg|left|thumb|Ang [[Koliseo]] ay nananatiling pinakamalaking [[Amphitheater|ampiteatro]] sa buong mundo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/largest-amphitheatre/|title=Colosseum: The Largest Amphitheatre|work=Guinnesworldrecords.com|date=6 Marso 2013|access-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027170257/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/largest-amphitheatre/|archive-date=27 Oktubre 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ginamit ito para sa mga palabas ng mga [[gladyador]] at iba pang pampublikong pagdiriwang (mga palabas hinggil sa pangangaso, pagsasabuhay ng mga sikat na labanan at drama batay sa mitolohiyang klasiko).]] [[Talaksan:ThePantheon.jpg|thumb|Ang [[Panteon]], na itinayo bilang isang templo na alay sa "lahat ng mga diyos ng nakaraan, kasalukuyan, at hinaharap"]] Ang arkitektura ng Roma sa mga nagdaang siglo ay lubos na umunlad, lalo na mula sa mga estilong Klasiko at Imperyal Romano hanggang sa modernong [[Pasistang arkitektura|arkitekturang pasista]]. Ang Roma ay isa noong sentro ng [[arkitekturang klasiko]], na bumuo ng mga bagong anyo tulad ng [[arko]], [[Lungaw|simboryo]], at [[boveda]].<ref name="Eyewitness">Eyewitness Travel (2006), pp. 36–37.</ref> Ang estilong [[Arkitekturang Romaniko|Romaniko]] noong ika-11, ika-12, at ika-13 siglo ay malawakang ginamit din sa arkitekturang Romano, at kalaunan ang lungsod ay naging isa sa pangunahing sentro ng arkitekturang [[Renasimiyento]], [[Arkitekturang Baroko|Baroko]], at [[Arkitekturang Neoklasiko|Neoklasiko]].<ref name="Eyewitness" /> ==== Sinaunang Roma ==== {{Main|Talaan ng mga sinaunang monumento sa Roma|Sinaunang arkitekturang Romano}}Ang isa sa mga simbolo ng Roma ay ang [[Koliseo]] (70-80 AD), ang pinakamalaking [[Amphitheater|ampiteatro]] na itinayo sa Imperyong Romano. Orihinal na may kakayahang magpaupo ng 60,000 manonood, ginamit ito para sa labanang [[gladyador]]. Kabilang sa mga mahahalagang monumento at lugar ng sinaunang Roma ang [[Foro ng Roma]], ang [[Domus Aurea]], ang [[Panteon]], [[Haligi ni Trajano]], [[Palengke ni Trajano]], ang mga [[Mga Catacumba ng Roma|Catacumba]], ang [[Sirko Maximo]], ang mga [[Mga Paliguan ni Caracalla|Paliguan ni Caracalla]], [[Castel Sant'Angelo]], ang [[Mausoleo ni Augusto]], ang [[Ara Pacis]], ang [[Arko ni Constantino]], ang [[Piramide ni Cestius|Pyramide ni Cestius]], at ang [[Bocca della Verità]]. ==== Medyebal ==== Ang mga tanyag na kuwarto ng lungsod ng medieval, na matatagpuan higit sa lahat sa paligid ng Capitolino, ay lubos na giniba sa pagitan ng pagtatapos ng ika-19 na siglo at ng panahong pasista, ngunit maraming kapansin-pansin na mga gusali ang nananatili. Ang mga Basilika na nagmula pa sa [[Kasaysayan ng Kristiyanismo|sinaunang Kristiyanismo]] ay gaya ng [[Basilika ni Santa Maria la Mayor|Santa Maria la Mayor]] at [[Basilika ni San Pablo Extramuros|San Pablo Extramuros]] (ang huli ay muling itinayo noong ika-19 na siglo), kapuwa naglalaman ng mga mosaic ng ika-apat na siglo AD. Kapansin-pansin sa kalaunan ang mga medyebal na mosaic at fresco na matatagpuan din sa mga simbahan ng [[Santa Maria in Trastevere]], [[Santi Quattro Coronati]], at [[Santa Prassede]]. Kasama sa mga sekular na gusali ang mga tore, ang pinakamalaki ay ang [[Torre delle Milizie]] at [[Torre dei Conti]], kapuwa katabi ng Forum ng Roma, at ang malaking panlabas na hagdanan patungo sa basilika ng [[Santa Maria in Ara Coeli|Santa Maria in Aracoeli]]. ==== Renasimiyento at Baroko ==== {{Wide image|Piazza del Campidoglio panoramic view 39948px.jpg|800px|Panoramong tanaw ng [[Piazza del Campidoglio]], na may kopya ng [[Ekwestreng Estatwa ni Marcus Aurelius]]}}Marami sa mga sikat na plaza ng lungsod–marami ay malalaki, marilag, at madalas na pinalamutian ng mga [[Talaan ng mga obelisko sa Roma|obelisko]], ilan ay maliliit at kaakit-akit–ay hinubog noong panahon ng Renasimiyento at Baroko. Ang mga pangunahin ay [[Piazza Navona]], [[mga Hagdang Espanyol]], [[Campo de' Fiori]], [[Piazza Venezia]], [[Palazzo Farnese|Piazza Farnese]], [[Piazza della Rotonda]], at [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva|Piazza della Minerva]]. Ang isa sa mga pinakasagisag na halimbawa ng sining Baroko ay ang [[Bukal Trevi]] ni [[Nicola Salvi]]. Ang iba pang kilalang mga [[Arkitekturang Baroko|palasyong baroko]] ng ika-17 siglo ay ang [[Palazzo Madama]], ngayon ang luklukan ng [[Senado ng Republika (Italya)|Italyanong Senado]], at ang [[Palazzo Montecitorio]], na ngayon ay ang luklukan ng [[Kamara ng mga Deputado (Italya)|Kamara ng mga Deputado ng Italya]]. ==== Neoklasisismo ==== [[Talaksan:Altar della Patria September 2015-1.jpg|thumb|Ang [[Monumento ni Victor Emmanuel II]]]] Noong 1870, ang Roma ang naging kabeserang lungsod ng bagong [[Kaharian ng Italya]]. Sa panahong ito, ang [[Arkitekturang Neoklasiko|neoklasisismo]], isang estilo ng arkitektura na naiimpluwensiyahan buhat ng arkitektura ng [[Sinaunang klasiko|unang panahon]], ang naging pangunahing impluwensiya sa arkitekturang Romano. Sa panahong ito, maraming dakilang palasyo sa neoklasikong estilo ang itinayo upang maging luklukan ng mga ministeryo, embahada, at iba pang mga ahensiya ng gobyerno. Ang isa sa mga kilalang simbolo ng Romanong neoklasisismo ay ang [[Monumento ni Victor Emmanuel II|Monumento ni Vittorio Emanuele II]] o "Altar ng Ama ng Bayan", kung saan matatagpuan ang [[Monumento ni Victor Emmanuel II#Libingan ng Di-kilalang Sundalo|Libingan ng Di-kilalang Sundalo]], na kumakatawan sa 650,000 Italyanong sundalo na namatay sa Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig. == Ekonomiya == Bilang kabesera ng Italya, ang Roma ay tahanan ng lahat ng punong institusyon ng bansa, kabilang ang Pagkapangulo ng Republika, ang gobyerno (at ang solong ''Ministeri''), ang Parlamento, ang pangunahing korteng panghukuman, at ang mga kinatawang diplomatiko ng lahat ng mga bansa para sa estado ng Italya at sa Lungsod ng Vaticano. Maraming pandaigdigang institusyon ang matatagpuan sa Roma. Kapansin-pansin ang mga pangkultura at pang-agham, tulad ng Suriang Amerikano, Paaralang Briton, Akademyang Pranses, mga Suriang Escandinava, at Suriang Arkeolohikong Aleman. Mayroon ding mga dalubhasang ahensiya ng mga Nagkakaisang Bansa, tulad ng [[Organisasyon ng Pagkain at Agrikultura]] (''Food and Agriculture Organization'' o FAO). Nasa Roma rin mga pangunahing pandaigdigang organisasyong pampolitika at pangkultura, tulad ng [[Pandaigdigang Pondo para sa Kaunlarang Agrikultural]] (''International Fund for Agricultural Development'' o IFAD), [[Pandaigdigang Programa sa Pagkain|Pandaigdigang Program sa Pagkain]] (''World Food Programme'' o WFP), ang [[Kolehiyong Pangdepensa ng NATO]] (''NATO Defense College'') at ang [[Pandaigdigang Sentro para sa Pag-aaral ng Pagpapanatili at Pagpapanumbalik ng Pagmamay-aring Pangkultura]] (''International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property'' o ICCROM). == Edukasyon == [[Talaksan:Sapienza_entrance_(20040201351).jpg|right|thumb|Ang [[Unibersidad ng Roma La Sapienza]], itinatag noong 1303]] Ang Roma ay isang pangunahing pambansa at pandaigdigang sentro para sa mas mataas na edukasyon, at naglalaman ng maraming akademya, kolehiyo, at unibersidad. Ipinagmamalaki nito ang sari-saring akademya at kolehiyo, at itinuturing ito bilang isang pangunahing sentrong intelektuwal at pang-edukasyon sa buong mundo, lalo noong panahon ng [[Sinaunang Roma]] at ng [[Renasimiyento]], kasama ang Florencia.<ref name="Roman Academies">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01083b.htm|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia|title=Roman Academies|publisher=Newadvent.org|date=1 Marso 1907|accessdate=3 Pebrero 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112132437/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01083b.htm|archivedate=12 Enero 2010}}</ref> Ayon sa City Brands Index, ang Roma ay itinuturing na pangalawa sa pinakamakasaysayan, pinakaaral, at pinakakultural na kabigha-bighani at magandang lungsod.<ref name="Roman Academies"/> Maraming unibersidad at kolehiyo sa Roma Ang unang unibersidad nito, ang [[Unibersidad ng Roma La Sapienza|La Sapienza]] (itinatag noong 1303), ay isa sa pinakamalaki sa buong mundo, na may higit sa 140,000 dumadalong mag-aaral; noong 2005, inihanay ito bilang ang ika-33 pinakamahusay na unibersidad sa Europa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arwu.org/rank/2005/ARWU2005_TopEuro.htm|title=Top 100 European Universities|date=2005|website=Academic Ranking of World Universities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129082351/http://www.arwu.org/rank/2005/ARWU2005_TopEuro.htm|archive-date=29 Enero 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> at noong 2013 ang Pamantasang Sapienza ng Roma ay ang ika-62 sa buong mundo at nangunguna sa Italya sa ''World University Rankings''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cwur.org/2013.php|title=Top 100 Universities|date=2013|website=Center for World University Rankings|access-date=22 Agosto 2019}}</ref> at may katayuan bilang isa sa pangunahing 50 sa Europa at pangunahing 150 pinakamahusay na kolehiyo sa buong mundo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_TopEuro%28EN%29.htm|title=Top 100 European Universities|date=2008|website=Academic Ranking of World Universities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521224840/http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_TopEuro%28EN%29.htm|archive-date=21 Mayo 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=22 Agosto 2019}}</ref> Upang mabawasan ang kasikipan sa La Sapienza, dalawang bagong pamantasang pampubliko ang itinatag noong mga huling dekada: [[Unibersidad ng Roma Tor Vergata|Tor Vergata]] noong 1982, at [[Pamantasang Roma Tre|Roma Tre]] noong 1992. Nasa Roma rin ng LUISS School of Government,<ref>{{cite web|title=LUISS School of Government|website=sog.luiss.it|url=http://www.sog.luiss.it/|language=it|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|archive-date=10 Hulyo 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710155033/https://sog.luiss.it/|url-status=dead}}</ref> pinakamahalagang gradwadong unibersidad ng Italya sa mga larangan ng mga ugnayang panlabas at araling Europeo pati na rin ang [[LUISS Business School]], ang pinakamahalagang paaralan ng negosyo sa Italya. Ang Rome [[Istituto superiore per le industrie artistiche (ISIA)|ISIA]] ay itinatag noong 1973 ni [[Giulio Carlo Argan]] at ang pinakalumang institusyon ng Italya sa larangan ng [[disenyong pang-industriya]]. == Kultura == === Aliwan at sining-pagtatanghal === [[Talaksan:Teatro_dell'Opera,_Roma.jpg|right|thumb|Ang [[Teatro dell'Opera di Roma]] sa Piazza Beniamino Gigli]] Ang Roma ay isang mahalagang sentro para sa musika, at mayroon itong matinding eksenang musikal, kabilang ang maraming prestihiyosong konserbatoryong pangmusika at sinehan. Kabilang dito nag [[Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia]] (itinatag noong 1585), kung saan ang mga bagong bulwagang konsiyerto nito ay itinayo sa bagong [[Parco della Musica]], isa sa pinakamalaking pinagdadausan ng musika sa buong mundo. Ang Roma ay mayroon ding isang opera house, ang [[Teatro dell'Opera di Roma]], pati na rin ang ilang mga maliliit na institusyong musikal. Isinagawa rin dito ang sa [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision ng 1991|Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision]] noong 1991 at ang [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2004|MTV Europe Music Awards]] noong 2004. Nagkaroon din ng kapansing-pansing epekto ang Roma sa kasaysayan ng musika. Ang [[Paaralang Romano]] ay isang pangkat ng mga kompositor ng primaryang sagradong muskika, na aktibo sa lungsod noong ika-16 at ika-17 siglo, samakatuwid ay sumasaklaw sa huling bahagi ng [[Musikang Renasimiyento|Renasimiyento]] at maagang panahon ng [[Musikang Baroko|Baroko]]. Ang termino ay tumutukoy din sa musikang kanilang ginawa. Marami sa mga kompositor ay may direktang koneksiyon sa [[Banal na Luklukan|Vaticano]] at sa [[Kapilya Sistina|kapilya ng papa]], kahit na nagtatrabaho sila sa maraming simbahan. Sila ay madalas na naiiba sa mga kompositor ng [[Paaralang Veneciano (musika)|Paaralang Veneciano]], isang kasabay na kilusan na mas naging progresibo. Sa ngayon ang pinakatanyag na kompositor ng Paaralang Romano ay si [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]], na ang pangalan ay naiugnay sa loob ng apat na raang taong may makinis, malinaw, perpekto, at [[Polifonia|polyfoniang]] perpeksiyon. Gayunpaman, may iba pang kompositor na nagtatrabaho sa Roma, at sa iba't ibang estilo at anyo. === Turismo === [[Talaksan:Piazza_di_Spagna,_Roma_-_scalinata_fc03.jpg|thumb|Ang mga [[Mga Hakbang Espanyol|Hakbang Espanyol]]]] [[Talaksan:Faber_Village,_Lido_di_Ostia_RM,_Lazio,_Italy_-_panoramio_(3).jpg|thumb|[[Ostia (Roma)|Dalampasigang Ostia Lido]]]] Ang Roma ngayon ay isa sa pinakamahalagang tunguhin ng mga turista sa mundo, dahil sa di-mabilang na mga arkeolohikal at artistikong kayamanan nito, pati na rin para sa kagandahan ng mga natatanging tradisyon nito, kagandahan ng mga malalawak na tanawin, at karangyaan ng kamangha-mangha nitong mga "villa" (mga parke). Kabilang sa mga pinakamahalaga rito ay ang maraming museo–Musei Capitolini, ang mga Museo ng Vaticano, at ang Galleria Borghese at iba pa na nakatuon sa moderno at kapanahon na sining–mga [[akwedukto]], [[balong]], [[Mga simbahan ng Roma|simbahan]], [[palasyo]], makasaysayang, mga [[monumento]] at mga labi ng [[Foro ng Roma|Forum ng Roma]], at ang [[Catacumba]]. Ang Roma ang pangatlong pinakabinibisitang lungsod sa EU, pagkatapos ng Londres at Paris, at tumatanggap ng tinatayang na 7-10&nbsp;milyong turista sa isang taon, na kung minsan ay dumodoble sa mga banal na taon. Ang Koliseo (4&nbsp;milyong turista) at ang [[Mga Museong Batikano|Museong Vaticano]] (4.2&nbsp;milyong turista) ang ika-39 at ika-37 (ayon sa pagkakasunud-sunod) na pinakapinapasyal na mga lugar sa mundo, ayon sa isang kamakailang pag-aaral.<ref name="itvnews.tv2">{{cite web|title=The 50 Most Visited Places in The World|website=itvnews.tv|date=2 Oktubre 2009|url=http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002073926/http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html|archive-date=2 Oktubre 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=22 Agosto 2019}}</ref> Ang Roma ay isang pangunahing sentrong arkeolohiko, at isa sa pangunahing sentro ng [[Arkeolohiya|pagsasaliksik sa arkeolohiya]] sa buong mundo. Maraming mga surian ng kultura at pananaliksik ang matatagpuan sa lungsod, tulad ng [[Suriang Amerikano sa Roma]],<ref name="Romanculture.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies|title=AIRC-HC Program in Archaeology, Classics, and Mediterranean Culture|publisher=Romanculture.org|accessdate=3 Pebrero 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329144605/http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies|archivedate=29 Marso 2010}}</ref> at ang Suriang Suwesa sa Roma.<ref name="Romanculture.org"/> Naglalaman ang Roma ng maraming [[Talaan ng mga sinaunang monumento sa Roma|sinaunang pook]], kabilang ang [[Foro ng Roma|Forum Romanum]], [[Palengke ni Trajano]], [[Foro ni Trajano]],<ref>{{Cite magazine|magazine=Archaeology}}</ref> ang [[Koliseo]], ang [[Panteon]], at napakarami pang iba. Ang [[Koliseo]], masasabing isa sa pinakatanyag na mga arkeolohikal na pook ng Roma, ay itinuturing na isang [[Mga Kahanga-hangang Pook ng Mundo|kahanga-hangang pook ng mundo]].<ref name="brewers">I H Evans (reviser), ''Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'' (Centenary edition Fourth impression (corrected); London: Cassell, 1975), p. 1163</ref><ref name="miller2">{{cite book|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/1538646.html|year=1915|author-link4=Theodore Roosevelt|author-link3=William Howard Taft|author-link2=Woodrow Wilson|author-link=Francis Trevelyan Miller|oclc=679498513|page=201|isbn=|publisher=W. T. Blaine|title=America, the Land We Love|first4=Theodore|last4=Roosevelt|first3=William Howard Taft|last3=Taft|first2=Woodrow|last2=Wilson|first1=Francis Trevelyan|last1=Miller|access-date=22 Agosto 2019}}</ref> Naglalaman ang Roma ng isang malawak at kamangha-manghang koleksiyon ng sining, eskultura, [[balong]], [[mosaic]], [[fresco]], at mga pinta, mula sa lahat ng iba't ibang panahon. Ang Roma ay unang naging isang pangunahing masining na sentro sa panahon ng sinaunang Roma, na may mga porma ng mahalagang [[Romanong sining]] tulad ng sa [[Sinaunang arkitekturang Romano|arkitektura]], pagpipinta, eskultura, at gawaing [[mosaic]]. Ang [[gawaing metal]], [[pagpapanday ng barya]], at pag-ukit ng hiyas, mga larawang [[garing]], salaming pigurin, [[Sinaunang Romanong pagpapalayok|palayok]], at mga guhit sa libro ay itinuturing na iba pang likha sa Roma.<ref name="Toynbee 439–442">{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0009840X00221331|last=Toynbee|first=J.M.C.|date=Disyembre 1971|title=Roman Art|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-review_1971-12_21_3/page/439|journal=The Classical Review|volume=21|issue=3|pages=439–442|issn=0009-840X|jstor=708631}}</ref> Nang maglaon ang Roma ay naging isang pangunahing sentro ng sining ng [[Renasimiyento]], dahil ang mga papa ay gumastos ng malaking halaga para sa mga konstruksiyon ng matatayog na [[basilika]], [[palasyo]], [[Plaza|piazza]], at mga pampublikong gusali sa pangkalahatan. Ang Roma ay naging isa sa mga pangunahing sentro ng likhang sining ng Renasimiyento sa Europa, pangalawa lamang sa [[Florencia]], at maihahalintulad sa iba pang pangunahing lungsod at sentro ng kultura, tulad ng Paris at [[Lungsod ng Venezia|Venezia]]. Ang lungsod ay malubhang naapektuhan ng [[Italyanong Baroko|baroko]], at ang Roma ay naging tahanan ng maraming artista at arkitekto, tulad nina [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]], [[Caravaggio]], [[Annibale Carracci|Carracci]], [[Francesco Borromini|Borromini]], at [[Cortona]].<ref name="Toynbee 439–442"/> Noong huling bahagi ng ika-18 siglo at simula ng ika-19 na siglo, ang lungsod ay isa sa mga sentro ng [[Dakilang Pasyal]],<ref name="Matt Rosenberg">{{cite web|title=Grand Tour of Europe: The Travels of 17th & 18th Century Twenty-Somethings|author=Matt Rosenberg|publisher=About.com|url=http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm|accessdate=3 Pebrero 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205235817/http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm|archivedate=5 Disyembre 2010}}</ref> na kung saan ang nakababata at mayayamang Ingles at iba pang mga aristokrata sa Europa ay bumisita sa lungsod upang alamin ang [[Kultura ng sinaunang Roma|sinaunang kultura]], sining, pilosopiya, at arkitektura ng Roma. Naging tahanan din ang Roma ng maraming neoklasiko at rococo na artista, tulad nina [[Giovanni Paolo Pannini|Pannini]] at [[Bernardo Bellotto]]. Ngayon, ang lungsod ay isang pangunahing sentro ng sining, na may maraming suriang pansining<ref name="Matt Rosenberg"/> at mga museo.{{Wide image|Panoramic photograph of interior of Colosseum.jpg|600px|Tanaw sa loob ng Koliseo}} [[Talaksan:Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg|right|thumb|Ang [[Mga Museong Batikano|mga Museong Vaticano]] ay ang [[Listahan ng pinakabinibisitang museo ng sining|ika-3]] pinakapinapasyal na museo ng sining sa buong mundo.]] Ang Roma ay may lumalagong kaban ng kontemporaneo at modernong sining at arkitektura. Ang Pambansang Galeriya ng Modernong Sining ay may mga obra nina Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, at Cézanne sa permanenteng eksibisyon. Sa 2010 binuksan ang pinakabagong pundasyon ng sining ng Roma, isang napapanahong sining at arkitektura ng galeriya na idinisenyo ng kinikilalang Iraqi na arkitektong si Zaha Hadid. Kilala bilang [[MAXXI - Pambansang Museyo ng 21st Century Arts|MAXXI - Pambansang Museo ng Sining ng Ika-21 SIglo]] binabalik nito ang isang sira na lugar na may kapansin-pansin na modernong arkitektura. Nagtatampok ang Maxxi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/|title=Maxxi_Museo Nazionale Delle Arti Del Xxi Secolo|publisher=Maxxi.beniculturali.it|accessdate=25 Marso 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211132529/http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/|archivedate=11 Pebrero 2010}}</ref> ng campus na nakatuon sa kultura, mga pang-eksperimentong mga laboratoryo sa pananaliksik, palitan sa internasyonal at pag-aaral at pagsasaliksik. Ito ay isa sa pinakaambisyosong modernong proyekto sa arkitektura kasabay ng Auditorium Parco della Musica ni [[Renzo Piano]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auditorium.com/|title=Auditorium Parco della Musica|publisher=Auditorium.com|accessdate=25 Marso 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323151419/http://www.auditorium.com/|archivedate=23 Marso 2010}}</ref> at Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, sa distrito ng EUR, [[Massimiliano Fuksas]] na magbubukas sa 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pelati|first1=Manuela|title=Eur spa, Diacetti: «La nuvola di Fuksas sarà completata entro il 2016|url=http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml|accessdate=5 Disyembre 2015|work=Corriere della Sera|date=30 Setyembre 2015|language=Italian|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165359/http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml|archivedate=8 Disyembre 2015}}</ref> Tampok sa convention center ang isang malaking translucent na lalagyan sa loob kung saan nasuspinde ang isang estrukturang bakal at teflon na kahawig ng ulap at naglalaman ng mga silid pagpupulong at isang awditoryum na may dalawang piazza na nagbubukas sa kapitbahayan sa magkabilang panig. === Moda === [[Talaksan:Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg|thumb|[[Via Condotti]]]] Ang Roma ay malawak ding kinikilala bilang isang [[kabesera ng moda]]. Bagaman hindi ganoong kasinghalaga ng Milano, ang Roma ang pang-apat na pinakamahalagang sentro para sa moda sa buong mundo, ayon sa 2009 [[Global Monitor ng Wika|Global Language Monitor]] pagkatapos ng [[Milano]], Bagong York, at Paris, na hinigitan pa ang Londres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion|title=The Global Language Monitor » Fashion|publisher=Languagemonitor.com|date=20 Hulyo 2009|accessdate=17 Oktubre 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101191133/http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion|archivedate=1 Nobyembre 2009}}</ref> Ang mga pangunahing marangyang brand ng moda at alahas, tulad ng [[Valentino SpA|Valentino]], [[Bulgari]], [[Fendi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fendi.com/|title=Fendi|publisher=fendi.com|accessdate=17 Oktubre 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131001741/http://www.fendi.com/|archivedate=31 Enero 2010}}</ref> [[Laura Biagiotti]], [[Brioni (tatak)|Brioni]], at [[Renato Balestra]], ay may punong tanggapan o tinatag sa lungsod. Ang iba pang pangunahing label, tulad ng [[Gucci]], [[Chanel]], [[Prada]], [[Dolce & Gabbana]], [[Armani]], at [[Versace]] ay may boutique sa Roma, pangunahin kasama ang prestihiyoso at marangyang [[Via Condotti|Via dei Condotti]]. === Lutuin === [[Talaksan:Spaghetti_alla_Carbonara.jpg|thumb|''Spaghetti [[Carbonara|alla Carbonara]]'', isang tipikal na Romanong putahe]] [[Talaksan:Concia_di_zucchine.jpg|thumb|Ang ''Concia di zucchine'', isang halimbawa ng lutuing Romano-Hudyo]] Ang lutuin ng Roma ay umunlad sa daang siglo at panahon ng mga pagbabago sa lipunan, kultura, at politika. Ang Roma ay naging pangunahing sentrong gastronomo sa [[Sinaunang Roma|sinaunang Panahon]]. Ang [[sinaunang lutuing Romano]] ay lubos na naimpluwensiyahan ng kultura ng Sinaunang Griyego, at pagkatapos, ang lubos na pagpapalawak ng imperyo ay nagbukas sa mga Romano sa maraming bago, pamprobinsiyang gawi at paraan ng pagluluto. Nang maglaon, sa panahon ng [[Renasimiyento]], ang Roma ay naging kilala bilang isang sentro ng altang lutuin, dahil ang ilan sa pinakamahusay na chef ng panahong iyon ay nagtatrabaho para sa mga papa. Ang isang halimbawa nito ay si [[Bartolomeo Scappi]], na isang chef na nagtatrabaho para kay [[Papa Pio IV|Pio IV]] sa kusina ng Vaticano. Natamo niya ng katanyagan noong 1570 nang mailathala ang kaniyang librong lutuing ''Opera'' ''dell'arte del cucinare''. Nagtala siya sa aklat ng humigit-kumulang na 1000 recipe ng [[Ulam|lutuing]] Renasimiyento at inilarawan ang mga deskarte at kagamitan sa pagluluto, na nagbibigay ng unang kilalang larawan ng isang [[tinidor]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rolland|first=Jacques|title=The food encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/foodencyclopedia0000roll|publisher=Robert Rose|location=Toronto|year=2006|isbn=0-7788-0150-0|oclc=70176309|page=[https://archive.org/details/foodencyclopedia0000roll/page/273 273]}}</ref> Sa modernong panahon, ang lungsod ay bumuo ng sarili nitong kakaibang lutuin, batay sa mga produkto ng kalapit na [[Romanong Campagna|Campagna]], tulad ng tupa at gulay (madalas gamitin ang mga [[Cynara scolymus|alkatsopas]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Culinaria Italy|url=https://archive.org/details/culinariaitalypa0000unse_m5x4|first=Claudia|last=Piras|publisher=Culinaria Konemann|year=2000|isbn=3-8290-2901-2|oclc=881159457|page=[https://archive.org/details/culinariaitalypa0000unse_m5x4/page/291 291]}}</ref> Sa kahanay, ang mga Romanong Hudyo - naninirahan na sa lungsod mula pa noong ika-1 siglo BK–ay nagpaunlad ng kanilang sariling lutuin, ang ''cucina giudaico-romanesca''. Kasama sa mga halimbawa ng Romanong lutuin ang "''[[Saltimbocca]] alla Romana''"–isang hati ng karne ng baka, estilong Romano; tinapunan ng hilaw na hamon at sambong at nilagyan ng puting alak at mantikilya; "''[[Carciofi alla romana]]''"–alkatsopas sa estilong Romano; tinanggal ang mga panlabas na dahon, pinalamanan ng menta, bawang, mga tirang tinapay; "''[[Carciofi alla giudia]]''"–mga alkatsopas na pinirito sa langis ng oliba, tipikal ng pagluluto ng Romanong Hudyo; tinanggal ang mga panlabas na dahon, pinalamanan ng menta, bawang, mga tirang tinapay; "''[[Carbonara|Spaghetti alla carbonara]]''"–[[Ispageti|spaghetti]] na may [[bacon]], [[itlog]], at [[pecorino]], at "''[[Niyoki|Gnocchi]] di semolino alla romana'' "–[[semolina]] dumpling, estilong Romano, at marami pang iba.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carnacina|author2=Buonassisi, Vincenzo|first=Luigi|title=Roma in Cucina|publisher=Giunti Martello|location=Milano|year=1975|language=Italian}}</ref> === Pelikula === [[Talaksan:Audrey_Hepburn_and_Gregory_Peck_on_Vespa_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer.jpg|thumb|''[[Roman Holiday]]'' kasama sina [[Audrey Hepburn]] at [[Gregory Peck]], 1953]] Tahanan ang Roma ng [[Cinecittà|mga Estudyo ng Cinecittà]],<ref name="romefile12">{{cite web|url=http://www.romefile.com/culture/cinecitta.php|title=History of Cinecittà Studios in Rome|publisher=Romefile|date=|accessdate=17 Oktubre 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501020709/http://www.romefile.com/culture/cinecitta.php|archivedate=1 May 2009}}</ref> ang pinakamalaking pasilidad sa paggawa ng pelikula at telebisyon sa kontinental na Europa at ang sentro ng [[sinehang Italyano]], kung saan marami sa mga pinakamalaking hit sa box office ngayon ang kinukunan. Ang {{Convert|99|acre|ha}} na complex ng estudio na {{Convert|9.0|km|mi}} mula sa gitna ng Roma ay bahagi ng isa sa pinakamalaking pamayanan ng produksiyon sa mundo, pangalawa lamang sa [[Hollywood]], na may higit sa 5,000 propesyonal–mula sa mga tagagawa ng kasuotan ng sinaunang panahon hanggang sa mga espesyalista sa visual effects. Mahigit sa 3,000 produksiyon ang ginawa na rito, mula sa mga kamakailang tampok tulad ng ''[[Ang Passion of the Christ|The Passion of the Christ]]'', ''[[Mga gang ng New York|Gangs of New York]]'', [[Roma (serye sa TV)|HBO's ''Rome'']], ''[[Ang Life Aquatic kasama si Steve Zissou|The Life Aquatic]]'' at ''[[Ang Decameron|Decameron]]'' ni [[Dino De Laurentiis]], hanggang sa mga klasiko sa sinehan tulad ng ''[[Ben-Hur (pelikula ng 1959)|Ben-Hur]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (pelikula ng 1963)|Cleopatra]]'', at ang mga pelikula ni [[Federico Fellini]]. Itinatag noong 1937 ni [[Benito Mussolini]], ang mga estudio ay binobomba ng mga [[Mga Alyado ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig|Alyadong Kanluranin]] noong Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig. Noong 1950s, ang Cinecittà ang lokasyon ng paggawa ng pelikula para sa maraming malalaking produksyon ng pelikula sa Amerika, at pagkatapos ay naging estudyong pinakanauugnay kay [[Federico Fellini]]. Ngayon, ang Cinecittà ay ang nag-iisang studio sa buong mundo na may paunang paggawa, produksiyon, at buong pasilidad ng post-production sa iisang lote, na pinapayagan ang mga direktor at prodyuser na maglakad kasama ang kanilang manuskrito at "mag-walkout" nang may isang nakumpletong pelikula.{{Fact|date=Hulyo 2020}} === Wika === [[Talaksan:DM_TI_Claudius_Tiberinus.jpg|thumb|Inskripsiyong [[Wikang Latin|Latin]], [[Pambansang Museong Romano]]]] {{Main|Latin}}Bagaman naiugnay lamang ngayon sa Latin, ang sinaunang Roma ay sa katunayan multilingual. Sa pinakamataas na sinaunang panahon, kabahagi ng mga tribo ng [[Mga Sabino|Sabino]] ang lugar ng Roma ngayon sa mga tribong Latin. Ang wikang Sabino ay isa sa [[Mga wikang italiko|Italikong]] pangkat ng mga sinaunang wikang Italyano, kasama ang Etrusko, na kung saan ay magiging pangunahing wika ng huling tatlong haring namuno sa lungsod hanggang sa itatag ang Republika noong 509 BK. Si Urganilla, o [[Plautia Urgulanilla]], asawa ni Emperador Claudio, ay sinasabing nagsasalita ng Etrusko maraming siglo pagkatapos ng petsang ito, ayon sa entrada ni Suetonius kay Claudio. Gayunpaman ang Latin, sa iba't ibang umuusbong na porma, ay ang pangunahing wikang klasiko na Roma, ngunit dahil ang lungsod ay may mga imigrante, alipin, residente, embahador mula sa maraming bahagi ng mundo, ito rin ay maraming wika. Maraming edukadong Romano ang nagsasalita rin ng Griyego, at mayroong isang malaking Griyego, Siriaco, at Hudyong populasyon sa mga bahagi ng Roma bago pa man ang Imperyo. Ang [[Wikang Latin|Latin]] ay nagbago sa panahon ng Gitnang Kapanahunan tungo sa isang bagong wika, ang "''volgare'' ". Ang huli ay umusbong bilang pagtatagpo ng iba't ibang panrehiyong diyalekto, na dominado ng [[Wikaing Toscano|diyalektong Toscano]], ngunit ang populasyon ng Roma ay nakabuo din ng kanilang sariling [[diyalekto]], ang [[Diyalektong Romanesko|Romanesko]]. Ang ''Romanesco na'' sinalita sa panahon ng Gitnang Kapanahunan ay katulad ng isang diyalekto ng katimugang Italya, napakalapit sa [[wikang Napolitano]] ng [[Campania]]. Ang impluwensiya ng kulturang [[Florencia|Florentino]] sa panahon ng [[renasimiyento]], at higit sa lahat, ang imigrasyon sa Roma ng dalawang magkasunod na Florentinong Papang [[Medici]] ([[Papa Leo X|Leo X]] at [[Papa Clemente VII|Clemente VII]]) ang naging sanhi ng isang pangunahing pagbabago sa diyalekto, na nagsimulang maging mas kawangis ng mga diyalektong Toscano. Ito ay nanatiling higit na nakakubli sa Roma hanggang sa ika-19 na siglo, ngunit pagkatapos ay lumawak sa iba pang mga sona ng [[Lazio]] ([[Civitavecchia]], [[Latina, Lazio|Latina]], at iba pa), mula sa simula ng ika-20 siglo, bunga ng tumataas na populasyon ng Roma at sa pagpapabuti ng mga sistema ng transportasyon. Bilang kahihinatnan ng edukasyon at media tulad ng radyo at telebisyon, ang Romanesko ay naging mas katulad sa karaniwang Italyanong diyalekto. Ang panitikan ng diyalekto sa tradisyonal na anyo ng Romanesko ay kasama ang mga akda ng naturang mga manunulat gaya nina [[Giuseppe Gioachino Belli]] (isa sa pinakamahalagang makatang Italyano sa buo), [[Trilussa]], at [[Cesare Pascarella]]. Ito ay nararapat tandaan kahit na ang Romanesko ay isang "''lingua vernacola''" (wikang bernakular), nangangahulugang sa daang siglo, wala itong nakasulat na anyo ngunit sinalita lamang ito sa populasyon. Ang kontemporaneong Romanesco ay pangunahing kinakatawan ng mga tanyag na artista, tulad nina [[Alberto Sordi]], [[Aldo Fabrizi]], [[Anna Magnani]], [[Si Carlo Verdone|Carlo Verdone]], [[Enrico Montesano]], [[Gigi Proietti]], at [[Nino Manfredi]]. == Palakasan == [[Talaksan:Stadio Olimpico e Stadio dei Marmi.jpg|thumb|Ang [[Stadio Olimpico]], tahanan ng [[AS Roma]] at [[SS Lazio]], ay isa sa pinakamalaki sa Europa, na may kapasidad na higit sa 70,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maspostatevilaregina.com/2009/05/05/brief-guide-to-olympic-stadium-of-rome/|title=Brief Guide to Olympic Stadium of Rome &#124; Spostare le Finale da Roma? No! Grazie|publisher=Maspostatevilaregina.com|date=23 Marso 2009|accessdate=30 Enero 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512172341/http://www.maspostatevilaregina.com/2009/05/05/brief-guide-to-olympic-stadium-of-rome/|archivedate=12 Mayo 2011}}</ref>]] [[Futbol]] ang pinakatanyag na sport sa Roma, tulad ng sa ibang bahagi ng bansa. Ang lungsod ay nagtanghal ng mga huling laro ng [[Pandaigdigang Kopa ng Futbol 1934|1934]] at [[Pandaigdigang Kopa ng Futbol 1990]]. Ang huli ay isinagawa sa [[Stadio Olimpico]], na tahanang estadio na hinihiram ng kapuwa [[Serie A]] klub na [[SS Lazio]], na itinatag noong 1900, at ang [[AS Roma]], na itinatag noong 1927, na ang ribalan sa [[Derby della Capitale]] ay tanyag na sa kulturang pangkalakasang Romano.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/football/10/22/first11.derbies/index.html|title=Football First 11: Do or die derbies|publisher=CNN|date=22 Oktubre 2008|accessdate=5 Oktubre 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017011443/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/football/10/22/first11.derbies/index.html|archivedate=17 Oktubre 2014}}</ref> Ang mga manlalaro ng futbol na naglalaro para sa mga koponan na ito na ipinanganak din sa lungsod ay nagiging bantog, tulad nina [[Francesco Totti]] at [[Daniele De Rossi]] (kapuwa para sa AS Roma), at [[Alessandro Nesta]] (para sa SS Lazio). [[Talaksan:Roma_-_Stadio_Olimpico_-_Stadio_dei_Marmi_-_Andrea_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|[[Stadio dei Marmi]]]] Ang Roma ay nagtaghal ng [[Palarong Olimpiko sa Tag-init 1960]], na lubhang nagtagumpay, gamit ang maraming sinaunang pook tulad ng [[Villa Borghese]] at ang [[mga Paliguan ni Caracalla]] bilang mga pinagdausan. Para sa Palarong Olimpiko maraming mga bagong pasilidad ang itinayo, kapansin-pansin ang bagong malaking Olimpikong Estadio (na kung saan ay pinalaki at binago upang itanghal ang ilang kompetisyon at ang huli sa [[Pandaigdigang Kopa ng Futbol 1990]]), ang [[Stadio Flaminio]], ang Villaggio Olimpico (Pamayanang Olimpiko, nilikha upang itanghal ang mga atleta at muling isinaayos pagkatapos ng mga laro bilang isang distritong pantirahan), ecc. [[Paanyaya ng Roma para sa Palarong Olimpiko sa Tag-init 2020|Nagpaanyaya]] ang Roma upang maging tahanan ng [[Palarong Olimpiko sa Tag-init 2020]] ngunit inatras ito bago ang deadline sa pagtatala ng mga aplikante.<ref name="olympic.org2">{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=138217|title=Media|publisher=Olympic.org|accessdate=15 Setyembre 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019052200/http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=138217|archivedate=19 Oktubre 2011}}</ref><ref name="Bladesplace.id.au2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bladesplace.id.au/olympic-games-candidates.html|title=Candidate Cities for Future Olympic Games|publisher=Bladesplace.id.au|accessdate=17 Oktubre 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012174517/http://www.bladesplace.id.au/olympic-games-candidates.html|archivedate=12 Oktubre 2009}}</ref> Dagdag dito, itinanghal sa Roma ng [[1991 EuroBasket]] at tahanan ng kinikilalang internasyonal na koponan ng basketball na [[Pallacanestro Virtus Roma|Virtus Roma]]. Ang [[rugby]] ay nakakakuha ng mas maraming manlalaro. Hanggang sa 2011 ang [[Stadio Flaminio]] ay ang tahanang estadyo para sa [[pambansang koponan ng unyong rugby ng Italya]], na naglalaro sa [[Anim na Nations Championship|Six Nations Championship]] mula pa noong 2000. Ang koponan ay naglalaro ngayon ng mga laro sa bahay sa Stadio Olimpico sapagkat ang Stadio Flaminio ay nangangailangan ng mga gawaing pagsasaayos upang mapabuti ang kapasidad at kaligtasan nito. Ang Roma ay tahanan ng mga lokal na koponan ng unyong rugby tulad ng [[Rugby Roma Olimpic|Rugby Roma]] (itinatag noong 1930 at nagwagi ng limang kampeonatong Italyano, ang huli noong 1999–2000), [[Unione Rugby Capitolina]], at [[SS Lazio Rugby 1927|SS Lazio 1927]] (sangay ng unyong rugby ng multisport club SS Lazio). Tuwing Mayo, isinasagawa sa Roma ang torneong tennis ng [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000|ATP Masters Series]] sa mga luwad na korte ng [[Foro Italico]]. Ang pagbibisikleta ay popular matapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, ngunit ang katanyagan ay nawawala. Ang Roma ay nagtanghal ng huling bahagi ng [[Giro d'Italia]] nang tatlong beses, noong 1911, 1950, at 2009. Ang Roma ay tahanan din ng iba pang mga koponan sa palakasan, kabilang ang volleyball ([[M. Roma Volley]]), [[Handball ng koponan|handball]], o [[Water polo|waterpolo]]. == Transportasyon == [[Talaksan:Rom_Fiumicino_2011-by-RaBoe-02.jpg|right|thumb|Ang [[Paliparang Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino|Paliparang Roma–Fiumicino]] ay ang [[Talaan ng mga pinakaabalang paliparan sa Europa|pang-sampung pinakaabalang paliparan sa Europa]] noong 2016.]] [[Talaksan:Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG|right|thumb|[[Daungan ng Civitavecchia]]]] Ang Roma ay nasa gitna ng paikot na network ng mga kalsada na halos sumusunod sa mga linya ng mga sinaunang kalsadang Romano na nagsimula sa [[Burol Capitolino]] na iniugnay ang Roma sa imperyo nito. Ngayon ang Roma ay binilog, sa layo na halos {{Convert|10|km|mi|0}} mula sa Capitol, sa pamamagitan ng daang-singsing (ang ''[[Grande Raccordo Anulare]]'' o ''GRA''). Dahil sa lokasyon nito sa gitna ng tangway ng Italya, ang Roma ang punong pusod ng riles para sa gitnang Italya. Ang pangunahing estasyon ng riles ng Roma, ang [[Himpilang Termini ng Roma|Termini]], ay isa sa pinakamalaking estasyon ng riles sa Europa at ang pinakaginagamit sa Italya, na may halos 400 libong manlalakbay na dumadaan araw-araw. Ang pangalawang pinakamalaking estasyon sa lungsod, ang [[Himpilan ng riles ng Tiburtina, Roma|Roma Tiburtina]], ay pinaunlad bilang isang [[High-speed rail sa Italya|high-speed rail]] terminus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eurostar-av.trenitalia.com/it/progetto/stazioni_rinnovate/roma_tiburtina.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203063001/http://eurostar-av.trenitalia.com/it/progetto/stazioni_rinnovate/roma_tiburtina.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 Disyembre 2006|title=Eurostar Italia Alta Velocità|date=3 Disyembre 2006}}</ref> Gaya ng sa madalas na high-speed na tren sa lahat ng pangunahing Italyanong lungsod, ang Roma ay nauugnay gabi-gabi sa pamamagitan ng mga serbisyong 'boat train' sleeper papuntang Sicilia, at sa buong mundo sa pamamagitan ng serbisyong overnight sleeper papuntang Munich at Vienna buhat ng ÖBB Austrian railways. Ang Roma ay pinaglilingkuran ng tatlong paliparan. Ang interkontinental na [[Paliparang Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino|Pandaigdigang Panliparang Leonardo da Vinci]], ang punong paliparan ng Italya ay matatagpuan sa loob ng kalapit na [[Fiumicino]], timog-kanluran ng Roma. Ang mas matandang [[Paliparan sa Roma Ciampino|Paliparan ng Roma Ciampino]] ay sabayang paliparang sibilyan at militar. Ito ay karaniwang tinutukoy bilang "Paliparang Ciampino", dahil matatagpuan ito sa tabi ng [[Ciampino]], timog-silangan ng Roma. Ang pangatlong paliparan, ang Paliparang [[Roma-Urbe]], ay isang maliit, mababang trapiko na paliparan na matatagpuan mga {{Convert|6|km|0}} hilaga ng sentro ng lungsod, na humahawak ng karamihan sa helikopter at mga pribadong lipad. Bagaman ang lungsod ay may sariling baryo sa Dagat Mediteraneo ([[Lido di Ostia]]), mayroon lamang itong marina at isang maliit na daungan para sa mga bangka sa pangingisda. Ang pangunahing daungang naglilingkod sa Roma ay ang [[Daungan ng Civitavecchia]], na matatagpuan mga {{Convert|62|km}} hilagang-kanluran ng lungsod.<ref>{{cite web|title=Porti di Roma|url=http://www.port-of-rome.org/|accessdate=6 Marso 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307140526/http://www.port-of-rome.org/|archivedate=7 Marso 2015}}</ref> == Mga pandaigdigang entidad, samahan, at pakikilahok == [[Talaksan:Food and Agriculture Organization HQ 2008.jpg|thumb|Ang punong-tanggapan ng [[Organisasyon ng Pagkain at Agrikultura]] (''Food and Agriculture Organization'' o FAO) sa Roma, Circo Massimo]] [[Talaksan:WFP_Headquarters_in_Rome.jpg|thumb|[[Pandaigdigang Programa sa Pagkain]] (''World Food Programme'' o WFP)]] Kabilang sa mga [[Mga pandaigdigang lungsod|pandaigdigang lungsod]], ang Roma ay natatangi sa pagkakaroon ng dalawang umiiral na soberanong matatagpuan sa loob ng mga hangganan ng lungsod, ang Banal na Luklukan, na kinakatawan ng Estado ng Lungsod ng Vaticano, at ang mas maliit na [[Soberanong Ordeng Militar ng Malta|Soberanong Militar ng Malta]]. Ang Vaticano ay isang engklabo ng [[Kabisera|kabeserang lungsod]] ng Italya at isang may kapangyarihan sa pag-aari ng [[Banal na Luklukan]], na siyang Diyosesis ng Roma at ang kataas-taasang pamahalaan ng [[Simbahang Katolika Romana]]. Samakatuwid, ang Roma ay tahanan ng mga banyagang embahada sa gobyerno ng Italya, sa Banal na Luklukan, sa [[Soberanong Ordeng Militar ng Malta|Orden ng Malta]] at sa ilang organisasyong pangdaigdigan. Maraming mga pandaigdigang [[Mga Kolehiyong Romano|Kolehiyong Romano]] at [[Mga Pontipikal na Unibersidad sa Roma|Pontipikal na Unibersidad]] ang matatagpuan sa Roma. Ang Santo Papa ay ang [[Papa|Obispo ng Roma]] at ang opisyal na lulukan nito ay ang [[Basilika ni San Juan de Letran|Arsobasilika ni San Juan de Letran]] (kung saan ang [[Pangulo ng Pransiya|Pangulo ng Republika ng Pransiya]] ay ''[[ex officio]]'' na "una at nag-iisang [[Kanonigo (pari)|onoraryong kanonigo]]", isang titulo na pinanghahawakan ng mga pinuno ng estado ng Pransiya mula pa kay [[Henry IV ng Pransiya|Haring Henry IV ng Pransiya]]). Ang isa pang pangkat, ang [[Soberanong Ordeng Militar ng Malta]] (SMOM), ay sumilong sa Roma noong 1834, dahil sa pananakop ni [[Napoleon I ng Pransiya|Napoleon]] sa Malta noong 1798. Kung minsan ay napapabilang ito bilang isang soberanya, ngunit hindi umaangkin sa anumang teritoryo sa Roma o kahit saan man, samakatuwid ay humahantong sa pagtatalo sa aktuwal nitong katayuang soberano. Ang Roma ay ang luklukan ng tinaguriang '''Polo Romano<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/file/repository/affariinternazionali/osservatorio/approfondimenti/PI0093.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143221/http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/file/repository/affariinternazionali/osservatorio/approfondimenti/PI0093.pdf|url-status=dead|title=parlamento.it|archivedate=2 Marso 2015}}</ref>''' binubuo ng tatlong pangunahing ahensyang internasyonal ng [[mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]]: [[Organisasyon ng Pagkain at Agrikultura]] (''Food and Agriculture Organization'' o FAO), [[Pandaigdigang Programa sa Pagkain|Pandaigdigang Program sa Pagkain]] (''World Food Programme'' o WFP), at ng [[Pandaigdigang Pondo para sa Kaunlarang Agrikultural]] (''International Fund for Agricultural Development'' o IFAD). Tradisyonal na kasangkot ang Roma sa proseso ng integrasyong pampolitika sa Europa. Ang mga [[Mga Kasunduan ng Unyong Europeo|Kasunduan ng EU]] ay matatagpuan sa [[Palazzo della Farnesina]], ang luklukan ng [[Ministro ng Ugnayang Panlabas (Italya)|Ministro ng Ugnayang Panlabas]], sapagkat ang gobyerno ng Italya ang taguan ng mga kasunduang ito. Noong 1957 ang lungsod ay naging pook ng paglagda ng [[Tratado ng Roma]], na nagtatag ng [[Pamayanang Pang-ekonomikong Europeo]] (na pinalitan ng [[Unyong Europeo]]), at naging pook din sa opisyal na paglagda ng panukalang [[Ang kasunduan sa pagtaguyod ng isang Saligang Batas para sa Europa|Konstitusyong Europeo]] noong Hulyo 2004. Ang Roma ay ang luklukan ng [[Mga Europeong Olimpikong Komite|Lupong Olimpikong Europeo]] at ng [[Kolehiyong Pangdepensa ng NATO]] (''NATO Defense College''). Ang lungsod ay ang lugar kung saan nabuo ang [[Kautusan ng Pandaigdigang Korteng Kriminal]] at ang [[Europeong Kapulungan sa Karapatang Pantao]]. Tahanan din ang lungsod ng iba pang mahahalagang pandaigdigang organisasyon tulad ng [[Pandaigdigang Samahan sa Batas Pangkaunlaran]] (''International Development Law Organization'' o IDLO), ang [[Pandaigdigang Sentro para sa Pag-aaral ng Pagpapanatili at Pagpapanumbalik ng Pagmamay-aring Pangkultura]] (''International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property'' o ICCROM), at ang Pandaigdigang Surian para sa Pagkakaisa ng Pribadong Batas (''Internatonal Institute for the Unification of Private Law'' o UNIDROIT). == Mga kapatid na lungsod == Ang Roma ay may isang tanging Kapatid na Lungsod at maraming ka-partner na lungsod: === Kapatid na Lungsod (''Sister city'') === * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], [[Pransiya]] ({{lang-fr|Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris}}; {{lang-it|Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi}}; {{lang-tl|Tanging Paris ang karapat-dapat sa Roma; tanging Roma ang karapat-dapat sa Paris}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |title=International relations: Special partners |work=Portal of the City of Paris |date= |accessdate=2008-11-09 |archive-date=2007-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208155021/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/City_government/international/special_partners.ASP |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Katuwang na Lungsod === {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Achacachi]], [[Bolivia]].<!--<ref>http://www.liberazione.it/giornale/051129/LB12D6D0.asp - Short newspaper article on the Rome / Achacachi twinning</ref> --> * {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], [[Algeria|Alherya]]. * {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China|Tsina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=2009-06-23|archive-date=2012-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818133858/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974 |title=Le jumelage avec Rome |accessdate=2008-07-09 |publisher=Municipalité de Paris |language=French |archive-date=2008-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141833/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]. * {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]]. * {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], [[Ehipto]]. || || * {{flagicon|United States}} [[Cincinnati]], [[Estados Unidos]]. * {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine|Ukranya]]. * {{flagicon|UK}} [[London|Londres]], [[United Kingdom]] * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], [[Espanya]]<ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web | title = Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas | publisher = Ayuntamiento de Madrid | url = http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Marbella]], [[Espanya]]. * {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]], [[Canada]]. || || * {{flagicon|United States}} [[New York City]], [[Estados Unidos]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NYC's Sister Cities |publisher=Sister City Program of the City of New York |year=2006 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml |accessdate=2008-09-01 |archive-date=2008-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521052322/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Plovdiv]], [[Bulgaria]]. * {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], [[South Korea|Timog Korea]]. * {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. * {{flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], [[Albania]].<ref name="International relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations |accessdate=2009-06-23 |work=Municipality of Tirana |publisher=www.tirana.gov.al |format=PDF |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216035358/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Nakuha noong 2008-01-25.</ref> * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan|Hapon]]. || * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Tongeren]], [[Belgium|Belhika]]. * {{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]]<ref name="Tunis">{{cite web|url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm|title=Cooperation Internationale|publisher=© 2003-2009 City of Tunis Portal|language=French|accessdate=2009-07-31|archive-date=2008-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508191341/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Multan]], [[Pakistan]]<ref>http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=145013{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |} ==Tala== {{notelist}} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} == Bibliograpiya == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Bertarelli|first=Luigi Vittorio|title=Guida d'Italia|volume=IV|year=1925|publisher=CTI|location=Rome|oclc=552570307|language=it|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Brilliant|first=Richard|year=2006|title=Roman Art. An American's View|publisher=Di Renzo Editore|location=Rome|isbn=978-88-8323-085-1}} * {{Cite book|last=Coarelli|first=Filippo|title=Guida archeologica di Roma|publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|year=1984|language=Italian|location=Milano}} * {{cite journal|last1=De Muro|first1=Pasquale|last2=Monni|first2=Salvatore|last3=Tridico|first3=Pasquale|title=Knowledge-Based Economy and Social Exclusion: Shadow and Light in the Roman Socio-Economic Model|journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research|volume=35|issue=6|year=2011|pages=1212–1238|issn=0309-1317|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00993.x}} * {{Cite book|title=Rome – Eyewitness Travel|publisher=DK|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4053-1090-1}} * {{Cite book|last=Hughes|first=Robert|year=2011|title=Rome|volume=|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=}} * {{cite book|last1=Kinder|first1=Hermann|last2=Hilgemann|first2=Werner|title=Dtv-Atlas zur Weltgeschichte|volume=1|publisher=Dtv|year=1964|oclc=887765673|language=de|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lucentini|first=Mario|year=2002|title=La Grande Guida di Roma|publisher=Newton & Compton Editori|location=Rome|isbn=978-88-8289-053-7|language=Italian}} * {{Cite book|last=Rendina|first=Mario|year=2007|title=Roma ieri, oggi, domani|publisher=Newton & Compton Editori|location=Rome|language=Italian}} * {{Cite book|last=Spoto|first=Salvatore|year=1999|title=Roma Esoterica|publisher=Newton & Compton Editori|location=Rome|isbn=978-88-8289-265-4|language=Italian}} {{refend}} == Mga kawing panlabas == {{commons|Roma}} *{{wikivoyage|it:Roma|Roma}} {{it icon}} *{{osmrelation-inline|41485}} *[http://wikitravel.org/it/Roma Wikitravel - Roma] {{it icon}} * {{Official website}} {{it icon}} {{Authority control}} {{Kalakhang Lungsod ng Roma Capital}} {{Talaan ng mga kabiserang European batay sa rehiyon|state=expanded}}{{World Heritage Sites in Italy}} [[Kategorya:Lungsod ng Roma| ]] [[Kategorya:Kabisera sa Europa|Roma]] [[Kategorya:Italya]] r1de6a3ahlf7suny2ehnrhvhacorpy5 0 9759 2204273 2188266 2026-04-22T22:28:57Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|ibang mga gamit ng kataga|Katolisismo|Simbahang Katolika (paglilinaw)}} {{Infobox Christian denomination |icon = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg |icon_alt = Sagisag ng Banal na Luklukan |name = Simbahang Katolika |native_name = |native_name_lang = |image = Basilica di San Pietro (notte).jpg |alt = |caption = Ang [[Basilika ni San Pedro]] sa [[Roma]] |abbreviation = |main_classification= [[Katolisismo|Katoliko]] |type = |scripture = Biblia |theology = [[Teolohiyang katoliko]] |polity = Episkopal<ref name=Episcopal_Polity>{{Cite book|title=Mga Sulat Ukol sa Politiyong Episkopal ng Santa Iglesia Catolica|last=Marshall|first=Thomas William|date=1844|location=London|publisher=Levey, Rossen and Franklin|id={{ASIN|1163912190|country=uk}}}}</ref> |governance = [[Santa Sede]] |structure = |leader = [[Papa Leon XIV]] |leader_name = |leader_title1 = Administration |leader_name1 = |fellowships_type = |fellowships= |fellowships1 = |division_type = |division = |division_type1 = |division1 = |division_type2 = |division2 = |division_type3 = |division3 = |associations = |area = |language = |liturgy = |headquarters = [[Lungsod ng Vaticano]] |origin_link = |founder = [[Hesukristo]]<ref name=Katoliko>{{cite web|last1=Oakley|first1=Francis Christopher|last2=Cunningham|first2=Lawrence|last3=Knowles|first3=Michael David|last4=Marty|first4=Martin|last5=Frassetto|first5=Michael|last6=Pelika|first6=Jaroslav Jan|last7=McKenzie|first7=John|title=Romano Katolisismo |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism|accessdate=21 January 2020}}</ref>, <br> ayon sa tradisyon |founded_date = Unang siglo |founded_place = [[Herusalem]], [[Imperyong Romano]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stanford|first1=Peter|title=Simbahang Katolika|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/catholic/catholic_1.shtml#top|website=BBC Religions|publisher=BBC|accessdate=20 Enero 2020}}</ref><ref>Bokenkotter, 2004, [https://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Catholic-Church-Revised/dp/0385516134/ p. 18]</ref> |parent = |merger = |absorbed = |separations = |merged_into = |defunct = |congregations_type = |congregations = |members = 1.329&nbsp;bilyon (2018)<ref name="Shalom World">{{cite web|last1=Vincent|first1=Sherin|title=Catholic population rises to 1.329 billon|url=https://shalomworld.org/news/catholic-population-rises-to-1-329-billion|accessdate=2 Abril 2020|archive-date=25 Septiyembre 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925025142/https://www.shalomworld.org/news/catholic-population-rises-to-1-329-billion|url-status=dead}}</ref> |ministers_type = [[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|Clergy]] |ministers={{plainlist| * Mga [[obispo]]: 5,304 * Mga [[pari]]: 415,656 * Mga [[diakono]]: 45,255}} |missionaries = |churches = |hospitals = 5,500<ref name="World Development p.40">Calderisi, Robert. ''Earthly Mission - The Catholic Church and World Development''; TJ International Ltd; 2013; p.40</ref> |nursing_homes = |aid = |primary_schools = 95,200<ref>{{Cite journal |title="Laudato Si" |journal=Vermont Catholic |volume=8 |issue=4, ''2016–2017, Winter'' |pages=73|url=http://www.onlinedigeditions.com/publication/index.php?i=365491&m=&l=&p=1&pre=&ver=html5#{%22page%22:74,%22issue_id%22:365491} |accessdate=Enero 20, 2020 }}</ref> |secondary_schools = 43,800 |tax_status = |tertiary = |other_names = |publications = |website = [http://w2.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html Holy See] |slogan = |logo = |footnotes = }} Ang '''Simbahang Katoliko Romano''', na kilala rin bilang '''Iglesya Katolika Apostolika Romana''', '''Simbahang Romano Katoliko'''<ref>Ang katawagang "Simbahang Romano Katoliko" ay ginagamit dito bilang mga alternatibong pangalan para sa buong Simbahan na naglalarawan ng sarili bilang "sa pamamahala ng kahalili ni San Pedro at ng mga obispong na sa kapisanan kasabay niya." [http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html ''Lumen Gentium'' (Dogmatikong Saligang Batas sa Simbahan), 8]</ref> ay ang pinakamalaking '''Kristiyanong''' [[simbahan]] na pinamumunuan ng [[Obispo ng Roma]]. Ang pamamahalaan nito na [[Santa Sede]] ay naka-sentro sa [[Lungsod ng Vaticano]] na nakpaloob sa [[Roma]], [[Italya]]. == Pangalan == Ang Griyegong salita na καθολικός (''katholikos''), kung saan nagmula ang salitang; ''Katoliko'', ay may kahulugang ''Unibersal''. Ang terminong ''Katoliko'' ay unang ginamit ni [[San Ignacio]] sa kanyang liham sa mga taga-Smyrna noong 110 CE.<ref>http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03449a.htm</ref> Ang m mga tagasunod ng Simbahang Romano Katoliko ay tinatawag na '''Romano Katoliko''' upang itangi ito sa kasapi ng ibang mga denominasyon ng Kristiyanismo na nag-aangking sila ay Katoliko rin gaya ng [[Simbahang Silangang Ortodokso]](na ang pangalang opisyal ay ''' Simbahang Katolikong Ortodokso'''), [[Asiryong Simbahan ng Silangan]](na ang pangalang opisyal ay '''Banal an Apostolikong Katolikong Asiryong Simbahan ng Silangan'''), [[Simbahang Ortodoksong Oriental]] at [[Simbahan ng Silangan]]. Ang salitang '''Katoliko''' ay matatagpuan sa [[Kredong Niceno]] na pinagkasunduan ng ilang mga obispo sa [[Unang Konseho ng Nicaea]] noong 325 CE nang tipunin ito ni Emperador [[Dakilang Constantino]] upang pagkaisaihin ang mga magkakatunggaling sekta ng [[Kristiyanismo]] sa kanyang [[Imperyo Romano]]. {{quote|[Ngunit ang mga nagsasabing: 'May isang panahong na Siya ay hindi;' at 'Siya ay hindi bago Siya gawin;' at 'Siya ay ginawâ mula sa wala' o 'Siya ay nang ibang sustansiya' o 'esensiya' o 'Ang Anak ng Diyos ay nilikhâ' o 'nagbabago' ay 'mababago'-sila ay kinokóndena ng '''banal na Katóliko at apostólikong Simbahan'''.] |''[[Kredong Niceno]](325 CE)''}} Inaangkin ng Simbahang Romano Katoliko, na ito ang [[isang tunay na simbahan]] na itinatag ni [[Hesukristo]] noong Unang siglo sa [[Herusalem]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Bokenkotter|first=Thomas|title=A Concise History of the Catholic Church|year=2004|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DISK1e7JXA8C&pg=PA7|isbn=978-0-307-42348-1}}</ref> , na ang mga [[Obispo (pari)|obispo]] nito ay ang mga kahalili ng mga [[apostol]] ni Kristo, at ang [[Obispo ng Roma|Papa]] ang kahalili ni [[San Pedro]] na kung saan ipinagkaloob ni Kristo ang primasiya<ref>Holy Bible: Mateo {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|16:19|ESV}}</ref>. Inaangkin na naipanatili nito ang orihinal na pananamapalatayang [[Kristiyanismo]], sa pamamagitan ng sagradong tradisyon<ref>{{cite book|title=Katesismo ng Simbahang Katolika, 890}}</ref> ==Kasaysayan== Gaya ng ibang mga sekta ng [[Kristiyanismo]] gaya ng mga [[Simbahang Ortodokso]], ang Simbahang Romano Katoliko ay nag-aangkin na ang tradisyon nito ay itinatag ni [[Hesus]]. Sa teolohiya ng Simbahang Romano Katoliko, ang doktrinang [[paghaliling apostoliko]] ay nag-aangkin na ibinigay ni [[Hesus]] ang buong sakramental na kapangyarihan sa simbahan sa 12 apostol sa sakramento ng mga Banal na Kautusan at gumagawa sa mga itong unang obispo. Sa pagkakaloob ng kabuuan ng sakramento ng mga Banal na Kautusuan, ang mga ito ay binigyan ng kapangyarihan na magkaloob ng sakramento sa iba pa at nagpapasagrado sa maraming mga obispo sa isang direktang linya na nagmumula sa mga Apostol at kay Hesus. Ang doktrina ng [[Apostolikong paghalili]] ay hindi lang natatangi sa Romano Katoliko at ang iba't ibang mga sekta ng Kristiyanismo ay nag-aangkin rin ng teolohiyang ito gaya ng mga [[Simbahang Ortodokso]], mga [[Luther]]ano at iba pa. Ayon sa Simbahang Katoliko Romano si [[Pedro]] na [[apostol]] ni Hesus ang unang ''obispo ng Roma'' at gumawa sa isang nagngangalang [[Linus]] bilang kahalili niyang obispo at kaya ay nagpasimula ito ng isang linyang paghalili ng mga obispo mula kay Pedro na kinabibilangan ng mga kasalukuyang [[papa]] ng Romano Katoliko. Gayunpaman, isinaad sa ''[[mga konstitusyong apostoliko]]'' na si [[Linus]] ang ''unang obispo ng Roma'' at inordinahan ni [[Apostol Pablo]] at si Linus ay hinalinhan ni [[Clemente]] na inordinahan naman ni Pedro. Ayon sa mga eskolar at historyan, ang opisinang ''Monarkikal na Obispo'' ay lumitaw lamang noong ikalawang siglo CE. Sa mga liham lamang ni [[Ignacio ng Antioquia]] sa kanyang pagtungo sa Roma noong ika-2 siglo na kanyang inilarawan at ikinatwiran na ang mga simbahan ay pinangunahan ng isang obispo na inaalalayan ng mga presbitero at deakono.<ref name="Epistle to the Magnesians 6.1">Epistle to the Magnesians 6.1</ref> Ayon kay propesor [[:en:Richard McBrien|Richard McBrien]], "dapat maalala na salungat sa banal na paniniwala ng Katoliko--ang monoarkikal na istrukturang episkopal ng simbahan (na kilala bilang episkopatang monarkikal kung saan ang bawat diyoses ay pinamumunuan ng isang obispo) ay hindi pa umiiral sa Roma sa panahong ito.<ref name="McBrien, Richard P p. 34">McBrien, Richard P. Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to Benedict XVI. Harper, San Francisco, 2005 updated ed., p. 34</ref> Ayon kay Padre [[:en:Francis A. Sullivan|Francis A. Sullivan]], "ang makukuhang ebidensiya ay nagpapakita na ang simbahan sa Roma ay pinamunuan ng isang kolehiyo ng mga presbitero sa halip na isang obispo sa loob ng hindi bababa sa ilang mga dekada ng ikalawang siglo CE.<ref>Sullivan F.A. From Apostles to Bishops: the development of the episcopacy in the early church. Newman Press, Mahwah (NJ), 2001, p. 80,221-222</ref> Ayon din kay Fr. Sullivan, "Ang [[Bagong Tipan]] o ang sinaunang kasaysayang Kristiyano ay hindi nag-aalok ng suporta sa nosyon ng [[paghaliling apostoliko]] bilang 'isang hindi naputol na linya ng ordinasyong episkopal sa pamamagitan ng mga apostol sa mga siglo tungo sa mga obispo ngayon'" at "Ang Bagong Tipan ay hindi nag-aalok ng suporta para sa teoriya ng paghaliling apostoliko na nagpapalagay na ang mga apostol ay humirang o nag-ordina ng isang obispo para sa bawat mga simbahang kanilang itinatag".<ref name="Sullivan F.A p. 14">Sullivan F.A. From Apostles to Bishops: The Development of the Episcopacy in the Early Church, p. 14</ref> Ang mga kondisyon sa [[imperyo Romano]] ay nagpadali sa pagkalat ng mga bagong ideya. Ang mga mahuhusay na lansangan at mga daanang pantubig ay pumayag sa madaling paglalakbay samantalang ang [[Pax Romana]] ay gumawa sa paglalakbay mula sa isang rehiyon tungo sa isa pa na ligtas. Ang mga sinaunang Kristiyano ay nakaakay ng mga pamayanang [[Hudaismo|Hudyo]] sa buong [[Dagat Meditteraneo]].<ref name=chadwickhenry23and24/><ref name="Hitchcock 281">Hitchcock, ''Geography of Religion'' (2004), p. 281, quote: "By the year 100, more than 40&nbsp;Christian communities existed in cities around the Mediterranean, including two in North Africa, at Alexandria and Cyrene, and several in Italy."</ref> Bagaman ang karamihan ng mga naakay sa Kristiyanismo ay mula sa Imperyo Romano, ang mga kilalang pamayanang Kristiyano ay itinatag rin sa [[Armenia]], [[Iran]] at sa kahabaan ng [[Baybaying Malabar]].<ref name="AFM">A.E. Medlycott, ''India and The Apostle Thomas'', pp.1-71, 213-97; M.R. James, ''Apocryphal New Testament'', pp.364-436; Eusebius, ''History'', chapter 4:30; J.N. Farquhar, ''The Apostle Thomas in North India'', chapter 4:30; V.A. Smith, ''Early History of India'', p.235; L.W. Brown, ''The Indian Christians of St. Thomas'', p.49-59</ref><ref>http://www.stthoma.com/</ref> Ang bagong [[relihiyon]] na Kristiyanismo ay pinakamatagumpay sa mga lugar na urbano at kumalat muna sa mga [[alipin]] at mga tao na may mabababang mga katayuan sa lipunan.<ref>McMullen, pp. 37, 83.</ref> ===Unang siglo=== ====Alitan sa pagitan ng mga pinunong Kristiyano==== Sa simula, ang [[Hudaismo]] at Kristiyanismo ayon sa mga eskolar ay hindi pa hiwalay at ang mga Kristiyano ay sumasambang kasama ng mga Hudyo na tinatawag ng mga historyan na [[Hudyong Kristiyano]] gaya ng mga [[Ebionita]]. Ang mga Hudyong Kristiyano ang bumubuo sa karamihan ng mga Kristiyano sa unang siglo ng Kristiyanismo at sumusunod pa rin sa mga Kautusan ni [[Moises]] ayon sa [[Mga Gawa ng mga Apostol]].<ref name="Davidson115">Davidson, ''The Birth of the Church'' (2005), p. 115</ref> Gayunpaman, dahil ang mga ibang Kristiyano ay nagsimulang umakay sa mga [[hentil]] (hindi Hudyo), nagkaroon ng alitan sa pagitan ng mga Kristiyano kung dapat pang sundin ng mga [[hentil]] (hindi-Hudyo) ang mga kautusan ni Moises. Upang malutas ang mga magkakatunggaling pananaw tungkol sa Kautusan ni Moises, ang [[konseho ng Herusalem]] ay tinipon ng mga haligi ng iglesia (simbahan) na sina Pedro at Santiago ({{bibleverse||Galacia|2:9}}). Nagpasya si [[Santiago ang Makatarungan]] na ang mga [[hentil]] (hindi-Hudyo) ay maaaring maging mga Kristiyano nang hindi sumusunod sa ''ilang'' mga kautusan ni Moises gaya ng pagtutuli ngunit ''kailangan'' pa ring silang sumunod sa ilang mga kautusan ni Moises gaya ng paglayo sa ''mga pagkaing inihandog sa mga diyos-diyosan at binigti at dugo, imoralidad...sapagkat ang kautusan ni Moises ay ipinapangaral sa bawat lungsod mula pa nang unang panahon at binabasa ito sa mga sinagoga bawat araw ng Sabat'' ({{bibleverse2|Mga|Gawa|15:20-21}}).<ref name= "chadwick37">Chadwick, Henry, p. 37.</ref> Gayunpaman, ayon {{bibleverse2|Mga|Gawa|16:3-4}}, tinuli ni Pablo si Timoteo at sa pagtahak nila sa mga lungsod, ibinigay nila Pablo sa mga iglesia ang pinagpasiyahan ng mga [[apostol]] at ng mga nakakatanda sa [[konseho ng Herusalem]] na kanilang dapat sundin.<ref name=chadwickhenry23and24>Chadwick, Henry, pp. 23–24.</ref><ref name=macculloch109>MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', p. 109.</ref><ref name="Davidson149">Davidson, ''The Birth of the Church'' (2005), p. 149</ref> Ang alitan tungkol sa pagsunod sa Kautusan ni Moises ay hindi natapos sa [[konseho ng Herusalem]]. Ayon sa {{bibleverse|Mga|Gawa|21:17-25}}, nabalitaan ng mga Hudyo patungkol kay Pablo, ''na tinuturuan mo ang lahat ng mga Hudyo na nasa mga hentil, ng pagtalikod kay Moises. Sinabi mo na huwag tuliin ang kanilang mga anak, ni mamuhay ng ayon sa mga kaugalian...Dalisayiin mo ang iyong sarili kasama nila. Bayaran mo ang kanilang magugugol upang magpaahit sila ng kanilang mga ulo. Upang malaman ng lahat na hindi totoo ang mga bagay na nabalitaan nila patungkol sa iyo. At malalaman din na ikaw ay lumalakad ng maayos na tumutupad ng kautusan.''". Ayon sa {{bibleverse2||Galacia|2:11-14}}, kinompronta at sinaway ni Pablo si [[Pedro]] dahil sa pamimilit ni Pedro sa mga hentil na sumunod sa kautusan ni Moises. Taliwas sa pinagpasyahan sa [[Konseho ng Herusalem]] na bawal kainin ang pagkaing inihandog sa diyos-diyosan, binigti at dugo, isinaad ni Pablo sa {{bibleverse|1|Corinto|10:25}}, "''anumang ipinagbibili sa pamilihan ay kainin ninyo"''.<ref>I Corinthians: a new translation Volume 32 Anchor Bible William Fridell Orr, James Arthur Walther - 1976 "Paul's openness regarding dietary restrictions raises again the question of the connection with the decrees of the council at Jerusalem (Acts 15:29; Introduction, pp. 63–65). There is no hint here of an apostolic decree involving food."</ref><ref>Gordon D. Fee ''The First Epistle to the Corinthians'' 1987 p480 "Paul's "rule" for everyday life in Corinth is a simple one: "Eat anything19 sold in the meat market""</ref> at sa {{bibleverse|1|Corinto|8:4-8}} ay "''hindi tayo nagiging katanggap-tanggap sa Diyos sa pamamagitan ng pagkain''". Ang pagkain ng mga inihandog sa diyos-diyosan ay ipinagbawal rin ni [[Hesus]] sa {{bibleverse||Pahayag|2:20,14}}. Bagaman nakapasok sa kanon na Katoliko ang mga [[sulat ni Pablo]], ang mga sulat na ito ay itinakwil ng mga [[Hudyong-Kristiyano]]ng [[Ebionita]] na naniniwalang si [[Apostol Pablo]] ay isang ''natalikod at impostor na [[apostol]]''.<ref>Ecclesiastical History 3.27.4</ref><ref>Irenaeus; Aganist Heresies 1.26.2</ref><ref>Epiphanius, Panarion, 30.16.6-9</ref><ref>MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', pp.127–131.</ref> ===Ikalawang siglo=== Ang ilang mga pamayanang Kristiyano sa ikalawang siglo CE ay nagebolb sa isang mas may istrukturang hierarka na ang isang sentral na obispo ay may autoridad sa siyudad at humantong sa pagpapaunlad ng [[Obispong Metropolitan]]. Ang organisasyon ng Simbahang Kristiyano ay nagsimulang gumaya sa organisasyon ng Imperyo Romano. Ang mga obispo sa mga siyudad na mas mahalaga sa politika ay naglapat ng mas malaking autoridad sa mga obispo sa mga kalapit na siyudad.<ref name=duffy9and10>Duffy, pp. 9–10.</ref><ref name=markus75>Markus, p. 75.</ref> Ang mga simbahan sa [[Antioquia]], [[Alehandriya]] at [[Roma]] ang humawak ng pinakamatataas na mga posisyon.<ref name=macculloch134>MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', p. 134.</ref> Kabilang sa mga magkakatunggaling pananaw na Kristiyanong lumaganap noong ika-2 siglo ang [[Marcionismo]], [[Gnostisismo]], [[Montanismo]], [[Docetismo]]. Si [[Marcion]] ang pinaniniwalang ang unang nagtipon ng isang [[kanon]] na binubuo lamang 11 mga aklat na isang Ebanghelyo ni Lucas at 10 [[sulat ni Pablo]]. Ang ibang mga aklat nang kalaunang naging [[kanon]] ng Bagong Tipan ay itinakwil ni Marcion. Si [[Irenaeus]] ang unang nagmungkahi ng pagtanggap lamang sa apat na ebanghelyo at nangatwiran laban sa mga ibang pangkat na Kristiyano na gumagamit ng mga ebanghelyo na kaunti o higit pa sa 4. Kanyang binatikos ang [[Gnostisismo]] at itinakwil ang [[Ebanghelyo ng Katotohanan]] dahil sa nilalamang [[gnostiko]] nito. Tinangka ni [[Papa Víctor I|Victor]] na obispo ng Roma na ideklarang [[erehiya]] at itiwalag ang mga nagdiriwang ng paskuwa sa Nisan 14. Bago ni Victor, may isang pagkakaiba sa petsa ng pagdiriwang ng Paskuwa sa pagitan ng mga obispo ng Asya menor at Kanluran. Ipinagdiriwang ito ng mga simbahan sa Asya menor tuwing ika-14&nbsp;ng buwang Nisan ng mga Hudyo na araw bago ang paskuwa ng mga Hudyo nang hindi isinasaalang kung anong araw ng linggo ito mahulog na kanilang binatay sa [[Ebanghelyo ni Juan]] sa {{Bibleverse2||Juan|18:28}} at {{Bibleverse2||Juan|19:14-15}}.<ref name=eusebius>Eusebius, Church History 5.23-4</ref> Ang kasanayang ito ay sinunod ni [[Policarpio]] na obispo ng [[Smyrna]] sa Asya (na inangking alagad ni Apostol Juan) gayundin ni [[Melito ng Sardis]]. Salungat sa Ebanghelyo ni Juan, ang {{Bibleverse2||Marcos|14:12-18}}, {{Bibleverse2||Mateo|26:17-21}} at {{Bibleverse2||Lucas|22:8}} ay nagsasaad na ang Huling Hapunan ang Seder na [[Paskuwa]] na isinasagawa ng mga Hudyo sa simula ng [[Nisan]] 15. Ipinagdiriwang ng Kanluran ang Paskuwa tuwing linggo kasunod ng ika-14&nbsp;ng Nisan. Ang mga synod ay idinaos sa [[Syria Palaestina|Palestina]], [[Diocese of Pontus|Pontus]] at [[Osrhoene]] sa ''silangan'' at [[Roma]] at [[Gaul]] sa ''kanluran'' na ang bawat isa ay nagpasyang ang pagdiriwang ng paskuwa ay dapat tuwing linggo. Ang isang pagpupulong sa Roma ay idinaos na pinangasiwaan ni Victor at nagpadala ng liham kay [[Polycrates ng Efeso]] at mga simbahan sa probinsiya ng Asya. Sa parehong taon, tinipon ni Polycrates ang isang pagpupulong sa [[Efeso]] na dinaluhan ng mga obispo sa buong probinsiya ng Asya at nagpasya silang sawayin si Victor at panatilihin ang kanilang tradisyon ng paskuwa.<ref name=eusebius/> Pinutol ni Victor ang kanyang kaugnayan sa mga obispong gaya nina [[Polycrates]] ng [[Efeso]] na sumalungat sa kanyang mga pananaw tungkol sa Paskuwa. Ang isyu ng paskuwa ay sinagot sa [[Unang Konseho ng Nicaea]] noong 325 CE na nagpasyang ang paskuwa ay dapat idaos tuwing linggo kasunod ng buong buwan pagkatapos ng equinox na tagsibol. Itinakwil rin ni Victor si [[Theodotus ng Byzantium]] dahil sa kanyang paniniwalang [[adopsiyonismo]] tungkol kay Kristo. Naniwala si Theodotus na si Hesus ay ipinanganak bilang isang hindi-Diyos na tao at kalaunan lamang "inampon" ng Diyos sa kanyang bautismo at naging Diyos pagkatapos ng kanyang pagkabuhay muli. ===Ikatlong siglo=== Isinaad ni Duffy na noong ikatlong siglo CE, ang obispo sa Roma ay nagsimulang umasal bilang korte ng pag-aapela sa mga problema na hindi malutas ng ibang mga obispo sa ibang mga siyudad.<ref name=duffy18>Duffy, p. 18.</ref> Ang ilang mga Kristiyano na humahawak ng paniniwalang [[Simbahang proto-Ortodoksiya|proto-ortodokso]] na kilala bilang mga [[ama ng simbahan]] ay nagsimulang maglarawan ng mga katuruan nito bilang pagsalungat sa ibang mga pangkat ng Kristiyano gaya ng [[Gnostisismo]]. <ref>MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', p. 141.</ref><ref name="Davidson169">Davidson, ''The Birth of the Church'' (2005), pp. 169, 181</ref> Hindi katulad ng karamihan ng mga [[relihiyon]] sa Imperyo Romano sa panahong ito, ang mga Kristiyano ay inaatasan na magtakwil ng ibang mga [[diyos]] na isang kasanayang minana mula sa [[Hudaismo]]. Ang pagtanggi ng mga Kristiyano na lumahok sa mga pagdiriwang na [[pagano]] ay nangangahulugang hindi nito magawang makilahok sa karamihan ng buhay pampubliko na nagtulak sa mga hindi Kristiyano kabilang ang pamahalaan ng Imperyo Romano na matakot na ginagalit ng mga Kristiyano ang mga diyos at nagiging banta sa kapayapaan at kasaganaan ng imperyo. Sa karagdagan, ang pagiging malapit ng mga lipunang Kristiyano at pagiging masikreto sa mga kasanayan nito ay lumikha ng mga tsismis na ang mga Kristiyano ay nagsasagawa ng [[insesto]] at [[kanibalismo]]. Ito ay nagresulta sa mga pag-uusig na Romano sa mga Kristiyano na karaniwan ay lokal at bihira bago ang ikaapat na siglo CE.<ref name=macculloch155and164>MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', pp. 155–159, 164.</ref><ref name=chadwick21>Chadwick, Henry, p. 41.</ref> Ang isang sunod sunod na mas sentral na organisadong mga pag-uusig sa Kristiyano ay lumitaw noong ikatlong siglo nang inatas ng mga emperador na ang mga krisis sa militar, pampolitika at pang-ekonomiya ng imperyo ay sanhi ng galit ng mga diyos. Ang lahat ng mga mamamayan ay inatasang maghandog sa mga diyos o kundi ay paparusahan.<ref name=chadwick41and42>Chadwick, Henry, pp. 41–42, 55.</ref> Ang mga Hudyo ay hindi isinama hangga't nagbabayad ang mga ito ng [[fiscus Judaicus]] (buwis ng Hudyo). Ang ilang mga kristiyano ay pinaslang, lumisan sa imperyo o tumakwil sa kanilang paniniwalang Kristiyano. Ang mga hindi pagkakasunduan sa papel sa Iglesia (kung meron man) na dapat magkaroon ang mga tumalikod na ito ay humantong sa mga [[paghahati]] ng mga [[Donatista]] at [[Novatianista]].<ref name=macculloch174>MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', p. 174.</ref><ref name=duffy20>Duffy, p. 20.</ref> Ang mga relasyon sa pagitan ng pamayanang Kristiyano at Imperyo Romano ay hindi konsistente: Ninais na [[Tiberius]] na ilagay ang Kristo sa [[panteon]] ng mga diyos at tumanggi sa simula na usigin ang mga Kristiyano. Ang ilang mga emperador ay umusig sa mga Kristiyano ngunit ang iba gaya nina [[Commodus]] at iba pa ay pumapabor sa mga Kristiyano.<ref>Simone Weil, Letter to a Priest, Excerpt 35</ref> ===Ikaapat na siglo=== Noong Abril 311 CE, si Galerius na nakaraang nangungunang pigura sa mga pag-uusig ng mga Kristiyano ay naglabas ng isang kautusan na pumapayag sa pagsasanay ng relihiyong Kristiyano sa ilalim ng kanyang pamumuno.<ref name="PersecutionsEnded"> Lactantius, [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/lactant/lactpers.html#XXXIV ''De Mortibus Persecutorum''] ("On the Deaths of the Persecutors") ch.34–35 </ref> Mula 313 hanggang 380 CE, ang Kristiyanismo ay nagtamasa ng isang katayuan bilang isang legal na relihiyon sa loob ng Imperyo Romano. Noong 380 CE, Ang Kristiyanismo ang naging relihiyong pang-estado ng Imperyo Romano.<ref name="StoChris59">Collins, ''The Story of Christianity'' (1999), p. 59</ref><ref>Weil, Letter to a Priest, excerpt 35</ref> [[File:Constantine Musei Capitolini.jpg|180px|thumb|right|Itinatag ni Emperador [[Dakilang Constantino]] ang mga karapatan ng simbahan sa taong 315 CE.]] ===Sa ilalim ni Emperador Constantino I=== [[File:Follis-Constantine-lyons RIC VI 309.jpg|thumb|Barya ni Emperador Constantino I na nagpapakita kay [[Sol Invictus]], SOLI INVICTO COMITI na opisyal na Diyos na Araw ng Imperyo Romano, ca. 315 CE.]] Ayon sa mga manunulat na Kristiyano, nang maging emperador si Dakilang Constantino I ng [[Kanlurang Imperyo Romano]] noong 312 CE, kanyang itinuro ang kanyang pagkapanalo sa isang labanan sa [[Diyos]] ng Kristiyanismo. Inangkin ng mga sangguniang Kristiyano na si Constantino I ay tumingin sa araw bago ang [[labanan sa tulay na Milvian]] at nakita ang isang krus ng liwanag sa itaas nito na may mga salitang "ΕΝ ΤΟΥΤΩ ΝΙΚΑ" ("sa pamamagitan nito, sumakop!"). Iniutos ni Constantino sa kanyang mga hukbo na palamutian ang kanilang mga kalasag ng isang simbolong Kristiyano ([[Chi Ro]]) at pagkatapos nito ay nanalo sa labanan. Pagkatapos ng labanan sa tulay ng Milvian, ang bagong emperador na Constantino I ay hindi pumansin sa mga dambana ng [[mga diyos na Romano]] sa [[Bundok Capitolino|Capitolino]] at hindi rin nagsagawa ng mga handog ayon sa kustombreng Romano upang ipagdiwang ang pagpasok ng pagwawagi sa Roma. Sa halip nito, siya ay tuwirang tumungo sa palasyo ng emperador. Gayunpaman, ang karamihan ng mga maimpluwensiyal na tao sa imperyo Romano lalo na ang mga opisyal ng militar ay hindi nagpaakay sa Kristiyanismo at nanatiling lumalahok sa [[Relihiyon sa Sinaunang Roma|relihiyon ng Sinaunang Roma]]. Sa pamumuno ni Constantino I, kanyang sinikap na pahupain ang mga paksiyong ito na hindi Kristiyano. Ang mga salaping Romano na inilimbag hanggang 8 taon pagkatapos ng labanan sa tulay na Milvian ay naglalaman pa rin ng mga imahen ng mga [[diyos na Romano]]. Ang mga monumentong unang kinomisyong itayo ni Constantino I gaya ng [[Arko ni Constantino]] ay hindi naglalaman ng anumang reperensiya sa [[Kristiyanismo]].<ref>J.R. Curran, ''Pagan City and Christian Capital. Rome in the Fourth Century'' (Oxford, 2000) pp. 70–90.</ref> Sa halip, ang mga munting estatwa ng diyos na Romanong si [[Sol Invictus]] na dala dala ng mga tagapagdala ng pamantayan ay lumilitaw sa tatlong lugar sa mga relief ng [[Arko ni Constantino]]. Ang mga opisyal na barya ni Constantino I ay patuloy na naglalaman ng mga imahen ni [[Sol Invictus]] hanggang noong 325/6 CE. Kasama ng emperador ng [[Silangan Imperyo Romano]] na si [[Licinius]], si Constantino ay naglabas ng [[Kautusan ng Milan]] na nag-atas ng pagpayag ng lahat ng mga [[relihiyon]] sa imperyo kabilang ang mga [[Relihiyon sa Sinaunang Roma|tradisyonal na relihiyong Romano]] at ang [[Kristiyanismo]]. Ang kautusang ito ay humigit din sa mas maagang Kautusan ni [[Galerius]] noong 311 dahil sa pagbabalik nito ng mga kinumpiskang mga pag-aari ng Simbahang Kristiyano. Gayunpaman, ang atas na ito ay may kaunting epekto sa mga saloobin ng tao.<ref>McMullen, p. 44.</ref> Ang mga bagong batas ay nilikha upang isabatas ang ilan sa mga paniniwala at kasanayang Kristiyano. <ref group=Note>Halimbawa, ayon kay Bokenkotter, ang linggo ay ginawang araw ng kapahingahan sa estadong Romano, ang mga mas malupit na parusa ay ibinigay sa prostitusyon at [[adulteriya]] at ang ilang mga proteksiyon ay ibinigay sa mga alipin. (Bokenkotter, pp. 41–42.)</ref><ref>Bokenkotter, p. 41.</ref> Ang pinakamalaking epekto sa Kristiyanismo ni Constantino ang kanyang pagtangkilik sa relihiyong ito. Siya ay nagkaloob ng malalaking regalo ng mga lupain at salapi sa simbahan at nag-alok ng mga eksempsiyon sa buwis at iba pang mga legal na katayuan sa mga pag-aari ng simbahan at mga tauhan nito.<ref name=mcmullen49and50/> Ang pinagsamang mga regalong ito at ang mga kalaunan pang regalo ni Constantino sa simbahan ay gumawa sa simbahan na pinakamalaking may ari ng lupain sa Kanluranin noong ikaanim na siglo CE.<ref name=duffy64>Duffy, p. 64.</ref> Ang karamihan sa mga regalong ito ay pinondohan sa pamamagitan ng malalang mga pagbubuwis sa mga kultong [[pagano]].<ref name=mcmullen49and50>McMullen, pp. 49–50.</ref> Ang ilang mga kultong pagano ay pinwersang tumigil sa kawalan ng mga pondo. Nang ito ay mangyari, pinalitan ng simbahang Kristiyano ang nakaraang papel ng mga kulto sa pagkalinga sa mga mahihirap ng lipunan.<ref>McMullen, p. 54.</ref> Sa isang repleksiyon ng tumaas na katayuan ng kaparian sa imperyo Romano, ang mga ito ay nagsimulang magsuot ng kasuotan ng mga sambahayan ng mga maharlika.<ref>MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', p. 199.</ref> Sa paghahari ni Emperador [[Constantino I]], ang tinatayang kalahati ng mga Kristiyano ay hindi sumusunod sa kalaunang nagwaging bersiyon ng Kristiyanismo<ref>McMullen, p. 93.</ref> at may pagkakaiba iba sa mga paniniwala ang mga Kristiyano.<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/diversity.html</ref> Natakot si Constantino na ang kawalang pagkakaisa ay magpagalit sa [[Diyos]] at humantong sa mga problema sa imperyo. Dahil dito, siya ay nagsagawa ng mga kautusang militar at panghukuman upang lipulin ang ilang mga sekta ng Kristiyanismo.<ref>Duffy, p. 27. Chadwick, Henry, p. 56.</ref> Upang lutasin ang ibang mga alitan, si Constantino ay nagsimula ng kasanayan na tumatawag sa mga [[Unang Pitong Konsehong Ekumenikal|konsehong ekumenikal]] upang matukoy ang mga nagtataling interpretasyon ng doktrina ng Kristiyanismo.<ref name=duffy29>Duffy, p. 29. MacCulloch ''Christianity'', p. 212.</ref> Pinagtibay sa [[Unang Konseho ng Nicaea]] noong 325 CE ang pananaw ng ilang mga obispo na si [[Hesus]] na Anak ay isang tunay na Diyos mula sa Tunay na Diyos, ipinanganak at hindi nilalang, at nang isang substansiya o kaparehong substansiya sa Ama (''[[Homoousian|homoousios]]'' sa Griyego). Kinondena ng Unang Konseho ng Nicaea ang mga katuruan ng heterodoksong teologong si [[Arius]] na may suporta ng ilang mga obispo na ang Anak ay nilikhang nilalang ng Ama, [[Subordinasyonismo|mas mababa sa Diyos Ama]], may pasimula at hindi kapwa walang hanggan sa Ama at ang Ama at Anak ay ng isang ''katulad na substansiya'' (''[[homoiousios]]'') ngunit ''hindi ng kaparehong substansiya''. Kabilang sa mga talatang ginamit ni Arius upang suportahan ang kanyang pananaw ang {{bibleverse||Juan|14:28}}, {{bibleverse2||Colosas|1:15}}, [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs+8%3A22&version=NRSV Kawikaan 8:22] (''Nilikha ako ng Panginoon sa pasimula ng kanyang gawa'') at iba pa. Sa tinatayang mga 250–318 Kristiyano na dumalo, ang lahat maliban sa 2 ang bumoto laban sa pananaw ni [[Arius]]. Si [[Atanasio]] na kalahok sa Unang Konseho ng Nicaea noong 325 CE ay nagsaad na napilitang gumamit ang mga obispo ng terminolohiyang ''homoousios'' na hindi matatagpuan sa kasulatan dahil ang mga pariralang biblikal na kanilang nais gamitin ay inangkin ng mga [[Arianismo|Ariano]] na mapapakahulugan sa itinuring ng mga obispong isang kahulugang [[erehiya|eretiko]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/Npnf2-04-34.htm#TopOfPage |title=Athanasius: De Decretis or Defence of the Nicene Definition, Introduction, 19 |publisher=Tertullian.org |date=2004-08-06 |accessdate=2012-01-02}}</ref> Dahil dito, "''kanilang sinunggaban ang wala sa kasulatan na katagang ''homoousios'' (parehong substansiya) upang ingatan ang mahalagang ugnayan ng Anak sa Ama na itinanggi ni [[Arius]]''".<ref>"The bishops were forced to use 'non-Scriptural' terminology (not 'un-Scriptural') to protect and preserve the Scriptural meaning" ([http://www.journal33.org/godworld/html/arian1.pdf The Arian Controversy]).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-260797/ |title=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate=2012-01-02}}</ref> Sa Unang konseho ng Nicaea, si [[Eusebio ng Caesarea]] ay nagmungkahi ng isang kredong kompromiso na ang Anak ay "Diyos ng Diyos, ang unang ipinanganak sa lahat ng mga nilalang, ang bugtong ng Ama bago ang lahat ng panahon". Ang mga obispong anti-Ariano ay umayon dito at kahit ang mga [[Arian]]o ngunit ang partido ni [[Papa Alejandro ng Alehandriya|Alejandro]] ang malakas na tumutol dito. Sa pang-uudyok ni [[Hosius]], iminungkahi ni Emperador [[Dakilang Constantino|Constantino I]] sa Unang Konseho ng Nicaea na ipasok ang katagang ''homoousios'' (parehong substansiya) sa [[Kredong Niceno]] ngunit ito ay hindi inayunan ng mga Ariano na nagmungkahi ng katagang homoiousios (katulad na substansiya).<ref>Berkhoff, The History of Christian Doctrines (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1937), 58, as found in David K. Bernard, Oneness and Trinity A.D. 100–300 (Hazelwood, MO: Word Aflame Press, 1991), 87</ref> Si [[Hosius]] na pinakamalapit na tagapayo at kompidante ni Emperador [[Constantino I]] sa lahat ng mga bagay na pangsimbahan ay maaaring nagtulak sa konseho na tanggapin ang homoousios. Sa karagdagan, itinuro ni [[Atanasio]] ang pagkatha ng [[kredong Niceno]] kay [[Hosius]]. Ang kontrobersiya ay hindi nagtapos dito at maraming mga kleriko sa [[Silangang Ortodokso|Silangan]] Kristiyanismo ay tumakwil sa terminong ''homoousios'' (parehong substansiya) dahil sa mas maagang pagkondena ng ilang Kristiyano sa paggamit nito ni Pablo ng Samosata. Sa karagdagan, ang relihiyong [[Arianismo]] ay yumabong sa labas ng imperyo Romano.<ref>MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', p. 221.</ref> Pinaniniwalaang ipinatapon ni Constantino I ang mga tumangging tumanggap sa [[Kredong Niceno]] kabilang ang mismong si [[Arius]], ang deakonong si Euzois at ang mga obispong Libyano na sina Theonas ng Marmarica at Secundus ng Ptolemais gayundin ang mga obispong lumagda sa [[kredong Niceno]] ngunit tumangging sumali sa pagkokondena kina Arius, Eusebio ng Nicomedia at Theognis ng Nicaea. Inutos rin ni Constantino I na sunugin ang lahat ng mga kopya ng ''Thalia'' na aklat na pinaghayagan ni [[Arius]] ng kanyang mga katuruan. Noong 331 CE, kinomisyon ni Constantino I si [[Eusebio ng Caesarea]] na maghatid ng 50 ''bibliya'' para sa [[Simbahang Silangang Ortodokso|Simabahan ng Constantinopla]]. Itinala ni [[Atanasio]] na ang mga 40 eskribang [[Alehandriya]]no ay naghanda ng mga bibliya para kay Constans. Pinaniniwalaang ang mga bibliyang inutos ni emperador Constantino ang naging dahilan upang likhain ang mga [[kanon]]. Bagaman nakatuon si Constantino I sa pagpapanatili ng [[Kredong Niceno]], si Constantino ay naging determinado na papayapain ang sitwasyon at kalaunan ay naging mas maluwag sa mga kinondena at ipinatapon ng [[Unang Konseho ng Nicaea]]. Pinayagan ni Constantino I si [[Eusebio ng Nicomedia]] na protégé ng kanyang kapatid na babae at si Theognis na bumalik matapos lumagda ng isang hindi malinaw na pahayag. Ang dalawang ito at ibang mga kaibigan ni Arius ay gumawa para sa rehabilitasyon ni Arius. Sa Unang Synod ng Tyre noong 335 CE, sila ay nagdala ng mga akusasyon laban kay [[Atanasio]] na obispo ng [[Alehandriya]] at tagapagtaguyod ng pananampalatayang [[Kredong Niceno|Niceno]]. Si Atanasio ay ipinatapon ni Constantino na tumuring sa kanyang isang hadlang sa pakikipagkasunduan. Kalaunan ay naakay si Dakilang Constantino I sa [[Arianismo]] at binautismuhan ng obispong [[Ariano]] na si [[Eusebio ng Nicomedia]] noong 2 Mayo 337 CE bago mamatay si Constantino. Si [[Eusebio ng Nicomedia]] ay napakaimpluwensiyal sa Imperyo kahit pagkatapos ng kanyang kamatayan na pinakinggan ni anak ni Constantino na si Emperador [[Constantius II]] ang kanyang payo at ni [[Eudoxus ng Constantinople]] na tangkaing akayin ang [[Imperyo Romano]] sa [[Arianismo]] sa pamamagitan ng paglikha ng mga Konsehong Ariano at opisyal na mga doktrinang Ariano.<ref name="guitton-pp86">Guitton, "Great Heresies and Church Councils", pp.86.</ref> Dahil kay Eusebio ng Nicomedia na "Sa kabuuan, si Constantino at ang kanyang mga kahalili sa trono ay gumawang miserable sa mga pinuno ng Simbahan na naniwala sa [[Kredong Niseno|Niseno]] at sa pormulang [[Trinidad|Trinitariano]] nito."<ref name="ellingsen-pp119">Ellingsen, "Reclaiming Our Roots: An Inclusive Introduction to Church History, Vol. I, The Late First Century to the Eve of the Reformation", pp.119.</ref> Si Constantino I ay namatay noong 337 CE na nag-iwan sa kanyang anak na si [[Constantius II]] na pumabor sa [[Arianismo]] bilang emperador ng [[Silangang Imperyo Romano]] at ang isa pang anak ni Constantino I na si [[Constans]] na pumabor naman sa [[Kredong Niseno]] bilang emperador ng [[Kanlurang Imperyo Romano]]. Ang isang konseho sa [[Antioquia]] noong 341 CE ay naglabas ng isang pagpapatibay ng pananampalataya na hindi nagsama ng sugnay na ''homoousion'' (ng parehong substansiya). Si Constantius na nakatira sa [[Sirmium]] ay nagtipon ng Unang Konseho ng Sirmium noong 347 CE. Ito ay sumalungat kay Photinus na obispo ng Sirmium na isang Anti-Ariano na may paniniwalang katulad kay Macellus. Noong 350 CE, si Constantius ang naging tanging emperador ng parehong Silangan at Kanluran ng Imperyo na naging dahilan ng isang temporaryong paglakas ng [[Arianismo]]. Sa Ikalawang Konseho ng Sirmium noong 351 CE, si Basil na obispo ng Ancyra at pinuno ng mga semi-Ariano ay nagpatalsik kay Photinus. Ang mga semi-Ariano ay naniwala na ang Anak ay "ng katulad na substansiya" (''homoiousios'') sa Ama. Ang mga konseho ay idinaos sa Arles noong 353 CE at Milan noong 355 CE kung saan kinondena ang pro-Nicenong si [[Atanasio]]. Noong 356 CE, si [[Atanasio]] ay ipinatapon at si George ay hinirang na obispo ng [[Simbahan ng Alehandriya]]. Ang Ikatlong Konseho ng Sirmium noong 357 CE ay isang mataas na punto ng Arianismo. Ang Ikapitong Konpesyong Ariano (Ikalawang konpesyong Sirmium) ay nagsaad na ang parehong ''homoousio'' (ng parehong isang substansiya) at ''homoiousios'' (ng katulad ngunit hindi parehong substansiya) ay hindi [[bibliya|biblikal]] at ang [[Subordinasyonismo|Ama ay mas dakila sa Anak]]. Ang isang konseho sa Ancyra noong 358 CE na pinangasiwaan ni Basil ay naglabas ng isang pahayag na gumagamit ng terminong ''homoousios''. Gayunpaman, ang ikaapat na Konseho ng Sirmium noong 358 ay nagmungkahi ng isang malabong kompromiso na ang Anak ay ''homoios'' (katulad na substansiya) ng Ama. Sa dalawang mga konseho noong 359 CE sa Rimini at Seleucia ay tinangka ni Constantius na ipataw ang pormulang ''homoios'' ng Sirmium IV sa Simbahang Kristiyano. Ang [[Konseho ng Constinople (360)|Konseho ng Constantinople noong 360 CE]] ay sumuporta sa isang kompromiso na pumapayag sa parehong magkatunggaling pananaw na [[kredong Niseno|Niceno]] at [[Arianismo]]. Ang isang konseho sa Constantinople noong 361 CE ay nagpatibay ng ''homoios'' (katulad sa substansiya) na nagsasaad na ang Anak ay "katulad ng Ama na nagpanganak sa kaniya". Itinakwil din nito ang ousia (substansiya). Gayunpaman, sa kamatayan ni Constantius noong 361 CE, ang [[Kredong Niceno|partidong Niceno]] na nagpatibay ng ''homoosuios'' (ng parehas na substansiya) ay nagpalakas ng posisyon nito. Sa kamatayan ni [[Athanasio]] noong 373 CE, ang mga [[mga amang Capadocio]] ay nanguna sa pagsuporta ng [[Kredong Niceno|pananampalatayang Niceno]]. ====Pagtatatag ng Ortodoksiyang Katoliko==== {{main|Arianismo|Trinidad}}Sa kanyang pamumuno, kailangang komprontahin ni Emperador [[Valens]] ang pagkakaiba sa mga teolohiya ng Kristiyanismo na nagsisimulang lumikha ng pagkakahati sa Imperyo. Tinangka ni [[Emperador Julian]] (361–363) na muling buhayin ang mga relihiyong [[pagano]]. Gayunpaman, sa kabila ng malawak na suporta, ang kanyang aksiyon ay nakitang malabis at bago mamatay ay kinamuhian. Tulad ng mga magkapatid na mga Emperador na si [[Constantius II]] at [[Constans]], sina Emperador [[Valens]] at [[Valentinian I]] ay nag-aangkin ng magkaibang mga pananaw teolohikal. Si Valens ay isang [[Arianismo|Ariano]] samantalang si Valentinian I ay naniwala sa [[Kredong Niceno]]. Pinaboran ni Valens ang pangkat na gumamit ng pormulang ''homoios'' (ng katulad na substansiya) na teolohiyang kilala sa karamihan ng Silangan at sa ilalim ng mga anak ni Constantino ay tumibay sa Kanluran. Gayunpaman, nang mamatay si Valens, ang sanhi ng [[Arianismo]] sa Romanong Silangan ay nagwakas. Noong 380 CE, ang [[Unang Konseho ng Nicaea|Kristiyanismong Niceno]] bilang pagsalungat sa [[Arianismo]] ay naging opisyal na [[relihiyon]] ng Imperyo Romano.<ref>Duffy, p. 34.</ref> Itinaguyod ng kanyang kahaliling emperador na si [[Theodosius I]] ang [[Kredong Niceno]] na interpretasyon na pinaniniwalaan ng Simbahan sa Roma at [[Simbahan sa Alehandriya]]. Noong 27 Pebrero 380 CE, sina [[Theodosius I]], [[Gratian]] at [[Valentinian II]] ay naglimbag ng "Kautusan ng Tesalonica" upang ang ihayag ng lahat ng kanilang mga nasasakupan ang pananampalataya ng mga obispo ng Roma na si [[Papa Damaso I]] at ng papa ng [[Simbahan ng Alehandriya]] na si [[Papa Pedro II ng Alehandriya]] na [[Kredong Niceno|pananampalatayang Niceno]].<ref name=theodosius>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html |title=Theodosian Code XVI.i.2, Medieval Sourcebook: Banning of Other Religions |access-date=2012-12-03 |archive-date=2007-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227120555/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kanyang binigyan ng pinahintulutan ang mga tagasunod ng kautusang ito na kunin ang pamagat na "Katolikong Kristiyano".<ref name="theodosius"/> Ang Kautusang ito ay inilabas sa ilalim ng impluwensiya ni [[Acholius]] at kaya ay ni [[Papa Damaso I]] na humirang sa kanya. Si Acholius ang obispo ng Tesalonika na nagbautismo kay Theodosius I pagkatapos nitong magkaroon ng malalang sakit. Noong 26 Nobyembre 380 CE, dalawang araw pagkatapos niyang makarating sa [[Constantinopla]], kanyang pinatalsik ang obispong hindi-Niceno na si [[Demophilus ng Constantinopla]] at hinirang si [[Meletius of Antioch|Meletius]] patriarka ng [[Antioquia]] at [[Gregorio ng Nazianzus]] na isa sa mga [[mga amang Capadocio]], [[patriarka ng Constantinopla]]. Noong Mayo 381 CE, hinimok ni Theodosius ang isang bagong [[Unang Konseho ng Constantinople|konsehong ekumenikal sa Constantinopla]] upang kumpunihin ang pagkakahati sa pagitan ng Silangan at Kanluran sa batayan ng [[Kredong Niceno|ortodoksiyang Niceno]].<ref>Williams and Friell, p54.</ref> Inilarawan ng konseho ang ortodoksiya kabilang ang misteryosong Ikatlong Persona ng [[Trinidad]], na [[Banal na Espirito]] na bagaman katumbas ng Ama ay nagmula sa kanya samantalang ang Anak ay ipinanganak ng Ama.<ref name="p55">William and Friell, p55.</ref> Hanggang noong mga 360 CE, ang mga debateng teolohikal ay pangunahing nauukol sa pagkadiyos ng Anak. Gayunpaman, dahil hindi nilinaw sa [[Unang Konseho ng Nicaea]] (325 CE) ang pagkadiyos ng ''Banal na Espirito'', ito ay patuloy na naging paksa ng debate sa pagitan ng mga pangkat Kristiyano. Ang paniniwala ng sektang [[Pneumatomachi]] na ang ''Banal na Espirito'' ay isang nilalang ng Anak at lingkod ng Ama at Anak ay nagtulak sa [[Unang Konseho ng Constantinople]] (381 CE) na tinipon ni Theodosius I na idagdag sa [[Kredong Niseno]] ang, "''At sa Banal na Espiritu, ang Panginoon, ang Tagabigay ng Buhay, Na nagmumula sa Ama, na kasama ng Ama at Anak ay katumbas na sinasamba at niluluwalhati...''" Kinondena rin ng Konsehong ito (381 CE) ang mga paniniwalang Kristiyano na [[Arianismo]], [[Apollinarismo]] at [[Pneumatomachi]] at niliwanag ang mga hurisdiksiyon ng simbahang estado ng Imperyo Romano ayon sa mga hangganang sibil at nagpasya na ang [[Constantinopla]] ay ikalawa sa karapatan sa pangunguna sa Roma.<ref name="p55" /> Noong 383 CE, iniutos ni Theodosius I sa iba't ibang mga hindi-[[Kredong Niceno|Nicenong]] sektang Kristiyano na [[Arianismo]], [[Anomoeanismo]], [[Macedoniano (sekta)|Macedoniano]] at [[Novatian]] na magsumite ng isinulat na mga kredo sa kanya na kanyang siniyasat at pagkatapos ay sinunog maliban sa kredo ng mga Novatian. Ang ibang mga sekta ay nawalan ng karapatan na magpulong, mag-ordina ng mga pari nito at ikalat ang kanilang mga paniniwala.<ref>Boyd (1905), p. 47</ref> Ipinagbawal ni Theodosius I ang pagtira ng mga [[erehiya|eretiko]] sa loob ng [[Constantinopla]] at noong 392 CE at 394 CE ay sinamsam ang kanilang mga lugar ng sambahan.<ref>Boyd (1905), p. 50</ref>. Ang Ikatlong Konsehong Ekumenikal na [[Unang Konseho ng Efeso]] (431 CE) ay muling nagpatibay ng ''orihinal na bersiyon'' ng Kredong Niceno (325 CE) <ref>It was the original 325 creed, not the one that is attributed to the second Ecumenical Council in 381, that was recited at the Council of Ephesus ([http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/ephesus.html The Third Ecumenical Council. The Council of Ephesus, p. 202] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816024110/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/ephesus.html |date=2000-08-16 }}).</ref> at idineklara na "''hindi nararapat para sa anumang tao na magsulong o sumulat o lumikha ng isang {{lang|grc|ἑτέραν}} (na isinaling "iba", "kasalungat" at hindi "iba pa") na Pananampalataya na itinatag ng mga banal na ama na nagtipon kasama ng Banal na Multo sa Nicæa (i.e. [[Kredong Niceno]] noong 325 CE)''".<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.xi.html Excursus on the Words πίστιν ἑτέραν]</ref><ref>[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.x.html Canon VII] of the Council of Ephesus</ref> Ang ilang mga modernong eskolar ay naniniwalang ang kredong Niceno ng 381 CE ay isinaad ng mga obispo sa Constantinopla ngunit hindi prinomulga bilang isang opisyal na akto sa Konseho. Ang ilang mga skolar ay tumututol rin kung ang Kredong Niceno ng 381 CE ay isang simpleng pagpapalawig ng Kredong Niceno ng 325 CE o ng isang tradisyonal na kredo na kapareho ngunit hindi katulad ng kredong Niceno ng 325 CE. Noong 451 CE, tinukoy ng [[Konseho ng Chalcedon]] ang Kredong Niseno ng 381 CE bilang "''ang kredo...ng 150 banal na mga amang nagtipon sa Constantinopla.''" <ref>{{cite book |title=Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils |url=https://archive.org/details/decreesofecumeni0000norm_l8e1 |author= Norman Tanner |author2= Giuseppe Alberigo |location= Washington, DC |publisher=Georgetown University Press |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/decreesofecumeni0000norm_l8e1/page/n245 84]}}</ref> ===Pag-uusig ng mga Kristiyano sa paganismo=== Ang pag-uusig ng mga Kristiyano sa [[paganismo]] sa ilalim ni Theodosius I ay nagsimula noong 381 CE pagkatapos ng unang ilang taon ng kanyang pamumuno sa Silangang Imperyo Romano. Noong 380, inulit ni Theodosius I ang pagbabawal ni Constantino sa paghahandog na pagano, ipinagbawal ang [[haruspicy]] sa parusa ng kamatayan, pinangunahan ang kriminalisasyon ng mga Mahistrado na hindi nagpapatupad ng mga batas na anti-pagano, winasak ang mga ugnayang pagano at winasak ang mga templong pagano. Sa pagitan ng 389–391, kanyang inihayag ang mga atas na Theodosian na nagbabawal ng paganismo.<ref name="TheodosianCode16.10.11">Theodosian Code 16.10.11</ref><ref name="Routery1997ch4">Routery, Michael (1997) [http://www.vinland.org/scamp/grove/kreich/chapter4.html ''The First Missionary War. The Church take over of the Roman Empire'', Ch. 4, ''The Serapeum of Alexandria'']</ref><ref name="TheodosianCode16.10.10">Theodosian Code 16.10.10</ref> Siya ay nag-atas ng komprehensihibong batas na nagbabawal sa anumang paganong ritwal kahit sa pribasiya ng tahanan ng mga ito <ref name="hughes">[http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/HUGHHIST.TXT "A History of the Church", Philip Hughes, Sheed & Ward, rev ed 1949] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223191523/http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/HUGHHIST.TXT |date=2018-12-23 }}, vol I chapter 6.</ref> at umapi sa mga [[Manichean]].<ref name="FirstChristianTheologiansp68">"The First Christian Theologians: An Introduction to Theology in the Early Church", Edited by Gillian Rosemary Evans, contributor Clarence Gallagher SJ, "The Imperial Ecclesiastical Lawgivers", p68, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, {{ISBN|0-631-23187-0}}</ref> Ang paganismo ay pinagbabawal na, isang "religio illicita."<ref name="HughesVol3">Hughes, Philip ''Studies in Comparative Religion'', ''The Conversion of the Roman Empire'', Vol 3, CTS.</ref> Noong 385, ang bagong legal na autoridad na ito ng nananaig na bersiyon ng Kristiyanismo ay humantong sa unang paggamit ng parusang kamatayan na inihahayag bilang sentensiya sa [[erehiya|eretikong Kristiyanong]] si [[Priscillian]]. <ref name = "HereticsExecuted"> {{cite web | year = 2009 | url = http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture27b.html | title= Lecture 27: Heretics, Heresies and the Church | accessdate = 2010-04-24}} Review of Church policies towards heresy, including capital punishment (see Synod at Saragossa). </ref> ====Pagkakalikha ng Kanon na Katoliko==== Sa panahong ito, ang kasalukuyang bersiyon [[kanon]] ng katoliko ng [[bibliya]] ay unang opisyal na inilatag sa mga [[konseho ng simbahan]] at synod. Bago ang mga konsehong ito, ang iba't ibang mga pangkat Kristiyano ay may kanya kanyang pinaniniwalaang [[kanon]]. Si [[Marcion ng Sinope]] na isang obispong Kristiyano ng [[Asya menor]] na tumungo sa Roma at kalaunang itiniwalag ng kanyang mga kalabang Kristiyano para sa kanyang [[Marcionismo|mga pananaw]] ang pinaniniwalaan na kauna-unahang Kristiyano na nagmungkahi ng isang depinitibo, eksklusibo, at isang [[kanon]] ng mga kasulatang Kristiyano na kanyang tinipon sa pagitan nang 130–140 CE.<ref>http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/marcion.html</ref> Kanyang itinakwil ang ibang mga ebanghelyo maliban sa kanyang bersiyon ng [[Ebanghelyo ni Lucas]] at 10 sa kanyang bersiyon ng mga [[sulat ni Pablo]] at hindi kasama ang [[1 Timoteo]], [[2 Timoteo]], [[Tito]] at [[Sulat sa mga Hebreo]]. Ang mga sektang Kristiyanong gaya ng mga [[Ebionita]] at iba pa ay tumakwil sa lahat ng mga [[sulat ni Pablo]] at tumuring kay [[Apostol Pablo]] na isang ''impostor na apostol''. Ang isang sekta ng Kristiyanismo noong ca. 170 CE na tinawag ng kanilang kalaban na si [[Epiphanius ng Salamis]] na [[alogi]] ay tumakwil sa [[Ebanghelyo ni Juan]] (at posibleng ang [[Aklat ng Pahayag]] at mga sulat ni Juan) bilang hindi apostoliko at itinuro ng sektang ito ang [[ebanghelyo ni Juan]] na isinulat ng [[gnostiko]]ng si [[Cerinthus]]. Si Cerinthus ay tumanggap lamang sa isang ebanghelyo na [[Ebanghelyo ni Mateo]]. Ang isang ''apat'' na ebanghelyong kanon (Tetramorph) ay unang isinulong ni [[Irenaeus]] noong c. 180 CE. Si Ireneaus rin ang kauna-unahang Kristiyano na nagbanggit ng apat na ebanghelyo sa mga pangalan na Mateo, Marcos, Lucas at Juan. Sa kanyang akdang [[Adversus Haereses]], kinondena ni Irenaeus ang mga sinaunang pangkat na sekta ng Kristiyanismo na gumamit lamang ng ''isang ebanghelyo'' gaya ng [[Marcionismo]] (na gumamit lamang ng [[Ebanghelyo ni Lucas]]) o mga [[Ebionita]] na tila gumamit ng isang bersiyong [[Aramaiko]] ng Ebanghelyo ni Mateo gayundin ang ilang mga pangkat na gumamit ng higit sa apat na mga ebanghelyo gaya ng mga [[Valentinianismo|Valentinian]] (A.H. 1.11). Ang dahilang ibinigay ni Irenaeus sa ''kanyang'' pagtanggap ng 4 na ebanghelyo ay, "''hindi posibleng may higit o kakaunti sa apat na ebanghelyo''" dahil ang daigdig ay may apat na sulok at apat na hangin (3.11.8). Ang may akda ng [[Pragmentong Muratorian]] na ipinagpapalagay na isinulat noong ca. 170 CE dahil sa pagbanggit sa Obispo ng Roma na si Papa [[Pío I]] (bagaman ang ilan ay naniniwalang isinulat ito noong ika-4 [[siglo]] CE) ay nagtala ng karamihan ngunit hindi lahat ng mga aklat ng naging 27 aklat ng bagong tipan. Hindi binanggit sa Pragmentong Muratorian ang [[Sulat sa mga Hebreo]], [[Unang Sulat ni Pedro]], [[Ikalawang Sulat ni Pedro]], [[Sulat ni Santiago]] at tumakwil sa mga liham na inangking isinulat ni [[Apostol Pablo]] na [[Sulat sa mga taga-Laodicea]] at [[Sulat sa mga taga-Alehandriyano]] na isinaad ng pagramentong Muratorian na "''pineke sa pangalan ni Pablo upang isulong ang erehiya ni Marcion.''" Ilan sa mga kasamang "kinasihang kasulatan" para kay [[Origen]] ang "''[[Sulat ni Barnabas]], [[Pastol ni Hermas]]'' at ''[[1 Clemente]]''" ngunit ang mga aklat na ito ay inalis ni [[Eusebio ng Caesarea]].<ref>McGuckin, John A. "Origen as Literary Critic in the Alexandrian Tradition.” 121–37 in vol. 1 of 'Origeniana octava: Origen and the Alexandrian Tradition.' Papers of the 8th International Origen Congress (Pisa, 27–31 Agosto 2001). Edited by L. Perrone. Bibliotheca Ephemeridum theologicarum Lovaniensium 164. 2 vols. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2003.</ref> Ang mga mga aklat na ito ay tinawag ni [[Eusebio ng Caesarea]] na "[[antilegomena]]" o mga tinutulang aklat. Kabilang din sa antilegomena ang ''[[Sulat ni Santiago|Santiago]], [[Sulat ni Judas|Judas]], [[Ikalawang Sulat ni Pedro|2 Pedro]], [[Ikalawang Sulat ni Juan|2]] at [[Ikatlong Sulat ni Juan|3 Juan]], [[Aklat ng Pahayag|Apocalipsis ni Juan]], [[Apocalipsis ni Pedro]], [[Didache]], [[Ebanghelyo ayon sa mga Hebreo]], [[Mga Gawa ni Pablo]]''.<ref>Among the disputed writings, [των αντιλεγομένων], which are nevertheless recognized by many, are extant the so-called epistle of James and that of Jude, also the second epistle of Peter, and those that are called the second and third of John, whether they belong to the evangelist or to another person of the same name. Among the rejected writings must be reckoned also the Acts of Paul, and the so-called Shepherd, and the Apocalypse of Peter, and in addition to these the extant epistle of Barnabas, and the so-called Teachings of the Apostles; and besides, as I said, the Apocalypse of John, if it seem proper, which some, as I said, reject, but which others class with the accepted books. And among these some have placed also the Gospel according to the Hebrews, with which those of the Hebrews that have accepted Christ are especially delighted. And all these may be reckoned among the disputed books [των αντιλεγομένων].</ref> Noong 331 CE, kinomisyon ni [[Dakilang Constantino|Emperador Constantino]] si [[Eusebio ng Caesarea]] na maghatid ng 50 ''bibliya'' para sa [[Simbahang Silangang Ortodokso|Simabahn ng Constantinople]]. Itinala ni [[Atanasio]] na ang mga 40 skribang [[Alehandriya]]no ay naghanda ng mga bibliya para kay Constans. Pinaniniwalaang ang mga bibliyang inutos ni emperador Constantino ang naging dahilan upang likhain ang mga kanon. Noong 367 CE, si [[Atanasio]] na obispo ng [[Simbahan ng Alehandriya]] at tagapagtaguyod ng pananampalatayang [[Kredong Niceno|Niceno]] ay nagbigay ng listahan ng eksaktong parehong mga aklat na naging 27 aklat na kanon ng Bagong Tipan <ref>Carter Lindberg, A Brief History of Christianity (Blackwell Publishing, 2006) p. 15.</ref> at kanyang ginamit ang salitang "kanonisado" (kanonizomena) tungkol sa mga ito.<ref>David Brakke, "Canon Formation and Social Conflict in Fourth Century Egypt: Athanasius of Alexandria's Thirty Ninth Festal Letter", in Harvard Theological Review 87 (1994) pp. 395–419.</ref> Pinaniniwalaan ng ilan na sa [[Konseho ng Roma]] noong 382 CE nang i-atas ng Obispo ng Roma na si [[Papa Damaso I]] ang [[kanon]] na nagtatala ng mga tinanggap na aklat ng Lumang Tipan (kasama ang [[Deuterokanoniko]]) at 27 aklat ng Bagong Tipan. Gayunpaman, ang talaan ni Damaso (na isinaad na nagmula sa Konseho ng Roma) na isinama sa pseudepigrapikal na Decretum Gelasianum ay maaring hindi mula kay Damaso.<ref>http://www.tertullian.org/articles/burkitt_gelasianum.htm</ref> Noong 391 CE, kinomisyon ni Papa Damaso I si [[Jeronimo]] na isalin ang Lumang Tipan sa Latin na tinawag na [[Vulgata]].<ref name="StoryChristianity"> Collins, ''The Story of Christianity'' (1999), pp. 61–2</ref> Ang mga pinakamaagang salin ni Jeronimo ng Lumang Tipan ay batay sa mga rebisyon ni [[Origen]] ng [[Septuagint]] ngunit kalaunang direktang bumase sa orihinal na tekstong Hebreo na iba sa Septuagint sa maraming mga lugar. Ang kanyang desisyon na gumamit ng tekstong Hebreo sa halip na nakaraang isinaling Septuagint ay sumalungat sa payo ng karamihang ibang mga Kristiyano kabilang si [[Agustin ng Hipona]] na naniwalang ang [[Septuagint]] ay kinasihan ng Diyos. Gayunpaman, ang mga modernong skolar ay nagdududa sa aktuwal na kalidad ng kaalamang Hebreo ni [[Jeronimo]]. Ang mga modernong skolar ay naniniwalang ang Griyegong [[Hexapla]] ang pangunahing sanggunian para sa saling "iuxta Hebraeos" ni Jeronimo ng Lumang Tipan.<ref>Pierre Nautin, article ''Hieronymus'', in: Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Vol. 15, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin - New York 1986, p. 304–315, here p. 309-310.</ref> Itinakwil rin ni Jeronimo ang [[apokripa]]. Gayunpaman, ang kanyang mga pananaw ay hindi nanaig. Noong 393 CE sa [[Synod ng Hipona]], ang [[Septuagint]] (kasama ng [[Deuterokanoniko]] at 27 aklat ng [[Bagong Tipan]]) ay pinaniniwalaang kinanonisa dahil sa impluwensiya ni [[Agustin ng Hipona]].<ref>''The Canon Debate'', Sundberg, page 72, adds further detail: "However, it was not until the time of Augustine of Hippo (354–430 C.E.) that the Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures came to be called by the Latin term ''septuaginta''. [70 rather than 72] In his ''City of God'' 18.42, while repeating the [[Letter of Aristeas|story of Aristeas]] with typical embellishments, Augustine adds the remark, "It is their translation that it has now become traditional to call the Septuagint" ...[Latin omitted]... Augustine thus indicates that this name for the Greek translation of the scriptures was a recent development. But he offers no clue as to which of the possible antecedents led to this development: {{Bibleverse||Exod|24:1-8}}, [[Josephus]] [Antiquities 12.57, 12.86], or an elision. ...this name ''Septuagint'' appears to have been a fourth- to fifth-century development."</ref> Si [[Agustin ng Hipona]] ay naghayag na ang isa ay "magnanais ng mga tinatanggap ng lahat ng mga Simbahang Katoliko kesa sa mga hindi tinatanggap ng ilan sa kanila". Isinaad ni Augstin na ang mga sumasalungat na simbahan ay dapat mas higitan sa timbang ng mga opinyon ng mas marami at mas matimbang na mga simbahan. Epektibong pinwersa ni Augustin ang kanyang opinyon sa Simbahan sa pamamagitan ng pag-uutos ng tatlong mga synod tungkol sa kanonisidad: Ang [[synod ng Hipona]] (393 CE), [[synod ng Carthage]] (397 CE) at isa pa sa Carthage (419 CE). Ang mga synod na ito ay tinipon sa ilalim ng kapangyarihan ni [[Agustin ng Hipona]] na tumuring sa kanon bilang sarado na.<ref name="Ferguson, Everett">Ferguson, Everett. "Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon", in The Canon Debate. eds. L. M. McDonald & J. A. Sanders (Hendrickson, 2002) p. 320</ref><ref>F. F. Bruce, The Canon of Scripture (Intervarsity Press, 1988) p. 230</ref><ref>cf. Augustine, De Civitate Dei 22.8.</ref> Ang unang konseho na tumanggap ng kasalukuyang kanon ng mga aklat ng Bagong Tipan ay maaaring ang [[Synod ng Hipona]] sa [[Hilagang Aprika]] noong 393 CE. Kalaunang kinumpirma sa Mga Konseho ng Carthage noong 397 CE at 419 CE ang aksiyong kinuha sa Synod ng Hipona na muli ay dahil sa malaking impluwensiya ni Agustin ng Hipona.<ref>Ferguson, Everett. "Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon," in ''The Canon Debate''. eds. L. M. McDonald & J. A. Sanders (Hendrickson, 2002) p. 320; F. F. Bruce, ''The Canon of Scripture'' (Intervarsity Press, 1988) p. 230</ref><ref>cf. Augustine, ''De Civitate Dei'' 22.8</ref> Ang [[Aklat ng Pahayag]] ay idinagdag sa talaan noong 419 CE.<ref>McDonald & Sanders' ''The Canon Debate'', Appendix D-2, note 19: "Revelation was added later in 419 at the subsequent synod of Carthage."</ref> Ang kontrobersiya ay hindi natapos dito at hindi lahat ng mga Kristiyano ay tumatangap sa ''naging kanon na 27 aklat'' ng Bagong Tipan. Ang kanon ng Bagong Tipan ng Bibliyang [[Peshitta]] ng [[Kristiyanismong Syriac]] ay naglalaman lamang ng 22 aklat at hindi kasama rito ang [[2 Pedro]], [[2 Juan]], [[3 Juan]], [[Sulat ni Judas]] at [[Aklat ng Pahayag]]. Ang kanon na may 22 aklat ng Bagong Tipan ang binanggit nina [[Juan Crisostomo]] at [[Theodoret]] mula sa eskwelang [[Antioquia]]. Ang kanon ng Bagong Tipan ng [[Simbahang Etiopianong Ortodoksong Tewahedo]] ay naglalaman naman ng 35 aklat. Tinangkang alisin ni [[Martin Luther]] (1483–1546) sa kanon ng Bagong Tipan ang [[Sulat sa mga Hebreo]], [[Sulat ni Santiago]], [[Sulat ni Judas]] at [[Aklat ng Pahayag]]. Gayunpaman, ito ay hindi pangkalahatang tinatanggap ng kanyang mga tagasunod. Ang mga aklat na ito ay nilagay sa huli ng [[Bibliyang Luther]] hanggang sa kasalukuyan.<ref>http://www.bibelcenter.de/bibel/lu1545/ {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20100419071230/http://www.bibelcenter.de/bibel/lu1545/ |date=2010-04-19 }} note order: ... Hebr�er, Jakobus, Judas, Offenbarung; see also http://www.bible-researcher.com/links10.html</ref> Inilipat rin ni Luther ang mga [[deuterokanoniko]] sa isang seksiyong kanyang tinawag na [[apokripa]]. Sa ''De Canonicis Scripturis'' ng [[Konseho ng Trent]] (1545–1563) na pumasa sa isang boto (24 oo, 15 hindi, 16 nangilin) noong 1546, kinumpirma ng Konseho na ang mga aklat na [[deuterokanoniko]] ay kalebel ng ibang mga aklat ng kanon ng Lumang Tipan. Winakasan rin ng konseho ang debate sa [[antilegomena]] ng Bagong Tipan. ===Pagkakabaha-bahagi ng Kristiyanismo {{anchor|P}}=== [[Talaksan:Christianity major branches.svg|600px|thumb|center|Pagkakabahagi ng Kristiyanismo sa kasaysayan.]] Pagkatapos ng [[Konseho ng Efeso]] noong 431 CE, ang [[Iglesiang Assyrian ng Silangan]] ay humiwalay sa ibang mga obispo ng simbahan sa [[Bizantino]]. Ang konsehong ito ay ipinatawag ng mga obispo upang lutasin at talakayin ang mga paniniwala ng mga [[Nestorian]] na isinulong ni [[Nestorio]] na [[Ekumenikal na Patriarka ng Constantinople|Patriarka ng Constantinople]] noong 428–431 CE. Ang doktrina ni Nestorio ay nagbibigay-diin sa hindi pag-iisa ng kalikasang tao at diyos ni Hesus. Sa ibang salita, ang [[Nestorianismo]] ay nagtuturong si Hesus ay umiral bilang dalawang natatanging kalikasan na isang taong Hesus at isang diyos na anak ng diyos sa halip na pinag-isang persona at kaya ay tumutol rin sa paggamit ng [[Theotokos]] (Ina ng Diyos) para kay [[Maria (ina ni Hesus)|Maria]] na ina ni [[Hesus]] at sa halip ay gumamit ng Christotokos (Ina ni Kristo). Ang mga katuruang ito ni Nestorio ang nagdulot sa kanya sa pakikipag-alitan sa ibang mga mahalagang pinuno ng Iglesia na ang pinakilala dito ay si [[Cirilo ng Alehandriya]]. Si Nestorio at ang kanyang mga katuruan ay kalaunang kinondena ng [[Konseho ng Efeso]] noong 431 CE gayundin sa [[Konseho ng Chalcedon]] noong 451 CE. Ang pagkondenang ito sa Konseho ng Efeso ang nagtulak sa ibang mga simbahan ng Kristiyanismo na sumusuporta sa katuruan ni Nestorio na humiwalay sa [[Silangang Ortodokso|Simbahan sa Bizantino]]. Ang mga simbahang ito na humiwalay ay naging [[Simbahan ng Silangan]]. Sa [[Konseho ng Chalcedon]] na nasa [[Constantinople]] noong 451 CE, ang di pagkakasunduan ay nabuo sa pagitan ng karamihan ng mga obispo sa mga sakop ng Kristiyano at sa mga obispo na nakatalaga sa [[Ethiopia]], [[Alehandriya]], [[Armenia]], [[Syria]] at [[India]] hinggil sa paglalarawan ng pagkatao at pagkadiyos ni Hesus. Ang pakikipag-hiwalay ay dulot sa isang bahagi ng pagtanggi ni [[Papa Dioscoro I ng Alehandriya]] na [[Patriarka ng Alehandriya]] na tanggapin ang dogma na pinalaganap ng [[Konseho ng Chalcedon]] na si Hesus ay may dalawang kalikasan na isang diyos at isang tao sa isang persona. Ang pananaw ni Dioscoro ay sumusunod sa pananaw ni Cirilo ng "''[[Miapisismo|isang kalikasan ng Diyos na Salitang naging tao]]''" na nangangahulugang pagkatapos ng pagkakatawang ni Kristo, ang kanyang pagkaDiyos at pagkatao ay buong nagkakaisa sa isang kalikasan kay Kristo. Isinaad ni Dioscoro na hindi niya tinatanggap "ang dalawang mga kalikasan pagkatapos ng pagkakaisa" ngunit hindi siya tumututol sa "mula sa dalawang mga kalikasan pagkatapos ng pagkakaisa". Para sa mga pinuno o hierarka na naging pinuno ng [[Ortodoksong Oriental]], ang pananaw ng Konseho ng Chalcedon ay katumbas ng pagtanggap sa [[Nestorianismo]]. Ang Konseho ng Chalcedon ay kumondena sa posisyon ni [[Papa Dioscoro I ng Alehandriya|Dioscoro]] na kanilang inalis sa tungkulin at pinatapon. Ang mga humiwalay na simbahan at tumakwil sa [[Konseho ng Chalcedon]] na tinatawag na ''[[Kristiyanismong hindi-Chalcedoniano]]'' ang mga [[Simbahang Oriental na Ortodokso]]. Ang sektang [[Oriental na Ortodokso]] sa kasalukuyang panahon ay kinabibilangan ng [[Coptikong Simbahan ng Ehipto]], [[Etiopianong Ortodoksong Simbahang Tewahedo]], [[Simbahang Ortodoksong Syriac]], [[Simbahang Armenianong Ortodokso]], at Simbahang Malankara (Indian) Ortodokso. Si Dioscoro ay namatay sa pagkakatapon noong 454 CE. Pinahintulutan ng [[emperador]] ang paglalagay ng obispo (partiarka) na Alehandriyanong si [[Proterio ng Alehandriya|Proterio]] na humalili sa sede (diocese) ng [[Alehandriya]], Ehipto. Ang pagkahirang kay Proterio na isang [[Kristiyanismong Chalcedoniano|Chalcedoniano]] ay humantong sa pagkakabahagi sa pagitan ng ''hindi-Chalcedonianong'' [[Koptikong Ortodoksong Simbahan ng Alehandriya]] at ''Chalcedonianong'' [[Simbahang Ortodoksong Griyego ng Alehandriya]] na hindi kailanman na nalutas. Kalaunan, ang mga Kristiyano sa [[Alehandriya]] na sumusuporta kay Dioscoro ay naghimagsik sa hinirang na dayuhang obispo. Pinagsasaksak ng mga Kristiyanong Alehandriyano si Proterio, kanilang kinaladkad ang kanyang bangkay sa buong lungsod at pinagpuputol-putol ang kanyang bangkay at sinunog at ikinalat ang mga abo nito sa hangin. Si Proterio ay hinalinan ng ''hindi-Chalcedonianong'' si [[Papa Timoteo II ng Alehandriya]] ngunit noong 460 CE ay pinatalsik ng Emperador na naglagay sa Chalcedonianong si [[Patriarka Timoteo III ng Alehandriya|Timoteo III]] bilang Patriarka. Ang mga Alehandriyanong Kristiyano na ''hindi-Chalcedoniano'' ay tumugon sa pamamagitan ng muling paglalagay sa katunggaling patriarkang hindi-Chalcedoniano na si [[Papa Timoteo II ng Alehandriya]]. Ang pinakamahalagang pagkakabahagi ay naganap noong 1054 CE na nagdulot ng matinding pinsala sa pagkakaisa ng ''[[Kristiyanismong Chalcedoniano]]''. Ito ay resulta sa ilang siglo na pagkakaibang kultural (o teolohikal) sa pagitan ng Silangan (Bizantino) at Kanlurang bahagi ng Iglesiang Kristiyano. Ito ay nangyari nang itiwalag ng [[papa ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano|papa sa Roma]] ang [[Ekumenikal na Patriarka ng Constantinople|patriarka ng Bizantino]] at itiniwalag naman nang patriarka ng Bizantino ang papa sa Roma. Ang pagkakabahagi ay sanhi ng pag-aangkin na ang papa sa Roma ang pangkalahatang autoridad sa buong mga kristiyano. Kabilang din sa mga pinag-talunan ng mga ito ang araw na isasagawa ang [[easter]], kung ang [[purgatoryo]] ay tamang konsepto, kung ang may [[lebadura]] o walang lebadurang tinapay ay ihahandog bilang [[komunyon]] at kakainin sa mga banal na araw gayundin ang katayuan ng [[banal na espiritu]]. Ang mga [[Silangang Ortodokso|Kristiyanong Bizantino]] ay naniwalang ang banal na espiritu ay nagmula "lamang" sa Diyos Ama samantalang ang Kanlurang simbahan na nakabase sa Roma ay naniwalang ang banal na espiritu ay [[Filioque|nagmula sa parehong Ama at Anak]]. Ang Silangang Kristiyanismo ay tinawag na [[Simbahang Silangang Ortodokso]] at ang Kanluraning Kristiyanismo ang naging Simbahang Katoliko Romano. ===Mga Gitnang Panahon=== Pagkatapos ng pagbagsak ng imperyo Romano noong 476 CE, ang Simbahang romano katoliko ay nakipagtunggali sa [[Arianismo]] sa pang-aakay ng mga tribong barbarian.<ref name="LeGoff20">Le Goff, ''Medieval Civilization'' (1964), pp. 5–20</ref> Ang kombersiyon ng paganong haring si [[Clovis]] sa Kristiyano ay nakakita ng pagsisimula ng isang patuloy na pag-akyat ng Kristiyanismo sa Kanluranin.<ref name="LeGoff21">Le Goff, ''Medieval Civilization'' (1964), p. 21</ref> Noong 530, isinulat ni [[Benedicto ng Nursia]] ang isang gabay na praktikal sa buhay ng pamayanang [[monastiko]]. Ang mensahe nito ay kumalat sa mga [[monasteryo]] sa buong Europa.<ref name="Woods27">Woods, ''How the Church Built Western Civilization'' (2005), p. 27</ref> Sa simula ng ikawalong siglo CE, ang [[ikonoklasmong Bizantino]] ay naging pangunahing pinagmulan ng alitan sa pagitan ng mga [[Simbahang Silangang Ortodokso|simbahang Silanganin]] at Simbahang Kanluranin. Ipinagbawal ng mga emperador na [[Bizantino]] ang paglikha at benerasyon ng mga larawang relihiyoso o mga imahe bilang paglabag sa ''[[Sampung Utos|ikalawang utos]]'' ng [[Hudaismo]] na ''Huwag kang gagawa ng imahen ng anumang nilalang na nasa langit, nasa lupa, o nasa tubig upang sambahin. Huwag mo silang yuyukuran ni sasambahin sapagkat akong si Yahweh na iyong Diyos ay mapanibughuing Diyos. Ang kasalanan ng mga magulang ay sinisingil ko sa kanilang mga anak hanggang sa ikatlo at ikaapat na salinlahi'' ([[Aklat ng Exodo]] 20:4-5). Para sa mag ikonoklasto (anti-ikono), ang tanging tunay na imahe ay dapat eksaktong wangis ng prototipo na parehong substansiya na kanilang itinuturing na imposible dahil ang kahoy at mga imahe ay hindi naglalaman ng espirito at buhay. Para sa mga anti-ikono, ang tanging tunay na ikono ni [[Hesus]] ang Eukarista na katawan at dugo ni Kristo. Si Papa [[Gregorio III]] ay hindi umayon.<ref name="Vidmar103">Vidmar, Jedin 34</ref> Bilang tugon sa mga ikonoklasto, ang mga ikonodulo (pro-ikono) ay nangatwirang inutos ng Diyos kay [[Moises]] na gumawa ng dalawang mga estatwa ng [[kerubin]] sa Arko ng tipan (Exodus 25:18–22) at burdahan ang kurtina ng tabernakulo ng mga kerubin (Exodo 26:31). Sa karagdagan, kanila ring ikinatwiran na ang mga idolo ay kumakatawan sa mga taong walang realidad samantalang ang mga ikono ay naglalarawan ng mga tunay na persona. Samakatuwid sa kanilang pananaw, ang ''lahat ng mga imahe na hindi ng kanilang pananampalataya ay mga idolo at ang lahat ng mga imahe ng kanilang pananampalataya ay mga ikonong pinapipitagan'' na maihahambing sa kasanayan sa Lumang Tipan ng paghahandog ''lamang'' ng mga handog sa Diyos ng [[Hudaismo]] at hindi sa ibang mga Diyos ng ibang [[relihiyon]]. Ang Simbahang Kanluranin ay nanatiling matibay sa pagsuporta nito sa paggamit ng mga imahe sa panahong ito na humantong sa malaking paghahati ng mga tradisyong [[Simbahang Silangang Ortodokso|simbahang Silanganin]] at Simbahang Kanluranin. Ang [[Konseho ng Hieria]] ay tinipon ng emperador na Bizantinong si [[Constantino V]] noong 754 CE na nagpatibay sa posisyong ikonklasto (anti-ikono) ng emperador. Ideneklara ng konseho ng Hieria ang sarili nito bilang ''ang ikapitong konsehong ekumenikal'' ngunit ito ay hindi tinatanggap ng [[Silangang Ortodokso]] at [[Romano Katoliko]].<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/icono-cncl754.asp Medieval Sourcebook: Iconoclastic Council, 754] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023080921/http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/icono-cncl754.asp |date=2014-10-23 }}, Fordham University</ref> Ang bagong [[Irene ng Atenas|emperatris na si Irene]] ay tumawag sa [[Ikalawang Konseho ng Nicaea]] noong 787 na muling bumuhay sa benerasyon ng mga ikono sa [[Simbahang Silangang Ortodokso|Simbahang Silanganin]] na muling nagsanhi ng pagkakaisa ng Simbahangang Silanganin sa Simbahang Kanluranin. Ideneklara ng [[Ikalawang Konseho ng Nicaea]] ang sarili nito bilang ''ang ikapitong konsehong ekumenikal''. Sa pagtatapos, ang 300 mga obispo na pinangunahan ng mga kinatawan ni [[Papa Adriano I]] ay tumangap sa katuruan ng Papa na pabor sa mga ikono. Gayunpaman, ang [[Konseho ng Constantinople (815)|Konseho ng Constantinople noong 815]] ay idinaos na muling nagbabalik ng pagbabawal sa mga ikono at tumatakwil sa desisyon ng mas maagang [[Ikalawang Konseho ng Nicaea]] at muling nagpapatibay ng desisyon ng [[Konseho ng Hieria]]. Sa koronasyon ni [[Carlomagno]] ni papa [[Leo III]] noong 800, ang kapapahan ay nagkamit ng bagong protektor sa kanluran. Ito ay nagpalaya sa mga papa mula sa kapangyarihan ng emperador sa Constantinople. Ito ay humantong sa [[paghahating Silangan-Kanluran]] dahil ang mga emperador at ang mga [[patriarka ng Constantinople]] ay nagbigay kahulugan sa kanilang mga sarili na mga tunay na inapo ng imperyo Romano na may petsang bumabalik sa mga pagsisimula ng simbahan.<ref>Jedin 36</ref> Tumanggi si Papa [[Nicholas II]] na kilalalin ang [[Patriarkang Photios I ng Constantinople]] na umatake naman sa papa bilang eretiko dahil pinanatili nito ang [[filioque]] sa kredo na tumutukoy sa banal na espirito na nagmumula sa diyos ama at anak. Ang kapapahan ay napalakas sa pamamagitan ng kanyang mga bagong alyansa na lumikha ng bagong problema para sa mga papa nang sa [[kontrobersiyang imbestitura]], ang mga humaliling emperador ay naghangad na hirangin ang mga obispo at kahit ang panghinaharap na mga papa.<ref name="Vidmar107">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), pp. 107–11</ref><ref name="Duffy78">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 78, quote: "By contrast, Paschal's successor [[Pope Eugene II|Eugenius II]] (824–7), elected with imperial influence, gave away most of these papal gains. He acknowledged the Emperor's sovereignty in the papal state, and he accepted a constitution imposed by Lothair which established imperial supervision of the administration of Rome, imposed an oath to the Emperor on all citizens, and required the Pope–elect to swear fealty before he could be consecrated. Under [[Pope Sergius II|Sergius II]] (844–7) it was even agreed that the Pope could not be consecrated without an imperial mandate, and that the ceremony must be in the presence of his representative, a revival of some of the more galling restrictions of Byzantine rule."</ref> Pagkatapos ng disintegrasyon ng imperyo ni Carlomagno at paulit ulit na pananakop ng mga pwersang [[Islam]]iko, ang kapapahan nang walang anumang proteksiyon ay pumasok sa yugto ng isang malaking kahinaan.<ref>Franzen. 36-42</ref> Ang [[repormang Cluniac]] ng mga monasteryo na nagsimula noong 910 ay naglagay sa mga abbot sa ilalim ng direktang kontrol ng papa kesa sa sekular na kontrol ng mga panginoong [[feudal]].<ref name="Duffy88">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp.&nbsp;88–9</ref> Sa ikalabingisang siglo CE, ang [[Paghahating Silangan-Kanluran]] ay permanenteng naghati sa Kristiyanismo.<ref name="SandSp91">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 91</ref> Ito ay lumitaw sa isang alitan kung ang Constantinople o Roma ay may hurisdiksiyon sa Sicily at humantong sa mga mutual na pagtitiwalag ng papa sa patriarka at ng patriarka sa papa noong 1054.<ref name="SandSp91"/> Mula nito, ang Kanluran (Latin) na nasa Roma na sangay ng Kritiyanismo ay naging Romano Katoliko samantalang ang Silanganing (Griyego) na nasa Constantinople sangay ay naging [[Simbahang Silangang Ortodokso]].<ref name="StoChris44">Collins, ''The Story of Christianity'' (1999), p. 103</ref><ref name="Vidmar104">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), p.&nbsp;104</ref> Ang ikalabingisang siglo CE ay nakakakita ng [[kontrobersiyang imbestitura]] sa pagitan ng emperador at papa sa karapatan na gumawa ng mga paghirang ng simbahan na isang pangunahing yugto ng paglalaban sa pagitan ng estado at simbahan sa mediebal na Europa. Ang kapapahan ang mga nanalo sa simula ngunit dahil ang mga Italyano ay nahati sa pagitan ng mga Guelph at Ghibelline sa mga paksiyon na kadalasang ipinapasa sa pamamagitan ng mga pamilya o estado hanggang sa wakas ng Gitnang Panhon, ang alitan ay unti unting nagpahina sa kapapahan. ====Mga Krusada==== {{main|Mga Krusada}} Inilunsad ni Papa [[Urban II]] ang [[Unang Krusada]] noong 1095 nang makatanggap ito ng apela mula sa emperador na Byzantine na si [[Alexius I Komnenos]] upang pigilan ang mga pananakop ng Turko.<ref name="rileysmith">Riley-Smith, ''The First Crusaders'' (1997), p.&nbsp;8</ref> Si papa Urban II ay naniwala na ang Krusada ay makakatulong upang magdulot ng rekonsilyasyon sa Silanganing Kristiyanismo.<ref name="Vidmar130">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), pp.&nbsp;130–1</ref><ref name="Bokenkotter140">Bokenkotter, ''A Concise History of the Catholic Church'' (2004), p. 140 quote: "And so when Urban called for a crusade at Clermont in 1095, one of his motives was to bring help to the beleaguered Eastern Christians."</ref><ref name="Bokenkotter155">Bokenkotter, ''A Concise History of the Catholic Church'' (2004), p. 155 quote: "Stories were also circulating about the harsh treatment of Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem at the hands of the infidel, inflaming Western opinion."</ref> Ang sermon ni Urban II as Clermont ang simula ng walong buwang pangangaral na isinagawa ng papa sa buong Pransiya na humihimok ng [[banal na digmaan]] at humimok sa mga Kristiyano na ipagtanggol ang Byzantine laban sa mga [[Muslim]]. Siya ay nagpadala rin ng mga [[mangangaral]] sa buong Kanluraning Europa upang ipalaganap ang tungkol sa Krusada. Ang pangangaral na ito ni Urban II ay humimok ng isang pagsiklab ng karahasan laban sa ma Hudyo. Sa Pransiya at Alemanya, ang mga Hudyo ay nakita na mga kaaway ng mga Kristiyano gaya ng mga Muslim at pinaniniwalaang responsable sa pagpapapako kay [[Hesus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_04737.html |access-date=2012-11-30 |archive-date=2013-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115012858/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_04737.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Hans Mayer. "The Crusades" (Oxford University Press: 1988) p. 41.</ref> Ang sunod sunod na mga kampanyang militar na tinatawag na mga [[krusada]] ay nagsimula noong 1096. Ang mga ito ay nilayon upang ibalik ang Banal na Lupain ([[Israel]]) sa kontrol ng mga Kristiyano. Ang layuning ito ay hindi naisakatuparan at ang mga episodyo ng brutalidad na isinagawa ng mga hukbo ng parehong panig ay nag-iwan ng isang legasiya ng mutual na kawalang pagtitiwala sa pagitan ng mga Muslim at mga Kristiyano.<ref name="LeGoff66">Le Goff, ''Medieval Civilization'' (1964), pp.&nbsp;65–7</ref> Ang mga nagkrusada ay nabigo na magtatag ng mga permanenteng [[Mga estado ng nagkrusada|estadong Kristiyano sa Banal na Lupain]]. Ang pagsalakay sa [[Constantinople]] noong [[Ikaapat na Krusada]] ay nag-iwan sa mga Kristiyano sa Silanganin na mapoot sa kabila ng pagbabawal ni Papa Inosento III ng anumang gayong pag-atake.<ref name="Tyerman">Tyerman, ''God's War: A New History of the Crusades'' (2006), pp.&nbsp;525–60</ref> Noong 1199, kasunod ng [[Ikatlong Krusada]], inatas ni Inosente III na palayain ng mga nagpautang na Hudyo ang mga nagkrusada. Maraming mga nagkrusada ay nangailangan mangutang sa mga Hudyo upang bumili ng mga sandata para sa Krusada. Ang batas sa Pransiya noong ika-13 siglo ay nagrereplekta sa mga pagsisikap ng Simbahang Katoliko na buwagin ang mga pagpapautang ng mga Hudyo. Ang patakarang ito ay may malalang epekto sa mga Hudyo ng Pransiya dahil ang pagpapautang ang isa sa kakaunting tanging mga bukas na trabaho para sa kanila. Ang papa ay tumawag rin ng panloob na Krusada laban sa mga hindi mananampalataya ng Katolisismo, lalo na ang mga heretiko ng katimugang Pransiya. Ang masaker ng mga libo libong heretiko sa Bezier, Pransiya noong 1209 ay humantong sa pagmamasaker ng mga 800 Hudyo. Ang [[Ikaapat na Krusada]] na may autorisasyon ni Papa [[Inosente III]] noon 1202 na nilayong muling kunin ang Banal na Lupain ay sandaling pinabagsak ng mga [[Venetian]] na gumamit ng mga pwersa upang salakayin ang siyudad na Kristiyano ng Zara. Kalaunan, ang mga nagkrusada ay dumating sa Constantinople ngunit sa halip na tumuloy sa Banal na Lupain ay sinalakay ang Constantinople at ibang mga bahagi ng [[Asya menor]] na nagtatag ng Imperyong Latin ng Constantinope sa Gresya at Asya minor. Noong 2001, si Papa [[John Paul II]] ay humingi ng tawad para sa mga kasalanan ng Katoliko kabilang ang pagsalakay sa Constantinope noong 1204.<ref>{{cite web | title =Pope sorrow over Constantinople | publisher =BBC News | date = 2004-06-29| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3850789.stm | accessdate =2008-04-06 }}</ref> Ang mga impluwensiya at reporma ng mongheng [[Cistercian]] na si [[Bernard ng Clairvaux]] ay nagtulak kay Papa [[Alexander III]] na magpasimula ng mga reporma na humantong sa pagkakatatag ng [[batas na kanon]] ng Romano Katoliko.<ref name="Duffy101">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p.&nbsp;101</ref> Noong ikalabingdalawang siglo, ang Pransiya ay nakasaksi ng paglago ng [[Catharismo]] sa [[Languedoc]], Pransiya. Ang Catharismo ay isang sektang Kristiyano na may pilosopiyang neo-manichean. Pagkatapos na akusahan ang mga Cathar ng pagpatay sa isang legato ng papa noong 1208, si Papa [[Inosente III]] ay nagdeklara ng [[Krusadang Albigensian]] na nag-aalok ng mga lupain ng mga heretikong Cathar sa sinumang Maharlikang Pranses na makikidigma sa mga Cathar.<ref name="Duffy112">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p.&nbsp;112</ref> Ang karahasan nito ay humantong sa pagkakamit ng Pransiya ng mga lupain na may malapit na ugnayang pampolitika at kultural sa Catalonia.<ref name="Vidmar144">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), pp. 144–7, quote: "The Albigensian Crusade, as it became known, lasted until 1219. The pope, Innocent III, was a lawyer and saw both how easily the crusade had gotten out of hand and how it could be mitigated. He encouraged local rulers to adopt anti-heretic legislation and bring people to trial. By 1231 a papal inquisition began, and the friars were given charge of investigating tribunals."</ref><ref name="Bokenkotter132">Bokenkotter, ''A Concise History of the Catholic Church'' (2004), p. 132, quote: "A crusade was proclaimed against these Albigenses, as they were sometimes called&nbsp;...&nbsp;It was in connection with this crusade that the papal system of Inquisition originated-a special tribunal appointed by the Popes and charged with ferreting out heretics. Until then the responsibility devolved on the local bishops. However, Innocent found it necessary in coping with the Albigensian threat to send out delegates who were entrusted with special powers that made them independent of the episcopal authority. In 1233 Gregory IX organized this ''ad hoc'' body into a system of permanent inquisitors, who were usually chosen from among the mendicant friars, Dominicans and Franciscans, men who were often marked by a high degree of courage, integrity, prudence, and zeal."</ref>. ====Mga inkisisyon==== Ang [[Inkisisyon]] ay itinatag sa [[Toulouse]] noong Nobyembre 1229 at ang mga natirang mga elemento ng Catharismo ay nilipol sa rehiyon. Ang inkisisyong ito ay pumaslang sa aberahang tatlong katao kada taon sa tugatog nito.<ref name="Bokenkotter132"/><ref name="Norman93">Norman, ''The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History'' (2007), p.&nbsp;93</ref> Sa paglipas ng panahon, ang mga [[inkisisyon]] ay inilunsad ng mga pinuno ng Romano Katoliko upang usigin ang mga heretiko, upang tumugon sa banta ng pananakop ng mga [[Moor]] o para sa mga layuning pampolitika.<ref name=christopherblack/> Ang mga nilitis ay hinikayat na bawiin ang kanilang heresiya at ang mga tumanggi ay pinarusahan ng mga pangungumpisal, mga multa, mga pagkabilanggo, pagpapahirap o pagpatay sa pamamagitan ng pagsunog.<ref name="christopherblack">Black, ''Early Modern Italy'' (2001), pp.&nbsp;200–2</ref><ref name="Casey">Casey, ''Early Modern Spain: A Social History'' (2002), pp.&nbsp;229–30</ref> Sa isang liham mula sa mga Consul ng Carcassone noong 1285 kay Jean Garland, inilarawan ito ng isang inkwisitor na: {{cquote|Ang buhay para sa kanila ay isang pagdurusa at ang kamatayan ay isang kaginhawaan. Sa ilalim ng mga pagpipilit na ito, kanilang pinagtibay bilang totoo ang hindi totoo na piniling mamatay ng minsan kesa pahirapan ng maraming mga beses...kanilang inakusahan hindi lamang ang kanilang mga sarili kundi pati ang mga iba na inosente upang takasan ang kanilang paghihirap sa anumang paraan...ang mga nangumpisal ay naghayag kalaunan na ang kanilang sinabi sa Kapatid na mga Inkwisitor (mga Dominikano) ay hindi totoo at sila ay nangumpisal sa takot ng panganib ng sandali. Sa ilang mga saksi na iyong binanggit, ikaw ay nangako ng imunidad upang kanilang malayang kondenahin ang iba nang walang takot.}} Ang mga kondemnasyon noong 1210–1277 ay isinabatas sa mediebal na Unibersidad ng Paris upang limitahan ang ilang mga katuruan na [[heresiya|heretikal]]. Ang mga ito ay kinabibilangan ng ilang mga mediebal na katuruang teolohikal ngunit ang isa pinakamahalaga ang mga tratadong pisikal ni [[Aristotle]]. Ang mga imbestigasyon ng mga katuruang ito ay isinagawa ng mga obispo ng Paris. Ang tinatayang 16 na mga talaan ng mga hindi inaprobahang tesis ay inisyu ng Unibersidad ng Paris noong mga ika-13 at ika-14 siglo.<ref name="Stanford">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/condemnation/ |title=Condemnation of 1277 |author=Hans Thijssen |work=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |date=2003-01-30 |accessdate=2009-09-14 |publisher=[[University of Stanford]]}}</ref> Ang mga talaan ng proposiyong ito ay tinipon sa isang sistematikong mga kalipunan ng mga pinagbawal na artikulo.<ref name="Woods91-2">Woods, p 91-92</ref> ===Renasimiyento at mga reporma=== Sa huli at simula ng ikalabinglima at ikalabinganim na mga siglo CE, ang mga misyong Europeo at mga maglalayag ay nagpakalat ng Romano Katolisismo sa mga Amerika, Asya, Aprika at Oceania. Si Papa [[Alexander VI]] sa kanyang papal bull na [[inter caetera]] ay naggawad ng mga karapatang kolonyal sa karamihan ng mga bagong natuklasang lupain sa [[Espanya]] at [[Portugal]].<ref name="Koschorke13">Koschorke, ''A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America'' (2007), pp. 13, 283</ref> Noong Disyembre 1511, bukas na sinuway ng prayleng Dominikano na si [[Antonio de Montesinos]] ang mga autoridad na Espanyol na namamahala sa [[Hispaniola]] sa masasamang pagtrato sa mga [[katutubong Amerikano]] na nagsasabi sa mga ito na "...kayo ay nasa mortal na kasalanan... para sa kalupitan at kabagsikan na ginagamit ninyo sa pakikitungo sa mga inosenteng taong ito." <ref name="Woods135">Woods, ''How the Church Built Western Civilization'' (2005), p. 135</ref><ref name="Johansen109A">Johansen, Bruce, ''The Native Peoples of North America,'' Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2006, pp. 109, 110, quote: "In the Americas, the Catholic priest [[Bartolomé de Las Casas|Bartolome de las Casas]] avidly encouraged enquiries into the Spanish conquest's many cruelties. Las Casas chronicled Spanish brutality against the Native peoples in excruciating detail."</ref><ref name="Koschorke287">Koschorke, ''A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America'' (2007), p. 287</ref> Bilang tugon, isinabatas ni [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Haring Ferdinand]] ang ''[[Mga Batas ng Burgos]]''. Ang pagpapatupad ay maluwag at ang ilan ay nagsisi sa Simbahang Katoliko sa hindi paggawa ng sapat upang mapalay ang mga Amerikanong Indiyano.<ref name="Dussel45">Dussel, Enrique, ''A History of the Church in Latin America'', Wm B Eerdmans Publishing, 1981, pp. 45, 52, 53 quote: "The missionary Church opposed this state of affairs from the beginning, and nearly everything positive that was done for the benefit of the indigenous peoples resulted from the call and clamor of the missionaries. The fact remained, however, that widespread injustice was extremely difficult to uproot&nbsp;...&nbsp;Even more important than Bartolome de Las Casas was the Bishop of Nicaragua, Antonio de Valdeviso, who ultimately suffered martyrdom for his defense of the Indian."</ref> Ang isyung ito ay nagresulta sa krisis ng konsensiya noong ikalabing anim na siglong Espanya.<ref name="Koschorke287"/><ref name=Johansen109>Johansen, Bruce, ''The Native Peoples of North America,'' Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2006, pp. 109, 110, quote: In large part because of Las Casas's work, a movement arose in Spain for more humane treatment of indigenous peoples.</ref> Ang pagbubuhos ng pagbatikos sa sarili at pagninilay nilay na pilosopikal sa mga teologong Katoliko ay humantong sa debate sa kalikasan ng mga [[karapatang pantao]].<ref name="Koschorke287"/><ref name="Woods137">Woods, ''How the Church Built Western Civilization'' (2005), p. 137</ref><ref name="Chadwick327">Chadwick, Owen, ''The Reformation'', Penguin, 1990, p. 327</ref> Noong ikalabinglimang siglo, Si [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] na isang astronomo ng [[Renasimiyento]] ay unang bumuo ng isang komprehensibong kosmolohiyang [[heliosentriko]] na nag-aalis sa planetang mundo mula sa sentro ng [[uniberso]]. Sa orihinal na paglilimbag ng [[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]], ang aklat ni Copernicus ay nagsanhi ng katamtamang kontrobersiya at hindi pumukaw ng anumang mga mabagsik na sermon mula sa simbahan tungkol sa pagsasalungat ng teoriyang ito sa [[bibliya]]. Pagkatapos ng tatlong taon noong 1546, ang Dominikanong si Giovanni Maria Tulosi ay bumatikos sa teoriya ni Copernicus sa kanyang papel na natatanggol sa absolutong katotohanan ng [[bibliya]].<ref>Rosen [[#Reference-Rosen-1995|(1995, pp.151–59)]]</ref> Kanya ring isinaad na pinlano ng Panginoon ng Sagradong Palasyo (i.e. ang hepe ng [[censor librorum]] ng Simbahang Katoliko) na Dominikanong si [[Bartolomeo Spina]] na kondenahin ang ''De revolutionibus'' ngunit napigilang gawin ito dahil sa pagkakasakit at kamatayan..<ref>Rosen [[#Reference-Rosen-1995|(1995, p.158)]]</ref> Pagkatapos ng 1610, nang publikong suportahan ni siyentipikong si [[Galileo]] ang [[heliosentrismo]] ni Copernicus siya ay nakatagpo ng mapait na pagsalungat mula sa ilang mga pilosopo at mga kaparian na ang dalawa ng mga pari ay kalaunang nagakusa sa kanya sa [[inkisisyon]] ng Simbahang Katoliko noong 1615. Ang karamihan ng mga astronomo at pilosopo sa panahong ito ay naniniwala pa rin sa [[heosentrismo]]ng pananaw na ang planetang daigdig ay nasa sentro ng uniberso.<ref name="contrary to scripture">[[#Reference-Sharratt-1994|Sharratt (1994, pp.127–131)]], [[#Reference-McMullin-2005a|McMullin (2005a)]].</ref> Sa kanyang sermon noong 1614 (na ang paksa ay [[Aklat ni Josue]] 10 kung saan pinatigil ni Josue ang araw), ang prayleng Dominikanong Tommmaso Caccini ang unang gumawa ng pag-atake kay Galileo. Si Galileo ay hinimok sa Roma upang litisin sa [[Inkisisyon]] at natagpuang "malalang suspek ng [[heresiya]] sa pagsunod sa posiyon ni Copernicus na salungat sa tunay na kahulugan at autoridad ng Banal na Kasulatan". Siya ay inilagay sa pagkakabilanggo sa kanyang tahanan sa natitira ng kanyang buhay. Ang isa pang biktima ng [[Inkisisyon]] ng Simbahang Katoliko si [[Giordano Bruno]] na lumagpas sa modelong Copernican at nagmungkahi na ang araw ay isang bituin at ang uniberso ay naglalaman ng walang hangganang bilang mga tinatahanang daigdig na tinatahanan ng ibang mga matatalinong nilalang. Pagkatapos ng inkisiyon ni Bruno, siya ay natagpuang nagkasala ng [[heresiya]] at ipinagsunog ng buhay. Noong 1521, sa pamamagitan ng pamumuno at pangangaral ng Portuges na maglalayag na si [[Ferdinand Magellan]], ang unang mga Katoliko ay nabautismuhan sa unang bansang Krisityano sa Asya na Pilipinas.<ref name="Koschorke21">Koschorke, ''A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America'' (2007), p. 21</ref> Sa sumunod na taon, ang mga misyong Franciscan ay dumating sa Mehiko at naghangad na akayin ang mga Indiyano sa Katolisismo. Ang mga katutubong Indiyano ay inilarawan sa batas bilang mga bata at ang mga pari ay nagkaroon ng papel na pang-ama na kadalasang pinapatupad ng mga parusang pisikal.<ref name=jacksonxiii>Jackson, ''From Savages to Subjects: Missions in the History of the American Southwest'' (2000), p. 13</ref> Sa India, ang mga misyonaryong Portuges at Heswitang si Francis Xavier ay nang-akay ng mga hindi Kristiyano at isang pamayanang Kristiyano na nag-aangkin na itinatag ni [[Apostol Tomas]].<ref name="Koschorke3">Koschorke, ''A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America'' (2007), pp. 3, 17</ref> Sa Europa, ang [[Renasimiyento]] ay nagmarka sa panahon ng binagong interest ssa pagkatutong sinauna at klasiko. Ito ay nagdulot rin sa muling pagsisiyasat ng mga tinatanggap na paniniwala. Ang pagtanggap sa europa ng [[humanismo]] ay nagkaroon ng mga epekto sa Simbahan na yumakap rin dito. Noong 1509, ang skolar na si [[Erasmus]] sa kanyang "[[Ang Papuri sa Kahangalan]]" ay bumihag ng isang malawak na pagkabalisa sa [[korupsiyon]] ng Simbahang Romano Katoliko.<ref name="Norman86">Norman, ''The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History'' (2007), p. 86</ref> Ang mismong kapapahan ay kinuwestiyon ng mga kousilarismo na inihayag sa mga konsilyo ng Constance at Basel. Ang mga tunay na pagbabago sa mga konsehong ekumenikal ay tinangka ng ilang mga beses ngunit napigilan. Ang mga ito ay nakitang kinakailangan ngunit hindi nagtagumpay dahil sa panloob na mga alitan sa simbahang Romano Katoliko <ref name="Franzen 65-78">Franzen 65-78</ref> gayundin sa patuloy na mga alitan sa [[imperyong Ottoman]] at [[Saracen]] at sa [[simoniya]] at [[nepotismo]] na sinasanay sa Simbahang Romano Katoliko nang ika-15 at ika-16 na siglo.<ref name="Franzen 65-78"/><ref name="Bokenkotter202"/> Dahil dito, ang mga mayayaman, makapangyarihan at makamundong mga tao tulad ni Rodrigo [[House of Borgia|Borgia]] na naging Papa [[Alexander VI]] ay nagawang manalo sa [[halalan]] ng kapapahan.<ref name="Bokenkotter202">Bokenkotter, ''A Concise History of the Catholic Church'' (2004), pp. 201–5</ref><ref name="Duffy149">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 149</ref> ===Panahon ng Protestanteng Repormasyon=== [[Talaksan:Martin Luther, 1529.jpg|thumb|right|Tagapagpasimula ng [[Protestanteng Repormasyon]] na si [[Martin Luther]]]] Ang [[Ikalimang Konsehong Lateran]] ay naglabas ng ilan ngunit mga maliliit na reporma noong Marso 1517. Pagkatapos ng ilang mga buwan noong 31 Oktubre 1517, ang paring Katoliko na si [[Martin Luther]] ay nagpaskil ng [[Ang Siyamnaputlimang Tesis]] sa publiko na umaasang magpasimula ng debate.<ref name="Vidmar184">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), p. 184</ref><ref name="Bokenkotter215">Bokenkotter, ''A Concise History of the Catholic Church'' (2004), p. 215</ref> Ang kanyang tesis ay nagprotesta sa mga mahahalagang punto ng doktrinang Katoliko gayon din ang pagbebenta ng mga [[indulhensiya]].<ref name="Vidmar184"/><ref name="Bokenkotter215"/> Ang iba pa gaya nina [[Huldrych Zwingli]], [[John Calvin]] ay bumatikos rin sa mga katuruan ng Romano Katoliko. Ang mga hamong ito na sinuportahan ng mga makapangyarihang pwersang pampolitika sa rehiyon ay umunlad sa [[Protestanteng Repormasyon]].<ref name="ConciseHistory">Bokenkotter, ''A Concise History of the Catholic Church'' (2004), pp. 223–4</ref><ref name="Vidmar196">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), pp. 196–200</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Carroll|first=Anne W.|title=Christ the King, Lord of History|url=https://archive.org/details/christkinglordof0000carr|year=1994|publisher=TAN Books and Publishers, Inc.|location=Rockford, Illinois|isbn=978-0-89555-503-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/christkinglordof0000carr/page/220 220]–221}}</ref> Sa Alemanya, ang Repormasyon ay nagresulta sa digmaan sa pagitan ng Protestang [[Ligang Schmalkaldic]] at emperador na Katolikong si [[Charles V, Banal na Emperador Romano]]. Ang unang siyam na taong digmaan ay nagwakas noong 1555 ngunit ang patuloy na mga tensiyon ay lumikha ng higit na malalang alitan na [[TatlumpungTaong Digmaan]] na sumiklab noong 1618.<ref name="Vidmar233"/> Sa Pransiya, ang sunod sunod na mga alitang tinaguriang [[Mga Digmaang Pranses ng Relihiyon]] ay nilabanan mula 1562 hanggang 1598 sa pagitan ng mga [[Huguenot]] at mga pwersa ng [[Ligang Katolikong Pranses]]. Ang mga sunod sunod na papa ay pumanig at naging mga tagasuportang pinansiyal ng Ligang Katoliko.<ref name="Duffy177">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 177–8</ref> Ito ay nagwakas sa ilalim ni Papa [[Clemente VIII]] na may pag-aatubiling tanggapin ang [[Atas ng Nantes]] ni Haring [[Henry IV ng Pransiya]] noong 1598 na nagkakaloob ng tolerasyong relihiyoso at sibil sa mga Protestante.<ref name="Vidmar233">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), p. 233</ref><ref name="Duffy177"/> Ang [[Repormasyong Ingles]] ay maliwanag na batay sa pagnanais ni [[Henry VIII ng Inglatera]] sa pagpapawalang bisa ng kanyang [[kasal]] kay [[Catherine ng Aragon]] at sa simula ay mas pampolitika at kalaunang naging alitang teolohikal.<ref name="scruton1996p470">Scruton, ''A Dictionary of Political Thought'' (1996), p. 470, quote: "The (English) Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529–36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the [[Anglican Communion|Anglican Church]] did not until later make any substantial change in doctrine."</ref> Ang [[Mga Akto ng Supremasya]] ay gumawa sa hari ng Inglatera na maging pinuno ng simbahan ng Inglatera at sa gayon ay sa pagkakatatag ng [[Simbahan ng Inglatera]]. Pagkatapos nito sa simula ng 1536, ang ilang mga monasteryo sa Inglater, Wales at ireland ay nahinto at ang mga simbahang Katoliko ay sinunggaban.<ref name = Schama>Schama, ''A History of Britain 1: At the Edge of the World?'' (2003), pp. 309–11</ref><ref name="Vidmar220"/> Nang mamatay si Henry noong 1547, ang lahat ng mga monasteryo, priaryo, mga kombento at ma dambana ay winasak o hininto.<ref name="Vidmar220">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), p. 220, quote: "Henry, seeing how far Cranmer had tried to take him in making the land Lutheran or Calvinist, pulled the plug in Setyembre 1538 and passed the Six Articles, which tried to restore the ancient faith, including the practice of celibacy for the clergy. By 1543 most of the Reformation legislation was reversed. One man, John Lambert, was made an example in Nobyembre 1538. He was burned by being dragged in and out of the fire for holding the very same beliefs about the Eucharist that Cranmer held. Cranmer was made to watch the whole brutal event. He also had to send his wife back to Germany."</ref><ref name = Gonzalez75>Gonzalez, ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 2'' (1985), p. 75, quote: "In England, he took steps to make the church conform as much as possible to Roman Catholicism, except in the matter of obedience to the pope. He also refused to restore monasteries, which he had suppressed and confiscated under the pretense of reformation, and whose properties he had no intention of returning."</ref> Si [[Maria I ng Inglatera]] ay muling nagpaisa ng Simbahan ng Inglatera at Roma laban sa payo ng ambahador na Espanyol at inusig ang mga Protestante sa panahon ng mga pag-uusig na Marian.<ref name="Vidmar225">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), pp. 225–6</ref><ref name = Haigh159>Haigh, ''The English Reformation Revised'' (1987), p. 159, quote: "Mary wanted to make England a Catholic country as quickly as possible: to reintroduce the pope's authority, to repeal those parliamentary statutes which had so radically altered the relationship of Church and State and to restore to the Church its Catholic doctrine and services. Nothing was to be allowed to stand in her way. No murmurings among the people, no riots or rebellions or intrigues, not even the advice of the Spanish ambassador to make haste slowly could deflect the Queen from her purpose.&nbsp;...&nbsp;Death by burning at the hands of the sheriffs became the penalty for those who, convicted of heresy in the church courts, refused to recant."</ref> Pagkatapos ng ilang probokasyon, ang sumunod na reynang si [[Elizabeth I]] ay napatupad ng Akto ng Supremasya. Ito ay pumigil sa mga Katoliko na maging mga kasapi ng propesyon, humawak ng opisyong pampubliko, pagboto o pagbibigay edukasyon sa mga anak nito.<ref name="Vidmar225"/><ref name="Vidmar225"/><ref name=Solt149>Solt, ''Church and State in Early Modern England, 1509-1640'', (1990), p. 149</ref><ref name = SchamaII>Schama, ''A History of Britain 1: At the Edge of the World?'' (2003), pp. 272–3.</ref> Ang Simbahang Katoliko Romano <ref>{{cite web | last =Potemra | first =Michael | title =Crucible of Freedom | publisher =National Review | date =2004-07-13 | url =http://nationalreview.com/books/potemra200407131542.asp | accessdate =2008-06-21 | archive-date =2007-04-26 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070426172353/http://nationalreview.com/books/potemra200407131542.asp | url-status =bot: unknown }}</ref> ay tumugon sa mga hamong pang doktrina at mga pang-aabuso na binigyang diin ng Repormasyon sa [[Konseho ng Trent]] (1545–1563). Ang konsehong ito ay naging nagpapatakbong pwersa ng [[Kontra-Repormasyon]] at muling pinagtibay ang mga sentral na doktrinang Katoliko gaya ng [[transubsansiasyon]].<ref name="Bokenkotter242">Bokenkotter, ''A Concise History of the Catholic Church'' (2004), pp. 242–4</ref> Ito ay nagbago rin sa ibang mga mahalagang sa simbahan gaya ng pag-iisa ng hurisdiksiyon ng [[Roman Curia]].<ref name="Bokenkotter242"/><ref name="Norman81">Norman, ''The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History'' (2007), p. 81</ref><ref name="Vidmar237">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), p. 237</ref> Ang mga batikos ng Repormasyon ang kabilang na paktor na nagpasimula ng mga bagong orden kabilang ang mga theatine, Barnabite at Heswita.<ref name="Norman91">Norman, ''The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History'' (2007), pp. 91–2</ref> ===Baroque, Panahon ng Kaliwanagan at mga himagsikan=== ====Mga debosyon kay Maria==== Ang Konseho ng Trent ay lumikha ng isang muling pagbuhay sa buhay relihiyoso at mga debosyon kay Maria sa Simbahang Romano Katoliko. Sa panahon ng [[Protestanteng Repormasyon]], ipinagtanggol ng Simbahang Katoliko ang ma paniniwala nito tungkol kay Marya laban sa mga pananaw dito ng mga Protestante. Ideneklara ni [[Alexander VII]] noong 1661 na ang kaluluwa ni Maria ay malaya mula sa [[orihinal na kasalanan]]. Ipinag-utos ni Papa [[Clemente XI]] ang pista ng Inmaculada Concepcion noong 1708. Ang pista ng Santo Rosaryo ay ipinakilala noong 1715 at ang pista ng Pitong Hapis noong 1727. Ang panalangin ng Angelus ay malakas na sinuportahan ni Papa [[Benedict XIII]] noong 1724 at ni Papa [[Benedict XIV]] noong 1742.<ref>F Zöpfl, Barocke Frömmigkeit, in Marienkunde, 577</ref> ====Panahon ng Kaliwanagan at sekularismo==== {{main|Panahon ng Kaliwanagan|Sekularismo}} Ang [[Panahon ng Kaliwanagan]] ay bumubuo sa isang bagong hamon sa Kristiyanismo. Hindi tulad ng [[Protestanteng Repormasyon]] na kumuwestiyon ng ilang mga doktrina ng Romano Katoliko, ang [[Panahon ng Kaliwanagan]] ay kumuwestiyon sa Kristiyano sa kabuuan nito. Sa pangkalahatan, itinaas nito ang [[katwiran]] ng tao ng higit sa pahayag ng [[diyos]] at pinababa nito ang mga autoridad na pang-[[relihiyon]] gaya ng [[papa|kapapahan]] batay dito.<ref>Lortz, IV, 7-11</ref> Tinangka ng Simbahang Romano Katoliko na itaboy ang [[Galicanismo]] at [[Councilarismo]] na mga ideolohiyang nagbanta sa kapapahan at istruktura ng Simbahang Katoliko.<ref>Duffy 188-189</ref> Tungo sa huling bahagi ng ika-17 siglo, nakita ni [[Papa Inocencio XI]] ang papataas na mga pag-atake ng Turko laban sa Europa na sinuportahan ng Pransiya bilang pangunahing banta sa Simbahang Katoliko. Kanyang itinatag ang koalisyong Polish-Austrian para sa pagkatalo ng mga Turko sa Vienna noong 1683. Ang ilang mga skolar ay tumatawag sa kanyang santong papa dahil kanyang nireporma ang mga pang-aabuso ng Simbahang Romano Katoliko kabilang ang [[simoniya]], [[nepotismo]] at maaksayang mga paggasta ng papa na nagresulta sa kanyang magmana ng utang ng papa na 50,000,000&nbsp;[[Italian scudo|scudi]]. Sa pagtanggal ng ilang mga honoraryong posisyon at pagpapakilala ng patakarang piskal, nagawa ni Inocente XI na muling makuha ang kontrol ng mga pinansiya ng Simbahang Romano Katoliko.<ref name="Duffy188"/> Sa Pransiya, nilabanan ng Simbahang Katoliko ang [[Jansenismo]] at [[Gallicanismo]] na sumuporta sa [[Councilarismo]] at tumakwil sa primasya ng kapapahan at humingi ng mga espesyal na konsesyon para sa Simbahang Katoliko sa Pransiya. Ito ay nagpahina sa kakayahan ng Simbahang Katoliko na tumugon sa mga taga-isip na Gallicanista gaya ni [[Denis Diderot]] na humamon sa mga pundamental na doktrina ng Simbahang Romano Katoliko.<ref name="Bokenkotter267">Bokenkotter, ''A Concise History of the Catholic Church'' (2004), pp. 267–9</ref> Noong 1685, ang gallicanistang Haring si [[Louis XIV]] ay naglabas ng [[Pagbawi ng Atas ng Nantes]] na nagwakas sa isang siglo ng tolerasyong relihiyoso. Ang Pransiya ay pumwersa sa mga teologong Katoliko na suportahan ang councilarismo at itanggi ang [[impalibilidad ng Papa]]. Ang hari ay nagbanta kay Papa [[Inocencio XI]] sa isang pangkalahatang konseho at militar na pagsunggab ng estado ng papa.<ref>Franzen 326</ref> Ang absolutong monarkiya ng estado ng Pransiya ay gumamit ng Gallicanismo upang makamit ang kontrol ng halos lahat ng mga pangunahing paghirang ng Simbahang Katoliko gayundin ang mga pag-aari ng Simbahan.<ref name="Duffy188">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 188–91</ref><ref name="Norman137">Norman, ''The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History'' (2007), p. 137</ref> Ang autoridad ng Estado ng ibabaw sa Simbahang Katoliko ay naging sikat rin sa ibang mga bansa. Sa Alemanya at Belgium, ang Gallicanismo ay lumitaw sa anyo ng [[Febronianismo]] na tumakwil sa mga prerogratibo ng papa sa katulad na paraan.<ref name="Franzen 328">Franzen 328</ref> Si Emperador [[Joseph II, Banal na Emperador Romano]] ng Austria (1780–1790) ay nagsanay ng [[Josephinismo]] sa pamamagitan ng pagkontrol sa buhay ng Simbahang Katoliko, mga paghirang at malawak na pagsunggab sa mga pag-aari ng Simbahang Katoliko.<ref name="Franzen 328"/> ====Himagsikang Pranses==== Ang anti-klerikalismo ng [[Himagsikang Pranses]]<ref name="Edward">Edward, ''The Cambridge Modern History'' (1908), p. 25</ref> ay nakakita ng mga direktang pag-atake sa kayamanan ng Simbahang Katoliko. Ang mga nauugnay na pagkasiphayo ay tumungo sa buong nasyonalisasyon ng pag-aari ng Simbahan gayundin ang mga pagtatangka na itatag ang pinapatakbo ng estado ng Simbahan.<ref name="Bokenkotter285"/> Ang malalaking mga bilang ng mga pari ay tumanggi na tanggapin ang panunumpa ng pagsunod sa [[Pambansang Asemblea]] ng Pransiya na humantong sa pagbabawal sa Simbahan at pagpapalit ng isang bagong relihiyon ng "Katwiran".<ref name="Bokenkotter285"/> Sa panahong ito, ang lahat ng mga monasteryo ay winasak, ang mga 30,000 mga pari ay pinatapon at ang mga daan daan ay pinatay.<ref name="Bokenkotter285">Bokenkotter, ''A Concise History of the Catholic Church'' (2004), pp. 283–5</ref> Nang pumanig sa Papa [[Pius VI]] laban sa himagsikan sa [[Unang Koalisyon]], sinakop ni [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] ang Italya. Ang 82 taong gulang na papa ay binihag sa bilanggo sa Pransiya noong Pebrero 1799 at namatay sa Valence noong 29 Agosto 1799 pagkatapos ng anim na buwan ng pagkakabihag. Upang makuha ang suportang popular sa kanyang pamumuno, muling itinatag ni Napoleon ang Simbahang Katoliko sa pamamagitan ng [[Concordat ng 1801]].<ref name="Collins176">Collins, ''The Story of Christianity'' (1999), p. 176</ref> Ang pagwawakas ng mga digmaang Napoleoniko ay naghudyat ng [[Kongreso ng Vienna]] at nagdulot ng muling pagbuhay sa Simbahang Katoliko at pagbabalik ng mga estado ng papa.<ref name="Duffy216">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 214–6</ref> Ang muling pagbabalik ng mga Bourbon noong 1814 ay nagbalik ng maraming mga mayayamang dugong bughaw at may ari ng mga lupain na sumuporta sa Simbahan. Gayunpaman, ang mga monasteryo kasama ng mga malalawak na lupain nito at kapangyarihang pampolitika ay nawala. Ang karamihan ng mga lupain ay ibinenta sa mga negosyante na walang mga koneksiyong historiko sa lupain at mga magsasaka. Ang ilang mga bagong pari ay sinanay noong panahong 1790 hanggang 1814 at ang marami ay lumisan sa Simbahang Katoliko.<ref>Robert Gildea, ''Children of the Revolution: The French, 1799-1914'' (2008) p 120</ref> Ang mga konserbatibong Katoliko ay humawak ng kontrol ng pambansang pamahalaan noong 1820–1830 ngunit kadalasang gumagampan ng pangalawang papel na pampolitika o kailangang makipaglaban mula sa pag-atake mula sa mga republikano, soyalista at mga sekular.<ref>Kenneth Scott Latourette, ''Christianity in a Revolutionary Age. Vol. I: The 19th Century in Europe; Background and the Roman Catholic Phase'' (1958) pp 400-412</ref><ref>Theodore Zeldin, ''France, 1848-1945'' (1977) vol 2 pp 983-1040</ref> Sa buong buhay ng Ikatlong Republika ng Pransiya, may mga labanan sa katayuan ng Simbahang Katoliko. Ang kapariang katoliko at mga obispo ay malapit na nauugnay sa mga Monarkista at marami sa hierarka nito ay mula sa mga pamilyang dugong bughaw. Ang mga republikano ay batay sa anti-klerikal na gitnang klaseng mamamayan na nakita ang alyansa ng Simbahan sa mga monarkista na isang bantang pampolitika sa republikanismo at banta sa modernong espirito ng pag-unlad. Namuhi ang mga Republikano sa simbahang Katoliko dahil sa mga ugnayang pampolitika at klase nito. Para sa mga republikano, ang simbahang katoliko ay kumakatawan sa mga lumang tradisyon, [[superstisyon]] at monarksimo. Ang mga republikano ay napalakas sa pamamagitan ng suporta ng mga Protestante at Hudyo. Ang maraming mga batas ay ipinasa upang pahinain ang Simbahang Katoliko. Noong 1879, ang mga pari ay hindi isinama sa mga komiteng pangangasiwa ng mga hospital at mga lupon ng [[kawanggawa]]. Noong 1880, ang mga bagong batas ay dinirekta laban sa mga kongregasyogn relihiyoso. Ang Concordat ni Napoleon ay nagpatuloy ngunit noong 1881, pinutol ng pamahalaan ang mga sahod ng mga paring hindi nito gusto.<ref>Philippe Rigoulot, "Protestants and the French nation under the Third Republic: Between recognition and assimilation," ''National Identities,'' Marso 2009, Vol. 11 Issue 1, pp 45–57</ref> Ang 1882 mga batas ng paaralan ng Republikanong si [[Juley Ferry]] ay nagtatag ng isang pambansang sistema ng mga eskwelang pampubliko na nagtuturo ng striktong puritanikal na [[moralidad]] ngunit walang [[relihiyon]].<ref>Barnett B. Singer, "Minoritarian Religion and the Creation of a Secular School System in France," ''Third Republic'' (1976) #2 pp 228-259</ref> Nang maging papa si [[Leo XIII]], sinubukan nitong pakalmahin ang mga relason ng Simbahan at Estado. Noong 1884, kanyang sinabi sa mga obispong Pranses na huwag umasal na laban sa Estado. Siya ay nag-isyu noong 1892&nbsp;ng isang ensiklikal na pumapaygo sa mga katolikong Pranses na magrally sa Republika at ipagtanggol ang Simbahan sa pamamagitan ng pakikisali sa mga politikang Republikano. Ang pagtatangkang ito ng pagpapabuti ng relasyon ng Estado at simbahan ay nabigo. Ito ay pinagningas ng [[Pangyayaring Dreyfus]]. Ang mga katoliko ay karamihang anti-drefussard. Ang mga assumpsiyonista ay naglimbag ng mga artiklulong anti-semitiko at antirepublikano na nagpagalit sa mga politikong republikano na handang maghiganti. Si Combes bilang Punong Ministro noong 1902 ay determinado na buong talunin ang Katolisismo. Kanyang ipinasara ang lahat ng mga parokyal na eskwela sa Pransiya. Pagkatapos ay kanyang ipinatakwil sa parlimaneto ang autorisasyon ng lahat ng mga relihiyisong orden.<ref>Frank Tallett and Nicholas Atkin, ''Religion, society, and politics in France since 1789'' (1991) p. 152</ref> Noong 1905, ang Concordat ay pinawalang bisa at ang Simbahan at Estado ay sa wakas naging hiwalay. Ang lahat ng mga pag-aari ng simbahan ay sinunggaban. Ang Simbahan ay masamang napinsala at nawalan ng kalahati ng mga pari nito.<ref>Robert Gildea, ''Children of the Revolution: The French, 1799–1914'' (2010) ch 12</ref> ===Panahong Industriyal=== ====Unang Konsehong Vatikano==== Bago ang Konseho ng Vatikano noong 1854, si Papa [[Pius IX]] na may suporta ng karamihan ng mga obispong Katoliko na kanyang kinonsulta noong 1851–1854 ay nagproklama ng dogma ng imakuladang paglilihi.<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html John Paul II, General Audience, Marso 24, 1993]</ref><ref>Pius IX in Bäumer, 245</ref> Sa unang konsehong Vatikano, ang ilang 108 mga ama ng konseho ay humiling na idagdag ang mga salitang "imakuladang birhen" sa aba ginoong marya. Ang ilang mga ama ay humiling na ang dogma ng imakuladang paglilihi na isama sa kredo ng simbahan na sinalungat ni [[Pius IX]].<ref>Bauer 566</ref> Maraming mga katolikong Pranses ay nagnais ng pagdodogma ng konsehong ekumenikal ng [[inpalibilidad]] ng papa at pag-akyat ni Marya .<ref>Civilta Catolica 6 Pebrero 1869.</ref> Sa Unang konsehong Vatikano, ang siyam na mga petisyong marolohikal ay pumapabor sa isang dogma ng pag-akyat ni marya sa langit ngunit malakas na sinalungat ng ilang mga ama ng konseho lalo na sa Alemanya. Noong 1870, pinagtibay ng unang konsehong vatikano ang doktrina ng [[inpalibilidad ng papa]] kapag sinanay sa spesipikong nilarawang mga paghahayag.<ref name="Leith">Leith, ''Creeds of the Churches'' (1963), p. 143</ref><ref name="Duffy232">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 232</ref> Ang kontrobersiya dito at iba pang mga isyu ay nagresulta sa isang maliit na kilusang humiwalay na tinatawag na [[Lumang simbahang Katoliko]].<ref name="Fahlbusch">Fahlbusch, ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001), p. 729</ref> ====Anti-klerikalismo==== Ang ika-20 siglo ay nakakita ng pagdami ng iba't ibang mga pamahalaan na laban sa kaparian at Simbahang Katoliko. Ang [[Batas Calles]] noong 1926 na naghihiwalay sa simbahan at estado sa Mehiko ay humantong sa [[Digmaang Cristero]]<ref name="Chadwick264">Chadwick, Owen, pp. 264–265.</ref> kung saan ang higit sa 3,000 mga pari ay ipinatapon o pinaslang, ang mga simbahan ay nilapastangan, ang mga serbisyo ay nilait, ang mga madre ay ginahasa at ang mga nabihag na pari ay binaril.<ref name="Chadwick264"/><ref name="Scheina">Scheina, p. 33.</ref> Sa [[Unyong Sobyet]] kasunod ng [[Himagsikang Bolshevik]] noong 1917, ang pag-uusig sa Simbahang Katoliko at mga Katoliko ay nagpatuloy hanggang noong mga 1930.<ref>Riasanovsky 617</ref> Sa karagdagan sa pagpapatapon at pagpaslang sa mga kleriko, monghe at taong lay, ang pagsunggab sa mga kasangkapan ng Simbahan at pagsasara ng mga simbahang Katoliko ay karaniwan.<ref name="Riasanovsky 634">Riasanovsky 634</ref> Noong [[Digmaang Sibil ng Espanya]] noong 1936–39, ang hierarkang Romano Katoliko ay sumuporta sa mga pwersang rebeldeng Nasyonalista ni [[Francisco Franco]] laban sa pamahalaang [[Prontang Popular]].<ref name="payne">{{cite book |title= Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany and World War II. |url= https://archive.org/details/francohitlerspai0000payn |last=Payne |first=Stanley G |year=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press| isbn=0-300-12282-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/francohitlerspai0000payn/page/13 13]}}</ref> Binanggit ng simbahang Katoliko ang [[Red Terror (Spain)|Karahasang Republikan]] na isinagawa laban sa simbahan.<ref name="Alonso">{{cite book |title= The New Catholic Encyclopedia |last=Fernandez-Alonso |first=J |year=2002 |publisher=Catholic University Press/Thomas Gale|isbn=0-7876-4017-4|pages=395–396 |volume= 13}}</ref> Ang Simbahang Katoliko ay isang aktibong elemento sa politikang nagpopolarisa sa mga taon bago ang Digmaang Sibil.<ref>Mary Vincent, Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic {{ISBN|0-19-820613-5}} p.218</ref> Tinawag ni Papa [[Pius XI]] ang tatlong mga bansang ito na Teribleng Tatsulok at ang pagkaibigo na magprotesta sa Europa at Estados Unidos bilang isang konspirasiya ng Katahimikan. ====Italya==== Ang pamahalaan ng [[Italya]] ay palaging anti-klerikal hanggang sa Unang Digmaang Daigdig nang ang ilang mga kompromiso ay naabot.<ref>Emma Fattorini, ''Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican: Pope Pius XI and the Speech That was Never Made '' (2011) ch 1</ref> Ang karamihan ng mga estado ng papa ay sinunggaban ng mga hukbo ni Haring [[Victor Emmanuel II ng Italya]] (1861–1878) at ang mismong Roma ay sinunggaban ng pwersa noong 1870 at ang papa ay naging bilanggo ng Vatikano. Upang paigtingin ang kanyang rehimeng diktaduryang Pasista, si [[Benito Mussolini]] ay sabik rin sa isang kasunduan sa Simbahang Katoliko. Ang kasunduan ay naabot noong 1929 sa [[Mga Kasunduang Laterano]] na nakatulong sa parehong mga panig.<ref>Frank J. Coppa, ''Controversial concordats: the Vatican's relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler'' (1999)</ref> Ayon sa mga termino ng unang kasunduan, ang siyudad ng Vatikano ay binibigyan ng soberanya bilang isang independiyenteng bansa kapalit ng pagsuko ng Vatikano sa pang-aangkin nito ng mga dating teritoryo ng mga Estado ng papa. Si Pius XI ay naging pinuno ng isang munting estado na may sarili nitong teritoryo, hukbo, estasyon ng radyo, at kinatawang diplomatiko. Ang Concordat noong 1929 ay gumawa sa Katolisismo na tanging relihiyon ng Italya (bagaman ang ibang mga relihiyon ay pinayagan din), nagpasahod sa mga pari at obispo, kumilala sa mga kasal ng simbahan (sa nakaraan ay kailangan ang isang [[kasal]] na sibil) at nagpasok ng mga pagtuturong relihiyoso sa mga paaralang pampubliko. Ang mga obispo ay sumumpa naman ng katapatan sa estadong Italyano na may kapangyarihang [[beto]] sa pagpili ng mga ito.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cyprian Blamires|title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA120|year=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=120}}</ref> Ang Simbahang Katoliko ay hindi opisyal na inoobligahan na sumuporta sa rehimeng Pasista. Ang mga malakas na pagkakaiba ay nanatili ngunit ang mga alitan ay nagwakas. Inendorso ng Simbahang Katoliko ang mga patakarang pandayuhan nito gaya ng pagsuporta sa panig na anti-Komunista sa Digmaang Sibil ng Espanya at suporta sa pananakop ng Ethiopia.<ref>Kenneth Scott Latourette, ''Christianity In a Revolutionary Age A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century: Vol 4 The 20th Century In Europe'' (1961) pp 32–35, 153, 156, 371</ref> ===Pagkatapos ng Panahong Industriyal=== ====Ikalawang Konsehong Vaticano==== Ang Simbahang Katoliko ay nagsagawa ng isang komprehensibong proseso ng reporma pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Konsehong Vaticano]] (1962–65).<ref name="Duffy272">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 270–6</ref> Ito ay nilayon bilang pagpapatuoy ng [[Unang Konsehong Vaticano]] sa ilalim ni Papa [[Juan XXIII]] at ang konseho ay nagpaunlad ng makina ng modernisasyon.<ref name="Duffy272"/><ref>J. Derek Holmes and Bernard W. Bickers, ''[[A Short History of the Catholic Church (2010)|A Short History of the Catholic Church]]''</ref> Ito tinakdaan sa paggawa sa mga katuruang historikal ng Simbahan na malinaw sa modernong daigdig at gumawa ng mga pahayag sa mga paksa kabilang ang kalikasan ng simbahan, ang misyon ng laity at kalaayang pang-[[relihiyon]].<ref name="Duffy272"/> Inaprobahan ng Konseho ang isang pagbabago ng liturhiya at pumayag sa mga [[Liturhikal na rite na Latin]] na gumamit ng mga wikang bernakular gayundin ang [[Latin]] sa pagsasagawa ng misa at iba pang mga sakramanto.<ref name ="Paulvi">{{cite web | last = Paul VI| first =Pope | title =Sacrosanctum Concilium | publisher = Vatican| date = 1963-12-04 | url =http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html | accessdate = 2008-02-09}}</ref> Ang mga pagsisikap ng Simbahang Katoliko na pabutihin ang [[Ekumenismo|Pagkakaisang Krisityano]] ay naging prioridad.<ref name="Duffy274">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 274</ref> Sa karagdagan ng paghahanap ng karaniwang saligan sa mga simbahang [[Protestante]] sa ilang mga isyu, ang Simbahang Katoliko ay tumalakay din ng posibilidad ng pakikipag-isa sa Simbahang [[Silangang Ortodokso]].<ref>{{cite web | title =Roman Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Dialogue | publisher =Public Broadcasting Service | date =2000-07-14 | url =http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week346/feature.html | accessdate =2008-02-16 | archive-date =2008-02-20 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080220033221/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week346/feature.html | url-status =dead }}</ref> Ang mga pagbabago sa mga lumang rite at seremonya pagkatapos ng Vatikano II ay lumikha ng iba't ibang mga tugon. Ang ilan ay tumigil sa pagsisimba sa Simbahang Katoliko samantalang ang iba ay nagtangkang ingatan ang lumang liturhiya sa pamamagitan ng mga simpatetikong pari.<ref name="Bokenkotter410">Bokenkotter, ''A Concise History of the Catholic Church'' (2004), p. 410</ref> Ang mga ito ang bumuo ng saligan ng mga pangkat na [[Tradisyonalistang Katoliko]] na naniniwala na ang mga reporma ng Vatikano II ay higit na lumagpas. Ang mga Katolikong [[Krisityanismong Liberal|Liberal]] ay bumuo ng isa pang sumasalungat na pangkat na naniniwlang ang mga reporma ng Vatikano II ay hindi sapat na lumagpas. Ang mga liberal na pananaw ng mga teologong gaya nina [[Hans Küng]] at [[Charles Curran (teologo)|Charles Curran]] ay humantong sa pagbawi ng Simbahang Katoliko ng kanilang autorisasyon sa pagtuturo bilang mga Romano Katoliko.<ref name="Bokenkotter410"/><ref>Bauckham, Richard, in ''New Dictionary of Theology'', Ed. Ferguson, (1988), p. 373</ref> Noong 2007, ang Papa [[Benedict XVI]] ay nagpagaan ng pagpapahintulot para sa opsiyonal na pagdaraos ng lumang misa sa kahilingan ng mga mananampalataya.<ref>Apostolic Letter "Motu Proprio data" Summorum Pontificum on the use of the [[Ritung Romano|Roman Liturgy]] prior to the reform of 1970 (7 Hulyo 2007)</ref> Ang isang bagong [[Batas kanon]] na ''Codex Juris Canonici'' na tinawag ni Papa [[Juan XXIII]] ay inihayag ni Papa [[Juan Pablo II]] noong 1983. Ito ay kinabibilangan ng maraming mga reporma at pagbabago sa batas ng Simbahang Katoliko at disiplina para sa Simbahang Latin. Ito ay pumalit sa bersiyon na inisyu noong 1917 ni Papa [[Benedict XV]]. ==Mga doktrina== ===Ang isang totoong simbahan at paghaliling apostoliko=== {{main|Ang isang totoong simbahan|Paghaliling apostoliko}} Idineklara sa [[Ikaapat na Konsehong Laterano]] na: "May isang unibersal na simbahan ng mga mananampalataya na sa labas nito ay absolutong walang kaligtasan".<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/lateran4.asp Fourth Lateran Council, canon 1]</ref> Ito ay kilala bilang ang doktrinang [[Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus]]. Inaangkin ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano na si [[Pedro]] na [[apostol]] ni [[Hesus]] ang unang ''obispo ng Roma'' at gumawa sa isang nagngangalang [[Linus]] bilang kahalili niyang obispo at kaya ay nagpasimula ito ng isang linyang paghalili ng mga obispo mula kay Pedro na kinabibilangan ng mga kasalukuyang [[papa]] ng Romano Katoliko. Gayunpaman, isinaad sa ''[[mga konstitusyong apostoliko]]'' na si [[Linus]] ang ''unang obispo ng Roma'' at inordinahan ni [[Apostol Pablo]] at si Linus ay hinalinhan ni [[Clemente]] na inordinahan naman ni Pedro. Ayon sa mga skolar at historyan, ang opisinang ''Monarkikal na Obispo'' ay lumitaw lamang noong ikalawang siglo CE. Sa mga liham lamang ni [[Ignacio ng Antioquia]] sa kanyang pagtungo sa Roma noong ika-2 siglo na kanyang inilarawan at ikinatwiran na ang mga simbahan ay pinangunahan ng isang obispo na inaalalayan ng mga presbitero at deakono.<ref name="Epistle to the Magnesians 6.1"/> Ayon kay propesor [[:en:Richard McBrien|Richard McBrien]], "dapat maalala na salungat sa banal na paniniwala ng Katoliko--ang monoarkikal na istrukturang episkopal ng simbahan (na kilala bilang episkopatang monarkikal kung saan ang bawat diyoses ay pinamumunuan ng isang obispo) ay hindi pa umiiral sa Roma sa panahong ito.<ref name="McBrien, Richard P p. 34"/> Ayon kay Padre [[:en:Francis A. Sullivan|Francis A. Sullivan]], "ang makukuhang ebidensiya ay nagpapakita na ang simbahan sa Roma ay pinamunuan ng isang kolehiyo ng mga presbitero sa halip na isang obispo sa loob ng hindi bababa sa ilang mga dekada ng ikalawang siglo CE.<ref>Sullivan F.A. From Apostles to Bishops: the development of the episcopacy in the early church. Newman Press, Mahwah (NJ), 2001, p. 80,221-222)</ref> Ayon din kay Fr. Sullivan, "Ang [[Bagong Tipan]] o ang sinaunang kasaysayang Kristiyano ay hindi nag-aalok ng suporta sa nosyon ng [[paghaliling apostoliko]] bilang 'isang hindi naputol na linya ng ordinasyong episkopal sa pamamagitan ng mga apostol sa mga siglo tungo sa mga obispo ngayon'" at "Ang Bagong Tipan ay hindi nag-aalok ng suporta para sa teoriya ng paghaliling apostoliko na nagpapalagay na ang mga apostol ay humirang o nag-ordina ng isang obispo para sa bawat mga simbahang kanilang itinatag".<ref name="Sullivan F.A p. 14"/> ===Sagradong kasulatan=== {{main|Kanon na biblikal}} [[Talaksan:Thebible33.jpg|thumb|Ang [[bibliya]] kasama ang [[krus (sagisag)|krus]] at [[rosaryo]].]] Ang sagradong kasulatan ([[bibliya]]) ng Simbahang Katoliko ay iba mula sa orihinal na kasulatan ng [[Kristiyanismo]] na hindi dinagdagan at hindi rin kinunan. Ang bibliya ng Simbahang Katoliko ay binubuo ng 73 aklat kabilang ang [[Lumang Tipan]], [[Bagong Tipan]] at mga [[deuterokanoniko]]. Ang Lumang Tipan at [[apokripa]] ng Katoliko ay binubuo ng 46 aklat na matatagpuan sa saling Griyego ng Tanakh na [[Septuagint]]. Ang mga aklat ng Bagong Tipan ng Katoliko ay nakatala sa [[easter letter]] (367 CE) ni [[Athanasius]].<ref name="Schreck23">Schreck, p. 23</ref> Ang pagkakabuo ng [[kanon]] ng Simbahang Katoliko ay tumagal ng maraming mga siglo bago nalutas sa [[Konseho ng Trent]] (1545–1563). Ang sagradong tradisyon ng Romano Katoliko ay binubuo ng mga katuruan na pinaniniwalaan nitong ipinasa mula sa panahon ng mga apostol.<ref name="Schreck16">Schreck, pp. 15–19</ref> Ang sagradong kasulatan at sagradong tradisyon ng Romano katoliko ay magkakasamang tinatawag na "deposito ng pananampalataya" (''depositum fidei''). Ang mga ito ay pinapakahulugan naman ng Magisterium na autoridad sa pagtuturo ng simbahan na sinasanay ng papa at kolehiyo ng mga obispo sa pakikipag-isa sa papa na obispo ng Roma.<ref name="Schreck30">Schreck, p. 30</ref> ===Kalikasan ng Diyos, Kristolohiya, Espiritu Santo=== {{main|Trinidad}} Ang '''Banal na Santatlo''' ([[Wikang Ingles|Ingles]]: ''[[Trinity]]'') ay doktrina na nagsasabi na ang iisang [[Diyos]], ay may tatlong hiwalay na persona: ang [[Diyos Ama|Ama]], ang [[Diyos Anak|Anak]] ([[Hesukristo]]), at ang [[Espirito Santo]]. Ang interpretasyon ng [[Simbahang Katolika]] ng doktrinang [[Trinidad]] na pinaunlad ng [[mga amang Capadocio]] noong ika-4 na siglo CE at pinagtibay sa [[kredong Niceno]] sa [[Konsilyo ng Constantinople]] noong 381 CE: {{cquote|Kami ay sumasampalataya sa iisang Diyos Amang Makapangyarihan sa lahat...At sa iisang Panginoong [[Hesukristo]], ang tanging bugtong na Anak ng Diyos...At sa Espiritu Santo, ang Panginoon at nagbibigay-buhay na nanggagaling sa Ama na kasama ng Ama ng Anak ay sinasamba at pinararangalan na nagsalita sa pamamagitan ng mga propeta.}} Ang pananaw ng [[mga amang Capadocio]] ay ang [[Diyos]] ay "''tatlong [[hypostasis]] sa isang [[ousia]]''". Noong ika-4 na siglo CE, may ilang kalituhan tungkol sa mga partikular na terminong ito. Para sa mga teologo ng [[Simbahang Kanluranin]] (Romano Katoliko), ang hypostasis ay kasingkahulugan ng Latin na substantia(substansiya) at nagpakahulugan sa pananaw na 'tatlong hypostasis' sa pagkaDiyos ng mga teologo ng [[Simbahang Silanganin]](Ortodokso) bilang 'tatlong mga substansiya' o isang [[triteismo]]. Ang pananaw ng mga teologo ng [[Simbahang Kanluranin]] ay ang "''Diyos ay tatlong mga persona sa isang substansiya (hypostasis)''". Ang pangkalahatang pinagkakasunduang kahulugan ng ousia sa [[Simbahang Silanganin]] ay "ang lahat ng umiiral sa sarili nito at nang walang pag-iral sa isa pa" bilang salungat sa hypostasis na pinapakahulugan ng mga ito na realidad o pag-iral.<ref>p.50-51 The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, by Vladimir Lossky SVS Press, 1997. (ISBN 0-913836-31-1) James Clarke & Co Ltd, 1991. (ISBN 0-227-67919-9)</ref> Ang [[Filioque]] na Latin para sa "at sa Anak" ay idinagdag sa Ikatlong Konsilyo ng Toledo noong 589 CE (Credo in Spiritum Sanctum qui ex patre filioque procedit/Ako ay sumasampalataya sa Banal na Espirito na nagmumula mula sa Ama at sa Anak") na tinanggap na paniniwala sa Simbahang Kanluranin (Simbahang Katoliko Romano) noong ikatlong siglo CE. {{cquote|At sa Banal na Espirito, ang Panginoon at nagbibigay-buhay na nanggagaling sa Ama '''at sa anak''' na kasama ng Ama ng Anak ay sinasamba at pinararangalan na nagsalita sa pamamagitan ng mga propeta.}} Ito ay ginamit para sa mga kagamitang liturhikal ng [[Simbahang Katoliko Romano]] noong ika-11 siglo CE. Ang karagdagang ito na [[filioque]] ay hindi tinanggap ng [[Simbahang Silanganin]] sa mga kadahilanang ang pagdarag ay ginawang mag-isa ng [[Simbahang Kanluranin]] na nagbabago sa kredong inaprobahan ng mga maagang konsilyong ekumenikal at ang pormula ay sumasalamin sa isang partikular na pananaw ng [[Trinidad]] ng Kanluraning Simbahan na tinutulan ng mga teologo ng [[Simbahang Silangang Ortodokso]]. Ito ang isa sa mga pangunahing paktor na humantong sa [[Dakilang Paghahati]] sa pagitan ng mga Simbahang Silanganin at Kanluranin. Ang pagdaragdag ng [[filioque]] sa Kredong Niceno-Constantinopolitano ay kindonena bilang eretikal ng maraming mga ama at santo ng Simbahang Silangang Ortodokso kabilang si [[Photios I ng Constantinople]], [[Gregory Palamas]] at [[Marcos ng Efeso]] na minsang tinutukoy bilang ang Tatlong mga Haligi ng [[Simbahang Silangang Ortodokso|Ortodoksiya]]. ===Mariolohiya=== {{main|Maria}} [[File:Santa Marija Assunta.jpg|thumb|300px|Estatwa ng Assumption of Mary sa [[Attard]], [[Malta]]]] Ang mga doktrina tungkol kay [[Maria]] sa Simbahang Romano Katoliko ay kinabibilangan ng: * [[Ina ng Diyos]] na nagsasaad na si Maria bilang ina ni Hesus ay ang [[Theotokos]] (tagadala ng diyos) o Ina ng Diyos * [[Birheng kapanganakan ni Hesus]] na nagsasaad na milagrosong ipinaglihi ni Maria si Hesus sa pamamagitan ng aksiyon ng banal na espirito habang nananatiling birhen * [[Dormisyon ng Theotokos]] na umaalala sa pagtulog o natural na kamatayan sa sandaling bago ang kanyang pag-akyat sa langit * [[Pag-akyat sa langit ni Maria]] na nagsasaad na si Maria ay kinuha sa katawan sa langit sa o bago ang kanyang kamatayan * [[Kalinis-linisang paglilihi]] na nagsasaad na si Maria ay ipinaglihi ng walang [[orihinal na kasalanan]] * [[Walang hanggang pagkabirhen]] na nagsasaad na si Maria ay nanatiling birhen sa kanyang buong buhay kahit pagkatapos ipanganak si Hesus *Tagapamagitan sa pagitan ng Diyos at tao sa mga nananalangin kay [[Maria]] {|class="wikitable" |- !| Doktrina !| Umimbento ng doktrinang ito<br />at petsa ng pagkakaimbento !| Mga sektang tumatanggap nito |- | [[Ina ng Diyos]] (Theotokos)|| [[Unang Konsilyo ng Efeso]], 431 CE|| Romano Katoliko, [[Silangang Ortodokso]], Anglikano, Lutherano, Methodista <br /> |- | [[Kapanganakang birhen ni Hesus]] || [[Unang Konsilyo ng Nicaea]], 325 CE || Romano Katoliko, [[Silangang Ortodokso]], Anglikano, Lutherano, Methodista <br />[[Protestantismo]], [[Mormon]] |- | [[Pag-akyat sa langit ni Maria]] || ensiklikal na ''[[Munificentissimus Deus]]'' <br />[[Papa Pio XII]], 1950 || Romano Katoliko, [[Silangang Ortodokso]], Anglikano, ilang Lutherano |- |[[Kalinis-linisang paglilihi]] || ensiklikal na ''[[Ineffabilis Deus]]''<br />[[Papa Pio IX]], 1854 || Romano Katoliko, ilang Anglikano, ilang Lutherano, simulang [[Martin Luther]] |- | [[Walang hanggang pagkabirhen]] || [[Ikalawang Konsilyo ng Constantinople|Konsilyo ng Constantinople]], 533<br />[[Mga artikulong Smalcald]], 1537 || Romano Katoliko, [[Silangang Ortodokso]], Anglikano, ilang Lutherano<br />[[Martin Luther]], [[John Wesley]] |} ===Primasiya ng papang Romano=== {{main|Papa ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano}} Ang primasiya ng [[Obispo ng Roma]] ang doktrinang Romano Katoliko na nauukol sa respeto at autoridad na nararapat sa [[Obispo ng Roma]] mula sa ibang mga obispo at kanilang mga sede. Kasama ng [[Filioque|kontrobersiyang Filioque]], ang pagkakaiba sa interpretasyon ng doktrinang ito ang naging at ang nanatiling pangunahing mga sanhi ng [[sismang Kanluran-Silangan]] sa [[Kristiyanismo]].<ref name="Kasper2006">{{cite book|last=Kasper|first=Walter |title=The Petrine ministry: Catholics and Orthodox in dialogue : academic symposium held at the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3mxbj99yRaQC&pg=PA188|accessdate=22 Disyembre 2011|year=2006|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-4334-4|page=188|quote=The question of the primacy of the Roman pope has been and remains, together with the question of the Filioque, one of the main causes of separation between the Latin Church and the Orthodox churches and one of the principal obstacles to their union.}}</ref> Sa Simbahang [[Silangang Ortodokso]], ang primasiya ng obispo ng Roma ay nauunawan na isang lamang ng dakilang karangalan na tumuturing ditong "''[[primus inter pares]]''" ("una sa mga magkatumbas") nang walang epektibong kapangyarihan sa ibang mga simbahang Kristiyano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratzinger’s Ecumenism between light and shadows |url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/homepage/inquiries-and-interviews/detail/articolo/germania-germany-alemania-8380/ |access-date=2013-01-19 |archive-date=2013-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731130439/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/inquiries-and-interviews/detail/articolo/germania-germany-alemania-8380/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=meyendorff+%22primacy+is+power%22+&btnG= John Meyendorff (editor), ''The Primacy of Peter'' (St Vladimir's Seminary Press 1995 ISBN 978-0-88141-125-6), p. 165]</ref> Sa karagdagan, ang pananaw ng Simbahang [[Silangang Ortodokso]] ay ang mga pribilehiyao sa Roma ay hindi absolutong kapangyarihan. Sa [[Silangang Kristiyanismo]], marami ang mga itinuturing na "apostolikong sede" na ang [[Simbahan ng Herusalem]] ang itinuturing na "''ina ng lahat ng mga simbahan''". Ang [[obispo ng Antioch]] ay maari ring mag-angkin ng pamagat na kahalili ni Pedro dahil si Pedro ang pinuno ng [[Simbahan sa Antioch]]. Ayon sa Simbahang Katoliko Romano, ang primasiya ng Obispo ng Roma ay "buo, suprema at unibersal na kapangyarihan sa buong Simbahan na isang kapangyariahn na palagi niyang sinasanay nang hindi nahaharangan"<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM Catechism of the Catholic Church, 882]</ref> na isang kapangyarihang itinuturo rin ng Katoliko Romano sa [[Kolehiya ng mga Obispo|buong katawan ng mga obispo]] na nagkakaisa sa Papa ng Romano Katoliko.<ref>Catechism of the Catholic Church, 883</ref> Ang kapangyarihang itinuturo nito sa autoridad na primasiya ng papa ay may mga limitasyon na opisyal, legal, dogmatiko, praktikal,<ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Granfield+%22official+legal+dogmatic+and+practical%22&btnG= Patrick Granfield, Peter C. Phan (editors), ''The Gift of the Church'' (Liturgical Press 2000 ISBN 978-0-8146-5931-1), pp. 486-488]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.catholicplanet.com/TSM/limits-magisterium.htm |title=The Limits of the Magisterium |access-date=2013-01-19 |archive-date=2006-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615184618/http://catholicplanet.com/TSM/limits-magisterium.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> at "''isang kamalian na isiping ang bawat salitang binibigkas ng Papa ay [[inpalible]] o walang kakayahang magkamali.''".<ref>[http://www.sspx.org/archbishop_lefebvre_daily_quotes/april_2011_quotes.htm Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, ''Open Letter to Confused Catholics'']{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ang ebolusyon ng mas naunang tradisyon ay naglalagay sa parehong sina [[Apostol Pedro]] at [[Apostol Pablo]] na mga mga ninuno ng mga obispo ng Roma na pinagtanggap ng mga ito ng posisyon bilang pangunahing pastol (Pedro) at supremang autoridad sa doktrina (Pablo).<ref>Schimmelpfennig, p. 27</ref> Upang itatag ang primasiya o pagiging una ng Obispo ng Roma, ang mga obispo ng Roma ay umaasa sa isang liham na isinulat noong 416 CE ni [[Papa Inocencio I]] sa Obispo ng Gubbio upang ipakita kung paanong ang pagpapailalim sa Roma ay naitatag. Dahil si Pedro ang pinaniniwalaang ang tanging apostol (hindi binanggit si Pablo) na nagtrabaho sa Kanluran ay kaya pinaniniwalaang ang mga tanging persona na nagtatag ng mga simbahan sa Italya, Espanya, Gaul, Sicicly, Aprika at mga kanluraning isla ay mga obispong hinirang ni Pedro o mga kahalili nito. Ang pag-aangkin ng primasiya ng papa ng Roma ay maaaring tinanggap sa Italya ngunit hindi handang tinanggap sa iba pang mga lugar sa Kanluran. Ang presensiya ni Pedro sa Roma ay pinagtibay nina [[Clemente ng Roma]], [[Ignatius ng Antioch]], [[Irenaeus ng Lyon]] at iba pang mga sinaunang manunulat na Kristiyano.<ref name=ODS>[http://www.google.com/search?q=Farmer+%22is+not+explicitly+affirmed%22&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks&tbo=1 David Hugh Farmer (editor), ''The Oxford Dictionary of Saints'' (Oxford University Press 2004 ISBN 978-0-19-860949-0), art. "Peter (1)"]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=93FSZsiM5cAC&pg=PA87&dq=Saint+Peter+in+Rome&hl=en&ei=mhexTsiYGoSmhAe758HQAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAjhk#v=onepage&q&f=false Lawrence Boadt, Linda Schapper (editors), ''The Life of St Paul" (Paulist Press 2008 ISBN 978-0-8091-0519-9), p. 88]</ref> Ang parehong mga manunulat ay nagpahiwatig rin na si Pedro ang tagapagtatag ng Simbahan sa Roma bagaman hindi sa kahulugan ng pagsisimula ng pamayanang Kristiyano doon.<ref name=JWOM>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=O%27Malley+%22despite+what+Irenaeus%22 John W. O'Malley, ''A History of the Popes'' (Rowland & Littlefield 2009 ISBN 978-1-58051-227-5), p. 11]</ref> Ikinatwiran rin ng mga Romano Katoliko na ang {{bibleverse|1|Pedro|5:13}} ay nagpapatunay na si Pedro ay tumungo sa Roma dahil ang [[Babilonia]] ay kanilang inaangking isang kriptikong pangalan para sa Roma gaya ng paggamit sa [[Aklat ng Pahayag]]. Gayunpaman, ang interpretasyong ito ay itinatakwil ng maraming mga skolar at komentador ng bibliya dahil walang ebidensiya na ang Roma ay kailanman tinawag na Babilonia pagkatapos ng [[Aklat ng Pahayag]]. Ang 1 Pedro ay hindi rin [[aklat apokaliptiko|apokaliptiko]] at ang Babilonia ay hindi mas kriptiko kesa sa [[Pontus]], [[Asya]] at iba pang mga lugar na binanggit sa 1 Pedro. Kanila ring inangkin na ang Babilonia ay tinitirhan pa rin ng maliit na bilang ng mga tao sa mga panahong ito. Dahil sa pagbanggit ng "''Binabati rin kayo ni Marcos na aking anak''" sa {{bibleverse|1|Pedro|5:13}} at dahil si [[Marcos ang Ebanghelista]] ay itinturing na tagapagtatag ng [[Koptikong Ortodoksong Simbahan ng Alehandriya|Simbahan ng Alehandriya]] kaya ang ilang mga skolar ay naniniwalang ang [[1 Pedro]] ay isinulat sa [[Ehipto]]. Ayon kay Irenaeus (130–202 CE), sina Pedro at Pablo ang mga tagapagtatag ng Simbahan ng Roma at kanilang hinirang si [[Papa Linus]] sa opisina ng episkopata na pagsisimula ng [[apostolikong paghalili]] ng sedeng Romano. Ayon kay Tertulliano (160–c. 225 CE), si [[Papa Clemente I|Clemente]] ang kahalili ni Pedro. Ayon kay [[Jeronimo]] (347–420), si Clemente ang ikaapat na obispo ng Roma pagkatapos ni Pedro bagaman kanyang idinagdag na "ang karamihan ng mga Latin ay naniniwalang si Clemente ang ikalawa pagkatapos ng apostol". Ang [[Mga Konstitusyong Apostoliko]] (375CE-380CE) ay nagsaad na si Linus ang unang obispo ng Roma na inordina ni [[Apostol Pablo]]. Ang isang ''Linus'' ay binanggit sa {{bibleverse|1|Timoteo|4:19-22}} na inaangkin ng ilang mga Romano Katoliko na si Papa Linus. Gayunpaman, ang iba ay itinalang bago ni Linus at ang kawalan ng pagbibigay diin o preeminensiya kay Linus ay nagmumungkahing si Linus ay hindi isang pinuno o obispo at kahalili ni Pedro.<ref>We cannot be positive whether this identification of the pope as being the Linus mentioned in II Timothy 4:21, goes back to an ancient and reliable source, or originated later on account of the similarity of the name (Kirsch J.P. Transcribed by Gerard Haffner. Pope St. Linus. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume IX. Copyright © 1910 by Robert Appleton Company. Online Edition Copyright © 2003 by K. Knight. Nihil Obstat, 1 Oktubre 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York).</ref> Sa karagdagan ay pinaniniwalaan ng mga skolar na ang [[2 Timoteo]] ay isinulat sa ikalawang siglo at isang pekeng liham na hindi isinulat ni Pablo. Ang karamihan ng mga skolar sa kasalukuyan ay tumatanggap rin na ang mga sinaunang Kristiyano sa Roma ay hindi umasal bilang isang nagkakaisang pamayanan sa ilalim ng isang pinuno o isang obispo noong unang siglo CE. Ang pagkakaroon ng isang obispo ay lumitaw lamang noong ikalawang siglo CE.<ref name=JWOM/><ref>ALTHOUGH CATHOLIC TRADITION, BEGINNING IN the late second and early third centuries, regards St. Peter as the first bishop of Rome and, therefore, as the first pope, there is no evidence that Peter was involved in the initial establishment of the Christian community in Rome (indeed, what evidence there is would seem to point in the opposite direction) or that he served as Rome's first bishop. Not until the pontificate of St. Pius I in the middle of the second century (ca. 142-ca. 155) did the Roman Church have a monoepiscopal structure of government (one bishop as pastoral leader of a diocese). Those who Catholic tradition lists as Peter's immediate successors (Linus, Anacletus, Clement, et al.) did not function as the one bishop of Rome (McBrien, Richard P. Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to Benedict XVI. Harper, San Francisco, 2005 updated ed., p.25).</ref><ref>The Christian community at Rome well into the second century operated as a collection of separate communites without any central structure...Rome was a constellation of house churches, independent of one another, each of which was loosely governed by an elder. The communities thus basically followed the pattern of the Jewish synagogues out of which they developed. (O'Malley JW. A History of the Popes. Sheed & Ward, 2009, p. 11)</ref> Gayunpaman, ang mga talatang {{bibleverse||Galacia|2:7-9}} at {{bibleverse||Roma|15:16-20}} ay ikinatwiran ng mga Protestante na nagpapatunay na si Pedro ay hindi nangaral sa mga [[hentil]] dahil siya ay itinakdang mangaral sa mga Hudyo. Si [[Apostol Pablo]] ay naglayag sa Roma ({{bibleverse|Mga|Gawa|28:16,30-31}}) ngunit hindi binanggit ang presensiya ni Pedro sa kanyang mga inaangking sulat mula sa Roma at [[Sulat sa mga taga-Roma|para sa Roma]] ({{bibleverse||Roma|16}}. Noong 2009, isinaad ni Otto Zwierlein na "''walang isang piraso ng maasahang ebidensiyang pampanitikan at wala ring ebidensiyang arkeolohikal na si Pedro ay kailanman nasa Roma''".<ref name="Zwierlein review">[[Pieter Willem van der Horst]], review of Otto Zwierlein, ''Petrus in Rom: die literarischen Zeugnisse. Mit einer kritischen Edition der Martyrien des Petrus und Paulus auf neuer handschriftlicher Grundlage'', Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2009, in ''[[Bryn Mawr Classical Review]]'' [http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-03-25.html 2010.03.25].</ref><ref>[[James Dunn (theologian)|James Dunn]], review of Zwierlein 2009, in ''[[Review of Biblical Literature]]'' [http://www.bookreviews.org/bookdetail.asp?TitleId=7189 2010]</ref><ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1582585/St-Peter-was-not-the-first-Pope-and-never-went-to-Rome-claims-Channel-4.html</ref> Ang isang pangunahing debate sa pagitan ng mga Romano Katoliko at Protestante sa primasiya ng papang Romano ay nakasentro sa {{bibleverse||Mateo|16:18}} kung saan sinabi ni [[Hesus]] kay Pedro na: "''At sinasabi ko rin sa iyo: Ikaw ay Pedro. Sa ibabaw ng batong ito ay itatayo ko ang aking iglesiya. Hindi makakapanaig sa kaniya ang tarangkahan ng Hades.''" Ang talatang ito ay pinapakahulugan ng mga Romano Katoliko na sinasabi ni Hesus na itatag ang kanyang simbahan kay Pedro. Dahil dito, kanilang inaangkin na si Pedro ang ''unang'' papa ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano. Gayunpaman, ang unang indibidwal na ginamitan ng pamagat na "[[Papa]]" sa Simbahang Katoliko Romano ay si [[Papa Marcelino]] (namatay noong 304) at ang unang obispo ng Roma na pinaniniwalaan ng ilan na kumuha ng pamagat na "[[Papa]]" ay si [[Papa Siricio]] (384–399 CE). Inaangkin na rin ng mga teologong Romano Katoliko na si Pedro ang ginawang pastol ng apostolikong kawan sa {{bibleverse||Juan|21:15-19}} at nagpapalakas ng mga kapatid ({{bibleverse||Lucas|22:31-32}}). Sa Griyego ng {{bibleverse||Mateo|16:18}} na pinaniniwalaang orihinal na wika ng Bagong Tipan, ang pangalang ibinigay ni Hesus kay Simon ay ''petros'' ngunit kanyang tinukoy ang "bato (rock)" bilang ''petra''. Ayon sa ilang skolar, may pagtatangi sa pagitan ng dalawang mga salitang petra at petros na ang petra ay "bato (rock)" samantalang ang petros ay maliit na bato (pebble). Pinapakahulugan ng mga Protestante na ang "''batong ito''" ay hindi si Pedro kundi sa konpesyon ng pananampalataya ni Pedro sa mga nakaraang talata at kaya ay hindi naghahayag ng primasiya ni Pedro kundi ay naghahayag na itatayo ni Hesus ang kanyang simbahan sa pundasyon ng pahayag at konpesyon ng pananamapalataya ni Pedro na si Hesus ang Kristo. Ang pananaw na ito ang pananaw ng ilang mga ama ng simbahan gaya ni Juan Crisostomo. Gayunpaman, ang interpretasyong ito ay itinatakwil ng ilang mga skolar na Protestante gaya nina Blomberg at Carson na naniniwalang ang bato ay si Pedro. Ang ilang mga Protestante ay naniniwalang ang "batong ito" ay tumutukoy kay [[Hesus]] bilang reperensiya sa [[Aklat ng Deuteronomio]] 32:3-4, "''Ang [[diyos]]...ang bato (rock), ang kanyang gawa ay sakdal''" na kanila ring sinusuportahan ng mga talatang {{bibleverse|1|Corinto|3:11,10:4}}, {{bibleverse||Efeso|2:20}}, at {{bibleverse2|1|Pedro|2:4-8}}. Ang {{bibleverse||Efeso|2:20}} ay nagsasaad na ang ''mga apostol'' ang saligan at hindi lamang ang ''isang'' apostol. Ayon sa {{bibleverse||Galacia|2:7}}, ang pagkakatiwala ng pangangaral ni Pablo ng ebanghelyo sa mga [[hentil]] ay gaya ng kay Pedro sa mga Hudyo na nagpapahiwatig si Pedro ay hindi higit kay Pablo. Ayon sa {{bibleverse||Mateo|19:28}} at {{bibleverse||Pahayag|21:14}}, ang 12 apostol ay uupo sa 12 trono upang hukuman ang labindalawang lipi ng Israel. Ayon sa {{bibleverse||Lucas|22:24-29}}, "''Nagkaroon ng pagtatalo sa kanila kung sino sa kanila ang ituturing na pinakadakila. Sinabi ni Hesus sa kanila: Ang mga hari ng mga [[hentil]] ay naghahari sa kanila. Ang mga namamahala sa kanila ay tinatawag na tagagawa ng mabuti. Ngunit hindi gayon sa inyo. Ang pinakadakila sa inyo ay matulad sa pinakabata. Siya na tagapanguna ay matulad sa tagapaglingkod. Ito ay sapagkat sino nga ba ang higit na dakila, ang nakadulog ba o ang naglilingkod? Hindi ba ang higit na dakila ay ang nakadulog? Ngunit ako na nasa kalagitnaan ninyo ay tulad sa naglilingkod. Kayo iyong mga kasama kong nagpatuloy sa aking mga pagsubok. Ang aking Ama ay naglaan para sa akin ng isang paghahari. Ganito rin ang paglaan ko ng isang paghahari para sa inyo. Inilaan ko ito upang kayo ay makakain at makainom sa aking dulang sa aking paghahari. Inilaan ko ito upang kayo ay makaupo sa mga trono na hinahatulan ang labindalawang lipi ni Israel''". Ayon sa {{bibleverse||Mateo|23:8-11}}, "''Huwag kayong patawag sa mga tao na guro sapagkat iisa ang inyong pinuno, si Cristo, at kayong lahat ay magkakapatid. Huwag ninyong tawaging ama ang sinuman dito sa lupa sapagkat iisa ang inyong Ama na nasa langit. Huwag kayong patawag na mga pinuno sapagkat iisa ang inyong pinuno, si Cristo. Ngunit ang higit na dakila sa inyo ay magiging tagapaglingkod ninyo. Ang sinumang magtataas ng kaniyang sarili ay ibababa at ang sinumang magpapakumbaba sa kaniyang sarili ay itataas''". Ayon sa {{bibleverse||Juan|20:19-23}}, ang pagpapatawad ng mga kasalanan ay ipinagkaloob sa 11 mga apostol. [[File:Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg|thumb|200px|Emblem ng [[Papa ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano]]. Ang nakakrus na mga susi sa emblem ng [[kapapahan]] ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano ay sumisimbolo sa mga susi ng langit na ipinagkatiwala kay [[Simon Pedro]] ayon sa {{bibleverse||Mateo|16:18-19}}. Ang mga susi ay ginto at pilak na sumisimbolo sa kapangyarihan ng pagkakalag at pagtatali. Ang tripleng korona ng [[tiara ng papa]] ay kumakatawan sa tatlong mga gampanin ng papang Romano Katoliko bilang "supemang pastor", "supremang guro" at "supremang [[saserdote]] (pari)". Ang gintong krus sa [[monde]] (globo) na nasa itaas ng tiara ay sumisimbolo sa soberanya ni [[Hesus]].]] Inaangkin ng mga hindi-Romano Katoliko na ang mga susi sa kalangitan na pagkakaloob ng pagtatali at pagkakalag sa lupa sa {{bibleverse||Mateo|16:19}} ay hindi lamang ibinigay kay Pedro kundi sa lahat ng mga apostol na kanilang sinusuportahan ng talatang {{bibleverse||Mateo|18:18-20}}. Ang interpretasyong ito ang pananaw ng maraming mga ama ng simbahan gaya nina [[Tertulliano]],<ref>"What, now, (has this to do) with the Church, and) your (church), indeed, Psychic? For, in accordance with the person of Peter, it is to spiritual men that this power will correspondently appertain, either to an apostle or else to a prophet." ''On Modesty''. Book VII. Chapter XXI</ref> [[Hilary ng Poitiers]],<ref>"This faith it is which is the foundation of the Church; through this faith the gates of hell cannot prevail against her. This is the faith which has the keys of the kingdom of heaven. Whatsoever this faith shall have loosed or bound on earth shall be loosed or bound in heaven. This faith is the Father's gift by revelation; even the knowledge that we must not imagine a false Christ, a creature made out of nothing, but must confess Him the Son of God, truly possessed of the Divine nature."''On the Trinity''. Book VI.37</ref> [[Juan Crisostomo]],<ref>"For ([[John the Apostle|John]]) the Son of thunder, the beloved of Christ, the pillar of the Churches throughout the world, who holds the keys of heaven, who drank the cup of Christ, and was baptized with His baptism, who lay upon his Master’s bosom, with much confidence, this man now comes forward to us now"''Homilies on the Gospel of John.'' Preface to Homily 1.1</ref> [[Augustine]].<ref>"He has given, therefore, the keys to His Church, that whatsoever it should bind on earth might be bound in heaven, and whatsoever it should loose on earth might be, loosed in heaven; that is to say, that whosoever in the Church should not believe that his sins are remitted, they should not be remitted to him; but that whosoever should believe and should repent, and turn from his sins, should be saved by the same faith and repentance on the ground of which he is received into the bosom of the Church. For he who does not believe that his sins can be pardoned, falls into despair, and becomes worse as if no greater good remained for him than to be evil, when he has ceased to have faith in the results of his own repentance."''On Christian Doctrine'' Book I. Chapter 18.17 The Keys Given to the Church.</ref><ref>"...Peter, the first of the apostles, receive the keys of the kingdom of heaven for the binding and loosing of sins; and for the same congregation of saints, in reference to the perfect repose in the bosom of that mysterious life to come did the evangelist John recline on the breast of Christ. For it is not the former alone but the whole Church, that bindeth and looseth sins; nor did the latter alone drink at the fountain of the Lord's breast, to emit again in preaching, of the Word in the beginning, God with God, and those other sublime truths regarding the divinity of Christ, and the Trinity and Unity of the whole Godhead."''On the Gospel of John''. Tractate CXXIV.7 Abbé Guettée (1866). ''The Papacy: Its Historic Origin and Primitive Relations with the Eastern Churches'', (Minos Publishing; NY), p.175</ref><ref>"...the keys that were given to the Church..." ''A Treatise Concerning the Correction of the Donatists.'' Chapter 10.45</ref><ref>"How the Church? Why, to her it was said, "To thee I will give the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatsoever thou shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven, and whatsoever thou shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven."''Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John''. Homily X.10 cited in Whelton, M., (1998) Two Paths: Papal Monarchy - Collegial Tradition, (Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA), p28</ref> Ayon sa mga Katoliko, ang ginamit na Griyeong soi (iyo) ay singular na tumutukoy lamang kay Pedro. Ang {{bibleverse||Mateo|16:18}} ay gumagamit ng nagdudugtong na Griyegong pariralang kai epi tautee na isinaling "at sa batong ito" na ayon sa mga teologong Romano Katoliko ay nakabatay sa nakaraang sugnay na nagsisilbing magtumbas ng ikalawang batong petra sa unang batong petros. Gayunpaman, ikinatwiran ng mga Protestante na ang patakarang grammar ng mga pang-uri ay dapat umayon sa kaso, kasarian at bilang sa mga pangngalang binabago nito. Kanilang ikinatwiran na ang pagkakaiba sa kasarian ng mga salitang petra (babae) at petros (lalake) ay nagpapatunay na hindi si Pedro ang batong petra. Ikinatwiran ng mga Katoliko na ang patakarang ito ay hindi lumalapat sa mga salitang ito dahil ang parehong mga salita ay mga pangngalan at hindi pang-uri. Tungkol sa interpretasyon ng {{bibleverse||Mateo|16:18-19}}, isinulat ni Jaroslav Pelikan na "''Gaya ng pag-amin ngayon ng mga skolar na Romano Katoliko, ginamit ito ng sinaunang amang Kristiyano na si [[Cipriano]] upang patunayan ang autoridad ng obispo hindi lamang ng obispo ng Roma ngunit ng bawat obispo''" na tumutukoy sa gawa ni Maurice Bevenot tungkol kay Cipriano. Bagaman sa 12 alagad, si Pedro ang nananaig sa mga unang kabanata ng [[Mga Gawa ng mga Apostol]], si [[Santiago na kapatid ng Panginoon]] ay ipinakitang pinuno ng Simbahang Kristiyano sa mga kalaunang kabanata ng Mga Gawa. Ang ilan ay nag-aangkin na mas nanaig sa ranggo si Santiago kesa kay Pedro dahil si Santiago ang huling nagsalita sa [[Konseho ng Herusalem]] sa {{bibleverse|Mga|Gawa|15:13-21}} na nagmumungkahing ito ang huling pagpapasya na pinagkasunduan ng lahat. Ang katusuan rin ni Santiago ay sinunod sa lahat ng mga Kristiyano sa Antioch na nagpapahiwatig na ang autoridad ni Santiago ay lagpas sa Herusalem. Gayundin, binanggit ni [[Apostol Pablo]] si Santiago bago kay Pedro at Juan nang tawagin ni Pablo ang mga ito na "''mga haligi ng simbahan''" sa {{bibleverse||Galacia|2:9}}. Ayon sa {{bibleverse||Galacia|2:11-13}}, sinunod ni Pedro ang kautusan ni Santiago na lumayo sa mga [[hentil]] at hindi lamang si Pedro kundi pati ang kasamang misyonaryo ni Pablong si Barnabas gayundin ang lahat ng mga Hudyo. Gayunpaman, ayon sa mga teologong Romano Katoliko, ang mga talatang {{bibleverse|Mga|Gawa|12:12-17}} at {{bibleverse||Galacia|1:18-19}} ay nagpapahiwatig na si Pedro ang pinuno ng simbahang Kristiyano at si Pedro ang humirang kay Santiago na pinuno nang siya ay lumisan sa Herusalem. Gayunpaman, ayon sa mga hindi naniniwala sa interpretasyong ito ng Romano Katoliko, kung ang pagkakahirang kay Santiago ay kinailangan sa paglisan ni Pedro sa Herusalem, bakit hindi kinilala si Pedro na pinuno sa [[Konseho ng Herusalem]] sa {{bibleverse|Mga|Gawa|15}}. Si Santiago ay nanatiling nasa papel ng pinuno kahit sa presensiya ni Pedro sa Konseho ng Herusalem sa Mga Gawa 15. Ayon sa propesor na si John Painter, mas malamang na ang talata ay nagsasaad na si Pedro ay nag-uulat lamang ng kanyang mga gawain sa kanyang pinunong si Santiago. Ang Galacia 1:18-19 ay hindi malinaw at maaaring pakahulugan upang suportahan ang parehong pananaw na si Santiago o Pedro ang pinuno ng Simbahang Kristiyano sa Herusalem. Gayunpaman, ang katotohanang si Santiago ay binanggit maliban sa ''iba'' pang mga apostol ay nagpapakitang si Santiago ay napakahalaga para kay Pablo. Ayon kay [[Eusebio ng Caesarea]], si Santiago ang unang obispo o patriarka ng Simbahang Kristiyano sa Herusalem. Ikinatwiran rin na ang mga [[Unang Pitong Konsehong Ekumenikal|konseho ng simbahan]] ay hindi tumuring sa mga desisyon ng papa na nagtatali. Ang [[Ikatlong Konsehong Ekumenikal]] ay ipinatawag bagaman kinondena ng romanong papa na si [[Papa Celestino I]] si [[Nestoryo]] bilang [[heretiko]] na ikinatwiran ni Whelton na nagpapakitang hindi itinuring ng konseho ang kondemnasyon ng papang Romano bilang depinitibo. .<ref>''Ibid.'', p153.</ref><ref>Whelton, M., (1998) Two Paths: Papal Monarchy - Collegial Tradition, (Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA), p.59.</ref> Ayon sa mga sumasalungat sa doktrinang ito, walang isang konsehong ekumenikal ang ipinatawag ng papa ng Roma. Ang lahat ng mga konsehong ekumenikal ay ipinatawag ng mga Emperador na [[Bizantino]]. Kung ang katuruan ng primasiya ng papang Romano ang bumuo ng bahagi ng Tradisyong Banal, ang gayong kapangyarihan ng papang Romano ay sasanayin upang lutasin ang mga alitan sa sinaunang kasaysayan ng Simbahang Kristiyano. Ang pangkalahatang konseho ay maaari ring manaig sa desisyon ng mga papang Romano. Ang pagsalungat sa mga kautusan ng papang Romano ay hindi rin limitado sa mga nakaraang siglo. Ang isang mahusay na kilalang halimbawa ang [[Society of St. Pius X]] na kumikilala ng primasiya ng papang Romano<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Statement of Reservations Concerning the Impending Beatification of Pope John Paul II |url=http://www.dici.org/en/documents/a-statement-of-reservations-concerning-the-impending-beatification-of-pope-john-paul-ii/ |access-date=2013-01-19 |archive-date=2012-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513082526/http://www.dici.org/en/documents/a-statement-of-reservations-concerning-the-impending-beatification-of-pope-john-paul-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ngunit tumangging tumanggap sa mga kautusan ng papa tungkol sa [[liturhiya]]. Noong 2005, ang Romano Katolikong propesor na [[Hesuita]]ng si John J. Paris ay nagbalewala sa kautusan ng papa bilang nagkukulang sa autoridad.<ref>[http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=6635 Patrick J. Reilly, "Teaching Euthanasia" (Catholic Culture)]</ref> Noong 2012, sa okasyon ng ika-50 anibersaryo ng pagbubukas ng Ikalawang Konsehong Vatikano, ang 60 prominenteng mga teologong Romano Katoliko ay naglimbag ng isang opisyal na deklarasyon na nagsasaad na ang kapapahan sa kasalukuyan ay lumalagpas sa autoridad nito.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.churchauthority.org/index.asp |title=the JUBILEE DECLARATION, 11 Oktubre 2012 |access-date=19 Enero 2013 |archive-date=15 Oktubre 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015022156/http://www.churchauthority.org/index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mga mortal na kasalanan=== Noong 10 Marso 2008, nagtala ang [[Lungsod ng Batikano|Batikano]] ng pitong bagong mortal na kasalanang dapat iwasan. Kabilang sa mga nadagdag na ito ang mga may kaugnayan sa pagsuway sa mga pundamental na karapatang pantao katulad ng mga pakikialam na panghenetiko, polusyon, paggamit ng mga [[ipinagbabawal na gamot]], at maging ang lumalaking lawak sa antas panlipunan at pangkabuhayan ng mga mayayaman at mahihirap. Nadagdag ang mga nabanggit sa mga dati nang naitalang mga mortal na kasalanang dapat iwasan ng isang tao: ang pagkamahalay, [[katakawan]], [[pagiimbot]], [[katamaran]], lubhang pagkaingit sa ibang tao, pagdadala ng poot sa ibang tao, at lubhang pagpapahalaga sa pansariling karangalan. Idinagdag ang mga bagong kasalanang dapat iwasan upang makasunod sa makabagong takbo ng kasalukuyang panahon ang Simbahang Katoliko.<ref name=CNN>{{Cite web |title=Vatican lists new sinful behaviors, CNN/Living, CNN.com, 10 Marso 2008 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/03/10/vatican.updates.sins.ap/index.html |access-date=11 Marso 2008 |archive-date=11 Marso 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311142051/http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/03/10/vatican.updates.sins.ap/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mga Sakramento=== ==Mga paghingi ng tawad ni Papa Juan Pablo II sa mga kasalanan ng Simbahang Romano Katoliko == Si Papa [[Juan Paulo II]] ay gumawa ng maraming mga paghingi ng tawad sa mga kasalanang ginawa ng Simbahang Romano Katoliko sa buong kasaysayan ng pag-iral nito. Kabilang sa mga hiningan ng tawad ng papa ang mga [[Hudaismo|Hudyo]], kay [[Galileo]], mga kababaihan, mga biktima ng [[Inkisisyon]], mga [[Muslim]] na nilipol ng mga nag-krusadang Katoliko at halos lahat ng taong dumanas sa ilalim ng Simbahang Romano Katoliko sa paglipas ng panahon.<ref name = "Stourton1">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |year=2006 |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-06 |publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2006 Hodder & Stoughton |location=[[London]] |isbn=0-340-90816-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/1 1]}}</ref> Ang higit sa 100 mga paghingi ng tawad ng papa at mga taon ng paghingi ng tawad ay kinabibilangan ng:<ref name="PopeApologises">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1671540.stm |title=BBC News Europe - Pope Sends His First E-Mail - An Apology |first=|last=BBC News Europe |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 Nobyembre 2001|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] |location=[[London, England|London]]|quote=from a laptop in the Vatican's frescoed Clementine Hall the 81-year-old pontiff transmitted the message, his first 'virtual' apology.|accessdate=30 Enero 2012}}</ref> *Ang panankop sa [[MesoAmerika]] ng Espanya sa ngalan ng Simbahang Romano Katoliko. *Ang [[Inkisisyon]] ng siyentipikong si [[Galileo Galilei]]. (1992) *Ang pakikilahok ng mga Katoliko sa [[kalakalan ng mga aliping Aprikano]] (1993). Noong maagang ika-13 siglo CE, ang opisyal na pagsuporta para sa [[pang-aalipin]] at pangangalakal ng alipin ay isinama sa [[Batas Kanon]] (Corpus Iuris Canonici) ni [[Papa Gregorio IX]],.<ref>Steven Epstein, ''Wage Labour & Guilds in Mediaeval Europe'' (1995), page 226</ref><ref>Ambe J. Njoh, ''Tradition, culture and development in Africa'' (2006), page 31</ref> Ang batas na Kanon ng Romano Katoliko ay nagbibigay ng apat na mga pamagat sa paghawak ng mga alipin: mga aliping nabihag sa digmaan, mga taong kinondena para sa pang-aalipin, mga taong nagbenta ng kanilang sarili sa pang-aalipin kabilang ang isang amang nagbenta ng kanyang anak na maging alipin at mga anak ng isang ina na isang alipin. Ang pang-aalipin ay itinakdang parusa ng mga Pangkalahatang Konseho, mga lokal na konseho ng simbahan at mga [[papa ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano]] noong 1179–1535 sa mga sumusunod: **Ang krimen ng pagtulong sa mga [[Saracen]] noong 1179-1450. **Ang krimen ng pagbebenta ng mga alipin sa mga Saracen noong 1425. Si [[Papa Martin V]] ay naglabas ng dalawang mga konstitusyon. Ang pagtatrapiko ng mga aliping Kristiyano ay hindi ipinagbawal ngunit ang pagbebenta lamang ng mga ito sa mga panginoong hindi Kristiyano. **Ang krimen ng brigandahe sa mga distritong mabundok ng [[Pyrenees]] noong 1179. **Hindi makatwirang agresyon o iba pang mga krimen noong 1309-1535. Ang parusa ng pagbihag at pang-aalipin para sa mga pamilyang Kristiyano o siyudad o estado ay ipinatupad ng ilang beses ng mga Papa. Ang mga sinentensiyahan ay kinabilangan ng mga [[Veneciano]] noong 1309.<ref>Maxwell p. 48-49</ref> Itinawalag ni [[Papa Gregorio XI]] ang mga [[Florentino]] at inutos ang mga itong alipinin kapag nabihag.<ref>''The Encyclopedia Americana''</ref> Ang mga [[bull ng papa]] gaya ng [[Dum Diversas]], [[Romanus Pontifex]] at mga hinango rito ay nagbasbas at pumayag sa pang-aalipin at ginamit upang pangatwiranan ang pang-aalipin ng mga [[katutubo]] at pagkakamit ng kanilang mga lupain sa panahong ito. *Ang papel ng Simbahang Katoliko sa pagpaslang sa pamamagitan ng [[pagsusunog sa poste|pagsusunog ng buhay sa poste]] laban sa mga [[erehe]] at sa pakikidigmang pang-[[relihiyon]] na sumunod sa [[Protestanteng Repormasyon]]. (1995) *Ang mga kawalang hustisya laban sa mga kababaihan, ang paglabag sa mga karapatan ng mga kababaihan at paninirang puri sa mga kababaihan. (1995) *Ang kawalang pagkilos at katahimikan ng maraming mga Katoliko noong [[Holocaust]] (1998). *Sa pagsunog ng buhay sa repormer na si [[Jan Hus]] noong 1415. (1999) *Sa mga kasalanan ng mga Katoliko sa paglipas ng mga panahon sa paglabag sa mga karapatan ng mga pangkat etniko at pagpapakita ng paglalapastangan sa mga [[relihiyon]] at kultura ng mga ito. (2000) *Sa mga kasalanan ng mga [[Ikaapat na Krusada|nagkrusada sa Constantinople]] noong 1204. (2001) *Sa mga [[pang-aabusong seksuwal ng mga paring Katoliko]]. (2001) *Sa mga sinuporthan ng Simbahang Katoliko na mga [[ninakaw na henerasyon]] ng mga batang [[Mga Aboriheng Awstralyano|aborihen]] sa Australia. (2001) *Sa Tsina, sa pag-aasal ng mga misyonaryong Katoliko sa mga panahong [[kolonyal]]. (2001) == Talababa == {{reflist|group=Note}} == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist|2}} ==Tingnan din== *[[Silangang Ortodokso]] {{Katolisismo}} {{Christianity footer}} [[Kategorya:Simbahang Katolika Romana| ]] qrpe43hj8brv07uexzer457prgxcf6j 0 19170 2204293 2203948 2026-04-22T23:12:44Z ~2026-24770-31 161137 /* Current regional versions */Clean up 2204293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image =24 Oras 2023 logo.svg | image_upright = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | alt_name = | native_name = | genre = [[:en:News|Balita]] | creator = [[GMA Network]] | based_on = | inspired_by = | developer = [[GMA News and Public Affairs]] | writer = | screenplay = | story = | director = | creative_director = | presenter ='''Mula Lunes-Biyernes'''<br>[[Mel Tiangco]]<br />[[Vicky Morales]]<br /> Emil Sumangil<br />'''Mula Sabado-Linggo'''<br>Pia Arcangel<br />Ivan Mayrina | starring = | judges = | voices = Joel Reyes Zobel (2004–2014)<br>Al Torres (since 2023)<br>Emil Sumangil (since 2023) | narrated = Joel Reyes Zobel (2004–2014)<br>[[Mike Enriquez]] (2014–2023)<br>[[Mel Tiangco]] (since 2022)<br>Emil Sumangil (since 2023) | theme_music_composer = | open_theme = | end_theme = | composer = | country = [[Pilipinas]] | language =Tagalog | num_seasons = | num_episodes = n/a (Araw-araw) | list_episodes = | executive_producer = | producer = | news_editor = | location = | cinematography = | animator = | editor = | camera = | runtime = 60-90 minuto (Lunes-Biyernes)<br>30-45 minuto (Sabado-Linggo) | company = | distributor = | budget = | network = [[GMA Network]] | picture_format = [[480i]] [[SDTV]]<br>[[1080i]] [[HDTV]] | audio_format = | first_run = | released = | first_aired = {{start date|2004|3|15}} | last_aired = kasalukuyan | preceded_by = [[Frontpage: Ulat ni Mel Tiangco]] | followed_by = | related = | website = | website_title = | production_website = | production_website_title = }} Ang '''24 Oras''' ''(Bente Kwatro Oras)'' ay ang kasalukuyang pangunahing palabas pambalita sa [[telebisyon]] ng [[GMA Network]] sa [[Pilipinas]] at naisasahimpapawid sa buong mundo sa [[GMA Pinoy TV]] at [[GMA News TV|GMA News TV International]]. Napapakinggan din ang ''24 Oras'' sa pamamagitan ng Super Radyo DZBB at ng mga himpilan nito sa buong bansa at napapanood din sa Facebook at YouTube account ng GMA News. Simulcast din sa [[DWDB-TV|GTV]] Channel 27 (DWDB-TV). Kasalukuyan itong pinapangunahan nina [[Mel Tiangco]], [[Vicky Morales]] at Emil Sumangil tuwing Lunes hanggang Biyernes at nina [[Pia Arcangel]] at Ivan Mayrina tuwing Sabado at Linggo. Napapanood din ito oras-oras sa pamamagitan ng ''24 Oras News Alert/ Breaking News'' bulletins na pinapangunahan ng iba't ibang mga tagapagbalita ng GMA News. ==Kasaysayan== '''2004''' Nagsimula ang 24 Oras, sa ideya ni Felipe L. Gozon, chairman ng GMA, na pagtambalin sina Mel Tiangco ng Frontpage, at Mike Enriquez ng Saksi. Ganap na nagsimula ang 24 Oras noong Marso 15, 2004, halos 2 buwan bago ang Pambansang halalan noong 2004. Sumali din sa Newscast si Pia Guanio para sa Showbiz segment nito. '''2010 - 24 Oras Weekend''' Noong Pebrero 21, 2010, nagsimula ang 24 Oras Weekend, ang mga naging tagapagbalita nito ay sina Jiggy Manicad at Pia Arcangel. '''2014''' Noong 2014, sumali si Vicky Morales sa 24 Oras, kasabay nito ay Nagrebrand ang nasabing newscast noong Nobyembre 10, 2014. '''2020 - 2023''' Noong 2020, umalis pansamantala ang mga orihinal na tagapagbalita ng 24 Oras, dahil sa COVID-19. Noong August 12, 2022, umalis si Mike Enriquez sa newscast, Upang tutukan ang kaniyang kalusugan. Subalit, siya ay namatay noong Agosto 29, 2023. Noong December 18, 2023, Nagrebrand ito patungo sa GMA Integrated News graphics, na ang nasa OBB ay sina Mel Tiangco, Vicky Morales, at Emil Sumangil. '''2024 - Ika-20 Taon''' Noong Marso 15, 2024, Ipinagdiwang ang ika-20 Anibersaryo ng 24 Oras, at Ibinalita ang mga mahahalagang Kaganapan sa pilot broadcast nito. ==Regional newscasts== Ang mga regional edition ng ''24 Oras'' ay ipinalalabas sa lahat ng istasyon na pagmamay-ari at pinamamahalaan ng GMA Regional TV at mga kaakibat nito sa buong bansa. Lahat ng regional edition ay ipinalalabas tuwing Lunes hanggang Biyernes ng hapon at ang ilan ay sabay na ipinalalabas sa GMA News TV International para sa mga manonood sa ibang overseas viewers at ang network's Super Radyo AM stations sa mga selected regions. ===Current regional versions=== ====Luzon==== *''[[:en:One North Central Luzon|24 Oras Ilokano]]'' (GMA Ilocos) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Ilokano|Ilocano]] - Binabalita nina '''Jorge Guerrero''' at '''Ivy Hernando'''. *''24 Oras Northern Luzon'' (GMA Baguio) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] - Binabalita nina '''Dobie de Guzman''' at '''Maira Wallis'''. *''[[:en:One North Central Luzon|24 Oras North Central Luzon]]'' (GMA Dagupan) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] - Binabalita nina '''CJ Torida''' at '''Joyce Ann Segui'''. *''24 Oras Cagayan Valley'' (GMA Isabela) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] - Binabalita nina '''Harris Julio''' at '''Darlene Gemino-Ballad'''. *''24 Oras Pampanga'' (GMA Pampanga) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Kapampangan|Kapampangan]] - Binabalita nina '''Gracie Rutao''' at '''Nicolette Henson-Hizon'''. *''24 Oras Southern Tagalog'' (GMA Batangas) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] - Binabalita nina '''Ace Medrano''', '''Ivy Saunar-Gasang''' at '''Jonathan Magistrado'''. *''24 Oras Palawan'' (GMA Palawan) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] - Binabalita nina '''Jay Zabanal''' at '''Lynette dela Cruz'''. *''[[:en:Balitang Bicolandia|24 Oras Bikol]]'' (GMA Bicol) Ipinapahayag sa [[Mga wikang Bikol|Bicolano]] - Binabalita nina '''Elmer Caseles''' at '''Kate Delovieres'''. ====Visayas==== *''[[:en:One Western Visayas|24 Oras Western Visayas]]'' (GMA Iloilo) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]] - Binabalita nina '''Gerthrode Charlotte-Tan''' at '''Atty. Jobert Peñaflorida'''. *''24 Oras Negros'' (GMA Bacolod) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]] - Binabalita nina '''Ryan Gamboa''', '''Adrian Prietos''' at '''Barbara Mijares'''. *''[[:en:Balitang Bisdak|24 Oras Central Visayas]]'' (GMA Cebu) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Sebwano|Cebuano]] - Binabalita nina '''Bobby Nalzaro''' at '''Cecille Quibod-Castro'''. *''24 Oras Eastern Visayas'' (GMA Tacloban) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Waray|Waray]] - Binabalita nina '''Ranulfo Docdocan''' at '''Sharon Evite-Carangue'''. ====Mindanao==== *''24 Oras Chavacano'' (GMA Zamboanga) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Chavacano|Chavacano]] - Binabalita nina '''Jewel Reyes'''. * ''[[:en:One Mindanao|24 Oras Northern Mindanao]]'' (GMA Northern Mindanao) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Sebwano|Cebuano]] - Binabalita nina '''Joe Legaspina'''. * ''[[:en:One Mindanao|24 Oras Southern Mindanao]]'' (GMA Davao) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Sebwano|Cebuano]] - Binabalita nina '''Tek Ocampo''' at '''Sarah Jane Hilomen-Velasco'''. *''24 Oras Socsksargen'' (GMA General Santos) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] - Binabalita nina '''Jay Dayupay'''. *''24 Oras Caraga'' (GMA Butuan) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Sebwano|Cebuano]] - Binabalita nina '''Charmaine Awitan'''. *''24 Oras Central Mindanao'' (GMA Cotabato) Ipinapahayag sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] - Binabalita nina '''Jasper Acosta'''. ==Mga tagapagbalita== ===Weekday edition=== * [[Mel Tiangco]] (2004–kasalukuyan) * [[Vicky Morales]] (2014–kasalukuyan) * [[Emil Sumangil]] (2023–kasalukuyan) * Atom Araullo (humahalili para kay Morales) * [[Jessica Soho]] (pansamantalang humahalili para kay Tiangco at Morales) * Iya Villania-Arellano <small>(Chika Minute anchor) </small> * Kim Atienza <small>(Resident Meterologist at #KuyaKimAnoNa anchor)</small> ===Weekend edition=== * [[Pia Arcangel]] * Ivan Mayrina * Kim Atienza <small>(#KuyaKimAnoNa anchor)</small> * Nelson Canlas <small>(Chika Minute anchor)</small> ===Mga dating tagapagabalita=== ''Weekdays'' * [[Mike Enriquez]] (2011–2022) * [[Pia Guanio]] (Chika Minute anchor) * Atom Araullo (Atomic Sports segment host) * Love Añover (Love Everyday segment reporter) ''Weekends'' * [[Jiggy Manicad]] (2011–2018) * Grace Lee (Chika Minute anchor, 2011-2012) * Luane Dy (Chika Minute anchor, 2012-2013) *Cata Tibayan (Chika Minue anchor, 2013-2015) ==Mga Parangal at Pagkilala== ===Asian Television Awards=== * 2005 Highly Commended, Best News Program - Camp Bagong Diwa Siege ===ENPRESS Golden Screen Awards for Television=== * 2011 Winner, Outstanding News Program ===PMPC Star Awards for Television=== * 2011 Winner, Best News Program * 2007 Winner, Best Female Newscaster (Mel Tiangco)<ref>[http://www.journal.com.ph/index.php?issue=2007-11-20&sec=3&aid=39584 Star Awards for TV winners], Journal Online, November 20, 2007</ref> * 2006 Winner, Best News Program <small>(tied w/ TV Patrol World)</small> ===Catholic Mass Media Awards (CMMA)=== * 2011 Winner, Best News Program * 2010 Special Citation for Best News Program (Ondoy and Maguindanao Massacre Coverage) * 2007 Winner, Best News Program * 2004 Winner, Best News Program ===New York Festivals=== * 2009 Winner, Gold World Medal for Coverage of an Ongoing Story<ref name="philstar.com">[http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=437863&publicationSubCategoryId=51]{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, The Philippine Star, February 6, 2009</ref> * 2009 Winner, Silver World Medal for Best Newscast<ref name="philstar.com"/> ===USTv Student Choice Awards=== * 2011 Winner, Best Local News and Public Affairs Program * 2009 Winner, Best News Program ===Gawad Tanglaw=== * 2012 Winner, Best News Program * 2009 Winner, Best News Program ===Guillermo Mendoza Memorial Foundation Awards=== * 2011 Winner, Most Popular News Program ===Northwest Samar State University Annual Awards=== * 2012 Winner, Best News and Public Affairs Program * 2012 Winner, Mike Enriquez: Best News and Public Affairs Male Program Anchor * 2012 Winner, Mel Tiangco: Best News and Public Affairs Female Program Anchor == Kaugnay na artikulo == * [[GMA Network]] * [[Tala ng mga palabas ng GMA Network]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{GMA News and Public Affairs}} [[Kategorya:GMA Network]] [[Kategorya:Mga serye sa telebisyon]] ngcc34tn10jcisceyhzy14ytxkhbd4c 0 21123 2204422 1908375 2026-04-23T09:00:28Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Bokod | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Benguet]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Bokod. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = Mag-isang Distrito ng Benguet | barangays = 10 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = Mauricio T. Macay | areakm2 = | population_density_km2 = | }} Ang '''Bayan ng Bokod''' ay isang ika-4 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Benguet]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==Mga Barangay== Ang Bayan ng Bokod ay nahahati sa 10 mga [[barangay]]. * Ambuclao * Bila * Bobok-Bisal * Daclan * Ekip * Karao * Nawal * Pito * Poblacion * Tikey ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Benguet}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan ng Benguet]] {{stub}} depepw3oyzuiegaszopa6n66123jqoe 0 21238 2204286 2197126 2026-04-22T22:58:49Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Apalit | larawan = FvfApalit9732 28.JPG | sealfile = Apalit logo.PNG | caption = Mapa ng [[Pampanga]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Apalit. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = Ika-apat na Distrito ng Pampanga | barangays = 12 | class = Ika-2 na Klase | mayor = Oscar Tetangco Jr. | areakm2 = 72 | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 78295 | population_density_km2 = | }} Ang '''Bayan ng Apalit''' ay isang ika-2 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Pampanga]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may [[populasyon]] na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ang bayan ay sikat dahil sa Apung Iru Fluvial Procession nito, na nakalista bilang isa sa pinakamahalagang hindi nasasalat na pamana ng kultura ng Pilipinas na nakabase sa tubig kung saan ginaganap ang pagdiriwang tuwing Hunyo 28-30; at dahil sa pandayan nito. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Apalit ay nahahati sa 12 mga [[barangay]]. * Balucuc * Calantipe * Cansinala * Capalangan * Colgante * Paligui * Sampaloc * San Juan (Poblacion) * San Vicente * Sucad * Sulipan * Tabuyuc (Santo Rosario) ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Pampanga}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} 8qp8qhmtm8pe2ibrjow4h34y8xdmpja 0 21463 2204437 1999636 2026-04-23T09:24:22Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Barlig | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Mountain Province]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Barlig. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 11 | class = Ika-5 na klase | mayor = Crispin Fiasilon | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 6351 | population_density_km2 = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Barlig''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Mountain Province]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Barlig ay nahahati sa 11 na mga [[barangay]] * Gawana * Fiangtin * Latang * Macalana * Lingoy * Lias Kanluran * Lias Silangan * Ogo-og * Kaleo * Chupac * Lunas ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.mountainprovince.net Mountainprovince.net Travel and News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320093938/http://mountainprovince.net/ |date=2008-03-20 }} *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Lalawigang Bulubundukin}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} oytmzi1bz1yeye5xehvfgf09pbd30hq 0 21465 2204442 1908353 2026-04-23T09:28:29Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Besao | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Mountain Province]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Besao. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 14 | class = Ika-5 Klase | mayor = Bart Guzman | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 9875 | population_density_km2 = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Besao''' ay isang ika-5 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Mountain Province]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Besao ay nahahati sa 14 na mga [[barangay]]. * Agawa * Ambaguio * Banguitan * Besao East (Besao Proper) * Besao West * Catengan * Gueday * Lacmaan * Laylaya * Padangan * Payeo * Suquib * Tamboan * Kin-iway (Pob.) ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} *[http://www.besao.gov.ph/ Official Website of Besao, Mountain Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709104126/http://www.besao.gov.ph/ |date=2007-07-09 }} {{Lalawigang Bulubundukin}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} g6bypx7ey63afmbxpfvw2qilws90zb9 0 21942 2204294 2197128 2026-04-22T23:15:00Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|bundok|Bundok Arayat}} {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Arayat | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Pampanga]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Arayat. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = Ika-3 na Distrito ng Pampanga | barangays = 30 | class = Ika-1 klase; | mayor = | areakm2 = 30 | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 101792 | population_density_km2 = | website = | coordinates = | }} Ang '''Bayan ng Arayat''' ay isang ika-1 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Pampanga]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ang Arayat ay nasa hangganan ng Candaba, [[Mehiko|Mexico]], Magalang, Santa Ana, at Cabiao sa Nueva Ecija. Malaking bahagi ng Mount Arayat ang matatagpuan sa loob ng munisipyong ito. Ang Arayat ay 22 kilometro (14 mi) mula sa San Fernando, 88 kilometro (55 mi) mula sa Maynila, at 7 kilometro (4.3 mi) mula sa Santa Ana. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Arayat ay nahahati sa 30 mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Arenas * Baliti * Batasan * Buensuceso * Candating * Gatiawin * Guemasan * La Paz (Turu) * Lacmit * Lacquios * Mangga-Cacutud * Mapalad * Palinlang * Paralaya * Plazang Luma | valign="top" | * Poblacion * San Agustin Norte * San Agustin Sur * San Antonio * San Jose Mesulo * San Juan Bano * San Mateo * San Nicolas * San Roque Bitas * Cupang (Santa Lucia) * Matamo (Santa Lucia) * Santo Niño Tabuan * Suclayin * Telapayong * Kaledian (Camba) |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.arayat.gov.ph/ Municipality of Arayat official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012222422/http://www.arayat.gov.ph/ |date=2007-10-12 }} *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Pampanga}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub|Pilipinas}} js0l6rfpbnmd64nhbfy5dxk0qxpmlqf 0 22109 2204413 2043820 2026-04-23T08:53:33Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Cabiao | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Nueva Ecija]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Cabiao. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = Ika-4 na Distrito ng Nueva Ecija | barangays = 23 | class = Ika-1 na Klase | mayor = Ramil B.Rivera | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2015 | population_total = 104,847 | population_density_km2 = | website = | coordinate = | }} Ang '''Bayan ng Cabiao''' ay isang ika-1 klaseng urbanisadong [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Nueva Ecija]], [[Pilipinas]]. Dahil sa magandang lokasyon para magnegosyo at mamuhunan, itinuturing ito ngayong isa sa pinakamabilis umunlad na bayan sa Nueva Ecija.Bilang kasapi sa "Palabigasan ng Pilipinas"pangunahing produktong panluwas, pangalawa sa mais at [[Batad|sorgum]] na ginagamit sa paggawa ng pagkain ng manok. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. ==Ekonomiya== Ang bayan ng Cabiao ay isa sa itinuturing na pinakamabilis at progresibong bayan sa lalawigan ng Nueva Ecija.Pangunahing pinagkukunan ng ikabubuhay ay ang pagsasaka, pagtatanim ng mga produktong tulad ng palay , mais, sorghum, mangga at mga gulay. May mga produktong tulad ng tocino, longganisa na may trabahong pinagkukunan rin ng ikabubuhay. Dahil sa lawak ng pananim, may mga lugar sa bukid na ginawang palaisdaan at pusawan upang paglagyan ng mga isda tulad ng tilapia, hito at dalag. Sa kasalukuyan tinatayang aabot sa P300,000,000.00 ang taunang kinikita ng bayan sa serbisyo at paglilingkod, maging sa mga buwis at taripa sa mga negosyong nakabase sa loob ng bayan. Ilan sa mga Negosyo at Serbisyong matatagpuan sa Cabiao ay ang mga sumusunod: * Cabiao Public Market * Cabiao Floating Market * Talipapa Market * Primark Town Center (Savemore Cabiao) * Puregold * Red Camia Mall (RCS Supermarket) * STM Supermarket * A and S Supermarket * MR.DIY * K Star Marketing * G Uy Shopping Center * Mercury Drug * Watson's Pharmacy * South Star Drug * Generika Drug * Motortrade * Wheeltek * Yamaha * [[Banco de Oro|BDO]] * Producers bank * GM bank * Merchants bank * Citizens bank * Rural bank of Jaen * [[Jollibee]] * Mang Inasal * [[7-Eleven]] * [[Ministop]] * Alfamart * O Save! ==Mga Barangay== Ang Bayan ng Cabiao ay nahahati sa 23 na mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Bagong Buhay ("Lote") * Bagong Sikat * Bagong Silang * Concepcion * Entablado * Maligaya * Natividad North (Pob.) * Natividad South (Pob.) * Palasinan * San Antonio ("Pantalan") * San Fernando Norte * San Fernando Sur | valign="top" | * San Gregorio * San Juan North (Pob.) * San Juan South (Pob.) * San Roque * San Vicente * Santa Rita * Sinipit * Polilio * San Carlos * Santa Isabel * Santa Ines |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.pasyalan.net/nueva_ecija/ Pasyalan Nueva Ecija] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823023553/http://www.pasyalan.net/nueva_ecija/ |date=2007-08-23 }} *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} *[http://andrew.suso.org/photoblog/showpix.php?thumb=medium&a%5B113%5D=y&a%5B112%5D=y&a%5B111%5D=y&a%5B110%5D=y&a%5B109%5D=y&a%5B107%5D=y&a%5B106%5D=y&a%5B105%5D=y&a%5B101%5D=y&a%5B97%5D=y&a%5B96%5D=y&num_albums=185 Photos from Cabiao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930161105/http://andrew.suso.org/photoblog/showpix.php?thumb=medium&a%5B113%5D=y&a%5B112%5D=y&a%5B111%5D=y&a%5B110%5D=y&a%5B109%5D=y&a%5B107%5D=y&a%5B106%5D=y&a%5B105%5D=y&a%5B101%5D=y&a%5B97%5D=y&a%5B96%5D=y&num_albums=185 |date=2007-09-30 }} {{Nueva Ecija}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] p5aycpb2xy0qmgak24jzvzr5dfqtw2d 0 22209 2204438 2197358 2026-04-23T09:25:26Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Binalbagan | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Negros Occidental]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Binalbagan. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | founded = | barangays = 16 | class = Ika-2 Klase | website = | mayor = Alejandro Mirasol | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 58280 | population_density_km2 = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Binalbagan''' ay isang ika-2 Klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Negros Occidental]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> Kabilang sa mga pangunahing gawaing pang-ekonomiya ang pagmamanupaktura, agrikultura, serbisyo, mga industriyang pang-cottage at turismo. Kilala rin ang Binalbagan para sa Binalbagan Isabela Sugar Company (BISCOM). ==Kasaysayan== Naging bayan ang Binalbagan noong Mayo 15, 1572<ref name="The Official Website of Binalbagan">{{cite web | title =Ang Opisyal na Website ng Binalbagan | url =http://www.binalbagan.gov.ph/history/ | accessdate =2012-05-20 | archive-date =2012-05-20 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120520153108/http://www.binalbagan.gov.ph/history/ | url-status =dead }}</ref> at isa sa unang dalawang pamayanan ng [[Negros Occidental]] (ang pangalawa ay ang munisipalidad ng [[Ilog, Negros Occidental|Ilog]]). Sa talaan, ang Binalbagan ang pinakamatandang bayan sa buong [[Isla ng Negros]], kaya natamo ang titulong, "Banwang Panganay" o pinakamatandang bayan. Ang munisipyo ay nagdiriwang ng taunang fiesta na tinatawag na "The Balbagan Festival" tuwing buwan ng Mayo. ==Heograpiya== Ang Binalbagan ay {{convert|64|km}} mula sa [[Bacolod]] at {{convert|151|km}} mula sa [[Dumaguete]]. ===Mga Barangay=== Ang bayan ng Binalbagan ay nahahati sa 16 [[barangay]]. * Amontay * Bagroy * Bi-ao * Canmoros (Pob.) * Enclaro (Pob.) * Marina (Pob.) * Paglaum (Pob.) * Payao * Progreso (Pob.) * San Jose * San Juan (Pob.) * San Pedro (Pob.) * San Teodoro (Pob.) * San Vicente (Pob.) * Santo Rosario (Pob.) * Santol ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} ===Mga Wika=== Ang mga tao sa lungsod ay nagsasalita ng [[Wikang Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]]. Karaniwang naiintindihan ang [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] at [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles]]. == Ekonomiya == {{Insidente ng kahirapan sa PH}} ==Edukasyon== ;Tersyarya * [[Binalbagan Catholic College]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Nakikiusap ang mga pari sa Negros para sa mga bakwit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fGcVAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA31 |access-date=12 Oktubre 2023 |publisher=Manila Standard |date=16 Nobyembre 1989 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="asean1">{{cite web |title=Mas Mataas na Edukasyon sa ASEAN |url=https://www.iau-aiu.net/IMG/pdf/iau_higher_education_in_asean-2.pdf |publisher=International Association of Universities |access-date=12 Oktubre 2023}}</ref> * [[Carlos Hilado Memorial State University]] (dating Negros Occidental School of Fisheries)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guadalquiver |first1=Nanette |title=Opisyal nang naging unibersidad ang NegOcc state college |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1172498?__cf_chl_tk=Fjqr0fACp_zNjeD8dLDgMMAG01S12dmF_u1qzOdc6og-1697090326-0-gaNycGzNDTs |access-date=12 Oktubre 2023 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=19 Abril 2022}}</ref> * [[Unibersidad ng Teknolohiya ng Pilipinas]]-Visayas Binalbagan Campus == Mga kilalang personalidad == *[[Jose Miguel Arroyo|Jose Miguel Tuason Arroyo]] (unang ginoo ng dating Pangulo ng Pilipinas, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo) *[[Iggy Arroyo|Ignacio "Iggy" Tuason Arroyo, Jr.]] (miyembro ng Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan ng Pilipinas) *[[Augurio Abeto]] (tinaguriang "Hari ng Hiligaynon Poetry") *[[Ian Clark Bautista]] (Southeast Asian Games Boxing Gold Medalist) == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} *[http://elgu.ncc.gov.ph/ecommunity/binalbagan-negoc/ Municipality of Binalbagan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604112458/http://elgu.ncc.gov.ph/ecommunity/binalbagan-negoc/ |date=2007-06-04 }} {{Negros Occidental}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] jmzagd67ddgpzirhweyyl49mnraixbk 0 22346 2204295 1908247 2026-04-22T23:16:07Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Badiangan | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Iloilo]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Badiangan. | region = [[Kanlurang Kabisayaan]] (Rehiyong VI) | province = [[Iloilo]] | districts = Ikatlong Distrito ng Iloilo | barangays = 31 | class = Ika-5 Klase | mayor = Suzette M. Mamon | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 31494 | population_density_km2 = | website = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Badiangan''' ay isang ika-5 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Iloilo]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Badiangan ay nahahati sa 31 mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Agusipan * Astorga * Bita-oyan * Botong * Budiawe * Cabanga-an * Cabayogan * Calansanan * Catubig * Guinawahan * Ilongbukid | valign="top" | * Indorohan * Iniligan * Latawan * Linayuan * Mainguit * Malublub * Manaolan * Mapili Grande * Mapili Sanjo * Odiongan | valign="top" | * Poblacion * San Julian * Sariri * Sianon * Sinuagan * Talaba * Tamocol * Teneclan * Tina * Bingauan |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Iloilo}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} realmjvab9jy0ezgtekx0mvupl0h1tq 0 22618 2204402 2197266 2026-04-23T08:37:08Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng {{PH wikidata|name}} | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng {{PH wikidata|province}} na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng {{PH wikidata|name}}. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 22 | class = x | mayor = | areakm2 = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Cabangan''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Zambales]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Authentication challenge pages |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=psa.gov.ph |language=en}}</ref> Ang lugar ay unang tinawag na Cabangaan pagkatapos ng hugis banga na mga bunga ng masaganang puno ng palma. Nang dumating ang mga Amerikano, mali ang pagbigkas nito bilang Cabangan, isang pangalan na kalaunan ay naging permanente. == Mga Barangay == Ang bayan ng Cabangan ay nahahati sa 22 na mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Anonang * Apo-apo * Arew * Banuanbayo (Pob.) * Cadmang-Reserva * Camiing * Casabaan * Del Carmen (Pob.) * Dolores (Pob.) * Felmida-Diaz * Laoag | valign="top" | * Lomboy * Longos * Mabanglit * New San Juan * San Antonio * San Isidro * San Juan (Pob.) * San Rafael * Santa Rita * Santo Niño * Tondo |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} *[http://www.casabaan.com/ Casabaan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508234107/http://www.casabaan.com/ |date=2007-05-08 }} *[http://www.insistonclassifieds.com Barangay Level Classifieds for Cabangan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309124207/https://insistonclassifieds.com/ |date=2021-03-09 }} {{Zambales}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] 0qapny5gezmwysdjf7352nifofu3w30 0 22793 2204406 1908881 2026-04-23T08:45:01Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Burgos | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Pangasinan]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Burgos. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = Unang Distrito ng Pangasinan | barangays = 14 | class = Ika-5 Klase | mayor = | website = | coordinates1 = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Burgos''' ay isang ika-5 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Pangasinan]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> Sa bayan ng burgos sa barangay Ilio-Ilio matatagpuan ang tagong paraiso. Ito ang Cabongaoan beach.malinis, maganda at tahimik na lugar. Makikita rin dito ang magagandang rock formation, malinaw na tubig at my Death/deep pool na tinatawag dito ng mga Burgosenian. Mula bayan ng burgos 1 hour ang byahe at 21km papuntang brgy Ilio ilio sitio Cabongaoan. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Burgos ay nahahati sa 14 na mga [[barangay]]. * Anapao (Bur Anapao) * Cacayasen * Concordia * Ilio-ilio (Iliw-iliw) * Papallasen * Poblacion * Pogoruac * Don Matias * San Miguel * San Pascual * San Vicente * Sapa Grande * Sapa Pequeña * Tambacan ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== * [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} * [http://www.pangasinan.gov.ph Official Website of the Provincial Government of Pangasinan] * [http://www.dalityapi.com Pangasinan: Preservation and Revitalization of the Pangasinan Language and Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008135138/https://www.dalityapi.com/ |date=2019-10-08 }} {{Pangasinan}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} bb1bm1mb8tl0a72gth1buwomyio8zr5 0 22861 2204405 1908897 2026-04-23T08:43:22Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Cabarroguis | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Quirino]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Cabarroguis. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 17 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = Avelino N. Agustin Jr. | areakm2 = | population_density_km2 = | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Cabarroguis''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Quirino]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> == Mga Barangay == Ang bayan ng Cabarroguis ay nahahati sa 17 mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Banuar * Burgos * Calaocan * Del Pilar * Dibibi * Eden * Gundaway (Pob.) * Mangandingay (Pob.) * San Marcos | valign="top" | * Villamor * Zamora * Villarose * Villa Peña (Capellangan) * Dingasan * Tucod * Gomez * Santo Domingo |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== * [http://quirinoprovince.org/ Official Website of Quirino Province]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Quirino}} {{Philippine Provincial Capitals}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} 851b0eank7pdzd4bcidsvj8yin3cuvz 0 22869 2204427 1921957 2026-04-23T09:11:06Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|ibang mga paksa|Bulusan}} {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Bulusan | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Sorsogon]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Bulusan. | region = [[Kabikulan]] (Rehiyong V) | province = [[Sorsogon]] | districts = | barangays = 24 | class = Ika-5 Klase | mayor = | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 20469 | population_density_km2 = | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Bulusan''' ay isang ika-5 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Sorsogon]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Bulusan ay nahahati sa 24 na mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Bagacay * Central (Pob.) * Cogon * Dancalan * Dapdap (Pob.) * Lalud * Looban (Pob.) * Mabuhay (Pob.) * Madlawon (Pob.) * Poctol (Pob.) * Porog * Sabang (Pob.) | valign="top" | * Salvacion * San Antonio * San Bernardo * San Francisco (Kapangihan) * San Isidro * San Jose * San Rafael * San Roque * San Vicente (Buhang) * Santa Barbara * Sapngan (Pob.) * Tinampo |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://dilgbicol.org/lgu-profiles.html LGU Profile of Bulusan, Sorsogon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806131445/http://dilgbicol.org/lgu-profiles.html |date=2010-08-06 }} *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Sorsogon}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} rwhg7wpjsck5i408c8pl0uh2lfff9pb 0 23173 2204446 2131808 2026-04-23T09:32:16Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Benito Soliven | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Isabela]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Benito Soliven. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 29 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = Benjamin Sanglay | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 22192 | population_density_km2 = | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Benito Soliven''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Isabela]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Benito Soliven ay nahahati sa 29 na mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Andabuen * Ara * Binogtungan * Capuseran (Capurocan) * Dagupan * Danipa * District II (Pob.) * Gomez * Guilingan * La Salette * Makindol * Maluno Norte * Maluno Sur * Nacalma * New Magsaysay | valign="top" | * District I (Pob.) * Punit * San Carlos * San Francisco * Santa Cruz * Sevillana * Sinipit * Lucban * Villaluz * Yeban Norte * Yeban Sur * Santiago * Placer * Balliao |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Isabela}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} 9s3i3yb9co1l7web27f0f98762k1hdd 0 23174 2204412 2160874 2026-04-23T08:52:36Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Burgos | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Isabela]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Burgos. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = Ikalawang Distrito ng Isabela | barangays = 14 | class = Ika-5 Klase | mayor = Felixnaldo Alabon, Sr. (Lakas-CMD) | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 20422 | population_density_km2 = | website = [http://www.burgos-isabeal.gov.ph/] | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Burgos''' ay isang ika-5 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Isabela]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Burgos ay nahahati sa 14 na mga [[barangay]]. *Bacnor East *Bacnor West *Caliguian *Catabban *Cullalabo del Norte *Cullalabo del Sur *Dalig *Malasin *Masigun East *Raniag *San Antonino *San Bonifacio *San Miguel *San Roque ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Isabela}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} olbqfl23bp00484vhoflkzy9zma2twu 0 23175 2204398 1908893 2026-04-23T08:33:18Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Cabagan | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Isabela]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Cabagan. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 26 | class = Ika-2 Klase | mayor = | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 41536 | population_density_km2 = | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Cabagan''' ay isang ika-2 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Isabela]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Cabagan ay nahahati sa 26 na mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Aggub * Anao * Angancasilian * Balasig * Cansan * Casibarag Norte * Casibarag Sur * Catabayungan * Cubag * Garita * Luquilu * Mabangug * Magassi | valign="top" | * Ngarag * Pilig Abajo * Pilig Alto * Centro (Pob.) * San Bernardo * San Juan * Saui * Tallag * Ugad * Union * Masipi East * Masipi West * San Antonio |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Isabela}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} 6u5uru1z3qijybkr7dfaladsp5tnekf 0 23176 2204411 2197269 2026-04-23T08:51:10Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Cabatuan | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Isabela]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Alicia. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 22 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 31659 | population_density_km2 = | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Cabatuan''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Isabela]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Bilang isang pangunahing [[bayan]] ng produksyon ng bigas na tinaguriang Lupain ng mga Ginintuang Butil, ito ay tahanan ng ilang mga gilingan ng bigas at mga mangangalakal ng bigas. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Cabatuan ay nahahati sa 22 mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Rang-ay (Caggong) * Calaocan * Canan * Centro (Pob.) * Culing Centro * Culing East * Culing West * Del Corpuz * Del Pilar * Diamantina * La Paz | valign="top" | * Luzon * Macalaoat * Magdalena * Magsaysay * Namnama * Nueva Era * Paraiso * Sampaloc * San Andres (Teodoro Abad) * Saranay * Tandul |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Isabela}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} iywg8y17vb55w4mtjk0kb3i9tokhpvz 0 23511 2204291 2161417 2026-04-22T23:07:17Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Badoc | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Ilocos Norte]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Badoc. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 31 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = Thomas N. Torralba | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Badoc''' ([[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]]: ''Baduk'') ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Ilocos Norte]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ito ang lugar ng kapanganakan ng Pilipinong pintor na si Juan Luna. Ang mga tourist spot sa bayang ito ay ang Luna Shrine, Luna Park, Badoc Island, Badoc Church at La Virgen Milagrosa Shrine, at ang mga magagandang beach ng La Virgen Migrosa, Gabut Norte, Pagsanahan, Aring, at Saud. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Badoc ay nahahati sa 31 [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Alay-Nangbabaan (Alay 15-B) * Alogoog * Ar-arusip * Aring * Balbaldez * Bato * Camanga * Canaan (Pob.) * Caraitan * Gabut Norte * Gabut Sur | valign="top" | * Garreta (Pob.) * Labut * Lacuben * Lubigan * Mabusag Norte * Mabusag Sur * Madupayas * Morong * Nagrebcan * Napu | valign="top" | * La Virgen Milagrosa * Pagsanahan Norte * Pagsanahan Sur * Paltit * Parang * Pasuc * Santa Cruz Norte * Santa Cruz Sur * Saud * Turod |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.pasyalan.net/ilocos_norte/ Pasyalan Ilocos Norte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328230224/http://www.pasyalan.net/ilocos_norte/ |date=2007-03-28 }} *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} *[http://www.census.gov.ph/census2000/index.html 2000 Philippine Census Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130095048/http://www.census.gov.ph/census2000/index.html |date=2010-01-30 }} *[http://www.cgstock.com/5519 stock photo of Badoc, Ilocos Norte, the Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310201613/http://www.cgstock.com/5519 |date=2007-03-10 }} {{Ilocos Norte}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] mnmsfja7dwfub2luv7arb1ftp86z6wc 0 23514 2204420 2161434 2026-04-23T08:58:33Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Burgos | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Ilocos Norte]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Burgos. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 11 | class = Ika-5 Klase | mayor = Crescente N. Garcia | areakm2 = | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Burgos''' ay isang ika-5 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Ilocos Norte]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ito ay tahanan ng siglong gulang na Cape Bojeador Lighthouse. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Burgos ay nahahati sa 11 mga [[barangay]]. * Ablan (Buraan) * Agaga * Bayog * Bobon * Buduan (Malituek) * Nagsurot * Paayas * Pagali * Poblacion (Ili) * Saoit * Tanap ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.pasyalan.net/ilocos_norte/ Pasyalan Ilocos Norte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328230224/http://www.pasyalan.net/ilocos_norte/ |date=2007-03-28 }} *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Ilocos Norte}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} 8ljdsbf57ts4p19dmp6brf0c1t4kg40 0 24232 2204282 1908270 2026-04-22T22:45:48Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Balangkayan | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Silangang Samar]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Balangkayan. | province = [[Silangang Samar]] | districts = | barangays = 15 | class = Ika-5 Klase | mayor = | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 8134 | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Balangkayan''' ay isang ika-5 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Silangang Samar]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Balangkayan ay nahahati sa 15 mga [[barangay]]. * Balogo * Bangon * Cabay * Caisawan * Cantubi * General Malvar * Guinpoliran * Julag * Magsaysay * Maramag * Poblacion I * Poblacion II * Poblacion III * Poblacion IV * Poblacion V ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Eastern Samar}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} b0akjr4287utd9dz7lkb3lu1lwufs1r 0 24254 2204429 2199425 2026-04-23T09:15:24Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{isapanahon|type=artikulo}} {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Buluan | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[{{wikidata|property|P131}}]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Buluan. | region = [[Nagsasariling Rehiyon ng Muslim sa Mindanao]] ([[Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao|ARMM]]) | province = [[Maguindanao]] | districts = Mag-isang Distrito ng Maguindanao | barangays = 7 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = Datu Ibrahim G. Mangudadatu | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 51098 | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Buluan''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[{{wikidata|property|P131}}]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Opisyal na itinalaga ng Republic Act No. 11550 ang Buluan bilang kabisera ng Maguindanao del Sur. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Buluan ay nahahati sa 7 mga [[barangay]]. * Digal * Lower Siling * Maslabeng * Poblacion * Popol * Talitay * Upper Siling ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} *{{PH wikidata|website}} {{Maguindanao del Sur}} [[Category:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} 9cnoxrohnz7nnvzxyppg2sbdl0wl2lb 0 25494 2204435 2083538 2026-04-23T09:23:24Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine city 2 | infoboxtitle = Lungsod ng Bayawan | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Negros Oriental]] na nagpapakita ng lokasyon ng Bayawan. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = | class = | mayor = | founded = | website = | cityhood = }} Ang '''Lungsod ng Bayawan''' ay isang pangunahing klaseng lungsod sa [[Pilipinas]] na matatagpuan sa lalawigan ng [[Negros Oriental]]. Ito ay may sukat na 699.08 kilometro kuwadrado. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==Mga Barangay== * Ali-is * Banaybanay * Banga * Villasol (Bato) * Boyco * Bugay * Cansumalig * Dawis * Kalamtukan * Kalumboyan * Malabugas * Mandu-ao * Maninihon * Minaba * Nangka * Narra * Pagatban * Poblacion * San Jose * San Miguel * San Roque * Suba ([[poblacion]]) * Tabuan * Tayawan * Tinago (poblacion) * Ubos (poblacion) * Villareal * San Isidro ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} ==Mga sanggunian== {{Reflist}} ==Websayt== *[http://www.bayawancity.gov.ph/ Bayawan City official government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204075438/http://www.bayawancity.gov.ph/ |date=2020-12-04 }} *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} *[http://www.census.gov.ph/ Philippine Census Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004104825/http://census.gov.ph/ |date=2013-10-04 }} *[http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23&frmIdDcfCode=7&fLguType=CM&frmIdRegion=10&frmIdProvince=58&frmIdLgu=1105 Local Governance Performance Management System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071947/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23&frmIdDcfCode=7&fLguType=CM&frmIdRegion=10&frmIdProvince=58&frmIdLgu=1105 |date=2016-03-04 }} [[Kaurian:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} a3e4g2zc6lb3dnqa2bayitdur8athpr 0 26825 2204251 2088250 2026-04-22T19:14:36Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ryza Cenon | image = Ryza Cenon in 2017.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Rhiza Ann Cenon Simbulan | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1987|12|21}} | birth_place = [[Gapan]], [[Nueva Ecija]], [[Pilipinas]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] | education = Agustinian School of [[Cabuyao]]<br />[[AMA Computer University|AMA Computer Learning Center]]<br />[[Center for Culinary Arts, Manila]] | other_names = Rhy, Izay | known_for = | occupation = Actress, teen star, dancer, model, painter | years_active = 2004–kasalukuyan | agent = [[GMA Artist Center]] (2004–2017)<br />[[GMA Network]] (2004–2018)<br />[[Viva Entertainment|Viva Artist Agency]] (2017–kasalukuyan)<br />[[ABS-CBN]] (2018–kasalukuyan) | spouse = | children = 1 | partner = | website = }} Si '''Ryza Cenon''' ay isang artista, mananayaw, at modelo sa Pilipinas. Siya ay itinanghal bilang ''Ultimate Female Survivor'' sa StarStruck Season 2 noong taong 2004.<ref name=starstruck>{{cite web|last1=Glorioso|first1=Bot|title=Many are called, few are chosen|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/371082/many-are-called-few-are-chosen|website=philstar.com|publisher=[[The Philippine Star]]|accessdate=25 November 2017|date=25 November 2006}}</ref> Gumanap siya sa maraming teleserye sa [[GMA Network]]. Ang ilan sa mga ito ay ang mga sumusunod: ''Darna'' (2005), ''Majika'' (2006)'', ''Fantastic Man'' (2007), ''Machete'' (2011), ''Legacy'' (2012), ''Indio'' (2013), ''Buena Familia'' (2015), at ''Alyas Robin Hood'' (2016). Noong 2016, gumanap siya bilang Jewel sa pelikulang ''Ang Manananggal sa Unit 23B''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Iglesias|first1=Iza|title=Horror meets ‘hugot’ in ‘Ang Manananggal sa Unit 23B’|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/horror-meets-hugot-ang-manananggal-sa-unit-23b/343178/|accessdate=25 November 2017|work=The Manila Times|agency=TMT|date=8 August 2017|archive-date=21 Agosto 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821084600/http://www.manilatimes.net/horror-meets-hugot-ang-manananggal-sa-unit-23b/343178/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang pinaka kilala niyang pagganap ay sa teleseryeng ''Ika 6 na Utos'' (2016) kung saan gumanap siya bilang si Georgia Ferrer, ang kabit ng karakter na ginagampanan ng aktor na si [[Gabby Concepcion]]. ==Pilmograpiya== ===Drama=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- <!-- Never add unnecessary background colors --> ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Source <!-- Use third party sources other than the actor's IMDB page --> |- <!-- Do not add rowspan --> | rowspan=2| 2005 | ''[[Now and Forever (seryeng pantelebisyon)|Now and Forever]]: [[Mukha (show)|Mukha]]'' | Mae | |- | ''[[Darna (2005 TV series)|Darna]]'' | Louella / Divas Impaktitas | |- | rowspan=3| 2006 | ''Ay, Robot!'' | Aiza | |- | ''[[Majika]]'' | Sara / Pria | |- | ''[[Fantastikids]]'' | Annabel | |- | 2007–2008 | ''[[Fantastic Man]]'' | Wena / Fantastic Girl | |- | 2008 | ''[[Joaquin Bordado]]'' | Cecille | |- | rowspan=3| 2009 | ''[[Gagambino]]'' | Ada | |- | ''[[Rosalinda (Philippine TV series)|Rosalinda]]'' | Abril Del Castillo | |- | ''[[Sine Novela]]: [[Gumapang Ka Sa Lusak (seryeng pantelebisyon)|Gumapang Ka Sa Lusak]]'' | Apple Madrigal | |- | rowspan=3| 2010 | ''[[Langit sa Piling Mo]]'' | Candy / Joy Flores | |- | ''[[Koreana (seryeng pantelebisyon)|Koreana]]'' | Darlene Roces | |- | ''[[Bantatay]]'' | Regine | |- | rowspan=3| 2011 | ''[[I Heart You, Pare!|I ♥ You, Pare!]]'' | Mia Valencia | |- | ''[[Machete (seryeng pantelebisyon)|Machete]]'' | Marla Lucero / Fake Aginaya / New Bugana | |- | ''[[Time of My Life (2011 TV series)|Time Of My Life]]'' | Rochelle | |- | rowspan=4| 2012 | ''[[Legacy (2012 TV series)|Legacy]]'' | Juliet | |- | ''[[My Beloved (TV series)|My Beloved]]'' | Teen Pepay | |- | ''[[Luna Blanca|Luna Blanca: Ang Ikalawang Yugto (Book 2)]]'' | Ashley Alvarez | <ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xS6Hne5Xtmk|title=Luna Blanca: Ang bagong kontrabida sa buhay ni Luna|author=GMA Network|date=July 22, 2012|publisher=GMA Network|accessdate=May 22, 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | ''[[Aso ni San Roque]]'' | Grace Santos | |- | 2012–2013 | ''[[Sana Ay Ikaw Na Nga (2012 TV series)|Sana Ay Ikaw Na Nga]]'' | Olga Villavicer / Sandra Sebastian | |- | rowspan=3| 2013 | ''[[Indio (seryeng pantelebisyon)|Indio]]'' | Isabel Alfonso | <ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d53RBdWwWSI|title=Indio: Isabel, ibinunyag ang lihim ni Esperanza|author=GMA Network|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=GMA Network|accessdate=May 14, 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | ''[[Prinsesa ng Buhay Ko]]'' | Selena Monteverde | |- | ''[[Adarna (TV series)|Adarna]]'' | Mikay | |- | 2014 | ''[[Innamorata (seryeng pantelebisyon)|Innamorata]]'' | Doña Priscilla Manansala | |- | rowspan=3| 2015 | ''[[Second Chances (2015 TV series)|Second Chances]]'' | Mariel | |- | ''[[Kailan Ba Tama ang Mali?]]'' | Margarita "Rita" Barcial | <ref>{{cite web|last1=|first1=|title=''Kailan ba Tama ang Mali'' premieres Monday|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/kailan-ba-tama-ang-mali-premieres-monday/161240/|website=manilatimes.net|publisher=The Manila Times|accessdate=May 14, 2018|date=February 7, 2015|archive-date=Mayo 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514214042/http://www.manilatimes.net/kailan-ba-tama-ang-mali-premieres-monday/161240/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[Buena Familia]]'' | Vaness Castro | <ref>{{cite web|last1=|first1=|title=Meet the ''Buena Familia''|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/meet-the-buena-familia/203292/|website=manilatimes.net|publisher=The Manila Times|accessdate=May 14, 2018|date=July 25, 2015|archive-date=Mayo 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514214052/http://www.manilatimes.net/meet-the-buena-familia/203292/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan=3| 2016 | ''[[A1 Ko Sa 'Yo]]'' | Candy | <ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0hZAJ7AWnw|title=A1 Ko Sa'yo: When your father turns out to be gay|author=GMA Network|date=July 8, 2016|publisher=GMA Network|accessdate=June 3, 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | ''[[Sinungaling Mong Puso]]'' | Leda Robles-Aguirre | |- | ''[[Alyas Robin Hood]]'' | Nancy Benitez | <ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUwQY-J4QAY|title=Alyas Robin Hood: Ang pagdating ni Malen|author=GMA Network|date=October 13, 2016|publisher=GMA Network|accessdate=November 22, 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2016–2018 | ''[[Ika-6 na Utos]]'' | Georgia "Adyang" Ferrer / Athena Francisco+ | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/26998/watch-ryza-cenon-sasabak-sa-kanyang-first-kontrabida-role/story|title=WATCH: Ryza Cenon, sasabak sa kanyang first primary antagonistic mistress role|last=|first=|date=|website=www.gmanetwork.com|access-date=May 17, 2018}}</ref> |- | rowspan=2|2018-2019 | ''[[Ang Probinsyano|FPJ's Ang Probinsyano]]'' | Aubrey Hidalgo | <ref>{{cite news|title=Ryza Cenon is now a Kapamilya|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/04/12/18/ryza-cenon-is-now-a-kapamilya|publisher=ABS-CBN News|date=April 12, 2018}}</ref> |- | ''[[Home Sweetie Home]]'' | Luisa Caruhatan | |- | 2019 | ''[[The General's Daughter (seryeng pantelebisyon)|The General's Daughter]]'' | 1st Lt. Jessie De Leon | <ref>{{cite news|title=Coming soon: Angel, Maricel, Eula, Janice and Ryza in ABS-CBN project|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/04/13/18/coming-soon-angel-maricel-eula-janice-and-ryza-in-abs-cbn-project|publisher=ABS-CBN News|date=April 13, 2018}}</ref> |- |} ===Drama Anthology=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Source |- | 2019 || ''[[Ipaglaban Mo! | Ipaglaban Mo]]: "Labandera"'' || Annie || |- | rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Ipaglaban Mo]]: "Dangal"''|| Helena || |- | ''[[Maalaala Mo Kaya]]: "Life On Wheels"''|| Rio || |- | 2017 || ''[[Magpakailanman]]: "The Healing Touch Of Love"'' || Jorina || <ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bt_AodaHgIg|title=Magpakailanman Teaser Ep. 231: 'The Healing Touch of Love'|author=GMA Network|date=May 25, 2017|publisher=GMA Network|accessdate=November 22, 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3"|2016 || ''[[Dear Uge|Dear Uge: Maid in China]]'' || Dahlia || <ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTqu-ZmDC4A|title=Dear Uge: Maid noon, sosyal na ngayon!|author=GMA Network|date=November 7, 2016|publisher=GMA Network|accessdate=November 22, 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | ''[[Karelasyon| Karelasyon: Third Eye]]'' || Marie || <ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQJlRT6IYUM|title=Karelasyon: Ang elementong umaaligid kay Jason|author=GMA Network|date=October 29, 2016|publisher=GMA Network|accessdate=December 2, 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | ''[[Maynila (seryeng pantelebisyon)|Maynila: Fan Mode]]'' || || |- | rowspan="4"|2015 || ''[[Imbestigador|Imbestigador: Magkapatid]]'' || Sara || <ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Dasmariñas rape-slay case, sisiyasatin ng 'Imbestigador'|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/publicaffairs/imbestigador/571214/dasmarinas-rape-slay-case-sisiyasatin-ng-imbestigador/story/|website=gmanetwork.com|publisher=GMA News|accessdate=December 2, 2017|date=June 24, 2016}}</ref> |- | ''[[Karelasyon| Karelasyon#PanchoLJRyza]]'' || Linda || <ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOMViKS64zU|title=Karelasyon: The substitute wife (full episode)|author=GMA Network|date=August 19, 2017|publisher=GMA Network|accessdate=November 22, 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | ''[[Magpakailanman]]: "Tapat na Asawa, Baliw na Ina: The Ompong and Vangie Pagunsan Story"'' || || |- | ''[[Maynila (TV series)|Maynila: Sisters for Life]]'' || Miranda || |- | rowspan="3"| 2014 || ''[[Magpakailanman]]: "Ang Ina na Hindi Malilimutan: The Lauro Tuaño Story"'' || Malou || <ref>{{cite web|last1=|first1=|title=Magpakailanman presents "Ang Ina na Hindi Malilimutan: The Lauro Tuaño Story"|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/tv/magpakailanmannew/11442/magpakailanman-presents-ang-ina-na-hindi-malilimutan-the-lauro-tuao-story/story|website=gmanetwork.com|publisher=GMA Entertainment|accessdate=May 22, 2018|date=August 18, 2014}}</ref> |- | ''[[Magpakailanman]]: "Tatay na si Totoy, Nanay na si Nene: The Moymoy and Rina Story"'' || Cynthia || |- | ''Wagas: Marc & Danica Love Story'' || Danica Sotto || <ref>{{cite web|last1=|first1=|title=Marc Pingris and Danica Sotto love story on 'Wagas'|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/newstv/wagas/368499/marc-pingris-and-danica-sotto-love-story-on-wagas/story/|website=gmanetwork.com|publisher=GMA News|accessdate=May 22, 2018|date=July 3, 2014}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4"| 2013 || ''Wagas: Ed-Julie Love Story'' || Julie || <ref>{{cite web|last1=|first1=|title=Maghihintay sa'yo: The Ed and Juliana Love Story sa 'Wagas'|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/newstv/wagas/325126/maghihintay-sa-yo-the-ed-and-juliana-love-story-sa-wagas/story/|website=gmanetwork.com|publisher=GMA News|accessdate=May 22, 2018|date=September 5, 2013}}</ref> |- | ''[[Magpakailanman]]: "Coming Out: The Charice Pempengco Story"'' || Alyssa Quijano || <ref>{{cite web|last1=|first1=|title=Charice Pempengco's "coming-out" story will be portrayed in Magpakailanman|url=https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/12353/charice-pempengco39s-coming-out-story-will-be-portrayed-in-magpakailanman|website=pep.ph|publisher=Philippine Entertainment Portal, Inc.|accessdate=May 14, 2018|date=August 7, 2013|archive-date=Mayo 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213814/https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/12353/charice-pempengco39s-coming-out-story-will-be-portrayed-in-magpakailanman|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[Magpakailanman]]: "Transman: The Nil Nodalo Story'' || Kat || |- | ''Tanikala V: Liwanag sa Dapithapon'' || May Montealegre || <ref>{{cite web|last1=|first1=|title=Ryza Cenon Plays Shabu Addict-Prosti Role In ‘Tanikala 5’|url=http://orangemagazine.ph/2013/ryza-cenon-plays-shabu-addict-prosti-role-in-tanikala-5/|website=orangemagazine.ph|publisher=Orangemagazine|accessdate=May 22, 2018|date=March 13, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Magpakailanman]]: "The Power of Love: The Nathaniel Cruz Story (2012)"'' || Jenny || |- | ''[[Spooky Nights| Spooky Nights: Sapi]]'' || White Lady || |- | 2011 || ''[[Spooky Nights| Spooky Nights: Panata]]'' || Alice || <ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZb1-DiwNqo|title=Spooky Nights: Panata|author=GMA Network|date=December 7, 2011|publisher=GMA Network|accessdate=May 22, 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"| 2010 ||''[[Face to Face (Philippine Talk Show)|Face to Face Untold Stories: Dalawang Babae, Pusong Lalake]]'' || Dawn || |- | ''[[Dear Friend| Dear Friend Presents: Tisay]]'' || Weng || |- | rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[SRO Cinemaserye| SRO Cinemaserye Presents: Exchange Gift]]''|| Veronique || |- | ''[[Dear Friend| Dear Friend Presents: Bakasyonista]]''|| Mia || |- | 2008 || ''[[Dear Friend]]''|| Kate || |- | rowspan="2"| 2006 || ''[[Love to Love (TV series)|Love to Love (Season 12): Jass Got Lucky]]'' || Chloe || |- | ''[[Love to Love (TV series)|Love To Love (Season 8): Stuck In Love]]'' || Barbie || |- | 2005 || ''[[Baywalk]]''|| Various || |} ===Comedy, Others, Variety, and Reality Shows=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Source |- | 2018–kasalukuyan || ''[[ASAP (variety show)|ASAP]]'' || Co Host / Performer || |- | 2016-2017 || ''[[Sunday PinaSaya]]'' || Performer || <ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuxgg1xkWP4|title=Sunday PinaSaya: Intense acting lesson with Sunshine Dizon and Ryza Cenon|author=GMA Network|date=March 19, 2017|publisher=GMA Network|accessdate=May 10, 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2011–2013 || ''[[Party Pilipinas]]'' || rowspan="3"| Herself / Performer || |- | rowspan="2"| 2005 || ''[[SOP (Sobrang Okey Pare)|SOP]]'' || |- | ''[[SOP Gigsters]]'' || |- | 2004 || ''[[StarStruck (Season 2)|StarStruck]]'' || Herself / Ultimate Female Survivor || <ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pc1V_MX_u8U|title=‘StarStruck' throwback: The opening of Season 2|author=GMA Network|date=August 14, 2015|publisher=GMA Network|accessdate=May 10, 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> |} ===Pelikula=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Title !! Role |- | 2018 || ''[[Jack Em Popoy: The Puliscredibles]]'' || Andrea Montenegro |- | 2017 || ''Mr. & Mrs. Cruz'' || Gela |- | 2016 || ''[[Ang Manananggal sa Unit 23B]]'' || Jewel |- | 2016 || ''[[Enteng Kabisote 10 and the Abangers]]'' || Ruth |- | 2016 || ''Diyos-diyosan'' || |- | 2012 || ''Migrante'' || Mila |- | 2006 || ''Puso 3''|| - |- | 2005 || ''[[Lovestruck]]''|| Myka |- |} == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} {{BD|1987|LIVING|Cenon, Ryza}} [[Kaurian:Mga artista mula sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga taga-Nueva Ecija]] {{Pilipinas-artista-stub}} gaz9btaakgtevhx0xjz5fr869fqf4w2 0 31018 2204255 2094769 2026-04-22T20:18:00Z Sharktube2000 161034 2204255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Paraphyletic group | name = Kuneho | auto = yes | fossil_range = Huling [[Eoseno]]–[[Holoseno]], {{Fossil range|53|0}} | image = Oryctolagus cuniculus Rcdo.jpg | image_alt = A small brown rabbit sat on the dirt in a forest. Its ears are small and alert and the tip of its nose, part of its chest and one of its feet are white. | image_caption = [[Kunehong Europeano]] (''Oryctolagus cuniculus'') | parent = Leporidae | subdivision_ranks = Included genera | subdivision = {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|{{plainlist| *''[[Pentalagus]]'' *''[[Bunolagus]]'' *''[[Nesolagus]]'' *''[[Romerolagus]]'' *''[[Brachylagus]]'' *''[[Sylvilagus]]'' *''[[European rabbit|Oryctolagus]]'' *''[[Poelagus]]'' }}}}}} Ang mga '''kuneho''' ay mga maliliit na [[mamalya]]ng nasa [[Pamilya (biyolohiya)|pamilya]]ng [[Leporidae]] ng uri o order na [[Lagomorpha]], na matatagpuan sa maraming parte ng mundo. May pitong magkakaibang [[genus|genera]] sa pamilya nito at tinatawag na mga kuneho: kabilang ang [[kunehong Europeano]] (''Oryctolagus cuniculus''), kunehong buntot-bulak (genus na ''Sylvilagus''; 13 [[espesye]]), at ang [[kunehong Amami]] (''Pentalagus furnessi'', isang namimiligrong espesye sa [[Amami Ōshima]], [[Hapon]]). May iba pang mga espesye ng kunehong bumubuo sa order na [[Lagomorpha]] na kabilang ang mga buntot-bulak, mga pika, at mga tinatawag na [[liyebre]] ( [[:en:Hare|''hare'']]) sa wikang [[Ingles]]. Sa pangkalahatan, nabubuhay ang mga kuneho na may habang apat hanggang dalawampung mga taon. == Mga sanggunian == {{English|Rabbit}} {{commons|Rabbit}} == Mga panlabas na kawing == * [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rabbit Aklat sa Pagluluto: Kuneho] sa [http://en.Wikibooks.org Wikiklat (wikang Ingles)] * [http://world-rabbit-science.org/ ''World Rabbit Science Association'' (Pansandaigdigang Asosasyon ng Agham Pangkuneho)] * [http://www.arba.net/ ''American Rabbit Breeders Association'' (Asosasyon ng mga Tagapagparami ng mga Kuneho sa Amerika)] * [http://wrsa.ru/ ''Russian Branch of the WRSA'' (Sangay sa Ruso ng WRSA)] (nasa wikang [[Ruso]] lamang) * [http://havingapoo.blogspot.com/2007/10/rabbit-casserole.html ''How to skin and prepare a rabbit for the pot'' (Paano balatan at ihanda ang isang kuneho para sa kawali)] * [http://www.muridae.com/rabbits/rabbittalk.html ''The (mostly) silent language of rabbits'' (Ang halos tahimik na wika ng mga kuneho)] * [http://www.bunniwerks.org/symbols.htm ''Rabbits as Cultural Symbols in Narrative'' (Ang mga kuneho bilang mga simbolo sa mga kuwento)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928043115/http://www.bunniwerks.org/symbols.htm |date=2007-09-28 }} * [http://www.bunniwerks.org/lore.htm ''Rabbits as Archetypal Symbols in Literature'' (Ang mga kuneho bilang mga simbolong arketaypal sa literatura)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928043122/http://www.bunniwerks.org/lore.htm |date=2007-09-28 }} * [http://www.popularpets.net/rabbits.php ''Rabbit Care Sheets and Pictures'' (Mga pilyego at larawan tungkol sa pagaalaga ng mga kuneho)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007005722/http://www.popularpets.net/rabbits.php |date=2007-10-07 }} [[Kategorya:Lagomorpha]] [[Kategorya:Leporidae]] [[Kategorya:Pagkain]] {{stub|Mamalya}} 2c185q2m6zu4wd4o8po521qcmj7fesq 0 31211 2204340 2200964 2026-04-23T05:29:31Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Website | name = [[Image:Wikipedia-favicon.png|16px|Favicon ng Wikipedia]] Wikipediang Tagalog<br>{{small|ᜏᜒᜃᜒᜉᜒᜇᜒᜌᜅ᜔ ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔}} | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tl.png|200px|[[Tandang pagkakakilanlan]] ng Wikipediang Tagalog]] | screenshot = [[File:Tagalog Wikipedia screenshot.png|340px|Unang Pahina ng Wikipediang Tagalog]] | collapsible = yes | url = [http://tl.wikipedia.org tl.wikipedia.org] | commercial = Hindi | country_of_origin = {{flag|Pilipinas}} | owner = [[Pundasyong Wikimedia]] | type = Proyektong Ensiklopedya sa Internet | language = [[Wikang Tagalog]] ([[Wikang Tagalog|ᜏᜒᜃᜅ᜕ ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜕]]) | registration = Hindi sapilitan | launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|p=yes|br=yes|2003|12|1}} | current_status = Aktibo | author = }} {{Contains special characters|Baybayin}} Ang '''Wikipediang Tagalog''' ([[Baybayin]]: '''ᜏᜒᜃᜒᜉᜒᜇ᜕ᜌᜅ᜕ ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜕'''; {{Lang-en|Tagalog Wikipedia}}) ay eksklusibong edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa wikang [[wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] sa [[Pilipinas]] na nagsimula noong Disyembre 2003. Ito ay may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|tl}} round-0}}}} artikulo, at ito ang {{Ordinal|{{Wikipedia rank by size|tl}}}} pinakamalaking Wikipedia ayon sa bilang ng artikulo pagsapit ng {{Currentmonthday}}, {{Currentyear}}.<ref>[[Unang Pahina|"Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya: Unang Pahina".]] ''Tagalog Wikipedia''. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Hulyo 24, 2015. Nakuha noong Hulyo 24, 2015.</ref> ==Kasaysayan== {{Main|Talaan ng mga Wikipedia sa Pilipinas}} Sinimulan ang Wikipediang Tagalog, ''Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya'', noong [[Disyembre]] 2003{{fact|Nobyembre 2020}} bilang unang Wikipedia sa isa sa mga [[Mga wikang Pilipino|wika ng Pilipinas]]. Pagsapit ng Pebrero 3, 2011, ito ay may higit sa [[:tl:Special:Statistics|50,000 artikulo]].<ref>[[Unang Pahina|Tagalog Wikipedia]], nakuha noong Pebrero 3, 2011</ref> [[Bantayan, Cebu]] ang naging ika-10,000 artikulo noong Oktubre 20, 2007 habang [[Pasko sa Pilipinas]] ang naging ika-15,000 artikulo noong Disyembre 24, 2007.<ref name="WPPinoy">[[:en:Wikipedia:PINOY|Mula sa ''Announcements'' (Mga Paunawa) sa ''Wikipedia:Tambayan'' ng Wikipediang Ingles]]</ref> Nakumpleto sa [[:betawiki:Main Page|Betawiki]] (o [[:betawiki:Main Page|Translatewiki.net]]) ang pagsasapook o lokalisasyon ng pagsasalinwika ng mga mensaheng pansopwer ng Wikipediang Tagalog noong 6 Pebrero 2009.<ref name="Betawiki">[http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&translations=only&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} Tala ng gawain sa Translatewiki.net (Betawiki)]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, noong 6 Pebrero 2009.</ref> Noong 2011, naging bahagi ang Wikipediang Tagalog ng [[meta:Research:WikiHistories fellowship|''WikiHistories fellowship'']], isang proyekto sa pananaliksik ng [[Pundasyong Wikimedia]]. Sinusubok ng proyekto ang paglahad ng mga tagumpay, kabiguan, at pang-araw-araw na pakikibaka ng mga patnugot na nagsusumikap na maging ganap ang pangarap na pandaigdigang pagbabahagi ng kaalaman.<ref>[[metawiki:Research:WikiHistories fellowship|Mula sa pahina ng proyektong WikiHistories]]</ref> ===Estadistika=== <div style="float:right; margin-left:10px"></div> *Marso 11, 2008: ''[[:tl:Pandaka pygmaea|Pandaka pygmaea]]'' - ika-16,000 artikulo<ref name="UsapanPandaka">[http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Pandaka_pygmaea Mula sa pahina ng usapan ng Pandaka Pygmaea]</ref> * Hunyo 30, 2008: ''[[Silindro (gamit panugtog)|Silindro]]'' - ika-17,000 artikulo<ref name=Silindro>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Silindro_%28gamit_panugtog%29 Pahina ng usapan ng Silindro]</ref> * Agosto 5, 2008: ''[[Unang Aklat ng mga Macabeo]]'' - ika-18,000 artikulo<ref name=Macabeo>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Unang_Aklat_ng_mga_Macabeo Pahina ng usapan ng Unang Aklat ng mga Macabeo]</ref> * Oktubre 2, 2008: ''[[Heriyatriko]]'' - ika-19,000 artikulo<ref name=Heriyatriko>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usapan:Heriyatriko Pahina ng usapan ng Heriyatriko]</ref> * Nobyembre 1, 2008: ''[[Anak ng Tao]]'' - ika-20,000 artikulo<ref name=AnakngTao>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usapan:Anak_ng_Tao Pahina ng usapan ng Anak ng Tao]</ref> * Marso 22, 2010: ''[[Sky Girls]]'' - ika-25,000 artikulo<ref name=SkyGirls>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usapan:Sky_Girls Pahina ng usapan ng Sky Girls]</ref> * Hulyo 20, 2010: ''[[Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf]]'' - ika-30,000 artikulo<ref name=CW>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usapan:Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf Pahina ng usapan ng Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf]</ref> * Oktubre 25, 2010: ''[[1714 Sy]]'' - ika-40,000 artikulo<ref name=1714SY>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usapan:1714_Sy Pahina ng usapan ng 1714 Sy]</ref> * Nobyembre 9, 2010: ''[[Ekonometriks]]'' - ika-45,000 artikulo<ref name=Ekonometriks>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usapan:Ekonometriks Pahina ng usapan ng Ekonometriks]</ref> * Enero 15, 2011: ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal]]'' - ika-50,000 artikulo<ref name=YGO>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usapan:Lalaking Vitruvio Pahina ng usapan ng Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal]{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Pebrero 4, 2013: ''[[Lalaking Vitruvio]]'' - ika-60,000 artikulo<ref name=LV>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usapan:Lalaking Vitruvio Pahina ng usapan ng Lalaking Vitruvio]{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dahil sa pabura ng mga maiikling artikulo na nagsimula noong 2018, naging nasa baba ng 45,000 ang bilang ng artikulo ayon noong Disyembre 2022. ===Mga unang hakbang ng Wikipediang Tagalog=== Ang unang naikargang artikulo ay [[Wikipedia]] (maliban sa [[Unang Pahina]]), noong Marso 25, 2004. Noong maluwag pa ang pamantayan ng Wikipediang Tagalog, ang pinaka-unang [[:Wikipedia:Mga napiling artikulo|Napiling Artikulo]] ay ang ''[[Livestrong wristband]]'', ngunit napalitan ito ng artikulong ''[[Kimika]]'' (ayon sa nabagong pamantayan).<ref>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo&direction=next&oldid=22753 Mula sa Supnayan ng Tagalog Wikipedia]</ref> Ngunit napalitan din ang ''Kimika'' dahil sa isang proseso ng pagsusuri at pagbabalik-tanaw.<ref>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3APagbabalik-tanaw_sa_mga_napiling_artikulo&diff=190910&oldid=187843 Wikipedia: Pagbabalik-tanaw sa artikulong ''Kimika''], Marso 25-26, 2008.</ref> Kung tutuusin, ang unang napiling artikulo na nanatili pagkatapos ng pagsusuri ay tungkol sa [[:tl:Keso|keso]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Česky|url=http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo&direction=next&oldid=33368|title=Mula sa artisbo ng ''Wikipedia:Mga napiling artikulo''|publisher=Tl.wikipedia.org|date=|accessdate=2012-02-15|language=tl}}</ref> Gayundin, ang unang [[Wikipedia:Supnayan ng mga nagdaang napiling larawan|Napiling Larawan]] ay ang ''Image:Flutterbye.jpg'' para sa artikulong [[Paru-parong Viceroy]], subalit napalitan ng ''[[:Image:St Vitus stained glass.jpg]]'' na para sa artikulong [[Katedral ni San Vito]].<ref>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Supnayan_ng_mga_nagdaang_napiling_larawan&direction=next&oldid=32917 Mula sa Supnayan ng Tagalog Wikipedia].</ref> Ang tatlong unang artikulong pang-[[:Wikipedia:Mga huling dinagdag|<u>Alam Ba Ninyo</u>?]] ay ang [[Web browser]], [[Wikang Bulgaro]], at [[Pilipinas]].<ref name="TW2005">[http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:UnangPahinaAlam&oldid=14215 Mula sa pahinang pangkasaysayan ng Suleras ng Alam Ba Ninyo?]</ref> Naaprubahang may kundisyon ang ''[http://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wn/tl Tagalog Wikinews]'' ([[:incubator:Wn/tl|Wikibalita]]) noong Disyembre 19, 2007.<ref name="WPPinoy" /> Nagkaroon ng seksiyong [[Wikipedia:Mga pangyayari noong unang panahon|Sa Araw na Ito]] sa Unang Pahina noong 2 Abril 2008, ngunit pansamantalang itinago ito noong 3 Mayo 2008 dahil sa kakulangan ng taga-ambag sa bahaging ito.<ref name="SaArawnaIto">[http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mga_pangyayari_noong_unang_panahon&oldid=193523 Mula sa kasaysayan ng Wikipedia:Mga pangyayari noong unang panahon]</ref><ref name="SaArawnaIto2">[http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unang_Pahina&oldid=201870 Mula sa kasaysayan ng Unang Pahina]</ref> ==Mga katangian== May ilang mga katangian ang Wikipediang Tagalog na nagpapaiba ito sa ibang mga edisyong pangwika ng Wikipedia. Ayon kay [[Michael Tan]], isang [[antropologo]]ng Filipino at kolumnista sa ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]'', malakihang umaasa ang Wikipediang Tagalog sa [[UP Diksiyonaryong Filipino]] para sa saligang mga kahulugan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/9149/%E2%80%98utak%E2%80%99 |title=''Pinoy Kasi'': 'Utak' |last=Tan |first= Michael |author-link=Michael Tan |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=Agosto 2, 2011|access-date=Oktubre 23, 2015}}</ref> Bagamat nakatuon ito sa wikang Tagalog, mayroon itong mga pahina na nagbibigay ng gabay sa mga hindi gumagamit ng wikang Tagalog para sa mga bagay na may kinalaman sa proyekto.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/120098/hold-up-half-the-sky-not-there-yet|title=The Artist Abroad: Hold up half the sky? Not there yet|last=Francia|first=Luis|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=Marso 27, 2015|access-date=Oktubre 23, 2015|language=en|trans-title=Ang Manlilikha sa Ibayong Dagat: Naghahawak sa kalahati ng langit? Wala pa roon}}</ref> ===Saklaw ng edisyon=== Ang Wikipediang Tagalog ay may mahalagang saklaw ng mga paksang may kinalaman sa Pilipinas, gayon din sa mga paksang may kinalaman sa [[anime]] at [[manga]]. Noong 2010, naglabas ang [[GMA News and Public Affairs]] ng isang ulat na pumupuna sa kakulangan nito ng mga artikulong may kinalaman sa [[agham]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/202631/scitech/google-translate-spews-profanities-in-filipino|title=Google Translate spews profanities in Filipino|last1=Dimacali|first1=Timothy James M.|author-link1=TJ Dimacali|newspaper=[[GMA News]]|date=Oktubre 5, 2010|language=en|trans-title=Google Translate, nagbubuga ng mga kabastusan sa Filipino}}</ref> ===Pangalan ng proyekto=== Sang-ayon sa ibang mga Wikipedista sa Tagalog at Ingles na mga Wikipedia, ang Wikipediang ito'y kumakatawan sa wikang [[wikang Filipino|Filipino]].<ref name=Wika>[[Wikipedia:Pamantayang pangwika]] ; [[Wikipedia:Gabay sa abakada at pagbabaybay]]</ref><ref>[http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Kapihan&oldid=352405 Wikipedia:Kapihan: "Filipino Wikipedia (na nasa Wikimedia Incubator)"]</ref><ref>Kaugnay: [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Tambayan Philippines/Archive14#The Filipino Wiktionary Debate .28formerly It.27s official.29|''The Filipino Wiktionary Debate (formerly It's official)'']] ([[:en:Wikipedia talk:Tambayan Philippines/Archive14#The Filipino Wiktionary Debate .28formerly It.27s official.29|WP:Tambay Archive14]].)</ref> Ayon naman sa Vibal Foundation, isang pundasyon na pinasimunuan ang [[WikiPilipinas]], magkaiba raw ang tinayo nitong [[wiki]] na WikiFilipino sa Wikipediang Tagalog dahil gumagamit ang WikiFilipino ng Filipino at Tagalog naman ang Wikipediang Tagalog.<ref name="vibal">{{cite web |title=WikiFilipino, Isang Pagsusuri |url=http://www.vibalfoundation.org/?p=16 |work=Kristine Mandigma |publisher=Vibal Foundation |accessdate=2009-05-15 }}{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ang pagkakaiba o pagkakapareho ng Tagalog sa Wikipedia ang naging sanhi ng isang [[Wikipedia:Pagsalin ng mga nilalaman ng Wikipedia na ito sa Filipino|pagtatalo]] ng mga tagagamit sa pangalan ng proyekto. Nabanggit ang pagtatalong ito sa isang artikulo ng DILA (''Defenders of the Indigenous Languages of the Archipelago'')<ref name="dila">{{cite web|title=''The Subdialect Filipino''|url=http://www.dila.ph/subdialect_filipino.pdf|work=Edwin Camaya|publisher=Defenders of the Indigenous Languages of the Archipelago|accessdate=2009-05-15|language=en|trans-title="Ang Subdiyalektong Filipino"|archive-date=2012-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118172414/http://www.dila.ph/subdialect_filipino.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>, isang samahan na ipinagtatanggol ang [[Mga wika sa Pilipinas|mga katutubong wika ng Pilipinas]]. == Kompara sa ibang edisyong Wikipedia sa wikang nakabase sa Pilipinas == Mas kakaunti ang mga artikulo sa Wikipediang Tagalog kompara sa [[Wikipediang Sebuwano]], ang pinakamalaking edisyon ng Wikipedia sa wikang nakabase sa Pilipinas, na may higit sa {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ceb}} round -3}}}} artikulo sa kasalukuyan, at ang [[Wikipediang Waray-Waray|Wikipediang Waray]], na may higit sa {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|war}} round -3}}}} artikulo.<ref>[[:ceb:Special:Mga Estadistika|Mga Estadistika]]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/88828/maupay--waray-wikipedia-hits-more-than-one-million-articles|title=MAUPAY: Waray Wikipedia hits more than one million articles|date=Hunyo 11, 2014|newspaper=[[News5|InterAksyon]]|access-date=Oktubre 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611153410/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/88828/maupay--waray-wikipedia-hits-more-than-one-million-articles|archivedate=Hunyo 11, 2014|trans-title=MAUPAY: Lumagpas sa isang milyong artikulo ang Wikipediang Waray}}</ref> Ang [[meta:Depth|lalim]] ng Wikipediang Tagalog ay {{Depth|tl|2}} kompara sa {{Depth|war|2}} para sa Wikipediang Waray at {{Depth|ceb|2}} para sa Wikipediang Sebuwano, pagsapit ng {{Currentmonthday}}, {{Currentyear}}.<ref name="WikipediaArticleDepth">[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_article_depth&oldid=11727135 <nowiki>Wikipedia article depth [Lalim ng artikulo sa Wikipedia] - Meta</nowiki>]</ref> Ayon sa aktibong tagagamit, ito ay may {{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|tl|N}}, kompara sa {{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ceb|N}} sa Wikipediang Sebuwano at {{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|war|N}} sa Wikipediang Waray. ==Tingnan din== *[[Wikipedia:Patungkol|Patungkol sa Wikipedia]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{Reflist|2}} ==Mga kawing panlabas== {{Wikibooks|Tagalog}} {{Meta|Tell us about Tagalog Wikipedia}} {{Wikivoyage|Tagalog phrasebook}} {{Commons category|Tagalog Wikipedia}} {{Icon|Wikipedia|size=50px}} '''Mga Wikipedia sa ibang mga wikang Pilipino''' {{Flatlist| *[[:cbk-zam:|Chavacano]] *[[:bcl:|Gitnang Bikol]] *[[:ilo:|Iloko]] *[[:pam:|Kapampangan]] *[[:pag:|Pangasinan]] *[[:ceb:|Sebwano]] *[[:war:|Waray]] }} {{Icon|Wikibooks|size=50px}} '''Mga Wikiaklat sa mga wikang Pilipino''' {{Flatlist| *[[:wikibooks:tl:|Tagalog]] }} {{Icon|Wikiquote|size=50px}} '''Mga Wikikawikaan sa mga wikang Pilipino''' {{Flatlist| *[[:wikiquote:tl:|Tagalog]] *[[:wikiquote:bcl:|Gitnang Bikol]] }} {{Icon|Wiktionary|size=50px}} '''Mga Wiksiyonaryo sa mga wikang Pilipino''' {{Flatlist| *[[:wiktionary:tl:|Tagalog]] *[[:wiktionary:bcl:|Gitnang Bikol]] }} {{Icon|Wikisource|size=50px}} '''Mga Wikisource sa mga wikang Pilipino''' {{Flatlist| *[[:wikisource:tl:|Tagalog]] *[[:wikisource:bcl:|Gitnang Bikol]] }} {{Col-float}} '''Mga Wikipediang Pilipino na kasalukuyang nasa Ingkubador ng Wikimedia''' *[[Wikang Aklanon]] ([[:incubator:Wp/akl]]) *[[Wikang Asi]] o Bantoanon ([[:incubator:Wp/bno]]) *[[Wikang Capiznon]] ([[:incubator:Wp/cps]]) *[[Wikang Hiligaynon]] ([[:incubator:Wp/hil]]) *[[Wikang Ibanag]] ([[:incubator:Wp/ibg]]) *[[Wikang Iranun]] ([[:incubator:Wp/ilp]]) *[[Wikang Kankanaey]] ([[:incubator:Wp/kne]]) *[[Wikang Karay-a]] ([[:incubator:Wp/krj]]) *[[Wikang Maguindanao]] ([[:incubator:Wp/mdh]]) *[[Wikang Mëranaw]] ([[:incubator:Wp/mrw]]) *[[Wikang Miraya Bikol]] ([[:incubator:Wp/rbl]]) *[[Wikang Pandan Bikol]] ([[:incubator:Wp/cts]]) *[[Wikang Rinconada Bikol]] ([[:incubator:Wp/bto]]) *[[Wikang Surigaonon]] ([[:incubator:Wp/sgd]]) *[[Wikang Tausug]] ([[:incubator:Wp/tsg]]) *[[Wikang Yakan]] ([[:incubator:Wp/yka]]) {{Col-float-break}} '''Ibang mga proyektong Wikimedia sa mga wikang Pilipino na kasalukuyang nasa Ingkubador ng Wikimedia''' ;Tagalog *[[:incubator:Wy/tl|Wikivoyage]] ;Chavacano *[[:incubator:Wt/cbk-zam|Wiksiyonaryo]] ;Gitnang Bikol *[[:incubator:Wb/bcl|Wikiaklat]] *[[:incubator:Wy/bcl|Wikivoyage]] ;Iloko *[[:incubator:Wt/ilo|Wiksiyonaryo]] ;Kapampangan *[[:incubator:Wt/pam|Wiksiyonaryo]] ;Kankanaey *[[:incubator:Wt/kne|Wiksiyonaryo]] ;Maguindanao *[[:incubator:Wt/mdh|Wiksiyonaryo]] ;Pangasinan *[[:incubator:Wt/pag|Wiksiyonaryo]] ;Sebwano *[[:incubator:Wb/ceb|Wikiaklat]] *[[:incubator:Wt/ceb|Wiksiyonaryo]] ;Waray *[[:incubator:Wb/war|Wikiaklat]] *[[:incubator:Wt/war|Wiksiyonaryo]] *[[:incubator:Wy/war|Wikivoyage]] {{Col-float-end}} {{Clear}} {{Mga Wikipedia}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Tagalog]] mw7b0zk8rxgyj5ney6wwhavvansqvam 0 32643 2204417 1976570 2026-04-23T08:56:21Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Burgos | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Ilocos Sur]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Burgos. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 26 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = Nathaniel D. Escobar | areakm2 = | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Burgos''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Ilocos Sur]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Burgos ay nahahati sa 26 na mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Ambugat * Balugang * Bangbangar * Bessang * Cabcaburao * Cadacad * Callitong * Dayanki * Lesseb * Lubing * Lucaban * Luna * Macaoayan | valign="top" | * Mambug * Manaboc * Mapanit * Poblacion Sur (Masingit) * Nagpanaoan * Dirdirig (Dirdirig-Paday) * Paduros * Patac * Poblacion Norte (Bato) * Sabangan Pinggan * Subadi Norte * Subadi Sur * Taliao |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.pasyalan.net/ilocos_sur/ Pasyalang Ilocos Sur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319105456/http://www.pasyalan.net/ilocos_sur/ |date=2007-03-19 }} *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Ilocos Sur}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} m8nl4l5lsdj0v4s819z1ksgfajgcq3b 0 32644 2204418 2197267 2026-04-23T08:57:16Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Cabugao | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Ilocos Sur]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Cabugao. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 33 | class = Ika-3 Klase | mayor = Diocaesar S. Suero | areakm2 = | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Cabugao''' ay isang ika-1 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Ilocos Sur]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Authentication challenge pages |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=psa.gov.ph |language=en}}</ref> Sa simula, ang lugar ay isang ilang lamang - isang makapal na kagubatan kung saan ang mga mapayapang lagalag ay gumagala at nangangaso. Para sa mga isda, na sagana rin, mayroong isang ilog. Sa mga paminsan-minsang pagbisitang ito, napansin ng mga mangangaso ang mataba at patag na lupain na maaaring bungkalin, kaya nagpasya silang manatili. Sila ang mga unang nanirahan. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Cabugao ay nahahati sa 33 mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Alinaay * Aragan * Arnap * Baclig (Pob.) * Bato * Bonifacio (Pob.) * Bungro * Cacadiran * Caellayan * Carusipan * Catucdaan | valign="top" | * Cuancabal * Cuantacla * Daclapan * Dardarat * Lipit * Maradodon * Margaay * Nagsantaan * Nagsincaoan * Namruangan * Pila | valign="top" | * Pug-os * Quezon (Pob.) * Reppaac * Rizal (Pob.) * Sabang * Sagayaden * Salapasap * Salomague * Sisim * Turod * Turod-Patac |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.cabugao.com/ Cabugao Portal Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121102607/http://cabugao.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} *[http://www.pasyalan.net/ilocos_sur/ Pasyalang Ilocos Sur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319105456/http://www.pasyalan.net/ilocos_sur/ |date=2007-03-19 }} *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Ilocos Sur}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} q0045uig9pva4p8i00tjaxnwpymap5i 0 33202 2204311 2175904 2026-04-23T00:39:20Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204311 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:World Population.svg|thumb|320px|]] Ito ang '''tala ng mga bansa ayon sa populasyon'''. Kabilang sa at niraranggo ng talang ito ang mga [[estado]]ng may soberenya at mga teritoryong dumidepende sa sariling-pamamahala. Batay ang mga pigura sa pinakahuling taya ng mga may kapanyarihan sa pambansang senso na pangkalahatang binawasan o dinagdagan ang bilang sa pinakamalapit na mahalagang bilang. Batay naman ang ibang pigura sa panggitna-taong taya ng ''Department of Economic and Social Affairs – Population Division'' ng [[Nagkakaisang Bansa]] noong 2007.<ref name=unpop>{{cite paper | url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf | title=World Population Prospects, Table A.2| version=pagbabago noong 2006 | pages=p. 37-42 | format=.PDF | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | date=2006 | accessdate= 2007-06-30}}</ref> Dahil hindi kinokolekta ng sabay ang mga pigura ng bawat bansa, o may kaparehong antas ng [[estadistika|katumpakan]], maaaring nakakalinlang ang resulta ng ranggo. Para sa layuning paghahambing, kabilang dito ang mga entidad na hindi soberanya, bagaman nakaranggo lamang ang teritoryong may soberanya. <!-- PLEASE READ BEFORE EDITING! - WHEN YOU UPDATE A COUNTRY'S POPULATION - PLEASE ALSO UPDATE THE EXPRESSION NEXT TO IT (column "% of world population") WITH THE SAME NUMBER EXCLUDING COMMAS (the #expr: equation). **IN CASE YOU WANT TO UPDATE THE POPULATION FIGURE FOR THE ENTIRE WORLD (the first row)** - DO NOT UPDATE THE WORLD POPULATION UNLESS YOU CAN ALSO COPY THE CHANGE TO EVERY EXPRESSION FOR "% OF WORLD POPULATION." SINCE THERE ARE 230 ROWS WITH THIS FIGURE, THIS IS MOST EASILY ACCOMPLISHED IN AN EXTERNAL EDITOR, ALTHOUGH YOU MUST BE CAREFUL THAT THE EDITOR PRESERVES EXTENDED CHARACTERS. --> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |- ! Ranggo || [[Bansa]]/teritoryo/entidad || [[Populasyon]] || Petsa || % ng populasyon ng daigdig || Pinagmulan |- | — ||align=left| {{flagicon|World}} [[Daigdig]] || '''8,026,000,000'''|| 1 Hulyo 2023|| '''100%'''||style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — ||align=left| ''{{flag|European Union}} [[Kaisahang Europeo]]'' ||492,964,961||1 Enero 2006||{{#expr: 492964961 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}%||style="font-size: 75%"| [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996,39140985&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&screen=detailref&language=en&product=Yearlies_new_population&root=Yearlies_new_population/C/C1/C11/caa10000 Eurostat] |- | — ||align=left| ''{{flag|Arab League}}'' ||339,510,535||2007||{{#expr: 339510535 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}%||style="font-size: 75%"| [[:en:Arab League|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa]] |- | 1 ||align=left| {{flag|India}}<ref name="ind">Kabilang ang datos mula sa [[Jammu at Kashmir]] (pinamamahalaan ng India), [[Azad Kashmir]] (pinamamahalaan ng Pakistan) , at [[Aksai Chin]] (pinamamahalaan ng PRC).</ref>|| 1,428,00,000||2023||17.79%|| style="font-size: 75%" | taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 2 ||align=left| {{flag|People's Republic of China}}<ref>Pangunahing lupain ng Tsina lamang</ref> ||1,411,750,000||2 Nobyembre 2022||17.59%|| style="font-size: 75%" |[http://www.cpirc.org.cn/en/eindex.htm Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng Tsina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416073058/http://www.cpirc.org.cn/en/eindex.htm |date=2010-04-16 }} |- | 3 || align=left| {{flag|United States}} || 303,295,254|| 5 Nobyembre 2007 || {{#expr: 303273466 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.census.gov/population/www/popclockus.html Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng Estados Unidos] |- | 4 || align=left| {{flag|Indonesia}} || 231,627,000 || || {{#expr: 231627000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 5 || align=left| {{flag|Brazil}} || 187,434,000 || 29 Oktubre 2007 || {{#expr: 187434000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%" | [http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/disseminacao/online/popclock/popclock.php Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng Brazil] |- | 6 || align=left| {{flag|Pakistan}} || 161,598,500 || 29 Oktubre 2007 || {{#expr: 161598500 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/ Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115034044/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/ |date=2009-01-15 }} |- | 7 || align=left| {{flag|Bangladesh}} || 158,665,000 || || {{#expr: 158665000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 8 || align=left| {{flag|Nigeria}} || 148,093,000 || || {{#expr: 148093000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 9 || align=left| {{flag|Russia}} || 142,499,000 || || {{#expr: 142499000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 10 || align=left| {{flag|Japan}} || 127,750,000 || 1 Hunyo 2007 || {{#expr: 127750000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.stat.go.jp/data/jinsui/tsuki/zuhyou/05k2-1.xls Opisyal na taya ng Kawanihan ng Estadistika ng bansang Hapon] |- | 11 || align=left| {{flag|Mexico}} || 106,535,000 || || {{#expr: 106535000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 12 || align=left| {{flag|Philippines}} || 65,706,300 || 1 Hulyo 2007 || {{#expr: 88706300 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/popproj_tab1r.html Opisyal na Pambansang Estadistika ng Pilipinas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811190921/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/popproj_tab1r.html |date=2011-08-11 }} |- | 13 || align=left| {{flag|Vietnam}} || 87,375,000 || || {{#expr: 87375000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 14 || align=left| {{flag|Germany}} || 82,599,000 || Hulyo 2007 || {{#expr: 82599000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 15 || align=left| {{flag|Ethiopia}} || 77,127,000 || Hulyo 2007 || {{#expr: 77127000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/national%20statistics%202006/Population.pdf Sentral na Ahensiyang Estadistika ng Ethiopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003020935/http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/national%20statistics%202006/Population.pdf |date=2008-10-03 }} |- | 16 || align=left| {{flag|Egypt}} || 75,498,000 || || {{#expr: 75498000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 17 || align=left| {{flag|Turkey}} || 74,877,000 || || {{#expr: 74877000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 18 || align=left| {{flag|Iran}} || 71,208,000 || || {{#expr: 71208000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 19 || align=left| {{flag|France}} <small>(kabilang ang Pransiya sa ibayong dagat)</small> || 64,102,140 || 1 Enero 2007 || {{#expr: 64102140 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/ipweb/ip1118/ip1118.html Opisyal na taya ng INSEE] |- | 20 || align=left| {{flag|Thailand}} || 62,828,706 || 31 Disyembre 2006 || {{#expr: 62828706 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [https://archive.today/20121205014130/www.dopa.go.th/dopanew/pop2549.html Opisyal na taya ng Estadistika ng Thailand]<!--Official Department of Provincicial Administration estimate--> |- | 21 || align=left| {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo|name=Dem. Rep. of Congo}} || 62,636,000 || || {{#expr: 62636000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 22 || align=left| {{flag|United Kingdom}} || 60,587,300 || 1 Hulyo 2006 || {{#expr: 60587300 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=6 Opisyal na taya ng ONS] |- | 23 || align=left| {{flag|Italy}} || 59,206,382 || 28 Pebrero 2007 || {{#expr: 59206382 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2007gen/index.html Opisyal na taya ng Istat]{{Dead link|date=Enero 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- | 24 || align=left| {{flag|Myanmar}} || 48,798,000 || || {{#expr: 48798000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 25 || align=left| {{flag|South Africa}} || 48,577,000 || || {{#expr: 48577000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size:75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 26 || align=left| {{flag|South Korea}} || 48,512,000 || || {{#expr: 48512000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.nso.go.kr Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng Korea] |- | 27 || align=left| {{flag|Ukraine}} || 46,205,000 || || {{#expr: 46205000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 28 || align=left| {{flag|Spain}} || 45,242,894 || 1 Enero 2007 || {{#expr: 45116894 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ine.es/prensa/np457.pdf Opisyal na taya ng INE] |- | 29 || align=left| {{flag|Colombia}} || 44,049,000 || 2 Nobyembre 2007 || {{#expr: 44049000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng Colombia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |date=2012-01-14 }} |- | 30 || align=left| {{flag|Tanzania}} || 40,454,000 || || {{#expr: 40454000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 31 || align=left| {{flag|Argentina}} || 39,531,000 || || {{#expr: 39531000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 32 || align=left| {{flag|Sudan}} || 38,560,000 || || {{#expr: 38560000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 33 || align=left| {{flag|Poland}} || 38,125,479 || 31 Disyembre 2006 || {{#expr: 38125479 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [https://web.archive.org/web/20071025224618/http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_ludnosc_stan_struktura_teryt_2pol2006.pdf Opisyal na taya ng GUS] |- | 34 || align=left| {{flag|Kenya}} || 37,538,000 || || {{#expr: 37538000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 35 || align=left| {{flag|Algeria}} || 33,858,000 || || {{#expr: 33858000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 36 || align=left| {{flag|Canada}} || 33,052,864 || 23 Oktubre 2007 || {{#expr: 33052864 / 66712260 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.statcan.ca/english/edu/clock/population.htm Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323075300/http://www.statcan.ca/english/edu/clock/population.htm |date=2008-03-23 }} |- | 37 || align=left| {{flag|Morocco}} || 31,224,000 || || {{#expr: 31224000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 38 || align=left| {{flag|Uganda}} || 30,884,000 || || {{#expr: 30884000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 39 || align=left| {{flag|Iraq}} || 28,993,000 || || {{#expr: 28993000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 40 || align=left| {{flag|Nepal}} || 28,196,000 || || {{#expr: 28196000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 41 || align=left| {{flag|Peru}} || 27,903,000 || || {{#expr: 27903000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 42 || align=left| {{flag|Venezuela}} || 27,657,000 || || {{#expr: 27657000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 43 || align=left| {{flag|Uzbekistan}} || 27,372,000 || || {{#expr: 27372000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 44 || align=left| {{flag|Malaysia}} || 27,329,000 || 11 Oktubre 2007 || {{#expr: 27329000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.statistics.gov.my Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng Malaysia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611041219/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ |date=2008-06-11 }} |- | 45 || align=left| {{flag|Afghanistan}} || 27,145,000 || || {{#expr: 27145000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 46 || align=left| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 24,735,000 || || {{#expr: 24735000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 47 || align=left| {{flag|North Korea}} || 23,790,000 || || {{#expr: 23790000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 48 || align=left| {{flag|Ghana}} || 23,478,000 || || {{#expr: 23478000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 49 || align=left| {{flag|Republic of China}} ([[Taiwan]])<ref name="roc">Binubuo ng mga grupo ng pulo sa of [[Taiwan]], ang [[Pulo ng Pescadores|Pescadores]], [[Kinmen]], [[Pulo ng Matsu|Matsu]], [[Tala ng mga pulo ng Republika ng Tsina|atbp]]</ref>|| 22,925,000 || Setyembre 2007 || {{#expr: 22925000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://eng.stat.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=5 Opisyal na taya ng Pambansang Estadistika ng Taiwan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425183615/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=5 |date=2009-04-25 }} |- | 50 || align=left| {{flag|Yemen}} || 22,389,000 || || {{#expr: 22389000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 51 || align=left| {{flag|Romania}} || 21,438,000 || || {{#expr: 21438000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 52 || align=left| {{flag|Mozambique}} || 21,397,000 || || {{#expr: 21397000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 53 || align=left| {{flag|Australia}}<ref name="aus">Kabilang ang [[Pulo ng Christmas]] (1,508), [[Mga Pulo ng Cocos (Keeling)]] (628), at [[Pulo ng Norfolk]] (1,828)</ref>|| 21,129,222 || 2 Nobyembre 2007 || {{#expr: 21129222 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng Australia] |- | 54 || align=left| {{flag|Syria}} || 19,929,000 || || {{#expr: 19929000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 55 || align=left| {{flag|Madagascar}} || 19,683,000 || || {{#expr: 19683000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 56 || align=left| {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || 19,299,000 || || {{#expr: 19299000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 57 || align=left| {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} || 19,262,000 || || {{#expr: 19262000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 58 || align=left| {{flag|Cameroon}} || 18,549,000 || || {{#expr: 18549000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 59 || align=left| {{flag|Angola}} || 17,024,000 || || {{#expr: 17024000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 60 || align=left| {{flag|Chile}} || 16,598,074 || 30 Hunyo 2007 || {{#expr: 16598074 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf Opisyal na taya ng INE] |- | 61 || align=left| {{flag|Netherlands}} || 16,387,773 || 2 Nobyembre 2007 || {{#expr: 16384000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm?languageswitch=on Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng Netherlands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222015305/http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm?languageswitch=on |date=2010-12-22 }} |- | 62 || align=left| {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || 15,422,000 || || {{#expr: 15422000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 63 || align=left| {{flag|Burkina Faso}} || 14,784,000 || || {{#expr: 14784000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 64 || align=left| {{flag|Cambodia}} || 14,444,000 || || {{#expr: 14444000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 65 || align=left| {{flag|Niger}} || 14,226,000 || || {{#expr: 14226000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 66 || align=left| {{flag|Malawi}} || 13,925,000 || || {{#expr: 13925000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 67 || align=left|{{flag|Guatemala}} || 13,354,000 || || {{#expr: 13354000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 68 || align=left| {{flag|Zimbabwe}} || 13,349,000 || || {{#expr: 13349000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 69 || align=left| {{flag|Ecuador}} || 13,341,000 || || {{#expr: 13341000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 70 || align=left| {{flag|Senegal}} || 12,379,000 || || {{#expr: 12379000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 71 || align=left| {{flag|Mali}} || 12,337,000 || || {{#expr: 12337000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 72 || align=left| {{flag|Zambia}} || 11,922,000 || || {{#expr: 11922000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 73 || align=left| {{flag|Cuba}} || 11,268,000 || || {{#expr: 11268000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 74 || align=left| {{flag|Greece}} || 11,147,000 || || {{#expr: 11147000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 75 || align=left| {{flag|Chad}} || 10,781,000 || || {{#expr: 10781000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 76 || align=left| {{flag|Portugal}} || 10,623,000 || || {{#expr: 10623000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 77 || align=left| {{flag|Belgium}} || 10,457,000 || || {{#expr: 10457000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 78 || align=left| {{flag|Tunisia}} || 10,327,000 || || {{#expr: 10327000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 79 || align=left| {{flag|Czech Republic}} || 10,325,900 || 30 Hunyo 2007 || {{#expr: 10325941 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://czso.cz/csu/csu.nsf/informace/coby092007.doc Opisyal na taya ng ČSÚ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115141921/http://www.czso.cz/csu/csu.nsf/informace/coby092007.doc |date=2014-11-15 }} |- | 80 || align=left| {{flag|Hungary}} || 10,030,000 || || {{#expr: 10030000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 81 || align=left| {{flag|Serbia}}<ref>Kabilang ang Kosovo</ref> || 9,858,000 || || {{#expr: 9858000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 82 || align=left| {{flag|Dominican Republic}} || 9,760,000 || || {{#expr: 9760000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 83 || align=left| {{flag|Rwanda}} || 9,725,000 || || {{#expr: 9725000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 84 || align=left| {{flag|Belarus}} || 9,714,000 || dulo ng 2006|| {{#expr: 9714000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [https://archive.today/20121127033201/belstat.gov.by/homep/en/indicators/population.php Opisyal na Estadistika ng Belarus] |- | 85 || align=left| {{flag|Haiti}} || 9,598,000 || || {{#expr: 9598000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 86 || align=left| {{flag|Bolivia}} || 9,525,000 || || {{#expr: 9525000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 87 || align=left| {{flag|Guinea}} || 9,370,000 || || {{#expr: 9370000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 88 || align=left| {{flag|Sweden}} || 9,150,000 || Hunyo 2007 || {{#expr: 9150000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product____25785.aspx Opisyal na taya ng Estadistika ng Sweden] |- | 89 || align=left| {{flag|Benin}} || 9,033,000 || || {{#expr: 8971000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 90 || align=left| {{flag|Somalia}} || 8,699,000 || || {{#expr: 8699000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 91 || align=left| {{flag|Burundi}} || 8,508,000 || || {{#expr: 8508000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 92 || align=left| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || 8,467,000 || || {{#expr: 8467000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 93 || align=left| {{flag|Austria}} || 8,316,487 || Ikatlong kwarter, 2007 || {{#expr: 8316487 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand_jahres-_und_quartalswerte/bevoelkerung_zu_jahres-_quartalsanfang/023582.html Opisyal na taya ng Estadistika ng Austria] |- | 94 || align=left| {{flag|Bulgaria}} || 7,639,000 || || {{#expr: 7639000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 95 || align=left| {{flag|Switzerland}} || 7,508,700 || 31 Disyembre 2006 || {{#expr: 7508700 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.admin.ch/aktuell/00089/index.html?lang=de&msg-id=14195 Tanggapan ng Pederal Pang-estadistika ng Switzerland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215655/http://www.admin.ch/aktuell/00089/index.html?lang=de&msg-id=14195 |date=2013-10-04 }} |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|Hong Kong}}'' || 7,206,000 || || {{#expr: 7206000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 96 || align=left| {{flag|Israel}} || 7,197,200<ref>Pigura ng Nagkakaisang Bansa para sa kalagitnaan ng 2007 ay 6,967,000, na hindi kabilang ang populasyon sa Israel at West Bank.</ref> || 31 Agosto 2007 || {{#expr: 7197200 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=cw_usr_view_Folder&ID=141 Sentral na Kagawaran ng Estadistika ng Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528064433/http://cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=cw_usr_view_Folder&ID=141 |date=2009-05-28 }} |- | 97 || align=left| {{flag|Honduras}} || 7,106,000 || || {{#expr: 7106000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 98 || align=left| {{flag|El Salvador}} || 6,857,000 || || {{#expr: 6857000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 99 || align=left| {{flag|Tajikistan}} || 6,736,000 || || {{#expr: 6736000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 100 || align=left| {{flag|Togo}} || 6,585,000 || || {{#expr: 6585000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 101 || align=left| {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} || 6,331,000 || || {{#expr: 6331000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 102 || align=left| {{flag|Libya}} || 6,160,000 || || {{#expr: 6160000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 103 || align=left| {{flag|Paraguay}} || 6,127,000 || || {{#expr: 6127000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 104 || align=left| {{flag|Jordan}} || 5,924,000 || || {{#expr: 5924000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 105 || align=left| {{flag|Sierra Leone}} || 5,866,000 || || {{#expr: 5866000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 106 || align=left| {{flag|Laos}} || 5,859,000 || || {{#expr: 5859000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 107 || align=left| {{flag|Nicaragua}} || 5,603,000 || || {{#expr: 5603000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 108 || align=left| {{flag|Denmark}} || 5,457,415 || 30 Hunyo 2007 || {{#expr: 5457415 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.dst.dk/Statistik/seneste/Befolkning/Folketal.aspx Opisyal na "Estadistika ng Denmark"] |- | 109 || align=left| {{flag|Slovakia}} || 5,390,000 || || {{#expr: 5390000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 110 || align=left| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} || 5,317,000 || || {{#expr: 5317000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 111 || align=left| {{flag|Finland}} || 5,297,300<ref name="fin">Kabilang ang mga pulo ng [[Åland]]</ref> || 23 Oktubre 2007 || {{#expr: 5297300 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.vaestorekisterikeskus.fi/vrk/home.nsf/pages/index_eng Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng Finland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415225037/http://www.vaestorekisterikeskus.fi/vrk/home.nsf/pages/index_eng |date=2009-04-15 }} |- | 112 || align=left| {{flag|Turkmenistan}} || 4,965,000 || || {{#expr: 4965000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 113 || align=left| {{flag|Eritrea}} || 4,851,000 || || {{#expr: 4851000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 114 || align=left| {{flag|Norway}} || 4,722,676<ref name="nor">Kabilang ang [[Svalbard]] (2,701) at pulo ng [[Jan Mayen]]</ref>|| 3 Nobyembre 2007 || {{#expr: 4722676 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/befolkning_en/ Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng Norway] |- | 115 || align=left| {{flag|Croatia}} || 4,555,000 || || {{#expr: 4551000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 116 || align=left| {{flag|Costa Rica}} || 4,468,000 || || {{#expr: 4327000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 117 || align=left| {{flag|Singapore}} || 4,436,000 || || {{#expr: 4436000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 118 || align=left| {{flag|Georgia}} || 4,395,000<ref name="geo">Kabilang sa pigura ang [[Republika ng Abkhazia]] (216,000) at [[Timog Ossetia]] (70,000)</ref>|| || {{#expr: 4395000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 119 || align=left| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} || 4,380,000 || || {{#expr: 4380000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 120 || align=left| {{flag|Central African Republic}} || 4,343,000 || || {{#expr: 4343000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 121 || align=left| {{flag|Ireland}} || 4,301,000 || || {{#expr: 4301000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 122 || align=left| {{flag|New Zealand}} || 4,239,600 || 24 Oktubre 2007 || {{#expr: 4239600 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.stats.govt.nz/populationclock.htm Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng New Zealand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110232101/http://www.stats.govt.nz/populationclock.htm |date=2007-01-10 }} |- | 123 || align=left| {{flag|Lebanon}} || 4,099,000 || || {{#expr: 4099000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 124 || align=left| {{flag|Palestinian territories}} || 4,017,000 || || {{#expr: 4017000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 125 || align=left| ''{{flag|Puerto Rico}}'' || 3,991,000 || || {{#expr: 3991000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 126 || align=left| {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || 3,935,000 || || {{#expr: 3935000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 127 || align=left| {{flag|Moldova}} || 3,794,000<ref name="mol">Kabilang ang [[Transnistria]] (555,347)</ref> || || {{#expr: 3794000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 128 || align=left| {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} || 3,768,000 || || {{#expr: 3768000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 129 || align=left| {{flag|Liberia}} || 3,750,000 || || {{#expr: 3750000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|Somaliland}}'' || 3,500,000 || || {{#expr: 3500000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.somalilandgov.com/cprofile.htm Pamahalaan ng Somaliland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214114057/http://www.somalilandgov.com/cprofile.htm |date=2012-02-14 }} |- | 130 || align=left| {{flag|Lithuania}} || 3,372,400 || 1 Setyembre 2007|| {{#expr: 3372400 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.stat.gov.lt/lt/pages/view/?id=1609 Estadistika ng Lithuania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925174444/http://www.stat.gov.lt/lt/pages/view/?id=1609 |date=2008-09-25 }} |- | 131 || align=left| {{flag|Panama}} || 3,343,000 || || {{#expr: 3343000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 132 || align=left| {{flag|Uruguay}} || 3,340,000 || || {{#expr: 3340000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 133 || align=left| {{flag|Albania}} || 3,190,000 || || {{#expr: 3190000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 134 || align=left| {{flag|Mauritania}} || 3,124,000 || || {{#expr: 3124000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 135 || align=left| {{flag|Armenia}} || 3,002,000 || || {{#expr: 3002000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 136 || align=left| {{flag|Kuwait}} || 2,851,000 || || {{#expr: 2851000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 137 || align=left| {{flag|Jamaica}} || 2,714,000 || || {{#expr: 2714000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 138 || align=left| {{flag|Mongolia}} || 2,629,000 || || {{#expr: 2629000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 139 || align=left| {{flag|Oman}} || 2,595,000 || || {{#expr: 2595000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 140 || align=left| {{flag|Latvia}} || 2,277,000 || || {{#expr: 2277000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 141 || align=left| {{flag|Namibia}} || 2,074,000 || || {{#expr: 2074000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 142 || align=left| {{flag|Republic of Macedonia}} || 2,038,000 || || {{#expr: 2038000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 143 || align=left| {{flag|Slovenia}} || 2,020,000 || 23 Oktubre 2007|| {{#expr: 2020000 / 6576000000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.stat.si/eng/preb_ura.asp Opisyal na orasan ng populasyon ng Slovenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410192606/http://www.stat.si/eng/preb_ura.asp |date=2010-04-10 }} |- | 144 || align=left| {{flag|Lesotho}} || 2,008,000 || || {{#expr: 2008000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 145 || align=left| {{flag|Botswana}} || 1,882,000 || || {{#expr: 1882000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 146 || align=left| {{flag|Gambia}} || 1,709,000 || || {{#expr: 1709000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 147 || align=left| {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} || 1,695,000 || || {{#expr: 1695000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 148 || align=left| {{flag|Estonia}} || 1,342,409 || 1 Enero 2007 || {{#expr: 1342409 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.stat.ee Estadistika ng Estonia] |- | 149 || align=left| {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} || 1,333,000 || || {{#expr: 1333000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 150 || align=left| {{flag|Gabon}} || 1,331,000 || || {{#expr: 1331000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 151 || align=left| {{flag|Mauritius}} || 1,262,000<ref name="mau">Kabilang ang [[Agalega]], [[Rodrigues (pulo)|Rodrigues]] at [[Cargados Carajos|St. Brandon]]</ref> || || {{#expr: 1262000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 152 || align=left| {{flag|East Timor}} || 1,155,000 || || {{#expr: 1155000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 153 || align=left| {{flag|Swaziland}} || 1,141,000 || || {{#expr: 1141000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 154 || align=left| {{flag|Cyprus}} || 855,000<ref>Kaiblang ang [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] (264,172). Pinapakita ng ''[http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/4E24598BFC64594AC22570BD0035F021?OpenDocument&sub=1&e= Statistical Institute of the Republic of Cyprus]'' ang populasyon na 749,200 (2004 na senso).</ref> || || {{#expr: 835000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 155 || align=left| {{flag|Qatar}} || 841,000 || || {{#expr: 841000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 156 || align=left| {{flag|Fiji}} || 839,000 || || {{#expr: 839000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 157 || align=left| {{flag|Djibouti}} || 833,000 || || {{#expr: 833000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|Réunion}}''<ref name=overseas_France>Bahagi ng Pransiya.</ref> || 784,000 || 1 Enero 2006 || {{#expr: 784000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.insee.fr/fr/recensement/nouv_recens/resultats/resultats-regionaux.htm Opisyal na taya ng INSEE] |- | 158 || align=left| {{flag|Bahrain}} || 753,000 || || {{#expr: 753000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 159 || align=left| {{flag|Guyana}} || 738,000 || || {{#expr: 738000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 160 || align=left| {{flag|Comoros}} || 682,000<ref name="com">Hindi kabilang ang pulo ng [[Mayotte]]. Ang taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa ay 839,000 (kabilang ang Mayotte)</ref> || Hulyo 2007 || {{#expr: 682000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [https://archive.today/20121205062219/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gadm&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-116&srt=npan&col=aohdq taya ng World Gazetteer] |- | 161 || align=left| {{flag|Bhutan}} || 658,000 || || {{#expr: 658000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 162 || align=left| {{flag|Montenegro}} || 598,000 || || {{#expr: 598000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|Transnistria}}'' || 555,347 || || {{#expr: 555347 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://pridnestrovie.net/2004census.html Websayt ng pamahalaang Pridnestrivie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217072904/http://www.pridnestrovie.net/2004census.html |date=2007-02-17 }} |- | 163 || align=left| {{flag|Cape Verde}} || 530,000 || || {{#expr: 530000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 164 || align=left| {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} || 507,000 || || {{#expr: 507000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 165 || align=left| {{flag|Solomon Islands}} || 496,000 || || {{#expr: 478000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|Macau}}'' || 481,000 || || {{#expr: 481000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 166 || align=left| {{flag|Western Sahara}} || 480,000 || || {{#expr: 480000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 167 || align=left| {{flag|Luxembourg}} || 467,000 || || {{#expr: 467000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 168 || align=left| {{flag|Suriname}} || 458,000 || || {{#expr: 458000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 169 || align=left| {{flag|Malta}} || 407,000 || || {{#expr: 407000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|Guadeloupe}}''<ref name=overseas_France /> || 405,000 || 1 Enero 2006 || {{#expr: 405000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng INSEE na binabawas ang St Martin at St Bath. |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|Martinique}}''<ref name=overseas_France /> || 399,000 || 1 Enero 2006 || {{#expr: 399000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.insee.fr/fr/recensement/nouv_recens/resultats/resultats-regionaux.htm Opisyal na taya ng INSEE] |- | 170 || align=left| {{flag|Brunei}} || 390,000 || || {{#expr: 390000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 171 || align=left| {{flag|Bahamas}} || 331,000 || || {{#expr: 331000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 172 || align=left| {{flag|Iceland}} || 312,851 || 1 Oktubre 2007 || {{#expr: 309699 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.hagstofa.is Hagstofa Íslands] |- | 173 || align=left| {{flag|Maldives}} || 306,000 || || {{#expr: 306000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 174 || align=left| {{flag|Barbados}} || 294,000 || || {{#expr: 294000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 175 || align=left| {{flag|Belize}} || 288,000 || || {{#expr: 288000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|French Polynesia}}''<ref name=overseas_France /> || 259,800 || 1 Enero 2007 || {{#expr: 259800 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.ispf.pf/(gncyyl55zqlbvrrunb311gf4)/stat/demo/fr/defaut.htm#myBody Opisyal na taya ng ISPF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927141551/http://www.ispf.pf/(gncyyl55zqlbvrrunb311gf4)/stat/demo/fr/defaut.htm#myBody |date=2007-09-27 }} |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|New Caledonia}}''<ref name=overseas_France /> || 240,390 || 1 Enero 2007 || {{#expr: 240390 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.isee.nc/pe/bilan2006/be-demographie.pdf Opisyal na taya ng INSEE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124204306/http://www.isee.nc/pe/bilan2006/be-demographie.pdf |date=2007-11-24 }} |- | 176 || align=left| {{flag|Vanuatu}} || 226,000 || || {{#expr: 226000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|French Guiana}}''<ref name=overseas_France /> || 202,000 || 1 Enero 2006 || {{#expr: 202000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.insee.fr/fr/recensement/nouv_recens/resultats/resultats-regionaux.htm Opisyal na taya ng INSEE] |- | 177 || align=left| ''{{flag|Netherlands Antilles}}'' || 192,000 || || {{#expr: 192000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 178 || align=left| {{flag|Samoa}} || 187,000 || || {{#expr: 187000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|Mayotte}}''<ref name=overseas_France /> || 182,000 || 1 Enero 2006 || {{#expr: 182000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|Taya bataya sa huling senso ng INSEE. |- | 179 || align=left| ''{{flag|Guam}}'' || 173,000 || || {{#expr: 173000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 180 || align=left| {{flag|Saint Lucia}} || 165,000 || || {{#expr: 165000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 181 || align=left| {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} || 158,000 || || {{#expr: 158000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 182 || align=left| {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} || 120,000 || || {{#expr: 120000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 183 || align=left| ''{{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}}'' || 111,000 || || {{#expr: 111000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 184 || align=left| {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}} || 111,000 || || {{#expr: 111000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 185 || align=left| {{flag|Grenada}} || 106,000 || || {{#expr: 106000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 186 || align=left| ''{{flag|Aruba}}'' || 104,000 || || {{#expr: 104000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 187 || align=left| {{flag|Tonga}} || 100,000 || || {{#expr: 100000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 188 || align=left| {{flag|Kiribati}} || 95,000 || || {{#expr: 95000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 189 || align=left| ''{{flag|Jersey}}'' || 88,200 || || {{#expr: 88200 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/D31B33E0-BAB7-4FAC-9D7F-743B3FDB8A50/0/JIF2006.pdf Yunit ng Estadistika ng mga Estado ng Jersey]{{Dead link|date=Enero 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- | 190 || align=left| {{flag|Seychelles}} || 87,000 || || {{#expr: 87000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 191 || align=left| {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} || 85,000 || || {{#expr: 85000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 192 || align=left| ''{{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}'' || 84,000 || || {{#expr: 84000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 193 || align=left| {{flag|Andorra}} || 81,200 ||31 Disyembre 2006 || {{#expr: 81200 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.estadistica.ad/deepublicacions.htm#0002 Andorra Servei d’Estudis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311081000/http://www.estadistica.ad/deepublicacions.htm#0002 |date=2008-03-11 }} |- | 194 || align=left| ''{{flag|Isle of Man}}'' || 79,000 || || {{#expr: 79000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 195 || align=left| {{flag|Dominica}} || 67,000 || || {{#expr: 67000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 196 || align=left| ''{{flag|American Samoa}}'' || 67,000 || || {{#expr: 67000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 197 || align=left| ''{{flag|Guernsey}}'' || 65,573 || || {{#expr: 65573 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/gk.html World Fact Book, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115075758/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/gk.html |date=2008-11-15 }} |- | 198 || align=left| ''{{flag|Bermuda}}'' || 65,000 || || {{#expr: 65000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 199 || align=left| {{flag|Marshall Islands}} || 59,000 || || {{#expr: 59000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 200 || align=left| ''{{flag|Greenland}}'' || 58,000 || || {{#expr: 58000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 201 || align=left| {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} || 50,000 || || {{#expr: 50000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 202 || align=left| ''{{flag|Faroe Islands}}'' || 48,455 || 1 Hunyo 2007 || {{#expr: 48455 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page?_pageid=33,316936&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL Opisyal na estadistika ng pulo ng Faroeds] |- | 203 || align=left| ''{{flag|Cayman Islands}}'' || 47,000 || || {{#expr: 47000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 204 || align=left| {{flag|Liechtenstein}} || 35,000 || || {{#expr: 35000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|Saint-Martin}}''<ref name=overseas_France /> || 33,102 || Oktubre 2004 || {{#expr: 33102 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| Suplementaryong senso noong Oktubre 2004. |- | 205 || align=left| {{flag|Monaco}} || 33,000 || || {{#expr: 33000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 206 || align=left| {{flag|San Marino}} || 31,000 || || {{#expr: 31000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 207 || align=left| ''{{flag|Gibraltar}}'' || 29,000 || || {{#expr: 29000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 208 || align=left| ''{{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}'' || 26,000 || || {{#expr: 26000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 209 || align=left| ''{{flag|British Virgin Islands}}'' || 23,000 || || {{#expr: 23000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 210 || align=left| {{flag|Palau}} || 20,000 || || {{#expr: 20000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}''<ref name=overseas_France /> || 15,000 || Hulyo 2007 || {{#expr: 15000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 211 || align=left| ''{{flag|Cook Islands}}'' || 13,000 || || {{#expr: 13000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 212 || align=left| ''{{flag|Anguilla}}'' || 13,000 || || {{#expr: 13000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 213 || align=left| {{flag|Tuvalu}} || 11,000 || || {{#expr: 11000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 214 || align=left| {{flag|Nauru}} || 10,000 || || {{#expr: 10000 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|Saint-Barthélemy}}''<ref name=overseas_France /> || 6,852 || Marso 1999 || {{#expr: 6852 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_demopage.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=C&p_id_loca=9A123&p_id_princ=E_DEMO&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR Senso noong Marso 1999] |- | 215 || align=left| ''{{flag|Saint Helena}}'' || 6,600<ref name="sh">Kabilang ang [[Pulo ng Ascension|Ascension]] at [[Tristan da Cunha]]</ref> || || {{#expr: 6600 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — || align=left| ''{{flag|Saint-Pierre and Miquelon}}''<ref name=overseas_France /> || 6,125 || Enero 2006 || {{#expr: 6125 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.insee.fr/fr/recensement/nouv_recens/resultats/repartition/comd975.htm?numdep=975&x=18&y=13 Senso noong Enero 2006] |- | 216 || align=left| ''{{flag|Montserrat}}'' || 5,900 || || {{#expr: 5900 / 6671226000 * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 217 || align=left| ''{{flag|Falkland Islands}}'' || 3,000 || || 0.00005% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 218 || align=left| ''{{flag|Niue}}'' || 1,600 || || 0.00003% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 219 || align=left| ''{{flag|Tokelau}}'' || 1,400 || || 0.00003% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 220 || align=left| {{flag|Vatican City}} || 800 || || 0.00002% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | 221 || align=left| ''{{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}'' || 50 || || 0.000001% || style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |- | — ||align=left| {{flagicon|World}} [[Daigdig]] || '''6,671,226,000'''|| 1 Hulyo 2007|| '''100%'''||style="font-size: 75%"| taya ng Nagkakaisang Bansa |} == Tingnan din == * [[Talaan ng mga bansa]] * [[Talaan ng mga kabansaan]] * [[Talaan ng mga bansa ayon sa kapal ng populasyon]] * [[Tala ng mga bansa ayon sa GDP (PPP) bawat kapita]] == Mga sanggunian at talababa == {{Reflist}} == Mga kawing panlabas == Mga ugnay sa wikang Ingles: * ''[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm United Nations Analytical Report for the 2004 revision of World Population Prospects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815065906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm |date=2018-08-15 }}'' - kabilang ang detalye sa kaparaanan at mga pinagmulan na ginamit para sa pagtataya ng populasyon sa itaas. * [http://www.os-connect.com/pop/p2a.asp?whichpage=1&pagesize=20&sort=2050 Mga orasan ng populasyon at tinayang mga tsart ng paglago para sa lahat ng mga bansa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014347/http://www.os-connect.com/pop/p2a.asp?whichpage=1&pagesize=20&sort=2050 |date=2007-09-28 }} [[Kategorya:Populasyon]] [[Kategorya:Talaan ng mga bansa]] d9ax67ljkog7ay0l6fqyzzw2tfw0n4q 0 33396 2204381 2087486 2026-04-23T07:27:34Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204381 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Wonder Woman''' ay isang kathang-isip na karakter ng [[DC Comics]]. Siya ay nilikha ng sikat na manunulat na si [[William Moulton Marston]] noong 1941. == Abilities == ===Mga kapangyarihan at pag-eensayo=== Si Diana ay itinatanghal bilang isang mahusay na atleta, akrobat, manlalaban at strategist, sinanay at nakaranas sa maraming mga sinaunang at modernong anyo ng armadong at walang armas na labanan, kabilang ang eksklusibong Amazonian martial arts. Sa ilang bersyon, sinanay siya ng kanyang ina, bilang Wonder Girl, para sa isang karera sa hinaharap bilang Wonder Woman. Mula sa simula, siya ay portrayed bilang mataas na dalubhasa sa paggamit ng kanyang mga bracelets Amazon upang ihinto ang mga bullets at sa wielding ang kanyang golden lasso.<ref>''[[Ambush Bug: Year None]]'' #4 (December 2008)</ref> Si Batman minsan tinatawag sa kanya ang "pinakamahusay na labanan manlalaban sa mundo".<ref>''Justice League of America'' (vol. 2) #13 (Nov. 2007)</ref> Ang makabagong bersyon ng character ay kilala na gumamit ng nakamamatay na puwersa kapag siya ay itinuturing na kinakailangan.<ref name=WW219>''Wonder Woman'' (vol. 2) #219 (September 2005)</ref> Sa Bagong 52 pagpapatuloy, ang kanyang superior na kasanayan sa pagpapamuok ay ang resulta ng kanyang pagsasanay sa Amazon, pati na rin ang pagtanggap ng karagdagang pagsasanay mula kay Ares, ang Diyos ng Digmaan, sa kanyang sarili, simula pa ng pagkabata niya.<ref name="Azzarello2"/> Ang Golden Age Wonder Woman ay nagkaroon din ng kaalaman sa sikolohiya, tulad ng ginawa ng kanyang mga kapatid na babae sa Amazon.<ref>https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-1e3a702785744b78d2c99d40c588ece5.webp</ref><ref>https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-fd44ee6ab515846cc0488d139e8652c9.webp</ref> ==Mga sanggunian== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="Azzarello2">{{Cite comic| writer = Azzarello, Brian| artist = Chiang, Cliff| story = The Lair of the Minotaur!| title =Wonder Woman| volume =4| issue =0| date = Nobyembre 2012}}</ref> }} ==Malayang pagbabasa== * Jacob M. Held (ed.), ''Wonder Woman and Philosophy: The Amazonian Mystique'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2017. ==Mga kawing panlabas== * [http://www.dccomics.com/sites/wonderwoman/ Wonder Woman Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208202316/http://www.dccomics.com/sites/wonderwoman/ |date=2012-02-08 }} at DC Comics.com * [http://dccomics.com/dcu/heroes_and_villains/?hv=origin_stories/wonder_woman&p=1 Origin story of Wonder Woman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124180351/http://www.dccomics.com/dcu/heroes_and_villains/?hv=origin_stories%2Fwonder_woman&p=1 |date=2012-01-24 }} at DC Comics.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150626131956/http://amazonarchives.com/index2.htm AmazonArchives.com] * [http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=column&id=36 Wonder of Wonders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819061852/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=column&id=36 |date=2016-08-19 }} * {{cite news | first=Joshua | last=Glen | url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2004/04/04/wonder_working_power/ | title=Wonder-working Power | work=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=April 4, 2004}} *[http://www.mediafire.com/file/p2guydaa0wal2n9/Marstonian+WW+PORTAL.pdf/ Jett, Brett]. [http://www.mediafire.com/download/0qcag8bb0x8cjgo/WhoIsWonderWoman+PDF--manuscript.pdf/ "Who Is Wonder Woman?"]," (2009): 1–71. * Jett, Brett. [http://www.mediafire.com/view/38n6bhda988zen7/WhoIsWonderWoman_PDF--bonus.pdf/ "Who Is Wonder Woman?--Bonus PDF"]," (2009): 1–17. * {{cite news | last=Malcolm | first=Andrew H. | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE1DF1539F93BA25751C0A964958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print | title=She's Behind the Match For That Man of Steel | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 18, 1992}} * Marston, William Moulton. ''Emotions of Abnormal People''. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, Ltd. 1928. {{ISBN|1406701165}} * Rosenberg, Robin S. [https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-superheroes/201007/wonder-woman-migr/ "Wonder Woman As Émigré – Why would Wonder Woman leave her idyllic existence on Paradise Island?"], ''(Article)'' (2010). * Rosenberg, Robin S. "Wonder Woman: Compassionate Warrior for Peace", ''(Article)'' (2013): 1–35. * Valcour, Francinne. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/manipulating-the-messenger-wonder-woman-an-american-female-icon/oclc/229447837/editions?referer=di&editionsView=true/ "Manipulating The Messenger: Wonder Woman As An American Female Icon"], ''(Dissertation)'' (2006): 1–372. [[Kategorya:Mga karakter ng DC Comics]] [[Kategorya:Mga karakter sa pelikulang pantasya]] [[Kategorya:Mga karakter sa pelikulang superhero]] {{stub|Komiks}} 38d9o5ris7ocbk7grmr7ttdy02uf8im 0 34136 2204313 2199040 2026-04-23T01:03:54Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204313 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Cities in Japan.png|thumb|{{legend|#008000|Mga lungsod na itinalaga ayon sa ordinansang pampamahalaan}}{{legend|#FFD350|Core cities}}{{legend|#00A0E8|Natatanging mga lungsod}}{{legend|#FE80C0|Mga lungsod}}{{legend|#5BE95B|Natatanging mga purok (''Special wards'')}}]] {{TopicTOC-Country-Japan}} Ito ay isang '''talaan ng [[Mga lungsod ng Hapon|mga lungsod]] sa bansang [[Hapon]]''', na nakaayos ayon sa [[Mga prepektura ng Hapon|prepektura]] at ayon sa petsa ng pagtatag. Maaayos din ang talaan ayon sa pangalan, populasyon, laki, at dami ng tao. Karamihan sa malaking mga lungsod sa Hapon ay [[Mga lungsod na itinalaga ng ordinansa ng pamahalaan ng Hapon|mga lungsod na itinalaga ayon sa ordinansang pampamahalaan]]. Itinalaga namang mga ''[[Mga core city ng Hapon|core city]]'' ang ilang mahalagang mga lungsod sa loob ng mga prepektura. ''Hindi'' kasama sa talaan ang kabisera, [[Tokyo]], sapagkat binuwag ang [[Lungsod ng Tokyo]] noong Hulyo 1, 1943. Umiiral ngayon ang Tokyo bilang isang natatanging kalakhang prepektura (都 ''to''), kalakip ng [[Mga natatanging purok ng Tokyo|23 natatanging mga purok]] (''special wards'', na may parehong katayuan tulad ng isang lungsod) sa silangang hati ng prepektura. Ang 23 natatanging mga purok ay bumubuo sa teritoryo ng dating lungsod ng Tokyo. ==Mga lungsod== {|class=wikitable !colspan=2|Uri!!Katawagan sa Hapones!!Bilang ng mga lungsod |- |bgcolor="Moccasin"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||[[Mga lungsod na itinalaga ng ordinansa ng pamahalaan ng Hapon|Lungsod na itinalaga ayon sa ordinansa ng pamahalaan]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|政令指定都市}}}}</span>||20 |- |bgcolor="PaleTurquoise"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||[[Mga core city ng Hapon|Core city]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|中核市}}}}</span>||58 |- |bgcolor="MistyRose"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||[[Mga natatanging lungsod ng Hapon|Natatanging lungsod]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|特例市}}}}</span>||27 |- |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||[[Mga lungsod ng Hapon|Lungsod]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|市}}}}||684 |- |bgcolor="Gainsboro"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||[[Mga natatanging purok ng Tokyo|Natatanging purok (''special ward'')]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|特別区}}}}</span>||23 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" ! Lungsod o Natatanging Purok !! Wikang Hapones !! Prepektura !! Populasyon !! Laki !! Dami ng tao<br>{{small|(sa bawat kilometro kuwadrado)}} !! Itinatag ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Websayt |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Nagoya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|名古屋市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||2,283,289||326.45||6,860||1889-10-01||[http://www.city.nagoya.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Toyohashi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|豊橋市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||377,045||261.35||1,443||1906-08-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100309065441/http://www.city.toyohashi.aichi.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Okazaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|岡崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||371,380||387.24||959||1916-07-01||[http://www.city.okazaki.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107142409/http://www.city.okazaki.aichi.jp/tagengo/pgide/guide_en/index_e.html |date=2010-01-07 }} |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Ichinomiya, Aichi|Ichinomiya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|一宮市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||375,939||113.91||3,300||1921-09-01||[http://www.city.ichinomiya.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Seto, Aichi|Seto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|瀬戸市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||132,311||111.61||1,185||1929-10-01||[http://www.city.seto.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Handa, Aichi|Handa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|半田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||117,927||47.24||2,496||1937-10-01||[http://www.city.handa.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116164547/http://www.city.handa.lg.jp/ |date=2015-11-16 }} |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Kasugai, Aichi|Kasugai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|春日井市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||300,713||92.71||3,244||1943-06-01||[http://www.city.kasugai.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toyokawa, Aichi|Toyokawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|豊川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||161,595||150.71||1,072||1943-06-01||[http://www.city.toyokawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsushima, Aichi|Tsushima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|津島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||65,646||25.08||2,617||1947-03-01||[http://www.city.tsushima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hekinan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|碧南市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||73,024||35.86||2,036||1948-04-05||[http://www.city.hekinan.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kariya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|刈谷市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||145,117||50.45||2,876||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.kariya.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|豊田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||420,286||918.47||458||1951-03-01||[http://www.city.toyota.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Anjo</span>[[Anjō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|安城市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||176,046||86.01||2,047||1952-05-05||[http://www.city.anjo.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nishio]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|西尾市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||106,643||75.78||1,407||1953-12-15||[http://www.city.nishio.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gamagori</span>[[Gamagōri]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|蒲郡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||82,264||56.81||1,448||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.gamagori.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inuyama, Aichi|Inuyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|犬山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||75,304||74.97||1,004||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.inuyama.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tokoname]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|常滑市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||52,837||55.63||950||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tokoname.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Konan</span>[[Kōnan, Aichi|Kōnan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|江南市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||100,064||30.17||3,317||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.konan.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小牧市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||149,060||62.82||2,373||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.komaki.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inazawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|稲沢市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||137,475||79.30||1,734||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.inazawa.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokai</span>[[Tōkai, Aichi|Tōkai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東海市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||106,708||43.36||2,461||1969-04-01||[http://www.city.tokai.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Obu</span>[[Ōbu, Aichi|Ōbu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大府市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||83,097||33.68||2,467||1970-09-01||[http://www.city.obu.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chita, Aichi|Chita]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|知多市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||84,782||45.43||1,866||1970-09-01||[http://www.city.chita.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Chiryu</span>[[Chiryū]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|知立市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||68,216||16.34||4,175||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.chiryu.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Owariasahi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|尾張旭市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||79,197||21.03||3,766||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.owariasahi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takahama, Aichi|Takahama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|高浜市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||43,467||13.00||3,344||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.takahama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwakura, Aichi|Iwakura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|岩倉市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||48,042||10.49||4,580||1971-12-01||[http://www.city.iwakura.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toyoake]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|豊明市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||69,124||23.18||2,982||1972-08-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031010071331/http://www.city.toyoake.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nisshin, Aichi|Nisshin]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|日進市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||80,921||34.90||2,319||1994-10-01||[http://www.city.nisshin.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tahara, Aichi|Tahara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|田原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||66,698||188.81||353||2003-08-20||[http://www.city.tahara.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Aisai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|愛西市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||65,481||66.63||983||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.aisai.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kiyosu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|清須市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||56,635||13.31||4,255||2005-07-07||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100118022240/http://www.city.kiyosu.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shinshiro]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|新城市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||51,326||499.00||103||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.shinshiro.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024121645/http://www.city.shinshiro.lg.jp/ |date=2007-10-24 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kitanagoya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|北名古屋市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||80,112||18.37||4,361||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.kitanagoya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yatomi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|弥富市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||43,145||48.92||882||2006-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20060509222602/http://city.yatomi.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyoshi, Aichi|Miyoshi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|みよし市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||62,001||32.11||1,930||2010-01-04||[http://www.city.aichi-miyoshi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ama, Aichi|Ama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|あま市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||86,876||27.59||3,160||2010-03-22||[http://www.city.ama.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nagakute]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|長久手市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aichi}}||57,764||21.55||2,680||2012-01-04||[https://www.city.nagakute.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Lungsod ng Akita|Akita]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|秋田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Akita}}||329,287||905.67||364||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.akita.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Odate</span>[[Ōdate]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大館市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Akita}}||80,587||913.70||88.2||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.odate.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kazuno, Akita|Kazuno]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鹿角市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Akita}}||35,543||707.34||50.2||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.kazuno.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Daisen, Akita|Daisen]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大仙市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Akita}}||91,143||866.67||105||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.daisen.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126235821/http://www.city.daisen.akita.jp/ |date=2021-01-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Katagami, Akita|Katagami]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|潟上市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Akita}}||35,460||97.96||362||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.katagami.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326092156/http://www.city.katagami.akita.jp/ |date=2010-03-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kitaakita]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|北秋田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Akita}}||38,543||1,152.57||33.4||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.kitaakita.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Oga, Akita|Oga]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|男鹿市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Akita}}||34,194||240.80||142||2005-03-22||[https://web.archive.org/web/20071210214619/http://www2.city.oga.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yurihonjo</span>[[Yurihonjō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|由利本荘市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Akita}}||87,525||1,209.04||72.4||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.yurihonjo.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yuzawa, Akita|Yuzawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|湯沢市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Akita}}||53,588||790.72||67.8||2005-03-22||[http://www.city-yuzawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Semboku, Akita|Semboku]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|仙北市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Akita}}||30,885||1,093.64||28.2||2005-09-20||[http://www.city.semboku.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yokote, Akita|Yokote]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|横手市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Akita}}||101,234||693.60||146||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.yokote.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nikaho, Akita|Nikaho]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|にかほ市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Akita}}||28,422||240.61||118||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.nikaho.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Noshiro, Akita|Noshiro]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|能代市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Akita}}||61,295||426.74||144||2006-03-21||[http://www.city.noshiro.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230153645/http://www.city.noshiro.akita.jp/ |date=2019-12-30 }} |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Hachinohe]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|八戸市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aomori}}||241,613||305.17||792||1929-05-01||[http://www.city.hachinohe.aomori.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kuroishi, Aomori|Kuroishi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|黒石市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aomori}}||37,585||216.96||173||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.kuroishi.aomori.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Misawa, Aomori|Misawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|三沢市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aomori}}||42,535||119.97||355||1958-09-01||[http://www.city.misawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mutsu, Aomori|Mutsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|むつ市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aomori}}||62,220||863.79||72.0||1959-09-01||[http://www.city.mutsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Towada, Aomori|Towada]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|十和田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aomori}}||66,834||688.60||97.1||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.towada.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsugaru, Aomori|Tsugaru]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|つがる市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aomori}}||38,919||253.85||153||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.tsugaru.aomori.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Goshogawara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|五所川原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aomori}}||60,788||404.58||150||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.goshogawara.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|青森市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aomori}}||305,884||824.52||371||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.aomori.aomori.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hirakawa, Aomori|Hirakawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|平川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aomori}}||34,638||345.81||100||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.hirakawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hirosaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|弘前市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Aomori}}||185,865||523.60||355||2006-02-27||[http://www.city.hirosaki.aomori.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Lungsod ng Chiba|Chiba]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|千葉市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||938,695||272.08||3,450||1921-01-01||[http://www.city.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Choshi</span>[[Chōshi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|銚子市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||72,348||83.91||862||1933-02-11||[http://www.city.choshi.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ichikawa, Chiba|Ichikawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|市川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||470,149||57.40||8,191||1934-11-03||[http://www.city.ichikawa.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425105135/http://www.city.ichikawa.chiba.jp/ |date=2020-04-25 }} |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Funabashi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|船橋市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||586,762||85.64||6,851||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.funabashi.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214030110/http://www.city.funabashi.chiba.jp/koho/eng/index.htm |date=2006-12-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tateyama, Chiba|Tateyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|館山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||49,987||110.21||454||1939-11-03||[http://www.city.tateyama.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kisarazu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|木更津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||123,743||138.73||892||1942-11-03||[http://www.city.kisarazu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Matsudo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|松戸市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||477,603||61.33||7,787||1943-04-01||[http://www.city.matsudo.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Noda, Chiba|Noda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|野田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||153,422||103.54||1,482||1950-05-03||[http://www.city.noda.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mobara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|茂原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||93,032||100.01||930||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.mobara.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Narita, Chiba|Narita]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|成田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||124,773||213.84||583||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakura, Chiba|Sakura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|佐倉市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||171,472||103.59||1,655||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.sakura.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Togane</span>[[Tōgane]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東金市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||61,591||89.34||689||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.togane.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Narashino]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|習志野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||159,758||20.99||7,611||1954-08-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030322104057/http://www.city.narashino.chiba.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Kashiwa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|柏市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||389,036||114.90||3,386||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.kashiwa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katsuura, Chiba|Katsuura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|勝浦市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||21,413||94.20||227||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.katsuura.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011174244/http://www.city.katsuura.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-10-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Ichihara, Chiba|Ichihara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|市原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||279,591||368.20||759||1963-05-01||[http://www.city.ichihara.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nagareyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|流山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||156,686||35.28||4,441||1967-01-01||[http://www.city.nagareyama.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yachiyo, Chiba|Yachiyo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|八千代市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||184,655||51.27||3,602||1967-01-01||[http://www.city.yachiyo.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023065947/http://www.city.yachiyo.chiba.jp/ |date=2007-10-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Abiko, Chiba|Abiko]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|我孫子市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||133,533||43.19||3,092||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.abiko.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kamagaya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鎌ヶ谷市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||104,564||21.11||4,953||1971-09-01||[http://www.city.kamagaya.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kimitsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|君津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||89,350||318.83||280||1971-09-01||[http://www.city.kimitsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Futtsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|富津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||48,973||205.35||238||1971-09-01||[http://www.city.futtsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Urayasu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|浦安市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||159,312||17.29||9,214||1981-04-01||[http://www.city.urayasu.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121214957/http://www.city.urayasu.chiba.jp/ |date=2013-01-21 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yotsukaido</span>[[Yotsukaidō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|四街道市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||85,738||34.70||2,471||1981-04-01||[http://www.city.yotsukaido.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sodegaura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|袖ヶ浦市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||59,443||94.92||626||1991-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030806000844/http://www.city.sodegaura.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yachimata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|八街市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||75,369||74.87||1,007||1992-04-01||[http://www.city.yachimata.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inzai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|印西市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||60,280||53.51||1,127||1996-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030920011457/http://www.city.inzai.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shiroi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|白井市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||57,151||35.41||1,614||2001-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030927182101/http://city.shiroi.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tomisato]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|富里市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||51,590||53.91||957||2002-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050822172721/http://www.city.tomisato.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kamogawa, Chiba|Kamogawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鴨川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||35,792||191.30||187||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.kamogawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Asahi, Chiba|Asahi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|旭市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||69,971||129.91||539||2005-07-01||[http://www.city.asahi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Isumi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|いすみ市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||41,605||157.50||264||2005-12-05||[http://www.city.isumi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Sosa</span>[[Sōsa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|匝瑳市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||41,361||101.78||406||2006-01-23||[http://www.city.sosa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Minamiboso</span>[[Minamibōsō, Chiba|Minamibōsō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南房総市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||43,553||230.22||189||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.minamiboso.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katori, Chiba|Katori]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|香取市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||85,193||262.31||325||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.katori.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sanmu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|山武市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||57,806||146.38||395||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.sammu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ōamishirasato]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大網白里市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Chiba}}||51,176||58.06||881||2013-01-01||[http://www.city.oamishirasato.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Matsuyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|松山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ehime}}||515,068||429.03||1,201||1889-12-15||[http://www.city.matsuyama.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Niihama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|新居浜市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ehime}}||123,329||234.30||526||1937-11-03||[http://www.city.niihama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shikokuchuo</span>[[Shikokuchūō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|四国中央市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ehime}}||91,688||420.10||218||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.shikokuchuo.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Seiyo, Ehime|Seiyo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|西予市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ehime}}||43,476||514.79||84.5||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.seiyo.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Toon</span>[[Tōon, Ehime|Tōon]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東温市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ehime}}||35,517||211.45||168||2004-09-21||[http://www.city.toon.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Saijo</span>[[Saijō, Ehime|Saijō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|西条市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ehime}}||112,543||509.05||221||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.saijo.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ozu</span>[[Ōzu, Ehime|Ōzu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大洲市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ehime}}||49,543||432.20||115||2005-01-11||[http://www.city.ozu.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Imabari, Ehime|Imabari]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|今治市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ehime}}||170,986||419.85||407||2005-01-16||[http://www.city.imabari.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yawatahama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|八幡浜市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ehime}}||40,010||132.98||301||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.yawatahama.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iyo, Ehime|Iyo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊予市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ehime}}||38,890||194.47||200||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.iyo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uwajima, Ehime|Uwajima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宇和島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ehime}}||86,819||469.52||185||2005-08-01||[http://www.city.uwajima.ehime.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Fukui, Fukui|Fukui]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|福井市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukui}}||268,574||536.17||501||1889-04-01||[/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsuruga, Fukui|Tsuruga]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|敦賀市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukui}}||68,188||250.75||272||1937-04-01||[http://www.ton21.ne.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201023841/http://www.ton21.ne.jp/ |date=2022-02-01 }} |- |align="left"|[[Obama, Fukui|Obama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小浜市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukui}}||31,486||232.86||135||1951-03-30||[https://web.archive.org/web/20051013061933/http://www.city.obama.fukui.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ono</span>[[Ōno, Fukui|Ōno]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukui}}||36,763||872.30||42.1||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.ono.fukui.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katsuyama, Fukui|Katsuyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|勝山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukui}}||26,333||253.68||104||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.katsuyama.fukui.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sabae, Fukui|Sabae]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鯖江市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukui}}||67,430||84.75||796||1955-01-15||[http://www.city.sabae.fukui.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Awara, Fukui|Awara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|あわら市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukui}}||30,765||116.99||263||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.awara.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Echizen, Fukui|Echizen]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|越前市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukui}}||87,116||230.75||378||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.echizen.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakai, Fukui|Sakai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|坂井市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukui}}||92,420||209.91||440||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.fukui-sakai.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Fukuoka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|福岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||1,581,527||340.96||4,515||1889-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20020120213547/http://www.city.fukuoka.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Kurume]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|久留米市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||305,147||229.84||1,328||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kurume.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Omuta</span>[[Ōmuta, Fukuoka|Ōmuta]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大牟田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||127,474||81.55||1,563||1917-03-01||[http://www.city.omuta.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nogata</span>[[Nōgata, Fukuoka|Nōgata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|直方市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||57,319||61.78||928||1931-01-01||[http://www.city.nogata.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tagawa, Fukuoka|Tagawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|田川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||50,484||54.52||926||1943-11-03||[http://www.joho.tagawa.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yanagawa, Fukuoka|Yanagawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|柳川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||72,798||76.90||947||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.yanagawa.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yame, Fukuoka|Yame]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|八女市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||42,241||98.66||428||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.yame.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chikugo, Fukuoka|Chikugo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|筑後市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||48,281||41.85||1,154||1954-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050911043927/http://www.city.chikugo.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Okawa</span>[[Ōkawa, Fukuoka|Ōkawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||38,266||33.61||1,139||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.okawa.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yukuhashi, Fukuoka|Yukuhashi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|行橋市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||70,064||69.83||1,003||1954-10-10||[http://www.city.yukuhashi.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Buzen, Fukuoka|Buzen]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|豊前市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||27,578||111.17||248||1955-04-10||[http://www.city.buzen.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nakagawa, Fukuoka|Nakagawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|那珂川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||50,004||74.95||667||2018-10-01||[https://www.city.nakagawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nakama, Fukuoka|Nakama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|中間市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||45,549||15.98||2,850||1958-11-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20000422061603/http://www.city.nakama.fukuoka.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kitakyushu</span>[[Kitakyushu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|北九州市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||986,998||487.71||2,024||1963-02-10||[http://www.city.kitakyushu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ogori</span>[[Ogōri, Fukuoka|Ogōri]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小郡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||58,460||45.50||1,285||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.ogori.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chikushino, Fukuoka|Chikushino]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|筑紫野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||98,914||87.78||1,127||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.chikushino.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasuga, Fukuoka|Kasuga]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|春日市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||107,845||14.15||7,622||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.kasuga.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Onojo</span>[[Ōnojō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大野城市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||94,037||26.88||3,498||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.onojo.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Munakata, Fukuoka|Munakata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宗像市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||94,877||119.66||793||1981-04-01||[http://www.city.munakata.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Dazaifu, Fukuoka|Dazaifu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|太宰府市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||68,561||29.58||2,318||1982-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030919150110/http://www2.city.dazaifu.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Koga, Fukuoka|Koga]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|古賀市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||57,084||42.11||1,356||1997-10-01||[http://www.city.koga.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104031644/http://www.city.koga.fukuoka.jp/eng/ |date=2007-01-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Fukutsu, Fukuoka|Fukutsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|福津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||55,123||52.70||1,046||2005-01-24||[http://www.city.fukutsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ukiha, Fukuoka|Ukiha]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|うきは市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||32,277||117.55||275||2005-03-20||[http://www.city.ukiha.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyawaka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宮若市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||30,793||139.99||220||2006-02-11||[http://www.city.miyawaka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Asakura, Fukuoka|Asakura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|朝倉市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||57,881||246.73||235||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.asakura.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iizuka, Fukuoka|Iizuka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|飯塚市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||132,208||214.13||617||2006-03-26||[http://www.city.iizuka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kama, Fukuoka|Kama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|嘉麻市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||44,431||135.18||329||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.kama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyama, Fukuoka|Miyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|みやま市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||42,219||105.12||402||2007-01-29||[http://www.city.miyama.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428064138/http://www.city.miyama.lg.jp/ |date=2009-04-28 }} |- |align="left"|[[Itoshima, Fukuoka|Itoshima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|糸島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukuoka}}||100,304||216.12||464.11||2010-01-01||[http://www.city.itoshima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Aizuwakamatsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|会津若松市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukushima}}||129,388||383.03||338||1899-04-01||[http://www.city.aizuwakamatsu.fukushima.jp/.] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Lungsod ng Fukushima|Fukushima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|福島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukushima}}||289,355||746.43||388||1907-04-01||[http://www.city.fukushima.fukushima.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Koriyama</span>[[Kōriyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|郡山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukushima}}||339,395||757.06||448||1924-09-01||[http://www.city.koriyama.fukushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516201456/http://www.city.koriyama.fukushima.jp/063000/koho/yoran.html |date=2017-05-16 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sukagawa, Fukushima|Sukagawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|須賀川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukushima}}||80,336||279.55||287||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.sukagawa.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Soma</span>[[Sōma, Fukushima|Sōma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|相馬市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukushima}}||38,543||197.67||195||1954-03-31||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100210185958/http://www.city.soma.fukushima.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Iwaki, Fukushima|Iwaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|いわき市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukushima}}||349,947||1,231.34||284||1966-10-01||[http://www.city.iwaki.fukushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411210504/http://www.city.iwaki.fukushima.jp/gaikokugo/english/ |date=2010-04-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tamura, Fukushima|Tamura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|田村市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukushima}}||42,221||458.30||92.1||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.tamura.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shirakawa, Fukushima|Shirakawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|白河市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukushima}}||65,665||305.30||215||2005-11-07||[http://www.city.shirakawa.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nihonmatsu, Fukushima|Nihonmatsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|二本松市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukushima}}||61,698||344.65||179||2005-12-01||[http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Minamisoma</span>[[Minamisōma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南相馬市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukushima}}||71,761||398.50||180||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.minamisoma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Date, Fukushima|Date]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊達市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukushima}}||67,487||265.10||255||2006-01-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20060110075417/http://www.city.date.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitakata, Fukushima|Kitakata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|喜多方市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukushima}}||54,684||554.67||98.6||2006-01-04||[http://www.city.kitakata.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Motomiya, Fukushima|Motomiya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|本宮市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Fukushima}}||31,737||87.94||361||2007-01-01||[http://www.city.motomiya.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Gifu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|岐阜市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||412,779||202.89||2,034||1889-07-01||[http://www.city.gifu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ogaki</span>[[Ōgaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大垣市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||163,047||206.52||789||1918-04-01||[http://www.city.ogaki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takayama, Gifu|Takayama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|高山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||94,879||2,177.67||43.6||1936-11-01||[http://www.city.takayama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tajimi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|多治見市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||114,866||91.24||1,259||1940-08-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030927115157/http://www2.city.tajimi.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Seki, Gifu|Seki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|関市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||92,896||472.84||196||1950-10-15||[http://www.city.seki.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nakatsugawa, Gifu|Nakatsugawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|中津川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||83,116||676.38||123||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.nakatsugawa.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mino, Gifu|Mino]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|美濃市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||22,912||117.05||196||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.mino.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mizunami, Gifu|Mizunami]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|瑞浪市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||41,556||175.00||237||1954-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031005144837/http://www.city.mizunami.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hashima, Gifu|Hashima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|羽島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||67,167||53.64||1,252||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.hashima.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914053231/http://www.city.hashima.gifu.jp/ |date=2008-09-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Minokamo, Gifu|Minokamo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|美濃加茂市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||53,988||74.81||722||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.minokamo.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204112654/http://www.city.minokamo.gifu.jp/home/ENGLISH/e_top.html |date=2007-02-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Toki, Gifu|Toki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|土岐市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||61,393||116.01||529||1955-02-01||[http://www.city.toki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kakamigahara, Gifu|Kakamigahara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|各務原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||145,126||87.77||1,653||1963-04-01||[http://www.city.kakamigahara.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kani, Gifu|Kani]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|可児市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||99,318||87.60||1,134||1982-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20110820225543/http://www.city.kani.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yamagata, Gifu|Yamagata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|山県市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||29,857||222.04||134||2003-04-01||[http://www.city.yamagata.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mizuho, Gifu|Mizuho]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|瑞穂市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||51,230||28.18||1,818||2003-05-01||[http://www.city.mizuho.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hida, Gifu|Hida]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|飛騨市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||28,112||792.31||35.5||2004-02-01||[http://www.city.hida.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Motosu, Gifu|Motosu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|本巣市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||34,729||374.57||92.7||2004-02-01||[http://www.city.motosu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gujo</span>[[Gujō, Gifu|Gujō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|郡上市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||46,338||1,030.79||45.0||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.gujo.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Gero, Gifu|Gero]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|下呂市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||37,455||851.06||44.0||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.gero.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ena, Gifu|Ena]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|恵那市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||54,844||504.19||109||2004-10-25||[http://www.city.ena.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kaizu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|海津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gifu}}||38,532||112.31||343||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.kaizu.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Maebashi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|前橋市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gunma}}||318,058||241.22||1,319||1892-04-01||[http://www.city.maebashi.gunma.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Takasaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|高崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gunma}}||341,838||401.01||852||1900-04-01||[http://www.city.takasaki.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kiryu</span>[[Kiryū, Gunma|Kiryū]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|桐生市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gunma}}||124,892||274.57||455||1921-03-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030919163928/http://www.city.kiryu.gunma.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Isesaki, Gunma|Isesaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊勢崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gunma}}||204,240||139.33||1,466||1940-09-13||[http://www.city.isesaki.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ota</span>[[Ōta, Gunma|Ōta]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|太田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gunma}}||214,049||176.49||1,213||1948-05-03||[http://www.city.ota.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Numata, Gunma|Numata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|沼田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gunma}}||52,319||443.37||118||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.numata.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tatebayashi, Gunma|Tatebayashi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|館林市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gunma}}||79,023||60.98||1,296||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tatebayashi.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujioka, Gunma|Fujioka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|藤岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gunma}}||68,710||180.09||382||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.fujioka.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shibukawa, Gunma|Shibukawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|渋川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gunma}}||86,134||240.42||358||2006-02-20||[https://web.archive.org/web/20080604061226/http://www.city.shibukawa.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Annaka, Gunma|Annaka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|安中市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gunma}}||62,270||276.34||225||2006-03-18||[http://www.city.annaka.gunma.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704214107/http://www.city.annaka.gunma.jp/ |date=2007-07-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tomioka, Gunma|Tomioka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|富岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gunma}}||53,332||122.90||434||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.tomioka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Midori, Gunma|Midori]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|みどり市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Gunma}}||51,964||208.23||250||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.midori.gunma.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Hiroshima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|広島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||1,163,806||905.13||1,286||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Onomichi, Hiroshima|Onomichi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|尾道市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||148,085||284.85||520||1898-04-01||[http://www.city.onomichi.hiroshima.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|呉市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||246,118||353.74||696||1902-10-01||[http://www.city.kure.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|福山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||461,368||518.07||891||1916-07-01||[http://www.city.fukuyama.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mihara, Hiroshima|Mihara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|三原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||103,209||471.03||219||1936-11-15||[http://www.city.mihara.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Fuchu</span>[[Fuchū, Hiroshima|Fuchū]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|府中市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||44,212||195.71||226||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.fuchu.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyoshi, Hiroshima|Miyoshi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|三次市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||58,264||778.19||74.9||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.miyoshi.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shobara</span>[[Shōbara, Hiroshima|Shōbara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|庄原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||41,747||1,246.60||33.5||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.shobara.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Otake</span>[[Ōtake, Hiroshima|Ōtake]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大竹市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||29,665||78.55||378||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.otake.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takehara, Hiroshima|Takehara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|竹原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||29,803||118.30||252||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.takehara.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashihiroshima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東広島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||187,711||635.32||295||1974-04-20||[http://www.city.higashihiroshima.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima|Hatsukaichi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|廿日市市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||115,184||489.36||235||1988-04-01||[http://www.city.hatsukaichi.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akitakata, Hiroshima|Akitakata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|安芸高田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||32,323||537.79||60.1||2004-03-01||[http://www.akitakata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Etajima, Hiroshima|Etajima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|江田島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hiroshima}}||28,601||100.97||283||2004-11-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050308025520/http://www.city.etajima.hiroshima.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Sapporo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|札幌市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||1,918,096||1,710.00||1,699||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915231600/http://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/ |date=2019-09-15 }} |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Hakodate]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|函館市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||277,056||677.89||409||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.hakodate.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Otaru]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小樽市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||130,255||243.30||535||1922-08-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030920134255/http://www.city.otaru.hokkaido.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Asahikawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|旭川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||350,511||747.60||469||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.asahikawa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Muroran]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|室蘭市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||93,078||80.65||1,154||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.muroran.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Obihiro]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|帯広市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||168,188||618.94||272||1933-04-01||[http://www.city.obihiro.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yubari</span>[[Yūbari, Hokkaidō|Yūbari]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|夕張市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||10,471||763.20||13.7||1943-04-01||[http://www.city.yubari.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwamizawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|岩見沢市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||89,023||481.10||185||1943-04-01||[http://www.city.iwamizawa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Abashiri]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|網走市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||38,548||471.00||81.8||1947-02-11||[http://www.city.abashiri.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Rumoi, Hokkaidō|Rumoi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|留萌市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||24,036||297.44||80.8||1947-10-01||[http://www.e-rumoi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tomakomai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|苫小牧市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||173,761||561.49||309||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.tomakomai.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Wakkanai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|稚内市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||37,911||760.83||49.8||1949-04-01||[http://www.city.wakkanai.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Bibai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|美唄市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||25,312||277.61||91.2||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.bibai.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ashibetsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|芦別市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||16,465||865.02||19.0||1953-04-01||[http://www.city.ashibetsu.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ebetsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|江別市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||120,940||187.57||645||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.ebetsu.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akabira]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|赤平市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||12,234||129.88||94.2||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.akabira.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Monbetsu, Hokkaidō|Monbetsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|紋別市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||24,293||830.70||29.2||1954-07-01||[http://mombetsu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mikasa, Hokkaidō|Mikasa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|三笠市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||10,070||302.64||33.3||1957-04-01||[http://www.city.mikasa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nemuro, Hokkaidō|Nemuro]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|根室市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||28,923||512.63||56.4||1957-08-01||[http://www.city.nemuro.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chitose, Hokkaidō|Chitose]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|千歳市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||94,124||594.95||158||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.chitose.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905165529/http://www.city.chitose.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2016-09-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Takikawa, Hokkaidō|Takikawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|滝川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||42,815||115.82||370||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.takikawa.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309110101/http://www.city.takikawa.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2010-03-09 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sunagawa, Hokkaidō|Sunagawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|砂川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||18,740||78.69||238||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.sunagawa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Utashinai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|歌志内市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||4,259||55.99||76.1||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.utashinai.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukagawa, Hokkaidō|Fukagawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|深川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||23,215||529.23||43.9||1963-05-01||[http://www.city.fukagawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Furano, Hokkaidō|Furano]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|富良野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||23,890||600.97||39.8||1966-05-01||[http://www.city.furano.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Noboribetsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|登別市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||51,474||212.11||243||1970-08-01||[http://www.city.noboribetsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Eniwa, Hokkaidō|Eniwa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|恵庭市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||68,754||294.87||233||1970-11-01||[http://www.city.eniwa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Date, Hokkaidō|Date]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊達市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||36,461||444.28||82.1||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.date.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitahiroshima, Hokkaidō|Kitahiroshima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|北広島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||60,291||118.54||509||1996-09-01||[http://www.city.kitahiroshima.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ishikari, Hokkaidō|Ishikari]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|石狩市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||60,616||721.86||84.0||1996-09-01||[http://www.city.ishikari.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shibetsu, Hokkaidō|Shibetsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|士別市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||21,640||1,119.29||19.3||2005-09-01||[http://www.city.shibetsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kushiro, Hokkaidō|Kushiro]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|釧路市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||182,263||1,362.75||134||2005-10-11||[https://web.archive.org/web/20060323035246/http://www.city.kushiro.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hokuto, Hokkaidō|Hokuto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|北斗市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||48,779||397.30||123||2006-02-01||[http://www.city.hokuto.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitami]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|北見市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||124,291||1,427.56||87.1||2006-03-05||[http://www.city.kitami.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nayoro]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|名寄市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hokkaidō}}||29,869||535.23||55.8||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.nayoro.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Kobe]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|神戸市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||1,530,847||552.23||2,772||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kobe.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Himeji]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|姫路市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||536,170||534.27||1,004||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.himeji.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907223328/http://www.city.himeji.hyogo.jp/ |date=2019-09-07 }} |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Amagasaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|尼崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||461,202||49.77||9,267||1916-04-01||[http://www.city.amagasaki.hyogo.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Akashi, Hyōgo|Akashi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|明石市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||292,162||49.24||5,933||1919-11-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031019194909/http://www.city.akashi.hyogo.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Nishinomiya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|西宮市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||477,056||99.96||4,772||1925-04-01||[http://www.nishi.or.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ashiya, Hyōgo|Ashiya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|芦屋市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||92,828||18.47||5,026||1940-11-10||[http://www.city.ashiya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Itami, Hyōgo|Itami]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊丹市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||194,488||24.97||7,789||1940-11-10||[http://www.city.itami.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Aioi, Hyōgo|Aioi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|相生市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||31,973||90.45||353||1942-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050827184359/http://www.city.aioi.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toyooka, Hyōgo|Toyooka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|豊岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||87,555||697.66||125||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.toyooka.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Kakogawa, Hyōgo|Kakogawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|加古川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||267,631||138.51||1,932||1950-06-15||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030930010510/http://www.city.kakogawa.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ako</span>[[Akō, Hyōgo|Akō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|赤穂市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||51,277||126.88||404||1951-09-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050822230242/http://www.city.ako.hyogo.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Takarazuka, Hyōgo|Takarazuka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宝塚市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||222,071||101.80||2,181||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.takarazuka.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000426/http://www.city.takarazuka.hyogo.jp/foreign/en/index.html |date=2010-03-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Miki, Hyōgo|Miki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|三木市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||83,244||176.58||471||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.miki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takasago, Hyōgo|Takasago]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|高砂市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||94,198||34.40||2,738||1954-07-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100111064811/http://www.city.takasago.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kawanishi, Hyōgo|Kawanishi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|川西市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||157,461||53.44||2,947||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.kawanishi.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ono, Hyōgo|Ono]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||49,664||92.92||534||1954-12-01||[http://www.city.ono.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sanda, Hyōgo|Sanda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|三田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||113,600||210.22||540||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.sanda.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasai, Hyōgo|Kasai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|加西市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||48,435||150.95||321||1967-04-01||[http://www.city.kasai.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tamba-Sasayama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|丹波篠山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||44,345||377.61||117||1999-04-01||[http://www.city.sasayama.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205231832/http://www.city.sasayama.hyogo.jp/ |date=2010-02-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yabu, Hyōgo|Yabu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|養父市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||27,428||422.78||64.9||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.yabu.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tanba, Hyōgo|Tanba]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|丹波市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||69,233||493.28||140||2004-11-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050519012346/http://www.city.tamba.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minamiawaji, Hyōgo|Minamiawaji]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南あわじ市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||51,069||229.18||223||2005-01-11||[http://www.city.minamiawaji.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Asago, Hyōgo|Asago]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|朝来市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||34,084||402.98||84.6||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.asago.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Awaji, Hyōgo|Awaji]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|淡路市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||47,849||184.21||260||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.awaji.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shiso</span>[[Shisō, Hyōgo|Shisō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宍粟市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||42,302||658.60||64.2||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.shiso.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nishiwaki, Hyōgo|Nishiwaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|西脇市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||43,126||132.47||326||2005-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050831112740/http://www.city.nishiwaki.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tatsuno, Hyōgo|Tatsuno]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|たつの市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||80,988||210.93||384||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.tatsuno.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sumoto, Hyōgo|Sumoto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|洲本市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||48,631||182.47||267||2006-02-11||[http://www.city.sumoto.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111034013/http://www.city.sumoto.hyogo.jp/ |date=2010-01-11 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kato</span>[[Katō, Hyōgo|Katō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|加東市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Hyōgo}}||39,935||157.49||254||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.kato.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Mito, Ibaraki|Mito]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|水戸市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||264,062||217.43||1,214||1889-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20110322185051/http://www.city.mito.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hitachi, Ibaraki|Hitachi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|日立市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||195,844||225.55||868||1939-09-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050904224525/http://www.city.hitachi.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsuchiura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|土浦市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||143,986||113.82||1,265||1940-11-03||[http://www.city.tsuchiura.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yuki</span>[[Yūki, Ibaraki|Yūki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|結城市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||52,065||65.84||791||1954-03-15||[http://www.city.yuki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ryugasaki</span>[[Ryūgasaki, Ibaraki|Ryūgasaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|龍ヶ崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||79,295||78.20||1,014||1954-03-20||[http://www.city.ryugasaki.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimotsuma, Ibaraki|Shimotsuma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|下妻市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||45,918||80.88||568||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.shimotsuma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Joso</span>[[Jōsō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|常総市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||65,858||123.52||533||1954-07-10||[http://www.city.joso.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hitachiota</span>[[Hitachiōta, Ibaraki|Hitachiōta]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|常陸太田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||58,461||372.01||157||1954-07-15||[http://www.city.hitachiota.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takahagi, Ibaraki|Takahagi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|高萩市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||32,031||193.65||165||1954-11-23||[http://www.city.takahagi.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitaibaraki, Ibaraki|Kitaibaraki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|北茨城市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||48,437||186.55||260||1956-03-31||[https://web.archive.org/web/20080208195100/http://www.city-kitaibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toride, Ibaraki|Toride]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|取手市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||109,953||69.96||1,572||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.toride.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ushiku, Ibaraki|Ushiku]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|牛久市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||79,254||58.88||1,346||1986-06-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031013035340/http://www.city.ushiku.ibaraki.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Tsukuba, Ibaraki|Tsukuba]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|つくば市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||207,314||284.07||730||1987-11-30||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050826064935/http://www.city.tsukuba.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hitachinaka, Ibaraki|Hitachinaka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|ひたちなか市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||155,338||99.04||1,568||1994-11-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20020202052204/http://www.city.hitachinaka.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashima, Ibaraki|Kashima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鹿嶋市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||65,193||92.96||701||1995-09-01||[http://www.city.kashima.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Itako, Ibaraki|Itako]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|潮来市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||31,103||62.67||496||2001-04-01||[http://www.city.itako.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Moriya, Ibaraki|Moriya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|守谷市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||57,793||35.63||1,622||2002-02-02||[http://www.city.moriya.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hitachiomiya</span>[[Hitachiōmiya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|常陸大宮市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||46,729||348.38||134||2004-10-16||[http://www.city.hitachiomiya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Naka, Ibaraki|Naka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|那珂市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||54,618||97.80||558||2005-01-21||[http://www.city.naka.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823124000/http://www.city.naka.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2016-08-23 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Bando</span>[[Bandō, Ibaraki|Bandō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|坂東市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||57,128||123.18||464||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.bando.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inashiki, Ibaraki|Inashiki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|稲敷市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||48,125||178.12||270||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.inashiki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chikusei]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|筑西市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||110,813||205.35||540||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.chikusei.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasumigaura, Ibaraki|Kasumigaura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|かすみがうら市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||44,450||118.77||374||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.kasumigaura.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017095928/http://www.city.kasumigaura.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2008-10-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kamisu, Ibaraki|Kamisu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|神栖市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||93,538||147.24||635||2005-08-01||[http://www.city.kamisu.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Namegata, Ibaraki|Namegata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|行方市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||39,117||166.33||235||2005-09-02||[http://www.city.namegata.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Koga, Ibaraki|Koga]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|古河市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||144,392||123.58||1,168||2005-09-12||[http://www.city.ibaraki-koga.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ishioka, Ibaraki|Ishioka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|石岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||80,502||213.38||377||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.ishioka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakuragawa, Ibaraki|Sakuragawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|桜川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||47,480||179.78||264||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.sakuragawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hokota, Ibaraki|Hokota]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鉾田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||50,869||203.90||249||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.hokota.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasama, Ibaraki|Kasama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|笠間市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||80,646||240.27||336||2006-03-19||[http://www.city.kasama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsukubamirai, Ibaraki|Tsukubamirai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|つくばみらい市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||41,957||79.14||530||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.tsukubamirai.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Omitama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小美玉市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ibaraki}}||52,834||140.21||377||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.omitama.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Kanazawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|金沢市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ishikawa}}||455,595||467.77||974||1889-04-01||[http://www4.city.kanazawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nonoichi, Ishikawa|Nonoichi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|野々市市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ishikawa}}||51,976||13.56||3,800||2011-11-11||[http://www.city.nonoichi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nanao, Ishikawa|Nanao]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|七尾市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ishikawa}}||60,140||317.96||189||1939-07-20||[http://www.city.nanao.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komatsu, Ishikawa|Komatsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小松市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ishikawa}}||109,285||371.13||294||1940-12-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031018035511/http://www.city.komatsu.ishikawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Suzu, Ishikawa|Suzu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|珠洲市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ishikawa}}||17,111||247.20||69.2||1954-07-15||[http://www.city.suzu.ishikawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hakui, Ishikawa|Hakui]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|羽咋市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ishikawa}}||23,963||81.96||292||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.hakui.ishikawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kahoku, Ishikawa|Kahoku]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|かほく市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ishikawa}}||34,747||64.76||537||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.kahoku.ishikawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hakusan, Ishikawa|Hakusan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|白山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ishikawa}}||110,563||755.17||146||2005-02-01||[http://www.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219135937/http://www.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nomi, Ishikawa|Nomi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|能美市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ishikawa}}||48,106||83.85||574||2005-02-01||[http://www.city.nomi.ishikawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521152917/http://www.city.nomi.ishikawa.jp/ |date=2009-05-21 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kaga, Ishikawa|Kaga]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|加賀市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ishikawa}}||73,745||306.00||241||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kaga.ishikawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Wajima, Ishikawa|Wajima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|輪島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Ishikawa}}||31,532||426.25||74.0||2006-02-01||[http://www.city.wajima.ishikawa.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Morioka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|盛岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||299,746||886.47||338||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.morioka.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kamaishi, Iwate|Kamaishi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|釜石市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||41,348||441.42||93.7||1937-05-05||[http://www.city.kamaishi.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ofunato</span>[[Ōfunato]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大船渡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||42,119||323.28||130||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.ofunato.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Rikuzentakata, Iwate|Rikuzentakata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|陸前高田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||23,961||232.29||103||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.rikuzentakata.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitakami, Iwate|Kitakami]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|北上市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||94,806||437.55||217||1991-04-01||[http://www.city.kitakami.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyako, Iwate|Miyako]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宮古市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||58,342||696.82||83.7||2005-06-06||[http://www.city.miyako.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hachimantai, Iwate|Hachimantai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|八幡平市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||29,993||862.25||34.8||2005-09-01||[http://www.city.hachimantai.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ichinoseki, Iwate|Ichinoseki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|一関市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||123,155||1,133.10||109||2005-09-20||[http://www.city.ichinoseki.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tono</span>[[Tōno, Iwate|Tōno]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|遠野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||30,587||825.62||37.0||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.tono.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hanamaki, Iwate|Hanamaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|花巻市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||103,718||908.32||114||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.hanamaki.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ninohe, Iwate|Ninohe]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|二戸市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||30,685||420.31||73.0||2006-01-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100309140524/http://www.city.ninohe.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oshu</span>[[Ōshū, Iwate|Ōshū]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|奥州市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||128,273||993.35||129||2006-02-20||[http://www.city.oshu.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kuji, Iwate|Kuji]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|久慈市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||37,824||623.14||60.7||2006-03-06||[http://www.city.kuji.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takizawa, Iwate|Takizawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|滝沢市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Iwate}}||55,153||182.32||303||2014-01-01||[http://www.city.takizawa.iwate.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Takamatsu, Kagawa|Takamatsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|高松市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagawa}}||418,557||375.11||1,116||1890-02-15||[http://www.city.takamatsu.kagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Marugame, Kagawa|Marugame]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|丸亀市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagawa}}||110,550||111.79||989||1899-04-01||[http://www.city.marugame.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakaide, Kagawa|Sakaide]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|坂出市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagawa}}||56,501||92.46||611||1942-07-01||[http://www.city.sakaide.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Zentsuji</span>[[Zentsūji, Kagawa|Zentsūji]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|善通寺市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagawa}}||35,180||39.88||882||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.zentsuji.kagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sanuki, Kagawa|Sanuki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|さぬき市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagawa}}||54,832||158.90||345||2002-04-01||[http://www.city.sanuki.kagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashikagawa, Kagawa|Higashikagawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東かがわ市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagawa}}||34,953||153.35||228||2003-04-01||[http://www.higashikagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kan'onji, Kagawa|Kan'onji]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|観音寺市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagawa}}||64,020||117.47||545||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.kanonji.kagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mitoyo, Kagawa|Mitoyo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|三豊市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagawa}}||69,997||222.66||314||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.mitoyo.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Kagoshima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鹿児島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||605,196||547.06||1,106||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119192827/http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/ |date=2013-01-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kanoya, Kagoshima|Kanoya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鹿屋市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||105,673||448.33||236||1941-05-27||[http://www.e-kanoya.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918223533/http://www.e-kanoya.net/ |date=2007-09-18 }} |- |align="left"|[[Makurazaki, Kagoshima|Makurazaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|枕崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||24,400||74.88||326||1949-09-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030522080438/http://www.city.makurazaki.kagoshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akune, Kagoshima|Akune]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|阿久根市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||24,166||134.30||180||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.akune.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202014736/http://www.city.akune.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2013-02-02 }} |- |align="left"|[[Izumi, Kagoshima|Izumi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|出水市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||56,851||330.06||172||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.izumi.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030928012037/http://www.city.izumi.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2003-09-28 }} |- |align="left"|[[Ibusuki, Kagoshima|Ibusuki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|指宿市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||45,455||149.01||305||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.ibusuki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minamisatsuma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南さつま市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||40,386||283.35||143||1954-07-15||[http://www.city.minamisatsuma.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023213442/http://www.city.minamisatsuma.lg.jp/ |date=2014-10-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nishinoomote, Kagoshima|Nishinoomote]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|西之表市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||17,666||205.75||85.9||1958-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031011212628/http://www.city.nishinoomote.kagoshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tarumizu, Kagoshima|Tarumizu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|垂水市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||18,078||162.01||112||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.tarumizu.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029075751/http://www.city.tarumizu.lg.jp/ |date=2015-10-29 }} |- |align="left"|[[Satsumasendai, Kagoshima|Satsumasendai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|薩摩川内市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||100,730||683.50||147||2004-10-12||[https://web.archive.org/web/20041020012842/http://www.city.satsumasendai.kagoshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hioki, Kagoshima|Hioki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|日置市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||51,472||253.06||203||2005-05-01||[http://www.city.hioki.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120013939/http://www.city.hioki.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2013-01-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Soo, Kagoshima|Soo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|曽於市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||41,179||390.39||105||2005-07-01||[http://www.city.soo.kagoshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ichikikushikino]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|いちき串木野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||32,079||112.04||286||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.ichikikushikino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kirishima, Kagoshima|Kirishima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|霧島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||127,726||603.68||212||2005-11-07||[http://www.city-kirishima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shibushi, Kagoshima|Shibushi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|志布志市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||34,105||289.93||118||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.shibushi.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623232216/http://www.city.shibushi.lg.jp/ |date=2014-06-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Amami, Kagoshima|Amami]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|奄美市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||48,116||306.20||157||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.amami.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424051319/http://www.city.amami.lg.jp/ |date=2006-04-24 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Minamikyushu</span>[[Minamikyūshū]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南九州市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||40,891||357.85||114||2007-12-01||[http://www.city.minamikyushu.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620135941/http://www.city.minamikyushu.lg.jp/ |date=2012-06-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Isa, Kagoshima|Isa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊佐市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||30,070||392.36||76.64||2008-11-01||[http://www.city.isa.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402023810/http://www.city.isa.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2009-04-02 }} |- |align="left"|[[Aira, Kagoshima|Aira]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|姶良市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kagoshima}}||74,611||231.32||323||2010-03-23||[http://www.city.aira.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104035148/http://www.city.aira.lg.jp/ |date=2015-11-04 }} |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Yokohama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|横浜市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||3,697,894||437.38||8,500||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.yokohama.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Yokosuka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|横須賀市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||421,397||100.68||4,186||1907-02-15||[http://www.city.yokosuka.kanagawa.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|川崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||1,373,630||142.70||9,626||1924-07-01||[http://www.city.kawasaki.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Hiratsuka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|平塚市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||260,419||67.83||3,839||1932-04-01||[http://www.city.hiratsuka.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kamakura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鎌倉市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||173,588||39.60||4,384||1939-11-03||[http://www.city.kamakura.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|藤沢市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||402,628||69.51||5,792||1940-10-01||[http://www.city.fujisawa.kanagawa.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Odawara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小田原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||198,841||114.09||1,743||1940-12-20||[http://www.city.odawara.kanagawa.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Chigasaki, Kanagawa|Chigasaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|茅ヶ崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||231,005||35.71||6,469||1947-10-01||[http://www.city.chigasaki.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Zushi, Kanagawa|Zushi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|逗子市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||58,654||17.34||3,383||1954-04-15||[http://www.city.zushi.kanagawa.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Sagamihara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|相模原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||706,342||328.84||2,148||1954-11-20||[http://www.city.sagamihara.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miura, Kanagawa|Miura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|三浦市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||49,371||32.28||1,529||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.miura.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hadano, Kanagawa|Hadano]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|秦野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||169,201||103.61||1,633||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.hadano.kanagawa.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Atsugi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|厚木市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||225,163||93.83||2,400||1955-02-01||[http://www.city.atsugi.kanagawa.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Yamato, Kanagawa|Yamato]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大和市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||223,127||27.06||8,246||1959-02-01||[http://www.city.yamato.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Isehara, Kanagawa|Isehara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊勢原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||100,779||55.52||1,815||1971-03-01||[http://www.city.isehara.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ebina, Kanagawa|Ebina]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|海老名市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||126,035||26.48||4,760||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.ebina.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Zama, Kanagawa|Zama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|座間市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||127,582||17.58||7,257||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.zama.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minamiashigara, Kanagawa|Minamiashigara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南足柄市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||44,285||76.93||576||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.minamiashigara.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ayase, Kanagawa|Ayase]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|綾瀬市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kanagawa}}||82,083||22.28||3,684||1978-11-01||[http://www.city.ayase.kanagawa.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kochi</span>[[Lungsod ng Kōchi|Kōchi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|高知市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kōchi}}||342,944||309.22||1,109||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kochi.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sukumo, Kōchi|Sukumo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宿毛市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kōchi}}||23,771||286.11||83.1||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.sukumo.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Aki, Kōchi|Aki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|安芸市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kōchi}}||20,555||317.34||64.8||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.aki.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tosashimizu, Kōchi|Tosashimizu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|土佐清水市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kōchi}}||17,421||266.54||65.4||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.tosashimizu.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Susaki, Kōchi|Susaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|須崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kōchi}}||25,679||135.46||190||1954-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/19991127184937/http://city.susaki.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tosa, Kōchi|Tosa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|土佐市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kōchi}}||29,726||91.59||325||1959-01-01||[http://www.city.tosa.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030040629/http://www.city.tosa.lg.jp/ |date=2020-10-30 }} |- |align="left"|[[Muroto, Kōchi|Muroto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|室戸市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kōchi}}||17,683||248.25||71.2||1959-03-01||[http://www.city.muroto.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nankoku]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南国市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kōchi}}||50,315||125.35||401||1959-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031008163502/http://www.city.nankoku.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimanto, Kōchi|Shimanto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|四万十市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kōchi}}||37,182||632.42||58.8||2005-04-10||[http://www.city.shimanto.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kami, Kōchi|Kami]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|香美市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kōchi}}||29,144||538.22||54.1||2006-03-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20121031134322/http://www.city.kami.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Konan</span>[[Kōnan, Kōchi|Kōnan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|香南市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kōchi}}||34,084||126.49||269||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.kochi-konan.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Kumamoto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|熊本市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||670,348||267.23||2,509||1889-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030423003228/http://www.city.kumamoto.kumamoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yatsushiro, Kumamoto|Yatsushiro]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|八代市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||134,491||680.59||198||1940-09-01||[http://www.city.yatsushiro.kumamoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto|Hitoyoshi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|人吉市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||36,556||210.55||174||1942-02-11||[http://www.city.hitoyoshi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Arao, Kumamoto|Arao]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|荒尾市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||55,505||57.15||971||1942-04-01||[http://www.city.arao.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minamata, Kumamoto|Minamata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|水俣市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||28,123||162.88||173||1949-04-01||[http://www.city.minamata.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tamana, Kumamoto|Tamana]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|玉名市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||70,747||152.55||464||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tamana.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yamaga, Kumamoto|Yamaga]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|山鹿市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||56,741||299.67||189||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.yamaga.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126040213/http://city.yamaga.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2005-01-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kikuchi, Kumamoto|Kikuchi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|菊池市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||51,471||276.66||186||1958-08-01||[http://www.city.kikuchi.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919121754/http://www.city.kikuchi.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2011-09-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Uto, Kumamoto|Uto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宇土市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||37,897||74.19||511||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.uto.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716212732/http://www.city.uto.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2012-07-16 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kami-Amakusa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|上天草市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||31,051||126.13||246||2004-03-31||[https://web.archive.org/web/20090224085647/http://www.kamiamakusa-c.kumamoto-sgn.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uki, Kumamoto|Uki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宇城市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||62,718||188.56||333||2005-01-15||[http://www.city.uki.kumamoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Aso, Kumamoto|Aso]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|阿蘇市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||29,149||376.25||77.5||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.aso.kumamoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Koshi</span>[[Kōshi, Kumamoto|Kōshi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|合志市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||53,490||53.17||1,006||2006-02-27||[http://www.city.koshi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Amakusa, Kumamoto|Amakusa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|天草市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kumamoto}}||93,047||683.17||136||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.amakusa.kumamoto.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Kyoto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|京都市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||1,474,570||827.90||1,800||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukuchiyama, Kyoto|Fukuchiyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|福知山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||80,836||552.57||146||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.fukuchiyama.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Maizuru]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|舞鶴市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||90,461||342.15||264||1943-05-27||[http://www.city.maizuru.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ayabe, Kyoto|Ayabe]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|綾部市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||37,081||347.11||107||1950-08-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20070210163241/http://www.city.ayabe.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uji]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宇治市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||191,297||67.55||2,832||1951-03-01||[http://www.city.uji.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyazu, Kyoto|Miyazu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宮津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||20,565||169.32||121||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.miyazu.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kameoka, Kyoto|Kameoka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|亀岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||93,641||224.90||416||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.kameoka.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Joyo</span>[[Jōyō, Kyoto|Jōyō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|城陽市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||80,795||32.74||2,468||1972-05-03||[http://www.city.joyo.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Muko</span>[[Mukō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|向日市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||55,137||7.67||7,189||1972-10-01||[http://www.city.muko.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nagaokakyo</span>[[Nagaokakyō, Kyoto|Nagaokakyō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|長岡京市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||79,031||19.18||4,120||1972-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20051125110930/http://www.city.nagaokakyo.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yawata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|八幡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||73,822||24.37||3,029||1977-11-01||[http://www.city.yawata.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kyotanabe</span>[[Kyōtanabe, Kyoto|Kyōtanabe]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|京田辺市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||65,211||42.94||1,519||1997-04-01||[http://www.kyotanabe.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013120104/http://www.kyotanabe.jp/ |date=2012-10-13 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kyotango</span>[[Kyōtango]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|京丹後市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||60,980||501.84||122||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.kyotango.kyoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008195221/http://www.city.kyotango.kyoto.jp/ |date=2012-10-08 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nantan, Kyoto|Nantan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南丹市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||35,937||616.31||58.3||2006-06-01||[http://www.city.nantan.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kizugawa, Kyoto|Kizugawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|木津川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Kyoto}}||66,783||85.12||785||2007-03-12||[http://www.city.kizugawa.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Yokkaichi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|四日市市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||306,584||205.53||1,492||1897-08-01||[http://www.city.yokkaichi.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Matsusaka, Mie|Matsusaka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|松阪市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||169,571||623.82||272||1933-02-01||[http://www.city.matsusaka.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kuwana, Mie|Kuwana]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|桑名市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||140,816||136.61||1,031||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.kuwana.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Suzuka, Mie|Suzuka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鈴鹿市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||197,437||194.67||1,014||1942-12-01||[http://www.city.suzuka.mie.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217195322/http://www.city.suzuka.mie.jp/ |date=2007-02-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nabari, Mie|Nabari]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|名張市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||81,184||129.76||626||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.nabari.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Owase, Mie|Owase]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|尾鷲市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||21,272||193.16||110||1954-06-20||[http://www.city.owase.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kameyama, Mie|Kameyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|亀山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||50,304||190.91||263||1954-10-01||[http://www.city.kameyama.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toba, Mie|Toba]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鳥羽市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||22,286||107.98||206||1954-11-01||[http://www.city.toba.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inabe, Mie|Inabe]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|いなべ市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||46,676||219.58||213||2003-12-01||[http://www.city.inabe.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shima, Mie|Shima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|志摩市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||56,758||179.70||316||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.shima.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iga, Mie|Iga]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊賀市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||99,662||558.17||179||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.iga.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ise, Mie|Ise]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊勢市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||133,547||208.53||640||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.ise.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kumano, Mie|Kumano]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|熊野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||20,477||373.63||54.8||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.kumano.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsu, Mie|Tsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Mie}}||289,215||710.81||407||2006-01-01||[http://www.info.city.tsu.mie.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Sendai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|仙台市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||1,029,552||783.54||1,314||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.sendai.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ishinomaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|石巻市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||163,840||555.77||295||1933-04-01||[http://www.city.ishinomaki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shiogama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|塩竈市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||58,057||17.86||3,251||1941-11-23||[http://www.city.shiogama.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shiroishi, Miyagi|Shiroishi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|白石市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||38,629||286.47||135||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.shiroishi.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Natori, Miyagi|Natori]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|名取市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||69,610||100.06||696||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.natori.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kakuda, Miyagi|Kakuda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|角田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||32,559||147.58||221||1958-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20010124171000/http://www.city.kakuda.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tagajo</span>[[Tagajō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|多賀城市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||63,200||19.65||3,216||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.tagajo.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwanuma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|岩沼市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||44,595||60.72||734||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.iwanuma.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tome, Miyagi|Tome]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|登米市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||86,940||536.38||162||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.tome.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kurihara, Miyagi|Kurihara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|栗原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||77,862||804.93||96.7||2005-04-01||[http://www.kuriharacity.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashimatsushima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東松島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||43,238||101.86||424||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.higashimatsushima.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kesennuma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|気仙沼市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||64,578||226.67||285||2006-03-31||[https://archive.today/20121205013719/http://www.city.kesennuma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Osaki</span>[[Ōsaki, Miyagi|Ōsaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||137,164||796.76||172||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.osaki.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Osaki</span>[[Tomiya, Miyagi|Tomiya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|富谷市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyagi}}||52,491||49.13||1,067||2016-10-10||[http://www.tomiya-city.miyagi.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Lungsod ng Miyazaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宮崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyazaki}}||369,473||596.80||619||1924-04-01||[http://www.city.miyazaki.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Miyakonojo</span>[[Miyakonojō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|都城市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyazaki}}||169,384||653.31||259||1924-04-01||[http://www.city.miyakonojo.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nobeoka, Miyazaki|Nobeoka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|延岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyazaki}}||132,480||867.97||153||1933-02-11||[http://www.city.nobeoka.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nichinan, Miyazaki|Nichinan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|日南市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyazaki}}||43,264||294.46||147||1950-01-01||[http://www.city.nichinan.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kobayashi, Miyazaki|Kobayashi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小林市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyazaki}}||40,514||474.23||85.4||1950-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100410014919/http://www.city.kobayashi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hyuga</span>[[Hyūga, Miyazaki|Hyūga]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|日向市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyazaki}}||63,066||336.29||188||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.hyuga.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kushima, Miyazaki|Kushima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|串間市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyazaki}}||21,386||294.96||72.5||1954-11-03||[https://web.archive.org/web/20110307085939/http://www.city.kushima.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saito, Miyazaki|Saito]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|西都市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyazaki}}||33,290||438.56||75.9||1958-11-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030928215807/http://www.city.saito.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ebino, Miyazaki|Ebino]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|えびの市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Miyazaki}}||22,445||283.00||79.3||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.ebino.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Matsumoto, Nagano|Matsumoto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|松本市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||227,392||919.35||247||1907-05-01||[http://www.city.matsumoto.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Okaya, Nagano|Okaya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|岡谷市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||53,722||85.14||631||1936-04-01||[http://www.city.okaya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Suwa, Nagano|Suwa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|諏訪市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||52,671||109.06||483||1941-08-10||[http://www.city.suwa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Suzaka, Nagano|Suzaka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|須坂市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||53,097||149.84||354||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.suzaka.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komoro, Nagano|Komoro]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小諸市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||45,333||98.66||459||1954-04-01||[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914050105/http%3A//www.city.komoro.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komagane, Nagano|Komagane]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|駒ヶ根市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||34,696||165.92||209||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.komagane.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Omachi</span>[[Ōmachi, Nagano|Ōmachi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大町市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||31,276||564.99||55.4||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.omachi.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iiyama, Nagano|Iiyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|飯山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||24,155||202.32||119||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.iiyama.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iida, Nagano|Iida]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|飯田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||107,129||658.76||163||1956-09-30||[http://www.city.iida.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chino, Nagano|Chino]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|茅野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||57,363||266.41||215||1958-08-01||[http://www.city.chino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shiojiri, Nagano|Shiojiri]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|塩尻市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||67,781||290.13||234||1959-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20010720092104/http://www.city.shiojiri.nagano.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Lungsod ng Nagano|Nagano]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|長野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||378,204||730.83||517||1966-10-16||[http://www.city.nagano.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chikuma, Nagano|Chikuma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|千曲市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||63,305||119.84||528||2003-09-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030901020411/http://www.city.chikuma.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tomi</span>[[Tōmi, Nagano|Tōmi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東御市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||31,211||112.30||278||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.tomi.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nakano, Nagano|Nakano]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|中野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||46,295||112.06||413||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.nakano.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saku, Nagano|Saku]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|佐久市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||100,077||423.99||236||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.saku.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Azumino, Nagano|Azumino]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|安曇野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||97,084||331.82||293||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.azumino.nagano.jp] |- |align="left"|[[Ueda, Nagano|Ueda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|上田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||161,887||552.00||293||2006-03-06||[http://www.city.ueda.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ina, Nagano|Ina]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊那市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagano}}||71,937||667.81||108||2006-03-31||[http://www.inacity.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Nagasaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|長崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagasaki}}||448,792||406.37||1,104||1889-04-01||[http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230090651/http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/ |date=2015-12-30 }} |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Sasebo, Nagasaki|Sasebo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|佐世保市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagasaki}}||254,650||364.00||700||1902-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20040702014029/http://www.city.sasebo.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimabara, Nagasaki|Shimabara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|島原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagasaki}}||48,953||82.77||591||1940-04-01||[http://www.city.shimabara.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Omura</span>[[Ōmura, Nagasaki|Ōmura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大村市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagasaki}}||89,650||126.34||710||1942-02-11||[http://www.city.omura.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsushima, Nagasaki|Tsushima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|対馬市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagasaki}}||36,347||708.81||51.3||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.tsushima.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iki, Nagasaki|Iki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|壱岐市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagasaki}}||30,352||138.50||219||2004-03-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134104/http://www.city.iki.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Goto</span>[[Gotō, Nagasaki|Gotō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|五島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagasaki}}||42,447||420.77||101||2004-08-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20120303101431/http://www3.city.goto.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Isahaya, Nagasaki|Isahaya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|諫早市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagasaki}}||142,635||312.24||457||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.isahaya.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saikai, Nagasaki|Saikai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|西海市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagasaki}}||32,737||241.95||135||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.saikai.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hirado, Nagasaki|Hirado]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|平戸市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagasaki}}||36,785||235.63||156||2005-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20090416075114/http://www.city.hirado.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Unzen, Nagasaki|Unzen]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|雲仙市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagasaki}}||48,701||206.92||235||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.unzen.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Matsuura, Nagasaki|Matsuura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|松浦市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagasaki}}||26,007||130.35||200||2006-01-01||[http://www.city-matsuura.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minamishimabara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南島原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nagasaki}}||52,347||169.88||308||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.Minamishimabara.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Lungsod ng Nara|Nara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|奈良市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nara}}||367,393||276.84||1,327||1898-02-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031008220336/http://www.city.nara.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yamatotakada, Nara|Yamatotakada]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大和高田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nara}}||69,473||16.49||4,213||1948-01-01||[http://www.city.yamatotakada.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yamatokoriyama</span>[[Yamatokōriyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大和郡山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nara}}||90,223||42.68||2,114||1954-01-01||[http://www.city.yamatokoriyama.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tenri, Nara|Tenri]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|天理市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nara}}||70,702||86.37||819||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tenri.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|橿原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nara}}||124,679||39.52||3,155||1956-02-11||[https://web.archive.org/web/20081212230334/http://www.city.kashihara.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakurai, Nara|Sakurai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|桜井市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nara}}||60,699||98.92||614||1956-09-01||[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914050354/http%3A//www.city.sakurai.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gojo</span>[[Gojō, Nara|Gojō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|五條市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nara}}||36,002||292.05||123||1957-10-15||[http://www.city.gojo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Gose, Nara|Gose]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|御所市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nara}}||31,160||60.58||514||1958-03-31||[http://www.city.gose.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ikoma, Nara|Ikoma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|生駒市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nara}}||115,359||53.18||2,169||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.ikoma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashiba, Nara|Kashiba]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|香芝市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nara}}||72,967||24.23||3,011||1991-10-01||[http://www.city.kashiba.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katsuragi, Nara|Katsuragi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|葛城市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nara}}||35,194||33.73||1,043||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.katsuragi.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uda, Nara|Uda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宇陀市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Nara}}||35,895||247.62||145||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.uda.nara.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Lungsod ng Niigata|Niigata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|新潟市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||813,053||726.10||1,120||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.niigata.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Nagaoka, Niigata|Nagaoka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|長岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||281,222||840.88||334||1906-04-01||[http://www.city.nagaoka.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashiwazaki, Niigata|Kashiwazaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|柏崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||93,506||442.70||211||1940-07-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031011010046/http://www.city.kashiwazaki.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shibata, Niigata|Shibata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|新発田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||103,490||532.82||194||1947-01-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031017121056/http://www.city.shibata.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ojiya, Niigata|Ojiya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小千谷市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||39,304||155.12||253||1954-03-10||[http://www.city.ojiya.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kamo, Niigata|Kamo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|加茂市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||30,800||133.68||230||1954-03-10||[http://www.city.kamo.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mitsuke, Niigata|Mitsuke]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|見附市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||42,139||77.96||541||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.mitsuke.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Murakami, Niigata|Murakami]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|村上市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||30,197||142.12||212||1954-03-31||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050828083750/http://www.city.murakami.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Myoko</span>[[Myōkō, Niigata|Myōkō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|妙高市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||36,837||445.52||82.7||1954-11-01||[http://www.city.myoko.niigata.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Joetsu</span>[[Jōetsu, Niigata|Jōetsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|上越市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||206,175||973.32||212||1971-04-29||[http://www.city.joetsu.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sado, Niigata|Sado]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|佐渡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||65,037||855.26||76.0||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.sado.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Agano, Niigata|Agano]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|阿賀野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||46,158||192.72||240||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.agano.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uonuma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|魚沼市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||42,334||946.93||44.7||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.uonuma.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014907/http://www.city.uonuma.niigata.jp/uogaku/ |date=2007-09-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Minamiuonuma|Minami-Uonuma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南魚沼市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||62,518||584.82||107||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.minamiuonuma.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Itoigawa, Niigata|Itoigawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|糸魚川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||48,653||746.24||65.2||2005-03-19||[http://www.city.itoigawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokamachi</span>[[Tōkamachi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|十日町市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||60,480||589.92||103||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.tokamachi.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129140601/http://www.city.tokamachi.niigata.jp/ |date=2016-01-29 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Sanjo</span>[[Sanjō, Niigata|Sanjō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|三条市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||103,199||432.01||239||2005-05-01||[http://www.city.sanjo.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tainai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|胎内市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||32,165||265.18||121||2005-09-01||[http://www.city.tainai.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Gosen, Niigata|Gosen]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|五泉市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||55,936||351.87||159||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.gosen.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsubame, Niigata|Tsubame]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|燕市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Niigata}}||82,910||110.88||748||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.tsubame.niigata.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>[[Lungsod ng Ōita|Ōita]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大分市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||467,267||501.25||932||1911-04-01||[http://www.city.oita.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Beppu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|別府市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||127,345||125.15||1,018||1924-04-01||[http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nakatsu, Ōita|Nakatsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|中津市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||84,179||491.09||171||1929-04-20||[http://www.city-nakatsu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hita, Ōita|Hita]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|日田市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||72,601||666.19||109||1940-12-11||[http://www.city.hita.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saiki, Ōita|Saiki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|佐伯市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||78,675||903.44||87.1||1941-04-29||[http://www.city.saiki.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Usuki, Ōita|Usuki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|臼杵市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||42,464||291.07||146||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.usuki.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsukumi, Ōita|Tsukumi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|津久見市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||20,561||79.53||259||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.tsukumi.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Taketa, Ōita|Taketa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|竹田市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||25,449||477.59||53.3||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.taketa.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Bungotakada, Ōita|Bungotakada]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|豊後高田市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||24,484||206.64||118||1954-05-31||[http://www.city.bungotakada.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Usa, Ōita|Usa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宇佐市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||59,971||439.12||137||1967-04-01||[http://www.city.usa.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Bungo-ono</span>[[Bungo-Ōno]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|豊後大野市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||40,409||603.36||67.0||2005-03-31||[http://www.bungo-ohno.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitsuki, Ōita|Kitsuki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|杵築市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||33,465||280.01||120||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kitsuki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yufu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|由布市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||35,298||319.16||111||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.yufu.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kunisaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|国東市}}}}||align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>{{flag|Ōita}}||33,473||317.81||105||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.kunisaki.oita.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Okayama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|岡山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||701,293||789.91||887||1889-06-01||[http://www.city.okayama.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Kurashiki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|倉敷市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||472,452||354.71||1,332||1928-04-01||[http://www.city.kurashiki.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsuyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|津山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||109,493||506.36||216||1929-02-11||[http://www.city.tsuyama.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820085908/http://www.city.tsuyama.lg.jp/ |date=2012-08-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tamano]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|玉野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||65,723||103.63||634||1940-08-03||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031014090840/http://www.city.tamano.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasaoka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|笠岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||55,987||136.03||412||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.kasaoka.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ibara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|井原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||44,423||243.36||183||1953-04-01||[http://www.city.ibara.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Soja</span>[[Sōja]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|総社市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||66,789||212.00||315||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.soja.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takahashi, Okayama|Takahashi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|高梁市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||37,573||547.01||68.7||1954-05-01||[http://www.city.takahashi.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Niimi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|新見市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||35,022||793.27||44.1||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.niimi.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Bizen, Okayama|Bizen]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|備前市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||39,117||258.23||151||1971-04-01||[http://www.city.bizen.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Setouchi, Okayama|Setouchi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|瀬戸内市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||38,645||125.53||308||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.setouchi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akaiwa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|赤磐市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||43,742||209.43||209||2005-03-07||[http://www.city.akaiwa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Maniwa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|真庭市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||50,405||828.43||60.8||2005-03-31||[http://www.city.maniwa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mimasaka, Okayama|Mimasaka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|美作市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||31,550||429.19||73.5||2005-03-31||[http://www.city.mimasaka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Asakuchi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|浅口市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okayama}}||37,108||66.46||558||2006-03-21||[http://www.city.asakuchi.okayama.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Naha]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|那覇市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okinawa}}||314,162||39.23||7,963||1921-05-20||[http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ishigaki, Okinawa|Ishigaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|石垣市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okinawa}}||46,489||229.00||195||1947-07-10||[http://www.city.ishigaki.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ginowan, Okinawa|Ginowan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宜野湾市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okinawa}}||91,233||19.70||4,569||1962-07-01||[http://www.city.ginowan.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318044008/http://www.city.ginowan.okinawa.jp/ |date=2010-03-18 }} |- |align="left"|[[Urasoe, Okinawa|Urasoe]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|浦添市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okinawa}}||108,052||19.09||5,516||1970-07-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050822223727/http://8761234.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nago]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|名護市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okinawa}}||60,598||210.30||278||1970-08-01||[http://www.city.nago.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Itoman, Okinawa|Itoman]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|糸満市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okinawa}}||56,171||46.63||1,200||1971-12-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031010070538/http://www.city.itoman.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Lungsod ng Okinawa|Okinawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|沖縄市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okinawa}}||128,421||49.00||2,565||1974-04-01||[http://www.city.okinawa.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tomigusuku, Okinawa|Tomigusuku]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|豊見城市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okinawa}}||54,586||19.45||2,751||2002-04-01||[http://www.city.tomigusuku.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309075111/http://j2k.naver.com/j2k_frame.php/korean/www.city.tomigusuku.okinawa.jp/ |date=2007-03-09 }} |- |align="left"|[[Uruma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|うるま市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okinawa}}||114,087||86.03||1,313||2005-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050520003645/http://www.city.uruma.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyakojima, Okinawa|Miyakojima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宮古島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okinawa}}||52,777||204.54||275||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.miyakojima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nanjo</span>[[Nanjō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南城市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Okinawa}}||39,458||49.70||819||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.nanjo.okinawa.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Osaka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大阪市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||2,668,586||222.30||11,900||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Sakai, Osaka|Sakai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|堺市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||835,333||149.99||5,569||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.sakai.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Kishiwada, Osaka|Kishiwada]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|岸和田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||200,538||72.24||2,776||1922-11-01||[http://www.city.kishiwada.osaka.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Toyonaka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|豊中市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||387,269||36.38||10,645||1936-10-15||[http://www.city.toyonaka.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ikeda, Osaka|Ikeda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|池田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||104,426||22.09||4,727||1939-04-29||[http://www.city.ikeda.osaka.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Suita]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|吹田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||354,600||36.11||9,820||1940-04-01||[http://www.city.suita.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Izumiotsu</span>[[Izumiōtsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|泉大津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||78,014||12.80||6,095||1942-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030928055053/http://www.city.izumiotsu.osaka.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Takatsuki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|高槻市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||354,228||105.31||3,364||1943-01-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20121007044544/http://www.city.takatsuki.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kaizuka, Osaka|Kaizuka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|貝塚市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||90,447||43.99||2,056||1943-05-01||[http://www.city.kaizuka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Moriguchi, Osaka|Moriguchi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|守口市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||146,294||12.73||11,492||1946-11-01||[http://www.city.moriguchi.osaka.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Hirakata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|枚方市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||406,201||65.08||6,242||1947-08-01||[http://www.city.hirakata.osaka.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Ibaraki, Osaka|Ibaraki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|茨木市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||272,240||76.52||3,558||1948-01-01||[http://www.city.ibaraki.osaka.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Yao, Osaka|Yao]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|八尾市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||273,244||41.71||6,551||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.yao.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Izumisano]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|泉佐野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||99,636||55.03||1,811||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.izumisano.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tondabayashi, Osaka|Tondabayashi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|富田林市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||122,205||39.66||3,081||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.tondabayashi.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226104118/http://www.city.tondabayashi.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-02-26 }} |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Neyagawa, Osaka|Neyagawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|寝屋川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||239,029||24.73||9,666||1951-05-03||[http://www.city.neyagawa.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kawachinagano]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|河内長野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||114,428||109.61||1,044||1954-04-01||[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914050056/http%3A//www.city.kawachinagano.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Matsubara, Osaka|Matsubara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|松原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||125,274||16.66||7,519||1955-02-01||[http://www.city.matsubara.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219030756/http://www.city.matsubara.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Daito</span>[[Daitō, Osaka|Daitō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大東市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||125,847||18.27||6,888||1956-04-01||[http://www.city.daito.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Izumi, Osaka|Izumi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|和泉市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||179,352||84.98||2,110||1956-09-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050824110542/http://www.city.izumi.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minoh, Osaka|Minoh]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|箕面市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||127,757||47.84||2,671||1956-12-01||[http://www.city.minoh.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashiwara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|柏原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||75,875||25.39||2,988||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.kashiwara.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Habikino, Osaka|Habikino]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|羽曳野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||118,281||26.44||4,474||1959-01-15||[http://www.city.habikino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kadoma, Osaka|Kadoma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|門真市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||130,026||12.28||10,588||1963-08-01||[http://www.city.kadoma.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Settsu, Osaka|Settsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|摂津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||84,330||14.88||5,667||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.settsu.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takaishi, Osaka|Takaishi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|高石市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||60,077||11.35||5,293||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.takaishi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujiidera, Osaka|Fujiidera]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|藤井寺市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||65,892||8.89||7,412||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.fujiidera.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416203514/http://www.city.fujiidera.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-04-16 }} |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Higashiosaka</span>[[Higashiōsaka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東大阪市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||509,157||61.81||8,237||1967-02-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031005161739/http://www.city.higashiosaka.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sennan, Osaka|Sennan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|泉南市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||64,916||48.48||1,339||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.sennan.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211222511/http://www.city.sennan.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-02-11 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shijonawate</span>[[Shijōnawate, Osaka|Shijōnawate]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|四條畷市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||57,239||18.74||3,054||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.shijonawate.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katano, Osaka|Katano]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|交野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||77,853||25.55||3,047||1971-11-03||[http://www.city.katano.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Osakasayama</span>[[Ōsakasayama, Osaka|Ōsakasayama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大阪狭山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||58,661||11.86||4,946||1987-10-01||[http://www.city.osakasayama.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hannan, Osaka|Hannan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|阪南市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Osaka}}||56,853||36.10||1,575||1991-10-01||[http://www.city.hannan.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tosu, Saga|Tosu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鳥栖市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saga}}||66,842||71.73||932||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tosu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Imari, Saga|Imari]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊万里市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saga}}||57,604||254.99||226||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.imari.saga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashima, Saga|Kashima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鹿島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saga}}||31,326||112.10||279||1954-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100505115227/http://www.city.kashima.saga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Taku, Saga|Taku]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|多久市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saga}}||22,165||96.93||229||1954-05-01||[http://www.city.taku.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Karatsu, Saga|Karatsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|唐津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saga}}||129,194||487.45||265||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.karatsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ogi, Saga|Ogi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小城市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saga}}||45,516||95.85||475||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.ogi.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Saga, Saga|Saga]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|佐賀市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saga}}||239,932||431.42||556||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.saga.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712064656/http://www.city.saga.lg.jp/ |date=2012-07-12 }} |- |align="left"|[[Ureshino, Saga|Ureshino]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|嬉野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saga}}||29,644||126.51||234||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.ureshino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takeo, Saga|Takeo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|武雄市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saga}}||50,788||195.44||260||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.takeo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kanzaki, Saga|Kanzaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|神埼市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saga}}||33,449||125.01||268||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.kanzaki.saga.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Kawagoe, Saitama|Kawagoe]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|川越市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||335,693||109.16||3,075||1922-12-01||[http://www.city.kawagoe.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213071307/http://www.city.kawagoe.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-13 }} |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Kawaguchi, Saitama|Kawaguchi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|川口市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||552,883||61.97||8,922||1933-04-01||[http://www.city.kawaguchi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gyoda</span>[[Gyōda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|行田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||87,462||67.37||1,298||1949-05-03||[http://www.city.gyoda.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chichibu, Saitama|Chichibu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|秩父市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||69,139||577.69||120||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.chichibu.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Tokorozawa, Saitama|Tokorozawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|所沢市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||338,560||71.99||4,703||1950-11-03||[http://www.city.tokorozawa.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hanno</span>[[Hannō, Saitama|Hannō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|飯能市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||84,053||193.16||435||1954-01-01||[http://www.city.hanno.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219024658/http://www.city.hanno.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kazo, Saitama|Kazo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|加須市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||67,862||59.40||1,142||1954-05-03||[http://www.city.kazo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashimatsuyama, Saitama|Higashimatsuyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東松山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||90,840||65.33||1,390||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.higashimatsuyama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sayama, Saitama|Sayama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|狭山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||156,634||49.04||3,194||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.sayama.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hanyu</span>[[Hanyū, Saitama|Hanyū]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|羽生市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||56,820||58.55||970||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.hanyu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Konosu</span>[[Kōnosu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鴻巣市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||119,768||67.49||1,775||1954-09-30||[http://www.city.kounosu.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ageo, Saitama|Ageo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|上尾市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||222,479||45.55||4,884||1958-07-15||[http://www.city.ageo.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Soka</span>[[Sōka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|草加市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||237,964||27.42||8,678||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.soka.saitama.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Koshigaya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|越谷市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||318,592||60.31||5,283||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.koshigaya.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Warabi, Saitama|Warabi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|蕨市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||70,410||5.10||13,806||1959-04-01||[http://www.city.warabi.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toda, Saitama|Toda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|戸田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||118,591||18.17||6,527||1966-10-01||[http://www.city.toda.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iruma, Saitama|Iruma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|入間市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||148,203||44.74||3,313||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.iruma.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Asaka, Saitama|Asaka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|朝霞市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||126,902||18.38||6,904||1967-03-15||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031020205457/http://www.city.asaka.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shiki, Saitama|Shiki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|志木市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||68,531||9.06||7,564||1970-10-26||[http://www.city.shiki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Wako</span>[[Wakō, Saitama|Wakō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|和光市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||78,575||11.04||7,117||1970-10-31||[http://www.city.wako.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Niiza, Saitama|Niiza]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|新座市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||155,926||22.80||6,839||1970-11-01||[http://www.city.niiza.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Okegawa, Saitama|Okegawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|桶川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||74,703||25.26||2,957||1970-11-03||[https://web.archive.org/web/20080114142555/http://www.city.okegawa.lg.jp/index01.html] |- |align="left"|[[Kuki, Saitama|Kuki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|久喜市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||71,667||25.35||2,827||1971-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20050827001932/http://www.city.kuki.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitamoto, Saitama|Kitamoto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|北本市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||69,903||19.84||3,523||1971-11-03||[http://www.city.kitamoto.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224215300/http://www.city.kitamoto.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-24 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yashio, Saitama|Yashio]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|八潮市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||78,601||18.03||4,359||1972-01-15||[http://www.city.yashio.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujimi, Saitama|Fujimi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|富士見市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||105,286||19.70||5,344||1972-04-10||[http://www.city.fujimi.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Misato, Saitama (lungsod)|Misato]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|三郷市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||128,956||30.16||4,276||1972-05-03||[http://www.city.misato.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hasuda, Saitama|Hasuda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|蓮田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||63,375||27.27||2,324||1972-10-01||[http://www.city.hasuda.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakado, Saitama|Sakado]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|坂戸市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||99,680||40.97||2,433||1976-09-01||[http://www.city.sakado.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Satte, Saitama|Satte]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|幸手市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||53,485||33.95||1,575||1986-10-01||[http://www.city.satte.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219054705/http://www.city.satte.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tsurugashima, Saitama|Tsurugashima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鶴ヶ島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||70,131||17.73||3,955||1991-09-01||[http://www.city.tsurugashima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hidaka, Saitama|Hidaka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|日高市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||55,454||47.50||1,167||1991-10-01||[http://www.city.hidaka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yoshikawa, Saitama|Yoshikawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|吉川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||63,050||31.62||1,994||1996-04-01||[http://www.city.yoshikawa.saitama.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|さいたま市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||1,192,418||217.49||5,483||2001-05-01||[http://www.city.saitama.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Kumagaya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|熊谷市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||204,853||159.88||1,281||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kumagaya.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Kasukabe, Saitama|Kasukabe]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|春日部市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||236,854||65.98||3,590||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kasukabe.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujimino, Saitama|Fujimino]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|ふじみ野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||103,724||14.67||7,070||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.fujimino.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukaya, Saitama|Fukaya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|深谷市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||146,128||137.58||1,062||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.fukaya.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Honjo</span>[[Honjō, Saitama|Honjō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|本庄市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||81,805||89.71||912||2006-01-10||[http://www.city.honjo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Honjo</span>[[Shiraoka, Saitama|Shiraoka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|白岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Saitama}}||51,684||24.92||2,070||2012-10-01||[http://www.city.shiraoka.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Otsu</span>[[Ōtsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shiga}}||329,024||464.10||709||1898-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20000622004441/http://www.city.otsu.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hikone, Shiga|Hikone]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|彦根市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shiga}}||110,945||196.84||564||1937-02-11||[http://www.city.hikone.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501090525/http://www.city.hikone.shiga.jp/ |date=2011-05-01 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kusatsu, Shiga|Kusatsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|草津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shiga}}||123,512||67.92||1,818||1954-10-15||[http://www.city.kusatsu.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Moriyama, Shiga|Moriyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|守山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shiga}}||74,263||54.81||1,355||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.moriyama.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023173417/http://www.city.moriyama.shiga.jp/ |date=2016-10-23 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ritto</span>[[Rittō, Shiga|Rittō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|栗東市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shiga}}||62,353||52.75||1,182||2001-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20011003204425/http://www.city.ritto.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Koka</span>[[Kōka, Shiga|Kōka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|甲賀市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shiga}}||94,007||481.69||195||2004-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20080206022438/http://www.city.koka.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yasu, Shiga|Yasu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|野洲市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shiga}}||49,821||81.07||615||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.yasu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Konan, Shiga|Konan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|湖南市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shiga}}||55,144||70.49||782||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.konan.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takashima, Shiga|Takashima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|高島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shiga}}||52,967||693.00||76.4||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.takashima.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218063311/http://www.city.takashima.shiga.jp/ |date=2006-02-18 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Higashiomi</span>[[Higashiōmi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東近江市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shiga}}||117,487||388.58||302||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.higashiomi.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Maibara, Shiga|Maibara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|米原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shiga}}||40,757||250.46||163||2005-02-14||[http://www.city.maibara.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nagahama, Shiga|Nagahama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|長浜市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shiga}}||83,555||247.01||338||2006-02-13||[http://www.city.nagahama.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230232547/http://www.city.nagahama.shiga.jp/ |date=2016-12-30 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Omihachiman</span>[[Ōmihachiman]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|近江八幡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shiga}}||69,116||153.09||451||2010-03-21||[http://www.city.omihachiman.shiga.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Matsue]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|松江市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shimane}}||195,875||530.27||369||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.matsue.shimane.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125141356/http://www.city.matsue.shimane.jp/ |date=2018-01-25 }} |- |align="left"|[[Izumo, Shimane|Izumo]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|出雲市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shimane}}||146,115||543.48||269||1941-11-03||[http://www.city.izumo.shimane.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Masuda, Shimane|Masuda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|益田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shimane}}||50,980||733.16||69.5||1952-08-01||[http://www.city.masuda.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yasugi, Shimane|Yasugi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|安来市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shimane}}||42,997||420.97||102||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.yasugi.shimane.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gotsu</span>[[Gōtsu, Shimane|Gōtsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|江津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shimane}}||26,958||268.51||100||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.gotsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Unnan, Shimane|Unnan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|雲南市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shimane}}||43,269||553.37||78.2||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.unnan.shimane.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hamada, Shimane|Hamada]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|浜田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shimane}}||61,325||689.60||88.9||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.hamada.shimane.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oda</span>[[Ōda, Shimane|Ōda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shimane}}||39,593||436.11||90.8||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.ohda.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904074354/http://www.city.ohda.lg.jp/ |date=2010-09-04 }} |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Shizuoka, Shizuoka|Shizuoka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|静岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||710,944||1,388.78||512||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.shizuoka.jp/] |- bgcolor="Moccasin" |align="left"|[[Hamamatsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|浜松市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||811,431||1,511.17||537||1911-07-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100521073237/http://www.city.hamamatsu.shizuoka.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Numazu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|沼津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||206,818||187.11||1,105||1923-07-01||[http://www.city.numazu.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Atami]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|熱海市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||40,524||61.56||658||1937-04-10||[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426053204/http://www.city.atami.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mishima, Shizuoka|Mishima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|三島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||112,320||62.13||1,808||1941-04-29||[http://www.city.mishima.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujinomiya, Shizuoka|Fujinomiya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|富士宮市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||122,122||314.81||388||1942-06-01||[http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025001740/http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/ |date=2008-10-25 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ito</span>[[Itō, Shizuoka|Itō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊東市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||72,038||124.13||580||1947-08-10||[http://www.city.ito.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimada, Shizuoka|Shimada]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|島田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||95,762||195.40||490||1948-01-01||[http://www.city.shimada.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwata, Shizuoka|Iwata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|磐田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||172,583||164.08||1,052||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.iwata.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yaizu, Shizuoka|Yaizu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|焼津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||120,331||46.01||2,615||1951-03-01||[http://www.city.yaizu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kakegawa, Shizuoka|Kakegawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|掛川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||118,660||265.63||447||1954-03-31||[https://web.archive.org/web/20110414054930/http://www.city.kakegawa.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujieda, Shizuoka|Fujieda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|藤枝市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||129,637||140.74||921||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.fujieda.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Gotenba, Shizuoka|Gotenba]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|御殿場市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||88,078||194.63||453||1955-02-11||[http://www.city.gotemba.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukuroi, Shizuoka|Fukuroi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|袋井市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||85,163||108.56||784||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.fukuroi.shizuoka.jp/] |- bgcolor="MistyRose" |align="left"|[[Fuji, Shizuoka|Fuji]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|富士市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||237,279||214.10||1,108||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.fuji.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimoda, Shizuoka|Shimoda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|下田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||25,784||104.70||246||1971-01-01||[http://www.city.shimoda.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Susono, Shizuoka|Susono]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|裾野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||53,740||138.39||388||1971-01-01||[http://www.city.susono.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kosai, Shizuoka|Kosai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|湖西市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||44,545||55.08||809||1972-01-01||[http://www.city.kosai.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Izu, Shizuoka|Izu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊豆市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||35,911||363.97||98.7||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.izu.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Omaezaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|御前崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||35,015||65.85||532||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.omaezaki.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kikugawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|菊川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||47,702||94.24||506||2005-01-17||[http://www.city.kikugawa.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Izunokuni]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|伊豆の国市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||49,711||94.71||525||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.izunokuni.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Makinohara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|牧之原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Shizuoka}}||49,726||111.50||446||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.makinohara.shizuoka.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Utsunomiya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宇都宮市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||507,833||416.84||1,218||1896-04-01||[http://www.city.utsunomiya.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ashikaga, Tochigi|Ashikaga]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|足利市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||157,793||177.82||887||1921-01-01||[http://www.city.ashikaga.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tochigi, Tochigi|Tochigi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|栃木市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||81,601||122.06||669||1937-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100305195542/http://www.city.tochigi.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kanuma, Tochigi|Kanuma]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鹿沼市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||103,690||490.62||211||1948-10-10||[http://www.city.kanuma.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Oyama, Tochigi|Oyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||162,283||171.61||946||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.oyama.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mooka, Tochigi|Mooka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|真岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||66,705||111.76||597||1954-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20030919052800/http://www.city.moka.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Otawara</span>[[Ōtawara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大田原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||78,563||354.12||222||1954-12-01||[http://www.city.ohtawara.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yaita, Tochigi|Yaita]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|矢板市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||35,462||170.66||208||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.yaita.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nasushiobara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|那須塩原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||115,633||592.82||195||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.nasushiobara.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sano, Tochigi|Sano]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|佐野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||123,034||356.07||346||2005-02-28||[http://www.city.sano.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakura, Tochigi|Sakura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|さくら市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||42,403||125.46||338||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.tochigi-sakura.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nasukarasuyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|那須烏山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||30,433||174.42||174||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.nasukarasuyama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimotsuke, Tochigi|Shimotsuke]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|下野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||59,459||74.58||797||2006-01-10||[http://www.city.shimotsuke.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nikko</span>[[Nikkō, Tochigi|Nikkō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|日光市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tochigi}}||92,181||1,449.87||63.6||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.nikko.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tokushima, Tokushima|Tokushima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|徳島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokushima}}||266,370||191.39||1,392||1889-10-01||[http://www.city.tokushima.tokushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Naruto, Tokushima|Naruto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鳴門市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokushima}}||62,453||135.46||461||1947-03-15||[http://www.city.naruto.tokushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komatsushima, Tokushima|Komatsushima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小松島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokushima}}||41,540||45.24||918||1951-06-01||[http://www.city.komatsushima.tokushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204062523/http://www.city.komatsushima.tokushima.jp/ |date=2012-02-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Anan, Tokushima|Anan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|阿南市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokushima}}||77,099||279.39||276||1958-05-01||[http://www.city.anan.tokushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yoshinogawa, Tokushima|Yoshinogawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|吉野川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokushima}}||44,905||144.19||311||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.yoshinogawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mima, Tokushima|Mima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|美馬市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokushima}}||33,520||367.38||91.2||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.mima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Awa, Tokushima|Awa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|阿波市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokushima}}||40,303||190.97||211||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.awa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyoshi, Tokushima|Miyoshi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|三好市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokushima}}||30,998||721.48||42.96||2006-03-01||[http://www.city-miyoshi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722042934/http://www.city-miyoshi.jp/ |date=2012-07-22 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hachioji</span>[[Hachiōji, Tokyo|Hachiōji]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|八王子市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||567,367||186.31||3,045||1917-09-01||[http://www.city.hachioji.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tachikawa, Tokyo|Tachikawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|立川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||175,639||24.38||7,204||1940-12-01||[http://www.city.tachikawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Musashino, Tokyo|Musashino]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|武蔵野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||138,516||10.73||12,909||1947-11-03||[http://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mitaka, Tokyo|Mitaka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|三鷹市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||180,797||16.50||10,957||1950-11-03||[http://www.city.mitaka.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026011433/http://www.city.mitaka.tokyo.jp/ |date=2006-10-26 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ome</span>[[Ōme, Tokyo|Ōme]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|青梅市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||141,708||103.26||1,372||1951-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100117054805/http://www.city.ome.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Fuchu</span>[[Fuchū, Tokyo|Fuchū]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|府中市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||248,445||29.34||8,468||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.fuchu.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akishima, Tokyo|Akishima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|昭島市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||111,763||17.33||6,449||1954-05-01||[http://www.city.akishima.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913142520/http://www.city.akishima.lg.jp/ |date=2008-09-13 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Chofu</span>[[Chōfu, Tokyo|Chōfu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|調布市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||219,053||21.53||10,174||1955-04-01||[http://www.city.chofu.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Machida, Tokyo|Machida]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|町田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||413,786||71.63||5,777||1958-02-01||[http://www.city.machida.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Koganei, Tokyo|Koganei]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小金井市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||115,116||11.33||10,160||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.koganei.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kodaira, Tokyo|Kodaira]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小平市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||185,829||20.46||9,083||1962-10-01||[http://www.city.kodaira.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hino, Tokyo|Hino]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|日野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||179,482||27.53||6,520||1963-11-03||[http://www.city.hino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashimurayama, Tokyo|Higashimurayama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東村山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||146,585||17.17||8,537||1964-04-01||[http://www.city.higashimurayama.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kokubunji, Tokyo|Kokubunji]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|国分寺市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||118,801||11.48||10,349||1964-11-03||[http://www.city.kokubunji.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kunitachi, Tokyo|Kunitachi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|国立市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||73,362||8.15||9,001||1967-01-01||[http://www.city.kunitachi.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fussa, Tokyo|Fussa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|福生市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||60,413||10.24||5,900||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.fussa.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komae, Tokyo|Komae]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|狛江市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||78,237||6.39||12,244||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.komae.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashiyamato, Tokyo|Higashiyamato]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東大和市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||81,445||13.54||6,015||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.higashiyamato.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kiyose, Tokyo|Kiyose]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|清瀬市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||73,518||10.19||7,215||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.kiyose.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashikurume, Tokyo|Higashikurume]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東久留米市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||115,405||12.92||8,932||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.higashikurume.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Musashimurayama, Tokyo|Musashimurayama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|武蔵村山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||68,333||15.37||4,446||1970-11-03||[http://www.city.musashimurayama.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126164716/http://www.city.musashimurayama.tokyo.jp/ |date=2010-01-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tama, Tokyo|Tama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|多摩市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||149,404||21.08||7,087||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.tama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inagi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|稲城市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||80,772||17.97||4,495||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.inagi.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hamura, Tokyo|Hamura]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|羽村市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||56,984||9.91||5,750||1991-11-01||[http://www.city.hamura.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akiruno, Tokyo|Akiruno]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|あきる野市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||80,268||73.34||1,094||1995-09-01||[http://www.city.akiruno.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nishitokyo</span>[[Nishitōkyō, Tokyo|Nishitōkyō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|西東京市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo}}||193,350||15.85||12,199||2001-01-21||[http://www.city.nishitokyo.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="LightSlateGray" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward AA</span>[[Mga natatanging purok ng Tokyo]] (''Special wards of Tokyo'')||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東京特別区部}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||8,637,098||621.81||13,890|| || |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Adachi, Tokyo|Adachi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|足立区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||629,392||53.20||11,830||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.adachi.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Arakawa, Tokyo|Arakawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|荒川区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||194,777||10.20||18,262||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.arakawa.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Bunkyō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|文京区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||194,933||11.31||16,009||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.bunkyo.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|千代田区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||43,802||11.64||3,763||1947-03-13||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031011182823/http://city.chiyoda.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Chūō, Tokyo|Chūō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|中央区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||104,997||10.15||10,344||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.chuo.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Edogawa, Tokyo|Edogawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|江戸川区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||661,386||49.86||13,264||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.edogawa.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Itabashi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|板橋区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||529,059||32.17||16,445||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.itabashi.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Katsushika]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|葛飾区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||428,066||34.84||12,286||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.katsushika.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Kita, Tokyo|Kita]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|北区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||330,646||20.59||15,885||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.kita.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Kōtō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|江東区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||436,337||39.80||10,963||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.koto.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Meguro]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|目黒区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||267,798||14.70||18,217||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.meguro.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|港区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||205,196||20.34||10,088||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.minato.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|中野区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||312,939||15.59||20,097||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.tokyo-nakano.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Nerima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|練馬区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||702,202||48.16||14,580||1947-08-01||[http://www.city.nerima.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span><span style="display:none">Ota</span>[[Ōta, Tokyo|Ōta]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大田区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||674,590||59.46||11,345||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.ota.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Setagaya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|世田谷区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||855,416||58.08||14,728||1947-03-13||[https://web.archive.org/web/20020926224343/http://www.city.setagaya.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Shibuya]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|渋谷区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||205,512||15.11||13,337||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.shibuya.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014183215/http://www.city.shibuya.tokyo.jp/ |date=2013-10-14 }} |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Shinagawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|品川区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||353,887||22.72||15,576||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.shinagawa.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Shinjuku]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|新宿区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||309,463||18.23||16,975||1947-03-13||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100514200320/http://www.city.shinjuku.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Suginami]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|杉並区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||534,981||34.02||15,725||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027233626/http://www.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/ |date=2013-10-27 }} |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Sumida, Tokyo|Sumida]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|墨田区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||237,433||13.75||16,079||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.sumida.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Taitō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|台東区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||168,277||10.08||16,139||1947-03-13||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031011164358/http://www.city.taito.tokyo.jp/] |- bgcolor="Gainsboro" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokyo Ward</span>[[Toshima]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|豊島区}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tokyo|alt}}||256,009||13.01||19,428||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.toshima.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Lungsod ng Tottori|Tottori]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鳥取市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tottori}}||200,315||765.66||262||1889-10-01||[http://www.city.tottori.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yonago, Tottori|Yonago]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|米子市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tottori}}||149,140||132.21||1,128||1927-04-01||[http://www.city.yonago.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kurayoshi, Tottori|Kurayoshi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|倉吉市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tottori}}||51,453||272.15||189||1953-10-01||[http://www.city.kurayoshi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakaiminato, Tottori|Sakaiminato]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|境港市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Tottori}}||35,908||28.79||1,247||1956-04-01||[http://www.city.sakaiminato.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Toyama, Toyama|Toyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|富山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Toyama}}||421,116||1,241.85||339||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.toyama.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uozu, Toyama|Uozu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|魚津市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Toyama}}||45,945||200.63||229||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.uozu.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Himi, Toyama|Himi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|氷見市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Toyama}}||53,316||230.47||231||1952-08-01||[http://www.city.himi.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Namerikawa, Toyama|Namerikawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|滑川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Toyama}}||33,789||54.61||619||1954-03-01||[http://www.city.namerikawa.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tonami, Toyama|Tonami]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|砺波市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Toyama}}||49,396||126.96||389||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tonami.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Oyabe, Toyama|Oyabe]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|小矢部市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Toyama}}||32,656||134.11||244||1962-08-01||[http://www.city.oyabe.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nanto, Toyama|Nanto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南砺市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Toyama}}||57,061||668.86||85.3||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.nanto.toyama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201124816/http://www.city.nanto.toyama.jp/webapps/www/english/index.html |date=2005-12-01 }} |- |align="left"|[[Takaoka, Toyama|Takaoka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|高岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Toyama}}||178,965||209.38||855||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.takaoka.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Imizu, Toyama|Imizu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|射水市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Toyama}}||94,691||109.18||867||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.imizu.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kurobe, Toyama|Kurobe]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|黒部市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Toyama}}||42,612||426.34||99.9||2006-03-31||[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173958/http://kurobe.city.kurobe.toyama.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Wakayama, Wakayama|Wakayama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|和歌山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Wakayama}}||372,175||209.23||1,779||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.wakayama.wakayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kainan, Wakayama|Kainan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|海南市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Wakayama}}||55,877||101.18||552||1934-05-01||[http://www.city.kainan.wakayama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210075705/http://www.city.kainan.wakayama.jp/ |date=2021-02-10 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tanabe, Wakayama|Tanabe]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|田辺市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Wakayama}}||80,478||1,026.77||78.4||1942-05-20||[http://www.city.tanabe.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gobo</span>[[Gobō, Wakayama|Gobō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|御坊市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Wakayama}}||26,335||43.93||599||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.gobo.wakayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Arida, Wakayama|Arida]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|有田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Wakayama}}||31,194||36.92||845||1956-05-01||[http://www.city.arida.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shingu</span>[[Shingū, Wakayama|Shingū]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|新宮市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Wakayama}}||32,654||255.43||128||2005-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20070116052751/http://www2.city.shingu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kinokawa, Wakayama|Kinokawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|紀の川市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Wakayama}}||67,192||228.24||294||2005-11-07||[http://www.city.kinokawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hashimoto, Wakayama|Hashimoto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|橋本市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Wakayama}}||67,505||130.31||518||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.hashimoto.wakayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwade, Wakayama|Iwade]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|岩出市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Wakayama}}||51,843||38.50||1,347||2006-04-01||[http://www.city.iwade.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Yamagata, Yamagata|Yamagata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|山形市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamagata}}||255,370||381.34||670||1889-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20031019034152/http://www.city.yamagata.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yonezawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|米沢市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamagata}}||91,704||548.74||167||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.yonezawa.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shinjo</span>[[Shinjō, Yamagata|Shinjō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|新庄市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamagata}}||39,808||223.08||178||1949-04-01||[http://www.city.shinjo.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sagae]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|寒河江市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamagata}}||43,299||139.08||311||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.sagae.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kaminoyama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|上山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamagata}}||35,086||240.95||146||1954-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100325194842/http://www.city.kaminoyama.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Murayama, Yamagata|Murayama]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|村山市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamagata}}||27,586||196.83||140||1954-11-01||[http://www.city.murayama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nagai, Yamagata|Nagai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|長井市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamagata}}||30,285||214.69||141||1954-11-15||[http://www.city.nagai.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tendo</span>[[Tendō, Yamagata|Tendō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|天童市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamagata}}||63,470||113.01||562||1958-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100613015952/http://www.city.tendo.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashine]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|東根市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamagata}}||46,141||207.17||223||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.higashine.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Obanazawa]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|尾花沢市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamagata}}||19,937||372.32||53.5||1959-04-10||[http://www.city.obanazawa.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nan'yo</span>[[Nan'yō, Yamagata|Nan'yō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南陽市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamagata}}||34,542||160.70||215||1967-04-01||[http://www.city.nanyo.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsuruoka]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|鶴岡市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamagata}}||140,097||1,311.51||107||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.tsuruoka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakata, Yamagata|Sakata]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|酒田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamagata}}||114,964||602.79||191||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.sakata.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ube, Yamaguchi|Ube]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|宇部市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamaguchi}}||176,370||287.69||613||1921-11-01||[http://www.city.ube.yamaguchi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hofu</span>[[Hōfu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|防府市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamaguchi}}||116,393||188.59||617||1936-08-25||[http://www.city.hofu.yamaguchi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kudamatsu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|下松市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamaguchi}}||54,026||89.36||605||1939-11-03||[https://web.archive.org/web/20080212033246/http://www.city.kudamatsu.yamaguchi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shunan</span>[[Shūnan]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|周南市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamaguchi}}||150,299||656.25||229||2003-04-21||[http://www.city.shunan.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hikari, Yamaguchi|Hikari]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|光市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamaguchi}}||53,274||91.94||579||2004-10-04||[http://www.city.hikari.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|[[Shimonoseki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|下関市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamaguchi}}||286,073||716.06||400||2005-02-13||[http://www.city.shimonoseki.yamaguchi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020094055/http://www.city.shimonoseki.yamaguchi.jp/seisaku/kokusai/gaikoku/ |date=2014-10-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yanai, Yamaguchi|Yanai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|柳井市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamaguchi}}||35,438||139.90||253||2005-02-21||[http://www.city-yanai.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hagi, Yamaguchi|Hagi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|萩市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamaguchi}}||55,831||698.87||79.9||2005-03-06||[http://www.city.hagi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nagato, Yamaguchi|Nagato]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|長門市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamaguchi}}||39,825||357.92||111||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.nagato.yamaguchi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">San'yo-Onoda</span>[[San'yō-Onoda]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|山陽小野田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamaguchi}}||65,523||132.99||493||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.sanyo-onoda.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|山口市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamaguchi}}||192,008||730.23||263||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.yamaguchi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwakuni]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|岩国市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamaguchi}}||146,885||872.71||168||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.iwakuni.yamaguchi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926071949/http://www.city.iwakuni.yamaguchi.jp/ |date=2009-09-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Mine, Yamaguchi|Mine]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|美祢市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamaguchi}}||17,355||228.25||76.0||2008-03-21||[http://www2.city.mine.lg.jp/] |- bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kofu</span>[[Kōfu, Yamanashi|Kōfu]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|甲府市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamanashi}}||199,374||212.41||939||1889-07-01||[http://www.city.kofu.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujiyoshida]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|富士吉田市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamanashi}}||51,879||121.83||426||1951-03-20||[http://www.city.fujiyoshida.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsuru, Yamanashi|Tsuru]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|都留市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamanashi}}||34,439||161.58||213||1954-04-29||[http://www.city.tsuru.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Otsuki</span>[[Ōtsuki, Yamanashi|Ōtsuki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|大月市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamanashi}}||29,869||280.30||107||1954-08-08||[http://www.city.otsuki.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nirasaki, Yamanashi|Nirasaki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|韮崎市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamanashi}}||33,539||143.73||233||1954-10-10||[https://web.archive.org/web/20040630220735/http://www.city.nirasaki.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minami-Alps, Yamanashi|Minami-Alps]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|南アルプス市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamanashi}}||72,295||264.06||274||2003-04-01||[http://www.city.minami-alps.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kai, Yamanashi|Kai]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|甲斐市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamanashi}}||74,077||71.94||1,030||2004-09-01||[http://www.city.kai.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fuefuki]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|笛吹市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamanashi}}||71,184||201.92||353||2004-10-12||[http://www.city.fuefuki.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hokuto, Yamanashi|Hokuto]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|北杜市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamanashi}}||47,754||602.89||79.2||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.hokuto.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uenohara, Yamanashi|Uenohara]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|上野原市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamanashi}}||28,295||170.65||166||2005-02-13||[http://www.city.uenohara.yamanashi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107094120/http://www.city.uenohara.yamanashi.jp/ |date=2015-11-07 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yamanashi, Yamanashi|Yamanashi]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|山梨市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamanashi}}||38,202||289.87||132||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.yamanashi.yamanashi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901231441/http://www.city.yamanashi.yamanashi.jp/ |date=2000-09-01 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Koshu</span>[[Kōshū, Yamanashi|Kōshū]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|甲州市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamanashi}}||35,072||264.01||133||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.koshu.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Chuo</span>[[Chūō, Yamanashi|Chūō]]||align="left"|{{large|{{lang|ja|中央市}}}}||align="left"|{{flag|Yamanashi}}||31,875||31.81||1,002||2006-02-20||[http://www.city.chuo.yamanashi.jp/] |} ==Binuwag na mga lungsod== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Lungsod!!Pangalang Hapones!!Prepektura!!Itinatag!!Binuwag!!Dibisyong sinanib |- |Moriyama||{{large|{{lang|ja|守山市}}}}||Aichi||1954-06-01||1963-02-15||Sinanib sa [[Nagoya]] |- |[[Bisai, Aichi|Bisai]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|尾西市}}}}||Aichi||1955-01-01||2005-04-01||Sinanib sa [[Ichinomiya, Aichi|Ichinomiya]] |- |Shinshiro {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|新城市}}}}||Aichi||1958-11-01||2005-10-01||Sinanib sa Hōrai, Tsukude → [[Shinshiro, Aichi|Shinshiro]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |[[Honjō, Akita|Honjō]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|本荘市}}}}||Akita||1954-03-31||2005-05-22||Sinanib sa Chōkai, Higashiyuri, Iwaki, Nishime, Ōuchi, Yashima, Yuri → [[Yurihonjō]] |- |[[Ōmagari, Akita|Ōmagari]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|大曲市}}}}||Akita||1954-05-03||2005-03-22||Sinanib sa Kamioka, Kyōwa, Nakasen, Nishisenboku, Ōta, Semboku, Nangai → [[Daisen, Akita|Daisen]] |- |Yuzawa {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|湯沢市}}}}||Akita||1954-03-31||2005-03-22||Sinanib sa Inakawa, Minase, Ogachi → [[Yuzawa, Akita|Yuzawa]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Oga {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|男鹿市}}}}||Akita||1954-03-31||2005-03-22||Sinanib sa Wakami → [[Oga, Akita|Oga]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Yokote {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|横手市}}}}||Akita||1951-04-01||2005-10-01||Sinanib sa Hiraka+Jūmonji, Masuda, Omonogawa, Ōmori, Sannai, Taiyū → [[Yokote, Akita|Yokote]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Noshiro {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|能代市}}}}||Akita||1940-10-01||2005-10-01||Sinanib sa Futatsui → [[Noshiro, Akita|Noshiro]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Towada {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|十和田市}}}}||Aomori||1955-02-01||2005-03-28||Sinanib sa Towadako → [[Towada, Aomori|Towada]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Goshogawara {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|五所川原市}}}}||Aomori||1955-02-01||2005-03-28||Sinanib sa Kanagi, Shiura → [[Goshogawara]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Aomori {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|青森市}}}}||Aomori||1898-04-01||2005-04-01||Sinanib sa Namioka → [[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Hirosaki {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|弘前市}}}}||Aomori||1889-04-01||2006-11-15||Sinanib sa Iwaki, Sōma → [[Hirosaki]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Ichihara {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|市原市}}}}||Chiba||1963-05-01||1967-10-01||Sinanib sa Nansō, Kamo → [[Ichihara, Chiba|Ichihara]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Mobara {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|茂原市}}}}||Chiba||1952-04-01||1972-05-01||Sinanib sa Honnō → [[Mobara]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Kamogawa {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|鴨川市}}}}||Chiba||1971-03-31||2005-02-11||Sinanib sa Amatsukominato → [[Kamogawa, Chiba|Kamogawa]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Asahi {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|旭市}}}}||Chiba||1954-07-01||2005-07-01||Sinanib sa Hikata, Iioka, Unakami → [[Asahi, Chiba|Asahi]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |[[Yōkaichiba, Chiba|Yōkaichiba]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|八日市場市}}}}||Chiba||1954-07-01||2006-01-23||Sinanib sa Nosaka → [[Sōsa]] |- |[[Sawara, Chiba|Sawara]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|佐原市}}}}||Chiba||1951-03-15||2006-03-27||Sinanib sa Kurimoyo, Omigawa, Yamada → [[Katori, Chiba|Katori]] |- |[[Iyomishima, Ehime|Iyomishima]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|伊予三島市}}}}||Ehime||1954-11-01||2004-04-01||Sinanib sa Kawanoe, Doi, Shingū → [[Shikokuchūō]] |- |[[Kawanoe, Ehime|Kawanoe]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|川之江市}}}}||Ehime||1954-11-01||2004-04-01||Sinanib sa Iyomishima, Doi, Shingū → [[Shikokuchūō]] |- |Saijō {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|西条市}}}}||Ehime||1941-04-29||2004-11-01||Sinanib sa Tōyo, Komatsu, Tanbara → [[Saijō, Ehime|Saijō]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |[[Tōyo, Ehime|Tōyo]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|東予市}}}}||Ehime||1972-10-01||2004-11-01||Sinanib sa Saij, Komatsu, Tanbara → [[Saijō, Ehime|Saijō]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |[[Hōjō, Ehime|Hōjō]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|北条市}}}}||Ehime||1958-11-01||2005-01-01||Sinanib sa [[Matsuyama]] |- |Ōzu {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|大洲市}}}}||Ehime||1954-09-01||2005-01-11||Sinanib sa Hijikawa, Nagahama, Kawabe → [[Ōzu, Ehime|Ōzu]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Imabari {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|今治市}}}}||Ehime||1920-02-11||2005-01-16||Sinanib sa Hakata, Kamiura, Kikuma, Miyakubo, Namikata, [[Ōmishima, Ehime|Ōmishima]] Ōnishi, Tamagawa, Yoshiumi, Asakura, Sekizen → [[Imabari, Ehime|Imabari]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Yawatahama {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|八幡浜市}}}}||Ehime||1935-02-11||2005-04-01||Sinanib sa Honai → [[Yawatahama]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Iyo {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|伊予市}}}}||Ehime||1955-01-01||2005-04-01||Sinanib sa Nakayama, Futami → [[Iyo, Ehime|Iyo]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Uwajima {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|宇和島市}}}}||Ehime||1921-08-01||2005-08-01||Sinanib sa Mima, Tsushima, Yoshida → [[Uwajima, Ehime|Uwajima]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |[[Takefu, Fukui|Takefu]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|武生市}}}}||Fukui||1948-04-01||2005-1001||Sinanib sa Imadate → [[Echizen, Fukui|Echizen]] |- |[[Moji-ku, Kitakyūshū|Moji]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|門司市}}}}||Fukuoka||1899-04-01||1963-02-10||Sinanib sa Kokura, Tobata, Yahata, Wakamatsu → [[Kitakyushu]] |- |[[Kokura]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|小倉市}}}}||Fukuoka||1900-04-01||1963-02-10||Sinanib sa Moji, Tobata, Yahata, Wakamatsu → [[Kitakyushu]] |- |[[Tobata-ku, Kitakyūshū|Tobata]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|戸畑市}}}}||Fukuoka||1924-09-01||1963-02-10||Sinanib sa Moji, Kokura, Yahata, Wakamatsu → [[Kitakyushu]] |- |[[Yahata, Fukuoka|Yahata]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|八幡市}}}}||Fukuoka||1917-03-01||1963-02-10||Sinanib sa Moji, Kokura, Tobata, Wakamatsu → [[Kitakyushu]] |- |[[Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyūshū|Wakamatsu]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|若松市}}}}||Fukuoka||1914-04-01||1963-02-10||Sinanib sa Moji, Kokura, Tobata, Yahata → [[Kitakyushu]] |- |Iizuka {{small|(unang dating lungsod)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|飯塚市}}}}||Fukuoka||1932-01-20||1963-04-01||Sinanib sa Kobukuro, Futase, Chinzei → Iizuka {{small|(sumunod na dating lungsod)}} |- |Munakata||{{large|{{lang|ja|宗像市}}}}||Fukuoka||1981-04-01||2003-04-01||Sinanib sa Genkai → [[Munakata, Fukuoka|Munakata]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Yanagawa||{{large|{{lang|ja|柳川市}}}}||Fukuoka||1952-04-01||2005-03-21||Sinanib sa Yamato, Mitsuhashi → [[Yanagawa, Fukuoka|Yanagawa]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |[[Amagi, Fukuoka|Amagi]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|甘木市}}}}||Fukuoka||1954-04-01||2006-03-20||Sinanib sa Asakura, Haki → [[Asakura, Fukuoka|Asakura]] |- |Iizuka {{small|(sumunod na dating lungsod)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|飯塚市}}}}||Fukuoka||1963-04-01||2006-03-26||Sinanib sa Chikuho, Honami, Kaita, Shōnai → [[Iizuka, Fukuoka|Iizuka]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |[[Yamada, Fukuoka|Yamada]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|山田市}}}}||Fukuoka||1954-04-01||2006-03-27||Sinanib sa Inatsuki, Kaho, Usui → [[Kama, Fukuoka|Kama]] |- |[[Maebaru, Fukuoka|Maebaru]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|前原市}}}}||Fukuoka||1992-10-01||2010-01-01||Sinanib sa Nijō, Shima → [[Itoshima, Fukuoka|Itoshima]] |- |Kōriyama {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|郡山市}}}}||Fukushima||1924-09-01||1965-05-01||Sinanib sa Nishida, Nakata → [[Kōriyama]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Taira||{{large|{{lang|ja|平市}}}}||Fukushima||1937-06-01||1966-10-01||Sinanib sa Iwaki {{small|(dati)}}, Jōban, Uchigō, Nakoso → [[Iwaki, Fukushima|Iwaki]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Iwaki {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|磐城市}}}}||Fukushima||1954-03-31||1966-10-01||Sinanib sa Taira, Jōban, Uchigō, Nakoso → [[Iwaki, Fukushima|Iwaki]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Jōban||{{large|{{lang|ja|常磐市}}}}||Fukushima||1954-03-31||1966-10-01||Sinanib sa Taira, Iwaki {{small|(dati)}}, Uchigō, Nakoso → [[Iwaki, Fukushima|Iwaki]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Uchigō||{{large|{{lang|ja|内郷市}}}}||Fukushima||1954-10-01||1966-10-01||Sinanib sa Taira, Iwaki {{small|(dati)}}, Jōban, Nakoso → [[Iwaki, Fukushima|Iwaki]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Nakoso||{{large|{{lang|ja|勿来市}}}}||Fukushima||1955-04-29||1966-10-01||Sinanib sa Taira, Iwaki {{small|(dati)}}, Jōban, Uchigō → [[Iwaki, Fukushima|Iwaki]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Shirakawa {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|白河市}}}}||Fukushima||1949-04-01||2005-11-07||Sinanib sa Taishin, Higashi, Omotegō → [[Shirakawa, Fukushima|Shirakawa]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Nihonmatsu {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|二本松市}}}}||Fukushima||1958-10-01||2005-12-01||Sinanib sa Adachi, Iwashiro, Tōwa → [[Nihonmatsu, Fukushima|Nihonmatsu]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |[[Haramachi, Fukushima|Haramachi]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|原町市}}}}||Fukushima||1954-03-20||2006-01-01||Sinanib sa Kashima, Odaka → [[Minamisōma]] |- |Kitakata {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|喜多方市}}}}||Fukushima||1954-03-31||2006-01-04||Sinanib sa Shiokawa, Yamato, Atsushiokanō, Takasato → [[Kitakata, Fukushima|Kitakata]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Ena {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|恵那市}}}}||Gifu||1954-04-01||2004-10-25||Sinanib sa Akechi, Iwamura, Kamiyahagi, Yamaoka, Kushihara → [[Ena, Gifu|Ena]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Isesaki {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|伊勢崎市}}}}||Gunma||1940-09-13||2005-01-01||Sinanib sa Akabori, Sakai, Azuma → [[Isesaki, Gunma|Isesaki]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Ōta {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|太田市}}}}||Gunma||1948-05-03||2005-03-28||Sinanib sa Nitta, Ojima, Yabuzukahon → [[Ōta, Gunma|Ōta]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Shibukawa {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|渋川市}}}}||Gunma||1954-04-01||2006-02-20||Sinanib sa Ikaho, Komochi, Onogami, Akagi, Kitatachibana → [[Shibukawa, Gunma|Shibukawa]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Annaka {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|安中市}}}}||Gunma||1958-11-01||2006-03-18||Sinanib sa Matsuida → [[Annaka, Gunma|Annaka]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Tomioka {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|富岡市}}}}||Gunma||1954-04-01||2006-03-27||Sinanib sa Myōgi → [[Tomioka, Gunma|Tomioka]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Fukuyama {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|福山市}}}}||Hiroshima||1916-07-01||1966-05-01||Sinanib sa Matsunaga → [[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Matsunaga||{{large|{{lang|ja|松永市}}}}||Hiroshima||1954-03-31||1966-05-01||Sinanib sa Fukuyama {{small|(dati)}} → [[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Miyoshi||{{large|{{lang|ja|三次市}}}}||Hiroshima||1954-03-31||2004-04-01||Sinanib sa Kisa, Mirasaka, Miwa, Funo, Kimita, Sakugi, Kōnu → [[Miyoshi, Hiroshima|Miyoshi]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Mihara||{{large|{{lang|ja|三原市}}}}||Hiroshima||1936-11-15||2005-03-22||Sinanib sa Daiwa, Kui, Hongō → [[Mihara, Hiroshima|Mihara]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Shōbara||{{large|{{lang|ja|庄原市}}}}||Hiroshima||1954-03-31||2005-03-31||Sinanib sa Hiwa, Kuchiwa, Saijō, Takano, Tōjō, Sōryō → [[Shōbara, Hiroshima|Shōbara]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |[[Innoshima, Hiroshima|Innoshima]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|原町市}}}}||Hiroshima||1953-05-01||2006-01-10||Kasama ang Setoda, sinanib sa [[Onomichi, Hiroshima|Onomichi]] |- |Kushiro {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|釧路市}}}}||Hokkaido||1922-08-01||2005-10-11||Sinanib sa Akan, Onbetsu → [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Kitami {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|北見市}}}}||Hokkaido||1942-06-10||2006-03-05||Sinanib sa Rubeshibe, Tanno, Tokoro → [[Kitami, Hokkaido|Kitami]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Shibetsu {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|士別市}}}}||Hokkaido||1954-07-01||2005-09-01||Sinanib sa Asahi → [[Shibetsu, Hokkaido|Shibetsu]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Nayoro {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|名寄市}}}}||Hokkaido||1956-04-01||2006-03-27||Sinanib sa Fūren → [[Nayoro, Hokkaido|Nayoro]] {{small|(kasalukuyan)}} |- |Kameda||{{large|{{lang|ja|亀田市}}}}||Hokkaido||1971-11-01||1973-12-01||Sinanib sa [[Hakodate]] |- |Amagasaki {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|尼崎市}}}}||Hyōgo||||1936-04-01|| |- |Miki {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|三木市}}}}||Hyōgo||||1954-07-01|| |- |Toyooka {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|豊岡市}}}}||Hyōgo||||2005-04-01|| |- |Nishiwaki {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|西脇市}}}}||Hyōgo||||2005-10-01|| |- |Tatsuno||{{large|{{lang|ja|龍野市}}}}||Hyōgo||||2005-10-01|| |- |Sumoto {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|洲本市}}}}||Hyōgo||||2006-02-11|| |- |Katsuta||{{large|{{lang|ja|勝田市}}}}||Ibaraki||||1994-11-01|| |- |Nakaminato||{{large|{{lang|ja|那珂湊市}}}}||Ibaraki||||1994-11-01|| |- |[[Iwai, Ibaraki|Iwai]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|岩井市}}}}||Ibaraki||||2005-03-22|| |- |[[Shimodate, Ibaraki|Shimodate]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|下館市}}}}||Ibaraki||||2005-03-28|| |- |Koga {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|古河市}}}}||Ibaraki||||2005-09-12|| |- |Ishioka {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|石岡市}}}}||Ibaraki||||2005-10-01|| |- |Kasama {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|笠間市}}}}||Ibaraki||||2006-03-19|| |- |Nanao {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|七尾市}}}}||Ishikawa||||2004-10-01|| |- |[[Mattō, Ishikawa|Mattō]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|松任市}}}}||Ishikawa||||2005-02-01|| |- |Kaga {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|加賀市}}}}||Ishikawa||||2005-10-01|| |- |Wajima {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|輪島市}}}}||Ishikawa||||2006-02-01|| |- |Ichinoseki {{small|(nauna na dating lungsod)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|一関市}}}}||Iwate||||1955-01-01|| |- |Kamaishi {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|釜石市}}}}||Iwate||||1955-04-01|| |- |Kitakami {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|北上市}}}}||Iwate||||1991-04-01|| |- |Miyako {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|宮古市}}}}||Iwate||||2005-06-06|| |- |Ichinoseki {{small|(sumunod na dating lungsod)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|一関市}}}}||Iwate||||2005-09-20|| |- |Tōno {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|遠野市}}}}||Iwate||||2005-10-01|| |- |Hanamaki {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|花巻市}}}}||Iwate||||2006-01-01|| |- |Ninohe {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|二戸市}}}}||Iwate||||2006-01-01|| |- |[[Mizusawa, Iwate|Mizusawa]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|水沢市}}}}||Iwate||||2006-02-20|| |- |[[Esashi, Iwate|Esashi]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|江刺市}}}}||Iwate||||2006-02-20|| |- |Kuji {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|久慈市}}}}||Iwate||||2006-03-06|| |- |Marugame {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|丸亀市}}}}||Kagawa||||2005-03-22|| |- |Kan'onji {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|観音寺市}}}}||Kagawa||||2005-10-11|| |- |Kagoshima {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|鹿児島市}}}}||Kagoshima||||1967-04-29|| |- |Taniyama||{{large|{{lang|ja|谷山市}}}}||Kagoshima||||1967-04-29|| |- |Sendai {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|川内市}}}}||Kagoshima||||2004-10-12|| |- |[[Kushikino, Kagoshima|Kushikino]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|串木野市}}}}||Kagoshima||||2005-10-11|| |- |[[Kaseda, Kagoshima|Kaseda]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|加世田市}}}}||Kagoshima||||2005-11-07|| |- |[[Kokubu, Kagoshima|Kokubu]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|国分市}}}}||Kagoshima||||2005-11-07|| |- |Kanoya {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|鹿屋市}}}}||Kagoshima||||2006-01-01|| |- |Ibusuki {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|指宿市}}}}||Kagoshima||||2006-01-01|| |- |Izumi {{small|(dati)}}||{{large|{{lang|ja|出水市}}}}||Kagoshima||||2006-03-13|| |- |[[Naze, Kagoshima|Naze]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|名瀬市}}}}||Kagoshima||||2006-03-20|| |- |[[Ōkuchi, Kagoshima|Ōkuchi]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|大口市}}}}||Kagoshima||||2008-11-01|| |- |[[Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk|Toyohara]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|豊原市}}}}||Karafuto||1937-07-01||1949-06-01||sinuko sa [[Unyong Sobyet|USSR]] ang karapatang soberanya sa [[Prepektura ng Karafuto|Karafuto]] |- |[[Hatogaya]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|鳩ヶ谷市}}}}||Saitama||1967-03-01||2011-10-11||Sinanib sa [[Kawaguchi, Saitama|Kawaguchi]] |- |[[Ōmiya, Saitama|Ōmiya]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|大宮市}}}}||Saitama||1940-11-03||2001-05-01||Sinanib sa [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]] |- |[[Imaichi, Tochigi|Imaichi]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|今市市}}}}||Tochigi||1954-03-31||2006-03-20||Sinanib sa [[Nikkō]] |- |[[Lungsod ng Tokyo|Tokyo]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|東京市}}}}||Tokyo-fu||1889-05-01||1943-07-01||Sinanib sa [[Prepektura ng Tokyo|Tokyo-fu]] → [[Tokyo|Tokyo Metropolis]] {{small|(tingnan ang [[Mga natatanging purok ng Tokyo|Mga natatanging purok]])}} |- |[[Akigawa, Tokyo|Akigawa]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|秋川市}}}}||Tokyo||1972-05-05||1995-09-01||Sinanib sa Itsukaichi → [[Akiruno, Tokyo|Akiruno]] |- |[[Tanashi, Tokyo|Tanashi]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|田無市}}}}||Tokyo||1967-01-01||2001-01-21||Sinanib sa Hōya → [[Nishitōkyō, Tokyo|Nishitōkyō]] |- |[[Hōya, Tokyo|Hōya]]||{{large|{{lang|ja|保谷市}}}}||Tokyo||1967-01-01||2001-01-21||Sinanib sa Tanashi → [[Nishitōkyō, Tokyo|Nishitōkyō]] |} ==Sanggunian ng datos== {| class="wikitable" ! Prepektura !! Populasyon magmula noong !! Sanggunian |- |Aichi||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.aichi.jp/toukei/ 月報　あいちの人口]. Ang ginamit na datos ng Toyokawa ay ang kabuoan ng Otowa, Mito, at Toyokawa bago ang kamakailang pagsasanib.</ref> |- |Akita||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.akita.lg.jp/icity/browser?ActionCode=content&ContentID=1132639874531&SiteID=0 美の国あきたネット [秋田県の人口と世帯(月報)過去データ&#93;<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018231802/http://www.pref.akita.lg.jp/icity/browser?ActionCode=content&ContentID=1132639874531&SiteID=0 |date=2007-10-18 }}</ref> |- |Aomori||2008-01-01||<ref>{{Cite web |title=青森県人口移動統計調査 |url=http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/tokei/major/jinko.html |access-date=2020-06-23 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115557/http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/tokei/major/jinko.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Chiba||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/syozoku/b_toukei/joujuujinkou/census-j.html 毎月常住人口調査月報インデックス<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014143831/http://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/syozoku/b_toukei/joujuujinkou/census-j.html |date=2007-10-14 }}</ref> |- |Ehime||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.ehime.jp/toukeibox/toukeika-01.htm 愛媛県統計BOX 推計人口] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308113720/http://www.pref.ehime.jp/toukeibox/toukeika-01.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}</ref> |- |Fukui||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://toukei.pref.fukui.jp/www/toppage/0000000000000/APM03000.html 福井県の人口と世帯（推計）] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214003845/http://toukei.pref.fukui.jp/www/toppage/0000000000000/APM03000.html |date=2008-02-14 }}</ref> |- |Fukuoka||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.toukei.pref.fukuoka.jp/search/1/1004.html 月報「福岡県の人口と世帯（推計）」] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205185609/http://www.toukei.pref.fukuoka.jp/search/1/1004.html |date=2008-02-05 }}</ref> |- |Fukushima||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/toukei/html/01/m-jinko/gepo.html ふくしま統計情報ボックス 福島県の推計人口<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120907214634/http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/toukei/html/01/m-jinko/gepo.html |date=2012-09-07 }}</ref> |- |Gifu||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/pref/s11111/data/jinko/jinko.htm 岐阜県統計課（岐阜県の人口・世帯数 調査結果）<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014004928/http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/pref/s11111/data/jinko/jinko.htm#new |date=2007-10-14 }}</ref> |- |Gunma||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://toukei.pref.gunma.jp/IDJ.htm 基本統計・群馬県移動人口調査<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102214607/http://toukei.pref.gunma.jp/IDJ.htm |date=2007-11-02 }}</ref> |- |Hiroshima||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://db1.pref.hiroshima.jp/data/geppou/jinkou/saisin/jinkou_gaiyou.htm 推計人口（甲調査）第３表] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221101232/http://db1.pref.hiroshima.jp/data/geppou/jinkou/saisin/jinkou_gaiyou.htm |date=2008-02-21 }}</ref> |- |Hokkaidō||2012-03-31||<ref>[http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ss/tuk/900brr/index2.htm 住民基本台帳人口・世帯数]</ref> |- |Hyōgo||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://web.pref.hyogo.jp/ac08/ac08_5_000000004.html 兵庫県/推計人口<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000756/http://web.pref.hyogo.jp/ac08/ac08_5_000000004.html |date=2007-10-13 }}</ref> |- |Ibaraki||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/tokei/betu/jinko/getsu/index.htm 茨城県の人口と世帯（推計）<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325190656/http://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/tokei/betu/jinko/getsu/index.htm |date=2008-03-25 }}</ref> |- |Ishikawa||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://toukei.pref.ishikawa.jp/search/min.asp?sc_id=10 いしかわ統計指標ランド 石川県の統計情報ポータルサイト<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |Iwate||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www2.pref.iwate.jp/h/hp0206/ToukeiDB.nsf/A_ResultChousa?OpenAgent&C=I002 毎月人口推計の概要] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218143311/http://www2.pref.iwate.jp/h/hp0206/ToukeiDB.nsf/A_ResultChousa?OpenAgent&C=I002 |date=2006-02-18 }}</ref> |- |Kagawa||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/toukei/Population.htm 統計速報(香川県推計人口及び人口移動)<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129073738/http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/toukei/Population.htm |date=2008-01-29 }}</ref> |- |Kagoshima||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/tokei/bunya/jinko/suikei/index.html 鹿児島県毎月推計人口] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311024207/http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/tokei/bunya/jinko/suikei/index.html |date=2008-03-11 }}</ref> |- |Kanagawa||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/tokei/tokei/204/jinko.html 神奈川県の人口と世帯 : 神奈川県<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424041142/http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/tokei/tokei/204/jinko.html |date=2012-04-24 }}</ref> |- |Kōchi||2008-02-29||<ref>[http://www.pref.kochi.jp/~toukei/index.htm 住民基本台帳人口移動] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226085040/http://www.pref.kochi.jp/~toukei/index.htm |date=2008-02-26 }}</ref> |- |Kumamoto||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/statistics/jinko/jinko/geppo.htm 熊本県の人口と世帯数 月報<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20011120195824/http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/statistics/jinko/jinko/geppo.htm |date=2001-11-20 }}</ref> |- |Kyoto||2008-01-01||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/tokei/data/a0300i.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-03-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225175115/http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/tokei/data/a0300i.html |archivedate=2008-02-25 }}</ref> |- |Mie||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.mie.jp/DATABOX/library.htm#jinko みえDataBox（データライブラリ）毎月調査<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306000722/http://www.pref.mie.jp/databox/library.htm |date=2008-03-06 }}</ref> |- |Miyagi||2008-01-01||<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110322131800/http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/toukei/toukeidata/zinkou/jinkou/suikei_top/suikei_top.htm 宮城県/統計課/統計データ/宮城県推計人口（月報）<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |Miyazaki||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/contents/org/honbu/toukei/jinko-setai/index.html 市町村別人口と世帯数] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219020019/http://www.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/contents/org/honbu/toukei/jinko-setai/index.html |date=2008-02-19 }}</ref> |- |Nagano||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www3.pref.nagano.jp/toukei1/jinkou/jinkou_1.htm 毎月人口異動調査結果] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614041638/http://www3.pref.nagano.jp/toukei1/jinkou/jinkou_1.htm |date=2008-06-14 }}</ref> |- |Nagasaki||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.nagasaki.jp/toukei/new_date/nen_geppou/tuki/kokuseichousa/suikei/suikei.htm 長崎県公式ウェブサイト｜長崎県の統計長崎県統計課のホームページへようこそ世帯数と推計人口<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212081140/http://www.pref.nagasaki.jp/toukei/new_date/nen_geppou/tuki/kokuseichousa/suikei/suikei.htm |date=2008-02-12 }}</ref> |- |Nara||2008-01-01||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.nara.jp/pro/toukei/group/jinkou/jinkou.htm |title=各種人口統計<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118064416/http://www.pref.nara.jp/pro/toukei/group/jinkou/jinkou.htm |archive-date=2008-01-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Niigata||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.niigata.lg.jp/tokei/1194797750548.html 新潟県庁：新潟県人口移動調査（推計人口および人口移動）<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221042515/http://www.pref.niigata.lg.jp/tokei/1194797750548.html |date=2008-02-21 }}</ref> |- |Ōita||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.oita.jp/10800/chosakekka/jinko/index.html 各種統計調査結果／毎月流動人口調査<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |Okayama||2008-01-01||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.okayama.jp/soshiki/kakuka.html?sec_sec1=15 |title=岡山県統計管理課　毎月流動人口調査 |access-date=2020-06-23 |archive-date=2011-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106122221/http://www.pref.okayama.jp/soshiki/kakuka.html?sec_sec1=15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Okinawa||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.okinawa.jp/toukeika/estimates/estidata.html 沖縄県推計人口データ一覧（Excel形式）<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |Osaka||2008-01-01||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.osaka.jp/toukei/jinkou/index.html |title=大阪府毎月推計人口 |access-date=2020-06-23 |archive-date=2013-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106023139/http://www.pref.osaka.jp/toukei/jinkou/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Saga||2008-01-01||<ref>[https://archive.today/20121219095948/http://www.pref.saga.lg.jp/toukei/php3/houkokusyo/hou_nen.php3?nendo_number=2001&sessionid= 推計人口(月報・年報)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |Saitama||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/A01/BP00/03.html 埼玉県推計人口] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221164805/http://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/A01/BP00/03.html |date=2008-02-21 }}</ref> |- |Shiga||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.shiga.jp/data/population/renew/#jinko 滋賀県/滋賀県の人口と世帯数<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216061821/http://www.pref.shiga.jp/data/population/renew/ |date=2008-02-16 }}</ref> |- |Shimane||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.toukeika.pref.shimane.jp/toukei/st0/st0100.asp しまね統計情報データベース　新着情報 今月の統計 推計人口（市町村別）] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410125028/http://www.toukeika.pref.shimane.jp/toukei/st0/st0100.asp |date=2008-04-10 }}</ref> |- |Shizuoka||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://toukei.pref.shizuoka.jp/tokei/ 統計センターしずおか　静岡県人口推計] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203204758/http://toukei.pref.shizuoka.jp/tokei/ |date=2008-02-03 }}</ref> |- |Tochigi||2008-01-01||<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070918144152/http://www.pref.tochigi.jp/pref/toukei/toukei/popu1.html 栃木県毎月人口推計速報/栃木県<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |Tokushima||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.tokushima.jp/Statistics.nsf/ 徳島県の統計情報　推計人口]</ref> |- |Tokyo||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm 東京都の人口推計トップページ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |Tottori||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.tottori.lg.jp/dd.aspx?menuid=9974 鳥取県人口移動調査/とりネット/鳥取県公式サイト<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |Toyama||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.toyama.jp/sections/1015/lib/jinko/index.html 人口移動調査<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |Wakayama||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/prefg/020300/suikei/index.html 毎月推計人口]</ref> |- |Yamagata||2008-01-01||<ref>[https://archive.today/20070519180118/http://www.pref.yamagata.jp/ou/somu/020052/jinkou.html 山形県の人口と世帯数（月報）（推計）の統計表電子データについて — 山形県ホームページ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |Yamaguchi||2008-01-01||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.yamaguchi.lg.jp/cms/a12500/jinko/jinko.html |title=山口県/統計分析課/人口・人口移動統計調査（平成20年3月1日現在）<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2020-06-23 |archive-date=2018-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202913/http://www.pref.yamaguchi.lg.jp/cms/a12500/jinko/jinko.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Yamanashi||2008-01-01||<ref>[http://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/toukei/DB/EDA/A/dbaa04000.html 山梨県統計データバンク　aa04000<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517044252/http://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/toukei/DB/EDA/A/dbaa04000.html |date=2006-05-17 }}</ref> |} * Ang mga datos ng lawak ng lupa ay ayon sa [http://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO/title.htm Geographical Survey Institute of Japan] magmula noong 2007-10-01. * Ang pinagbatayang mga websayt ng mga populasyon ng bawat prepektura ay ayon sa [[:ja:Template:自治体人口/doc]]. ==Tingnan din== * [[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Hapon ayon sa populasyon (1889)]] * [[Mga munisipalidad ng Hapon]] * [[Talaan ng mga palayaw ng lungsod sa Hapon]] * [[Talaan ng mga kalakhang pook sa Hapon]] ==Mga sanggunian== <references /> {{Asia topic|Talaan ng mga lungsod sa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Talaan Ng Lungsod Sa Hapon}} [[Kategorya:Mga talaan ng mga lungsod sa Hapon| ]] [[Kategorya:Mga talaan ng mga lungsod ayon sa bansa|Hapon]] fkihe8q9kic1cmmqlme6g6yb1n4y6ec 0 45536 2204449 2192346 2026-04-23T09:35:35Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine city 2 | infoboxtitle = Lungsod ng Borongan | locatormapfile = Ph_locator_eastern samar_borongan.png | caption = Map of [[Samar]] showing the location of Borongan City | region = [[Eastern Visayas]] (Region VIII) | province = [[Eastern Samar]] (Capital) | districts = Solong Distrito | barangays = 61 | class = 5th class; Partially Urban | mayor = | cityhood = [[March 15]], [[2007]] | website = [http://www.borongan-esamar.gov.ph/ www.borongan-esamar.gov.ph] | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 55141 | latd = 11| latm = 36| lats = | latNS = N | longd = 125| longm = 26| longs = | longEW = E }} Ang '''Borongan ''' (<small>pagbigkas:</small> bo•róng•gan) ay isang [[mga lungsod ng Pilipinas|lungsod]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Silangang Samar]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> [[Talaksan:Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School Administration Building.jpg|thumb|right|200px]] == Mga Barangay == Ang Lungsod ng Borongan ay nahahati sa 61 mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Alang-alang * Amantacop * Ando * Balacdas * Balud * Banuyo * Baras * Bato * Bayobay * Benowangan * Bugas * Cabalagnan * Cabong * Cagbonga * Calico-an * Calingatngan * Campesao * Can-abong * Can-aga * Camada * Canjaway | valign="top" | * Canlaray * Canyupay <ref>http://wikimapia.org/20640555/Barangay-Canyupay</ref><ref>https://www.facebook.com/pages/Canyupay/469381699824592</ref> * Divinubo * Hebacong * Hindang * Lalawigan * Libuton * Locso-on * Maybacong * Maypangdan * Pepelitan * Pinanag-an * Purok D1 (Pob.) * Purok A (Pob.) * Purok B (Pob.) * Purok C (Pob.) * Purok D2 (Pob.) * Purok E (Pob.) * Purok F (Pob.) * Purok G (Pob.) | valign="top" | * Purok H (Pob.) * Punta Maria * Sabang North * Sabang South * San Andres * San Gabriel * San Gregorio * San Jose * San Mateo * San Pablo * San Saturnino(tacyang) * Santa Fe * Siha * Songco * Sohutan * Suribao * Surok * Taboc * Tabunan * Tamoso |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} ==Mga sanggunian== {{Reflist}} == Mga kawing panlabas == * [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} * [http://www.borongan-esamar.gov.ph/ Borongan City Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050407101356/http://www.borongan-esamar.gov.ph/ |date=2005-04-07 }} * [http://www.batch2006.com/visit_borongan.htm More photos and information on Borongan City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702232731/http://www.batch2006.com/visit_borongan.htm |date=2008-07-02 }} {{Eastern Samar}} {{Philippine cities}} {{Philippine Provincial Capitals}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas|Borongan]] b3zfq6fgys8em0fqznbh6mohn4fy8ii 0 45554 2204423 2182430 2026-04-23T09:01:29Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|lungsod sa Negros Occidental, Pilipinas|lungsod sa Espanya|Cádiz|ibang gamit|}} {{Infobox Philippine city 2 | infoboxtitle = Lungsod ng Cadiz | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Negros Occidental]] na nagpapakita ng lokasyon ng Cadiz. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 22 | class = | mayor = | founded = [[1861]] | website = [http://www.cadiz-city.gov.ph www.cadiz-city.gov.ph] | cityhood = Ika-4 ng Hulyo, 1967 | areakm2 = 515 | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 141954 | latd = 10| latm = 57| lats = | latNS = N | longd = 123| longm = 17| longs = 60| longEW = E }} Ang '''Lungsod ng Cadiz ''' ay isang [[mga lungsod ng Pilipinas|lungsod]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Negros Occidental]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ang lungsod ay isang gateway at pangunahing sentro ng agro-fishery resources sa Negros Island. Ang estratehikong lokasyon ng lungsod, na may malawak at mayamang isla at yamang dagat at malawak na mayabong na lupang pang-agrikultura, at ang pagkumpleto ng komersyal na daungan at pagtatayo ng isang daungan ng isda, ay magbubukas ng bagong pagkakataon para sa paglago ng ekonomiya at pagiging mapagkumpitensya. == Mga Barangay == Ang Lungsod ng Cadiz ay nahahati sa 22 mga [[barangay]]. * Andres Bonifacio * Banquerohan * Barangay 1 Pob. (Zone 1) * Barangay 2 Pob. (Zone 2) * Barangay 3 Pob. (Zone 3) * Barangay 4 Pob. (Zone 4) * Barangay 5 Pob. (Zone 5) * Barangay 6 Pob. (Zone 6) * Burgos * Cabahug * Cadiz Viejo * Caduha-an * Celestino Villacin * Daga * V. F. Gustilo * Jerusalem * Luna * Mabini * Magsaysay * Sicaba * Tiglawigan * Tinampa-an ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} ==Mga sanggunian== {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * [http://www.cadizcity.gov.ph Cadiz City Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614141853/https://cadizcity.gov.ph/ |date=2022-06-14 }} * [http://www.cadiz-city.net Official Cadiz City News and Info Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114004134/http://www.cadiz-city.net/ |date=2020-11-14 }} * [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Negros Occidental}} {{Philippine cities}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas|Cadiz]] {{philippines-geo-stub}} f5l3t7kxz7zp7enpe89bphvv7kwqj5i 0 46553 2204281 2098781 2026-04-22T22:44:12Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Ayungon | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Negros Oriental]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Ayungon. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 24 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 40744 | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Ayungon''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Negros Oriental]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Kasama sa mga atraksyon ang Karalaon Bird Sanctuary, ang subterranean area ng Mabato Caves, isang gawa ng tao na lawa sa Banban, at ang Pagsalsalan Twin Falls (Maaslum Falls).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities & Towns {{!}} Negros Oriental Tourism |url=http://negrostourism.com/?page_id=636 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=negrostourism.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mga Barangay == Ang bayan ng Ayungon ay nahahati sa 24 mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Amdus * Jandalamanon * Anibong * Atabay * Awa-an * Ban-ban * Calagcalag * Candana-ay * Carol-an * Gomentoc * Inacban * Iniban | valign="top" | * Kilaban * Lamigan * Maaslum * Mabato * Manogtong * Nabhang * Poblacion * Tambo * Tampocon I * Tampocon II * Tibyawan * Tiguib |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga kawing panlabas == *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} *[http://www.t-macs.com/kiso/ 2000 Philippine Census Information]{{Dead link|date=Pebrero 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://elgu.ncc.gov.ph/ecommunity/ayungon-negor/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930113210/http://elgu.ncc.gov.ph/ecommunity/ayungon-negor/ |date=2007-09-30 }} {{Negros Oriental}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} 82jomub8m05b9os8s5wkokn2ihtoz3c 0 46555 2204448 2197264 2026-04-23T09:34:27Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Basey}} {{Ibang gamit}} {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Basay | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Negros Oriental]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Basay. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 10 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 21366 | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Basay''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Negros Oriental]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> Ang pangalan ay nagmula sa kasaganaan ng mga natural na bukal sa lugar, na lokal na tinatawag na "busay." Kalaunan ay binago ang pangalan mula "Busay" patungong "Basay" noong panahon ng mga Espanyol sa hindi malamang dahilan. == Mga Barangay == Ang bayan ng Basay ay nahahati sa 10 mga [[barangay]]. * Actin * Bal-os * Bongalonan * Cabalayongan * Cabatuanan * Linantayan * Maglinao * Nagbo-alao * Olandao * Poblacion ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga kawing panlabas == *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Negros Oriental}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} 814f1jhxvofn6wfbcmpcjolzcckl10n 0 47314 2204285 2197130 2026-04-22T22:57:33Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Babatngon | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Leyte]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Babatngon. | region = | province = [[Leyte]] | districts = | barangays = 25 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 20946 | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Babatngon''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Leyte]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa census noong 2020, mayroon itong populasyon na 28,823 katao. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ang pangalan ng lugar ay nagmula sa salitang batong, isang malaking bitag na gawa sa mga hibla ng abaca na ginagamit sa pangangaso ng mga unang naninirahang Boholano. Kalaunan ay tinawag itong "Babatngon," na nangangahulugang lugar ng pangangaso gamit ang lambat. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Babatngon ay nahahati sa 25 mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Biasong * Gov. E. Jaro (Bagahupi) * Malibago * Magcasuang * Planza * Poblacion District I * Poblacion District II * Poblacion District III * Poblacion District IV * Rizal I * San Ricardo * Sangputan * Pagsulhugon | valign="top" | * Taguite * Uban * Victory * Villa Magsaysay * Bacong * Bagong Silang * Lukay * Rizal II * San Agustin * Guintigui-an * Naga-asan * San Isidro |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Leyte}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} bwtkgu5s8b5ph98tfsgijen0dukp2x7 0 47317 2204425 1908875 2026-04-23T09:03:23Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Burauen | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Leyte]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Burauen. | region = | province = [[Leyte]] | districts = | barangays = 77 | class = Ika-2 Klase | mayor = | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 47180 | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Burauen''' ay isang ika-2 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Leyte]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Natuklasan ng mga prayleng Heswita ang Burauen bilang pamayanan noong huling bahagi ng 1595 nang gamitin nila ang pamayanan bilang batayan sa Kristiyanisasyon ng gitnang bahagi ng Leyte. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Burauen ay nahahati sa 77 mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Abuyognon * Anonang * Arado * Balao * Balatson * Balorinay * Bobon * Buenavista * Buri * Caanislagan * Cadahunan * Cagangon * Cali * Calsadahay * Candag-on * Cansiboy * Catagbacan * Poblacion District I * Poblacion District II * Poblacion District III * Poblacion District IV * Poblacion District V * Poblacion District VI * Poblacion District VIII * Poblacion District IX | valign="top" | * Dumalag (Pusod) * Ilihan * Esperanza * Gitablan * Hapunan * Hibonawan * Hugpa East * Hugpa West * Kalao * Kaparasanan * Laguiwan * Libas * Limburan * Logsongan * Maabab * Maghubas * Mahagnao * Malabcag * Malaguinabot * Malaihao (San Ramon) * Matin-ao * Moguing * Paghudlan * Paitan * Pangdan * Patag | valign="top" | * Patong * Pawa * Roxas * Sambel * San Esteban * San Fernando * San Jose East * San Jose West * San Pablo * Tabuanon * Tagadtaran * Taghuyan * Takin * Tambis (Naboya) * Toloyao * Villa Aurora * Villa Corazon * Villa Patria * Villa Rosas (Cabang) * Kagbana * Damulo-an * Dina-ayan * Gamay * Kalipayan * Tambuko |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Leyte}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] orm3w3j35lhp9cvhddczxevl61c1bfk 0 47776 2204365 1940709 2026-04-23T06:19:13Z CarlessParking 157192 2204365 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''alkalde'''<ref name=JETE>{{cite-JETE|Alkalde}}</ref> (mula sa [[Wikang Kastila|espanyol]] ''alcalde'') ay ang '''punong bayan''' o ang '''punong lungsod'''. '''Alkaldesa''' o '''Mayora''' ang tawag sa babaeng puno ng bayan o sa asawa ng alkalde. Sa maraming mga bansa, ang alkalde ay ang pinakamataas na ranggo na opisyal sa isang munisipal na gobyerno tulad noon ng isang lungsod o isang bayan. == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Hanapbuhay]] [[Kategorya:Pamahalaan]] [[Kategorya:Mga alkalde]] {{stub|Pamahalaan}} 87uentjh0vklgpe4ad9uhkffxxgkyc9 0 47796 2204445 1908319 2026-04-23T09:31:13Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Barotac Nuevo | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Iloilo]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Barotac Nuevo. | region = [[Kanlurang Kabisayaan]] (Rehiyong VI) | province = [[Iloilo]] | districts = Ikaapat Distrito ng Iloilo | barangays = 29 | class = Ika-3 Klase | mayor = Hernan Biron | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 45804 | website = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Barotac Nuevo''' (''Bagong Barotac'') ay isang ika-3 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Iloilo]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ang bayan ay opisyal na kilala bilang Football Capital ng Pilipinas. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Barotac Nuevo ay nahahati sa 29 mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Acuit * Agcuyawan Calsada * Agcuyawan Pulo * Bagongbong * Baras * Bungca * Cabilauan * Cruz * Guintas * Igbong * Ilaud Poblacion * Ilaya Poblacion * Jalaud * Lagubang * Lanas | valign="top" | * Lico-an * Linao * Monpon * Palaciawan * Patag * Salihid * So-ol * Sohoton * Tabuc-Suba * Tabucan * Talisay * Tinorian * Tiwi * Tubungan |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Iloilo}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} gyfsuwo0ou3keygp4meijgvjtghipan 0 47800 2204407 1908898 2026-04-23T08:46:28Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Cabatuan | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Iloilo]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Cabatuan. | region = [[Kanlurang Kabisayaan]] (Rehiyong VI) | province = [[Iloilo]] | districts = Ikatlong Distrito ng Iloilo | barangays = 68 | class = Ika-3 Klase | mayor = Ramon C. Yee | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 45935 | website = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Cabatuan''' ay isang ika-3 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Iloilo]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ito ay matatagpuan 24 kilometro (15 mi) hilagang-kanluran ng Iloilo City at bahagi ng Metro Iloilo–Guimaras area. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Cabatuan ay nahahati sa 68 mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Acao * Amerang * Amurao * Anuang * Ayaman * Ayong * Bacan * Balabag * Baluyan * Banguit * Bulay * Cadoldolan * Cagban * Calawagan * Calayo * Duyanduyan * Gaub * Gines Interior * Gines Patag * Guibuangan Tigbauan * Inabasan * Inaca * Inaladan | valign="top" | * Ingas * Ito Norte * Ito Sur * Janipaan Central * Janipaan Este * Janipaan Oeste * Janipaan Olo * Jelicuon Lusaya * Jelicuon Montinola * Lag-an * Leong * Lutac * Manguna * Maraguit * Morubuan * Pacatin * Pagotpot * Pamul-Ogan * Pamuringao Proper * Pamuringao Garrido * Zone I Pob. (Barangay 1) * Zone X Pob. (Barangay 10) * Zone XI Pob. (Barangay 11) | valign="top" | * Zone II Pob. (Barangay 2) * Zone III Pob. (Barangay 3) * Zone IV Pob. (Barangay 4) * Zone V Pob. (Barangay 5) * Zone VI Pob. (Barangay 6) * Zone VII Pob. (Barangay 7) * Zone VIII Pob. (Barangay 8) * Zone IX Pob. (Barangay 9) * Pungtod * Puyas * Salacay * Sulanga * Tabucan * Tacdangan * Talanghauan * Tigbauan Road * Tinio-an * Tiring * Tupol Central * Tupol Este * Tupol Oeste * Tuy-an |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Iloilo}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] afinrex6d10x2t4udgoru37jzz6ukq4 0 47938 2204233 1899885 2026-04-22T16:53:45Z ~2026-24655-89 161130 2204233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Isdantuko | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November mmmmm2021">{{cite iucn |author=Pierce, S.J. |author2=Norman, B. |date=2016 |title=''Rhincodon typus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T19488A2365291 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19488A2365291.en |access-date=19 November 2021 }}</ref> | image = Whale shark Georgia aquarium.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Isdantuko mula sa [[Taywan]] na nasa ''[[Georgia Aquarium|Akwaryo ng Georgia]]'' | image2 = Rhtyp u0 white bg.gif | image2_width = 250px | image2_caption = Paghahambing ng sukat ng isdantuko at tao. | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Chondrichthyes]] | subclassis = [[Elasmobranchii]] | ordo = [[Orectolobiformes]] | familia = '''Rhincodontidae''' | familia_authority = ([[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] at [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1839) | genus = '''''Rhincodon''''' | genus_authority = [[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|Smith]], 1829 | species = '''''R. typus''''' | binomial = ''Rhincodon typus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|Smith]], 1828) | range_map = Rhincodon typus distmap.png | range_map_width = 250px | range_map_caption = Ang sakop ng isdantuko. }} Ang '''isdantuko''' o '''butanding''' ([[wikang Ingles|Ingles]]: ''whale shark'', literal na "balyenang pating")<ref name=JETE>{{cite-JETE|Isdantuko}}</ref>, may pangalang pang-agham na '''''Rhincodon typus'''''<ref name=ST>[http://www.sorsogontourism.com/whale_shark_interaction_guide.htm ''Whale Shark, locally known as Butanding (scientific name: Rhincodon typus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831101224/http://www.sorsogontourism.com/whale_shark_interaction_guide.htm |date=2009-08-31 }}, sorsogontourism.com</ref>, ay mga uri ng isdang [[pating]] na kahawig ng mga [[balyena]] at [[tuko]]. Nananala lamang sa tubig ang mga ito, habang lumalangoy, ng kanilang pagkain ay mga isda. == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Rhincodon typus}} [[Kategorya:Orectolobiformes]] {{stub}} 1rss5i72yxui3uskxd1w5qe1x2j2xvr 2204234 2204233 2026-04-22T16:55:48Z ~2026-24655-89 161130 2204234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Isdantuko | fossil_range = maagang [[Oligoseno]]-kamakailan, {{fossil range|28.4|0}}<ref name=FW>{{cite web |title=''Rhincodon typus'' Smith 1828 (whale shark) |website=Paleobiology Database |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=170186 |access-date=17 December 2021 }}</ref> | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November mmmmm2021">{{cite iucn |author=Pierce, S.J. |author2=Norman, B. |date=2016 |title=''Rhincodon typus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T19488A2365291 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19488A2365291.en |access-date=19 November 2021 }}</ref> | image = Whale shark Georgia aquarium.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Isdantuko mula sa [[Taywan]] na nasa ''[[Georgia Aquarium|Akwaryo ng Georgia]]'' | image2 = Rhtyp u0 white bg.gif | image2_width = 250px | image2_caption = Paghahambing ng sukat ng isdantuko at tao. | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Chondrichthyes]] | subclassis = [[Elasmobranchii]] | ordo = [[Orectolobiformes]] | familia = '''Rhincodontidae''' | familia_authority = ([[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] at [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1839) | genus = '''''Rhincodon''''' | genus_authority = [[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|Smith]], 1829 | species = '''''R. typus''''' | binomial = ''Rhincodon typus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|Smith]], 1828) | range_map = Rhincodon typus distmap.png | range_map_width = 250px | range_map_caption = Ang sakop ng isdantuko. }} Ang '''isdantuko''' o '''butanding''' ([[wikang Ingles|Ingles]]: ''whale shark'', literal na "balyenang pating")<ref name=JETE>{{cite-JETE|Isdantuko}}</ref>, may pangalang pang-agham na '''''Rhincodon typus'''''<ref name=ST>[http://www.sorsogontourism.com/whale_shark_interaction_guide.htm ''Whale Shark, locally known as Butanding (scientific name: Rhincodon typus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831101224/http://www.sorsogontourism.com/whale_shark_interaction_guide.htm |date=2009-08-31 }}, sorsogontourism.com</ref>, ay mga uri ng isdang [[pating]] na kahawig ng mga [[balyena]] at [[tuko]]. Nananala lamang sa tubig ang mga ito, habang lumalangoy, ng kanilang pagkain ay mga isda. == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Rhincodon typus}} [[Kategorya:Orectolobiformes]] {{stub}} gj03tphzwzbqj7h8ruwylx4rzfqh6ey 0 48095 2204287 1908249 2026-04-22T23:01:38Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|pulo sa Papua New Guinea|Pulo ng Bagabag}} {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Bagabag | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[Nueva Vizcaya]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Bagabag. | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | districts = | barangays = 17 | class = Ika-3 Klase | mayor = | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Bagabag''' ay isang ika-3 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Nueva Vizcaya]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ang mga pangunahing pananim na ginawa ay palay, mais, niyog, mangga, at pinya. Ang Bagabag ay sikat sa kanyang buko pie (coconut pie) sa rehiyon ng Cagayan Valley at ito ang gateway patungo sa sikat na Banaue Rice Terraces. Ito ay itinuturing na pangunahing tagagawa ng pinya ng Nueva Vizcaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=II |first=Leonardo Perante |date=2016-02-07 |title=Fruitful farm and mine tours in Nueva Vizcaya {{!}} Leonardo Perante II |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2016/02/07/fruitful-farm-and-mine-tours-in-nueva-vizcaya/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=BusinessMirror |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Bagabag ay nahahati sa 17 mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Bakir * Baretbet * Careb * Lantap * Murong * Nangalisan * Paniki * Pogonsino * San Geronimo (Poblacion) | valign="top" | * [[San Pedro, Bagabag|San Pedro]] (Poblacion) * Santa Cruz * Santa Lucia * Tuao North * Tuao South * Villa Coloma (Poblacion) * Villa Quirino (Poblacion) * Villaros |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} *http://novovizcayano.i.ph {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218185422/http://novovizcayano.i.ph/ |date=2014-12-18 }} *http://www.nuevavizcaya.com.ph/gov/bagabag.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050316182943/http://www.nuevavizcaya.com.ph/gov/bagabag.html |date=2005-03-16 }} *http://elgu2.ncc.gov.ph/nuevavizcaya/index.php?id1=73&id2=4&id3=0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930040135/http://elgu2.ncc.gov.ph/nuevavizcaya/index.php?id1=73&id2=4&id3=0 |date=2007-09-30 }} *http://www.bagabag-nvizcaya.gov.ph/index.php?cat1=11&cat2=2&cat3=3 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020130359/http://www.bagabag-nvizcaya.gov.ph/index.php?cat1=11&cat2=2&cat3=3 |date=2007-10-20 }} {{Nueva Vizcaya}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} pj4wp03sszvymj38lx9ev9w025sg8o3 0 48108 2204283 2197116 2026-04-22T22:47:17Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Aurora | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Zamboanga del Sur]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Aurora. | region = [[Tangway ng Zamboanga]] (Region IX) | province = [[Zamboanga del Sur]] | districts = | barangays = 44 | class = Ika-3 Klase | mayor = Enrique J. Cabahug | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 42820 }} Ang '''Bayan ng Aurora''' ay isang ika-3 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Zamboanga del Sur]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> Ang bayan ay ipinangalan sa asawa ni Pangulong Manuel L. Quezon na si Aurora Quezon. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Aurora ay nahahati sa 44 na mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Acad * Alang-alang * Alegria * Anonang * Bagong Mandaue * Bagong Maslog * Bagong Oslob * Bagong Pitogo * Baki * Balas * Balide * Balintawak * Bayabas * Bemposa * Cabilinan | valign="top" | * Campo Uno * Ceboneg * Commonwealth * Gubaan * Inasagan * Inroad * Kahayagan East (Katipunan) * Kahayagan West * Kauswagan * La Paz (Tinibtiban) * La Victoria * Lantungan * Libertad * Lintugop * Lubid | valign="top" | * Maguikay * Mahayahay * Monte Alegre * Montela * Napo * Panaghiusa * Poblacion * Resthouse * Romarate * San Jose * San Juan * Sapa Loboc * Tagulalo * Waterfall |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga kawing panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Zamboanga del Sur}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} f387a6afa8xv6c8soatux9g6ocso3dy 0 48112 2204279 1909066 2026-04-22T22:39:38Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Dinas | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Zamboanga del Sur]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Dinas. | region = [[Tangway ng Zamboanga]] (Region IX) | province = [[Zamboanga del Sur]] | districts = | barangays = 30 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 31570 }} Ang '''Bayan ng Dinas''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Zamboanga del Sur]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ilang mga teorya ang hinabi at binuo upang ipaliwanag ang pinagmulan ng kilala na ngayong munisipalidad ng Dinas, na naging duyan ng kultura at sibilisasyong Islamiko, at isang muog ng anti-Hispanic na kolonisasyon sa buong Baganian Peninsula sa kasalukuyang Zamboanga del Sur. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Dinas ay nahahati sa 30 mga [[barangay]]. <table border=0><tr> <td valign=top> * Bacawan * Benuatan * Beray * Don Jose * Dongos * East Migpulao * Guinicolalay * Ignacio Garrata (New Mirapao) * Kinacap * Legarda 1 * Legarda 2 * Legarda 3 * Lower Dimaya * Lucoban * Ludiong </td><td valign=top> * Nangka * Nian * Old Mirapao * Pisa-an * Poblacion * Proper Dimaya * Sagacad * Sambulawan * San Isidro * Songayan * Sumpotan * Tarakan * Upper Dimaya * Upper Sibul * West Migpulao </td></tr></table> ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga kawing panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Zamboanga del Sur}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} e9gl1n79u63wfdyyfmc6j0ebgmzcaxb 0 48145 2204430 1986703 2026-04-23T09:16:45Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Calamba | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Misamis Occidental]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Calamba. | region = [[Hilagang Mindanao]] (Region X) | province = [[Misamis Occidental]] | districts = | barangays = 19 | class = Ika-3 Klase | mayor = Dr. Luisito B. Villanueva Jr., MNSA | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 17594 }} Ang '''Bayan ng Calamba''' ay isang ika-3 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Misamis Occidental]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Calamba ay nahahati sa 19 na mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Bonifacio * Bunawan * Calaran * Dapacan Alto * Dapacan Bajo * Langub * Libertad * Magcamiguing * Mamalad * Mauswagon | valign="top" | * Northern Poblacion * Salvador * San Isidro * Siloy * Singalat * Solinog * Southwestern Poblacion * Sulipat * Don Bernardo Neri (Pob) |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga kawing panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Misamis Occidental}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{pilipinas-stub}} 4x1j8twjc9wc0j7qf6r2eynb9hr6g5f 0 48428 2204280 1975728 2026-04-22T22:41:04Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Balaoan | larawan = BalaoanLaUnionjf9737 13.JPG | sealfile = | locatormapfile = Ph_locator_la union_balaoan.png | caption = Mapa ng [[La Union]] na pinapakita ang lokasyon ng Balaoan | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | founded = | areakm2 = | barangays = 36 | districts = Unang Distrito ng La Union | class = Ikatlong klase | mayor = Alfred Concepcion | website = }} Ang '''Balaoan''', opisyal na kilala bilang '''Bayan ng Balaoan''', ay isang ikatlong klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[La Union]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==Mga barangay== Nahahati ang Balaoan sa 36 na [[barangay]]. <table border=0><tr> <td valign=top> * Apatut * Ar-arampang * Baracbac Este * Baracbac Oeste * Bet-ang * Bulbulala * Bungol * Butubut Este * Butubut Norte * Butubut Oeste * Butubut Sur * Cabuaan Oeste (Pob.) </td><td valign=top> * Calliat * Calungbuyan * Camiling * Guinaburan * Masupe * Nagsabaran Norte * Nagsabaran Sur * Nalasin * Napaset * Pagbennecan * Pagleddegan * Pantar Norte </td><td valign=top> * Pantar Sur * Pa-o * Almieda * Paraoir * Patpata * Dr. Camilo Osias Pob. * Sablut * San Pablo * Sinapangan Norte * Sinapangan Sur * Tallipugo * Antonino </td></tr></table> ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.pasyalan.net/la_union/ Pasyalan La Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329043000/http://pasyalan.net/la_union/ |date=2007-03-29 }} *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{La Union}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} l77r0ag7ga70b9g9q0i81bzyci3a5cq 0 48441 2204409 1975755 2026-04-23T08:49:22Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Burgos | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[La Union]] na pinapakita ang lokasyon ng Burgos | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | founded = | areakm2 = | barangays = 12 | districts = Ikalawang Distrito ng La Union | class = Ika-5 klase | mayor = Jose D. Abensi | website = }} Ang '''Burgos''' ay isang ika-5 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[La Union]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ang bayan ay kilala sa paggawa nito ng mga kulay na malalambot na walis na gawa sa tiger grass.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile {{!}} Burgos, La Union |url=https://burgoslaunion.gov.ph/index.php/profile/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Barangays== Nahahati ang Burgos sa 12 na [[barangay]]. * Agpay * Bilis * Caoayan * Dalacdac * Delles * Imelda * Libtong * Linuan * New Poblacion * Old Poblacion * Lower Tumapoc * Upper Tumapoc ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.pasyalan.net/la_union/ Pasyalan La Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329043000/http://pasyalan.net/la_union/ |date=2007-03-29 }} *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{La Union}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} 9lb4lofpjx5vxlt0vqimwiejlu9br40 0 48442 2204396 1975757 2026-04-23T08:30:50Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Caba | sealfile = | caption = Mapa ng [[La Union]] na pinapakita ang lokasyon ng Caba | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | region = {{PH wikidata|region}} | province = {{PH wikidata|province}} | founded = | areakm2 = | barangays = 17 | districts = Ikalawang Distrito ng La Union | class = Ika-4 klase | mayor = Adoracion B. Runes | website = }} Ang '''Caba''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[La Union]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ito ang lugar ng kapanganakan ni Diego Silang, isang kilalang rebolusyonaryong pinunong Pilipino na namuno sa isang pag-aalsa laban sa kolonyal na paghahari ng Espanya sa Rehiyon ng Ilocos noong 1762. == Barangays == Nahahati ang Caba sa 17 na [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Bautista * Gana * Juan Cartas * Las-ud * Liquicia * Poblacion Norte | valign="top" | * Poblacion Sur * San Carlos * San Cornelio * San Fermin * San Gregorio * San Jose | valign="top" | * Santiago Norte * Santiago Sur * Sobredillo * Urayong * Wenceslao |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== * [http://www.pasyalan.net/la_union/ Pasyalan La Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329043000/http://pasyalan.net/la_union/ |date=2007-03-29 }} * [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{La Union}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{pilipinas-stub}} efxfdu0vunndq0o9img80f1cpyck4hs 0 48940 2204426 1908907 2026-04-23T09:09:01Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Cagdianao | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Dinagat Islands]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Cagdianao. | region = [[Caraga|XIII]] ([[Caraga]]) | province = [[Kapuluang Dinagat]] ([[Dinagat Islands]]) | districts = Mag-isang Distrito ng Dinagat Islands | barangays = 14 | class = Ika-4 Klase | mayor = Marc Adelson D. Longos | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 12886 }} Ang '''Bayan ng Cagdianao''' ay isang ika-4 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Kapuluang Dinagat]] ([[Dinagat Islands]]), [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> == Mga Barangay == Ang bayan ng Cagdianao ay nahahati sa 14 mga [[barangay]]. * Boa * Cabunga-an * Del Pilar * Laguna * Legaspi * Ma-atas * Mabini (Borja) * Nueva Estrella * Poblacion * R. Ecleo, Sr. * San Jose * Santa Rita * Tigbao * Valencia ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga Kawing Panlabas == * [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Dinagat Islands}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{pilipinas-stub}} p557i8ug4elsh6nilqlw5yt070o74pz 0 49102 2204289 2197127 2026-04-22T23:04:18Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Arakan | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Cotabato]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Arakan. | region = [[SOCCSKSARGEN]] (Rehiyong XII) | province = [[Cotabato]] | districts = Ikalawang distrito ng Cotabato | class = Ika-3 Klase | barangays = 28 | mayor = Romulo M. Tapgos | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 34588 | areakm2 = | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Arakan''' ay isang ika-3 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Cotabato]], [[Pilipinas]]. Sa senso noong 2020, ang populasyon ng Arakan, Cotabato ay 50,558 katao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Arakan ay nahahati sa 28 na mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | *Allab *Anapolon *Badiangon *Binoongan *Dallag *Datu Ladayon *Datu Matangkil *Doroluman *Gambodes *Ganatan *Greenfield *Kabalantian *Katipunan *Kinawayan | valign="top" | *Kulaman Valley *Lanao Kuran *Libertad *Makalangot *Malibatuan *Maria Caridad *Meocan *Naje *Napalico *Salasang *San Miguel *Santo Niño *Sumalili *Tumanding |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Cotabato}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} 19cvlxxvv66yap06t3iqk0m7lsyvqsv 0 49147 2204432 2199373 2026-04-23T09:19:05Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{isapanahon|type=artikulo}} {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Buldon | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[{{wikidata|property|P131}}]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Buldon. | region = [[Nagsasariling Rehiyon ng Muslim sa Mindanao]] ([[Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao|ARMM]]) | province = [[Maguindanao]] | districts = Mag-isang Distrito ng Maguindanao | barangays = 15 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = Bai Fatima Ruth Tomawis | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 26903 | website = | founded = }} Ang '''Bayan ng Buldon''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[{{wikidata|property|P131}}]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ang bayan ay bahagi ng lalawigan ng Shariff Kabunsuan mula Oktubre 2006 hanggang sa pagpapawalang-bisa nito ng Korte Suprema noong Hulyo 2008. == Mga Barangay == Ang bayan ng Buldon ay nahahati sa 15 mga [[barangay]]. * Ampuan * Aratuc * Cabayuan * Calaan (Pob.) * Karim * Dinganen * Edcor (Gallego Edcor) * Kulimpang * Mataya * Minabay * Nuyo * Oring * Pantawan * Piers * Rumidas ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga Kawing Panlabas == *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} * {{PH wikidata|website}} {{Maguindanao del Norte}} [[Category:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} bqksuckgewozk65om6mi5dzbtb2lqu1 0 49360 2204397 2197265 2026-04-23T08:31:59Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Buug | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Zamboanga Sibugay]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Buug. | region = [[Tangway ng Zamboanga]] (Rehiyong IX) | province = [[Zamboanga Sibugay]] | districts = Unang Distrito ng Zamboanga Sibugay | barangays = 27 | class = Ikatlong Klase | mayor = Teresita P. Famor | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 33623 }} Ang '''Bayan ng Buug''' ay isang ikatlong klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Zamboanga Sibugay]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ang pangalang Buug ay nagmula sa salitang bog, isang salitang Subanen para sa pangalawang kagubatan na kapareho ng terminong buog sa Cebuano-Visayan. Dahil dito, isang grupo ng mga Subanen ang natagpuan ang latian na ito na may batis at sapat na suplay ng tubig habang sila ay lumilipat mula sa isang lugar patungo sa isa pa upang maghanap ng ligtas na lugar upang makapagsimula ng ikabubuhay malayo sa mga mandarambong na naghahanap ng mga alipin at [[Desiderata|mga bagay]] na maaaring samsamin. Mula noon, sinimulan ng mga tao na tawagin ang latian bilang Buug. == Mga Barangay == Ang bayan ng Buug ay nahahati sa 27 mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Agutayan * Bagong Borbon * Basalem * Bawang * Bliss * Bulaan * Compostela * Danlugan * Datu Panas * Del Monte * Guintuloan * Guitom * Guminta * Labrador | valign="top" | * Lantawan * Mabuhay * Maganay * Manlin * Muyo * Pamintayan * Pling * Poblacion * Pulog * San Jose * Talairan * Talamimi * Villacastor (Galit) |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga kawing panlabas == *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Zamboanga Sibugay}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} mx8iuuu869xy74jkc4j10egbmtj2zdd 0 49416 2204270 2199956 2026-04-22T22:18:53Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | name = Sikhismo | image = Hamandir Sahib (Golden Temple).jpg | imagewidth = 250px | caption = Ang [[Ginintuang Templo|Gintong Templo]] sa Amritsar, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Indiya. Ito ang pinakabanal na pook ng Sikhismo. | type = Relihiyong etniko | main_classification = Indiyano | scripture = Guru Granth Sahib | theology = {{plainlist| * Panenteismo<ref>{{cite book |last1=Takhar |first1=Opinderjit Kaur |title=Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhidentityexpl0000takh |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351900102 |quote=Since the Sikh concept of the divine is panentheistic, the divine is always greater than the created universe, its systems such as karma and samsara, and all phenomena within it. In Sikhism, due to the sovereignty of God, the doctrines of Nadar and Hukam override all systems, both concepts reinforcing panentheism. Hence one becomes a jivanmukt only in accordance with the Hukam.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=The Sikh world |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |location=London New York |isbn=9780429848384 |quote=In looking at the teachings of the Gurus as a whole, it seems that Lourdunathan overstates the degree to which Sikh scripture is anti-monistic. Guru Nanak famously referred to the world as a "palace of smoke" (GGS: 138) and made countless references to the idea of maya (Illusion). While the Gurus did not teach a radical nondualism, it is perhaps more accurate to suggest that some aspects of Sikh thought constitute a qualified nondualism (in which Creator and Creation are part of the same whole) (GGS: 125) or panentheism (in which the Creator pervades the natural world) (GGS: 24), while many others are monotheistic, including passages in Japji Sahib, where God is described as the King of Kings (GGS: 6). These different interpretations lend themselves to varying understandings of the relationship between the natural world and divinity.|language=en}}</ref> * [[Monoteismo]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nesbitt |first1=Eleanor |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhismveryshort0000nesb_d7x4 |date=2016 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780191062773|quote=From the rest of this introduction to the Guru Granth Sahib, and from Guru Nank's compositions, it is a monotheistic, rather than a monist, view of God which emerges.|language=en}}</ref> }} | governance = Panj Takht | language = [[wikang Panyabi|Punjabi]] at mga diyalekto nito<br />Sant Bhasha<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Gurinder Singh |title=The Making of Sikh scripture |date=2001|language=en |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195130249 |page=5}}</ref><br />Khalsa bole<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=OUP Oxford |others=Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech |year=2014 |isbn=9780191004117 |series=Oxford Handbooks|language=en |pages=380}}</ref> | founder = [[Guru Nanak Dev|Guru Nanak]] | founded_date = 15th&ndash;16 na dantaon [[Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)|CE]] | founded_place = [[Punjab]] | headquarters = Akal Takht, Amritsar, Punjab, Indiya | number_of_followers = {{circa}} 25&ndash;30 milyon (indibiduwal na tinatawag na mga Sikh, at sama-samang tinatawag na ''Sikh Panth'')<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pluralism.org/sikhism-0#:~:text=Sikhs%20call%20their%20tradition%20the,Guru%20Gobind%20Singh%20in%201708. | title=Sikhism | access-date=30 Abril 2023 | archive-date=30 Abril 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430193915/https://pluralism.org/sikhism-0#:~:text=Sikhs%20call%20their%20tradition%20the,Guru%20Gobind%20Singh%20in%201708. | url-status=live|language=en }}</ref> | area = Namamayaning relihiyon sa [[Punjab, Indiya]] (58%), at laganap sa buong mundo bilang mga minorya (diyasporang Sikh). }} Ang '''Sikhismo'''{{efn-lr|Kilala din bilang '''Sikhi''' {{snd}}{{langx|pa|ਸਿੱਖੀ}} lamang, IAST: {{IAST|''Sikkhī''}} {{IPA|pa|ˈsɪkkʰiː||Sikkhi.ogg}}, mula sa {{langx|pa|ਸਿੱਖ|lit=disipulo|engvar=gb|translit=[[Sikh]]|label=none}}.}} ay isang [[relihiyon]] at [[Pilosopiya|pilosopiyang]] nagmula sa Indiya<ref name=":2a">{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Pashaura |pages=299–301 |language=en |editor2-last=Fenech |editor2-first=Louis E.}}</ref> na umusbong sa rehiyon ng [[Punjab]] sa [[Subkontinenteng Indiyo|subkontinenteng Indiyano]] bandang huling bahagi ng ika-15 dantaon CE. Isa ito sa mga pinakabagong naitatag na pangunahing relihiyon at sinusunod ng humigit-kumulang 25 hanggang 30 milyong tagasunod, na tinatawag na mga Sikh. Umunlad ang Sikhismo mula sa mga espirituwal na turo ni Guru Nanak (1469–1539), ang unang guro ng pananampalatayang ito, at ng siyam na gurong Sikh na sumunod sa kanya. Itinalaga ng ikasampung guro, si Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708), ang ''Guru Granth Sahib'', na siyang sentral na banal na kasulatan ng Sikhismo, bilang kanyang kahalili. Sa gayon, nagtapos ang hanay ng mga gurong tao. Itinuturing ng mga Sikh ang ''Guru Granth Sahib'' bilang ika-11 at walang hanggang nabubuhay na guro. Ang mga pangunahing paniniwala at gawain ng Sikhismo, na inilalahad sa ''Guru Granth Sahib'' at iba pang kasulatang Sikh, ay kinabibilangan ng pananampalataya at pagninilay sa pangalan ng iisang lumikha (I''k Onkar''), ang banal na pagkakaisa at pagkakapantay-pantay ng buong sangkatauhan, ang pagsasagawa ng di-makasariling paglilingkod sa kapwa (''sevā''), ang pagsisikap para sa katarungan tungo sa kapakinabangan at kaunlaran ng lahat (''sarbat da bhala''), at ang matapat na asal at marangal na kabuhayan. Alinsunod dito, tinatanggihan ng Sikhismo ang mga pahayag na may iisang relihiyosong tradisyon na may monopolyo sa ganap na katotohanan. Bilang bunga nito, hindi aktibong nangangaral ang mga Sikh upang magpalit ng relihiyon ang iba, bagaman karaniwang tinatanggap ang mga boluntaryong nagbabalik-loob. {{Quote box|quote=Ayon sa Rehat Maryada, ang kodigo ng asal ng Sikh, ang depinisyon ng isang Sikh ay sinumang tao na tapat na naniniwala sa mga sumusunod:<ref>[http://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html Rehat Maryada] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101102058/https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html |date=2016-01-01|language=en}}</ref> {{Ordered list|list-style-type= upper-roman |Ang Isang Walang-Kamatayang Nilalang, |Ang Sampung Guru, mula kay Guru Nanak Sahib hanggang kay Guru Gobind Singh Sahib, |Ang Guru Granth Sahib,, |Ang mga pahayag at turo ng sampung Guru, at, |Ang binyag na ipinagkaloob ng ikasampung Guru;}} at hindi nanunumpa ng katapatan sa alinmang ibang relihiyon.|width=33%|align=right|style=padding:8px;}}Binibigyang-diin ng Sikhismo ang pagninilay at pag-alala bilang paraan upang madama ang presensya ng Diyos (''simran''), na maaaring ipahayag sa paraang musikal sa pamamagitan ng kirtan o sa panloob na pagbigkas sa ''naam japna'' (literal na "pagninilay sa pangalan ng Diyos". Ang mga nabinyagang Sikh ay inaatasang magsuot ng limang K, na limang sagisag ng pananampalataya na pisikal na nagtatangi sa mga Sikh mula sa mga hindi Sikh. Kabilang dito ang ''kesh'' (hindi ginugupit na buhok). Dahil dito, karamihan sa mga relihiyosong lalaking Sikh ay hindi naggugupit ng buhok at sa halip ay nagsusuot ng [[turban]].{{efn-lr|Maaaring magsuot ng turban ang mga babae, kung nanaisin nila.}} Ang relihiyong ito ay nabuo at umunlad sa mga panahong may pag-uusig sa relihiyon, at nagkaroon ng mga tagasunod mula sa [[Hinduismo]] at [[Islam]]. Pinahirapan at pinaslang ng mga emperador na [[Mughal]] ng Indiya ang dalawang gurong Sikh, sina Guru Arjan (1563–1605) at Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675), matapos silang tumangging magbalik-loob sa Islam. Ang pag-uusig sa mga Sikh ang nagbunsod sa pagtatatag ng ''Khalsa'' ni Guru Gobind Singh noong 1699 bilang isang kaayusang naglalayong ipagtanggol ang kalayaan ng budhi at relihiyon, kung saan ipinapamalas ng mga kasapi ang mga katangian ng isang ''sant-sipāhī'' ("banal na mandirigma"). == Terminolohiya == Karamihan sa mga kasulatang Sikh ay orihinal na isinulat sa [[alpabetong Gurmukhi]], isang sistema ng pagsulat na isinapamantayan ni Guru Angad mula sa mga titik na Landa, na makasaysayang ginagamit sa kasalukuyang [[Pakistan]] at [[Indiya|Hilagang Indiya]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Gurmukhi |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |access-date=9 Abril 2016 |last=Bahri |first=Hardev |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |archive-date=29 Hulyo 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ShackleMandair2013pxxi">{{cite book |last1=Shackle |first1=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-45101-0 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |pages=xxi–xxiii |language=en |access-date=16 Mayo 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155950/https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC |archive-date=8 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ang mga tagasunod ng Sikhismo ay kilala bilang mga Sikh, na nangangahulugang mga "mag-aaral" o mga "alagad" ng guru. Ang salitang Sikhismo ay nagmula sa salitang Punjabi para sa relihiyon na Sikhi ({{langx|pa|ਸਿੱਖੀ}} ''{{IAST|Sikkhī}}'', {{IPA|pa|ˈsɪk.kʰiː||Sikkhi.ogg}}, mula sa {{langx|pa|ਸਿੱਖ|lit=alagad|engvar=gb|translit=[[Sikh]]}}),{{efn-lr|Ang ''Sikhismo'' (karaniwang kilala bilang ''Sikhī''ay nagmula sa salitang ''Sikh'', na nag-uugat sa salitang [[Sanskrit|Sanskrito]] ''{{IAST|śiṣya}}'', na nangangahulugang "disipulo", o ''{{IAST|śikṣa}}'', na nangangahulugang "instruksyon". Singh, Khushwant. 2006. ''The Illustrated History of the Sikhs''. [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-19-567747-8}}. p. 15.Kosh, Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahan. https://web.archive.org/web/20050318143533/http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm (sa Ingles)}} na nagpapahiwatig ng isang "panlupang landas ng pagkatuto" at nag-uugat sa pandiwang sikhana (literal na "matuto").<ref name="Mandair2013p12">{{cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=3, 12–13 |language=en |access-date=16 Mayo 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160619/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |archive-date=8 Marso 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Chahal |first=Devinder |date=Hulyo–Disyembre 2006 |title=Understanding Sikhism in the Science Age |url=http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2005/j0702p03.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Understanding Sikhism: The Research Journal |language=en |issue=2 |page=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110091458/http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2005/j0702p03.pdf |archive-date=10 Nobyembre 2013 |access-date=10 Nobyembre 2013}}</ref> May ilang Sikh na tumututol sa paggamit ng panlabas na katawagang Sikhismo, sapagkat iginiit nilang ang salitang ito ay nilikha ng mga [[Reyno Unido|kolonyalistang Briton]] at hindi ng mga Sikh mismo, at sa halip ay mas pinipili nila ang panloob na katawagang Sikhi. Ipinapaliwanag nila na ang hulaping "-ismo" ay nagpapahiwatig ng isang nakapirmi at hindi nagbabagong pananaw sa daigdig, na hindi umaayon sa likas na masigla at nababagong katangian ng pilosopiyang Sikh.<ref name="Mandair2013p4">{{cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=4–7 |language=en |access-date=16 Mayo 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160619/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |archive-date=8 Marso 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Pilosopiya at katuruan == Ang saligan ng Sikhismo ay nakaugat sa mga turo ni [[Guru Nanak Dev|Guru Nanak]] at ng kanyang mga kahalili. Binibigyang-diin ng mga Sikh ang pagkakatugma ng espirituwal na pag-unlad at ng pang-araw-araw na asal na [[Moralidad|moral]].<ref>Singh, Patwant (2000). ''The Sikhs''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 17. {{ISBN|0-375-40728-6}}. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=When is Guru Nanak Jayanti? Check date and all you need to know - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/when-is-guru-nanak-jayanti-check-date-and-all-you-need-to-know-15064101.htm |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> Binuod ng tagapagtatag nito na si Guru Nanak ang pananaw na ito sa pagsasabing, "Ang katotohanan ang pinakamataas na birtud, subalit mas mataas pa rito ang pamumuhay nang may [[katotohanan]]."<ref name=":0">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies]''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-969930-8}}. (sa Ingles)</ref>{{Rp|234}} Binibigyang-diin din ng Sikhismo ang pahayag na ''Ėk nūr te sab jag upjiā'', na nangangahulugang "Mula sa iisang liwanag, sumibol ang buong [[sansinukob]]."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dokras |first=Uday |year=2021 |title=The Art & Architecture of THE GOLDEN TEMPLE COMPLEX, AMRITSAR |url=https://www.academia.edu/44900217 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120212545/https://www.academia.edu/44900217 |archive-date=20 Nobyembre 2023 |access-date=Setyembre 20, 2023 |website=Academia |publisher=Indo Nordic Author's Collective}}</ref> Ipinahayag din ni Guru Nanak ang kanyang mga turo sa kanyang mga alagad sa pamamagitan ng pagbibigay ng mga halimbawa mula sa tunay na buhay. === Diyos === Ang Sikhismo ay isang relihiyong [[monoteistiko]] at panenteistiko. Naniniwala ang mga Sikh na iisa lamang ang umiiral na Diyos at na ang Diyos ay sabay na nasa loob ng lahat ng bagay at sumasaklaw sa kabuuan ng sansinukob. Ang kaisahan ng Diyos ay ipinahahayag sa pariralang [[Ek onkar|''Ik Onkar'']].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rose |first=Tudor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg91CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |title=Agree to Differ |date=2015 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |isbn=978-92-3-100090-4 |page=97 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ataglance/glance.shtml Sikhism at a glance |Religions: Sikhism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902132011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ataglance/glance.shtml|date=2017-09-02}}." BBC (2014). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Sikhismo, ang tawag sa Diyos ay ''Waheguru'' (literal na "kamangha-manghang guro"). Itinuturing ang ''Waheguru'' bilang ''Nirankar'' ("walang anyo"), ''Akal'' ("walang hanggan sa panahon"), ''Karta Purakh'' ("ang lumikha na nilalang"), ''Akaal Purkh'' ("lampas sa panahon at kamatayan"), at ''Agam Agochar'' ("hindi mauunawaan at hindi nakikita").<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Hans India |date=1 Setyembre 2018 |title=There is One God |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2018-09-01/There-is-One-God/409124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710164237/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2018-09-01/There-is-One-God/409124 |archive-date=10 Hulyo 2019 |access-date=10 Hulyo 2019 |work=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref> Sa literal na diwa, walang [[kasarian]] ang Diyos sa Sikhismo, subalit sa metaporikal na pagpapahayag, inilalarawan ang Diyos bilang panlalaki at ang kapangyarihan ng Diyos bilang pambabae. Halimbawa, tinutukoy ni Guru Gobind Singh ang Diyos bilang kanyang ama at ang malikhaing kapangyarihan ng Diyos bilang kanyang ina. Sa katulad na paraan, sinasabi sa ''Guru Granth Sahib'', ang pangunahing banal na kasulatan ng Sikh, na ang lahat ng tao ay mga kaluluwang-nobya na naghahangad na makiisa sa kanilang Panginoong asawa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Guru Nanak Dev Ji |url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=17&english=t&id=719#l719 |title=Gurū Granth Sāhib |page=17 |language=en |quote=If you long for your Husband Lord, O soul-bride, you must know that He is not met by falsehood. |access-date=8 Hunyo 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503145503/http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=17&english=t&id=719#l719 |archive-date=3 Mayo 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dagdag pa rito, isinulat din ng mga guru sa ''Guru Granth Sahib'' na mayroong maraming daigdig kung saan nilikha ng transendental na Diyos ang buhay.<ref>{{cite book |last=Guru Nanak Dev Ji |url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=15&punjabi=t&id=632#l632 |title=Gurū Granth Sāhib |page=15 |language=en |quote=You are the One True Lord and Master of all the other beings, of so many worlds. |access-date=15 Hunyo 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092220/http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=15&punjabi=t&id=632#l632 |archive-date=29 Setyembre 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nagsisimula ang kasulatang Sikh sa pagpapahayag sa Diyos bilang ''Ik Onkar'' (ੴ), ang "Iisang Manlilikha",<ref name="singhaikonkar">{{cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |pages=20–21, 103 |language=en |access-date=3 Oktubre 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005235/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |archive-date=11 Agosto 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />{{Rp|227}} na nauunawaan sa tradisyong Sikh bilang monoteistikong pagkakaisa ng Diyos.<ref>{{cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |title=Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions |date=1999 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |page=500 |language=en |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ang ''Ik Onkar'' (na minsan ay isinusulat nang may malaking titik) ay mas maluwag na isinasalin bilang "ang iisang sukdulang realidad", "ang iisang lumikha", "ang espiritung sumasaklaw sa lahat", at iba pang mga paraan ng pagpapahayag ng isang malaganap subalit nagkakaisa at iisang pag-unawa sa Diyos at sa sangnilikha. Ang tradisyunal na ''Mul Mantar'' ay nagsisimula sa ''Ik Onkar'' hanggang sa ''Nanak hosee bhee sach''. Ang pambungad na linya ng ''Guru Granth Sahib'' at bawat kasunod na raga ay binabanggit ang ''Ik Onkar'':<ref name="pashauramulmantar2">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101 |title=The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority |date=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908773-0 |pages=101–02}} (sa Ingles)</ref> {{blockquote|text={{fs interlinear|lang=pa |{ੴ} ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥ |{ikk ōankār} sat<small>(i)</small> nām<small>(u)</small> karatā purakh<small>(u)</small> nirabha'u niravair<small>(u)</small> akāl<small>(a)</small> mūrat<small>(i)</small> ajūnī saibhan gur<small>(a)</small> prasād<small>(i)</small> |"Mayroong iisang kataas-taasang nilalang, ang walang hanggang realidad, ang lumikha, walang takot at walang galit, walang kamatayan, hindi kailanman nagkatawang-tao, umiiral sa sarili, na nakikilala sa pamamagitan ng biyaya ng tunay na guro."}}|author=''Guru Granth Sahib'' (ika-17 d.), p. 1}} === Makamundong ilusyon === Ang ''māyā'', na tinutukoy bilang pansamantalang ilusyon o "hindi-totoo", ay isa sa mga pangunahing sagabal sa paghahanap sa Diyos at kaligtasan: kung saan ang mga makamundong atraksyon ay nagbibigay lamang ng ilusyonaryong, pansamantalang [[kasiyahan]] at sakit na nakakaabala sa proseso ng debosyon sa Diyos. Gayunpaman, binigyang-diin ni Nanak ang ''māyā'' hindi bilang pagtutukoy sa hindi-totoong mundo kundi sa mga pagpapahalaga nito. Sa Sikhismo, ang mga impluwensya ng ''ego'' (o makasariling pag-iisip), [[galit]], [[kasakiman]], pagkahumaling, at [[pagnanasa]], na kilala bilang ''pānj chor'' ("Limang Magnanakaw"), ay itinuturing na partikular na nakakaabala at nakasasama. Naniniwala ang mga Sikh na ang mundo ay kasalukuyang nasa estado ng ''Kali Yuga'' ("panahon ng kadiliman") dahil nalilihis ang mundo sa pag-ibig at pagkahumaling sa ''māyā''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Nirmal |title=Searches in Sikhism |date=2008 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-367-7 |page=68 |language=en}}</ref> Ang kapalaran ng mga taong madaling maapektuhan ng limang magnanakaw ay ang pagkakahiwalay mula sa Diyos, at ang sitwasyong ito ay maaaring maitama lamang sa pamamagitan ng masigasig at walang patid na debosyon.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Parrinder |first=Geoffrey |title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present |date=1971 |publisher=Hamlyn |isbn=978-0-87196-129-7 |location=London |page=253 |language=en}}</ref> === Walang hanggang katotohanan === Ayon kay Guru Nanak, ang pinakamataas na layunin ng [[buhay]] ng tao ay muling makipag-ugnay kay ''Akal'' ("Ang Walang Hanggan"). Gayunpaman, ang makasariling pag-iisip (egotismo) ang pinakamalaking hadlang sa pagkamit ng ugnayang ito. Sa pamamagitan ng turo ng Guru, ang pag-alala sa ''nām'' (ang banal na Pangalan ng Panginoon)<ref name="Pruthi 2004 204">{{cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |date=2004 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-879-4 |page=204 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NaamSimran">{{cite book |last=McLean |first=George |title=Paths to the Divine: Ancient and Indian |date=2008 |publisher=Council for Research in Values & Philosophy |page=599 |language=en |id={{ASIN|1565182480|country=uk}}}}</ref> ay nagdudulot ng wakas ng egotismo. Itinalaga ni Guru Nanak ang salitang ''Guru'' ("guro")<ref>May ilan na hindi sang-ayon sa pananaw na ito at nagsasabing ang guru sa Sikhismo ay "hindi isang guro o gabay", kundi "ang mismong pagpapakita ng Diyos"; tingnan din: {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Japji |last2=Singh |first2=G. P. |date=2002 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |page=9 |quote=In Sikh religion the word 'Guru' does not denote a teacher, or an expert or a guide in human body. When God manifested his attributes in person, that person was called 'Guru Nanak'}} (sa Ingles)</ref> upang tukuyin ang tinig ng "espiritu": ang pinagmumulan ng [[kaalaman]] at gabay tungo sa [[Kaligtasan (relihiyon)|kaligtasan]]. Dahil ang ''Ik Onkar'' ay nananahan sa lahat ng bagay, ang ''Guru'' ay hindi maihihiwalay kay ''Akal'' at sila ay iisa at pareho.<ref name="singh2013">{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=R.K. Janmeja (Meji) |date=Agosto 2013 |title=Gurbani's Guidance and the Sikh's 'Destination' |url=http://www.hemkunt2.org/PDF/The%20Sikh%20Review,%20August%202013.pdf#page=24 |url-status=dead |journal=The Sikh Review |series=8 |language=en |volume=61 |issue=716 |pages=27–35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001421/http://www.hemkunt2.org/PDF/The%20Sikh%20Review%2C%20August%202013.pdf |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2013 |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2013}}</ref> === Kalayaan === Ang mga turo ni Guru Nanak ay nakabatay hindi sa huling destinasyon ng [[Kalangitan|langit]] o [[impiyerno]], kundi sa espirituwal na pagkakaisa kay ''Akal'', na nagbubunga ng kaligtasan o ''jivanmukti'' ("pagkamulat/paglaya sa loob ng buhay ng isang tao"),<ref>{{cite book |last=Takhar |first=Opinderjit |title=Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs |date=2005 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-5202-1 |location=Burlington, Vermont |page=143 |language=en}}</ref> isang konsepto na matatagpuan din sa [[Hinduismo]].<ref name="Grewal">{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/25 |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63764-0 |pages=25–36 |language=en}}</ref> Malinaw na ipinapahayag ni Guru Gobind Singh na ang pagiging tao ay isang malaking biyaya, kaya't kailangang magamit nang lubos ang buhay na ito.<ref name="chahal2011">{{cite journal |last=Chahal |first=Amarjit Singh |date=Disyembre 2011 |title=Concept of Reincarnation in Guru Nanak's Philosophy |url=http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2011/j1312p52.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Understanding Sikhism: The Research Journal |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1–2 |pages=52–59 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203115118/http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2011/j1312p52.pdf |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2013 |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2013}}</ref> Tinatanggap ng mga Sikh ang mga konsepto ng [[reinkarnasyon]] at [[karma]] na matatagpuan sa [[Budismo]], Hinduismo, at [[Jainismo]],<ref name="Reichberg2014p672">"As an Indian religion, Sikhism affirms transmigration, the continued rebirth after death". {{cite book |last=Brekke |first=Torkel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3CFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672 |title=Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-95204-0 |editor1-last=Reichberg |editor1-first=G. M. |page=672 |language=en |editor2-last=Syse |editor2-first=H. |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>"Sikhism, Indian religion founded in the Punjab in the late 15th century." (McLeod 2019/1998). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/classification-of-religions "Classification of Religions"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707224218/https://www.britannica.com/topic/classification-of-religions|date=2015-07-07}}, ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online''. (sa Ingles)</ref> subalit hindi kinakailangang nangangahulugan ng isang metapisikal na [[doktrina]] ng kaligtasan gaya ng estado ng "langit" o "[[nirvana]]." Gayunpaman, sa Sikhismo, parehong ang karma at [[kalayaan]] ay "binabago ng konsepto ng grasya ng Diyos" (''nadar'', ''mehar'', ''kirpa'', ''karam'', atbp.).<ref name="Grewal" /> Ayon kay Guru Nanak, "ang katawan ay ipinanganak dahil sa karma, subalit ang kaligtasan ay nakakamtan sa pamamagitan ng grasya."<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=80 |language=en}}</ref> Upang mapalapit sa Diyos, ang mga Sikh ay: iniiwasan ang kasamaan ng ''maya''; pinananatili sa isip ang walang hanggang katotohanan; isinasagawa ang ''shabad kirtan'' (musikal na pagbigkas ng mga himno); nagmiminilay sa ''naam''; at naglilingkod sa sangkatauhan. Naniniwala ang mga Sikh na ang pakikisalamuha sa ''satsang'' (samahan ng mga taong ''sat'', "totoo") o ''sadh sangat'' ay isa sa mga pangunahing paraan upang makamtan ang kalayaan mula sa mga siklo ng reinkarnasyon.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Sukhbir |title=Guru Granth Sahib: An Advanced Study |date=2005 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-317-2 |volume=I |page=188 |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring ituring ang komunidad ng Sikh bilang tugma sa depinisyon ni A.D. Smith ng isang politikal na komunidad, na may iisang mito ng pinagmulan at kolektibong alaala ng pagmamartir at pag-uusig sa ilalim ng sunud-sunod na mga pinuno.<ref name="Shani 1–17">{{Cite journal |last=Shani |first=Giorgio |date=Marso 2000 |title=The Construction of a Sikh National Identity |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/026272800002000101 |journal=South Asia Research |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1177/026272800002000101 |issn=0262-7280 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=144560083}}</ref> === Kapangyarihan at debosyon (Miri at Piri) === Ang ''Miri Piri'' ay isang doktrina na isinasagawa sa relihiyong Sikh mula pa noong ika-17 dantaon. Ang doktrina ng "Mir" (mga panlipunan at pampolitikang aspekto ng buhay) at ng "Pir" (mga gabay sa espirituwal na aspekto ng buhay) ay ipinahayag ng unang guro ng Sikhismo, si Guru Nanak, subalit pinalaganap at pinagtibay ng ikaanim na guro ng Sikhismo, si Guru Hargobind, noong Hunyo 12, 1606.<ref name="Marty">{{cite book |last=Marty |first=Martin E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC |title=Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance |date=1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-50884-9 |page=278 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="jas">{{cite book |author1=Singh, Dr Jasraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFm9_Jc1ykcC&dq=miri+piri&pg=PA182 |title=A Complete Guide to Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Unistar Books |isbn=9788171427543 |page=182 |language=en |access-date=19 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404133041/https://books.google.com/books?id=rFm9_Jc1ykcC&dq=miri+piri&pg=PA182 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="grove">{{cite book |author1=Grover, William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRcKIZ2Y00C&dq=miri+piri&pg=PA211 |title=Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imaging a Colonial City |date=2008 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=9781452913384 |page=211 |language=en |access-date=19 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404133045/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRcKIZ2Y00C&dq=miri+piri&pg=PA211 |archive-date=4 Abril 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Matapos ang pagkamartir ng kanyang ama, itinalaga si Guru Hargobind bilang Guru at tinupad ang propesiyang ibinigay ng pangunahing pigura ng Sikhismo na si Baba Buddha, na ang Guru ay magtataglay ng kapangyarihang [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwal]] at temporal. Ipinakilala ni Guru Hargobind ang dalawang [[espada]] ng Miri at Piri, na sumasagisag sa kapangyarihang makamundo ([[panlipunan]] at pampolitika) at espirituwal.<ref>Jakobsh, D. R. (2012). ''Sikhism''. University of Hawaii Press. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref name="jas" /> Ang dalawang kirpan ng Miri at Piri ay magkabigkis at pinagdudugtong ng isang khanda sa gitna, kaya ang pagsasanib ng dalawa ay itinuturing na pinakamataas. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang lahat ng kilos na hinuhubog o nagmumula sa pusong espirituwal ay tumutupad sa layunin at kahulugan ng tao sa daigdig ng pagkilos: ang espirituwalidad.<ref name="jas" /><ref>Singh, D. (1992). ''THE SIKH IDENTITY''. Fundamental Issues, 105. (sa Ingles)</ref> Si Guru Nanak, ang unang Guru na Sikh at ang nagtatag ng Sikhismo, ay isang banal na Bhakti.<ref name="richard">{{cite journal |last=Richard |first=H. L. |year=2007 |title=Religious Movements in Hindu Social Contexts: A Study of Paradigms for Contextual 'Church' Development |url=http://ijfm.org/PDFs_IJFM/24_3_PDFs/139-145Richard.pdf |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Frontier Missiology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |page=144 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616022633/http://www.ijfm.org/PDFs_IJFM/24_3_PDFs/139-145Richard.pdf |archive-date=16 Hunyo 2015 |access-date=11 Marso 2016}}</ref> Itinuro niya na ang pinakamahalagang anyo ng pagsamba ay ang Bhakti (debosyon kay Waheguru).<ref name="Mayled2002">{{cite book |last=Mayled |first=Jon |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5 |title=Sikhism |date=2002 |publisher=Heinemann |isbn=978-0-435-33627-1 |pages=30–31 |url-access=registration}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Iminungkahi ni Guru Arjan, sa ''Sukhmani Sahib'', na ang tunay na relihiyon ay yaong binubuo ng mapagmahal na debosyon sa Diyos.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Surinder Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ED0syBKqafMC |title=The Sikh and Sikhism |date=1993 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers<!--NOT Atlantic Books, of London.--> |isbn=978-81-7156-336-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=74–76 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nirmal |title=Searches in Sikhism |date=2008 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-367-7 |location=New Delhi |page=122 |language=en}}</ref> Naglalaman ang ''Guru Granth Sahib'' ng mga mungkahi kung paano isasagawa ng isang Sikh ang tuluy-tuloy na Bhakti.<ref name="Mayled2002" /><ref name="sggs305306">{{cite book |url=http://www.srigurugranth.org/0305.html |title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib |date=2006 |publisher=SriGranth.org |at=pp. 305–306 (verses 305–16 to 306–2) |language=en |translator-last=Khalsa |translator-first=Sant Singh |access-date=11 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821171802/http://www.srigurugranth.org/0305.html |archive-date=21 Agosto 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jhutti-Johal2011">{{cite book |last=Jagbir |first=Jhutti-Johal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91xotkSSyzUC |title=Sikhism Today |date=2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4411-8140-4 |page=92 |language=en}}</ref> Itinuturing ng ilang iskolar ang Sikhismo bilang isang sektang Bhakti sa loob ng mga tradisyong Indiyano, at idinadagdag na binibigyang-diin nito ang "''nirguni Bhakti''", ibig sabihin ay mapagmahal na debosyon sa isang banal na walang katangian o pisikal na anyo.<ref name="davidlorenzen">Lorenzen, David (1995). ''Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action''. Albany: State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2025-6}}. (sa Ingles)</ref>{{Rp|1–3}}<ref name="hardip">Syan, Hardip (2014). P. 178 in ''The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies'', edited by P. Singh and L E. Fenech. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-969930-8}}. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Time, History and the Religious Imaginary in South Asia |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-59597-1 |editor-last=Murphy |editor-first=A. |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |pages=188–190 |language=en |chapter=Time and religion-making in modern Sikhism}}.</ref> Habang karaniwang inilalagay ng Kanluraning iskolarship ang pag-usbong ng Sikhismo sa loob ng konteksto ng kilusang Hindu Bhakti, kasabay ng pagkilala sa ilang impluwensiyang Sufi ng Islam, may ilang Sikh na iskolar sa Indiya na hindi sumasang-ayon at nagsasabing nilampasan ng Sikhismo ang kapaligirang pinagmulan nito. Batayan ng huling pagsusuri ang katotohanang ang mga tradisyong Bhakti ay hindi malinaw na humiwalay sa mga tekstong [[Vedic|Vediko]] at sa kanilang [[kosmolohiya]] at metapisikal na pananaw, samantalang ang tradisyong Sikh ay malinaw na humiwalay sa tradisyong Vediko.<ref name="Singha">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC |title=Evolution of Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-245-8 |series="Sikh Studies" series, book 7 |location=New Delhi |page=8 |language=en}}</ref> Ilang sektang Sikh sa labas ng rehiyon ng Punjab sa Indiya, gaya ng mga matatagpuan sa [[Maharashtra]] at [[Bihar]], ay nagsasagawa ng ''aarti'' (seremonyal na paggamit ng mga ilawan) sa panahon ng mga pagdiriwang ng Bhakti sa isang gurdawa na Sikh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsbfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-16323-4 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |page=243 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SLhLakpsNsC&pg=PA42 |title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions |last2=Hawley |first2=Michael |date=2012 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-24236-4 |pages=42–43 |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, ipinagbabawal ng karamihan sa mga gurdwara na Sikh ang ''aarti'' sa kanilang mga gawain ng Bhakti.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=William Owen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |last2=Sambhi |first2=Piara Singh |date=1995 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-898723-13-4 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|201}} Habang binibigyang-diin ang Bhakti, itinuro rin ng mga Guru na Sikh na ang buhay espirituwal at ang buhay-pamilya sa mundong sekular ay magkakaugnay at hindi magkahiwalay. [[Lohika|Lohikal]] itong bunga ng panentheistikong kalikasan ng pilosopiyang Sikh.<ref name="Kamala1">{{cite book |last1=Nayar |first1=Kamal Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTfKwGV6mBkC |title=The Socially Involved Renunciate – Guru Nanaks Discourse to Nath Yogis |last2=Sandhu |first2=Jaswinder Singh |date=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-7950-6 |location=Albany |page=106 |language=en}}</ref> Sa pananaw-dunong ng Sikhismo, ang pang-araw-araw na mundo ay bahagi ng Walang Hanggang Realidad, at ang pagtaas ng kamalayang espirituwal ay humahantong sa mas masigla at makabuluhang pakikilahok sa pang-araw-araw na buhay.<ref name="Nikky1">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kaur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUWIEfAY-mMC |title=Hindu Spirituality: Postclassical and Modern |last2=Guninder |first2=Nikky |date=30 Enero 2004 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1937-5 |editor1-last=Sundararajan |editor1-first=K. R. |page=530 |language=en |editor2-last=Mukerji |editor2-first=Bithika}}</ref> Inilarawan ni Guru Nanak ang pamumuhay ng isang "masigla, malikhaing, at praktikal na buhay" ng "katotohanan, [[katapatan]], pagpipigil-sa-sarili, at kadalisayan" bilang mas mataas kaysa sa metapisikal na [[katotohanan]].<ref name="Marwha1">{{cite book |last=Marwha |first=Sonali Bhatt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROtEr_QdB3sC |title=Colors of Truth: Religion, Self and Emotions |date=2006 |publisher=Concept Publishing |isbn=978-81-8069-268-0 |location=New Delhi |page=205 |language=en}}</ref> Ang ikaanim na Guru, si Guru Hargobind, matapos ang pagkamartir ni Guru Arjan, at sa harap ng [[pang-aapi]] ng [[Imperyong Mughal]] na [[Islam|Islamiko]], ay pinagtibay ang pilosopiya na ang mga larangang pampolitika o temporal (''Miri'') at espirituwal (''Piri'') ay magkasabay na umiiral.<ref name="Marty1">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=E. Marty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC |title=Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance |last2=Scott |first2=Appleby R. |date=1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-50884-9 |pages=277–278 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi1">{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qw7-kUkHA_0C |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers<!--NOT Atlantic Books, of London--> |isbn=978-81-269-0857-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=435, 676–77 |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa ikasiyam na Sikh Guru na si Tegh Bahadur, ang huwarang Sikh ay dapat magtaglay ng parehong ''Shakti'' (kapangyarihang naninirahan sa temporal) at ''Bhakti'' (mga katangiang espirituwal at mapagnilay). Napaunlad ito bilang konsepto ng "banal na mandirigma" ng ikasampung Sikh Guru na si Gobind Singh.<ref name="Gandhi12">{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qw7-kUkHA_0C |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers<!--NOT Atlantic Books, of London--> |isbn=978-81-269-0857-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=435, 676–77 |language=en}}</ref> Ang konsepto ng sangkatauhan, gaya ng ipinaliwanag ni Guru Nanak, ay pinapanday at pinawawalang-bisa ang "monoteistikong konsepto ng sarili/Diyos", sa pagdeklara na "ang monoteismo ay nagiging halos di-kailangan sa galaw at pagtatawid ng [[pag-ibig]]".<ref name="Mandair1">{{cite book |last=Arvind-Pal Singh |first=Mandair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzeCy_zL0Q8C |title=Religion and the Specter of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality and the Politics of Translation |date=2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14724-8 |pages=372–373 |language=en}}</ref> Itinuro ng mga Sikh Guru na ang layunin ng tao ay wakasan ang lahat ng dualidad ng "sarili at iba, ako at hindi-ako", at marating ang "kasabay na balanse ng paghihiwalay at pagsasanib, sarili at iba, pagkilos at di-pagkilos, pagkapit at pagkalagot, sa takbo ng pang-araw-araw na buhay".<ref name="Mandair1" /> === Pag-awit at musika === Tinutukoy ng mga Sikh ang mga [[himno]] ng mga Guru bilang ''Gurbani'' (literal na "salita ng Guru"). Ang Shabad Kirtan ay ang pag-awit ng Gurbani. Ang buong ''Guru Granth Sahib'' ay isinulat sa anyo ng [[tula]] at [[tugma]] upang bigkasin sa tatlumpu't isang raga ng klasikong musikang Indiyano, gaya ng itinakda. Gayunman, bihira na sa mga Sikh ang ganap na bihasa sa lahat ng raga na ginagamit sa ''Guru Granth Sahib''. Sinimulan ni Guru Nanak ang [[tradisyon]] ng Shabad Kirtan at itinuro niya na ang pakikinig sa kirtan ay isang makapangyarihang paraan upang makamit ang kapanatagan habang nagmumuni-muni, at na ang pag-awit ng mga papuri sa "Kataas-taasang Walang-Hanggan" (Diyos) nang may debosyon ang pinakamabisang paraan upang makipag-ugnayan at makipagkaisa sa "Kataas-taasang Walang-Hanggan".<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Joginder |title=Celestial Gems |date=2004 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-345-5 |page=67 |language=en}}</ref> Ang tatlong [[panalangin]] tuwing umaga ng mga Sikh ay binubuo ng ''Japji Sahib'', ''Jaap Sahib'', at ''Tav-Prasad Savaiye''.<ref name="diaspora">{{cite book |last=Bakhshi |first=Surinder Singh |title=Sikhs in the Diaspora: A Modern Guide to the Practice of Sikh Faith |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsindiasporam0000bakh |date=2008 |publisher=Sikh Publishing House |isbn=978-0-9560728-0-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsindiasporam0000bakh/page/133 133] |language=en |chapter=Chapter 22 – Nitnem}}</ref> Ang mga bininyagang Sikh (''Amritdhari'') ay gumigising nang maaga at nagmumuni-muni, at pagkatapos ay binibigkas ang lahat ng Limang Bani ng Nitnem bago mag-almusal. Ang Limang Bani ay ang ''Japji Sahib'', ''Jaap Sahib'', ''Tav-Prasad Savaiye'', ''Chaupai Sahib'', at ''Anand Sahib''; kasunod ng pagbigkas ng mga ''bani'' ''paath'' ang Ardās, kung saan itinuturo ng mga Guru ang prinsipyo ng ''Sarbat da Bhala'' (kabutihan ng lahat).<ref name="Kalsi_Chelsea">{{cite book |surname=Kalsi |given=Sewa Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC |title=Sikhism |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=0-7910-8098-6 |series=Religions of the World |place=Philadelphia |pages=41–50 |language=en |access-date=15 Mayo 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111152823/https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC |archive-date=11 Nobyembre 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cole_Sambhi">{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=William Owen |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |last2=Sambhi |first2=Piara Singh |date=1995 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |page=200 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Teece 2004 4">{{cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |title=Sikhism: Religion in focus |date=2004 |publisher=Black Rabbit Books |isbn=978-1-58340-469-0 |page=4 |language=en}}</ref> === Pag-alaala sa Banal na Pangalan === Isang pangunahing gawain ng mga Sikh ang pag-alaala<ref name="NaamSimran" /> sa ''Naam'' (banal na pangalan), ang Waheguru.<ref name="Pruthi 2004 204" /> Isinasagawa ang pagninilay na ito sa pamamagitan ng ''Nām Japō'' (pag-uulit ng Banal na Pangalan) o Simran (pag-alaala sa Banal na Pangalan sa pamamagitan ng pagbigkas).<ref name="NaamSimran" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Noel |first=Sarah |title=Sikh Music: History, Text, and Praxis |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-549-83369-7 |page=46 |language=en}}</ref> Ang pasalitang pag-uulit ng pangalan ng Diyos—o ng isang banal na [[pantig]]—ay isang kinikilalang gawain sa mga relihiyosong tradisyon sa Indiya; gayunpaman, binuo ng Sikhismo ang ''naam-simran'' bilang isang mahalagang gawaing Bhakti.<ref name="Dhillon1988">{{cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Dalbir Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC |title=Sikhism, Origin and Development |date=1988 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers<!--NOT Atlantic Books, of London--> |location=New Delhi |page=229 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cave |first1=David |title=Religion and the Body: Modern Science and the Construction of Religious Meaning |last2=Norris |first2=Rebecca |date=2012 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-22111-6 |page=239 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Anna S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhgDL6SwGeQC |title=The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions |last2=Brockington |first2=J. L. |date=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2801-7 |pages=322–323 |language=en}}</ref> Ang huwaran ni Guru Nanak ay ang ganap na paglalantad ng buong pagkatao sa Banal na Pangalan at ang pagsunod sa [[Dharma]], ang "Banal na Kaayusan". Inilarawan ni Nanak ang bunga ng disiplinadong pagsasagawa ng ''nām simraṇ'' bilang "paglago patungo at papaloob sa Diyos" sa pamamagitan ng unti-unting proseso ng limang yugto. Ang huli sa mga ito ay ang ''Sach Khand'' (''Ang Kaharian ng Katotohanan''): ang ganap na pag-iisa ng espiritu at ng Diyos.<ref name=":2" /> === Paglilingkod at gawa === Itinuro ng mga gurong Sikh na sa pamamagitan ng patuloy na pag-alaala sa banal na pangalan (n''aam simran'') at ng di-makasariling paglilingkod (''sēvā''), napagtatagumpayan ng deboto ang makasariling pag-iisip (''Haumai''). Ayon sa mga turo, ito ang pangunahing ugat ng limang masasamang pagnanasa at ng siklo ng [[kapanganakan]] at [[kamatayan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=W. Owen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy |last2=Sambhi |first2=Piara Singh |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79760-7 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |pages=9–10 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hadley |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IntWqeMeU_oC&pg=PA202 |title=The Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice |date=2001 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-4851-9 |location=Albany |pages=202–203 |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglilingkod sa Sikhismo ay may tatlong anyo: ''Tan'' (pisikal na paglilingkod, gaya ng paggawa o lakas-paggawa), ''Man'' (mental na paglilingkod, tulad ng pag-aalay ng puso at isipan sa paglilingkod sa kapwa), at ''Dhan'' (materyal na paglilingkod, kabilang ang [[pinansiyal]] na tulong).<ref>{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Angela |title=Movement and Change |date=1997 |publisher=Nelson Thornes |isbn=978-0-17-437067-3 |location=Cheltenham, England |page=46 |language=en}}</ref> Binibigyang-diin ng Sikhismo ang ''kirat karō'', na nangangahulugang "matapat na paggawa". Pinahahalagahan din sa mga turo ng Sikh ang konsepto ng pagbabahagi, o ''vaṇḍ chakkō'', ang pagbibigay sa mga nangangailangan para sa kapakinabangan ng komunidad.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=W. Owen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy |last2=Sambhi |first2=Piara Singh |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79760-7 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |pages=31, 59 |language=en}}</ref> === Katarungan at pagkakapantay-pantay === Itinuturing ng Sikhismo ang Diyos bilang tunay na [[emperador]], ang hari ng mga hari, ang siyang namamahagi ng [[katarungan]] sa pamamagitan ng [[batas]] ng [[karma]], isang mapanagutang modelo ng pagganti, at ng banal na biyaya.<ref name="Chanchreek 2007 142">{{cite book |last=Chanchreek |first=Jain |title=Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals |date=2007 |publisher=Shree Publishers |isbn=978-81-8329-191-0 |page=142 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dugga 2001 33">{{cite book |last=Dugga |first=Kartar |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms |url=https://archive.org/details/maharajaranjitsi0000dugg |date=2001 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-410-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/maharajaranjitsi0000dugg/page/32 33] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Justice">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=The Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice |date=2001 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-4852-6 |editor-last=Hadley |editor-first=Michael L. |series=SUNY Series in Religious Studies |location=Albany |pages=199–202 |language=en |chapter=Sikhism and Restorative Justice: Theory and Practice – Pashaura Singh |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IntWqeMeU_oC&pg=PA199 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ang katawagan para sa katarungan sa tradisyong Sikh ay ''Niāyā''.<ref name="Justice" /> Kaugnay ito ng salitang ''dharam'', na sa Sikhismo ay nagpapahiwatig ng "kaayusang moral" at ng pagiging matuwid (hinango subalit naiiba sa [[Etimolohiya|etimolohikong]] kaugnay na konsepto ng [[dharma]] sa Hinduismo).<ref name="Justice" /> Ayon sa ikasampung gurong Sikh, si Guru Gobind Singh, gaya ng binanggit ni Pashaura Singh (isang propesor ng pag-aaral sa Sikhismo), "dapat munang subukan ang lahat ng mapayapang paraan ng pakikipagkasundo sa paghahangad ng katarungan", at kung mabigo ang mga ito ay [[makatwiran]] na "bunutin ang [[tabak]] bilang pagtatanggol sa katuwiran".<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCjVRqPD-HQC |title=Fighting Words: Religion, Violence, and the Interpretation of Sacred Texts |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95408-3 |editor-last=Renard |editor-first=John |page=213 |language=en}}</ref> Ipinapalagay ng Sikhismo na ang "pag-atake sa ''dharam'' ay pag-atake sa katarungan, sa katuwiran, at sa kaayusang moral sa pangkalahatan", at na ang ''dharam'' ay "dapat ipagtanggol sa anumang halaga".<ref name="Mcleod">{{cite book |last=Mcleod |first=W. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTJhC_l1gksC |title=The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society (ACLS Lectures on the History of Religions) |date=1991 |publisher=Columbia University Press; Reprint edition |isbn=978-0-231-06815-4 |page=56 |language=en}}</ref> Ang banal na pangalan ang itinuturing na panlunas sa [[sakit]] at sa mga bisyo. Itinuturo ang [[kapatawaran]] bilang isang birtud sa Sikhismo, subalit itinuturo rin sa mga mananampalataya na iwasan ang mga may masasamang hangarin at humawak ng tabak upang labanan ang kawalan ng katarungan at pag-uusig sa relihiyon.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=The Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice |date=2001 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-4852-6 |editor-last=Hadley |editor-first=Michael L. |series=SUNY Series in Religious Studies |location=Albany |pages=202–207 |language=en |chapter=Sikhism and Restorative Justice: Theory and Practice |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IntWqeMeU_oC&pg=PA202}}</ref> Hindi pinag-iiba ng Sikhismo ang mga obligasyong panrelihiyon batay sa [[kasarian]]. Ang Diyos sa Sikhismo ay walang kasarian, at ang banal na kasulatang Sikh ay hindi nagtatangi laban sa kababaihan ni nagbabawal sa kanila sa anumang tungkulin. Ang mga kababaihan sa Sikhismo ay nagkaroon ng mga posisyon ng pamumuno, kabilang ang pamumuno sa mga [[digmaan]] at ang paglalabas ng mga utos o ''hukamnama''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=E. Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=Mcleod |first2=H. W. |date=11 Hunyo 2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |location=Lanham, Maryland |page=65 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="McLeod2009p70">{{cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA70 |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |pages=70–71 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |location=Lanham, Maryland |pages=121–122 |language=en |access-date=16 Mayo 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817161136/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 Agosto 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sampung Guru at awtoridad === Ang salitang "guru" ay nagmula sa salitang Sanskrito na ''gurū'', na nangangahulugang [[guro]], nagbibigay-liwanag, gabay, o tagapayo. Ang mga tradisyon at pilosopiya ng Sikhismo ay itinatag ng sampung guru mula 1469 hanggang 1708.<ref name="Panjab Publishers">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Darshan |title=Indian Bhakti Tradition and Sikh Gurus |date=1968 |publisher=Panjab Publishers |location=Chandigarh |page=158 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nesbitt2005_a">{{cite book |last=Nesbitt |first=Eleanor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai-rpcY-rrgC&pg=PT22 |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |date=22 September 2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-157806-9 |page=22 |language=en}}</ref> Bawat guru ay nagdagdag at nagpatibay sa mensaheng itinuro ng nauna, na humantong sa paghubog ng relihiyong Sikh. Si Guru Nanak ang unang guru at nagtalaga ng isang alagad bilang kahalili. Si Guru Gobind Singh ang huling guru sa anyong tao. Bago siya pumanaw, ipinahayag ni Guru Gobind Singh noong 1708 na ang Ang Gurū Granth Sāhib ang magiging huli at walang hanggang guru ng mga Sikh.<ref name="granthfinalguru">{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |url={{Google books|PC4d-5xrysIC|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Making of Sikh Scripture |date=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-513024-9 |pages=21–25, 123–24 |language=en}}</ref> Ipinahayag ni Guru Nanak na ang kanyang guru ay ang Diyos, na iisa mula sa simula ng panahon hanggang sa wakas nito.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469–1606 C.E |date=1 Pebrero 2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers<!--NOT Atlantic Books, of London--> |isbn=978-81-269-0857-8 |location=New Delhi |page=265 |language=en}}</ref> Inilarawan ni Nanak ang sarili bilang alipin at lingkod ng Diyos, subalit iginiit niyang siya ay isang gabay at guro lamang.<ref name="ksingh116" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469–1606 C.E. |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers<!--NOT Atlantic Books, of London--> |isbn=978-81-269-0859-2 |location=New Delhi |page=265 |language=en}}</ref> Sinabi rin ni Nanak na ang gurong tao ay may hangganan ang buhay, na dapat igalang at mahalin subalit hindi sambahin.<ref name="ksingh116">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3jXHMDwOb4C&pg=PA116 |title=Hymns of Guru Nanak |date=1969 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1161-3 |page=116 |language=en}}</ref> Kapag ang salitang ''guru'', o ''satguru'' (literal na ''"ang tunay na guru"''), ay ginagamit sa Gurbani, madalas itong tumutukoy sa pinakamataas na pagpapahayag ng katotohanan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Darshan |title=Indian Bhakti Tradition and Sikh Gurus |date=1968 |publisher=Panjab Publishers |location=Chandigarh |page=148 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Sikhism rejects the view that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly regarding Absolute Truth. Sikhism rejects the practice of converting people to other religious traditions." Kalsi, Sewa Singh (2008). ''Sikhism''. London: Kuperard. p.&nbsp;24. {{ISBN|978-1-85733-436-4}}. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Reichberg |first1=Gregory M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3CFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672 |title=Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions |last2=Syse |first2=Henrik |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-95204-0 |pages=672–674 |language=en}}</ref> Humalili kay Guru Nanak si Guru Angad. Kalaunan, isang mahalagang yugto sa pag-unlad ng Sikhismo ang naganap sa ilalim ng ikatlong kahalili, si Guru Amar Das. Binigyang-diin ng mga turo ni Guru Nanak ang paghahangad ng kaligtasan; sinimulan naman ni Guru Amar Das ang pagbuo ng isang nagkakaisang [[pamayanan]] ng mga tagasunod sa pamamagitan ng mga hakbang tulad ng pagsang-ayon sa mga natatanging seremonya para sa [[Kaarawan|kapanganakan]], [[Kasalanan|kasal]], at kamatayan. Itinatag din ni Amar Das ang sistemang ''manji'' (maihahambing sa isang [[diyosesis]]) para sa pangangasiwang klerikal.<ref name=":2" /> Naglatag ang mga gurong Sikh ng isang mekanismo na nagbigay-daan sa relihiyong Sikh na tumugon bilang isang pamayanan sa nagbabagong mga kalagayan. Ang ikaanim na guru, si Guru Hargobind, ang may [[pananagutan]] sa paglikha ng konsepto ng Akal Takht (''Trono ng Walang Hanggan''), na nagsisilbing pinakamataas na sentro ng pagpapasya ng Sikhismo at matatagpuan sa tapat ng Harmandir Sahib. Matatagpuan ang Akal Takht sa lungsod ng Amritsar. Ang pinuno nito ay itinalaga ng Komiteng Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC). Ang ''Sarbat Ḵẖālsā'' (isang kinatawang bahagi ng Khalsa Panth) ay makasaysayang nagtitipon sa Akal Takht tuwing mga espesyal na kapistahan gaya ng Vaisakhi o Hola Mohalla, at kapag may pangangailangang talakayin ang mga usaping nakaaapekto sa buong sambayanang Sikh. Ang ''gurmatā'' (literal na ''"kalooban ng guru"'') ay isang kautusang ipinapasa ng Sarbat Ḵẖālsā sa harapan ng Ang Gurū Granth Sāhib. Maaari lamang ipasa ang isang ''gurmatā'' hinggil sa mga paksang may kinalaman sa mga saligang prinsipyo ng relihiyong Sikh, at ito ay may bisa at umiiral para sa lahat ng Sikh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikh Reht Maryada&nbsp;– Method of Adopting Gurmatta |url=http://www.sgpc.net/sikhism/tankah.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606154817/http://sgpc.net/sikhism/tankah.asp |archive-date=6 Hunyo 2002 |access-date=9 Hunyo 2006 |language=en}}</ref> Ang salitang guru sa Sikhismo ay tumutukoy rin kay ''Akal Purkh'' (Diyos), at sa ''Gurbani'' (mga kasulatang Sikh), ang Diyos at ang guru ay maaari ring maging magkasingkahulugan sa ilang pagkakataon.<ref name="Panjab Publishers" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Selva |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |page=232 |language=en}}</ref> == Kasulatan == May iisang pangunahing banal na kasulatan ang mga Sikh: ang ''Guru Granth Sahib''. Tinatawag din ito kung minsan bilang ang ''Ādi Granth''.<ref name="shacklexvii">Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), Teachings of the Sikh Gurus, Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-26604-8}}, pp. xvii–xx (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, sa kronolohikal na pananaw, ang ''Ādi Granth''—na [[Literal na pagsasalinwika|literal]] na nangangahulugang ''"Unang Tomo"''—ay tumutukoy sa bersiyon ng [[kasulatan]] na nilikha ni Guru Arjan noong 1604. Ang ''Guru Granth Sahib'' ay ang huling pinalawak na bersyon ng kasulatan na tinipon ni Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="shacklexvii" /><ref>Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), ''The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-13-4}}, pp. 49–50 (sa Ingles)</ref> Bagaman ang ''Guru Granth Sahib'' ay isang hindi pinagtatalunang banal na kasulatan sa Sikhismo, ang isa pang mahalagang tekstong panrelihiyon, ang ''Dasam Granth'', ay hindi tinatanggap nang may ganap na pagkakaisa, subalit itinuturing ng maraming Sikh bilang isang ikalawang (sekondaryang) kasulatan.<ref name="shacklexvii" /> === ''Ādi Granth'' === Ang ''Ādi Granth'' ay pangunahing tinipon ni Bhai Gurdas sa ilalim ng pangangasiwa ni Guru Arjan sa pagitan ng mga taong 1603 at 1604.<ref>{{cite book |last=Trumpp |first=Ernest |title=The Ādi Granth or the Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs |date=2004 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-0244-3 |page=xxxi |language=en |orig-year=1877}}</ref> Isinulat ito sa sulat Gurmukhī, na nagmula sa sulat Laṇḍā na ginagamit sa Punjab noong panahong iyon.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |title=The Linguistic Survey of India |date=1967 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-85395-27-2 |page=624 |language=en |orig-year=1927}}</ref> Ang [[Gurmukhi|sulat Gurmukhī]] ay isinapamantayan ni Guru Angad, ang ikalawang guru ng mga Sikh, para sa paggamit sa mga kasulatang Sikh, at pinaniniwalaang naimpluwensiyahan ng mga sulat Śāradā at [[Devanāgarī]]. Isang may-awtoridad na banal na kasulatan ang nilikha upang pangalagaan ang integridad ng mga himno at aral ng mga guru ng Sikh, gayundin ng labintatlong Hindu at dalawang [[Muslim]] na ''bhagat'' ng tradisyong ''sant'' ng kilusang Bhakti sa [[medyebal]] na Indiya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nesbitt |first=E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Pashaura |pages=360–369 |language=en |editor2-last=Fenech |editor2-first=Louis E.}}</ref> Ang labintatlong Hindu na ''bhagat'' na isinama ang mga turo sa teksto ay sina Ramananda, Namdev, Pipa, Ravidas, Beni, Bhikhan, Dhanna, Jaidev, Parmanand, Sadhana, Sain, Sur, at Trilochan, samantalang ang dalawang Muslim na ''bhagat'' ay sina Kabir at ang Sufi na banal na si Farid.<ref name="shapiro924">{{cite book |last=Shapiro |first=Michael |title=Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth |date=2002 |publisher=Journal of the American Oriental Society |pages=924, 925 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gulati |first=Mahinder |title=Comparative Religious and Philosophies: Anthropomorphism and Divinity |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-269-0902-5 |page=302 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |title=The Making of Sikh Scripture |date=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-513024-9 |page=19 |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, sa kontekstong ito, ang mga ''bhagat'' ay madalas magsalita tungkol sa paglagpas sa kanilang mga relihiyosong tatak. Si Kabir, na madalas iugnay bilang Muslim, ay nagsasaad sa ''Ādi Granth'': "Hindi ako Hindu ni Muslim."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eraly |first1=Abraham |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |date=2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |language=en |quote=The main thrust of Kabir's mission was to unite Hindus and Muslims in a common quest for god realisation. 'Hindus and Muslims have the same god, he held. 'God is the breath of all breath&nbsp;... Look within your heart, for there you will find [God]&nbsp;... All men and women in the world are his living forms.' Although many of his sayings had a strong Hindu flavour in them—presumably because of Ramananda's influence—he made no distinction between Hinduism and Islam Similarly, though he usually referred to god as Hari or Rama, he used those words as synonyms of god, and not as the names of particular deities. 'I am not Hindu nor Muslim; Allah-Ram is the breath of my body,' he stated, and went on to declare that All that lives and dies, they are all one. The this and that haggling, is done.}}</ref> Ang mga guru na sumunod sa mensaheng ito ay nagturo na ang iba't ibang paraan ng debosyon ay para sa iisang walang-hanggang Diyos.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Susanne |first1=Scholz |title=God Loves Diversity and Justice |date=2013 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-7318-3 |page=16 |language=en |quote=The Sikh Divine comprises every imaginable theological ideal! Hindu, Buddhist, Tantric, and Islamic views that were current in medieval India come together in the wide-ranging literary spectrum of the GGS. The stereotypical oppositions between the Indic and Abrahamic worldviews of the day are transcended: "Some call it Rama, some call it Khuda; some worship it as Vishnu, some as Allah" (GGS: 885). Interestingly, even the atheistic Buddhist Nirvana is not omitted: "Itself Nirvana, It itself relishes pleasures" (GGS: 97). "God" or "gods" or "no god" alike are recognized as part of the infinite One! "Always, always you alone are the One Reality&nbsp;– ''sada sada tun eku hai''" (GGS: 139). Persian terminology is used to emphasize the unity of being: "''asti ek digari kui ek tui ek tui''&nbsp;– Only the One is, there is none other; Only you, you only" (GGS: 144). Again, "''hindu turk ka sahib ek'' &nbsp;– Hindus and Muslims share the One sovereign" (GGS: 1158). (The term "Turk" referred to all Muslims in this period.) Since everything is a manifestation of That One being, all the manifestations would be a part of it. No god, no body, and no thing is excluded from this all pervasive being}}</ref> === ''Guru Granth Sahib'' === [[File:Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg|thumb|Ang Gurū Granth Sāhib, ang pangunahing banal na kasulatan ng Sikhismo]] Ang ''Guru Granth Sahib'' ay ang banal na kasulatan ng mga Sikh at itinuturing bilang buhay na guru. ==== Pagbuo ==== Nagsimula ang ''Guru Granth Sahib'' bilang isang tomo ng mga [[Panulaan|patulang]] komposisyon ni Guru Nanak. Bago siya pumanaw, ipinasa niya ang tomong ito sa sumunod na guru, si Guru Angad. Ang huling bersyon ng ''Guru Granth Sahib'' ay tinipon ni Guru Gobind Singh noong 1678. Binubuo ito ng orihinal na Ādi Granth, na dinagdagan ng mga himno ni Guru Tegh Bahadur. Ang pinakamalaking bahagi ng ''Guru Granth Sahib'' ay binubuo ng mga komposisyon ng pitong guru ng Sikhismo: sina Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan, Guru Tegh Bahadur, at Guru Gobind Singh. Naglalaman din ito ng mga tradisyon at aral ng labintatlong Hindu na ''sant'' (banal) ng kilusang Bhakti, gaya nina Ramananda, Namdev, at Sant Kabir, pati na rin ng dalawang Muslim na banal, kabilang ang Sufi na si Sheikh Farid.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="shapiro924" /> Binubuo ang teksto ng humigit-kumulang 6,000 ''śabad'' (mga komposisyong may mga [[taludtod]]),<ref name="shacklexvii" /> na inilalahad sa anyong patula at inaawit ayon sa mga [[Ritmo|ritmikong]] anyo ng sinaunang [[klasikal na musika]] ng hilagang Indiya.<ref name="king359">Anna S. King and JL Brockington (2005), The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions, Orient Blackswan, {{ISBN|978-81-250-2801-7}}, pp. 359–361 (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang malaking bahagi ng kasulatan ay inuuri sa animnapung ''rāga'', at ang bawat ''rāga'' ng ''Granth'' ay hinahati pa batay sa haba at may-akda. Ang mga himno sa kasulatan ay pangunahing inayos ayon sa mga rāga kung saan sila binibigkas o [[Awitin|inaawit]].<ref name="shacklexvii" /> ==== Wika at panitik ==== [[File:Guru_Har_Rai_-_Mool_Mantar.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Har_Rai_-_Mool_Mantar.jpg|thumb|Ang ''Mul Mantar'' na isinulat ni Guru Har Rai, na nagpapakita ng Ik Onkar sa itaas]] Ang pangunahing wikang ginamit sa kasulatan ay kilala bilang ''Sant Bhāṣā'', isang [[Wika|wikang]] may kaugnayan sa parehong [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] at [[Wikang Hindi|Hindi]] at malawakang ginamit sa hilagang Indiya noong [[Gitnang Panahon]] ng mga tagapagtaguyod ng popular na relihiyong debosyonal o ''bhakti''.<ref name=":2" /> Ang teksto ay [[Paglilimbag|inililimbag]] sa panitik na Gurmukhī, na pinaniniwalaang binuo ni Guru Angad.<ref name="shacklexvii" /> Ang wikang ito ay may pinagmulang [[Indo-Europeo]], na matatagpuan din sa maraming rehiyonal na [[Mga wika ng India|wika sa Indiya]].<ref name="shacklexvii" /> ==== Mga aral ==== Ang pananaw na inihahayag sa Ang ''Guru Granth Sahib'', ayon kay Torkel Brekke, ay isang [[Lipunan|lipunang]] nakabatay sa banal na katarungan na walang [[pang-aapi]].<ref name="brekke673">Torkel Brekke (2014), Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions (Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-45038-6}}, pp. 673, 675, 672–686 (sa Ingles)</ref> Iisa ang Diyos, ang Kanyang pangalan ay katotohanan, ang malikhaing kapangyarihan, walang takot, walang kaaway, walang hanggan ang anyo, hindi isinilang, umiiral sa sarili, sa pamamagitan ng grasya ng guru.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind |title=Shared Idioms, Sacred Symbols, and the Articulation of Identities in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-95828-8 |editor-last=Pemberton |editor-first=Kelly |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |page=61 |language=en}}</ref> ({{langx|pa|ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥|Ika ōaṅkāra sati nāmu karatā purakhu nirabha'u niravairu akāla mūrati ajūnī saibhaṅ gura prasādi|engvar=gb}}) ==== Bilang guru ==== Ang ikasampung guru, si Guru Gobind Singh, ay itinalaga ang kasulatang Sikh na ''Guru Granth Sahib'' bilang kanyang kahalili, na nagwakas sa hanay ng mga gurong tao at ginawang literal na pagsasakatawan ng walang hanggan at di-personal na guru ang kasulatan, na nagsisilbing [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwal]] na gabay ng mga Sikh.<ref name="WH McLeod 2014 page 17">Fenech, Louis, at William Hewat McLeod (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC ''Historical Dictionary of Sikhism''] (Ika-3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN|978-1-4422-3600-4}}. pp. 17, 84–5. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref name="William James 2011 pages 241-242">James, William (2011). ''God's Plenty: Religious Diversity in Kingston.'' McGill–Queen's University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7735-3889-4}}. pp. 241–42. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>Jane Bingham (2007), Sikhism, Atlas of World Faiths, {{ISBN|978-1-59920-059-0}}, pp. 19–20 (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang ''Guru Granth Sahib'' ay inilalagak sa lahat ng ''gurdwara'' (mga templo ng Sikh). Maraming Sikh ang yumuyuko o nagpapatirapa sa harap nito kapag pumapasok sa [[templo]]. Sa maraming gurdwara, ang ''Guru Granth Sahib'' ay inilalagay tuwing [[umaga]] at inihihimlay tuwing [[Gabi (panahon)|gabi]]. Ang Granth ay iginagalang bilang walang hanggang ''gurbānī'' at bilang espirituwal na awtoridad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brekke |first=Torkel |title=Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45038-6 |editor1-last=Reichberg |editor1-first=Gregory M. |page=675 |language=en |editor2-last=Syse |editor2-first=Henrik}}</ref> Ang mga kopya ng ''Guru Granth Sahib'' ay hindi itinuturing na mga materyal na bagay kundi bilang mga buhay na paksa. Ayon kay Myrvold, ang kasulatang Sikh ay tinatrato nang may [[paggalang]] na parang isang buhay na tao, sa paraang kahalintulad ng pagtrato sa [[Ebanghelyo]] sa sinaunang pagsamba ng mga [[Kristiyano]]. Ang mga lumang kopya ng kasulatang Sikh ay hindi itinatapon. Sa halip, isinasagawa ang mga serbisyong panglibing.<ref name="Myrvold">Kristina Myrvold (2016). "Making the Scripture a Person: Reinventing Death Rituals of Guru Granth Sahib in Sikhism", pp. 134–136, 142–143, 152–155; In: Kristina Myrvold (2016), ''The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions'', Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Indiya, ang ''Guru Granth Sahib'' ay opisyal na kinikilala ng [[Korte Suprema]] ng Indiya bilang isang hudisyal na persona na maaaring tumanggap ng mga donasyon at magmay-ari ng [[lupa]]. Gayunman, nagbababala rin ang ilang Sikh na kung walang wastong pag-unawa sa teksto, ang paggalang dito ay maaaring humantong sa bibliyolatriya, kung saan ang pisikal na anyo ng mga aral ang nagiging sinasamba sa halip na ang mismong mga aral.<ref name="Myrvold" /> ==== Pagkakaiba sa Iba pang mga monoteistikong relihiyon ==== Hindi itinatanggi ng mga [[Relihiyon|relihiyong]] [[Abrahamiko]] ang pag-iral ng mga espirituwal na nilalang tulad ng mga [[anghel]], [[Satanas]] (Iblis), at mga ''jinn'' sa ilalim ng iisang tunay na [[Diyos]]. Gayunman, hindi kinikilala ng Sikhismo ang pag-iral ng mga ganitong espirituwal na entidad; kinikilala lamang nito ang iisa, walang anyo, makapangyarihan sa lahat, at nakaaalam ng lahat na Diyos (Waheguru), at binibigyang-diin ang tuwiran at nagkakaisang kalikasan ng Diyos. Bagaman binabanggit sa mga kasulatang Sikh ang mga anghel, [[Deva (Hinduismo)|deva]], si Yama, at mga [[demonyo]], ang mga ito ay itinuturing lamang na mga metaporang [[pampanitikan]] o hiram na banggit, at hindi bilang paglalarawan ng tunay at umiiral na mga espirituwal na nilalang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Concept of Evil in Sikhism? |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/do-sikhs-believe-devil-or-demons-2993497 |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=Learn Religions |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-21 |title=Understanding Sikhism's Monotheistic View of God • Philosophy Institute |url=https://philosophy.institute/religions-of-the-world/sikhism-monotheistic-beliefs/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==== Ugnayan sa Hinduismo at Islam ==== Gumagamit ang mga kasulatang Sikh ng mga terminolohiyang [[Hinduismo|Hindu]], kabilang ang mga pagtukoy sa mga [[Veda]], at sa mga pangalan ng mga diyos at diyosa sa mga tradisyon ng kilusang ''bhakti'' ng Hinduismo, tulad nina [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Brahma]], Parvati, Lakshmi, Saraswati, [[Rama]], at [[Krishna]]—subalit hindi bilang mga sinasamba.<ref name="brekke673" /><ref name="shacklexvii" /> Binabanggit din nito ang mga espirituwal na konsepto sa Hinduismo (Ishvara, Bhagavan, [[Brahman]]) at ang konsepto ng Diyos sa Islam ([[Allah]]) upang igiit na ang mga ito ay mga "kahaliling pangalan lamang ng Nag-iisang Makapangyarihan sa lahat".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nirbhai Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/philosophyofsikh0000nirb |title=Philosophy of Sikhism : reality and its manifestations |date=1990 |publisher=New Delhi : Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |others=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman kinikilala ng ''Guru Granth Sahib'' ang mga Veda, Purana, at ang [[Qur'an]],<ref>Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), ''The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-13-4}}, p. 157 (sa Ingles)</ref> hindi ito nangangahulugang isang sinkretikong tulay sa pagitan ng Hinduismo at Islam.<ref>Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), ''The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-13-4}}, p. 40 (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa halip, binibigyang-diin nito ang pagtutok sa mga ''nitnem bani'' tulad ng ''Japu'' (pag-uulit ng mantra ng banal na Pangalan ng Diyos—si Waheguru), sa halip na sa mga gawi tulad ng pagpapatirapa sa lupa habang nananalangin patungo sa isang tiyak na direksiyon gaya sa mga Muslim, o sa mga [[ritwal]] na Hindu tulad ng pagsusuot ng [[sinulid]]. Ang una ay itinuturing na isang disiplinaryong aspekto ng pagsamba, lalo na’t ang ''dhikr'' (pag-alaala kay Allah) ay katulad ding binibigyang-diin sa Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=William Owen |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |last2=Sambhi |first2=Piara Singh |date=1995 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-898723-13-4 |pages=155–156 |language=en}}</ref> === ''Dasam Granth'' === [[File:Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg|thumb|Ang ''Dasam Granth'' ay isang banal na kasulatan ng Sikhismo na naglalaman ng mga tekstong iniuugnay kay Guru Gobind Singh, kabilang ang kanyang [[awtobiyograpiya]] na ''Bachittar Natak''. Ang pangunahing salaysay ng aklat ay tumatalakay sa ''Chaubis Avtar'' (24 na Avatar ng Hindu na diyos na si Vishnu), kina Rudra at Brahma, sa Hindu na mandirigmang diyosa na si Chandi, at sa isang kuwento ni Rama na matatagpuan sa ''Bachittar Natak''.<ref name="jdeol31" />]] Ang ''Dasam Granth'' ay isang banal na kasulatan ng Sikhismo na naglalaman ng mga tekstong iniuugnay kay Guru Gobind Singh. Gayunman, may mga iskolar na nagsasabing ang akda ay naisulat matapos ang pagkamatay ng guru at pinaniniwalaang gawa ng isang hindi kilalang [[makata]]. Ang Dasam Granth ay mahalaga sa malaking bilang ng mga Sikh. Gayunpaman, wala itong kapantay na awtoridad tulad ng ''Guru Granth Sahib''. Ang ilang komposisyon sa ''Dasam Granth'', gaya ng ''Jaap Sahib'' (Amrit Savaiye) at ''Benti Chaupai'', ay bahagi ng araw-araw na [[panalangin]] (Nitnem) ng mga Sikh.<ref>Robert Zaehner (1988), The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Living Faiths, Hutchinson, {{ISBN|978-0-09-173576-0}}, pp. 426–427 (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang unang taludtod ng panalanging ''ardās'' ay mula sa ''Chandi di Var''. Sa malaking bahagi, ang ''Dasam Granth'' ay isang bersyon ng [[Mitolohiya|mitolohiyang]] Hindu mula sa mga ''Purana'', at naglalaman din ng mga sekular na [[kuwento]] mula sa iba’t ibang pinagmulan na tinatawag na ''Charitro Pakhyan'', mga salaysay na naglalayong magbabala at mag-ingat ang mga kalalakihan laban sa mga panganib ng pita o [[pagnanasa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shackle |first1=Christopher |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-26604-8 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |page=xx |language=en}}</ref><ref>William McLeod (2009), The A to Z of Sikhism, Toronto: Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6828-1}}, p. 151 (sa Ingles)</ref> Maraming bersiyon ng ''Dasam Granth'' ang umiiral, at sa makabagong panahon, ang pagiging tunay ng ''Dasam Granth'' ay naging isa sa pinakatinatalakay at pinakadinidebateng paksa sa loob ng Sikhismo. Ang mga Akali Nihang ay itinuturing ang ''Dasam Granth'' at ang ''Sarbloh Granth'' bilang mga karugtong ng ''Guru Granth Sahib''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=21 Oktubre 2021 |title=The 3 granths in Sikhism & the debate surrounding Sarbloh Granth & Dasam Granth |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-3-granths-in-sikhism-the-debate-surrounding-sarbloh-granth-dasam-granth/754060/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222223640/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-3-granths-in-sikhism-the-debate-surrounding-sarbloh-granth-dasam-granth/754060/ |archive-date=22 Pebrero 2023 |access-date=22 Pebrero 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang naging papel ng [[aklat]] sa [[kasaysayan]] ng Sikhismo, subalit sa kasalukuyan, may mga bahagi nito na nagdulot ng pagtutol at patuloy na [[talakayan]] sa mga Sikh.<ref name="jdeol31">{{cite book |last=Deol |first=J. |title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1389-9 |editor1-last=Mandair |editor1-first=Arvind-Pal Singh |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |pages=31–33 |language=en |editor2-last=Shackle |editor2-first=Christopher |editor3-last=Singh |editor3-first=Gurharpal}}</ref> === ''Sarbloh Granth'' === Ang ''Sarbloh Granth'' ay isang banal na teksto na naglalaman ng humigit-kumulang 6,500 patulang saknong na tradisyunal na iniuugnay kay Guru Gobind Singh. Gayunman, may mga iskolar na nagsasabing ang akda ay naisulat matapos ang pagkamatay ng guru at pinaniniwalaang gawa ng isang hindi kilalang makata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A dictionary of Indian literature |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/42718918 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119215901/https://search.worldcat.org/title/42718918 |archive-date=19 Nobyembre 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Ang kasulatang ito ay naglalaman, bukod sa iba't ibang paksa, ng sining at mga [[batas]] ng [[digmaan]] sa Sikhismo. Lubos na iginagalang ng mga Akali Nihang ang kasulatang ito, samantalang maraming Sikh na hindi Nihang ang tumatanggi na kilalanin ito bilang isang tunay na akda ng ikasampung guru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debating the Dasam Granth |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/606234922 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119234418/https://search.worldcat.org/title/606234922 |archive-date=19 Nobyembre 2023 |access-date=19 Nobyembre 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Ayon kay Harbans Singh, tinatanggihan ang pagiging tunay ng akda dahil ang estilo ng [[Pagsusulat|pagsulat]] at husay sa pagtula nito ay hindi tumutugma sa mga gawa ni Guru Gobind Singh sa ''Dasam Granth''. Binabanggit din sa teksto ang isang akdang binuo noong 1719, na matagal nang naganap matapos ang pagkamatay ni Guru Gobind Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120005930/https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420 |archive-date=20 Nobyembre 2023 |access-date=19 Nobyembre 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Ipinetsa naman ni W. H. McLeod ang akda sa huling bahagi ng ika-18 siglo at naniniwalang ito ay isinulat ng isang hindi kilalang makata at maling iniugnay sa ikasampung guru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/435778610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119202841/https://search.worldcat.org/title/435778610 |archive-date=19 Nobyembre 2023 |access-date=19 Nobyembre 2023 |language=en}}</ref> === Mga ''Janamsakhi'' === Ang mga ''Janamsākhī'' (literal na "mga salaysay ng kapanganakan") ay mga akdang nagpapakilalang [[talambuhay]] ni Guru Nanak. Bagama't hindi sila itinuturing na banal na kasulatan sa pinakamaistriktong kahulugan, nagbibigay ang mga ito ng isang hagiyograpikong pagtanaw sa buhay ni Guru Nanak at sa mga unang yugto ng pag-usbong ng Sikhismo. == Mga pagdiriwang at gawain == Ang mga masunuring Sikh ay sumusunod sa mga matagal nang kaugalian at tradisyon upang patibayin at ipahayag ang kanilang pananampalataya. Inirerekomenda ang araw-araw na pagbigkas ng banal na pangalan ng Diyos, ang Waheguru, at ang pagbigkas mula sa [[Memorya (utak)|memorya]] ng mga piling sipi mula sa ''Guru Granth Sahib'', gaya ng mga himnong ''Japu'' (o ''Japji'', literal na "awit" o "[[pagbigkas]]"), kaagad pagkatapos magising at [[maligo]]. Ang mga bininyagang Sikh ay nagdarasal ng limang panalanging pang-umaga, pati na rin ng panalangin sa gabi at sa gabi bago matulog. Kasama sa mga kaugalian ng [[pamilya]] ang pagbasa ng mga sipi mula sa kasulatan at ang pagdalo sa ''gurdwara'' (tinatawag ding ''gurduara'', na nangangahulugang "pintuan patungo sa Diyos"; minsan ding isinasalin bilang ''Gurudwara''). Maraming gurdwara ang itinayo at pinananatili sa buong Indiya, gayundin sa halos bawat bansang may pamayanang Sikh. Bukas ang mga ''gurdwara'' para sa lahat, anuman ang [[relihiyon]], pinagmulan, kasta, o [[lahi]].<ref name="brittanica-gurdwara">{{cite web |date=5 Mayo 2024 |title=gurdwara |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/gurdwara |access-date=28 Hunyo 2024 |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagsamba sa isang gurdwara ay pangunahing binubuo ng pag-awit ng mga sipi mula sa banal na kasulatan. Karaniwang nagpapatirapa ang mga Sikh sa harap ng banal na kasulatan kapag pumapasok sa gurdwara. Karaniwan ding isinasagawa ang pagbigkas ng ''ardas'' na nagmula pa noong ika-18 dantaon para sa mga dumadalo. Inaalala ng ''ardas'' ang mga naging pagdurusa at kaluwalhatian ng pamayanan, at humihiling ng banal na biyaya para sa buong sangkatauhan.<ref name="p260">{{cite book |last=Parrinder |first=Geoffrey |title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present |date=1971 |publisher=Hamlyn |isbn=978-0-87196-129-7 |location=London |page=260 |language=en}}</ref> Ang gurdwara rin ang lugar ng makasaysayang gawain ng Sikh na ''langar'', o ang pagkain ng pamayanan. Lahat ng gurdwara ay bukas sa sinuman, anuman ang pananampalataya, para sa libreng pagkain na palaging [[begetariyano]].<ref>Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), ''The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-13-4}}, p. 148 (sa Ingles)</ref> Sama-samang kumakain ang mga tao, at ang [[kusina]] ay pinamamahalaan at pinaglilingkuran ng mga [[boluntaryo]] mula sa pamayanang Sikh.<ref>{{cite book |last=McWilliams |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yj8QDgAAQBAJ |title=Food & Material Culture: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2013 |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford Symposium |isbn=978-1-909248-40-3 |page=265 |language=en}}</ref> === Mga pista at kaganapan ng Sikh === Pinili ni Guru Amar Das ang mga pista na ipagdiriwang ng mga Sikh, gaya ng ''Vaisakhi'', kung saan hiniling niya sa mga Sikh na magtipon at makibahagi sa pagdiriwang bilang isang pamayanan. Ang Vaisakhi ay isa sa pinakamahalagang pista ng mga Sikh, habang ang iba pang mahahalagang pagdiriwang ay ginugunita ang kapanganakan at buhay ng mga guru at ng mga martir ng Sikhismo. Sa kasaysayan, ang mga [[Pista|pistang]] ito ay nakabatay sa [[Kalendaryo|kalendaryong]] lunar na ''Bikrami''.<ref name="nesbittbc">{{cite book |last=Nesbitt |first=Eleanor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |date=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-874557-0 |pages=122–123 |language=en |access-date=6 Marso 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073742/https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |archive-date=15 Abril 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Noong 2003, pinagtibay ng SGPC, ang organisasyong Sikh na namamahala sa pangangalaga ng mga makasaysayang ''gurdwara'' ng Punjab, ang kalendaryong ''Nanakshahi''.<ref name="nesbittbc" /> Ang bagong kalendaryo ay lubhang kontrobersiyal sa mga Sikh at hindi tinatanggap ng lahat. Kabilang sa mga pista ng Sikh ang mga sumusunod: * Ang ''Band Chor Diwas'' ay isa pang mahalagang pista ng Sikhismo sa kasaysayan nito.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=128–130 |language=en |access-date=16 Mayo 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160619/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |archive-date=8 Marso 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sa mga nagdaang taon, sa halip na ''[[Diwali]]'', pinangalanan ito sa kalendaryong inilabas ng SGPC matapos ang 2003 bilang ''Bandi Chhor Divas''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nesbitt |first=Eleanor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ysRDAAAQBAJ |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |date=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-106276-6 |pages=6, 124 |language=en}}</ref> * Ang ''Hola Mohalla'' ay isang tradisyong sinimulan ni Guru Gobind Singh. Nagsisimula ito sa araw pagkatapos ipagdiwang ng mga Sikh ang ''Holi'',<ref name="McLeod2009p95">{{cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA95 |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |page=95 |language=en}}</ref> na kung minsan ay tinatawag na ''Hola''.<ref name="Roy2005p192">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA192 |title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia |date=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-089-5 |pages=192–193 |language=en}}</ref> Binago ni Guru Gobind Singh ang pagdiriwang ng Holi sa pamamagitan ng pagdaragdag ng isang tatlong-araw na kapistahan na tinatawag na ''Hola Mohalla'' na nakatuon sa [[sining pandigma]]. Nagsisimula ang pinalawig na pagdiriwang sa araw matapos ang pista ng Holi sa Anandpur Sahib, kung saan nagsasanay ang mga sundalong Sikh sa mga huwad na labanan, at nagkakaroon ng mga paligsahan sa [[pangangabayo]], [[Atletiks|atletika]], pana, at mga [[pagsasanay]] [[militar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wellman |first1=James K. Jr. |url=https://archive.org/details/religionandh_xxxx_2012_000_10856028 |title=Religion and Human Security: A Global Perspective |last2=Lombardi |first2=Clark |date=2012 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-982775-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/religionandh_xxxx_2012_000_10856028/page/n125 112] note 18 |language=en |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kaur Singh |first=Nikky-Guninder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0ZmAXw7ok8C&pg=PA93 |title=Sikhism: An Introduction |date=2011 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84885-321-8 |location=London / New York |pages=93–94 |language=en}}</ref> === Mga seremonya at kaugalian === Ang mga Sikh ay sumuporta rin at tumulong sa paglinang ng mahahalagang tradisyon ng [[peregrinasyon]] patungo sa mga banal na pook tulad ng Harmandir Sahib, Anandpur Sahib, Fatehgarh Sahib, Patna Sahib, Hazur Nanded Sahib, Hemkund Sahib, at iba pa.<ref name="Oberoi1994p68">{{cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |date=1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=43–49, 68, 327–328 |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ng mga namamakay na Sikh at ng mga Sikh mula sa iba pang mga [[sekta]] ang mga pook na ito bilang banal at bahagi ng kanilang ''Tirath''.<ref name="Ferrari2011p48">{{cite book |last=Geaves |first=Ron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OyKFM2qrNUEC&pg=PA48 |title=Health and Religious Rituals in South Asia: Disease, Possession and Healing |date=2011 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-84629-8 |editor-last=Ferrari |editor-first=Fabrizio |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |pages=48–51 |language=en}}</ref> Halimbawa, ang ''Hola Mohalla'' na ginaganap kasabay ng pista ng Holi ay isang taunang seremonyal at kaugalian na pagtitipon sa Anandpur Sahib na dinadaluhan ng mahigit 100,000 Sikh.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thursby |first=Gene R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNsIoNN5ie8C&pg=PA17 |title=The Sikhs |date=1992 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-09554-0 |pages=17–18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=W. O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8KMCwAAQBAJ |title=Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study |last2=Sambhi |first2=Piara Singh |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-23049-5 |pages=134–135, 168 |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga pangunahing templo ng Sikh ay may ''sarovar'' o banal na tubig na nasa tangke kung saan ang ilang Sikh ay nagsasagawa ng kaugalian na pagligo. Mayroon ding nag-uuwi ng banal na tubig mula sa tangke para sa mga [[Kaibigan|kaibigang]] o [[kamag-anak]] na may sakit,<ref name="singha7">{{cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA7 |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |pages=7, 16, 27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaur Singh |first1=Nikky-Guninder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0s2dUUMHbkC&pg=PA101 |title=Sikhism |date=2004 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-1779-9 |pages=100–101 |language=en}}</ref> sa paniniwalang ang [[tubig]] mula sa mga banal na pook na ito ay may kapangyarihang magpanumbalik at maglinis ng [[karma]] ng isang tao.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thursby |first=Gene R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNsIoNN5ie8C&pg=PA17 |title=The Sikhs |date=1992 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-09554-0 |pages=14–15 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn-lr|Ang banal na kasulatan ng Sikhismo ay naglalaman ng mga taludtod na literal na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang may kaugnayan sa peregrinasyon at sa paglulublob sa tubig bilang may kapangyarihang maghatid ng kaligtasan; may ilan na bumabatikos sa ganitong pananaw (AG 358, 75), samantalang ang iba naman ay sumusuporta rito (AG 623–624).}}<ref name="singha7" /> Ang iba't ibang guru ng Sikhismo ay may magkakaibang pananaw hinggil sa peregrinasyon.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |location=Lanham, Maryland |pages=5–6, 29, 60–61 |language=en}}</ref> Sa pagsilang ng isang bata, binubuksan ang Guru Granth Sahib sa isang di-piling pahina, at ang bata ay pinapangalanan batay sa unang titik na makikita sa itaas na kaliwang sulok ng kaliwang pahina. Lahat ng lalaki ay binibigyan ng apelyidong ''Singh'', at lahat ng babae ay binibigyan ng apelyidong ''Kaur'' (na dati ay isang titulong iginagawad lamang sa isang indibiduwal kapag sumapi sa Khalsa).<ref>{{cite book |last=Loehlin |first=Clinton Herbert |title=The Sikhs and Their Scriptures |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhstheirscript0000loeh |date=1964 |publisher=Lucknow Publishing |edition=2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhstheirscript0000loeh/page/42 42] |language=en |orig-year=1958}}</ref> [[File:Sikh_wedding.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sikh_wedding.jpg|thumb|Kasalang Sikh]] Ang ritwal ng [[Kasalanan|kasal]] ng Sikh ay kinabibilangan ng seremonyang ''anand karaj''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaur Singh |first1=Nikky-Guninder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsYucLFfEIsC&pg=PA189 |title=The Birth of the Khalsa: A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity |date=2005 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-6583-7 |location=Albany |page=189 |language=en |quote=The name of the wedding ceremony, anand karaj (anand=bliss, karaj=event), is derived from Guru Amar Das's rapturous hymn Anand (bliss) and institutionalized by the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das.}}</ref><ref name="Ruether2006p700">{{cite book |last1=Skinner Keller |first1=Rosemary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA700 |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |last2=Radford Ruether |first2=Rosemary |last3=Cantlon |first3=Marie |date=2006 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |page=700 |language=en}}</ref> Isinasagawa ang seremonya ng kasal sa harap ng Guru Granth Sahib ng isang bininyagang Khalsa, karaniwang pinangungunahan ng ''Granthi'' ng gurdwara.<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10">{{cite book |last1=Haar |first1=Kristen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC |title=Sikhism |last2=Kalsi |first2=Sewa Singh |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2 |pages=10–11 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="fenech33">{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |location=Lanham, Maryland |pages=33–34, 220 |language=en}}</ref> Ang opisyal na pagkilala at pagpapatibay nito ay naganap noong 1909, sa panahon ng Kilusang ''Singh Sabha''.<ref name="fenech33" /> [[File:Sikh_funeral_procession._Mandi,_Himachel_Pradesh.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sikh_funeral_procession._Mandi,_Himachel_Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Prusisyon ng libing ng Sikh, [[Mandi]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]]] Sa oras ng kamatayan, ang bangkay ng isang Sikh ay karaniwang kremasyon. Kung hindi ito maaari, maaaring gamitin ang anumang marangal na paraan ng [[Paglilibang|paglilibing]] o pag-aalis ng bangkay. Isinasagawa ang mga panalanging ''kirtan sohilā'' at ''ardas'' sa panahon ng seremonya ng libing na kilala bilang ''antim sanskar''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikh Reht Maryada – Funeral Ceremonies (Antam Sanskar) |url=http://sgpc.net/sikhism/antam-sanskar.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020406164549/http://sgpc.net/sikhism/antam-sanskar.asp |archive-date=6 Abril 2002 |access-date=8 Hunyo 2006 |language=en}}</ref> === Pagsisimula at ang Khalsa === Ang ''Khalsa'' (na nangangahulugang "dalisay at may soberanya") ay ang kolektibong tawag na ibinigay ni Guru Gobind Singh<ref name="pashauraarjan">Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pp. 29–62 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref name="Gandhi">{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 |date=1 Pebrero 2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers<!--NOT Atlantic Books, of London--> |isbn=978-81-269-0857-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=676–677 |language=en}}</ref> sa mga Sikh na ganap na pinasimulan sa pamamagitan ng isang seremonyang tinatawag na ''amrit sanchar'' (seremonya ng nektar).<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |pages=23–24 |language=en |access-date=16 Mayo 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160518/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |archive-date=8 Marso 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sa seremonyang ito, ang pinatamis na tubig ay hinahalo gamit ang isang [[tabak]] na may dalawang talim habang inaawit ang mga panalanging liturhikal; pagkatapos ay iniaalok ito sa pinapasinayang Sikh, na ritwal na iniinom ang nektar. Maraming Sikh ang hindi pormal at ganap na pinasimulan sapagkat hindi sila dumaraan sa seremonyang ito, ngunit sumusunod pa rin sila sa ilang bahagi ng Sikhismo at kinikilala ang kanilang sarili bilang Sikh. Ang pinasimulang Sikh, na pinaniniwalaang muling isinilang, ay tinatawag na ''Amritdhari'' o ''Khalsa Sikh'', samantalang ang mga hindi pinasimulan o bininyagan ay tinatawag na ''Kesdhari'' o ''Sahajdhari'' Sikh.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |location=Lanham, Maryland |pages=84–85 |language=en |access-date=16 Mayo 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817161136/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 Agosto 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ang unang pagkakataon na isinagawa ang seremonyang ito ay noong Vaisakhi na tumapat noong Marso 30, 1699 sa Anandpur Sahib sa Punjab.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23" /> Sa okasyong iyon, bininyagan ni Gobind Singh ang ''Panj Piare'', ang limang minamahal, na siya namang buminyag kay Guru Gobind Singh mismo. Sa mga lalaking pinasimulan, ibinigay ang apelyidong ''Singh'', na nangangahulugang "[[leon]]", habang ang apelyidong ''Kaur'', na nangangahulugang "prinsesa", ay ibinigay sa mga bininyagang babaeng Sikh.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p232">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |pages=23–24 |language=en |access-date=16 Mayo 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160518/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |archive-date=8 Marso 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ang mga bininyagang Sikh ay nagsusuot ng limang bagay na tinatawag na ''limang K'' (sa Punjabi ay ''panj kakke'' o ''panj kakar'') sa lahat ng [[oras]]. Ang limang ito ay: ''kes'' (hindi ginugupitang buhok), ''kangha'' (maliit na suklay na [[kahoy]]), ''kara'' ([[bilog]] na pulseras na [[bakal]] o bakal na [[haluang metal]]), ''kirpan'' (tabak o patalim), at ''kachera'' (espesyal na panloob na [[kasuotan]]).<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23" /> Ang limang K ay may parehong praktikal at simbolikong layunin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Simmonds |first=David |title=Believers All: A Book of Six World Religions |date=1992 |publisher=Nelson Thornes |isbn=978-0-17-437057-4 |location=Cheltenham, England |pages=120–121 |language=en}}</ref> == Mga Sikh == Ayon sa mga pagtataya noong 2019, ang Sikhismo ay may humigit-kumulang 25–30 milyong tagasunod sa buong mundo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Nobyembre 2019 |title=Sikhs in Wolverhampton celebrate 550 years of Guru Nanak |language=en |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567 |url-status=live |access-date=21 Enero 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127230917/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567 |archive-date=27 Enero 2021}}</ref> Isang pagtataya noong 2020 ni Charles Preston ang nagbigay ng bilang na 29,254,000 na mga Sikh sa buong daigdig.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preston |first=Charles |date=2 Hulyo 2024 |title=List of religious populations: Populations of world religions in 2020 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations |access-date=15 Agosto 2025 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa Pew Research, isang ''think tank'' (o sentro ng pag-aaral at pagsusuri) at pangkat-pananaliksik na nakabase sa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], mahigit siyam sa bawat sampung Sikh ay nasa Indiya, subalit may malalaki ring pamayanang Sikh sa [[Estados Unidos]], [[Reyno Unido]], at [[Canada|Kanada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-18 |title=Other Religions |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-other/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901021622/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-other/ |archive-date=1 Setyembre 2023 |access-date= |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa loob ng Indiya, matatagpuan ang populasyon ng mga Sikh sa bawat [[Mga estado at teritoryo ng unyon ng India|estado at]] [[Mga estado at teritoryo ng unyon ng India|teritoryong unyon]], subalit higit silang nakatuon sa hilagang-kanluran at hilagang mga estado. Tanging sa estado ng Punjab nagiging mayorya ang mga Sikh (58% ng kabuuang populasyon, ayon sa senso noong 2011).<ref name="census2011sikhs">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_PCA.html Religion demographics: 2011 Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815045141/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_PCA.html|date=2018-08-15}}, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (sa Ingles)</ref> Bukod sa Punjab, ang mga estado at teritoryong unyon ng Indiya kung saan higit sa 1.5% ng [[populasyon]] ay Sikh ay sa [[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttarakhand]], at [[Jammu at Kashmir (teritoryo ng unyon)|Jammu at Kashmir]], na pawang nasa hilagang kalahati ng Indiya.<ref name="census2011sikhs" /> Ang Kanada ang may pinakamalaking bahagdan ng mga Sikh bilang proporsyon ng kabuuang populasyon ng isang bansa sa buong mundo, na nasa 2.1%.<ref name="canadareligion2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 Oktubre 2022 |title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305220639/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |archive-date=5 Marso 2023 |access-date=26 Oktubre 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |language=en}}</ref> Sa loob ng Kanada, bumubuo ang mga Sikh ng 5.9% ng kabuuang populasyon sa kanlurang lalawigan ng Ang [[British Columbia|Kolumbiyang Britanika]], na kumakatawan sa ikatlong pinakamalaking proporsyon ng mga Sikh sa lahat ng pandaigdigang administratibong dibisyon, kasunod lamang ng Punjab at Chandigarh sa Indiya. Ang Kolumbiyang Britanika, [[Manitoba]], at [[Yukon]] ay kabilang sa tatlo sa apat na administratibong dibisyon sa buong mundo na may Sikhismo bilang ikalawang pinakasinusundang relihiyon ng populasyon.{{efn-lr|Ang Sikhismo ang ikalawang pinakamalaking relihiyon sa Kolumbiyang Britanika, Manitoba, at Yukon.<ref name="canadareligion2021"/> Ayon sa sensong Indiyano noong 2011,, Sikhismo ang pinakamalaking relihiyon sa Punjab at ikalawa sa Chandigarh. Ito ang tanging dalawang estado/teritoryong unyon ng Indiya kung saan ang Sikhismo ay isa sa dalawang pinakakaraniwang relihiyon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230423/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=23 Setyembre 2015|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0401_PART_A_DCHB_CHANDIGARH.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 – Chandigarh |access-date=28 Hulyo 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821191248/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0401_PART_A_DCHB_CHANDIGARH.pdf |archive-date=21 Agosto 2017 |url-status=live|language=en }}</ref>|name="ProvincePopulation"}} Bago ang paghahati ng Indiyang Britaniko noong 1947, milyun-milyong Sikh ang naninirahan sa mga lugar na kalaunan ay naging [[Pakistan]]. Gayundin, ang Sikhismo ay itinatag sa mga lupain na ngayon ay bahagi ng Pakistan, at ang ilan sa mga guru ay isinilang malapit sa Lahore at sa iba pang bahagi ng Pakistan. Sa panahon ng paghahati, ang mga Sikh at Hindu ay umalis sa bagong tatag na Pakistan na mayoryang Muslim at karamihan ay lumipat sa Indiya na mayoryang Hindu, na may ilan na lumipat sa [[Apganistan]]<ref>{{cite web |date=20 Agosto 2014 |title=Explainer: Who are the Afghan Sikhs? |url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-who-are-the-afghan-sikhs-30699 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331144838/https://theconversation.com/explainer-who-are-the-afghan-sikhs-30699 |archive-date=31 Marso 2020 |access-date=20 Mayo 2020 |work=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> na mayoryang Muslim, habang maraming Muslim sa Indiya ang lumipat sa Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kosinski |first1=L. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGiSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |title=Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia |last2=Elahi |first2=K. M. |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-009-5309-3 |pages=186–203 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Eltringham |first1=Nigel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OfpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |title=Remembering Genocide |last2=Maclean |first2=Pam |date=2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-75421-3 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |pages=30–32 |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa mga ulat ng balita noong 2017, humigit-kumulang 20,000 Sikh na lamang ang nananatili sa Pakistan, at patuloy pang lumiit ang kanilang populasyon (0.01% ng tinatayang 200 milyong populasyon ng bansa).<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1176521 Pakistan's dwindling Sikh community wants improved security] (sa Ingles) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806075623/http://www.dawn.com/news/1176521|date=2015-08-06}}, ''The Dawn'', Pakistan (17 Abril 2017)</ref> === Mga sektang Sikh === Ang mga sektang Sikh ay mga sub-tradisyon sa loob ng Sikhismo na naniniwala sa alternatibong linya ng mga guru, o may naiibang pagpapakahulugan sa mga kasulatang Sikh, o naniniwala sa pagsunod sa isang buhay na guru, o may iba pang mga konseptong naiiba sa mga ortodoksong Sikh na Khalsa.<ref name="Syan2014p170">{{cite book |last=Syan |first=Hardip Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Pashaura |pages=170–180 |language=en |editor2-last=Fenech |editor2-first=Louis E.}}</ref><ref name="Takhar2014p350">{{cite book |last1=Takhar |first1=Opinderjit Kaur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Pashaura |pages=350–359 |language=en |editor2-last=Fenech |editor2-first=Louis E.}}</ref> Kabilang sa mga pangunahing makasaysayang [[sekta]] ng Sikhismo ang Udasi, Nirmala, Nanakpanthi, Khalsa, Sahajdhari, Namdhari Kuka, Nirankari, at Sarvaria.<ref name="Oberoi1994p24">{{cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC&pg=PA78 |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |date=1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=24–25 |language=en}}</ref> Noong una, limang orden lamang (''samprada'') ang mayroon ang mga Sikh (hindi dapat ipagkamali sa mga lihis na sekta). Kabilang dito ang mga sumusunod: * Ang mga Nihang – ang mga mandirigma o armadong [[hukbo]] ng Sikh Panth.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Akalis/Nihangs |url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/akalis.html |access-date=22 Pebrero 2023 |website=philtar.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> May dalawang pangunahing pangkat sa loob ng orden na ito: ang Buddha Dal, o ang hukbo ng mga beterano, at ang Tarna Dal, o ang hukbo ng [[kabataan]]. Mayroon pang iba't ibang mas maliliit na sub-orden na kaugnay ng dalawang ito.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pangulo ng Buddha Dal ay dati ring palaging nagsisilbing pangulo ng Akaal Takht, na may hurisdiksiyon sa lahat ng bagay na may kinalaman sa orden ng Akaali Nihang.<ref name=":2a" /> * Ang mga Nirmala – mga iskolar. Sila ay bumuo ng mga akda at tradisyunal na nag-aaral ng malawak na saklaw ng panitikang Indiyano at ilang di-Indiyano. Nakikipag-ugnayan din sila sa iba pang mga landasing Dharmik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirmalas |url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/nirmal.html |access-date=22 Pebrero 2023 |website=philtar.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang ikasampung guru ang nag-institusyonalisa sa kanila. Ang Ang Bhai Daya Singh Ji Samparda at Ang Bhai Dharam Singh Ji Samparda, dalawa sa Ang Panj Pyare o mga minamahal ng ikasampung guru, ang nagtatag ng dalawang orden ng Nirmala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 Hunyo 2006 |title=Nirmal Home |url=http://nirmalashramrishikesh.org/Home.asp?GivePage=reso1024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615052041/http://nirmalashramrishikesh.org/Home.asp?GivePage=reso1024 |archive-date=15 Hunyo 2006 |access-date=22 Pebrero 2023 |language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga Udasi – isang asetikong pangkat na sa kasaysayan ay nangangalaga ng mga Gurdwara at nagsasagawa ng gawaing misyonero. Bagaman hindi nila itinataguyod ito sa iba, ang ilan sa kanilang mga gawain ay lumilihis sa karamihan ng paniniwalang Sikh. Si Baba Sri Chand, ang panganay na Sahibzada (anak) ng unang guru na si [[Guru Nanak Dev]], ang nagtatag ng orden.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Udasis |url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/udas.html |access-date=22 Pebrero 2023 |website=philtar.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang kanilang Gurdev ay si Baba Sri Chand.<ref name=":2a" /> * Ang mga Sevapanthi – mga pilantropo na nakikibahagi sa gawaing [[kawanggawa]] o ''seva'' (di-makasariling paglilingkod) nang hindi umaasa ng kabayaran.<ref name=":4">Shriniwas, Geeta. "sevapanthi sampradaya itihash aur vikas." (sa Hindi)</ref> Nagsasagawa rin sila ng mga proyektong [[akademiko]]. Si Bhai Kahnaiya, isang Sikh ng ikasiyam at ikasampung guru, ang nagsilbing unang pinuno ng orden<ref>Mahal, Ramandeep. "Bhai Kanhaiya ji: A Humanitarian Soul." (sa Ingles)</ref> at kilala sa kanyang tulong medikal sa mga sugatang [[kawal]] ng kaaway sa panahon ng digmaan.<ref name=":4" /> Napakakaunti na lamang nila sa kasalukuyan. Ang kapaligirang kanilang ginagalawan at kinauugnayan ay pangunahing Muslim.<ref name=":4" /> * Ang Gyaaniyan Samparda – ang "[[unibersidad]] ng Sikhi"; bagaman teknikal na hindi isang orden, sa praktika ay nagsisilbi itong ganito.<ref name="Nirbhai Singh 1990 1–3">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Nirbhai |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophyofsikh0000nirb/page/n26 |title=Philosophy of Sikhi: Reality and Its Manifestations |date=1990 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers<!--NOT Atlantic Books, of London--> |location=New Delhi |pages=1–3 |language=en |url-access=limited}}</ref> Binubuo ito ng mga indibiduwal mula sa lahat ng nabanggit na sekta, at may maraming sangay sa loob nito. Ang mga naunang sektang Sikh ay ang Ang Udasis at Ang Minas, na itinatag nina Baba Sri Chand, ang nakatatandang anak ni Ang Guru Nanak, at Prithi Chand, ang nakatatandang anak ni Guru Ram Das, kasabay ng opisyal na pagsunod-sunod ng mga guru ng Sikhismo. Kalaunan, ang Ramraiya na sekta, na itinatag ni Ram Rai, ay lumago sa Dehradun sa ilalim ng pagtangkilik ni Aurangzeb. Maraming nahating pamayanang Sikh ang nabuo noong panahon ng [[Imperyong Mughal]]. Ang ilan sa mga sektang ito ay sinuportahan sa [[Pananalapi (disiplina)|pananalapi]] at [[administrasyon]] ng mga pinunong Mughal sa pag-asang makakamit ang mas kanais-nais at masunuring [[mamamayan]].<ref name="Takhar2014p350" /><ref name="WH McLeod 2014 page 17" /> Pagkaraan ng pagbagsak ng Imperyong Mughal, at lalo na sa panahon ng pamumuno ni Ranjit Singh, pinrotektahan ng mga Udasi Sikh ang mga dambanang Sikh, iningatan ang mga kasulatang Sikh, at muling itinayo ang mga winasak o nilapastangan noong mga digmaang Muslim–Sikh. Gayunman, ang mga Udasi Sikh ay nagpanatili ng mga rebulto at larawan sa loob ng mga templong Sikh na ito.<ref name="Oberoi1994p78">{{cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC&pg=PA78 |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |date=1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=78–80 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Fenech2014p375">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=375–377 |language=en}}</ref> Noong ika-19 na dantaon, nabuo sa Sikhismo ang mga sektang Namdhari at Nirankari, na naghangad ng reporma at pagbabalik sa itinuturing ng bawat isa na dalisay na anyo ng Sikhismo.<ref name="fenech2732">{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |location=Lanham, Maryland |pages=151, 273 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SinghFenech2014p28">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=28–29, 73–76 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mandair 2013 85–86">{{cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsburg Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=85–86 |language=en}}</ref> Ang lahat ng mga sektang ito ay naiiba sa mga ortodoksong Khalsa Sikh sa kanilang mga paniniwala at gawain, gaya ng patuloy na pagsasagawa ng kasal sa paligid ng apoy at mahigpit na [[Behetaryanismo|behetariyanismo]].<ref name="britsikhssects">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups "Sects and other groups: Sikhism"], ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] Online''. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10" /> Marami sa kanila ang tumatanggap sa konsepto ng mga buhay na guru, gaya ni Guru Baba Dyal Singh. Ang sektang Nirankari, bagaman di-ortodokso, ay naging makapangyarihan sa paghubog ng mga pananaw ng Tat Khalsa at ng mga kontemporaryong paniniwala at gawain ng Sikhismo.<ref name="britsikhsects">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups "Sects in Sikhism"], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' Online. Kinuha noong 7 Agosto 2018. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kuiper |first=Kathleen |title=The Culture of India |publisher=Rosen |page=141 |language=en}}</ref> Isa pang mahalagang sektang Sikh noong ika-19 na dantaon ay ang kilusang Radhasoami sa Punjab, na pinamunuan ni Baba Shiv Dyal.<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p9">{{cite book |last1=Haar |first1=Kristen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA9 |title=Sikhism |last2=Kalsi |first2=Sewa Singh |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2 |pages=9–14 |language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang mga sektang Sikh sa kontemporaryong panahon ang 3HO, na nabuo noong 1971 at umiiral sa labas ng Indiya, partikular sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at [[Europa]].<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p9" /><ref name="verne560">{{cite book |last=Dusenbery |first=Verne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Pashaura |pages=560–570 |language=e |editor2-last=Fenech |editor2-first=Louis E.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mooney |first=Nicola |year=2012 |title=Reading Weber Among the Sikhs: Asceticism and Capitalism in the 3HO/Sikh Dharma |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=417–436 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2012.745305 |issn=1744-8727 |s2cid=145775040}}</ref> === Mga kastang Sikh === Ayon kay Surinder Jodhka, ang estado ng Punjab, na may mayoryang Sikh, ang may "pinakamalaking bahagdan ng populasyong kabilang sa kastang tinakda sa Indiya." Bagaman tinututulan ng Sikhismo, nagsagawa pa rin ang mga Sikh ng isang sistemang kasta. Ang sistemang ito, kasama ang di-masaling (hindi pagdikit o pag-iwas sa ilang pangkat), ay mas karaniwan sa mga kanayunang bahagi ng Punjab. Ayon kay Jodhka, ang mga nangingibabaw na kastang Sikh na nagmamay-ari ng lupa ay "hindi pa ganap na naalis ang kanilang mga pagkiling laban sa mas mababang kasta o mga Dalit; bagaman pinahihintulutan ang mga Dalit na pumasok sa mga gurdwara ng nayon, hindi naman sila pinapayagang magluto o maghain ng langar." Ang mga Sikh Dalit sa Punjab ay nagsikap na magtayo ng sarili nilang mga gurdwara at iba pang institusyong lokal, at naghangad ng mas mabuting kalagayang materyal at dignidad. Ayon pa kay Jodhka, dahil sa pag-angat ng kalagayang pang-[[ekonomiya]] sa kontemporaryong Punjab, ang mga kasta ay hindi na nangangahulugan ng minanang [[hanapbuhay]], at ang mga ugnayan sa trabaho ay hindi na nakatali sa iisang lugar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jodhka |first1=Surinder S |date=11–17 Mayo 2002 |title=Caste and Untouchability in Rural Punjab |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=37 |issue=19 |pages=1813–1823 |jstor=4412102}}</ref> Noong 1953, pinagbigyan ng pamahalaan ng Indiya ang kahilingan ng pinuno na Sikh na si Maestero Tara Singh na isama ang mga kastang Dalit ng Sikh sa talaan ng mga kastang tinakda.<ref name="Harish K. Puri 2004">{{cite book |last=Puri |first=Harish K. |title=Dalits in Regional Context |date=2004 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-871-0 |language=en}}</ref> Sa Komiteng Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak, 20 sa 140 puwesto ay inilaan para sa mga Sikh mula sa mababang kasta.<ref name="Harish K. Puri 20042">{{cite book |last=Puri |first=Harish K. |title=Dalits in Regional Context |date=2004 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-871-0 |language=en}}</ref> Mahigit 60% ng mga Sikh ay kabilang sa kastang Jat,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rawat |first1=Ramnarayan S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alrgCwAAQBAJ&dq=Dalit+Studies&pg=PA9 |title=Dalit Studies |last2=Satyanarayana |first2=K. |date=2016-04-07 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-7431-2 |page=251 |language=en |type= |ol=27435967M |quote=They feared that the formation of a Sikh-majority province would further consolidate the power of the already dominant landowning Jat Sikhs, which would make their position in the rural society of Punjab even more vulnerable. After the 1966 reorganization of Punjab, the Jat Sikhs constituted nearly 60 percent of the population and the Hindus around 38 percent. |url-access=registration |ol-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ram |first=Ronki |date=2004 |title=Untouchability in India with a Difference: Ad Dharm, Dalit Assertion, and Caste Conflicts in Punjab |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2004.44.6.895 |journal=Asian Survey |language=en |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=897 |doi=10.1525/as.2004.44.6.895 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=10.1525/as.2004.44.6.895 |url-access=subscription |quote=Tradiyionally the majority of their followers have come from the Jat-Sikhs. According to an 1881 census, 66% of Sikhs were Jats, followed by Ramgarhia (carpenter) Sikhs (6.5%), and Chamar (cobbler and weaver) Sikhs (5.6%). The Khatris' share was only 2.2%.' Although Sikhs are prominently identified by a set of diacritical features, which they are supposed to follow according to the Rahatnama (the Sikh code of conduct), the Jat-Sikhs do not always observe them strictly.}}</ref> na isang kastang [[agraryo]]. Sa kabila ng maliit na bilang, ang mga kastang [[mangangalakal]] na Khatri at Arora ay may malaking impluwensiya sa loob ng pamayanang Sikh. Kabilang pa sa iba pang karaniwang kastang Sikh ang Saini, Ramgarhia (mga [[Artesano|artisano]]), Brahmin, Ahluwalia (dating mga tagapaggawa ng [[inumin]]), Rajput,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} India: Rajput Sikh religion |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be4214.html |access-date=4 Abril 2023 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Rai Sikh (Rai), Kamboj (kastang [[Pook na rural|rural]]), Labana, Kumhar, at ang dalawang kastang Dalit na kilala sa terminolohiyang Sikh bilang Mazhabi (mga Chuhra) at Ravidasia (mga Chamar).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sikhism (religion) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543916/Sikhism/253170/The-rejection-of-caste |access-date=25 Nobyembre 2014 |language=en}}</ref> === Diyasporang Sikh === Sa buong mundo, may humigit-kumulang 30 milyong Sikh,<ref name="Britannica">McLeod, William Hewat. 2019 [1998]. {{cite encyclopedia |title=Sikhism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism |access-date=7 Agosto 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 Nobyembre 2019 |title=Sikhs in Wolverhampton celebrate 550 years of Guru Nanak |language=en |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567}}</ref> na bumubuo sa 0.4% ng populasyon ng [[daigdig]]. Tinatayang 75% ng mga Sikh ay naninirahan sa Punjab, kung saan sila ay 57.7% ng populasyon ng [[estado]]. Maraming pamayanang Sikh ang lumipat sa mga karatig-estado, gaya ng Haryana sa Indiya, na tahanan ng ikalawang pinakamalaking populasyon ng Sikh sa bansa na may 1.1 milyong Sikh ayon sa senso noong 2001. Mayroon ding malalaking pamayanang imigrante ng Sikh sa iba’t ibang bahagi ng Indiya. Gayunman, ang mga Sikh ay bumubuo lamang ng humigit-kumulang 1.7% ng populasyon ng Indiya.<ref name="Singh Kalsi 2007 12">{{cite book |last=Singh Kalsi |first=Sewa |title=Sikhism |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000kals |date=2007 |publisher=Bravo Ltd |isbn=978-1-85733-436-4 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000kals/page/12 12] |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga Sikh sa labas ng Indiya ay naninirahan sa sentrong Anglospera, kabilang ang 771,790 sa Kanada (2.1% Sikh),<ref name="canadareligion2021" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 Oktubre 2022 |title=The Daily — The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm |access-date=26 Oktubre 2022 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca |language=en}}</ref> 524,140 sa Reyno Unido (0.9% Sikh),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2022 |website=ons.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> 280,000 sa Estados Unidos (0.1% Sikh),{{efn-lr|Habang hindi tinatanong sa senso ng Estados Unidos ang relihiyon,<ref>{{cite web|title= Does the Census Bureau have data for religion? |url=https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=18 Marso 2023|language=en}}</ref> 70,697 Amerikano (o {{Percentage|70,697|331,449,281|2}} ng kabuuang populasyon) ay idineklerang Sikh ang kanilang etnisidad noong senso ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title= Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=23 Setyembre 2023|language=en}}</ref> Sa senso ng 2021 ng Kanada, 194,640 taga-Kanada ang nagdeklera Sikh ang kanilang etnisidad habang 771,790 ang nagdeklera na Sikh ang kanilang relihiyon, na pinapahiwatig na ang populasyong Sikh sa Amerika ay maaarng nasa 280,329, o {{Percentage|280,329|331,449,281|2}} ng buong populasyon.<ref>{{cite web|title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population| date=9 Pebrero 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|publisher=Statistics Canada|language=en|access-date=23 Setyembre 2023}}</ref> Tinaya ng Kagawarang Senso ng Estados Unidos ang [[adulto]]ng populasyong Sikh sa 78,000 noong 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=United States Census Bureau|language=en|access-date=14 Abril 2023}}</ref> Tinaya ng Pew Research Center ang adultong populasyon ng Sikh sa Amerika sa 140,000 at kabuuang populasyon sa 200,000 noong 2012 habang tinaya ng World Religion Database sa [[Unibersidad ng Boston]] ang populasyong Sikh sa Amerika sa 280,000 noong 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=14 Abril 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="How Many U.S. Sikhs">{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 Agosto 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=18 Marso 2023|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga organisasyong Sikh tulad ng Sikh Coalition at American Sikh Congressional Caucus ay tinataya ang populasyong Sikh sa Amerika na hanggang 1,000,000 sa pinakamataas, subalit hindi nagbibigay ng sanggunian para sa bilang na ito;<ref>{{cite web|title=About Sikhs|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/|publisher=Sikh Coalition|access-date=14 Abril 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=H. RES. 275 - 118th Congress (2023-2024)| date=10 Abril 2023|language=en |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/275/text?s=1&r=1/|publisher=United States Congress|access-date=14 Abril 2023}}</ref><ref name="How Many U.S. Sikhs"/> Gayunpaman, 500,000 ang nanatiling pinakasiping laki ng populasyong Sikh sa Amerika sa midyang pambalita.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhism Reporter's Guide|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|publisher=Sikh Coalition|access-date=23 Hulyo 2023|archive-date=23 Hulyo 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723043536/https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref>{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sikh Community Today |url=https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-community-today|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=28 Marso 2023|quote="Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance |date=10 Agosto 2022 |language=en |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/08/10/american-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance/|publisher=Religion News Service|access-date=28 Marso 2023|quote="Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America:A History of Hate |date=4 Agosto 2017 |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias|publisher=ProPublica|language=en|access-date=28 Marso 2023|quote="There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California." }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Abril 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month |url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month|publisher=State of Michigan Office of the Governor|access-date=28 Marso 2023|language=en|quote="Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Want to know about Sikhism?|date=23 Mayo 2022 |url=https://www.wuwm.com/2022-05-23/want-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek|publisher=WUWM|language=en|access-date=28 Marso 2023|quote="There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief Introduction to Sikhism|date=5 Mayo 2021 |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago|publisher=WTTW|access-date=28 Marso 2023|quote="Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world’s fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today."|language=en}}</ref>}} Sa 1% ng Asyano-Amerikano ay Sikh, at 90.7% ng Amerikanong Sikh ay Asyano-Amerikano, ang populasyong Sikh sa Amerika ay maaaring tayahin sa mga 280,000 noong 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths|date=19 Hulyo 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/|publisher=Pew Research Center|language=en|access-date=14 Abril 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings|date=23 Oktubre 2020|url=https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|publisher=Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund|access-date=14 Abril 2023|archive-date=14 Abril 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414220224/https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES|url=https://data.census.gov/table?tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05|publisher=United States Census Bureau|language=en|access-date=14 Abril 2023}}</ref>}} 210,400 sa [[Australya]] (0.8% Sikh),<ref>{{cite web |author=Glenn |date=6 Setyembre 2012 |title=2011 Australian Census – Fastest Growing Religions |url=http://blog.id.com.au/2012/australian-census-2011/2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419034240/http://blog.id.com.au/2012/australian-census-2011/2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions/ |archive-date=19 Abril 2013 |access-date=2 Setyembre 2022 |publisher=Blog.id.com.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 Hunyo 2017 |title=2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80 |access-date=14 Agosto 2021 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |language=en}}</ref> at 40,908 sa [[Nuweba Selandiya]] (0.9% Sikh). Bagaman mahigit 125 taon na ang tanda ng mga pamayanang ito, karamihan sa mga Sikh sa Kanluran ay mga [[Imigrante|imigranteng]] unang, ikalawa, o ikatlong henerasyon. Ayon sa Senso ng Kanada noong 2021, mahigit kalahati ng mga Sikh sa Kanada ay matatagpuan sa isa sa apat na lungsod: [[Brampton, Ontario|Brampton]] (163,260),<ref name="bramptoncity2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 Oktubre 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Brampton, City (CY) Ontario [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00053521010&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=brampton |access-date=31 Oktubre 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |language=en}}</ref> [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]] (154,415),<ref name="surreycity2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 Oktubre 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00055915004&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=surrey |access-date=31 Oktubre 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |language=en}}</ref> [[Calgary]] (49,465),<ref name="calgarycity2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 Oktubre 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Calgary, City (CY) Alberta [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00054806016&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=calgary |access-date=31 Oktubre 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |language=en}}</ref> at [[Abbotsford, British Columbia|Abbotsford]] (38,395).<ref name="abbotsfordcity2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 Oktubre 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Abbotsford, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00055909052&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=abbotsford |access-date=31 Oktubre 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |language=en}}</ref> Lumipat din ang mga Sikh sa [[Silangang Aprika]], [[Gitnang Silangan]], at [[Timog-silangang Asya|Timog-Silangang Asya]]. Nabuo ang mga pamayanang ito habang umaalis ang mga Sikh mula sa Punjab upang punan ang mga kakulangan sa paggawa sa mga pamilihang paggawa ng mga [[imperyo]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ballantyne |first=Tony |title=Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World |url=https://archive.org/details/betweencoloniali0000ball |date=2006 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-3824-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/betweencoloniali0000ball/page/68 69]–74 |language=en}}</ref> ==Mga pananda== {{reflist|group=lower-roman}} {{reflist|group=nb}} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Sikhismo|*]] [[Kategorya:Monoteismo]] [[Kategorya:Mga relihiyong monoteistiko]] 5lq3rsgffz2osv0aobjmprtplso5s0o 0 49791 2204441 1908318 2026-04-23T09:26:41Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Barobo | sealfile = | locatormapfile = Ph_locator_surigao_del_sur_barobo.png | caption = Mapa ng [[Surigao del Sur]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Barobo. | region = [[Caraga|XIII]] ([[Caraga]]) | province = [[Surigao del Sur]] | districts = Ikalawang Distrito ng Surigao del Sur | barangays = 23 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = Atty. Berting Urbiztondo | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 36659 }} Ang '''Bayan ng Barobo''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Surigao del Sur]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surigao del Sur (Province, Philippines) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=http://citypopulation.de/en/philippines/mindanao/admin/1668__surigao_del_sur/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=citypopulation.de |language=en}}</ref> == Mga Barangay == Ang bayan ng Barobo ay nahahati sa 23 na mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Amaga * Bahi * Cabacungan * Cambagang * Causwagan * Dapdap * Dughan * Gamut * Javier * Kinayan * Mamis * Poblacion | valign="top" | * Guinhalinan * Rizal * San Jose * San Roque * San Vicente * Sua * Sudlon * Tambis * Talisay (bago) * Unidad * Wakat |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga Kawing Panlabas == * [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Surigao del Sur}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{pilipinas-stub}} byw8bkojpyt1ixtc27wd2c2kupehyxq 0 49793 2204428 1908908 2026-04-23T09:13:25Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Cagwait | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Surigao del Sur]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Cagwait. | region = [[Caraga|XIII]] ([[Caraga]]) | province = [[Surigao del Sur]] | districts = Unang Distrito ng Surigao del Sur | barangays = 11 | class = Ika-4 na Klase | mayor = Bonifacio G. Ondona | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 18577 }} Ang '''Bayan ng Cagwait''' ay isang ika-4 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Surigao del Sur]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ang Cagwait ay binaybay na "Cacuait" o "Caguait" noong panahon ng kolonyal na Espanyol at Amerikano. == Mga Barangay == Ang bayan ng Cagwait ay nahahati sa 11 mga [[barangay]]. * Aras-Asan * Bacolod * Bitaugan East * Bitaugan West * La Purisima (Palhe) * Lactudan * Mat-e * Poblacion * Tawagan * Tubo-tubo * Unidad ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga Kawing Panlabas == * [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Surigao del Sur}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{pilipinas-stub}} 8g939yjh7ebmq4gj8df5wg2ashq81eb 0 50035 2204403 2197268 2026-04-23T08:39:33Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Burgos | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Surigao del Norte]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Burgos. | region = [[Caraga|XIII]] ([[Caraga]]) | province = [[Surigao del Norte]] | districts = Unang Distrito ng Surigao del Norte | barangays = 6 | class = Ika-6 na Klase | mayor = Sulueta P. Rayos | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 3043 }} Ang '''Bayan ng Burgos''' ay isang ika-6 na klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Surigao del Norte]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ito ang pinakamaliit na munisipalidad sa lalawigan, kapwa sa populasyon at lawak. Ang Burgos ay isa sa dalawang pinakahilagang bayan ng Isla ng Siargao. Ang isa pa ay ang munisipalidad ng Santa Monica. Ang Burgos ay ginawang bayan noong Nobyembre 29, 1965, ngunit tumagal lamang hanggang Pebrero 17, 1966, bunga ng injunction na inihain ni dating Bise Presidente Emmanuel Pelaez sa Korte Suprema ng Pilipinas hinggil sa 77 bagong likhang bayan sa bansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burgos {{!}} SURIGAO DEL NORTE |url=https://surigaodelnorte.gov.ph/burgos/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mga Barangay == Ang bayan ng Burgos ay nahahati sa 6 na mga [[barangay]]. * Baybay * Bitaug * Matin-ao * Poblacion 1 * Poblacion 2 * San Mateo ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga Kawing Panlabas == *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Surigao del Norte}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{pilipinas-stub}} 70zspvjhr1ouoti2574nebja81dlwyt 0 50469 2204447 2185674 2026-04-23T09:33:15Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Bayang | sealfile = | locatormapfile = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | caption = Mapa ng [[Lanao del Sur]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Bayang. | region = Nagsasariling Rehiyon ng Muslim sa Mindanao (ARMM) | province = [[Lanao del Sur]] | districts = Ikalawang Distrito ng Lanao del Sur | mayor = Mohammad Aquil A. Mamainte | barangays = 49 | class = Ika-5 klase | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 21020 }} Ang '''Bayan ng Bayang''' ay isang ika-5 klaseng [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa senso noong 2020, mayroon itong populasyon na 28,023 katao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Authentication challenge pages |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=psa.gov.ph |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ang Bayang daw ay hango sa unang salita ng pambansang awit ng Pilipinas, binanggit ng ating mga panditas (natutunang tao) na ang Bayang ay isang Malay na termino ng anino o repleksyon, ay tumutukoy sa ating ninuno na si "Diwan" kung saan ang mga taga-Bayang ay kinilala bilang "Moriatao Diwan" (mga inapo ni Diwan). == Mga Barangay == Ang bayan ng Bayang ay nahahati sa 49 na mga [[barangay]]. {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * Bagoaingud * Bairan (Pob.) * Bandingun * Biabi * Bialaan * Cadayonan * Lumbac Cadayonan * Lalapung Central * Condaraan Pob. (Condaraan Dim) * Cormatan * Ilian * Lalapung Proper (Pob.) * Bubong Lilod * Linao * Linuk (Pob.) * Liong * Lumbac | valign="top" | * Mimbalawag * Maliwanag * Mapantao * Cadingilan Occidental * Cadingilan Oriental * Palao * Pama-an * Pamacotan * Pantar * Parao * Patong * Porotan * Rantian * Raya Cadayonan * Rinabor (Pob.) * Sapa | valign="top" | * Samporna (Pob.) * Silid * Sugod * Sultan Pandapatan * Sumbag (Pob.) * Tagoranao * Tangcal * Tangcal Proper (Pob.) * Tuca (Pob.) * Tomarompong * Tomongcal Ligi * Torogan * Lalapung Upper * Gandamato * Bubong Raya * Poblacion (Bayang) |} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga Kawing Panlabas == * [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Lanao del Sur}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] id38n98tdvbdrm72kaz9si9wh9xutjg 0 50474 2204400 2197270 2026-04-23T08:36:19Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine municipality 2 | infoboxtitle = Bayan ng Butig | sealfile = | locatormapfile = Ph_locator_lanao del sur_butig.png | caption = Mapa ng [[Lanao del Sur]] na nagpapakita sa lokasyon ng Butig. | region = Awtonomong Rehiyon sa Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) | province = [[Lanao del Sur]] | districts = Ikalawang Distrito ng Lanao del Sur | mayor = DIMNATANG BL. PANSAR TAGTOt | barangays = 16 | class = Ika-5 klase | areakm2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_total = 16283 }} Ang '''Butig''' (<small>pagbigkas:</small> bu•tíg) ay isang [[mga bayan ng Pilipinas|bayan]] sa [[mga lalawigan ng Pilipinas|lalawigan]] ng [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Pilipinas]]. Ayon sa census noong 2020, mayroon itong populasyon na 22,768 katao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, ito ay may populasyon na {{PH wikidata|population_total}} sa may {{PH wikidata|household}} na kabahayan. Ang sinauna at maharlikang bayan ng mga Maranao ay naging isang munisipalidad sa ilalim ng Executive Order No. 21 na inilabas noong Hunyo 25, 1963, sa panahon ng panunungkulan ni Pangulong Diosdado Macapagal. ==Mga Barangay== Ang bayan ng Butig ay nahahati sa 16 na mga [[barangay]]. <table border=0><tr> <td valign=top> * Ragayan * Butig Proper * Cabasaran * Coloyan * Dilimbayan * Dolangan * Pindolonan * Bayabao Poblacion * Poktan </td><td valign=top> * Raya * Samer * Sandab Madaya * Sundig * Tiowi * Timbab * Malungun </td></tr></table> == Kasaysayan == Naging isang ganap na bayan ang dating distrito munisipal ng Butig sa bisa ng Kautusang Tagapagpaganap Blg. 42 noong 25 Hunyo 1963.<ref>{{cite | url = http://www.gov.ph/downloads/1963/06jun/19630625-EO-0042-DM.pdf | title = Executive Order No. 42 | language = Ingles | access-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-date = 2016-10-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161012210052/http://www.gov.ph/downloads/1963/06jun/19630625-EO-0042-DM.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> === Sagupaang militar === Nagsagupaan noong 20 Pebrero 2016 ang [[Hukbong Sandatahan ng Pilipinas|hukbo ng pamahalaan]] at isang lokal na teroristang organisasyong kinilala bilang [[Maute Group]] na pinaniniwalaang may ugnayan sa [[Jemaah Islamiyah]], matapos tambangan ng teroristang pangkat ang 51st Infantry Battalion ng Sandatahan ng Pilipinas sa naturang bayan.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Romero|first1=Alexis|title=3 soldiers killed, 11 hurt in Lanao del Sur clash|url=http://www.philstar.com/nation/2016/02/26/1557058/3-soldiers-killed-11-hurt-lanao-del-sur-clash|accessdate=3 Marso 2016|work=[[The Philippine Star]]|date=26 Pebrero 2016|language = Ingles}}</ref> Natagpuan ang mga kagamitang may tatak ng [[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria]] nang makubkob ng militar ang kampo ng grupo noong 26 Pebrero 2016.<ref>{{cite news|language = Ingles| title=Troops overrun terrorists’ stronghold in Lanao del Sur|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/troops-overrun-terrorists-stronghold-in-lanao-del-sur/|accessdate=3 Marso 2016|agency=[[Philippine News Agency]]|publisher=[[Manila Bulletin]]|date=26 Pebrero 2016|language = Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|language = Ingles|title=Military gains control of Maute group’s lair in Butig, Lanao del Sur|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/557313/news/regions/military-gains-control-of-maute-group-s-lair-in-butig-lanao-del-sur|accessdate=3 Marso 2016|work=[[GMA News Online]]|publisher=[[GMA Network]]|date=1 Marso 2016}}</ref> May 2,000 residente ng bayan ang nagsilikas dulot ng naging sagupaan, kung saan 42 kasapi ng pangkat at tatlong kawal ng pamahalaan ang nasawi. ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} {{Lanao del Sur}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} 8uq33hv9i6tjyg857x5d6lhlt20ed1u 10 76615 2204424 1956180 2026-04-23T09:02:49Z JWilz12345 77302 2204424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodyclass = vcard | child = {{lc:{{{embed|}}}}} | decat = yes | titleclass = fn org | title = {{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{company_name|}}}|{{{websitename|}}}|<includeonly>{{PAGENAMEBASE}}</includeonly>}} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{if empty|{{{company_logo|}}}|{{{logo|}}}|{{{websitelogo|}}}}}|size={{{logo_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{logo_alt|}}}}} | caption1 = {{if empty|{{{logo_caption|}}}|{{{logocaption|}}}}} | image2 = {{#if:{{{collapsible|}}}|{{hidden 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}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 4pxnl1khy7gpp9621visfons8kluuqi 0 76698 2204271 2185561 2026-04-22T22:24:47Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|PTV-4|the television network|People's Television Network}} {{Infobox television station | name = PTV-4 Manila | callsign = DWGT-TV | location = [[Lungsod ng Quezon]] | country = Pilipinas | city = [[Lungsod ng Quezon]] | station_logo = | station_branding = ''PTV-4 Manila'' | analog = 4 ([[VHF]]) | digital = 14 ([[UHF]]) (''[[ISDB|ISDB-T]]'') (''Test broadcast'') | virtual = 4.01 (LCN) | subchannels = 04.01: PTV HD<br>04.02: PCOO TV<br>04.03: [[Salaam TV]]<br>04.31: PTV <small>([[1seg]])</small> | affiliations = [[People's Television Network|PTV]] | founded = {{Start date and age|1974|2|2}} | owner = [[People's Television Network|People's Television Network, Inc.]] | sister_stations = [[DZTV-TV]] ([[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation|IBC]])<br>[[DZRB-AM]] (Radyo Pilipinas 1) | callsign_meaning = '''DW'''<br>'''G'''overnment<br>'''T'''elevision (dating kahulugan) | former_callsigns = DZFM-TV (1961-1972)<br>DZXL-TV (1969-1972) | former_channel_numbers = '''Analog:'''<br> 11 (1961-1972) <br>'''Digital:'''<br>[[DZCE-TV|48]] (UHF) (2009–2015)<br>42 (UHF) (2015-2021) | former_affiliations = [[Philippine Broadcasting Service|PBS]] (1961-1972)<br>[[ABS-CBN]] (1969-1972) | power = '''Analog:''' 50 kW <br>'''Digital:''' 10 kW | effective_radiated_power = '''Analog:''' 500 kW '''Digital:''' 10 kW | coordinates = {{coord|14|39|16|N|121|2|45|E|type:landmark}} | homepage = [http://www.ptv.ph/ www.ptv.ph] }} Ang '''DWGT-TV''', channel 4, ay ang isang pangunahing pantelebisyon himpilang [[People's Television Network]] (PTV) sa [[Pilipinas]]. Ang kanilang istudyo at transmisor ay matatagpuan sa Broadcast Complex, Visayas Avenue, Brgy. Vasra, Diliman, [[Quezon City]]. ==Kasaysayan== Noong 1961, ang gobyerno ng Pilipinas, sa pamamagitan ng Philippine Broadcasting Service (ngayon ay Presidential Broadcast Service) ay nagtatag ng isang istasyon ng TV sa channel 10, DZRP-TV, na ibinahagi nito sa oras sa dalawa pang organisasyon. Pinondohan ito ng subsidy ng gobyerno ngunit nagkaroon ng maikling buhay dahil sa paglalaan ng dalas ng channel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=what's the story, pinoy tv? |url=http://geocities.com/pinoytv/earlydays.htm |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=geocities.com}}</ref> ==Digital television== ===Digital channels=== <!-- PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE INFORMATION BEYOND THIS AREA.--> UHF Channel 14 (473.143&nbsp;MHz) {| class="wikitable" |-ABS ! [[Digital subchannel#United States|Channel]] ! [[Display resolution|Video]] ! [[Aspect ratio (image)|Aspect]] ! [[Program and System Information Protocol#What PSIP does|PSIP Short Name]] ! Programming ! Note |- | 04.01 || rowspan=3|[[1080i]] || rowspan=3|[[16:9]] || '''PTV HD1''' || [[People's Television Network|PTV]] || rowspan=3| Test Broadcast |- | 04.02 || '''PTV SD1''' || PCOO TV |- | 04.03 || '''PTV SD2''' || [[Salaam TV]] |- | 04.04 || [[240p]] || [[4:3]] || '''PTV 1SEG''' || PTV 1Seg || [[1seg]] |- |} ==References== *{{cite web| url = http://www.geocities.com/pinoytv/index.htm| title = what's the story, pinoy tv?| accessdate = October 20, 2006| author = Anastacio & Badiola|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050908073707/http://www.geocities.com/pinoytv/index.htm|archivedate=2005-09-08}} ==See also== * [[People's Television Network]] * [[List of People's Television Network stations and channels]] {{Communications Group-Philippines}} {{PTV Luzon}} {{Metro Manila TV}} {{S-start}} {{succession box | before = [[DZXL-TV]]</small><br>(1969–1972) | title = DWGT-TV | years = (1974–present) | after = Incumbent }} {{S-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dwgt-Tv}} [[Kategorya:Television stations in Metro Manila]] [[Kategorya:People's Television Network stations]] [[Kategorya:People's Television Network]] [[Kategorya:Television channels and stations established in 1974]] [[Kategorya:Mga dihital na himpilang pantelebisyon sa Pilipinas]] {{Philippines-tv-stub}} 6i5u3fq8j6f61xvts1ous7v131mnbwt 0 86495 2204304 2202596 2026-04-23T00:14:47Z CommonsDelinker 1732 Replacing [[File:Facsimile_of_a_Minoan_fresco_(Knossos),_Woman_Carrying_an_Ivory_Pyxis,_by_Emile_Gilliéron_père,_1912.jpg]] with [[File:Facsimile_of_a_Mycenaean_fresco_(Tiryns),_Woman_Carrying_an_Ivory_Pyxis,_by_Emile_Gilliéron_père,_1912.jpg]] (by [[c:Us 2204304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox World Heritage Site |WHS = Mga Pook na Pang-arkeolohiya ng Mycenaen at ng [[Tiryns]] |Image = Lions-Gate-Mycenae.jpg |State Party = [[Gresya]] |Type = Pangkultura |Criteria = i, ii, iii, iv, vi |ID = 941 |Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europa at Hilagang Amerika]] |Coordinates = {{Coord|37.730833|N|22.756111|E}} |Year = 1999 |Session = Ika-23 |Link = |Extension = |Danger = }} [[Talaksan:Facsimile of a Mycenaean fresco (Tiryns), Woman Carrying an Ivory Pyxis, by Emile Gilliéron père, 1912.jpg|thumb|right|Larawan ng isang Misena o babaeng Miseno.]] Ang '''Mycenaen''' o '''Misenas''' ([[wikang Griyego|Griyego]]: {{lang|grc|Μυκῆναι}} ''Mykēnai'' o {{lang|grc|Μυκήνη}} ''Mykēnē''; [[wikang Kastila|Kastila]]: ''Micenas'') ay isang [[lugar na pang-arkeolohiya]] sa [[Gresya]], na tinatayang nasa 90&nbsp;km timog-kanluran ng [[Athens]], sa loob ng hilaga-silangan ng [[Peloponnese]]. Ang [[Argos]] ay 11&nbsp;km papunta sa timog; ang [[Corinth]], 48&nbsp;km pakanluran. Mula sa burol na kinalalagyan ng palasyo, matatanaw ang kahabaan mula sa [[Argolid]] hanggang sa [[Saronic Gulf|Tangway na Saroniko]]. Noong ika-2 milenyong BC, ang Mycenaen ay isa sa pangunahing mga sentro ng kabihasnang Griyego, isang matibay na tanggulang pangmilitar ([[portipikasyon|kuta]]) na nangibabaw sa katimugang Grasya. Ang kapanahunan ng [[kasaysayan ng Grasya]] magmula sa tinatayang 1600 BC magpahanggang sa 1100 BC ay tinatawag na '''Grasyang Miseno''' bilang pagtukoy sa Mycenaen. Sila ang pumalit sa [[kalinangang Minoano]]. == Pinagmulan ng mga Mycenaenyo == Pinagtatalunan pa rin sa kasalukuyan ang pinagmulan ng mga kalinangang Miseno. Ngunit natitiyak na sila ang ninuno ng mga Sinaunang Griyegong nasa pangunahing lupain ng Sinaunang Gresya. Partikular na umiiral na sila noong mga panahon na ititayo ang mga palasyo sa [[Kreta]] (o [[Creta]]). Walang dudang naimpluwensiyahan sila ng [[kabihasanang Kretano]]. Pinaniniwalaan din ng mga dalubhasang dating nakadepende o kabahagi ang kanilang lupain ng kabihasnan ng Kreta.<ref name=Gardner>{{cite-Gardner|''Homer's Mycenaeans''}}, ''Mycenaean Art'', ''The Art of the Prehistoric Aegean'', pahina 96.</ref> Isang bukod at natatanging sibilisasyong Miseno ang umiral na noong mga 1500 BK. Pagkaraan ng ilang mga [[daang taon]], nilarawan sila ni [[Homero]] bilang isang kabihasnang "mayaman sa ginto". Isa itong paglalarawan na napagtibay ng mga natuklasan ni [[Schliemann]] at ng iba pang mga manunuklas na sumunod sa kanyang mga yapak.<ref name=Gardner/> Noon pa mang 600 B.C.E., pinaniniwalaan nang may mga taong nagmula sa Timog-Kanlurang Asia ang nanirahan sa Isla ng Crete. Ang mga taga-Egypt ay dumayo rin sa Crete noong 3000 B.C.E.. Noong 2000 B.C.E., may mga pangkat na nanggaling salambak ng Danube na sumakop sa Greece. Tinawag nila ang kanilang sarili na Hellenes. Ang ''Hellenes'' ay hango sa salitang ''hellas'' , isang lugar sa kanlurang bahagi ng Greece. Ang kauna-unahang pamanayan na kanilang natagpuan ay ang Islang Crete na rehyon ng Aegean. Pinamumunuan ito ni Haring Minos. Ang Crete ay nasa estrahikong lokasyon kung kaya naging masigla ang kalakalan dito. Dito ang hintuan ng mga mangangalakal na nagyayao't parito sa pagitan ng Europe at Africa. Ang sibilisasyong nalinang sa Crete ay tinawag na Minoan bilang parangal kay Haring Minos. Si Haring Minos ay nakapagtayo sa isang kahariang sumakop sa karatig-isla ng Greece at nakontrol nito ang mgarutang pangkalakalan. Bantog din ang Greece sa larangan ng pagbabarko. Sinabing ang unang pinakapamatibay na barko ay ginawa sa pamamahala ni Haring Minos. ==Dinastiyang Perseid== Ayon sa mga klasikong [[mitolohiyang Griyego]], ang Mycenae ay itinatag ni [[Perseus]] na apo ni haring [[Acrisius]] ng [[Argos]]. Si Perseus ang anak na lalake ng anak na babae ni Acrisius na si [[Danaë]]. Sa akisenteng pagpatay ni Perseus sa kanyang lolo, hindi maaari at hindi namana ni Perseus ang trono ng Argos. Sa halip, kanyang isinaayos ang isang pagpapalitan ng mga askop sa kanyang pinsang si [[Megapenthes]] at naging hari ng [[Tiryns]] at si Megapenthes ay kumuha ng Argos. Dito, ay kanyang itinatag ang Mycenae at nagharing magsanib ng mga kaharian mula sa Mycenae. Pinakasalan ni Perseus si Andromeda at nagkaroon ng maraming mga anak ngunit sa paglipas ng panahon ay nakipagdigmaan sa Argos at napatay ni Megapenthes. Ang kanyang anak na si Electryon ang naging ikalawa ng dinastiya ngunit ang paghalili ay tinutulan ng mga Taphian sa ilalim ni Pterelaos na isa pang Perseid na nagasalto sa Mycena at sa pagkakatalo ay umurong kasama ng mga baka. Ang mga baka ay nabawi ni Amphitryon na isang apo ni Perseus ngunit kanyang napatay ng aksidente ang kanyang tiyuhin ng isang club sa isang insidente ng magulong mga baka. Ang trono ay napuntay kay Sthenelaus na ikatlo sa dinastiya at isang anak ni Perseus. ==Mga sanggunian== {{Reflist}} [[Kategorya:Sinaunang Gresya]] [[Kategorya:Mga sinaunang Griyego]] [[Kategorya:Kasaysayan ng Gresya]] [[Kategorya:Mga sinaunang siyudad na Griyego]] oicz5pdhkdnxzep47wuju0m2xs73za8 0 91631 2204269 2088008 2026-04-22T22:03:04Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204269 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''Sheol''' (Ingles: ''Sheol'') [[Wikang Hebreo]] {{Hebrew|שְׁאוֹל}} ''Šʾôl'') na isinalin bilang "libingan", "hukay" o "tirahan ng mga namatay" ay ang kinikilalang [[tirahan ng mga patay]] o [[mundong ilalim]] sa paniniwalang Hudyo. Ito ang lugar na patutunguhan ng mga namatay(Kaw. 9:18) ng parehong mga matuwid(hal. Awit 49:15) at mga masama(hal. Awit 9:17).<ref name=Biblia>{{cite-Biblia|Tirahan ng mga patay, Seol}}, pahina 63.</ref> ==Mga salin== Sa saling Griyegong [[Septuagint]] ng Hebreong [[Tanakh]], ang sheol ay isinalin ng 61 sa 65 beses na Griyegong ''[[Hades]]'', 2 beses na thanatos(kamatayan) at 2 beses nang hindi isinalin. Sa ika-17 na siglong salin ng [[Bibliya]] sa Ingles na [[King James Version]], ang ''Sheol'' sa Lumang Tipan ay isinalin na "[[impiyerno]]"(hell) ng 31 beses, <ref>Deut. 32:22, Deut. 32:36a & 39, II Sam. 22:6, Job 11:8, Job 26:6, Psalm 9:17, Psalm 16:10, Psalm 18:5, Psalm 55:15, Psalm 86:13, Ps. 116:3, Psalm 139:8, Prov. 5:5, Prov. 7:27, Prov. 9:18, Prov. 15:11, Prov. 15:24, Prov. 23:14, Prov. 27:20, Isa. 5:14, Isa. 14:9, Isa. 14:15, Isa. 28:15, Isa. 28:18, Isa. 57:9, Ezek. 31:16, Ezek. 31:17, Ezek. 32:21, Ezk. 32:27, Amos 9:2, Jonah 2:2, Hab. 2:5</ref> "libingan"(grave) ng 31 beses<ref> Gen. 37:35, Gen. 42:38, Gen. 44:29, Gen. 44:31, I Sam. 2:6, I Kings 2:6, I Kings 2:9, Job 7:9, Job 14:13, Job 17:13, Job 21:13, Job 24:19, Psalm 6:5, Psalm 30:3, Psalm 31:17, Psalm 49:14, Psalm 49:14, Psalm 49:15, Psalm 88:3, Psalm 89:48, Prov. 1:12, Prov. 30:16, Ecc. 9:10, Song 8:6, Isa. 14:11, Isa. 38:10, Isa. 38:18, Ezek. 31:15, Hosea 13:14, Hosea 13:14, Psalm 141:7</ref> at "hukay"(pit) ng 3 beses.<ref>Num. 16:30, Num. 16:33, Job 17:16</ref> Sa mga modernong [[salin ng Bibliya]], ang sheol ay hindi isinalin na impiyerno kundi "libingan", "hukay" at "kamatayan". ==Mga talata sa Lumang Tipan== ===Kinaroroonan ng Sheol=== *Isaias 14:12, "Ang iyong kahambugan ay nababa sa Sheol pati ng tunog ng iyong mga biola: ang uod ay nangangalat sa ilalim mo, at tinatakpan ka ng mga uod." *Job 17:13-16, "Kung aking hanapin ang Sheol na parang aking bahay; kung aking ilatag ang aking higaan sa kadiliman: Kung sinabi ko sa kapahamakan: ikaw ay aking ama: sa uod: ikaw ay aking ina, at aking kapatid na babae; Nasaan nga ang aking pagasa? At tungkol sa aking pagasa, sinong makakakita? Lulusong sa mga pangawan ng Sheol, pagtataglay ng kapahingahan sa alabok." *Genesis 37:35, "At nagsitindig ang lahat niyang mga anak na lalake at babae upang siya'y aliwin; datapuwa't tumanggi siyang maaliw; at kaniyang sinabi, Sapagka't bababa akong tumatangis sa aking anak hanggang sa Sheol. At tinangisan siya ng kaniyang ama." *Genesis 44:29, "At kung inyong kunin pa ang isang ito sa akin, at may mangyaring sakuna sa kaniya, ay inyong ibababa ang aking uban sa Sheol na may kapanglawan." *Bilang 16:29-34, "Kung ang mga taong ito ay mamatay sa karaniwang kamatayan ng lahat ng tao, o kung sila'y dalawin ayon sa karaniwang pagdalaw sa lahat ng tao; ay hindi nga ako sinugo ng Panginoon. Nguni't kung ang Panginoon ay lumikha ng isang bagong bagay, na anopa't ibuka ng lupa ang kaniyang bibig, at sila'y lamunin, sangpu ng buong nauukol sa kanila, at sila'y ibabang mga buhay sa Sheol; ay inyo ngang mapagkikilala na minungkahi ng mga taong ito ang Panginoon. At nangyari, na pagkatapos na masalita niya ang lahat ng salitang ito, na ang lupa na nasa ilalim nila ay bumuka: At ibinuka ng lupa ang kaniyang bibig at nilamon sila, at ang kanilang mga sangbahayan, at ang lahat ng lalake na nauukol kay Core, at lahat ng kanilang pag-aari. Na anopa't sila at lahat ng nauukol sa kanila, ay nababang buhay sa Sheol: at sila'y pinagtikuman ng lupa, at sila'y nalipol sa gitna ng kapisanan. At ang buong Israel na nasa palibot nila ay tumakas sa hiyaw nila; sapagka't kanilang sinabi, Baka pati tayo'y lamunin ng lupa. ===Mga nasa Sheol=== *Job 30:23, "Sapagka't talastas ko na iyong dadalhin ako sa kamatayan, at sa bahay na takda sa lahat na may buhay. " *Awit 89:48, "Sinong tao ang mabubuhay at hindi makakakita ng kamatayan, na magliligtas ng kaniyang kaluluwa sa kapangyarihan ng Sheol? (Selah)" *Awit 141:7, "Gaya ng kung inaararo at nabubungkal ang lupa, gayon ang aming mga buto ay nangangalat sa bibig ng Sheol." *Isaias 14:9, "Ang Sheol mula sa ibaba ay nakikilos sa iyo upang salubungin ka sa iyong pagdating; nangapupukaw ang mga patay dahil sa iyo, sa makatuwid baga'y ang lahat na pinakapangulo sa lupa; nagsitindig mula sa kanilang mga luklukan ang lahat ng hari ng mga bansa." *Awit 139:8, "Kung sumampa ako sa langit, nandiyan ka: kung gawin ko ang aking higaan sa Sheol, narito, ikaw(Panginoon) ay nandoon." ===Panahon sa Sheol=== *Job 7:9, "Kung paanong ang ulap ay napapawi at nawawala, gayon siyang bumababa sa Sheol ay hindi na aahon pa." *Awit 30:3, " Oh Panginoon, iyong isinampa ang aking kaluluwa mula sa Sheol: iyong iningatan akong buhay, upang huwag akong bumaba sa hukay."(Maaring ito ay piguratibo dahil hindi siya literal na namatay o inilibing). *Job 10:21-22, "Bago ako manaw doon na hindi ako babalik, sa lupain ng kadiliman at ng lilim ng kamatayan; Ang lupain na dilim, na gaya ng salimuot na kadiliman; lupain ng lilim ng kamatayan, na walang anomang ayos, at doon sa ang liwanag ay gaya ng salimuot na kadiliman." *1 Samuel 2:6, "Ang Panginoo'y pumapatay, at bumubuhay: Siya ang nagbababa sa Sheol, at nagsasampa. " ===Kalagayan ng mga nasa Sheol=== *Awit 6:5, "Sapagka't sa kamatayan ay walang alaala sa iyo; sa Sheol ay sinong mangagpapasalamat sa iyo?" *Awit 31:17, "Huwag nawa akong mapahiya, Oh Panginoon; sapagka't ako'y tumawag sa iyo: mapahiya nawa ang masama, magsitahimik nawa sila sa Sheol." *Eclesiastes 9:10, "Anomang masumpungang gawain ng iyong kamay, gawin mo ng iyong kapangyarihan; sapagka't walang gawa, ni katha man, ni kaalaman man, ni karunungan man, sa Sheol, na iyong pinaparunan." *Isaias 38:18, "Sapagka't hindi ka maaring purihin ng Sheol, hindi ka maaring ipagdiwang ng kamatayan! Silang nagsisibaba sa hukay ay hindi makaaasa sa iyong katotohanan." *Awit 88:10-12, "Magpapakita ka ba ng mga kababalaghan sa mga patay? Sila bang mga patay ay magsisibangon, at magsisipuri sa iyo? (Selah) Ang iyo bang kagandahang-loob ay ipahahayag sa libingan? O ang iyong pagtatapat sa kagibaan? Malalaman ba ang mga kababalaghan mo sa dilim? At ang katuwiran mo sa lupain ng pagkalimot? " *Awit 115:17, "Ang patay ay hindi pumupuri sa Panginoon, ni sinomang nabababa sa katahimikan;" *Awit 94:17, "Kundi ang Panginoon ay naging aking katulong, ang kaluluwa ko'y tumahang madali sana sa katahimikan." *Ezekiel 32:21, Ang malakas sa gitna ng makapangyarihan ay magsasalita sa kaniya na mula sa gitna ng Sheol na kasama ng nagsitulong sa kaniya: sila'y nagsibaba, sila'y nangakatigil, sa makatuwid baga'y ang mga hindi tuli, na nangapatay ng tabak. *Awit 116:3, " Ang tali ng kamatayan ay pumulupot sa akin, at ang mga sakit ng Sheol ay nagsihawak sa akin: aking nasumpungan ang kabagabagan at kapanglawan. " *Isaias 14:10, "Silang lahat ay magsisisagot at mangagsasabi sa iyo, Pati ba ikaw ay naging mahinang gaya namin? ikaw ba'y naging gaya namin?" *Awit 88:4-5, " Ako'y nabilang sa kanila na nagsisibaba sa hukay; ako'y parang taong walang lakas: Nakahagis sa gitna ng mga patay, gaya ng napatay na nakahiga sa libingan, na hindi mo na inaalaala; at sila'y mangahiwalay sa iyong kamay. " *Isaias 38:10, "Aking sinabi, Sa katanghalian ng aking mga kaarawan ay papasok ako sa mga pintuan ng Sheol: Ako'y nabawahan sa nalalabi ng aking mga taon." *Isaias 38:17, "Narito, sa aking ikapapayapa ay nagtamo ako ng malaking paghihirap: Nguni't ikaw, sa pagibig mo sa aking kaluluwa ay iyong iniligtas sa hukay ng kabulukan; Sapagka't iyong itinapon ang lahat ng aking mga kasalanan sa iyong likuran." ===Kahahantungan ng Sheol=== *Hosea 13:14, "Aking tutubusin sila mula sa kapangyarihan ng Sheol; aking tutubusin sila mula sa kamatayan. Oh kamatayan, saan nandoon ang iyong mga salot? Oh Sheol, ako ang iyong magiging kawasakan? pagsisisi ay malilingid sa aking mga mata." ==Mga pananaw== Pangkalahatang inaayunan ng mga skolar gayundin sa Hudaismo na ang ''sheol'' ay hindi tumutukoy sa "lugar ng walang hanggang kaparusahan"(o [[impiyerno]] sa doktrinang [[Kristiyanismo]]) kundi sa "libingan", temporaryong tirahan ng mga namatay, at [[mundong ilalim]].<ref>New Bible Dictionary third edition, IVP 1996. Articles on "Hell", "Sheol".</ref> Sa [[Bagong Tipan]], ang pariralang "לא־תעזב נפשׁי לשׁאול" (hindi mo iiwan ang aking kaluluwa sa Sheol) sa Awit 16:10 ay sinipi sa Mga Gawa 2:27 bilang "οὐκ ἐγκαταλείψεις τὴν ψυχήν μου εἰς ᾅδου" (hindi mo iiwan ang kaluluwa ko sa Hades). Sa [[King James Version]], ang Mga Gawa 2:27 ay isinalin na "thou wilt not leave my soul in hell(impiyerno)". Sa [[textus receptus]] na pinagbasehan ng [[King James Version]], ang "ᾅδης" (Hades) ay lumitaw ng 11 beses. Sa bawat instansiya, isinalin ng King James Version ang Hades bilang "hell"(impiyerno) maliban sa 1 Cor. 15:55 kung saan ginamit ang "grave"(libingan). Sa mga edisyong kritikal ng 1 Cor. 15:55, ang "θάνατος" (kamatayan) ay pumalit sa "ᾅδης"(Hades).<ref>[http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/GNT/Corinth1.html Greek New Testament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108054407/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/GNT/Corinth1.html |date=2008-11-08 }}; cf. [http://www.biblicaltheology.org/hades.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331140650/http://www.biblicaltheology.org/hades.pdf |date=2023-03-31 }} The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. II:1314-1315. [1915].</ref> Sa mga modernong salin kung saan ay mayroon lamang 10 instansiya ng "ᾅδης" ay pangkalahatang tinranslitera bilang "Hades". Sa modernong salin na [[NIV]] ng Mga Gawa 2:27, ito ay isinalin na "you will not abandon me to the realm of the dead". Sa lahat ng mga paglitaw ng hades sa Bagong Tipan maliban sa isa, ang "ᾅδης"(hades) ay may kaunti kung meron mang anumang kaugnayan sa mga gantimpala o parusa sa [[kabilang buhay]]. Ang eksepsiyon nito ang Talinghaga ni Lazaro at isang mayaman(Lucas 16:19-31) kung saan ay natagpuan ng mayaman ang kanyang sarili sa Hades at nagdurusa. Ang ilang mga skolar ay naniniwala na ang talinghagang ito ay sumasalamin sa pananaw na Hudyo noong panahong [[intertestamental]] ng sheol o hades na naglalaman ng magkahiwalay na mga dibisyon para sa masama at matuwid.<ref>New Bible Dictionary 3rd edition, IVP Leicester 1996. "Sheol".</ref> Sa Bagong Tipan, ang isinaling "impiyerno" ng mga tagapagsalin ng Bibliya ay tipikal na inilalarawan gamit ang mga salitang Griyegong [[Tartarus]] o [[Hades]](na isinalin sa [[Septuagint]] mula sa Hebreong Sheol) o ang salitang Hebreo na [[Gehenna]]. Ang Gehenna o "lambak ng Hinnom" ay aktuwal na lokasyon na orihinal na handugan ng mga tao sa diyos na si Moloch, ngunit kalaunang naging tambakan at sunugan ng basura at mga bangkay ng mga kriminal na nagkamit lamang ng kahulugang metaporikal noong panahong [[intertestamental]]. Sa Marcos 9:47-48, ang ''Gehenna''(na isinaling "impiyerno") ay inilarawan na "na doo'y hindi namamatay ang kanilang [[maggot]], at hindi namamatay ang apoy". ==Tingnan din== *[[Impiyerno]] *[[Hades]] *[[Limbo]] *[[Purgatoryo]] *[[Kabilang buhay]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{Hell}} [[Kaurian:Mga pook sa Bibliya]] [[Kategorya:Impiyerno]] [[Kategorya:Teolohiyang Hudyo]] mmuuqcf7nfekcx9f2jkzgwiy12texcg 0 94257 2204387 2084957 2026-04-23T07:54:59Z Jojit fb 38 Inilipat ni Jojit fb ang pahinang [[Moro (Pilipinas)]] sa [[Mga Moro]] 2084957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|Moro noong panahong [[mediebal]]|Moro}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Mga Moro<br />Bangsamoro people | flag = Flag of Bangsamoro.svg | flag_caption = [[Watawat ng Bangsamoro]] | population = 5 milyon<ref name=2013ifr>{{cite report|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/eap/222161.htm|title=Philippines|at=SECTION I. RELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY|work=2013 Report on International Religious Freedom|date=28 July 2014|publisher=United States Department of State|quote=The 2000 survey states that Islam is the largest minority religion, constituting approximately 5 percent of the population. A 2012 estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF), however, states that there are 10.7 million Muslims, which is approximately 11 percent of the total population.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2004/35425.htm|title=Philippines|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> | poptime = | popplace = [[Pilipinas]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Brunei]] | langs = [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles]], [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]]<br />[[Wikang Maguindanao|Maguindanao]], [[Wikang Maranao|Maranao]], [[Wikang Tausug|Tausug]], [[Wikang Arabe|Arabe]], [[Wikang Gitnang Bikol|Gitnang Bikol]], [[Wikang Yakan|Yakan]], [[Wikang Sama|Sama]], [[Wikang Iranun|Iranun]], [[Wikang Chavacano|Chavacano]], [[Wikang Sebwano|Sebwano]], [[Wikang Malay|Malay]] at ibang [[mga wika ng Pilipinas]] | rels = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref name="Arnold2011">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgWnN4hyjoQC&pg=PA3 |title=The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 1902–1913 |last=Arnold |first=James R. |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-60819-365-3 |pages=3–}}</ref> }} Tumutukoy ang '''mga Moro''' sa isang populasyon ng mga [[Muslim]] sa [[Pilipinas]], na binubuo ang isang malaking pangkat ng hindi [[Kristiyano]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Analysis: Philippines, Philippines: Insecurity and insufficient assistance hampers return'' |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/8165796a8b37db4ec1256d83004cfb65 |access-date=2009-06-25 |archive-date=2009-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915222951/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/8165796a8b37db4ec1256d83004cfb65 |url-status=dead }}</ref> na binubuo ng mga 5.25% ng bahagi ng populasyon.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/philippines/38.htm ''Philippines - Muslim Filipinos'']</ref> ==Tingnan din== *[[Mga pangkat etniko sa Pilipinas]] *[[Islam sa Pilipinas]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga pangkat-etniko sa Pilipinas]] {{pilipinas-stub}} ex937tfdr23lk55qro9aaydoffwkazw 0 98740 2204452 2201063 2026-04-23T10:05:07Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Scientist | name = Alan Mathison Turing | image = Turing statue Surrey.jpg | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|6|23|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Maida Vale]], London, England, United Kingdom | death_date = {{Death date and age|1954|6|7|1912|6|23|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Wilmslow]], Cheshire, England, United Kingdom | nationality = British | field = [[Mathematics]], [[Cryptanalysis]], [[Computer science]] | work_institutions = University of Cambridge<br />[[Government Code and Cypher School]]<br />[[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory]]<br />[[University of Manchester]] | alma_mater = [[King's College, Cambridge]]<br />[[Princeton University]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Alonzo Church]] | doctoral_students = [[Robin Gandy]] | known_for = [[Halting problem]]<br />[[Turing machine]]<br />[[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma]]<br />[[Automatic Computing Engine]]<br />[[Turing Award]]<br />[[Turing Test]]<br />[[Turing pattern]]s | prizes = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />[[Fellow of the Royal Society]] }} Si '''Alan Mathison Turing''', <small>[[Orden ng Imperyong Britaniko|OBE]]</small>, <small>[[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]</small> ({{pronEng|ˈtjʊ (ə)rɪŋ}}) (23 Hunyo 1912&nbsp;– 7 Hunyo 1954) ay isang [[Gran Britanya|Briton]] na [[matematiko]], [[lohiko]] (o [[lohisyano]]), [[kriptoanalisis|kriptoanalista]] at [[agham pangkompyuter|siyentista ng kompyuter]]. Kanyang naimpluwensiyahan ang pagpapaunlad ng [[agham pangkompyuter]], pagbibigay ng pormalisasyon ng mga konsepto ng "[[algoritmo]]" at "[[komputasyon]]" sa isang [[makinang Turing]], na malaki ang ginampananang papel sa pagkakalikha ng modernong kompyuter. Si Turing ay itinuturing na ama ng ''[[agham pangkompyuter]]'' at ''[[Intelehensiyang artipisyal]]''. Sa panahon ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]], si "Turing" ay naglingkod at minsang naging pinuno ng Hut 8 sa ''Government Code and Cypher School'' sa Bletchley Park, isang sentro sa Britanya na responsable sa pagbasag ng mga sekretong kodigo ng mga [[Aleman]] noong panahon ni [[Adolf Hitler]]. Siya ay lumikha ng ilang tekniko sa pagbasag ng mga [[sipero]] ([[algoritmo]] ng [[enkripsiyon]]) ng Alemanya kabilang ang paraan ng elektromekanikal na makinang [[bombe]] na makakahanap ng mga kompigurasyon ng makinang [[Enigma]] (ang makinang ginamit ng pamahalaan at militar ng Alemanya upang ilihim ang mga pinadadalang mensahe ng kanilang mga sundalo). Pagkatapos ng digmaan, siya ay nagtrabaho sa Pambansang Laboratoryong Pisikal (''National Physical Laboratory''), kung saan kanyang nilikha ang isa sa mga unang na disenyo ng ACE, na isang "inilalaang programang pangkompyuter" (''stored program''). Tungo sa huling bahagi ng kanyang buhay, si Turing ay naging interesado sa matematikang biyolohikal. Siya ay sumulat ng isang papel tungkol sa kemikal na batayan ng morpohenesis (''morphogenesis'') at kanyang hinulaan ang isang umiikot na reaksiyong kemikal tulad ng [[reaksiyong Belousov-Zhabotinsky]], na unang napagmasdan at napatunayan noong dekada 1960. Ang [[homoseksuwalidad]] ni Turing ay nagresulta sa isang kriminal na pag-uusig noong 1952, kung saan ang homoseksuwalidad sa mga panahong ito ay itinuturing pang ilegal sa [[Britanya]]. Kanyang tinanggap ang parusang paginom ng mga pambabaeng hormone (estrogen) kapalit ng parusang pagkakabilanggo. Siya ay namatay noong 1954 mula sa pagkalasyon ng [[cyanide]], mga dalawang linggo bago ang kanyang ika-apatnapu't dalawang (42) kaarawan. Natukoy ng isang pagsusuri na ang kamatayan ni Turing ay isang [[pagpapatiwakal]] ngunit ang kanyang ina ay naniniwalang ito'y isang aksidental na kamatayan. Noong 10 Setyembre 2009, pagkatapos ng isang kampanya sa [[internet]], humingi ng patawad ang Punong Ministro ng Britanya na si [[Gordon Brown]] sa ngalan ng pamahalaan ng Britanya sa nangyaring pagtrato kay Turing pagkatapos ng digmaan. == Talambuhay == === Kabataan === [[Talaksan:Turing Plaque.jpg|thumbnail|Isang plakang pag-alala na nagmamarka sa naging tirahan ni Alan Turing sa Wilmslo, Cheshire, Inglatera]] Si Alan Turing ay ipinaglihi sa [[India]]. Ang kanyang amang si Julius Mathison Turing, ay isang miyembro sibil na paglilingkod sa India. Ang kanyang mga magulang na si Julius at Ethel Sara Stoney (1881–1976, na anak na babae ni Edward Waller Stoney, punong inhinyero ng ​​Madras Railways) ay nagnais na palakihin ang kanilang magiging anak na si Alan sa Inglatera, kaya sila bumalik sa Maida Vale, London, kung saan ipinanganak si Alan Turing noong 23 Hunyo 1912. Si Alan ay mayroong kuya na nagngangalang John. Dahil sa ang paglilingkod sibil sa India ng kanyang ama ay aktibo pa rin sa mga panahong ito, ang mga magulang ni Alan ay madalas maglakbay sa pagitan ng Hastings, Inglatera at India, kung saan ang kanilang dalawang anak ay iniwan na manatali sa tahanan ng isang retiradong mag-asawang sundalo. Sa murang edad pa lang ay kinakitaan na si Alan Turing ng mga palatandaan ng pagiging isang [[henyo]] na kanyang ipinamalas sa kanyang pagtanda. Si Turing ay ipinasok ng kanyang mga magulang sa St Michael, isang paaralan sa 20 Charles Road, St. Leonards on Sea, sa edad na anim na. Ang punong guro ay napansin ang katalinuhan ni Turing sa simula pa lamang gayundin ang mga ibang pang mga naging kanyang guro. Noong 1926, sa edad na 14, siya ay nag-aral sa Sherborne School, isang tanyag na independiyenteng paaralan sa isang palengkeng bayan sa Sherborne sa Dorset. Ang kanyang unang pagpasok sa paaral ay naging kasabay ng isang malawakang protesta sa Britanya ngunit dahil siya ay determinado na pumasok sa unang araw, siya'y nagtungo sa paaralan na higit 60 milya ang layo mula sa Southampton gamit ang isang bisekleta at humihinto tuwing gabi sa isang paupahang tuluyan. Ang pagkahilig ni Turing sa matematika at agham ay hindi nagdulot sa kanya ng paggalang mula sa ilang mga guro sa Sherborne, dahil sa ang paaralang ito ay nagbibigay diin sa pagaaral ng mga klasiko. Ang kanyang punong-guro ay sumulat pa sa kanyang mga magulang na nagsasaad na: " ''Umaasa ako na hindi siya mahulog sa pagitan ng dalawang upuan. Kung siya ay mananatili sa isang pampublikong paaralan, siya ay dapat magnais na matuto. Kung siya ay nagnanais lamang na maging spesyalistang siyentipiko, kanya lamang sinasayang ang kanyang panahon sa isang pampublikong paaralan''". Sa kabila nito, si Turing ay patuloy na nagpakita ng kahanga hangang kakayahan sa mga mga paksang kanyang minamahal, ang paglutas ng mga mahirap na problema sa [[calculus]] noong 1927 kahit hindi siya nag-aral ng panimulang calculus. Noong 1928, sa edad na 16, natagpuan ni Turing ang mga isinulat ni Albert Einstein. Hindi niya lamang ito naunawaan, kanya ring nasagot ang pagtatanong ni Einstein sa mga [[batas ni Newton ng mosyon]] sa isang aklat na hindi dito hayagang inihayag. Ang pagsisikap ni Turing sa kanyang pag-aaral ay tumindi dahil sa malapit na pagkakaibigang nabuo sa pagitan niya at ng isa pang mas matandang estudyante na nagngangalang Christoper Morcom. Si Morcom ang unang lalaking minahal ni Turing, ngunit ito ay biglaang namatay mga ilang linggo bago matapos ang kanilang huling semestro sa Sherborne. Si Morcom ay namatay mula sa komplikasyon ng tuberkolosis na nakukuha sa isang baka, na nakuha nito matapos uminom ng isang gatas sa isang may sakit na baka noong ito'y bata pa lamang. Dahil sa pangyayaring ito, ang pananampalatayang panrelihiyon ni Turing ay nawala at siya'y naging isang [[ateista]]. Tinanggap ni Turing na ang lahat ng pangyayari sa mundo, kabilang na ang mga galaw ng utak ng tao, ay may materyal na paliwanag ngunit siya ay naniniwala pa rin sa pag-iral ng espirito ng isang tao pagkatapos mamatay. === Edukasyon sa unibersidad at mga pagsasaliksik ni Turing === [[Talaksan:Alan Turing Memorial Closer.jpg|thumb|right|Estatwang pag-ala ala kay Alan Turing]] Pagkatapos mag-aral sa Sherborne, si Turing ay nag-aral sa King's College sa [[Unibersidad ng Cambridge]]. Siya ay nagaral dito mula sa 1931 hanggang 1934, at nakakapagtapos kung saan kanyang nakamit ang pangunahing mga parangal sa Matematika. Noong 1935, siya ay inihalal na kapanalig (fellow) sa King's College dahil sa naging impluwensiya ng kanyang tesis tungkol sa [[central limit theorem]]. Noong 1928, Ang Alemang matematiko na si [[David Hilbert]] ay tumawag ng pansin sa ''[[Entscheidungsproblem]]'' (problema ng desisyon). Sa mahusay na papel na isinulat ni Turing na "''On Computable Numbers (mga bilang na matutukoy ng isang nagwawakas na algoritmo), with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem''" (na kanyang isinumite noong 28 Mayo 1936 at itinanghal noong 12 Nobyembre), kanyang binago ang mga resulta na isinulat ng matematikong si [[Kurt Godel]] noong 1931 tungkol sa limitasyon ng pagpapatunay (proof) at komputasyon, kung saan pinalitan ni Turing ang pangkalahatang nakabatay-sa-aritmetikang pormal na lenggwahe ng isang [[makinang Turing]], na mga makinang pormal at simple. Pinatunayan ni Turing na ang makinang Turing ay may kakayahang gumawa ng anumang pagkukuwenta kung ito ay maisasalarawan bilang isang [[algoritmo]]. Kanya ding pinatunayan na walang solusyon sa Entscheidungsproblem sa pamamagitan ng pagpapakita na ang [[paghintong problema]] (halting problem) sa isang makinang Turing ay hindi madedesisyonan o hindi malalaman kung ito ay hihinto. Bagaman ang pagpapatunay ni Turing ay inilimbag pagkatapos ng parehong pagpapatunay na ginawa ng matematikong si [[Alonzo Church]] tungkol sa kanyang [[kalkulong lambda]], walang kaalaman si Turing sa isinulat ni Alonzo Church. Ang paraan ni Turing ng pagpapatunay (proof) ay itinuring na mas magagamit at mas mahusay. Ang ideya ni Turing ng mga pangkalahatang makinang Turing ay kakaiba dahil ang ideya ng mga gayung makina ay may kakayahang gawin ang anumang gawin ng ibang makina, samakatuwid ay may kakayahang magkuwenta ng anumang pwedeng ikwenta. Ang makinang Turing hanggang sa araw na ito ang sentral na paksa sa pag-aaral ng [[teorya ng komputasyon]]. Sa kanyang sariling biograpiya, isinulat ni Turing na siya ay nalungkot sa pagtanggap ng kanyang 1936 na papel dahil dalawang tao lamang ang pumansin - sina Heinrich Scholz at Richard Bevan Braithwaite. Ang papel na ito ay nagpapakilala rin sa ideya ng mga maaaring ipaliwanag na mga numero (definable numbers). Mula Setiyembre 1936 hanggang Hulyo 1938 kanyang ginugol ang kanyang panahon sa ''Institute for Advanced Study sa Princeton'', New Jersey, Estados Unidos at nag-aral sa ilalim ni Alonzo Church. Bilang karagdagan sa kanyang palaging pagsasaliksik matematikal, pinag-aralan din ni Turing ang [[kriptolohiya]] (pag-aaral ng tiyak at matibay na paglilihim ng mga data) at ginawa ang tatlo sa apat na yugto ng elektromekanikal na tagapagpapadami ng bilang [[binaryo]]. Noong Hunyo 1938, kanyang nakamit ang kanyang PhD mula sa Unibersidad ng Princeton sa Estados Unidos. Ang kanyang tesis na ''Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals'' ay nagpapakilala ng konsepto ng lohikang ordinal at ang ideya ng relatibong pagkukwenta, kung saan ang mga makinang Turing ay nagdadagdag ng mga tinatawag na oracle, na lumulutas sa mga problemang hindi malulutas ng isang makinang Turing. Si Turing ay bumalik sa Cambridge, Inglatera at dumalo sa mga pagtuturo ng matematikong si [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] tungkol sa mga pundasyon ng matematika. Ang dalawang ito ay nagtalo at hindi nagkasundo dahil sa pagtatanggol ni Turing ng [[pormalismo]] samantalang si Wittgenstein ay nangatwiran na ang matematika ay hindi tumutuklas ng mga basehang katotohanan kundi lumilikha lamang nito. Si Turing ay nagsimula ring magtrabaho sa kaunting oras lamang sa ''Government Code and Cypher School'' (GCCS). === Kriptanalisis === [[Talaksan:EnigmaMachineLabeled.jpg|right|thumbnail|Tatlong rotor na makinang Enigma na may plugboard (''Steckerbrett''). Ang enigma ang makinang ginamit ng Alemanya sa ilalim ni Hitler upang ilihim ang mga mensaheng ipinapadala ng mga sundalo nito mula sa mga kaaway na bansa kabilang na ang Britanya at Estados Unidos]] Noong panahon ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig|ikalawang digmaang pandaigdig]], si Turing ang pangunahing kalahok sa isang sikretong operasyon ng pamahalaang Britanya sa Bletchley Park na naglalayong basagin ang mga [[sipero]] (algoritmo ng [[enkripsiyon]]) ng [[Alemanya]]. Sa pagpapaunlad at mas lalong pagpapabilis ng makinang kriptanalitiko na ginawa nina Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki at Henryk Zygalski ng Cipher Bureau sa Poland, si Turing ay nagdisenyo ng makinang ''[[Turing Bombe]]'' na mas mabilis at mas epektibo sa pagbasag ng parehong makinang ''Enigma'' at ''Lorenz SZ 40/42''. Ang ''Turing Bombe'' ang nagbigay sa Britanya ng mga pangunang babala sa mga plano ni [[Adolf Hitler]] na nagresulta sa pagkatalo ni Hitler sa [[Labanan sa Atlantiko]] at pagikli ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig|ikalawang digmaang pandaigdig]] ng dalawang taon.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1212910/How-Britain-drove-greatest-genius-Alan-Turing-suicide--just-gay.html How Britain drove its greatest genius Alan Turing to suicide just for being gay], 12 Setyembre 2009, DailyMail</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1165535/The-Wider-View-Nazi-codebreaker-shortened-Second-World-War-years.html The Wider View: Nazi codebreaker which shortened the Second World War by two years], 20 Hunyo 2009, DailyMail</ref> Si Turing ay ginawaran ng Order of the British Empire (OBE) noong 1945 para sa kanyang pagsisilbi sa panahon ng digmaan ngunit ang kanyang mga inambag sa kriptanalisis ay itinagong sekreto ng Britanya hanggang 1970 sa kadahilanang panseguridad nito. == Intelehensiyang artipisyal at pagsubok na Turing (Turing test) == {{main|Intelehensiyang artipisyal}} Mula 1945 hanggang 1947 si Turing ay nanirahan sa ''Church Street, Hampton'' at dito dinesenyo ang ''Automatic Computing Engine'' (ACE) sa ''National Physical Laboratory''. Siya ay nagsumite ng isang papel noong Pebreo 19, 1946 na naglalaman ng kauna unahang detalyadong disenyo ng isang inilalaang-programang kompyuter (stored-program computer). [[Talaksan:Modern-captcha.jpg|thumb|290px|Ang kabaligtaran ng ''Turing Test'' na CAPTCHA ay ginagamit sa [[internet]] upang mapigilan ang isang bot sa pang aabuso sa paggamit ng isang [[server]].]] Noong 1948, si Turing ay iniluklok na Reader (senyor na akademiko) sa kagawarang matematika sa Manchester na ngayon ay bahagi na ng ''University of Manchester''. Noong 1949, siya ay naglingkod bilang kahaliling direktor ng laboratoryo ng pagkukwenta sa University of Manchester at gumawa ng [[software]] para sa kauna unahang inilalaang programang kompyuter na Manchester Mark 1. Sa mga panahon ding ito kanyang ipinagpatuloy ang mga pananaliksik abstrakto. Sa papel na "Computing machinery and intelligence" (Mind, Oktubre 1950), tinalakay ni Turing ang problema ng "[[Intelehensiyang artipisyal]]" at iminungkahi ang isang eksperimento na tinatawag na [[Turing Test]]. Ang [[Pagsubok na Turing]] (''Turing Test'') ang naging batayan sa [[agham pangkompyuter]] upang matukoy kung ang isang makina ay nagpapamalas ng katalinuhan. Ayon sa Pagsubok na Turing, ang isang makina ay maituturing na matalino kung hindi matukoy ng isang taong nagtatanong dito kung ang kanyang tinatanong ay isang makina o isang tao. Sa papel ding ito, iminungkahi ni Turing na imbes gumawa ng mga programang gumagaya sa pag-iisip ng isang matandang tao, mas mabuting gumawa ng mas simpleng makina na gumagaya sa isip ng isang bata at ito'y isailalim sa pagkatuto. Ang kabaligtaran ng "Turing Test" na tinatawag na CAPTCHA ("'''C'''ompletely '''A'''utomated '''P'''ublic '''T'''uring test to tell '''C'''omputers and '''H'''umans '''A'''part") ay karaniwang ginagamit sa [[internet]]. Ang CAPTCHA ay paraan upang matukoy ng isang makina (gaya ng [[server]]) kung ang gumagamit nito ay isang tao o isang kompyuter (bot). Noong 1948, si Turing (sa tulong ang kanyang dating kakilala na si D. G. Champernowne) ay lumikha ng isang [[software]] pang [[chess]] sa isang [[modernong kompyuter]] na hindi pa naiimbento. Si Turing din ang nagimbento ng algoritmong LU decomposition method na ginagamit ngayon sa paglutas ng ''equations matrix''. == Kriminal na paguusig dahil sa kanyang homosekwalidad == Noong Enero 1952, nakilala ni Turing si Arnold Murray sa labas ng sinehan sa Manchester. Pagkatapos ng pananghaliang pakikipagtipanan (''dating''), si Murray ay inimbitahan ni Turing na pumunta sa kanyang bahay na tinanggap naman ni Murray ngunit hindi tinupad. Ang dalawa ay nagkita muli sa Manchester noong sumunod na Lunes at si Murray ay pumayag na samahan si Turing sa kanyang bahay. Pagkatapos ng ilang linggo, si Murray ay muling bumisita sa bahay ni Turing at nananitili ng isang gabi dito. Pagkatapos nito, si Murray ay tumulong sa isang kasabwat sa pagpapasok at pagnanakaw sa bahay ni Turing na nagtulak kay Turing upang iulat ang krimen sa pulisya. Sa imbestigasyon na ginawa ng mga pulis, inamin ni Turing na meron siyang relasyon kay Murray. Sa panahong ito, ang [[homoseksuwalidad]] ay itinuturing pang isang krimen sa Britanya na nagresulta upang si Turing at Murray ay kasuhan ng ''sobrang kahalayan'' sa ilalim ng seksiyong 11&nbsp;ng ''Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 ng Britanya''. Si Turing ay binigyan ng dalawang opsiyon sa parusang tatanggapin : ang pagkabilanggo o probasyon sa isang kondisyon na siya'y sasailalim sa isang [[pagkakapon]]g kemikal sa pamamagitan ng pag-inom ng estrogen (hormone ng babae) upang mabawasan ang libido. Kanyang tinanggap ang kemikal na pagkakapon. Ang naging kumbiksiyon ni Turing ay nagresulta rin sa pagkaalis ng kanyang ''security clearance'' (karapatang maging bahagi ng sikretong operasyon ng pamalaan) at inalis sa kanyang trabahong kriptanalitiko sa Government Code and Cypher Schools sa Bletchley Park. Ang kanyang pasaporte ng Britanya ay hindi binawi ng pamahalaang Britanya ngunit siya'y hindi pinayagang makapasok sa Estados Unidos. Sa panahong ito, may pagkabahala sa publiko sa ginagawang pagbibitag sa mga homosekswal na [[espiya]] ng mga ahente ng [[Soviet Union]] (dating Russia) dahil sa paglalantad ng dalawang miyembro ng ''Cambridge Five'' na sina Guy Burgess at Donald Maclean. Bagaman si Turing ay hindi inakusahan ng pang eespiya, siya ay pinagbawalan ng pamahalaan ng Britanya na talakayin ang kanyang naging trabahong kriptanaliko sa Bletchely Park. == Kamatayan == Noong 8 Hunyo 1954, si Turing ay natagpuang patay ng kanyang tagalinis ng bahay. Sa [[awtopsiya]]ng ginawa, ang resulta ng kamatayan ay pagkalason sa [[cyanide]]. Natagpuan din ang isang mansanas na kinain ng kalahati sa tabi ng katawan ni Turing na pinaniniwalaang paraan ni Turing upang makain ang cyanide. Ang katawan ni Turing ay sinunog (cremated) sa Woking Crematorium noong 12 Hunyo 1954. Ayon sa ina ni Turing, ang kamatayan nito ay isang aksidental dahil sa hindi maingat nitong pagtatago sa mga laboratoryong kemikal. Iminungkahi ng manunulat na si David Leavitt na maaaring ang pagkain ni Turing ng mansanas na may cyanide ay isang paggaya sa eksena ng pelikulang [[Snow White]] na ipinalabas noong 1937 na isang paboritong kuwento ni Turing. == Paghingi ng tawad ng pamahalaan ng Britanya == Noong Agosto 2009, si John Graham-Cumming ay nagsimula ng petisyon na humihikayat sa Pamahalaan ng Britanya na posityumus (pagkatapos ng kamatayan) na humingi ng tawad sa [[paglilitis]] ni Alan Turing bilang [[homosekswal]]. Ang petisyong ito ay tumanggap ng libo libong mga lagda. Kinilala ng Punong Ministor ng Britanya na si [[Gordon Brown]] ang petisyong ito, at naglabas ng pahayag noong Setyember 10, 2009 na humihingi ng tawad kay Turing at naglalarawan ng pagtrato kay Turing bilang "nakapangingilabot": {{cquote|Ang libo libong tao ay nagsama sama upang humingi ng hustisya para kay Alan Turing at pagkilala sa nakakapangilabot na pagtrato sa kanya. Bagaman si Turing ay pinakitunguhan ng batas nang panahong iyon at hindi na natin maibabalik ang panahon, ang kanyang pagtrato ay siyempre labis na hindi patas at ako ay nagagalak na magkaroon ng pagkakataon na magsabi kung gaano kalalim akong humihingi ng tawad at tayong lahat sa nangyari sa kanya. Kaya sa ngalan ng Pamahalaan ng Britanya, at sa mga nabubuhay ng malaya, salamat sa ginawa ni Alan, ako ay taas noong nagsasabi na: kami'y humihingi ng tawad, ikaw ay karapat dapat ng mas mabuti [pagtrato].}} == Mga Parangal == [[Talaksan:Sackville Park Turing plaque.jpg|thumb|right|Pag ala-alang statwang plaka kay Turing sa Sackville Park, Manchester]] Ang Turing Award na ipinangalan sa "ama ng agham pangkompyuter" na si Alan Turing ang taunang gantimpala na ibinibigay ng Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) sa mga indibidwal sa kanilang kontribusyon sa siyentipikong komunidad pangkompyuter. Ang gantimpalang ito ay itinuturing na pinakamataas na pagkakakilanlan sa [[agham pangkompyuter]] at katumbas ng [[Gantimpalang Nobel]]. Noong 2002, si Turing ay nirangguhan na dalawampu't isa sa ''BBC'' nationwide poll ng [[100 Pinakadakilang mga Briton]].<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2208671.stm | title = 100 great British heroes | date = 21 Agosto 2002 |work=BBC News }}</ref> === Mga parangal ng mga unibersidad sa buong mundo === [[Talaksan:Alan Turing Building 1.jpg|thumb|right|Gusaling Alan Turing sa [[University of Manchester]]]] *Ang ''Kwartong Turing'' sa [[University of Edinburgh School of Informatics|University of Edinburgh's School of Informatics]] ay naglalaman ng skultura ng ulo ni Turing na ginawa ni [[Eduardo Paolozzi]], at isang (#42/50) ng kanyang [http://www.synth.co.uk/images/paolozzi2.html Turing prints (2000)]. *Ang [[University of Surrey]] ay may statwa ni Turing sa kanilang pangunahing [[piazza]]. *Ang [[Istanbul Bilgi University]] ay nagsasagawa ng taunang kumperensiya sa [[teoriya ng komputasyon]] na tinatawag na ''Mga Araw na Turing''.<ref name="bilgiuniv">{{cite web | url = http://cs.bilgi.edu.tr/pages/turing_days/ | title = Turing Days @ İstanbul Bilgi University | accessdate = 29 Oktubre 2011 | archive-date = 2013-08-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130801193650/http://cs.bilgi.edu.tr/pages/turing_days/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> *Ang [[University of Texas at Austin]] ay may honours na programang ng [[agham pangkompyuter]] na pinangalanang ''Mga skolar ni Turing''.<ref name="texturingschol">{{cite web |url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/academics/undergraduate/honors/turing/ |title=Turing Scholars Program at the University of Texas at Austin |accessdate=16 Agosto 2009 |archive-date=2010-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217072341/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/academics/undergraduate/honors/turing/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Noong simula nang 1960's, pinangalanan ng [[Stanford University]] ang kaisa-isang kwarto na pinagtuturuan ng gusaling Bulwagang Polya Matematika na ''Alan Turing Auditorium''.<ref name="stanforduniv">{{cite web | url = http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Knuth_Don_X4100/PDF_index/k-8-pdf/k-8-u2679-Stanford-Comp-Dedication.pdf | title = Polya Hall, Stanford University | accessdate =14 Hunyo 2011 }}</ref> *Isa sa mga ampiteatro ng kagawarang Agham Pangkompyuter ng ([[Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille|LIFL]]<ref name="lifl">{{cite web |url=http://www.lifl.fr/ |title=Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille |accessdate=3 Disyembre 2010 |archive-date=22 Hulyo 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722014047/http://www.lifl.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>) sa [[Unibersidad ng Lille]] sa hilagang [[Pransiya]] ay ipinangalan bilang parangal kay Alan Turing. (ang iba pang ampiteatro ay ipinangalan kay [[Kurt Gödel]]). *Ang Kagawaran ng Agham Pangkompyuter ng [[Pontifical Catholic University of Chile]], [[Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico]], [[University of the Andes, Colombia|Los Andes University]] in [[Bogotá]], Colombia, [[King's College, Cambridge]] at [[Bangor University]] sa [[Wales]] ay may mga laboratoryo ng kompyuter na ipinangalan kay Turing. *Ang [[The University of Manchester]], [[The Open University]], [[Oxford Brookes University]] at [[Aarhus University]] (in [[Århus]], Denmark) ay may mga gusaling nakapangalan kay Turing. *Ang ''Alan Turing Road'' sa [[Surrey Research Park]] ay ipinangalan kay Alan Turing. *Ang [[Carnegie Mellon University]] ay may [[granito]]ng bangkuan na matatagpuan sa The Hornbostel Mall na may pangalang "A. M. Turing" na nakaukit sa tuktok, "Read" sa ibaba ng kaliwang hita at "Write" sa ibaba ng kanang hita. *Ang [[EISTI|École Internationale des Sciences du Traitement de l'Information]] ay pinangalanan ang kamakailan lang na nakuhang ikatlong gusaling na "Turing". *Ang [[University of Ghent]] ay mayroong isa sa mga pangunahing kwarto ng kompyuter na ginagamit ng mga matematiko at siyentipiko ng kompyuter na ipinangalan kay Alan Turing. *Ang [[University of Oregon]] ay may iskultura ng ulo ni Turing sa gilid ng gusaling pang agham kompyuter na tinatawag na Deschutes Hall.<ref name="Oregon">{{cite web|url=http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/files/oregon.html|title=Turing at the University of Oregon|accessdate=1 Nobyembre 2011|archive-date=2012-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114151918/http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/files/oregon.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sanggunian == {{reflist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{ Cite book | last = Agar | first = Jon | title = The government machine: a revolutionary history of the computer | publisher=MIT Press | year = 2003 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-262-01202-7 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Alexander | first = C. Hugh O'D. | author-link = Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander | date = ''circa'' 1945 | title = Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/gne/gne-000.htm | publisher=The National Archives, Kew, Reference HW 25/1}} * {{ Cite book | last = Beniger | first = James | title = The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society | publisher=Harvard University Press | year = 1986 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-674-16986-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Babbage | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Babbage | year = 1864 | publication-date = 2008 | editor-last = Campbell-Kelly | editor-first = Martin | editor-link = Martin Campbell-Kelly | title = Passages from the life of a philosopher | publisher=Rough Draft Printing | isbn = 978-1-60386-092-5 | ref = harv | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }} * {{ Cite book | last = Bodanis | first = David | author-link = David Bodanis | title = Electric Universe: How Electricity Switched on the Modern World | year = 2005 |publisher=Three Rivers Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-307-33598-4 | oclc = 61684223 }} * {{Cite book | last = Campbell-Kelly | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Campbell-Kelly | last2 = Aspray | first2 = William | title = Computer: A History of the Information Machine | publisher=Basic Books | year = 1996 | location = New York | isbn = 0-465-02989-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Ceruzzi | first = Paul | authorlink = Paul Ceruzzi | title = A History of Modern Computing | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru | publisher=MIT Press | year = 1998 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London | isbn = 0-262-53169-0}} * {{ Cite book | last = Chandler | first = Alfred | authorlink = Alfred Chandler | title = The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business | publisher=Belknap Press | year = 1977 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-674-94052-0 }} * {{ Cite journal | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Colossus: Its Origins and Originators | journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 38–45 | year = 2004 |doi = 10.1109/MAHC.2004.26 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack (ed.)| title = The Essential Turing | year = 2004 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-825079-7 | oclc = 156728127 224173329 48931664 57434580 57530137 59399569 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Copeland (ed.) | first = B. Jack | title = Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine | url = https://archive.org/details/alanturingsautom0000unse_k5v2 | year = 2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-856593-3 | oclc = 224640979 56539230 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | title = Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers | url = https://archive.org/details/colossussecretso0000unse | year = 2006 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-284055-4 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Edwards | first = Paul N | title = The closed world: computers and the politics of discourse in Cold War America | publisher=MIT Press | year = 1996 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-55028-8 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Hodges | first = Andrew | authorlink = Hodges, Andrew | year = 1983 | title = Alan Turing: the enigma |location = London | publisher=Burnett Books | isbn = 0-04-510060-8 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Hochhuth | first = Rolf | authorlink = Rolf Hochhuth | title = Alan Turing: en berättelse | publisher=Symposion | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-91-7868-109-9 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Leavitt | first = David | authorlink = David Leavitt | year = 2007 | title = The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer | publisher=Phoenix | isbn = 978-0-7538-2200-5 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Levin | first = Janna | authorlink = Janna Levin | title = A Madman Dreams Of Turing Machines | publisher=Knopf | year = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4000-3240-2 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Lewin | first = Ronald | authorlink = Ronald Lewin | title = Ultra Goes to War: The Secret Story | edition = Classic Penguin | series = Classic Military History | year = 1978 | publication-date = 2001 | publisher=Hutchinson & Co | location = London, England | isbn = 978-1-56649-231-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book| last = Lubar | first = Steven | year = 1993 | title = Infoculture | location = Boston, Massachusetts and New York | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | isbn = 0-395-57042-5}} * {{ Cite document | last = Mahon | first = A.P. | title = The History of Hut Eight 1939–1945 | publisher=UK National Archives Reference HW 25/2 | year = 1945 | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/hut8/hut8-000.htm | accessdate =10 Disyembre 2009 | ref = harv }} *{{MacTutor Biography|id=Turing|title=Alan Mathison Turing}} *Petzold, Charles (2008). "[[The Annotated Turing]]: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine". [[Indianapolis]]: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 978-0-470-22905-7 *Smith, Roger (1997). ''Fontana History of the Human Sciences''. London: Fontana. *Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). ''Computer Power and Human Reason''. London: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0463-3 * {{Cite book | last = Turing | first = Sara Stoney | title = Alan M Turing | publisher=W Heffer | year = 1959 }} Turing's mother, who survived him by many years, wrote this 157-page biography of her son, glorifying his life. It was published in 1959, and so could not cover his war work. Scarcely 300 copies were sold (Sara Turing to Lyn Newman, 1967, Library of [[St John's College, Cambridge]]). The six-page foreword by [[Lyn Irvine]] includes reminiscences and is more frequently quoted. * {{Cite book | last = Whitemore | first = Hugh | authorlink = Hugh Whitemore | last2 = Hodges | first2 = Andrew | authorlink2 = Andrew Hodges | title = Breaking the code | publisher=S. French | year = 1988 }} This 1986 Hugh Whitemore play tells the story of Turing's life and death. In the original West End and Broadway runs, [[Derek Jacobi]] played Turing and he recreated the role in a 1997 television film based on the play made jointly by the BBC and [[WGBH-TV|WGBH, Boston]]. The play is published by Amber Lane Press, [[Oxford]], ASIN: B000B7TM0Q *Williams, Michael R. (1985) ''A History of Computing Technology'', [[Englewood Cliffs]], [[New Jersey]]: [[Prentice-Hall]], ISBN 0-8186-7739-2 *{{Cite book|last=Yates |first=David M. |title=Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Science Museum, London|London Science Museum]] |location=London |isbn=0-901805-94-7 |oclc=123794619 40624091 }} {{Refend}} == Karagdagang babasahin == *{{MathGenealogy|id=8014}} *{{cite journal|title=The Mind and the Computing Machine: Alan Turing and others|journal=[[The Rutherford Journal]]|url=http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010111.html |editor = Jack Copeland|ref=harv}} *{{cite encyclopaedia |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |editor=Edward N. Zalta |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |title=Alan Turing |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/ |accessdate=10 Enero 2011 |edition=Winter 2009 |date=27 Agosto 2007 |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |ref=harv}} *{{cite journal|last=Gray|first=Paul|date=29 Marso 1999|title=Computer Scientist: Alan Turing|journal=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html|ref=harv|access-date=24 Septiyembre 2011|archive-date=19 Enero 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119181237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html|url-status=dead}} * Gleick, James, ''[[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood|The Information: A History, A Theory, A Flood]]'', New York: Pantheon, 2011, ISBN 978-0-375-42372-7 * Leavitt, David, ''The Man Who Knew Too Much: Alan Turing and the Invention of the Computer'', W. W. Norton, 2006 == Panlabas na kawing == {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Alan Turing}} *[http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} Alan Turing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} RKBExplorer *[http://www.turingcentenary.eu/ Alan Turing Year] *[http://cie2012.eu/ CiE 2012: Turing Centenary Conference] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ Visual Turing] *[http://www.wolframalpha.com/examples/TuringMachines.html Turing Machine calculators] at [[Wolfram Alpha]] *[http://www.turing.org.uk/ Alan Turing] site maintained by [[Andrew Hodges]] including a [http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/part1.html short biography] *[http://www.alanturing.net/ AlanTuring.net&nbsp;– Turing Archive for the History of Computing] by [[Jack Copeland]] *[http://www.turingarchive.org/ The Turing Archive]{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Pebrero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Pebrero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Pebrero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Pebrero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Pebrero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Pebrero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Pebrero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Pebrero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Pebrero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Disyembre 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Disyembre 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Disyembre 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Disyembre 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Abril 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – naglalaman ng mga hindi nailambag na dokumento mula sa contains Kings College, Cambridge archive *{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=G. James|date=11 Disyembre 2001|title=Alan Turing&nbsp;– Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1|journal=System Toolbox|publisher=The Binary Freedom Project|url=http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3|ref=harv|access-date=2011-09-24|archive-date=2007-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803163318/http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3|url-status=dead}} *[http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ Sherborne School Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723203832/http://www.sherborne.org/school/School_Archives/ |date=2012-07-23 }}&nbsp;– naglalaman ng mga papel tungkol sa panahon ni Alan Turing sa Sherborne School === Mga papel === *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper Ekstensibong talaan ng mga papel ni Turing, mga ulat at pagtuturo at mga isinaling bersiyon] BibNetWiki *{{Turing 1950}} *[http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/display.phtml?id=116 Oral history interview with Donald W. Davies], [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota; inilalarawan ang mga proyeto sa U.K. [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]], mula sa pagdidisenyong ginawa ni Alan Turing noong 1947 sa paggawa ng [[Automatic Computing Engine|ACE computers]] * [http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/display.phtml?id=81 Oral history interview with Nicholas C. Metropolis], [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota. Si Metropolis ang kauna unahang direkto ng [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]; kabilang sa mga paksa ang relasyong pang akademiko sa pagitan ni Alan Turing at [[John von Neumann]] {{authority control}} {{BD|1912|1954|Turing, Alan}} [[Kategorya:Mga siyentipiko ng kompyuter]] [[Kategorya:Mga matematikong Ingles]] j0k5xc0uu47m7lp2rv6t9xk41jx88zx 0 117416 2204248 2146640 2026-04-22T18:37:08Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox US Cabinet official |name = Robert Michael Gates |image = Robert Gates, official DoD photo portrait, 2006.jpg | imagesize =255px |order = [[Kanselor ng College ng William at Mary|Ika-24]] |title = [[Kanselor ng College ng William at Mary]] |term_start = 3 Pebrero 2012 |predecessor = [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] |president = [[Taylor Reveley]] |order2 = [[Kalihim ng Tanggulan ng Estados Unidos#Tala ng mga Kalihim ng Tanggulan|Ika-22]] |title2 = [[Kalihim ng Tanggulan ng Estados Unidos]] |term_start2 = 18 Disyembre 2006 |term_end2 = 30 Hunyo 2011 |predecessor2 = [[Donald Rumsfeld]] |successor2 = [[Leon Panetta]] |president2 = [[George W. Bush]]<br />[[Barack Obama]] |deputy2 = [[Gordon R. England|Gordon England]] <small>(2006–2009)</small><br />[[William J. Lynn III]] <small>(2009-2011)</small> |order3 = 15th |title3 = [[Direktor ng Pangunahing Ahensiya ng Kaalaman]] |term_start3 = 6 Nobyembre 1991 |term_end3 = 20 Enero 1993 |predecessor3 = [[William H. Webster|William Webster]] |successor3 = [[R. James Woolsey, Jr.|James Woolsey]] |president3 = [[George H. W. Bush]] |deputy3 = [[Richard James Kerr]]<br />[[William Oliver Studeman]] |order3 = Ika-16 na [[Katulong na Direktor ng Pangunahing Ahensiya ng Kaalaman]] |term_start3 = Abril1986 |term_end3 = Marso 1989 |president3 = [[Ronald Reagan]]<br />[[George H. W. Bush]] |predecessor3 = [[John Norman McMahon|John McMahon]] |successor3 = [[Richard James Kerr]] |order4 = [[Katulong na Pambansang Tagapayo sa Seguridad]] |term_start4 = 1989 |term_end4 = 1991 |president4 = [[George H. W. Bush]] |predecessor4 = [[John Negroponte]] |successor4 = [[Jonathan Howe]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1943|09|25}} |birth_place = [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]], [[Kansas]] |party = [[Partido Republikan (Estados Unidos)|Republikan]]<ref>Hindi rehistrado si Gates sa anumang partidong pampolitika subalit itinuturing niyang ang sarili bilang republikan. {{cite news |title=Gates: Military looks to accelerate Iraq pullout |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28022197/ |work=Associated Press |publisher=Associated Press |date=1 Disyembre 2008 |accessdate=5 Mayo 2009}}</ref> |spouse = Becky Gates |signature = Robert Gates Signature.svg |alma_mater = [[Georgetown University]] <small>([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]])</small><br />[[Indiana University (Bloomington)|Indiana University]] <small>([[Master of Arts (postgraduate)#North America|M.A.]])</small><br />[[College of William & Mary]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])</small> |branch = [[Estados Unidos Air Force]] |serviceyears = 1967–1969 |rank = [[Talaksan:US-OF1B.svg|8px]] [[Second Lieutenant]] |battles = [[Digmaan sa Biyetnam]] }} Si '''Robert Michael Gates''' (ipinanganak 25 Setyembre 1943) ang kasalukuyang naninilbihan bilang ika-22 [[Kalihim ng Tanggulan ng Estados Unidos]]. Naupo siya sa nasabing posisyon noong 18 Disyembre 2006.<ref name="sworn in">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6190279.stm |title=New US defence secretary sworn in |author= |work=BBC News |date=18 Disyembre 2006|accessdate=18 Disyembre 2006}}</ref> Bago ito, nagsilbi si Gates sa [[Pangunahing Ahensiya ng Kaalaman]] sa loob ng 26 na taon at sa [[Pambansang Konseho ng Seguridad ng Estados Unidos|Pambansang Konseho ng Seguridad]], sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[Pangulo ng Estados Unidos|Pangulong]] [[George H. W. Bush]] bilang [[Direktor ng Central Intelligence]]. Pagkatanggap sa kanya sa CIA, nagsilbi siya bilang opisyal sa [[Hukbong Himpapawid ng Estados Unidos]].<ref>Robert Gates, From The Shadows, 1996 (pp. 20–21 of Simon & Shuster 2006 paperback edition)</ref><ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2008/06/mil-080618-afps06.htm Accountability Office Urges Air Force to Re-Bid Tanker Contract<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Nang umalis siya sa CIA, naging pangulo si Gates ng [[Unibersidad ng Texas A&M]] at naging kasapi ng [[Lupon ng mga direktor|lupon ng direktor]] ng ilang korporasyon. Nagsilbi rin si Gates bilang kasapi ng [[Iraq Study Group]], ang komisyong bipartisan kapwa pinamumunuan nina [[James A. Baker III]] at [[Lee Hamilton]], na nag-aral ng [[Digmaang Irak]].Siya rin ang unang napili para manilbihan bilang [[Kalihim ng Seguridad ng Bayan ng Estados Unidos|Kalihim]] ng [[Kagawaran ng Seguridad ng Bayan ng Estados Unidos|Kagawaran ng Seguridad ng Bayan]] nang mabuo ito matapos ang [[Mga pag-atake noong Setyembre 11]], subalit tinanggihan niya ito upang manatili bilang pangulo ng [[Unibersidad ng Texas A&M]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6460623 |title=Gates' Government Intelligence Experience Runs Deep |publisher=National Public Radio |date=9 Nobyembre 2006 |accessdate=9 Nobyembre 2006}}</ref> Tinanggap ni Gates ang nominasyon sa kanya bilang [[Kalihim ng Tanggulan ng Estados Unidos|Kalihim ng Tanggulan]] noong 8 Nobyembre 2006, pinalitan niya si [[Donald Rumsfeld]]. Kinumpirma ang pagkakahirang sa kanya ng may suportang [[bipartisan]].<ref name="Time"/> Sa isang propayl na sinulat ng dating [[Tagapayo ng Pambansang Seguridad (Estados Unidos)|Tagapayo ng Pambansang Seguridad]] na si [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], itinanghal ng ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' si Gates bilang isa sa mga [[Time 100|pinakamaimpluwensiyang taon ng taon]].<ref name="Time">[http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733757_1735600,00.html Robert Gates By Zbigniew Brzezinski] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024141117/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733757_1735600,00.html |date=2010-10-24 }}. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. Accessed 31 Mayo 2008.</ref> In 2008, Gates was named one of America's Best Leaders by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/best-leaders/2008/11/19/americas-best-leaders-robert-gates-us-secretary-of-defense.html|title=America's Best Leaders: Robert Gates, U.S. Kalihim ng Tanggulan|accessdate=25 Nobyembre 2008}}</ref> Sa kasalukuyan patuloy pa rin siyang nagsisilbi bilang Kalihim ng Tanggulan sa gabinite ni Pangulong [[Barack Obama]].<ref name="change.gov 1Dec08-1">{{cite web |author=[http://change.gov change.gov] |title=Key members of Obama-Biden national security team announced |work=Newsroom |publisher=[[change.gov|Office of the President-elect]] |date=1 Disyembre 2008 |url=http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/ |format=Press release |accessdate=1 Disyembre 2008 |archive-date=2008-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201182614/http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mga tala == {{reflist|3}} == Mga sanggunian == * {{cite web |accessdate= |url=http://www.tamu.edu/president/biography.html |title=Biography, Dr. Robert M. Gates, President, Texas A&M University |publisher=Texas A&M University |year=2003 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920100505/http://www.tamu.edu/president/biography.html |archivedate=2006-09-20 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |accessdate= |url=http://intellit.muskingum.edu/cia_folder/ciadcis_folder/dcisgates.html |title=Directors of Central Intelligence: Robert Michael Gates (1943- ), DCI, Nobyembre 6. 1991&nbsp;– 20 Enero 1993 |work=The Literature of Intelligence: A Bibliography of Materials, with Essays, Reviews, and Comments |first=J. Ransom |last=Clark |archive-date=2005-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125022807/http://intellit.muskingum.edu/cia_folder/ciadcis_folder/dcisgates.html |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |first=Robert M. |last=Gates |title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War |url=https://archive.org/details/fromshadows00robe_0 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1997 |isbn=0-684-83497-9}} * {{cite news |accessdate= |first=Brett |last=Nauman |url=http://www.theeagle.com/aandmnews/020105gates.php |title=Gates passes on intelligence czar post |work=The Bryan-College Station Eagle |date=1 Pebrero 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234236/http://www.theeagle.com/aandmnews/020105gates.php |archivedate=2007-09-27 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |accessdate= |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/MDgatesR.htm |title=Robert Gates |format=biography |publisher=Spartacus Educational |archive-date=2009-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421064747/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/MDgatesR.htm |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |accessdate= |url=https://www.cia.gov/csi/books/dddcia/gates.html |title=Robert Michael Gates |work=Directors & Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence |publisher=Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA |year=2004 |archive-date=2006-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060803100100/https://www.cia.gov/csi/books/dddcia/gates.html |url-status=dead }} == Karagdagang babasahin == * Paul Burka, "[http://www.texasmonthly.com/2006-11-01/feature.php Agent of Change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215013737/http://www.texasmonthly.com/2006-11-01/feature.php |date=2010-02-15 }}", ''Texas Monthly'' (Nobyembre 2006) * Robert Gates, ''From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War'', Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition (7 Mayo 1997). * Robert Gates, ''[https://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/1999/dci_speech_111999gatesremarks.html US Intelligence and the End of the Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060802141212/https://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/1999/dci_speech_111999gatesremarks.html |date=2006-08-02 }}'', 1999, CIA * Robert Gates, ''[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/gates/1.html Frontline The Gulf War: An Oral History: Interview with Robert Gates, Deputy National Security Advisor]'', 2001, PBS.org * Robert Gates, ''[http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20090101faessay88103-p0/robert-m-gates/a-balanced-strategy.html A Balanced Strategy: Reprogramming the Pentagon for a New Age] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207080906/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20090101faessay88103-p0/robert-m-gates/a-balanced-strategy.html |date=2008-12-07 }}'', ''Foreign Affairs'' (Enero/Pebrero 2009) == Mga kawing panlabas == {{commons}} {{wikisource-author|Robert Gates}} * [http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/9835 "Charlie Rose"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401223539/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/9835 |date=2010-04-01 }} A conversation with U.S. Kalihim ng Tanggulan, Robert Gates, 17 Disyembre 2008 * Robert Gates' [http://intellit.muskingum.edu/alpha_folder/G_folder/gates.html Writings and Speeches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624043518/http://intellit.muskingum.edu/alpha_folder/G_folder/gates.html |date=2010-06-24 }} * Gates on relations with China:[http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=841 Nobyembre 2007 visit] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121212150808/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=841 |date=2012-12-12 }}, [http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=841 Hunyo 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121212150808/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=841 |date=2012-12-12 }} * [http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/biographydetail.aspx?biographyid=115 DefenseLink Biography: Robert M. Gates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130082128/http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/biographydetail.aspx?biographyid=115 |date=2009-11-30 }} * [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/guides/RMGates.cfm Robert M. Gates, Kalihim ng Tanggulan Nominee: A Bibliography] at Georgetown University Law Library * [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB208/index.htm The Robert Gates File] - The Iran-Contra Scandal, 1991 Confirmation Hearings, and Excerpts from new book Safe for Democracy * [http://www.depauw.edu/news/index.asp?id=11800 Ubben Lecture at DePauw University] * [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23156053/ Gates breaks right arm in fall on icy step] * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/13/AR2008021300963.html Gates 64 is left-handed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414155249/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/13/AR2008021300963.html |date=2016-04-14 }} * {{cite web|accessdate= |url=http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=8488 |title=Debate on Robert Gates |publisher=The Education Forum}} {{start box}} {{s-off}} {{U.S. Secretary box |before = [[Donald Rumsfeld]] |start = 2006 |president = George W. Bush, Barack Obama |department = Kalihim ng Tanggulan}} {{s-gov}} {{Succession box |title = [[Director of the C.I.A.|Director of Central Intelligence]] |before = [[William H. Webster|William Webster]] |after = [[R. James Woolsey, Jr.|James Woolsey]] |years = 1991–1993}} {{Succession box |before = [[John Norman McMahon|John McMahon]] |title = [[Deputy Director of Central Intelligence]] |years = 1986–1989 |after = [[Richard James Kerr]] }} {{s-legal}} {{Succession box |before = [[John Negroponte]] |title = [[Deputy National Security Advisor|Deputy National Security Adviser]] |years = 1989–1991 |after = [[Jonathan Howe]]}} {{s-aca}} {{Succession box |title = [[List of Texas A&M University presidents|President of Texas A&M University]] |before = [[Ray Bowen]] |after = [[Elsa Murano]] |years = 2002–2006}} {{s-prec|usa}} {{s-bef|before=[[Timothy Geithner]]'''<br />''Secretary of the Treasury''}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Estados Unidos order of precedence]]'''<br />''Kalihim ng Tanggulan''|years=}} {{s-aft|after=[[Eric Holder]]'''<br />''Attorney General''}} {{s-prec|us-pres}} {{s-bef|before=[[Timothy Geithner]]'''<br />''<small>[[Estados Unidos Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]]</small>''}} {{s-ttl|title=6th in line|years=''Kalihim ng Tanggulan''}} {{s-aft|after=[[Eric Holder]]'''<br />''<small>[[Estados Unidos Attorney General|Attorney General]]</small>''}} {{end}} <!--{{DCIA}} {{Deputy DCIA}} {{ISG}} {{Cold War}} {{War on Terror}} {{Gabinete ni GW Bush}}--> {{USSecDef}} {{Gabinete ni Obama}} {{G8-Tanggulan}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{BD|1943||Gates, Robert}} {{Persondata |NAME=Gates, Robert Michael |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |SHORT DESCRIPTION=CIA director, U.S. Kalihim ng Tanggulan, and university president |DATE OF BIRTH=25 Setyembre 1943 |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Wichita, Kansas]], Estados Unidos |DATE OF DEATH= |PLACE OF DEATH= }} {{Uncategorized}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gates, Robert}} ed2zh5dosfs4hi3wgty22a447vu9i07 0 119076 2204231 2136824 2026-04-22T16:13:30Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Pichilemu |other_name = |native_name = Pichilemu |nickname = [[Surf]] Capital (''Capital del Surf'') |settlement_type = [[Lungsod]] |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Pichilemu beach.jpg |imagesize = 200px |image_alt = |image_caption = |image_flag = Flag of Pichilemu.svg |flag_alt = Flag of Pichilemu. |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Coat of arms of Pichilemu .svg |shield_alt = Coat of arms of Pichilemu. |shield_size = 64px |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = 200px |map_alt = Map of Pichilemu, including all of his streets. |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |coordinates = {{coord|34|23|31|S|72|0|50|W|region:CL|display=inline,title}} |pushpin_map = Tsile |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = 120 <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = [[Talaan ng mga bansa|Bansa]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Chile}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Tsile|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[O'Higgins Region|O'Higgins]] |subdivision_type2 = [[O'Higgins Region#Administrative divisions|Province]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Lalawigan ng Cardenal Caro|Cardenal Caro]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = Marcelo Cabrera (2008-2009)<ref name="Cabrera 3 años">{{cite web|url=http://www.elrancahuaso.cl/admin/render/noticia/17884|title=Hasta 3 años de Cárcel arriesga el Alcalde de Pichilemu |language=Spanish |author=El Rancahuaso Team |date=2009-02-17 |publisher=El Rancahuaso |accessdate=2009-12-04}}</ref><ref name="Cabrera regreso">{{cite web|url=http://www.elrancahuaso.cl/admin/render/noticia/19000|title= Marcelo Cabrera asumió como alcalde de Pichilemu| author=El Rancahuaso Correspondents |date=2009-05-19 |language=Spanish |publisher=El Rancahuaso|accessdate=2009-12-04}}</ref><br />Roberto Córdova (2009-2012)<ref name="Roberto">{{cite web |url=http://www.pichilemuchile.com/?p=381 |title=Concejal Roberto Córdova es elegido nuevo alcalde de Pichilemu |author= |date=2009-09-01 |language=Spanish |work= |publisher=PichilemuChile.com |accessdate=2009-12-04 }}{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Roberto2">{{cite web |url=http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2009/09/03107-alcalde-titular-habemus-en-pichilemu-roberto-cordova-carreno-elegido-tras-resolucion-del-tricel.html |title=Alcalde titular "Habemus" en Pichilemu: Roberto Córdova elegido trans resolución del Tricel |language=Spanish |publisher=PichilemuNews.cl |author=Washington Saldías |date=2009-09-01 |accessdate=2009-12-04 |archive-date=2013-02-26 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Ej2M8gOH?url=http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2009/09/03107-alcalde-titular-habemus-en-pichilemu-roberto-cordova-carreno-elegido-tras-resolucion-del-tricel.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = Oktubre 6, 1845 |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = Disyembre 22, 1891 |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = December 22, 1891 <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = 741.9 km² |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 713.8 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2002 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 12,392 |population_density_km2 = 16.54 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = Chile Time (CLT)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |accessdate=2007-05-05 |title=Chile Time |publisher=World Time Zones .org |archive-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130719/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |utc_offset = -4 |timezone_DST = Chile Summer Time (CLST)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |accessdate=2007-05-05 |title=Chile Summer Time |publisher=World Time Zones .org |archive-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130451/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |utc_offset_DST = -3 |area_code = +56-72 |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use tags--> |elevation_m = 0 |elevation_ft = 0 <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s |postal_code = 3220478 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website =[http://www.pichilemu.cl www.pichilemu.cl] |footnotes = }} Ang '''Pitsilemu''' ({{Lang-arn|Small forest}}, {{IPA-es|/pitʃilemu/}})<ref name="Cardenal Caro Province">{{cite web | url=http://www.visitingchile.com/eng/regions/center-region/region-libertador-ohiggins/province-cardenal-caro/province-cardenal-caro.php | title=Cardenal Caro Province, Chile | publisher=Grupo Visiting | accessdate=2009-12-03}}</ref> ay isang bayan ng mga beach resort na matatagpuan sa sentro ng Tsile<ref name="Cardenal Caro Province"/><ref name="Chile Destination Pichilemu">{{cite web |url=http://www.gochile.cl/attr/htm/pichilemu.asp |title=Chile Destination Pichilemu |publisher=GoChile.com |accessdate=2009-12-04 |archive-date=2009-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126160710/http://www.gochile.cl/attr/htm/pichilemu.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> at ang kabisera ng [[Lalawigan ng Cardenal Caro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vi.cl/secciones/turismo/cardenal_caro.html|title=Cardenal Caro|publisher=VI.cl|accessdate=2009-12-04|language=Spanish|archive-date=2012-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227084803/http://www.vi.cl/secciones/turismo/cardenal_caro.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Matatagpuan sa lungsod ang limang [[Pambansang Bantayog ng Tsile|makasaysayang bantayog ng Tsile]] at idineklarang "Zona Típica" ({{lang-en|Traditional Area}} or ''Heritage Site'') ng [[Konseho ng Pambansang Bantayog]], noong 2004.<ref name="CMN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monumentos.cl/OpenSupport_Monumento/asp/PopUpFicha/ficha_publica.asp?monumento=595 |title=Sector de Pichilemu |publisher=[[National Monuments Council]] |author=Chrisitian Matzner |date=2004-12-22 |accessdate=2009-12-05}}</ref> == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} {{usbong|Heograpiya|Tsile}} [[Kategorya:Mga pamayanan sa Chile]] rzejqgfvunyv5ile03yrm0ok4b3je7p 0 123574 2204272 2187045 2026-04-22T22:28:53Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|SBN-21|the television network|Southern Broadcasting Network}} {{redirect|ETC-21|the television network|ETC (Philippine TV channel)}} {{Refimprove|auto=yes|date=May 2012}} {{Update|date=September 2016}} {{Infobox television station | callsign = DWCP-DTV | city = [[Mandaluyong]] | country = Pilipinas | logo = | branding = ''ETC TV-21 Manila'' | analog = | digital = 21 ([[Ultra high frequency|UHF]]) (''[[ISDB|ISDB-T]]'') (test broadcast) | virtual = 21 ([[LCN]]) | subchannels = 21.02: [[ETC (Philippine TV channel)|ETC]]<br>21.03: [[Shop TV]]<br>21.04: [[Deped TV|DepEd ALS]] <br>21.06: [[Deped TV|DepEd NCR Prime]]<br>21.07: [[Deped TV|DepEd Central]] | affiliations = [[ETC (Philippine TV channel)|ETC]] | founded = {{Start date and age|1992|05|30}} | location = [[Metro Manila]] | owner = [[Southern Broadcasting Network]] | licensee = [[Solar Entertainment Corporation]] | callsign_meaning = | sister_stations = | former_affiliations = [[Independent station|Independent]] (1992-2007)<br>[[Talk TV (Philippines)|Talk TV]] (2011-2012)<br>[[Solar News Channel]] (2012-2013) | former_callsigns = DWCP-TV (1992-2019) | former_channel_numbers = '''Analog:'''<br>21 ([[UHF]], 1992-2019)<br> '''Digital:''' 22 ([[UHF]], 2015-2019) | licensing_authority = NTC | effective_radiated_power = (TPO:60 KW) (ERP:500 KW/Max ERP:1500 KW) | homepage = [http://solarentertainmentcorp.com/channel/whats_new/etc/ ETC on Solar Entertainment site] }} Ang '''DWCP-DTV''', channel 21, ay ang pangunahing himpilang pantelebisyon ng [[Southern Broadcasting Network]], at ang sangay ng [[Solar Entertainment Corporation]], at ang kasalukuyan ng [[Flagship (television)|flagship station]] ng [[television network]] [[ETC (Philippine TV channel)|ETC]]. Ang kanilang studio ay matatagpuan sa Upper Ground Floor Worldwide Corporate Center, [[Shaw Boulevard]] corner EDSA, [[Mandaluyong City]], at ang aming transmitter ay matatagpuan ay nasa Nuestra Señora de la Paz Subdivision, Bo. Sta. Cruz, [[Antipolo City]] probinsya ng [[Rizal]].<ref>[http://www.asiawaves.net/philippines-tv.htm#southern TV Stations in the Philippines]</ref> SBN-21 naging ang unang local [[UHF]] TV station sa Metro Manila nang binobrodkast noong May 1992 at dating alam ay World TV 21. Ito'y binobrodkasts araw-araw mula alas 6:00&nbsp;ng umaga hanggang ala 1:00&nbsp;ng madaling araw.<!---Confirmed---> ==Kasaysayan== Inilunsad ng Southern Broadcasting Network (SBN) ng Davao ang SBN Channel 21, na minarkahan ito bilang unang lokal na istasyon ng UHF TV sa Metro Manila mula noong 1992. Noong una, ito ay kilala bilang World TV 21 at pinamamahalaan ng Kampana Television Corporation. Nagbigay ang korporasyong ito ng content ng programming na nagmula sa ABC, CNN, at ESPN. Ang pananaw ng pagtatatag ng istasyon ay mag-alok ng katulad na nilalaman sa FEN Channel 17 ng dating Clark US Air Base, na sapilitang isinara isang taon bago matapos ang Pagsabog ng Mt. Pinatubo. ==Coverage areas== * [[Metro Manila]] * [[Pangasinan]] * [[Ifugao]] * [[Pampanga]] * [[Nueva Vizcaya]] * [[Nueva Ecija]] * [[Quirino (province)|Quirino]] * [[La Union]] * [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]] * [[Tarlac]] * [[Olongapo]] * [[Zambales]] * [[Bataan]] * [[Bulacan]] * [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]] * [[Quezon (province)|Quezon]] * [[Cavite]] * [[Tagaytay]] * [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] * [[Batangas]] * [[Lucena, Quezon]] ==Digital na telebisyon== SBN launches its [[digital television]] broadcast in 2015. Solar Entertainment supplies its DTV channels through the new platform. The digital signal, however, is currently under low-power. ===Digital channels=== <!-- PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE INFORMATION BEYOND THIS AREA.--> UHF Channel 21 (515.143&nbsp;MHz) {| class="wikitable" |-Solar ! [[Digital subchannel#United States|Channel]] ! [[Display resolution|Video]] ! [[Aspect ratio (image)|Aspect]] ! [[Program and System Information Protocol#What PSIP does|PSIP Short Name]] ! Programming ! Note |- | 21.02 || rowspan=5| [[480i]] || rowspan=5| [[4:3]] || '''ETC''' || Main DWCP-TV Programming/[[ETC (Philippine TV channel)|ETC]] || rowspan=5| Test broadcast |- | 21.03 || '''Shop TV''' || [[Shop TV]] |- | 21.04 || '''Deped ALS''' || [[Deped TV|Deped ALS]] |- | 21.06 || '''Deped NCR Prime''' || [[Deped TV|Deped NCR Prime]] |- | 21.07 || '''Deped Central''' || [[Deped TV|Deped Central]] |} ==Programa ng ETC== {{Main|Talaan ng mga palabas ng ETC}} ==Tignan din== * [[ETC (Philippine TV channel)|ETC]] * [[Southern Broadcasting Network]] ==References== {{reflist|0}} {{Metro Manila TV}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dwcp-Tv}} [[Kategorya:Mga dihital na himpilang pantelebisyon sa Pilipinas]] e38qm6ngsp05hzkbsgxbsl8h9nqzx96 0 136124 2204257 2176646 2026-04-22T20:53:59Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Commune Italya|name=Santa Elisabetta|province=[[Malayang Konsorsiyong Komunal ng Agrigento|Agrigento]] (AG)|website=|area_code=0922|postal_code=92020|day=|saint=|elevation_m=457|elevation_footnotes=|population_demonym=Elisabettesi or Sabettesi|population_footnotes=<ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref>|area_total_km2=16.17|area_footnotes=|mayor=Domenico Gueli|mayor_party=|frazioni=|region=[[Sicilia]]|official_name=Comune di Santa Elisabetta|coordinates_footnotes=|coordinates={{coord|37|26|N|13|33|E|type:city(2,906)_region:IT|display=inline,title}}|pushpin_map_alt=|pushpin_label_position=|map_caption=|map_alt=|image_map=|shield_alt=|image_shield=|image_caption=|image_alt=|imagesize=|image_skyline=Santa Elisabetta.jpg|native_name=|footnotes=}} Ang '''Santa Elisabetta''' ([[Wikang Sisilyano|Siciliano]]: '''''Sabbetta''''') ay isang maliit na bayan (munisipalidad) sa [[Malayang Konsorsiyong Komunal ng Agrigento]] sa [[Italya]]nong rehiyon [[Sicilia]], na matatagpuan mga {{Convert|80|km|mi}} timog ng [[Lungsod ng Palermo|Palermo]] at mga {{Convert|13|km|mi|0}} hilaga ng [[Agrigento]]. Ang Santa Elisabetta ay may hangganansang mga sumusunod na munisipalidad: [[Aragona]], [[Joppolo Giancaxio]], [[Raffadali]], at [[Sant'Angelo Muxaro]]. == Heograpiyang pisikal == [[File:Casolare.jpg|link=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casolare.jpg|left|thumb|Kubo sa kanayunan ng Sabetta]] Nakaposisyon ang Santa Elisabetta sa isang maburol na lugar sa pagitan ng mga ilog ng Platani at Salso, sa 425 metro sa ibabaw ng antas ng dagat. Ang bayan ay 12 kilometro mula sa Agrigento at sumasaklaw sa 1,617 ektarya. Ang tanawin ay nakararami na binubuo ng puting marl at foraminifera, na sinamahan ng kayumangging mga lupa at regosol. == Kasaysayan == === Panahong moderno === Ang Santa Elisabetta ay itinatag noong 1620&nbsp;ng panginoon ni Raffadali Nicolò Giuseppe Montaperto sa teritoryo ng Canniti fiefdom, kasunod ng pagkakaloob ng ''[[licentia populandi]]'' noong 1610.<ref>[https://www.comunesantaelisabetta.it/citta/storia.html Storia di Santa Elisabetta]{{Dead link|date=Hulyo 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Noong ika-17 siglo ito ay pagmamay-ari ng pamilya Bonanno at kalaunan ng mga maharlikang Lanza.<ref name="virtualsicily.it">[http://www.virtualsicily.it/Storia-santa-elisabetta-AG-240 Breve storia di Santa Elisabetta]</ref> == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [http://www.comunesantaelisabetta.it/ Opisyal na website]{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Lalawigan ng Agrigento}} {{Uncategorized|date=Disyembre 2023}} c6ejaqh23zrdfa4wrtrccw0xxr21tb3 0 142180 2204220 2118591 2026-04-22T14:26:23Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Korean name|Park}} {{Infobox person | name = Park Shin-hye | image = ParkShinHye09122018.jpg | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|2|18|df=z}} | birth_place = [[Gwangju]], [[Timog Korea]] | occupation = {{flatlist| *[[aktres]] *[[mang-aawit]]}} | module = {{Infobox Korean name|child=yes|color=transparent| | hangul = 박신혜 | hanja = {{linktext|朴|信|惠}} | rr = Bak Sin-hye | mr = Pak Sinhye }} |years active=2001–kasalukuyan|native_name_lang=kor|image size=260px|agent=S.A.L.T Entertainment|image caption=Si Park noong Disyembre 2018|spouse={{marriage|[[:en:Choi Tae-joon|Choi Tae-joon]]|2022}}|children=1|alma mater=Chung-Ang University}} Si '''Park Shin-hye''' ({{ko-hhrm|박신혜|朴信惠}}, ipinanganak noong Pebrero 18, 1990) ay isang artista at mang-aawit sa [[Timog Korea]]. Nakakuha siya ng pagkilala sa paglabasa sa mga [[Koreanovela|Koreanovelang]] ''[[Stairway to Heaven]]'' (2003) at ''[[Tree of Heaven]]'' (2006). Tinuturing na isa sa mga pinaka-produktibong artista sa kanyang edad, natanggap ni Park ang karagdagang pagkilala sa kanyang mga ginampanan sa mga drama sa telebisyon na ''[[You're Beautiful]]'' (2009), ''The Heirs'' (2013), ''Pinocchio'' (2014-2015) at ''Doctors'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xportsnews.com/jenter/?ac=article_view&entry_id=961267&_REFERER=http%3A%2F%2Fentertain.naver.com%2Fseries%2Fread%3Fcid%3D1070595%26oid%3D311%26aid%3D0000841561|title=[★ 파헤치기] 박신혜, 톱배우가 된 최지우 아역|date=6 April 2018|website=Xports News|language=Koreano}}</ref> Noong 2015, nakaranggo si Park sa ika-33 puwesto sa listahan ng ''Forbes Korea Power Celebrity'', at ika-12 noong 2017.<ref name=forbes>{{cite web|url=http://news.joins.com/article/21315373|title=엑소 위에 박보검·송중기, 아이돌 천하 깬 드라마 스타|website=Xports News|date=27 February 2017|language=Koreano}}</ref> ==Kamusmusan at edukasyon== Ipinanganak si Park noong Pebrero 18, 1990, sa [[Gwangju]] at lumaki sa Distrito ng Songpa, [[Seoul]]. Mayroon siyang mas nakakatandang kapatid na lalaki, si Park Shin-won, na isang gitarista at kompositor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201510131820118980449_2|title=Park Shin-hye’s brother is talented musician|date=13 Oktubre 2015|website=Kpop Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref> Unang lumabas si Park sa musikang bidyo na "Flower" ng mang-aawit na si Lee Seung-hwan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.star.naver.com/ssinz/news/end?id=2035593|title='The Inheritors' Park Shin Hye, a very good example of growing up of child actress|website=Naver|date=13 Disyembre 2013|language=Ingles|access-date=7 Hunyo 2018|archive-date=28 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328230903/https://m.star.naver.com/ssinz/news/end?id=2035593|url-status=dead}}</ref> pagkatapos ay sumailalim siya sa pormal na [[pagsasanay]] sa pagkanta, pagsayaw at pag-arte.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.star.naver.com/ssinz/news/end?id=2102028|title=[STARCAST] Park Shin Hye’s Life Graph "I hope to be someone who grows 1cm every year"|website=Naver|date=26 Setyembre 2013|language=ingles|access-date=2018-06-07|archive-date=2019-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231345/https://m.star.naver.com/ssinz/news/end?id=2102028|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pagkatapos mag-hayskul sa ''Youngpa Girls 'High School'', pumasok si Park sa ''Chung-Ang University''. Nag-aral siya doon ng walong taon, pagkatapos ay nagtapos ng isang kurso sa Teatro noong Pebrero 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://star.mt.co.kr/view/stview.php?no=2016021514330231788&type=1&outlink=1|title=박신혜·유리·수영, 중앙대 연극과 졸업..캠퍼스와 작별(종합)|website=Star News|date=15 Pebrero 2016|language=Koreano}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2017/03/688_197741.html|title=Park Shin-hye, Yuri, Sooyoung to graduate|date=11 Pebrero 2016|website=The Korea Times|language=Ingles}}</ref> Nakatanggap si Park ng isang serbisyong parangal sa seremonya ng pagtitipon para sa kanyang tagumpay bilang isang embahador ng artista para sa unibersidad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hancinema.net/park-shin-hye-girls-generation-kwon-yuri-and-choi-soo-young-to-receive-service-award-at-convocation-of-chung-ang-university-91306.html|title=Park Shin-hye, Girls' Generation Kwon Yuri and Choi Soo-young to receive Service Award at convocation of Chung-Ang University|date=11 Pebrero 2016|work=Hancinema|publisher=Star Money|language=Ingles}}</ref> ==Karera== ===2003-2008: Simula ng karera=== [[File:Park Shin-hye from acrofan.jpg|thumb|Si Park galing sa Acrofan noong 2008]] Dumating ang pambihirang tagumpay kay Park nang gumanap siya bilang ang nakakabatang bersyon ng karakter ni [[Choi Ji-woo]] sa sikat na [[Koreanovela]] na ''[[Stairway to Heaven]]'' noong 2003.<ref name=trace>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201711131645214497431_2&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=From horror to romance: Tracing Park Shin-hye’s career|date=13 Nobyembre 2017|work=Kpop Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref> Bumida din siya sa ''[[Tree of Heaven]]'' (2006) at tumanggap ng papuri mula sa mga kritiko para sa kanyang pagganap.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hancinema.net/-tree-of-heaven--a-new-tryout-for-a-resurgence-of-korean-wave-5387.html|title='Tree of Heaven': a new tryout for a resurgence of Korean Wave|publisher=The Korea Herald|website=HanCinema|date=1 Marso 2006|accessdate=8 Oktubre 2013|language=Ingles}}</ref> Umere ang serye sa [[Hapon]] na nagbigay daan kay Park na makilala sa ibang bansa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hancinema.net/park-sin-hye-invited-to-photo-exhibition-for-korean-top-stars-6302.html|title=Park Shin-hye Invited to Photo Exhibition for Korean Top Stars|publisher=KBS Global|website=HanCinema|date=15 Hunyo 2006|accessdate=8 Oktubre 2013}}</ref> Unang lumabas sa pelikula si Park sa pelikulang ''Evil Twin'' (2007), isang [[pelikulang katatakutan]] kung saan gumanap siya ng dalawang pagganap: una ang pangunahing tauhan, at isa naman ay ang multo ng kapatid ng pangunahing tauhan, na minumulto ang kapatid pagkatapos mamatay nito.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2008/10/141_3063.html|title=‘Evil Twin’: Return of Korean Horror|date=17 Mayo 2007|work=The Korea Times|language=Ingles}}</ref> Siya ay itinampok sa seryeng romansang komedya na ''Prince Hours'', isang ''spin-off'' ng ''[[Princess Hours]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/231619|title=''궁S'' 세븐을 둘러싼 두여인 허이재와 박신혜의 세븐의 추억|date=4 Enero 2007|website=Nocutnews|language=Koreano}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.segye.com/newsView/20070315000390|title=‘궁s’ 박신혜 "시청률 아픔 있었지만…"|date=13 Marso 2007|work=Segye|language=Koreano}}</ref> ===2009-2012: Tumataas na katanyagan=== [[File:120313 건축학개론 VIP 시사회 박신혜 직찍.jpg|thumb|Si Park noong 2012]] Nakakuha si Park ng higit pang pagkilala matapos gumanap bilang bidang nagsuot lalaki sa ''[[You're Beautiful]]'' (2009) kasama si Jang Keun-suk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2009102823550137596|title=[INTERVIEW] Park Shin-hye (1)|website=10Asia|date=9 Oktubre 2009|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2009102823545435668|title=[INTERVIEW] Park Shin-hye (2)|website=10Asia|date=9 Oktubre 2009|language=Ingles}}</ref> Ang serye ay nakakuha ng ''cult following'' o dedikadong mga sumusunod,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isplus.live.joins.com/news/article/article.asp?total_id=3851058|title=‘미남이시네요’가 ‘아이리스’에 기죽지 않는 이유 - 일간스포츠|website=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]|date=30 Oktubre 2009|accessdate=29 Disyembre 2016|language=Koreano|archive-date=20 Hunyo 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620154303/http://isplus.live.joins.com/news/article/article.asp?Total_Id=3851058|url-status=dead}}</ref> at nakakuha ng mataas na ''rating'' o marka sa [[Hapon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010080508424241476|title=Korean drama "Minamishineyo" scores top rating in Japan|website=10Asia|date=5 Agosto 2010|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hancinema.net/jang-geun-seok-you-re-beautiful-beats-winter-sonata-33223.html |title=Jang Geun-seok "You're Beautiful" beats "Winter Sonata"|website=HanCinema|publisher=Nate|date=14 Setyembre 2011 |accessdate=29 Disyembre 2016|language=Ingles}}</ref> Inilabas niya ang mga kanta na "Lovely Day" at "Without Words" para sa orihinal na ''soundtrack'' ng drama. Noong 2010, bumida si Park sa mababang badyet na romantikong komedyang pelikula na ''Cyrano Agency'', na kuwento tungkol sa ahensiya sa ''dating'' o ligawan na tinutulungan ang mga parokyano na makuha ang loob ng mga tao na kanilang napupusuan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010032516422760963|title=Park Shin-hye joins cast of new film "Cyrano Agency"|website=10Asia|date=25 Marso 2010|language=Ingles}}</ref> Ang inaakalag hindi papatok sa takilya ay naging isang kritikal at komersyal na tagumpay, na umaakit sa 2.7 milyong admisyon sa buong bansa, naging ika-8 na pinaka-mabentang pelikula ng taon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm10.html|title=2010|website=Korean Film Biz Zone|date=20 Disyembre 2013|accessdate=8 Setyembre 2014|language=Ingles}}</ref> Nanalo si Park ng parangal para sa "Pinakasikat na Aktres" sa kategoryang pelikula sa ''Baeksang Arts Awards''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011052708214832711|title=Hyun Bin, Lee Byung-hun win top prizes at Paeksang|work=10Asia|date=27 Mayo 2011|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/10/16/2010101600278.html|title=Park Shin-hye Makes Another Splash|date=16 Oktubre 2010|website=The Chosun Ilbo|language=Ingles}}</ref> Nang naglaon, bumida si Park sa Koreanovela pangkabataan ng [[MBC]] na ''[[Heartstrings]]'' katambal si Jung Yong-hwa.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011030909264277940|title=Park Shin-hye, Jung Yong-hwa cast as leads in new MBC drama|website=10Asia |date=9 Marso 2011|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kwon|first=Mee-yoo|title=Campus romance to pull at Heartstrings|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2011/06/201_89788.html|work=The Korea Times|accessdate=21 Pebrero 2014|date=28 Hunyo 2011}}</ref> Ang parehong taon, itinampok si Park sa kanyang unang drama sa [[Taiwan]], ang ''Hayate the Combat Butler'', batay sa [[manga na shōnen]] sa Hapon na may [[Hayate the Combat Butler|kaparehong pangalan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011061309335596539|title=Park Shin-hye visits Taiwan to promote new drama|date=13 Hunyo 2011|work=Asiae|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tenasia.com/archives/9138|title=Park Shin-hye’s Taiwanese TV series to air in Korea next month|date=16 Nobyembre 2011|work=10Asia|language=Ingles|access-date=2018-06-07|archive-date=2018-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064732/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/9138|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064732/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/9138 |date=2018-01-18 }}</ref> Noong 2012, napasama si Park sa ikatlong ''season'' ng espesyal na drama ng KBS na ''Don't Worry, I'm a Ghost'' na umere noong Hulyo 15.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.tenasia.com/archives/11245|title=Park Shin-hye cast to play ghost in KBS drama special|date=26 Hunyo 2012|work=10Asia|language=Ingles|access-date=7 Hunyo 2018|archive-date=18 Enero 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122410/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/11245|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122410/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/11245 |date=18 Enero 2018 }}</ref> Ang kanyang pagganap sa dramang iyon ay nagdulot ng pagkapanalo niya sa ''KBS Drama Awards'' bilang ang Pinakamahusay na Isahang-Arte ng Natatanging Artista.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://mtvdaily.asiae.co.kr/article.php?aid=1356993600443511017|title='KBS 연기대상' 박신혜 “올 한 해 고민 많았는데..”|date=1 Enero 2013|work=TV Daily|language=Koreano|access-date=7 Hunyo 2018|archive-date=18 Enero 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064657/http://mtvdaily.asiae.co.kr/article.php?aid=1356993600443511017|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064657/http://mtvdaily.asiae.co.kr/article.php?aid=1356993600443511017 |date=18 Enero 2018 }}</ref> ===2013–2015: Pambihirang tagumpay=== Noong 2013, bumida si Park sa ikatlong bahagi ng "''Flower Boy''" na serye ng tvN na pinamagatang ''Flower Boys Next Door'' kasama ang aktor na si Yoon Shi-yoon.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Hye-ji|title=Park Shin-hye, Yoon Si-yoon to Pair Up in New Rom-com Drama|url = http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012103110482188820 |work=10Asia|accessdate=|date=31 Oktubre 2012|language=Ingles}}</ref> Pagkatapos ay itinanghal siya sa dramang pampamilya na ''Miracle in Cell No. 7''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tenasia.com/archives/11010|title=Park Shin-hye to return to silver screen with new comedy|date=1 Hunyo 2012|work=10Asia|language=Ingles|access-date=7 Hunyo 2018|archive-date=18 Enero 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064725/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/11010|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064725/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/11010 |date=18 Enero 2018 }}</ref> Ang mga benta ng tiket ng pelikula ay umabot sa 12.32 milyon, na naging isa sa mga pinakamabentang pelikulang Koreano.<ref>{{cite web|title='Miracle in Cell No. 7' third most-viewed Korean film|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/culturesports/2013/03/15/27/0701000000AEN20130315007900315F.HTML|work=Yonhap News Agency|accessdate=20 Marso 2013|date=15 Marso 2013}}</ref> Nang naglaon, nanalo siya bilang ang "Pinakamahusay na Pang-suportang Aktres" sa ''33rd Korean Association of Film Critics Awards''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000.html?cid=AEN20131118003400315 |title='Snowpiercer' picks up three Korean film critics' awards|work=Yonhap News Agency|date=9 Mayo 2013 |accessdate=6 Enero 2017}}</ref> Upang ipagdiwang ang kanyang ika-10 anibersaryo bilang isang artista, ginanap ang "''2013 Park Shin Hye Asia Tour: Kiss Of Angel''" na paglilibot ni Park sa apat na bansa sa [[Asya]], at naging unang artista lumibot sa ibayo ng Asya.<ref>{{cite news|title=Park Shin Hye to Hold Asia Tour to Meet Fans|url=http://kakao.mnet.com/news/newsdetail/print/popup.m?searchNewsVO.news_id=201303151330_31486|accessdate=31 Enero 2014|website=enewsWorld|date=15 Marso 2013|language=Ingles|archive-date=2018-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122619/http://kakao.mnet.com/news/newsdetail/print/popup.m?searchNewsVO.news_id=201303151330_31486|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122619/http://kakao.mnet.com/news/newsdetail/print/popup.m?searchNewsVO.news_id=201303151330_31486 |date=18 Enero 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2968123|title=Actress Park Shin-hye will embark on her first tour of Asia this month.|work=Korea JoongAng Daily|language=Ingles}}</ref> Lumabas siya sa musikang bidyo ng "Eraser" ng artista at mang-aawit na si So Ji-sub para sa kanyang album na ''Two'clock ... Playground'', kasama ang dating batang aktor na si Yoo Seung-ho.<ref name=sjs>{{cite news|url=http://en.tenasia.com/archives/39574|title=So Ji-sub Casts Yoo Seung-ho, Park Shin-hye for His Music Video|date=8 Enero 2013|work=10Asia|language=Ingles|access-date=7 Hunyo 2018|archive-date=18 Enero 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064728/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/39574|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064728/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/39574 |date=18 Enero 2018 }}</ref> Sa parehong taon, lumabas si Park kasama si [[Lee Min-ho]] sa ''The Heirs'', isang dramang pang-kabataan na isinulat ni Kim Eun-sook.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Sun-min|title=Park Shin-hye to star in SBS drama|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2969691|work=Korea JoongAng Daily|accessdate=|date=6 Abril 2013|language=Ingles}}</ref> Ang ''The Heirs'' ay may napakalawak na katanyagan sa parehong lokal, na may pinakamataas na marka na 28.6%, at internasyunal, na mayroong higit sa isang bilyong pinagsamang manonood sa websayt na ''streaming'' sa Tsina na iQiyi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2984060|title=‘Cinderella’ programs enchant TV audiences|date=25 Enero 2014|website=Korea JoongAng Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Shin|first1=Kyun-jin|first2=Sung-hee|last2=Yang|title=Hallyu booming again in China, bigger than ever|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2986309|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|date=14 Marso 2014}}</ref> Nakaranas si Park ng pagtaas ng popularidad sa loob ng Korea at internasyonal, at naging bituin na [[Hallyu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20151210001152|title=Actress Park Shin-hye sets Weibo record|website=The Korea Herald|date=10 Disyembre 2015|accessdate=27 Pebrero 2017|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/05/201_203710.html |title=New age of hallyu goddesses emerges |website=The Korea Times |date=29 Abril 2016 |accessdate=6 Enero 2017|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/01/04/2014010400376.html|title=Park Shin-hye Scales Acting Career High with New Series|date=4 Enero 2014|work=The Chosun Ilbo|language=Ingles}}</ref> Pinarangalan siya bilang ang "Popular na Banyagang Aktes" sa ''2013 Anhui TV Drama Awards''.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Heirs'' stars receive awards in China|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/people/2013/12/178_148244.html|work=The Korea Times|accessdate=2 Pebrero 2014|date=19 Disyembre 2013|language=Ingles}}</ref> Noong 2014, gumanap si Park bilang ang Reyna sa makasaysayang pelikula na ''The Royal Tailor''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150107000890|title=Park Shin-hye spreads beauty of ‘hanbok’|website=The Korea Herald|date=7 Enero 2015|accessdate=27 Pebrero 2017|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2982599|title=Park Shin-hye to play royalty in tailors’ tale |accessdate=7 Hulyo 2017|date=27 Disyembre 2013|work=Korea JoongAng Daily|language=Ingles}}</ref> Sa parehong taon, bumida si Park sa ''Pinocchio'' katambal ang aktor na si [[Lee Jong-suk]], na gumanap bilang ang bida ng drama na may malubhang sintomas na tinatawag na "''Pinocchio complex''", na nagdudulot ng marahas na [[sinok|pagsinok]] kapag nagsasabi siya ng mga kasinungalingan. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140904000373|title=Park Shin-hye confirmed to star in ‘Pinocchio’|website=The Korea Herald|date=4 Setyembre 2014|accessdate=8 Setyembre 2014|language=Ingles}}</ref> Ang ''Pinocchio'' ay naging isang tagumpay,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpopherald.com/view.php?ud=201501231818234799398_2|title=‘Pinocchio’ continues making waves in China|date=23 Enero 2015|work=Kpop Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref> na tinatayang kumita ng [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|$]] 5.62 milyon para sa mga karapatan sa pagsasahimpapawid sa loob lamang ng isang taon.<ref>{{cite web|title=‘Pinocchio’ sells distribution rights to China for record price|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201411241750324868840_2|website=Kpop Herald|accessdate=24 Oktubre 2015|date=24 Nobyembre 2014}}</ref> Sa pagtatapos ng ''The Heirs'' noong 2013 at ''Pinocchio'' noong 2014, napasama siya sa tala ng ''Forbes'' Korea na ''Korea Power Celebrity'' kung saan siya ay nasa ika-33 puwesto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Korea Power Celebrity 40|url=http://news.joins.com/article/19626925|website=JoongAng Ilbo|date=25 Pebrero 2016|accessdate=6 Enero 2017}}</ref> Sa parehong taon, tinawag siya ng Section TV Entertainment Relay ng MBC bilang ang "Maliit na Kapatid na Babae ng Bansa."<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2014030916094903621|title='섹션TV' 박신혜, 新 '국민 여동생' 등극 |website=Star News |date=9 Marso 2014 |accessdate=31 Disyembre 2016|language=Koreano}}</ref> Tinanggap din ni Park ang Komendasyon ng Punong Ministro sa ''Korea Popular Culture Awards'' para sa kanyang kontribusyon sa Hallyu.<ref name=prime>{{cite web|url=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2015/10/135_189121.html |title=Will Park Shin-hye receive prime minister's award? |website=The Korea Times |date=21 Oktubre 2015 |accessdate=6 Enero 2017|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201510301450476851255_2&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=Park Shin-hye, Lee Jong-suk awarded at 2015 KPCAA|date=30 Oktubre 2015|work=Kpop Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref> ===2016-kasalukuyan: Patuloy na tagumpay=== Noong 2016, bumalik si Park sa telebisyon at bumida sa medikal na drama na ''Doctors'' ng SBS, kung saan ginampanan niya ang isang nababagabag na tinedyer na kalaunan ay naging isang matagumpay na doktor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201603301617200615075_2 |title=Park Shin-hye, Kim Rae-won to star in new drama |website=Kpop Herald |date=30 Marso 2016 |accessdate=6 Enero 2017|language=Ingles}}</ref> Ang drama ay isang tagumpay at nangunguna sa mga marka o ''rating'' ng manonood at mga tsart ng katanyagan sa loob ng 10 linggo na pag-ere nito.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/07/398_209582.html|title=Park Sin-hye's 'girl-crush' character a big drawcard|website=The Korea Times|date=17 Hulyo 2016|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000.html?cid=AEN20160823004900315 |title='Doctors' tops weekly TV popularity chart again|website=Yonhap News Agency |date=9 Mayo 2013 |accessdate=6 Enero 2017|language=Ingles}}</ref> Pagkatapos ay itinanghal siya sa komedya na ''My Annoying Brother'', kasama ang artista na si Jo Jung-suk at Do Kyung-soo ng [[Exo]].<ref name="brother">{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3010439|title=New film role for Park Shin-hye|date=19 Oktubre 2015|accessdate=7 Hulyo 2017|work=Korea JoongAng Daily|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=3737&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=PARK+Shin-hye+|title=JO Jung-suk, PARK Shin-hye and DOH Kyung-soo Wrap New Film|date=18 Enero 2016|work=Korean Film Biz Zone|language=Ingles}}</ref> Sa parehong taon, napili si Park bilang Pinakapaborang Koreanang Aktres ng mga tagahanga ng ''[[Korean wave|Korean Wave]]'' sa [[Estados Unidos]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/park-shin-hye-lee-min-ho-top-korean-stars-in-the-us|title=Park Shin Hye, Lee Min Ho top Korean stars in the US|date=9 Marso 2017|work=The Straits Times|language=Ingles|access-date=7 Hunyo 2018|archive-date=18 Hunyo 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618064424/http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/park-shin-hye-lee-min-ho-top-korean-stars-in-the-us|url-status=dead}}</ref> Noong 2017, bumida si Park sa pelikulang ''crime thriller'' na ''Heart Blackened'', isang Koreanong ''remake'' ng pelikula sa [[Hong Kong]] na ''Silent Witness'', kasama si [[Choi Min-sik]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000.html?cid=AEN20161025006800315 |title=Actress Park Shin-hye cast for crime thriller|website=Yonhap News Agency|date=9 Mayo 2013 |accessdate=6 Enero 2017|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3022919|title=‘Silent Witness’ remake adds to A-list cast|last=Jin|first=Min-ji|date=23 Agosto 2016|work=Korea JoongAng Daily|accessdate=26 Abril 2017|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3040045|title=The secret to Park Shin-hye’s success? Being bland|date=30 Oktubre 2017|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|language=Ingles}}</ref> Noong 2018, bumida si Park sa dramang pantasya ng tvN na ''Memories of the Alhambra'' kasama si Hyun Bin, na gumanap ng isang gitarista at may-ari ng hostel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201805081359433374976_2|title=Park Shin-hye to show ‘Memories of Alhambra’|date=8 Mayo 2018|website=Kpop Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref> ==Personal na buhay== Noong Marso 7, 2018, nakumpirma na si Park ay may relasyon sa aktor na si Choi Tae-joon mula noong huling bahagi 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2018/03/07/0200000000AEN20180307006500315.html|title=Actors Park Shin-hye, Choi Tae-joon dating|date=7 Marso 2018|website=Yonhap News Agency|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201803071502137969399_2|title=Park Shin-hye, Choi Tae-joon confirm dating|date=7 Marso 2018|website=Kpop Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/03/08/2018030801114.html|title=Park Shin-hye Dating Fellow Actor|date=8 Marso 2018|website=The Chosun Ilbo|language=Ingles}}</ref> Noong Nobyembre 23, 2021, inihayag na si Park ay buntis at naghahanda para sa kasal kasama si Choi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=기자 |first=정유진 |title='중대 절친 선후배' 박신혜·최태준, 공개 열애에서 임신·결혼 발표까지(종합2) |url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0005741403 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=entertain.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref> Ikinasal sila noong Enero 22, 2022, sa presensya ng mga kaibigan at pamilya sa isang seremonya ng simbahan sa [[Seoul]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=기자 |first=윤성열 |title=[단독]'결혼' 박신혜♥최태준, 이홍기→이적 축가..부케는 절친 손에 [종합] |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&aid=0003023037 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=entertain.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref> Ipinanganak niya ang kanilang unang anak, isang lalaki, noong Mayo 31, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=박신혜♥최태준 오늘 득남 “산모·아기 건강” [공식] |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&aid=0000983444 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=entertain.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref> ==Pilmograpiya== ===Pelikula=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- ! Taon ! Pamagat ! Ginampanan ! Mga tanda ! Sanggunian |- | 2006 | ''Love Phobia'' | Byeon-ja | | |- | 2007 | ''Evil Twin'' | So-yeon / Hyo-jin | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2008/10/141_3063.html|title=‘Evil Twin’: Return of Korean Horror|date=17 Mayo 2007|work=The Korea Times|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | rowspan=2|2010 | ''Cyrano Agency'' | Min-yeong | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010032516422760963|title=Park Shin-hye joins cast of new film "Cyrano Agency"|website=10Asia|date=25 Marso 2010|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | ''Green Days: Dinosaur and I'' | Oh Yi-rang (voice) | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011051115542894999|title=Park Shin-hye, Song Chang-eui's animation flick to open next month|work=10Asia|date=11 Mayo 201|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | 2012 | ''Waiting for Jang Joon-hwan'' | Shin-hye | Maikling pelikula |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hancinema.net/park-shin-hye-and-oh-jung-se-in-ryu-deok-hwan-s-debut-movie-39460.html|title=Park Shin-hye and Oh Jung-se in Ryu Deok-hwan's debut movie|date=1 Marso 2012|work=Hancinema|publisher=Nate|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | rowspan=2|2013 | ''Miracle in Cell No. 7'' | Ye-seung (adult) | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tenasia.com/archives/11010|title=Park Shin-hye to return to silver screen with new comedy|date=1 Hunyo 2012|work=10Asia|language=Ingles|access-date=7 Hunyo 2018|archive-date=18 Enero 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064725/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/11010|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064725/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/11010 |date=18 Enero 2018 }}</ref> |- | ''One Perfect Day'' | Eun-hee | Maikling pelikula |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kakao.mnet.com/news/newsdetail/print/popup.m?searchNewsVO.news_id=201303151734_31542|title=Park Shin Hye and Yoon Kye Sang Cast in Romantic Comedy|work=enewsWorld|accessdate=10 Hulyo 2017|language=Ingles|archive-date=2018-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122617/http://kakao.mnet.com/news/newsdetail/print/popup.m?searchNewsVO.news_id=201303151734_31542|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122617/http://kakao.mnet.com/news/newsdetail/print/popup.m?searchNewsVO.news_id=201303151734_31542 |date=2018-01-18 }}</ref> |- | 2014 | ''The Royal Tailor'' | Queen | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2982599|title=Park Shin-hye to play royalty in tailors’ tale |accessdate=7 July 2017|date=27 Disyembre 2013|work=Korea JoongAng Daily|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''The Beauty Inside'' | Woo-jin | Kameyo |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201506031722068328129_2|title=Park Shin-hye hits flirty man in film trailer|website=Kpop Herald |accessdate=8 Setyembre 2014|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | 2016 | ''My Annoying Brother'' | Lee Soo-hyun | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=3737&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=PARK+Shin-hye+|title=JO Jung-suk, PARK Shin-hye and DOH Kyung-soo Wrap New Film|date=18 Enero 2016|work=Korean Film Biz Zone|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | 2017 | ''Heart Blackened'' | Choi Hee-jung | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000.html?cid=AEN20161025006800315 |title=Actress Park Shin-hye cast for crime thriller|website=Yonhap News Agency|date=9 May 2013 |accessdate=6 Enero 2017|language=Ingles}}</ref> |} ===Telebisyon=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taon ! Pamagat ! Ginampanan ! Himpilan ! class="unsortable" |Mga tanda ! class="unsortable" |Sanggunian |- | 2003 | ''[[Stairway To Heaven (serye sa telebisyon)|Stairway to Heaven]]'' | Han Jung-suh (bata) |[[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201711131645214497431_2&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=From horror to romance: Tracing Park Shin-hye’s career|date=13 Nobyembre 2017|work=Kpop Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | rowspan=4|2004 |''Nonstop 4'' |Shin-hye |[[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] |Kameyo, Kabanata 73 | |- | ''If Wait for the Next Train Again'' | Ran-ui (bata) | [[KBS2]] | Natatanging drama | |- | ''Not Alone'' | Ahn Shin-hye | SBS | | |- |''Very Merry Christmas'' | Si-eun | MBC |rowspan=2|Natatanging drama |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imbc.com/broad/tv/drama/best/best_admin/counter/1435359_4731.html|title=베리 메리 크리스마스|website=iMBC|accessdate=2 Mayo 2018|language=Koreano}}</ref> |- | rowspan=4|2005 |''The New Dad is Twenty-Nine'' | Song Dae-in | KBS2 | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.donga.com/3/all/20050203/8156703/1|title=[설연휴 TV가이드]방송3사 특집극/‘새 아빠는 스물아홉’ 外|date=3 Pebrero 2005|website=The Donga Ilbo|language=Koreano}}</ref> |- | ''Cute or Crazy'' | Park Shin-hye | SBS | | |- | ''One Fine Day'' | Hee-kyung | MBC |rowspan=2|Natatanging drama | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201507261634199336428_2&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=Decades-old video of Park Shin-hye revealed|date=26 Hulyo 2015|work=Kpop Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- |''Daddy Long Legs'' | Seo-kyung | rowspan=2|KBS2 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbs.co.kr/drama/dramacity/view/1355700_1355.html|title=드라마시티 - 키다리 아저씨|website=KBS|language=Koreano|accessdate=2 Mayo 2018|archive-date=4 Abril 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404075421/http://www.kbs.co.kr/drama/dramacity/view/1355700_1355.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan=3|2006 | ''[[Seoul 1945]]'' | Choi Geum-hee |Bisita, Kabanata 2–4 | |- | ''Tree of Heaven'' | Hana | SBS | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hancinema.net/-tree-of-heaven--a-new-tryout-for-a-resurgence-of-korean-wave-5387.html|title='Tree of Heaven': a new tryout for a resurgence of Korean Wave|publisher=The Korea Herald|website=HanCinema|accessdate=8 Oktubre 2013|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | ''Rainbow Romance'' | Shin-hye |rowspan=2| MBC | Kameyo, Kabanata 117 | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.joins.com/article/2248984|title=[단신.com]개그우먼 박수림, 매니저와 화촉|date=2 Abril 2006|website=JoongAng Ilbo|language=Koreano|access-date=7 Hunyo 2018|archive-date=6 Abril 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406162043/https://news.joins.com/article/2248984|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan=3|2007 | ''Prince Hours'' | Shin Sae-ryung | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/231619|title=''궁S'' 세븐을 둘러싼 두여인 허이재와 박신혜의 세븐의 추억|date=4 Enero 2007|website=Nocutnews|language=Koreano}}</ref> |- | ''Several Questions That Make Us Happy'' | Hyun-ji | KBS2 |Bahagi: ''Family'' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=200705300946271001|title=도네이션 드라마 ‘우리를 행복하게 하는 몇가지 질문’ 호평 쏟아져|date=31 Mayo 2007|website=Newsen|language=Koreano}}</ref> |- | ''[[Kimcheed Radish Cubes]]'' | Jang Sa-ya | MBC | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/07/19/2007071900781.html|title=박신혜, 드라마 '깍두기' 짧은 머리 변신|date=19 Hulyo 2007|work=Chosun|language=Koreano}}</ref> |- |2008 | ''Bicheonmu'' | A Li Shui (Arisu) | rowspan=3|SBS | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hei.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=2008030719937|title='비천무' 박신혜 앳띤 모습 "귀엽네"|date=7 Marso 2008|work=Hankyung|language=Koreano}}</ref> |- | 2009 | ''[[You're Beautiful]]'' | Go Mi-nam / Go Mi-nyeo | | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2009102823550137596|title=[INTERVIEW] Park Shin-hye (1)|website=10Asia|date=9 Oktubre 2009|language=Ingles}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2009102823545435668|title=[INTERVIEW] Park Shin-hye (2)|website=10Asia|date=9 Oktubre 2009|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | rowspan=2|2010 | ''[[My Girlfriend Is a Nine-Tailed Fox]]'' | Go Mi-nyeo | Kameyo, Kabanata 6 | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.hankyung.com/article/2010082737907|title=박신혜, '여친구'서 '고미녀'로 깜짝 출연…"신민아와 묘한 신경전"|date=27 Agosto 2010|work=Hankyung|language=Koreano|access-date=7 Hunyo 2018|archive-date=18 Enero 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064703/http://news.hankyung.com/article/2010082737907|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[High Kick Through the Roof]]'' | future Hae-ri | rowspan=2|MBC | Kameyo, Kabanata 119 | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nate.com/view/20100306n00912?mid=e0102|title=박신혜 ‘지붕킥’ 카메오 출연, 엔딩과 연관있나?|date=6 Marso 2010|work=Nate|language=Koreano}}</ref> |- | rowspan=2|2011 | ''Heartstrings'' | Lee Gyu-won | |<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011030909264277940|title=Park Shin-hye, Jung Yong-hwa cast as leads in new MBC drama|website=10Asia |date=9 Marso 2011|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | ''[[Hayate the Combat Butler]]'' | Xiao Zhi / Sanqianyuan Zhi | FTV | Natatanging drama |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011061309335596539|title=Park Shin-hye visits Taiwan to promote new drama|date=13 Hunyo 2011|work=Asiae|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | rowspan=2|2012 | ''Don't Worry, I'm a Ghost'' | Yeon-hwa | KBS2 | Natatanging drama |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.tenasia.com/archives/11245|title=Park Shin-hye cast to play ghost in KBS drama special|date=26 Hunyo 2012|work=10Asia|language=Ingles|access-date=7 Hunyo 2018|archive-date=18 Enero 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122410/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/11245|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122410/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/11245 |date=18 Enero 2018 }}</ref> |- | ''The King of Dramas'' | Pangunahing Aktres ng ''Graceful Revenge'' | SBS | Kameyo, Kabanata 1 |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.tenasia.com/archives/12524|title=Park Shin-hye to Keep Her Faith with “You’re Beautiful” Producer|date=26 Oktubre 2012|work=10Asia|language=Ingles|access-date=7 Hunyo 2018|archive-date=18 Enero 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064721/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/12524|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064721/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/12524 |date=18 Enero 2018 }}</ref> |- | rowspan=3|2013 | ''Flower Boys Next Door'' | Go Dok-mi | tvN | |<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Hye-ji|title=Park Shin-hye, Yoon Si-yoon to Pair Up in New Rom-com Drama|url = http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012103110482188820 |work=10Asia|accessdate=|date=31 Oktubre 2012|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | ''Fabulous Boys'' | Go Mi-nyeo | FTV / GTV | Kameyo, Kabanata 1 | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2962080|title=Park Shin-hye to make cameo in Taiwanese ‘You’re Beautiful’|date=9 Nobyembre 2012|work=Korea JoongAng Daily|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | ''The Heirs'' | Cha Eun-sang | rowspan=3|SBS | |<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Sun-min|title=Park Shin-hye to star in SBS drama|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2969691|work=Korea JoongAng Daily|accessdate=|date=6 Abril 2013|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | 2014–2015 | ''Pinocchio'' | Choi In-ha | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140904000373|title=Park Shin-hye confirmed to star in ‘Pinocchio’|website=The Korea Herald|date=4 Setyembre 2014|accessdate=8 Setyembre 2014|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | rowspan=3|2016 | ''Entertainer'' |''Assistant Manager'' Park | Kameyo, Kabanata 3 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpopherald.com/view.php?ud=201604191555507426906_2|title=Park Shin-hye’s cameo in drama ‘Entertainer’|date=19 Abril 2016|website=Kpop Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- |''Gogh, The Starry Night'' | Kahera sa tindahan | Sohu / SBS | Kameyo, Kabanata 8 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201604141124174051818_2|title=Park Shin-hye to make cameo appearance in Web drama|website=Kpop Herald|access-date=29 Abril 2016|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | ''Doctors'' | rowspan=2|Yoo Hye-jung | rowspan=2|SBS | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201603301617200615075_2 |title=Park Shin-hye, Kim Rae-won to star in new drama |website=Kpop Herald |date=30 Marso 2016 |accessdate=6 Enero 2017|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | 2017 | ''Temperature of Love'' | Kameyo, Kabanata 21 | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201710111749082124991_2&ACE_SEARCH=1|title= Park Shin-hye to appear on ‘Temperature of Love’|date=11 Oktubre 2017|work=Kpop Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- |2018 | ''Memories of the Alhambra'' | Jung Hee-joo | tvN | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201805081359433374976_2|title=Park Shin-hye to show ‘Memories of Alhambra’|date=8 Mayo 2018|website=Kpop Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | 2018 |''Little Cabin in the Woods'' | | tvN | Gumanap kasama si So Ji-sub |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/kwave/2018/04/04/3001000000AEN20180404009400315.html|title=Snail-paced new reality show documents stars' journey for happiness|date=4 Abril 2018|website=Yonhap News Agency|language=Ingles}}</ref> |} ===Dokumentaryo=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taon ! Pamagat ! Himpilan ! class="unsortable" |Mga tanda ! class="unsortable" |Sanggunian |- | 2009 | ''It City Park Shin Hye in New Caledonia: Take It Paradise'' | O'live TV | | |- | 2011 | ''STOP HUNGER'' | MBC | Kawanggawa sa [[Ghana]] | |- | 2012 | ''It City Park Shin Hye Healing Trip to Hong Kong'' | O'live TV | | |- | 2013 | ''Photo Camping Log'' | OnStyle | kasama si Park Se-young | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tenasia.com/archives/64972|title=Park Shin-hye to Go Camping This Saturday|date=16 Hulyo 2013|work=10Asia|language=Ingles|access-date=7 Hunyo 2018|archive-date=18 Enero 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122423/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/64972|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122423/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/64972 |date=18 Enero 2018 }}</ref> |} ===Pag-''host''=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taon ! Pamagat ! Himpilan ! class="unsortable" |Mga tanda ! class="unsortable" |Sanggunian |- |2007–2008 | ''Fantastic Partner'' | MBC | | |- | rowspan="2" |2009 | ''Melon Music Awards'' | {{n/a}} | kasama si Jang Keun-suk | <!--2009-12-16--> |- | ''SBS Gayo Daejeon'' | SBS | kasama sina Jung Yong-hwa & [[Kim Heechul]] | <!--2009-12-29--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2009122918022955607|title=[PHOTO] Hosts prep for "SBS Music Festival"|date=29 Disyembre 2009|work=Asiae|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2011 | ''Hallyu Dream Concert'' | {{n/a}} | kasama sina Ok Taecyeon & Choi Minho | <!--2011-10-03--> |- | ''Melon Music Awards'' | MBC Every 1 | kasama sina [[Leeteuk]] & Yoon Doo-joon | <!--2011-11-24--><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hancinema.net/leeteuk-park-shin-hye-yoon-doo-joon-to-host-2011-melon-music-awards-35140.html|title=Leeteuk, Park Shin-hye, Yoon Doo-joon To Host 2011 Melon Music Awards|date=10 Nobyembre 2011|work=Hancinema|publisher=KBS World|language=Ingles}}</ref> |-|language=Ingles |2012 | ''Kpop Collection Okinawa'' | {{n/a}} | kasama si [[Lee Seung-gi]] | <!--2012-10-18--><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/news/k-pop-fashion-show-in-okinawa-ft-lee-054010958.html|title=K-Pop Fashion Show in Okinawa Ft. Lee Seung Gi, 2NE1, Kara, After School, IU, MBLAQ, and More to Air on SBS|date=24 Oktubre 2012|work=enewsWorld|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- |2014 | '' SBS Drama Awards'' | SBS | kasama sina [[Lee Hwi-jae]] at Park Seo-joon |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/82847/park-shin-hye-chosen-as-host-of-sbs-drama-awards|title=Park Shin Hye Chosen as Host of ′SBS Drama Awards′|website=enewsWorld|date=10 Disyembre 2014|accessdate=4 Enero 2015|language=Ingles|archive-date=2014-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210221606/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/82847/park-shin-hye-chosen-as-host-of-sbs-drama-awards|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210221606/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/82847/park-shin-hye-chosen-as-host-of-sbs-drama-awards |date=10 Disyembre 2014 }}</ref> |- |} ==Diskograpiya== ===Mga ''single''=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taon ! Pamagat / Subaybayan ! Album ! class="unsortable" |Mga tanda ! class="unsortable" |Sanggunian |- | 2006 | "Love Rain" |''Tree of Heaven'' OST | | |- | 2007 | "Jingle Ha-Day" | ''Jingle Ha-Day'' | tinatampok si Lee Seung-hwan | |- | rowspan=2|2009 | "Lovely Day" | rowspan=2|''You're Beautiful'' OST | | |- | "Without a Word" | | |- | 2010 | "It Was You" |''Cyrano Agency'' OST | kasama si Lee Min-jung | |- |rowspan=3|2011 | "우주에서" | ''Green Days: Dinosaur and I'' OST | kasama si [[Song Chang-eui]] | |- | "The Day We Fall In Love" | rowspan=2|''Heartstrings'' OST | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tenasia.com/archives/7687|title=Soundtrack to MBC drama “Heartstrings” to be released tomorrow|date=28 Hunyo 2011|website=10Asia|language=Ingles|access-date=7 Hunyo 2018|archive-date=1 Pebrero 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075559/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/7687|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075559/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/7687 |date=1 Pebrero 2018 }}</ref> |- | "I Will Forget You" | bersyon niya ng awit ng CN Blue na may kaparehong pangalan na mula sa album na ''Bluetory'' | |- | rowspan=2|2012 | "I Think of You" | ''Music and Lyrics'' OST | with Yoon Gun | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/en/web/20170308220324/http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/4411/park-shin-hye-on-music-and-lyrics|title=Park Shin Hye Wins Over New Fans with ′Music and Lyrics′|date=16 Marso 2012|work=enewsWorld|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | "Memories" | ''Don’t Worry, I’m a Ghost'' OST | | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/84201/kbs-drama-special-to-release-ost-album-including-song-by-park-shin-hye|title=KBS ‘Drama Special’ to Release OST Album Including Song by Park Shin Hye|accessdate=4 Enero 2014|website=enewsWorld|date=31 Disyembre 2014|language=Ingles|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072240/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/84201/kbs-drama-special-to-release-ost-album-including-song-by-park-shin-hye|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072240/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/84201/kbs-drama-special-to-release-ost-album-including-song-by-park-shin-hye |date=4 Marso 2016 }}</ref> |- | rowspan=3|2013 | "Pitch Black" |''Flower Boys Next Door'' OST | | |- | "Story" |''The Heirs'' OST | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/50010/park-shin-hye-releases-ost-for-her-drama-the-heirs|title=Park Shin Hye′s OST for ‘The Heirs’ to be Released Today (11.07)|work=enewsWorld|date=7 Nobyembre 2013|accessdate=10 Hulyo 2017|language=Ingles}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | "Break Up For You,<br> Not Yet For Me" | ''Break Up For You,<br> Not Yet For Me'' | tinatampok si Hwasa ng Mamamoo; ''remake'' ng Standing Egg |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tenasia.com/archives/75290|title=Park Shin-hye to Remake Sad R&B Song|date=14 Nobyembre 2013|work=10Asia|language=Ingles|access-date=2018-06-07|archive-date=2018-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122414/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/75290|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122414/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/75290 |date=2018-01-18 }}</ref> |- | rowspan=3|2014 | "Arm Pillow" | ''Arm Pillow'' | | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2987244|title=‘Heirs’ actress releases surprise single|accessdate=5 Agosto 2014|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|date=2 Abril 2014|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | "My Dear" | ''My Dear'' | kasama siYong Jun-hyung<br> | <ref name=mydear>{{cite news|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140611001240&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=Park Shin-hye debuts as singer with brother’s song|date=11 Hunyo 2014|work=The Korea Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | "Love Is Like Snow" | rowspan=2|''Pinocchio'' OST | | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201412101214343746349_2&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=Park Shin-hye sings ‘Pinocchio’ OST|date=10 Disyembre 2014|work=Kpop Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | rowspan=2|2015 | "Dreaming a Dream" | | |- | "Perfect" | ''Perfect'' | SALTNPAPER tinatampok si Park Shin-hye | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201502031456019135438_2&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=Park Shin-hye featured in new Saltnpaper song|date=3 Pebrero 2015|work=Kpop Herald|language=Ingles}}</ref> |} ===Musikang bidyo=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taon ! Pangalan ng kanta ! Artist ! class="unsortable" |Sanggunian |- | 2003 | "Flower" | rowspan=3|Lee Seung-hwan |<ref name=trace /> |- | rowspan=2|2004 | "I Ask Myself" | |- | "Fake Love Song" | |- | 2006 | "Letter" | Kim Jong-kook | |- | 2008 | "Saechimtteki" | 45RPM | |- | rowspan=2|2009 | "Call Me" | rowspan=2|[[Taegoon]] | |- | "Super Star" | |- | rowspan=2|2012 | "Alone in Love" | rowspan=2|[[Lee Seung-gi]] | |- | "Aren’t We Friends" | |- | 2013 | "Eraser" | So Ji-sub | <ref name=sjs /> |- | rowspan=2|2014 | "My Dear" | Kanyang sarili | <ref name=mydear /> |- | "You Are So Beautiful" | Kanyang sariali kasama sina [[Super Junior]], [[EXO (banda)|EXO]], atbp. | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201506051734485966262_2|title=Park Shin-hye, Super Junior to star in short film by Lotte Duty Free|accessdate=8 Setyembre 2014|website=Kpop Herald|date=5 Hunyo 2015|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- | 2015 | "Insensible" | Lee Hong-gi | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201511061129469738311_2|title=Park Shin-hye to star in Lee Hong-gi’s music video.|accessdate=18 Nobyembre 2015|website=Kpop Herald|date=18 Enero 2015|language=Ingles}}</ref> |- |2017 | “Wish” |Jung Joon-il |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201703061358383506690_2|title=Park Shin-hye to feature in Jung Joon-il’s MV|website=Kpop Herald|date=6 Marso 2017|language=Ingles}}</ref> |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist|2}} ==Mga panlabas na link== {{commons category|Park Shin-hye}} * [http://www.parkshinhye.jp/ Opisyal na Websayt na Hapones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316155524/http://www.parkshinhye.jp/ |date=2021-03-16 }} {{ja icon}} * [http://www.saltent.co.kr/artist/park-shin-hye/ Opisyal na Websayt na Koreano] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509085318/http://www.saltent.co.kr/artist/park-shin-hye/ |date=2017-05-09 }} {{ko icon}} [[Kategorya:Mga artista mula sa Timog Korea]] mzbxtmj9g70qj2m5g5y4xvnpyfndqeq 0 161369 2204327 2199627 2026-04-23T04:34:54Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kinukumpuni}} {{Transgender sidebar}} [[File:TransgenreatParis2005.JPG|thumb|200px|Isang biyolohikal na lalake na naging transeksuwal. Sa palad nito ay may nakasulat na [[Kromosomang Y|XY]].]] Ang '''transeksuwalismo''' ay isang kondisyon kung saan ang isang tao ay nakakaramdam ng malakas na hindi pagkakatugma sa pagitan ng kanilang [[biyolohikal na kasarian]] at sa kanilang [[Pagpapakilanlan sa kasarian|sikolohikal na pagkakakilanlan]] sa kabaligtarang kasarian. Ito ay madalas na nagdudulot ng [[disporya sa kasarian]], na nag-uudyok sa kanila na baguhin ang kanilang pisikal na katangian sa pamamagitan ng [[hormona]], pag-opera, at pagbabago ng [[Asal ng tao|gawi]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohammadi |first=Mohammad Reza |last2=Khaleghi |first2=Ali |date=2018-05-31 |title=Transsexualism: A Different Viewpoint to Brain Changes |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5953012/ |journal=Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience: The Official Scientific Journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=136–143 |doi=10.9758/cpn.2018.16.2.136 |issn=1738-1088 |pmc=5953012 |pmid=29739126}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=O |first=Somasundaram |date=2009-01 |title=Transgenderism: Facts and fictions |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2738402/ |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=73–75 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.44917 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=2738402 |pmid=19742192}}</ref> == Mga Kahulugan at Terminolohiya == === Pinagmulan ng Salita at Kasaysayan === Ang salitang "transseksuwal" ay mula sa "trans-" na nangangahulugang "sa kabila" at "[[seksuwal]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transsexual - Etymology, Origin & Meaning |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/transsexual |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=etymonline |language=en-US}}</ref> Ito ay unang ginamit sa medikal na literatura noong 1907, ngunit sa ibang kahulugan. Noong 1923, ginamit ito ni Magnus Hirschfeld upang ilarawan ang mga taong may panloob na pakiramdam na hindi tumutugma sa kanilang biyolohikal na kasarian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-12 |title=A Gender Variance Who's Who: Did Hirschfeld coin the word and concept ‘transsexual’? |url=https://zagria.blogspot.com/2023/02/did-hirschfeld-coin-word-and-concept.html |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=A Gender Variance Who's Who}}</ref> Ito ay naiiba sa [[transvestismo]], na tungkol lamang sa pananamit. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=O |first=Somasundaram |date=2009-01 |title=Transgenderism: Facts and fictions |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2738402/ |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=73–75 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.44917 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=2738402 |pmid=19742192}}</ref> Noong 1949, ginamit ito ni David Oliver Cauldwell upang ilarawan ang mga taong gustong baguhin ang kanilang pisikal na katangian. Si [[Harry Benjamin]] ay nagpalaganap nito noong 1950s sa pamamagitan ng kanyang mga pag-aaral. Ang konsepto ay nagmula sa ika-19 na siglo sa Europa, ngunit naging mas malinaw noong ika-20 siglo kasama ang pag-unlad ng medisina. Halimbawa, si [[Christine Jorgensen]] ay sumailalim sa pagtistis noong 1952. === Pagkakaiba sa Transgender at Konsepto ng Gender Identity === Ang "transseksuwal" ay tumutukoy sa mga taong may malakas na disporya at gustong baguhin ang pisikal na katangian sa pamamagitan ng medikal na paraan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Epidemiology |url=https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/diversity/education/transgender-and-gender-nonconforming-patients/history-and-epidemiology |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=www.psychiatry.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soll |first=Bianca M. |last2=Robles-García |first2=Rebeca |last3=Brandelli-Costa |first3=Angelo |last4=Mori |first4=Daniel |last5=Mueller |first5=Andressa |last6=Vaitses-Fontanari |first6=Anna M. |last7=Cardoso-da-Silva |first7=Dhiordan |last8=Schwarz |first8=Karine |last9=Abel-Schneider |first9=Maiko |last10=Saadeh |first10=Alexandre |last11=Lobato |first11=Maria-Inês-Rodrigues |date=2018 |title=Gender incongruence: a comparative study using ICD-10 and DSM-5 diagnostic criteria |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6900768/ |journal=Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999) |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=174–180 |doi=10.1590/1516-4446-2016-2224 |issn=1809-452X |pmc=6900768 |pmid=28977069}}</ref> Ito ay nagsimula bilang isang medikal na kondisyon. Sa kabaligtaran, ang "[[transgender]]" ay mas malawak, na sumasaklaw sa mga taong may ibang sikolohikal na kasarian nang hindi kinakailangang baguhin ang pisikal na katangian.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Answers to your questions about transgender people, gender identity, and gender expression |language=en |work=https://www.apa.org |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/transgender-people-gender-identity-gender-expression |access-date=2026-03-24}}</ref> Ito ay nagmula noong 1990s at nakatuon sa panloob na pakiramdam. Ang [[DSM-IV]] ay nagpalit ng termino upang mabawasan ang istigma. Ang ilang transseksuwal ay hindi gustong tawaging transgender dahil ito ay masyadong malawak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transgender Health Program: Terms and Tips {{!}} OHSU |url=https://www.ohsu.edu/transgender-health/transgender-health-program-terms-and-tips |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=www.ohsu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Language categorizing transgender people needs to evolve, historian argues |url=https://transstudies.ku.edu/news/article/2021/12/09/language-categorizing-transgender-people-needs-evolve-historian-argues |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=transstudies.ku.edu |language=en}}</ref> === Epekto ng pagtistis at mga hormona === Ang [[terapiya sa hormona]] ay nagdudulot ng mga pagbabago tulad ng paglaki ng dibdib o pagbabago sa boses, ngunit may panganib tulad ng sakit sa puso, atake sa utak, at pagkawala ng pertilidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan Swe |first=Nyein |last2=Ahmed |first2=Samihah |last3=Eid |first3=Marwen |last4=Poretsky |first4=Leonid |last5=Gianos |first5=Eugenia |last6=Cusano |first6=Natalie E. |date=2022-03 |title=The effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on cardiovascular and skeletal health: A literature review |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8907681/ |journal=Metabolism Open |volume=13 |pages=100173 |doi=10.1016/j.metop.2022.100173 |issn=2589-9368 |pmc=8907681 |pmid=35282421}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3=Professional |first3= |title=How does hormone therapy affect heart health in transgender people? |url=https://www.heart.org/en/news/2019/10/28/how-does-hormone-therapy-affect-heart-health-in-transgender-people |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=www.heart.org |language=en}}</ref>Ang pagtistis tulad ng [[vaginoplasty]] o [[phalloplasty]] ay nagbabago ng henital, ngunit may komplikasyon tulad ng sakit o hindi perpektong paggana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weinand |first=Jamie D. |last2=Safer |first2=Joshua D. |date=2015-06 |title=Hormone therapy in transgender adults is safe with provider supervision; A review of hormone therapy sequelae for transgender individuals |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5226129/ |journal=Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=55–60 |doi=10.1016/j.jcte.2015.02.003 |issn=2214-6237 |pmc=5226129 |pmid=28090436}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Blok |first=Christel JM |last2=Wiepjes |first2=Chantal M |last3=van Velzen |first3=Daan M |last4=Staphorsius |first4=Annemieke S |last5=Nota |first5=Nienke M |last6=Gooren |first6=Louis JG |last7=Kreukels |first7=Baudewijntje PC |last8=den Heijer |first8=Martin |date=2021-10-01 |title=Mortality trends over five decades in adult transgender people receiving hormone treatment: a report from the Amsterdam cohort of gender dysphoria |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213858721001856 |journal=The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=663–670 |doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00185-6 |issn=2213-8587}}</ref> Ang mga pag-aaral ay nagpapakita na nakakatulong ito sa maikling panahon, ngunit mataas pa rin ang panganib ng mga isyu sa kalusugang pangkaisipan at pagpapakamatay. Ang pagsisisi ay mababa, ngunit ang detransisyon ay nangyayari dahil sa ibang dahilan tulad ng kalusugang pangkaisipan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bustos |first=Valeria P. |last2=Bustos |first2=Samyd S. |last3=Mascaro |first3=Andres |last4=Del Corral |first4=Gabriel |last5=Forte |first5=Antonio J. |last6=Ciudad |first6=Pedro |last7=Kim |first7=Esther A. |last8=Langstein |first8=Howard N. |last9=Manrique |first9=Oscar J. |date=2021-03 |title=Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8099405/ |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=e3477 |doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000003477 |issn=2169-7574 |pmc=8099405 |pmid=33968550}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Accurate transition regret and detransition rates are unknown |url=https://segm.org/regret-detransition-rate-unknown |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=SEGM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghorayshi |first=Azeen |date=2024-10-26 |title=A Trans Researcher’s Pursuit of Better Data on Detransition |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/26/health/kinnon-mackinnon-detransition-research.html |access-date=2026-03-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grupp |first=Katharina |last2=Blessmann |first2=Marco |last3=König |first3=Hans-Helmut |last4=Hajek |first4=André |date=2023-05-30 |title=Are transgender people satisfied with their lives? |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15831-4 |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1002 |doi=10.1186/s12889-023-15831-4 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=10227974 |pmid=37254078}}</ref> == Batayang Biyolohikal == === Hindi Nababagong Katangian ng Biyolohikal na Kasarian === Ang biyolohikal na kasarian ay batay sa uri ng [[gameto]]: isperma para sa lalaki at ova para sa babae. Ito ay [[Binaryong kasarian|binaryo]] at hindi nababago mula sa pagbubuntis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goymann |first=Wolfgang |last2=Brumm |first2=Henrik |last3=Kappeler |first3=Peter M. |date=2022-12-21 |title=Biological sex is binary, even though there is a rainbow of sex roles |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bies.202200173 |journal=BioEssays |language=en |volume=45 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/bies.202200173 |issn=0265-9247}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=In Humans, Sex is Binary and Immutable by Georgi K. Marinov {{!}} NAS |url=https://www.nas.org/academic-questions/33/2/in-humans-sex-is-binary-and-immutable |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=www.nas.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>Ang mga kromosona (XX para sa babae, XY para sa lalaki) ay nananatiling pareho. Kahit ang pagpapaopera ay nagbabago lamang ng hitsura, hindi ang kakayahang magbunga ng gameto.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frederick |first=David A. |date=2025-11-01 |title=Gamete Size Is Essential for Understanding Sex and Sexual Selection in Humans, Animals, Plants, and Algae But Configurations of Sex-Linked Traits Are Practically Important for Understanding Sex |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03216-0 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=3821–3825 |doi=10.1007/s10508-025-03216-0 |issn=1573-2800 |pmc=12753530 |pmid=40796672}}</ref> Ang [[disorders of sex development]] ay bihira at hindi nagdaragdag ng bagong kategorya.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_2002-08_39_3 |title=The Journal of Sex Research 2002-08: Vol 39 Iss 3 |date=2002-08 |publisher=Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality |others=Internet Archive |language=English}}</ref> === Kritika sa Teorya ng Brain Sex at Neurolohikal === May teorya na ang utak ng transseksuwal ay katulad ng sa kabaligtaran na kasarian, ngunit ito ay mahina dahil sa maliit na sampol at epekto ng mga hormona. Ang mga pag-aaral ay hindi pare-pareho, at maraming pagbabago ay mula sa karanasan, hindi mula sa kapanganakan. Walang malinaw na patunay na ito ang dahilan ng disporya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arraiza Zabalegui |first=Maite |date=2024-02-02 |title=After the trans brain: a critique of the neurobiological accounts of embodied trans* identities |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10837215/ |journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=10 |doi=10.1007/s40656-023-00602-6 |issn=1742-6316 |pmc=10837215 |pmid=38305812}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=www.tandfonline.com |doi=10.1080/19359705.2022.2127042}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Flint |first=Claas |last2=Förster |first2=Katharina |last3=Koser |first3=Sophie A. |last4=Konrad |first4=Carsten |last5=Zwitserlood |first5=Pienie |last6=Berger |first6=Klaus |last7=Hermesdorf |first7=Marco |last8=Kircher |first8=Tilo |last9=Nenadic |first9=Igor |last10=Krug |first10=Axel |last11=Baune |first11=Bernhard T. |date=2020-09 |title=Biological sex classification with structural MRI data shows increased misclassification in transgender women |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-020-0666-3 |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |language=en |volume=45 |issue=10 |pages=1758–1765 |doi=10.1038/s41386-020-0666-3 |issn=1740-634X}}</ref> === Impluwensyang Henetiko, Hormonal, at Paglaki === Ang mga pag-aaral sa kambal ay nagpapakita na may katamtamang bahagi ng mga henetiko sa pagkakaroon ng disporya sa kasarian o transeksuwal na pagkakakilanlan. Gayunpaman, hindi ito nangangahulugang purong henetiko lamang. Wala ring natagpuang partikular na hene para rito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karamanis |first=Georgios |last2=Karalexi |first2=Maria |last3=White |first3=Richard |last4=Frisell |first4=Thomas |last5=Isaksson |first5=Johan |last6=Skalkidou |first6=Alkistis |last7=Papadopoulos |first7=Fotios C. |date=2022-08-04 |title=Gender dysphoria in twins: a register-based population study |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-17749-0 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=13439 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-17749-0 |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coolidge |first=Frederick L. |last2=Thede |first2=Linda L. |last3=Young |first3=Susan E. |date=2002-07-01 |title=The Heritability of Gender Identity Disorder in a Child and Adolescent Twin Sample |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019724712983 |journal=Behavior Genetics |language=en |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=251–257 |doi=10.1023/A:1019724712983 |issn=1573-3297}}</ref> Maaaring may kinalaman ang mga hormona noong nasa sinapupunan pa lamang, tulad ng makikita sa haba ng mga daliri, ngunit hindi pa sapat ang mga patunay para rito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foreman |first=Madeleine |last2=Hare |first2=Lauren |last3=York |first3=Kate |last4=Balakrishnan |first4=Kara |last5=Sánchez |first5=Francisco J |last6=Harte |first6=Fintan |last7=Erasmus |first7=Jaco |last8=Vilain |first8=Eric |last9=Harley |first9=Vincent R |date=2018-09-21 |title=Genetic Link Between Gender Dysphoria and Sex Hormone Signaling |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/104/2/390/5104458 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism |language=en |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1210/jc.2018-01105 |issn=0021-972X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sadr |first=Mostafa |last2=Khorashad |first2=Behzad S. |last3=Talaei |first3=Ali |last4=Fazeli |first4=Nasrin |last5=Hönekopp |first5=Johannes |date=2020-02-01 |title=2D:4D Suggests a Role of Prenatal Testosterone in Gender Dysphoria |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01630-0 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=421–432 |doi=10.1007/s10508-020-01630-0 |issn=1573-2800 |pmc=7031197 |pmid=31975034}}</ref> == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Seksuwalidad]] [[Kategorya:LGBT]] oz1s1thb2gifhlqv8sw54lkchl5h8wm 0 161864 2204274 2158782 2026-04-22T22:31:08Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cleanup|date=December 2007}} {{Infobox company | company_name = Southern Broadcasting Network | company_logo = 200px-Sbn 21.png | company_type = [[Subsidiary]] | industry = [[Mass media]] | hq_location = Worldwide Corporate Center, EDSA corner Shaw Boulevard, Mandaluyong, Philippines | area_served = Nationwide | key_people = Wilson Y. Tieng (Chairman)<br>William Y. Tieng (President)<br>Linnie M. Dinopol (Vice President)<br>'''Former Owner/Management'''<br>Lucio Co (Majority Stockholder)<br>Leonardo B. Dayao (Chairman)<br>Teofilo A. Henson (President) | foundation = 1970 (radio broadcasts) <br> May 30, 1992 (television broadcasts) | services = [[Broadcasting]]<br>[[Radio]]<br>[[television]] | owner = | parent = Gem Communications Holdings (1992-2010) <br> [[Solar Entertainment Corporation|Solar Entertainment]] }} {{Infobox television channel | name = SBN 21 | type = [[Free-to-air]] [[Television broadcasting|television network]] | country = [[Pilipinas]] | area = Nationwide | launch_date = May 30, 1992 | founder = Lucio Co | affiliates = [[Solarflix]] (July 11, 2022-present)<br/>ETC (January 1, 2008-March 1, 2011, November 30, 2013-July 10, 2022)<br/>[[Talk TV (Philippines)|Talk TV]] (March 2, 2011-October 29, 2012)<br />[[Solar News Channel]] (October 30, 2012-November 29, 2013) | former_names = World TV 21 (1992-1996) | picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[16:9]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]]) | parent = Gem Communications Holdings (1992–2010)<br>[[Solar Entertainment Corporation]] (2010–present) | website = }} Ang '''Southern Broadcasting Network''', ay isang kalambatang pantelebisyon at pangradyo sa [[Pilipinas]]. Ang punong studio ay matatagpuan sa Upper Ground Floor, Worldwide Corporate Center, [[EDSA]] corner [[Shaw Boulevard]], [[Lungsod ng Mandaluyong]]. Ang Southern Broadcasting Network ay nagpapatakbo ng mga istasyon ng telebisyon na may airtime na inuupahan ng magulang nitong Solar Entertainment, na nagsisilbing pangunahing tagapagbalita ng pelikula at entertainment channel na SolarFlix. ==Kasaysayan== ==Mga islogan ng SBN== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Pagmamarka ! Islogan ! Mga taon ginagamit |- | SBN 21/World TV 21 | Your Kind of Life | 1992-1996 |- | SBN 21 | The Only One | 1996-2004 |- | SBN 21 | Dito Ikaw Ang Una! | 2004-2007 |- | SBN 21/ETC 21 | It's all Good!, All Free! | 2008-2011<br />30 Nobyembre 2013-10 Hulyo 2022 |- | SBN 21/Talk TV 21 | Be Talktv (Talkative) | 2011-2012 |- | SBN 21/Solar News Channel | Inform. Inspire. | 2012-29 Nobyembre 2013 |- | SolarFlix | Sagot ka Namin! | 11 Hulyo 2022-kasalukuyan |} ==Mga himpilan ng SBN== ===Mga himpilan ng SBN-TV=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Pagmamarka ! Callsign ! Ch. # ! Lakas (kW) ! Uri ng Himpilan ! Location |- |- | SBN-21 Manila | [[DWCP-TV]] | TV-21 | 50&nbsp;kW (500&nbsp;kW ERP) | Originating | [[Kalakhang Maynila]] |- | SBN-34 Baguio | [[DWCT-TV]] | TV-34 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Baguio City|Baguio]] |- | SBN-21 Laoag | [[DWAP-TV]] | TV-21 | 10&nbsp;kW | Originating | [[Lungsod ng Laoag|Laoag]] |- | SBN-22 Dagupan | [[DWSN-TV]] | TV-22 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Dagupan City|Dagupan]] |- | SBN-37 Tuguegarao | [[DZJP-TV]] | TV-37 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Tuguegarao City|Tuguegarao]] |- | SBN-34 Pampanga | [[DZPC-TV]] | TV-34 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[San Fernando, Pampanga]] |- | SBN-46 Tarlac | [[DWWT-TV]] | TV-46 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Tarlac City|Tarlac]] |- | SBN-35 Puerto Princesa | [[DYBN-TV]] | TV-35 | 10&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Puerto Princesa City|Puerto Princesa]] |- | SBN-21 Legazpi | [[DWJP-TV]] | TV-21 | 1&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Lungsod ng Legazpi|Legazpi]] |- | SBN-46 Naga | [[DWLP-TV]] | TV-46 | 10&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga]] |- | SBN-23 Sorsogon | [[DWSS-TV]] | TV-23 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Sorsogon City|Sorsogon]] |- | SBN-21 Kalibo | [[DYAP-TV]] | TV-21 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Kalibo, Aklan|Kalibo]] |- | SBN-45 Roxas | [[DYKN-TV]] | TV-45 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Roxas, Capiz|Capiz]] |- | SBN-32 Iloilo | [[DYSN-TV]] | TV-32 | 10&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Iloilo City|Iloilo]] |- | SBN-5 Bacolod | [[DYLP-TV]] | TV-5 | 10&nbsp;kW | Originating | [[Lungsod ng Bacolod|Bacolod]] |- | SBN-6 Cebu | [[DYCP-TV]] | TV-6 | 30&nbsp;kW | Originating | [[Lungsod ng Cebu|Cebu]] |- | SBN-22 Tacloban | [[DYJP-TV]] | TV-22 | 1&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Lungsod ng Tacloban|Tacloban]] |- | SBN-27 Zamboanga | [[DXJP-TV]] | TV-27 | 1&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Lungsod ng Zamboanga|Zamboanga]] |- | SBN-13 Iligan | [[DXYL-TV]] | TV-13 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Iligan City|Iligan]] |- | SBN-33 Ozamiz | [[DXSO-TV]] | TV-33 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Ozamiz City|Ozamiz]] |- | SBN-4 Cagayan De Oro | [[DXCS-TV]] | TV-4 | 10&nbsp;kW | Originating | [[Lungsod ng Cagayan de Oro|Cagayan De Oro]] |- | SBN-7 Davao | [[DXSS-TV]] | TV-7 | 15&nbsp;kW | Originating | [[Lungsod ng Davao|Davao]] |- | SBN-28 General Santos | [[DXKM-TV]] | TV-28 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[General Santos City|General Santos]] |- | SBN-37 Butuan | [[DXCW-TV]] | TV-37 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Butuan City|Butuan]] |- | SBN-25 Surigao | [[DXAV-TV]] | TV-25 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Surigao City|Surigao]] |- | SBN-50 Tandag | [[DXHQ-TV]] | TV-50 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Tandag City|Tandag]] |- | SBN-23 Cotabato | [[DXCP-TV]] | TV-23 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Cotabato City|Cotabato]] |- |} ===SBN sa telebisyon kable=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Cable Provider ! Ch. # ! class="unsortable"|Coverage |- | [[Cablelink]] | 34 | [[Metro Manila]] |- | [[SkyCable]] | 16 | [[Metro Manila]] |- | [[Destiny Cable]] | 16 | [[Metro Manila]] |- | [[G Sat]] | 53 | Nationwide |- | [[Cignal]] | 21 | Nationwide |- | Sky Direct | 33 | Defunct |- |} ==Mga himpilan ng XFM== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Pagmamarka ! Callsign ! Frequency ! Lakas (kW) ! Lokasyon |- | XFM 97.9 Laoag | [[DWSN|DWSN-FM]] | 97.9&nbsp;MHz | 5&nbsp;kW | [[Lungsod ng Laoag|Laoag]] |- | XFM 98.9 Vigan | [[DWIS-FM]] | 98.9&nbsp;MHz | 5&nbsp;kW | [[Lungsod ng Vigan|Vigan]] |- | XFM 95.9 Naga | [[DWLP-FM|DZRB-FM]] | 95.9&nbsp;MHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Lungsod ng Naga|Naga]] |- | XFM 90.3 Bacolod | [[DYCP-FM]] | 90.3&nbsp;MHz | 5&nbsp;kW | [[Lungsod ng Bacolod|Bacolod]] |- | XFM 88.3 Cebu | [[DYAP|DYAP-FM]] | 88.3&nbsp;MHz | 5&nbsp;kW | [[Lungsod ng Cebu|Cebu]] |- | XFM 101.5 Tacloban | [[DYJP-FM]] | 101.5&nbsp;MHz | 2.5&nbsp;kW | [[Lungsod ng Tacloban|Tacloban]] |- | XFM 101.9 Zamboanga | [[DXJP-FM]] | 101.9&nbsp;MHz | 5&nbsp;kW | [[Lungsod ng Zamboanga|Zamboanga]] |- | XFM 97.9 Davao | [[DXSS|DXSS-FM]] | 97.9&nbsp;MHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Lungsod ng Davao|Davao]] |- |} ==Mga Programa== ===Mga programa ng SBN=== ====Newscast==== * ''News Beat'' ** ''News Beat at 5am'' ** ''News Beat at 12nn'' ** ''News Beat Pilipinas'' ** ''News Beat Primetime'' ** ''News Beat Global'' ** ''News Beat Late-night'' ** ''News Beat Sports'' ====Telenovela==== *''La Venganza'' *''[[Pasion de Gavilanes]]'' *''Reina de Corazones'' *''Sin Senos no hay Paraíso'' ===Mga dating palabas ng SBN=== {{main|Talaan ng mga dating palabas ng Southern Broadcasting Network}} ^* either old stations to re-air, or new stations awaiting NTC approval to air ==Mga sanggunian== {{Reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *[http://www.solarentertainmentcorp.com/channel/whats_new/etc/ ETC official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707224139/http://solarentertainmentcorp.com/channel/whats_new/etc |date=2016-07-07 }} *[http://www.aseanmediadirectory.com/company_detail.asp?id=376 Asean Media: SBN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306225530/http://www.aseanmediadirectory.com/company_detail.asp?id=376 |date=2007-03-06 }} {{Solar Entertainment}} {{Solar Television Network}} {{Television in the Philippines}} {{Radio in the Philippines}} [[Kategorya:Southern Broadcasting Network| ]] [[Kategorya:Mga network pantelebisyon]] [[Kategorya:Solar Entertainment Corporation]] [[Kategorya:Mga kompanya]] daxdu69247r090ny0m4wc1g02ctwtxq 0 162098 2204201 2194083 2026-04-22T12:31:53Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara]] 2204201 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara]] 4jhwammqklx6snhb0n8c4rzq344sh57 0 162141 2204208 2195345 2026-04-22T12:32:53Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasutsot]] 2204208 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasutsot]] f83e3cqz317a8mqs9khn8waj3ztq7y6 0 162279 2204254 2191503 2026-04-22T19:43:48Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian inhabited locality | en_name = Salekhard | ru_name = Салехард | loc_name1 = | loc_lang1 = | loc_name2 = | loc_lang2 = | loc_name3 = | loc_lang3 = | loc_name4 = | loc_lang4 = | other_name = Пуӆңават | other_lang = Khanty | image_skyline = Салехард - panoramio (5).jpg | image_caption = | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|66|32|N|66|36|E|display=inline,title}} | image_flag = Flag of Salekhard (Yamal Nenetsia).png | flag_caption = | image_coa = Coat of Arms of Salekhard (Yamal Nenetsia).png | coa_caption = | anthem = | anthem_ref = | holiday = | holiday_ref = <!-- administrative status --> | federal_subject = [[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] | federal_subject_ref = <ref name="Ref928" /> | adm_district_jur = | adm_district_jur_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = [[Lungsod ng halagang kasakupang pederal|Lungsod ng kahalagahang okrug]] ng Salekhard | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = <ref name="Ref928" /> | adm_citydistrict_jur = | adm_citydistrict_type = | adm_citydistrict_jur_ref = | adm_selsoviet_jur = | adm_selsoviet_type = | adm_selsoviet_jur_ref = | capital_of = | capital_of_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug | adm_ctr_of1_ref = <ref name="Ref928">Law #42-ZAO</ref> | adm_ctr_of2 = Lungsod ng kahalagahang okrug ng Salekhard | adm_ctr_of2_ref = <ref name="Ref928" /> | adm_ctr_of3 = | adm_ctr_of3_ref = | inhabloc_cat = Lungsod | inhabloc_cat_ref = <ref name="Ref928" /> | inhabloc_type = | inhabloc_type_ref = <!-- municipal status --> | mun_district_jur = | mun_district_jur_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = Salekhard Urban Okrug | urban_okrug_jur_ref = <ref name="Ref933">Law #26-ZAO</ref> | urban_settlement_jur = | urban_settlement_jur_ref = | rural_settlement_jur = | rural_settlement_jur_ref = | inter_settlement_territory = | inter_settlement_territory_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = Salekhard Urban Okrug | mun_admctr_of1_ref = <ref name="Ref933" /> | mun_admctr_of2 = | mun_admctr_of2_ref = | leader_title = Alkalde | leader_title_ref = | leader_name = Alexander Spirin | leader_name_ref = | representative_body = | representative_body_ref = <!-- statistics --> | elevation_m = | area_km2 = 84.50 | area_km2_ref = | pop_2010census = 42544 | pop_2010census_rank = | pop_2010census_ref = <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> | pop_latest = 49 214 | pop_latest_date = 2018 | pop_latest_ref = | population_demonym = | time_zone_ref = <!-- history --> | established_date = 1595 | established_title = | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = 1938 | current_cat_date_ref = | abolished_date = | abolished_date_ref = <!-- misc --> | postal_codes = 629000 | postal_codes_ref = | dialing_codes = 34922 | dialing_codes_ref = <ref>[http://www.btk-online.ru/phcode/1358.html Телефонные коды городов] (sa wikang Ruso). Retrieved 2010-09-24.</ref> | website = http://www.salekhard.org/ |date=May 2019}} Ang '''Salekhard''' ({{lang-ru|Салеха́рд}}; [[Wikang Khanty|Khanty]]: {{lang|kca|Пуӆңават}}, ''Pułñawat''; {{lang-yrk|Саляʼ харад}}, ''Salja’ harad'' - literal na ''bahay sa isang tangway'') ay isang [[Mga uri ng tinitirhang pook sa Rusya|lungsod]] at [[kabisera]] ng [[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]], [[Rusya]]. Tumatawid ito sa [[Bilog ng Artiko]], at umaabot ang pangunahing mga bahagi ng lungsod nang isang kilometro (0.62 milya) patimog at umaabot naman ang mga [[naik]] sa hilaga ng bilog. ==Kasaysayan== Itinatag ang pamayanan ng '''Obdorsk''' ({{lang|ru|Обдорск}}) noong 1595, sa sityo ng isang pamayanang [[Mga Khanty|Khanty]] na tinatawag na Polnovat-Vozh ({{lang|ru|Полноват-вож}}), ng mga Rusong nakikipamayan kasunod ng paglupig ng [[Siberia]]. Matatagpuan ito noon sa [[Ilog Ob]], at pinaniniwalaang hinango rito ang pangalan nito. Kinilala ang lupa sa paligid ng Obdorsk bilang Obdorsky [[krai]] o '''Obdoriya'''. Madalas na ginamit ang pamayanan bilang lugar ng pagtapon (''exile'') noong mga panahong Tsar at Sobyet. Kabilang sa mga kilalang tao na lumagi rito ay ang pinunong espirituwal ng [[Doukhobor]] na si [[Peter Vasilevich Verigin|Pyotr Verigin]] at ang manghihimagsik na si [[Leon Trotsky]]. Ang paligid ng lungsod ay may tatlong mga kampong Sobyet kung saang piniit ang humigit-kumulang 6,500 mga bilanggo na hinuli at pinatapon dito dahil sa kanilang paniniwala sa Diyos.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomas|first=George|title=Stalin's 'Railroad of Death' Witnesses Revival|url=http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2011/March/Stalins-Railroad-of-Death-Witnesses-Revival/|publisher=CBN News|accessdate=27 May 2013|archive-date=16 Hunyo 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616024424/http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2011/March/Stalins-Railroad-of-Death-Witnesses-Revival/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa pantalan ng Salekhard, humigit-kumulang 1,500 mga bilanggo ay naglulan at nagbaba ng mga produkto sa pantalan, o nagmina ng mga inambato ng metal. Humigit-kumulang 5,000 mga bilanggo sa dalawang mga kampo malapit sa Salekhard naman ay itinalaga sa pagpapakintab ng mga diyamanteng buhat ng [[minahan ng Mir]]. Noong Disyembre&nbsp;10, 1930, ang Obdorsk ay naging sentrong pampangasiwaan ng bagong Pambansang Okrug ng Yamal (Nenets). Binigyan ito ng bagong pangalan na Salekhard noong 1933, at ginawaran ng katayuang panlungsod noong 1938. Ang pinakamalapit na estasyong daambakal ay sa [[Labytnangi]] sa kabilang panig ng Ilog Ob. Mula 1949 hanggang 1953, ang proyektong [[Daambakal ng Salekhard-Igarka]] ay nakagawa ng hindi matagumpay na tangka upang idugtong ang linya patungong [[Igarka]]. Ikinasawi ito ng daan-daang mga bilanggong [[Gulag]].<ref name="Among Dead Roads">{{cite web|last=Gonzales|first=Daria|title=A living city among dead roads|url=http://rbth.com/articles/2012/06/07/a_living_city_among_dead_roads_15830.html|work=[[RBTH]]|date=7 June 2012|accessdate=9 July 2015}}</ref> Natapos ang bahagi mula Salekhard hanggang [[Nadym]] at ginamit nang ilang beses noong panahong Sobyet, bagamat iniwan ito paglaon. Kasalukuyan{{when|date=Mayo 2019}} itong itinatayo muli, kasama ang matagal nang hinihintay na tulay sa kahabaan ng Ilog Ob sa pagitan ng Labytnangi at Salekhard. Noong Abril 2014, tinapos ng [[Rostelecom]], ang Rusong [[tagapaglaan ng serbisyong Internet]], ang huling kahabaan ng optikal na linyang Internet ng [[Nadym]]-Salekhard. May haba itong halos na 3,500 kilometro (2175 milya).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telecompaper.com/news/rostelecom-to-expand-network-in-yamal--1132810|title=Rostelecom to expand network in Yamal|website=www.telecompaper.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> Noong tag-init ng 2016, pagkaraang umaabot ang temperatura sa {{convert|35|C|F}} na nagpatunaw sa mga bangkay na nahawaan ng [[anthrax]] na naging yelo mula pa noong 1941 malapit sa lungsod, kumalat ang mga butong-binhi (''spores'') ng anthrax na ikinahawa ng mga kawan ng [[reyndir]] at mga nag-aalaga ng hayop.<ref name="Guardian80116">{{cite news|author1=Alec Luhn|title=Anthrax outbreak triggered by climate change kills boy in Arctic Circle Seventy-two nomadic herders, including 41 children, were hospitalised in far north Russia after the region began experiencing abnormally high temperatures|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/01/anthrax-outbreak-climate-change-arctic-circle-russia|accessdate=August 4, 2016|work=The Guardian|date=August 1, 2016}}</ref> ==Klima== Ang Salekhard ay may [[klimang subartiko]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfc'') na may maigsi ngunit banayad na mga [[tag-init]] at napakaginaw na mga [[taglamig]]. Katamtaman ang [[pag-uulan]] na mas marami sa tag-init kaysa sa taglamig. {{Weather box |location=Salekhard |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C = 3.5 |Feb record high C = 3.3 |Mar record high C = 5.7 |Apr record high C = 15.5 |May record high C = 24.5 |Jun record high C = 31.6 |Jul record high C = 32.9 |Aug record high C = 29.9 |Sep record high C = 24.8 |Oct record high C = 18.2 |Nov record high C = 7.0 |Dec record high C = 4.1 |Jan high C = −18.8 |Feb high C = −18.5 |Mar high C = −9.9 |Apr high C = −4.0 |May high C = 3.7 |Jun high C = 14.3 |Jul high C = 19.7 |Aug high C = 15.7 |Sep high C = 8.8 |Oct high C = -0.2 |Nov high C = −11.3 |Dec high C = −16.2 |Jan mean C = −23.2 |Feb mean C = −22.9 |Mar mean C = −14.9 |Apr mean C = −9.1 |May mean C = -0.5 |Jun mean C = 9.5 |Jul mean C = 14.8 |Aug mean C = 11.4 |Sep mean C = 5.3 |Oct mean C = -3.0 |Nov mean C = −15.3 |Dec mean C = −20.7 |Jan low C = −27.8 |Feb low C = −27.4 |Mar low C = −19.9 |Apr low C = −14.0 |May low C = −4.2 |Jun low C = 5.2 |Jul low C = 10.0 |Aug low C = 7.3 |Sep low C = 2.2 |Oct low C = −6.0 |Nov low C = −19.5 |Dec low C = −25.2 |Jan record low C = −51.3 |Feb record low C = −53.7 |Mar record low C = −47.4 |Apr record low C = −38.7 |May record low C = −30.8 |Jun record low C = −11.0 |Jul record low C = −1.0 |Aug record low C = −5.5 |Sep record low C = −9.6 |Oct record low C = −35.7 |Nov record low C = −47.1 |Dec record low C = −51.5 |Jan precipitation mm = 23 |Feb precipitation mm = 19 |Mar precipitation mm = 21 |Apr precipitation mm = 26 |May precipitation mm = 37 |Jun precipitation mm = 51 |Jul precipitation mm = 65 |Aug precipitation mm = 69 |Sep precipitation mm = 42 |Oct precipitation mm = 46 |Nov precipitation mm = 28 |Dec precipitation mm = 27 |Jan rain days = 0.1 |Feb rain days = 0 |Mar rain days = 0.5 |Apr rain days = 3 |May rain days = 10 |Jun rain days = 17 |Jul rain days = 18 |Aug rain days = 21 |Sep rain days = 20 |Oct rain days = 9 |Nov rain days = 1 |Dec rain days = 0 |Jan snow days = 26 |Feb snow days = 23 |Mar snow days = 23 |Apr snow days = 16 |May snow days = 13 |Jun snow days = 2 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 3 |Oct snow days = 17 |Nov snow days = 24 |Dec snow days = 27 |Jan humidity= 83 |Feb humidity= 82 |Mar humidity= 81 |Apr humidity= 78 |May humidity= 77 |Jun humidity= 70 |Jul humidity= 72 |Aug humidity= 79 |Sep humidity= 82 |Oct humidity= 86 |Nov humidity= 85 |Dec humidity= 83 |Jan sun = 4.0 |Feb sun = 48.0 |Mar sun = 135.0 |Apr sun = 209.0 |May sun = 233.0 |Jun sun = 270.0 |Jul sun = 307.0 |Aug sun = 185.0 |Sep sun = 96.0 |Oct sun = 57.0 |Nov sun = 18.0 |Dec sun = 0.0 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |url = http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/23330.htm |title = Pogoda.ru.net - Climate Data for Salekhard |accessdate = May 16, 2015 |language = Russian |archive-date = Abril 16, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130416003644/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/23330.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> |source 2 = NOAA (sun only, 1961-1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web |url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/RA/23330.TXT |title = Salekhard Climate Normals 1961-1990 |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |accessdate = January 18, 2013}}</ref> }} ==Demograpiya== [[Talaksan:Salehardtown1.jpg|thumb|Pambansang Aklatan ng Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] {{Historical populations |align=left |1939 |12764 |1959 |16567 |1970 |21929 |1979 |24935 |1989 |32334 |2002 |36827 |2010 |42544 |align-fn=center |footnote=Senso 2010: <ref name="2010Census"/>; Senso 2002: <ref>{{ru-pop-ref|2002census}}</ref>; Senso 1989: <ref>{{ru-pop-ref|1989census}}</ref> }} {{clear}} ==Ekonomiya== Ang himpilan ng [[Yamal Airlines]] ay nasa Salekhard.<ref>[http://www.yamal.aero/ Yamal Airlines]. Retrieved on February 27, 2012.</ref> Pagsapit ng taong 2015, ipinapanukala ng mga awtoridad na magtayo ng isang malaking pampolong liwaliwan (''polar resort'') mga 3 kilometro (1.9 milya) mula sa paliparan, malapit sa [[Bilog ng Artiko]], upang gawing "sentro ng Artikong turismo" ang lungsod. ===Transportasyon=== Ang lungsod ay pinaglilingkuran ng [[Paliparan ng Salekhard]], kung saang dumadaan dito ang malayuang mga pasahero. Ang pinakamalapit na daambakal ay nasa [[Labytnangi]] (sa [[Daambakal ng Salekhard–Igarka]]) sa kabilang panig ng Ilog Ob. Kasalukuyang itinatayo ang matagal nang inaasam na tulay sa kahabaan ng Ob sa pagitan ng Labytnangi at Salekhard. {{As of|2010}}, maaaring tumawid ang mga sasakyan at trak sa ilog sa pamamagitan ng pagmaneho sa kahabaan ng nagyeyelong ilog sa loob ng siyam hanggang sampung buwan sa isang taon. Sa tag-init pinapatakbo ang isang ferry, "ngunit dalawang beses sa isang taon, tuwing naglulutang ang yelo, namumuhay ang Salekhard sa paraang nagsasarili, ganap na hiwalay mula sa buong mundo, ukol sa kargamento. Tanging [[helikopter]] lamang kapag may biglang pangangailangan. Ang pampook na mga tao ay laging nag-iimbak ng mga pagkain sa bahay, sa mga tindahan, sa pamilihan para sa panahong ito, ngunit sila ay nakararanas pa rin ng paminsan-minsang pagtaas ng presyo."<ref>2010/2011 visitor Любовь</ref> Matatagpuan ang Salekhard sa nakapanukalang ruta ng ''[[Northern Latitudinal Railway]]'', at itatayo ang isang tulay sa lungsod na ito sa ibabaw ng Ilog Ob.<ref>Ямальская дорога в зеркале мнений — Парламентская газета «Тюменские известия». old.t-i.ru. Проверено 5 марта 2016.</ref> ==Mga pandaigdigang ugnayan== {{See also|Talaan ng mga kambal at kapatid na lungsod sa Rusya}} ===Mga kambal at kapatid na lungsod=== [[Mga kambal at kapatid na lungsod|Magkakambal]] ang Salekhard sa: *[[Azov]], [[Rostov Oblast]], Rusya ==Mga kawing panlabas== *{{Ru icon}} [http://www.salekhard.org/ Opisyal na websayt ng Salekhard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924132933/https://salekhard.org/ |date=2020-09-24 }} *Opisyal na websayt ng Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070525042339/http://www.adm.yanao.ru/127/ Kabatiran tungkol sa Salekhard] ==Mga sanggunian== ===Talababa=== {{Reflist|35em}} ===Mga pinagkunan=== *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|yan|adm|law}} *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|yan|mun|list|salekhard}} {{Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug}} {{Authority control}} [[Kaurian:Mga lungsod sa Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] [[Kaurian:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Rusya]] 8irchxnjktswdvj9d48txfqge40ho9i 5 165385 2204454 2203380 2026-04-23T10:57:17Z ListeriaBot 79921 Wikidata list updated [V2] 2204454 wikitext text/x-wiki == New real time list of missing articles == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> I suggest that you give a look to the [[m:Mix'n'match|Mix'n'match]] tool by Magnus Manske, and that you recommend it from this page. Thanks to Wikidata, it's able to tell you in real time what articles you're missing out of several reliable lists of relevant persons. --[[m:user:Nemo_bis|Nemo]] 17:06, 10 Oktubre 2014 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Nemo bis@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Mix%27n%27match&oldid=10158766 --> :Ha? [[Tagagamit:OmegaAndromedae|OmegaAndromedae]] ([[Usapang tagagamit:OmegaAndromedae|kausapin]]) 12:39, 18 Agosto 2025 (UTC) ::''Automatic message delivery'' ito kaya parang walang ''sense''. Tingnan mo ang orihinal na ''message delivery'' [https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usapang_Wikipedia:Talaan_ng_mga_artikulong_kailangang_mayroon_ang_bawat_Wikipedia&oldid=1445796 dito]. Ipinadala ang mensahe na 'yan para i-''suggest'' na puwede gumawa ng tala tulad nung nasa baba. [https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usapang_Wikipedia%3ATalaan_ng_mga_artikulong_kailangang_mayroon_ang_bawat_Wikipedia&diff=1670548&oldid=1445796 Si Bluemask ang gumawa ng talang 'yan], siya 'yun isa pang aktibong admin dito sa Wikipediang Tagalog. ''Hope'' na naliwanagan ka. Salamat. --[[User:Jojit fb|Jojit]] ([[User talk:Jojit fb|usapan]]) 03:04, 23 Oktubre 2025 (UTC) :::Ah, pero bakit may kulang? Ano ba nangyari sa Q6 hanggang Q14 at bakit nawala ang Q47, at kung na delete lang sila bakit wala ang Q613? Pero di ko man iyata magagamit ito, pero salamat nalang! [[Tagagamit:OmegaAndromedae|OmegaAndromedae]] ([[Usapang tagagamit:OmegaAndromedae|kausapin]]) 04:37, 23 Oktubre 2025 (UTC) == Wikidata list == {{Wikidata list|sparql= SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P5008 wd:Q5460604. } |columns=number:bilang,item:aytem,label/en:artikulo,label,P18 |section= |min_section=3 |sort=label |links=red |thumb=128 |autolist=fallback }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! bilang ! aytem ! artikulo ! label ! larawan |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q12199|Q12199]] | HIV/AIDS | [[AIDS]] | [[Talaksan:Human Immunodeficency Virus - stylized rendering.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q9181|Q9181]] | Abraham | [[Abraham]] | [[Talaksan:PikiWiki Israel 47514 Samaritan museum on mount Grizim - Left.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q91|Q91]] | Abraham Lincoln | [[Abraham Lincoln]] | [[Talaksan:Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q5670|Q5670]] | Abu Nuwas | [[Abu Nuwas]] | [[Talaksan:Abu Nuwas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q9381|Q9381]] | Adam Smith | [[Adam Smith]] | [[Talaksan:AdamSmith.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q352|Q352]] | Adolf Hitler | [[Adolf Hitler]] | [[Talaksan:Adolf Hitler cropped restored 3x4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q889|Q889]] | Afghanistan | [[Apganistan|Afghanistan]] | [[Talaksan:Afghanistan - Location Map (2013) - AFG - UNOCHA.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q8018|Q8018]] | Augustine of Hippo | [[Agustin ng Hipona]] | [[Talaksan:Saint Augustine by Philippe de Champaigne.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q8597|Q8597]] | Akbar | [[Akbar ang Dakila]] | [[Talaksan:Contemporary seated portrait of Akbar, 1605.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[:d:Q8006|Q8006]] | Akira Kurosawa | [[Akira Kurosawa]] | [[Talaksan:Akirakurosawa-onthesetof7samurai-1953-page88.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[:d:Q9546|Q9546]] | Al-Ghazali | [[Al-Ghazali]] | [[Talaksan:Al Ghazali.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[:d:Q7251|Q7251]] | Alan Turing | [[Alan Turing]] | [[Talaksan:Alan Turing (1951) (crop).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[:d:Q937|Q937]] | Albert Einstein | [[Albert Einstein|Q937]] | [[Talaksan:Albert Einstein Head cleaned.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[:d:Q5580|Q5580]] | Albrecht Dürer | [[Albrecht Dürer]] | [[Talaksan:Dürer Alte Pinakothek.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[:d:Q188|Q188]] | German | [[Wikang Aleman|Aleman]] | [[Talaksan:Legal status of German in the world.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[:d:Q183|Q183]] | Germany | [[Alemanya]] | [[Talaksan:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[:d:Q7318|Q7318]] | Nazi Germany | [[Alemanyang Nazi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[:d:Q7374|Q7374]] | Alfred Hitchcock | [[Alfred Hitchcock]] | [[Talaksan:Hitchcock, Alfred 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[:d:Q262|Q262]] | Algeria | [[Algeria]] | [[Talaksan:Algeria - Location Map (2013) - DZA - UNOCHA.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[:d:Q1286|Q1286]] | Alps | [[Alpes]] | [[Talaksan:Alps 2007-03-13 10.10UTC 1px-250m.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[:d:Q10908|Q10908]] | Amphibia | [[Amphibia]] | [[Talaksan:Fire salamander (Salamandra Salamandra).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[:d:Q727|Q727]] | Amsterdam | [[Amsterdam]] | [[Talaksan:Amsterdam airphoto.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[:d:Q5456|Q5456]] | Andes | [[Andes]] | [[Talaksan:Andes 70.30345W 42.99203S.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[:d:Q5603|Q5603]] | Andy Warhol | [[Andy Warhol]] | [[Talaksan:Andy Warhol at the Jewish Museum (by Bernard Gotfryd) – LOC.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[:d:Q8258|Q8258]] | One Thousand and One Nights | [[Ang Isang Libo't Isang Gabi|Ang Isanglibo't Isang mga Gabi]] | [[Talaksan:Sughrat.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[:d:Q8269|Q8269]] | The Tale of Genji | [[Ang Kuwento ni Genji]] | [[Talaksan:Genji emaki 01003 002.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[:d:Q8251|Q8251]] | The Art of War | [[Sining ng Pakikidigma|Ang Sining ng Pakikidigma]] | [[Talaksan:Bamboo book - closed - UCR.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[:d:Q43473|Q43473]] | Angkor Wat | [[Angkor Wat]] | [[Talaksan:Angkor wat temple.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[:d:Q51|Q51]] | Antarctica | [[Antartika|Antarctica]] | [[Talaksan:Antarctica 6400px from Blue Marble.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[:d:Q5685|Q5685]] | Anton Chekhov | [[Anton Chekhov]] | [[Talaksan:Anton Chekhov with bow-tie sepia image.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[:d:Q1340|Q1340]] | Antonio Vivaldi | [[Antonio Vivaldi]] | [[Talaksan:Onbekend - Antonio Vivaldi - Bologna Museo Internationale e biblioteca della musica di bologna 28-04-2012 9-21-050.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[:d:Q7298|Q7298]] | Antonín Dvořák | [[Antonín Dvořák]] | [[Talaksan:Dvorak.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[:d:Q15|Q15]] | Africa | [[Aprika]] | [[Talaksan:Africa satellite orthographic.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[:d:Q1828555|Q1828555]] | Arabic script | [[Arabic script]] | [[Talaksan:Tawqi' script - Qur'anic verses - 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[:d:Q8669|Q8669]] | Arab–Israeli conflict | [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] | [[Talaksan:Arab-Israeli Map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[:d:Q1357|Q1357]] | Araneae | [[Gagamba|Araneae]] | [[Talaksan:Spiders Diversity.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[:d:Q525|Q525]] | Sun | [[Araw (astronomiya)|Araw]] | [[Talaksan:The Sun in white light.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[:d:Q10872|Q10872]] | Archaea | [[Arkeya|Archaea]] | [[Talaksan:Archaea.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[:d:Q8739|Q8739]] | Archimedes | [[Arkimedes|Archimedes]] | [[Talaksan:Retrato de un erudito (¿Arquímedes?), por Domenico Fetti.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[:d:Q414|Q414]] | Argentina | [[Arhentina]] | [[Talaksan:Fitz Roy 1b.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[:d:Q868|Q868]] | Aristotle | [[Aristoteles]] | [[Talaksan:Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[:d:Q1360|Q1360]] | arthropod | [[Arthropoda]] | [[Talaksan:Asian forest scorpion in Khao Yai National Park.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[:d:Q48|Q48]] | Asia | [[Asya]] | [[Talaksan:Asia satellite orthographic.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[:d:Q1524|Q1524]] | Athens | [[Atenas]] | [[Talaksan:Akropolis 2015.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[:d:Q408|Q408]] | Australia | [[Australya]] | [[Talaksan:Australia satellite plane.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[:d:Q40|Q40]] | Austria | [[Austria]] | [[Talaksan:Oesterreichisches Woerterbuch 43. Auflage Deckel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[:d:Q8011|Q8011]] | Avicenna | [[Avicenna]] | [[Talaksan:Pursina.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[:d:Q12542|Q12542]] | Aztec | [[Aztec]] | [[Talaksan:Reconstruction of Tenochtitlan2006.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[:d:Q1530|Q1530]] | Baghdad | [[Baghdad]] | [[Talaksan:Bagdad collage.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[:d:Q7343|Q7343]] | Great Barrier Reef | [[Bahura ng Gran Barrera]] | [[Talaksan:GreatBarrierReef-EO.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[:d:Q321|Q321]] | Milky Way | [[Ariwanas|Balatas]] | [[Talaksan:Artist’s impression of the Milky Way.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[:d:Q12548|Q12548]] | Holy Roman Empire | [[Banal na Imperyong Romano]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[:d:Q1861|Q1861]] | Bangkok | [[Bangkok]] | [[Talaksan:Temple of the Emerald of buddha or Wat Phra Kaew (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[:d:Q7164|Q7164]] | World Bank | [[Bangkong Pandaigdig]] | [[Talaksan:World Bank building at Washington.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[:d:Q9610|Q9610]] | Bangla | [[Wikang Bengali|Bangla]] | [[Talaksan:Bengali letters.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[:d:Q902|Q902]] | Bangladesh | [[Bangladesh]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[:d:Q12512|Q12512]] | St. Peter's Basilica | [[Basilika ni San Pedro]] | [[Talaksan:Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano September 2015-1a.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[:d:Q956|Q956]] | Beijing | [[Beijing]] | [[Talaksan:Skyline of Beijing CBD with B-5906 approaching (20211016171955).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[:d:Q313|Q313]] | Venus | [[Benus (planeta)|Benus]] | [[Talaksan:PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[:d:Q64|Q64]] | Berlin | [[Berlin]] | [[Talaksan:Cityscape Berlin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[:d:Q2841|Q2841]] | Bogotá | [[Bogotá|Bogota]] | [[Talaksan:Centro internacional.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[:d:Q202943|Q202943]] | Brahmagupta | [[Brahmagupta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[:d:Q155|Q155]] | Brazil | [[Brasil|Brazil]] | [[Talaksan:Cidade Maravilhosa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[:d:Q8680|Q8680]] | British Empire | [[Imperyong Britaniko|Britanikong Imperyo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[:d:Q748|Q748]] | Buddhism | [[Budismo|Buddadamma]] | [[Talaksan:Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla, Sikkim.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[:d:Q513|Q513]] | Mount Everest | [[Bundok Everest]] | [[Talaksan:Mount Everest as seen from Drukair2 PLW edit.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[:d:Q405|Q405]] | Moon | [[Buwan (astronomiya)|Buwan]] | [[Talaksan:FullMoon2010.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[:d:Q85|Q85]] | Cairo | [[Cairo]] | [[Talaksan:Cairo Skyline (2020).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[:d:Q16|Q16]] | Canada | [[Canada]] | [[Talaksan:Canada - Location Map (2013) - CAN - UNOCHA.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[:d:Q5465|Q5465]] | Cape Town | [[Lungsod ng Cabo|Cape Town]] | [[Talaksan:Ciudad del Cabo desde Cabeza de León, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-22, DD 34.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[:d:Q6722|Q6722]] | Carl Friedrich Gauss | [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] | [[Talaksan:Carl Friedrich Gauss.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[:d:Q1043|Q1043]] | Carl Linnaeus | [[Carl Linnaeus]] | [[Talaksan:Carl von Linné.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[:d:Q3044|Q3044]] | Charlemagne | [[Carlomagno]] | [[Talaksan:Charlemagne denier Mayence 812 814.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[:d:Q1405|Q1405]] | Augustus | [[Cesar Augusto]] | [[Talaksan:Augustus of Prima Porta (inv. 2290).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[:d:Q160|Q160]] | Cetacea | [[Cetacea]] | [[Talaksan:Graywhale MMC.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[:d:Q9045|Q9045]] | Chanakya | [[Chanakya]] | [[Talaksan:Chanakya artistic depiction.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[:d:Q1035|Q1035]] | Charles Darwin | [[Charles Darwin|Q1035]] | [[Talaksan:Charles Darwin portrait.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[:d:Q5686|Q5686]] | Charles Dickens | [[Charles Dickens]] | [[Talaksan:Dickens Gurney head.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[:d:Q2042|Q2042]] | Charles de Gaulle | [[Charles de Gaulle]] | [[Talaksan:General Charles de Gaulle in 1945.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[:d:Q882|Q882]] | Charlie Chaplin | [[Charlie Chaplin]] | [[Talaksan:Charlie Chaplin portrait Getty 1739411952.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[:d:Q5809|Q5809]] | Che Guevara | [[Che Guevara]] | [[Talaksan:Che Guevara - Guerrillero Heroico by Alberto Korda.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[:d:Q8201|Q8201]] | Chinese characters | [[Chinese characters]] | [[Talaksan:Hanzi.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[:d:Q7322|Q7322]] | Christopher Columbus | [[Christopher Columbus]] | [[Talaksan:Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio - Ritratto di Cristoforo Colombo (1520).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[:d:Q8423|Q8423]] | Cyrus the Great | [[Dakilang Ciro|Ciro ang Dakila]] | [[Talaksan:Great Men and Famous Women Volume 1 - Cyrus the Great.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[:d:Q81513|Q81513]] | Citrus | [[Citrus]] | [[Talaksan:OrangeBloss wb.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[:d:Q8683|Q8683]] | Cold War | [[Digmaang Malamig|Cold War]] | [[Talaksan:US Army tanks face off against Soviet tanks, Berlin 1961.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[:d:Q739|Q739]] | Colombia | [[Colombia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[:d:Q4604|Q4604]] | Confucius | [[Confucio|Confucius]] | [[Talaksan:Confucius, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[:d:Q8413|Q8413]] | Constantine the Great | [[Dakilang Constantino|Constantino I]] | [[Talaksan:0 Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus, Palatino.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[:d:Q241|Q241]] | Cuba | [[Cuba]] | [[Talaksan:Santa Clara (Cuba).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[:d:Q7430|Q7430]] | deoxyribonucleic acid | [[DNA|Q7430]] | [[Talaksan:DNA animation.gif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[:d:Q545|Q545]] | Baltic Sea | [[Dagat Baltiko]] | [[Talaksan:SvetlogorskRauschen 05-2017 img11 beach.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[:d:Q5484|Q5484]] | Caspian Sea | [[Dagat Kaspiyo|Dagat Caspian]] | [[Talaksan:Caspian Sea from orbit.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[:d:Q1693|Q1693]] | North Sea | [[Dagat Hilaga]] | [[Talaksan:North Sea 02 ubt.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[:d:Q166|Q166]] | Black Sea | [[Dagat Itim]] | [[Talaksan:Black Sea Nasa May 25 2004.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[:d:Q1247|Q1247]] | Caribbean Sea | [[Dagat Karibe]] | [[Talaksan:50 Shades Of Blue (187611681).jpeg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[:d:Q37660|Q37660]] | South China Sea | [[Dagat Timog Tsina|Dagat Luzon]] | [[Talaksan:Mar de China Meridional - BM WMS 2004.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[:d:Q4918|Q4918]] | Mediterranean Sea | [[Dagat Mediteraneo]] | [[Talaksan:Mediterranean Sea political map-en.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[:d:Q2|Q2]] | Earth | [[Daigdig]] | [[Talaksan:The Blue Marble (5052124705).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[:d:Q8409|Q8409]] | Alexander the Great | [[Alejandrong Dakila|Dakilang Aleksander]] | [[Talaksan:Alexander the Great mosaic (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[:d:Q8698|Q8698]] | Great Depression | [[Malawakang Depresyon|Dakilang Depresyon]] | [[Talaksan:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[:d:Q3766|Q3766]] | Damascus | [[Damasco|Damascus]] | [[Talaksan:Damascus, Syria, Panorama at sunset.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[:d:Q1067|Q1067]] | Dante Alighieri | [[Dante Alighieri|Q1067]] | [[Talaksan:Portrait de Dante.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[:d:Q1653|Q1653]] | Danube | [[Danubio]] | [[Talaksan:Budapest from Gellert Hill.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[:d:Q41585|Q41585]] | David Hilbert | [[David Hilbert]] | [[Talaksan:Hilbert.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[:d:Q1353|Q1353]] | Delhi | [[Delhi]] | [[Talaksan:Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[:d:Q974|Q974]] | Democratic Republic of the Congo | [[Demokratikong Republika ng Congo]] | [[Talaksan:DR Congo - collage.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[:d:Q1354|Q1354]] | Dhaka | [[Dhaka]] | [[Talaksan:Dhaka skyline1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[:d:Q297|Q297]] | Diego Velázquez | [[Diego Velázquez]] | [[Talaksan:Diego Velázquez Autorretrato 45 x 38 cm - Colección Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos - Museo de Bellas Artes de Valencia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[:d:Q2487|Q2487]] | Thirty Years' War | [[Tatlumpung Taong Digmaan|Digmaan ng Tatlumpung Taon]] | [[Talaksan:Magdeburg 1631.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[:d:Q8740|Q8740]] | Vietnam War | [[Digmaang Biyetnam]] | [[Talaksan:VietnamMural.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[:d:Q8676|Q8676]] | American Civil War | [[Digmaang Sibil ng Amerika|Digmaang Sibil ng Estados Unidos]] | [[Talaksan:CivilWarUSAColl.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[:d:Q12536|Q12536]] | Abbasid Caliphate | [[Kalipatong Abasida|Dinastiyang Abasida]] | [[Talaksan:Abbasid Caliphate-ar.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[:d:Q7209|Q7209]] | Han dynasty | [[Dinastiyang Han]] | [[Talaksan:Summer Vacation 2007, 263, Watchtower In The Morning Light, Dunhuang, Gansu Province.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[:d:Q9903|Q9903]] | Ming dynasty | [[Dinastiyang Ming]] | [[Talaksan:Ming Empire cca 1580 (en).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[:d:Q8733|Q8733]] | Qing dynasty | [[Dinastiyang Qing]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[:d:Q9683|Q9683]] | Tang dynasty | [[Dinastiyang Tang]] | [[Talaksan:Tang Dynasty circa 700 CE.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[:d:Q190|Q190]] | God | [[Diyos]] | [[Talaksan:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 001.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[:d:Q9106|Q9106]] | Dmitri Mendeleev | [[Dimitri Mendeleyev|Dmitri Mendeleev]] | [[Talaksan:Dmitri Mendeleev.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[:d:Q612|Q612]] | Dubai | [[Dubai]] | [[Talaksan:Dubai Skyline mit Burj Khalifa (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[:d:Q7953|Q7953]] | Zen | [[Zen|Dzen]] | [[Talaksan:Eiheiji gate.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[:d:Q79|Q79]] | Egypt | [[Ehipto]] | [[Talaksan:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[:d:Q7939|Q7939]] | El Niño | [[El Niño]] | [[Talaksan:ENSO - El Niño.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[:d:Q7207|Q7207]] | Elizabeth I of England | [[Elizabeth I ng Inglatera]] | [[Talaksan:Elizabeth1England.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[:d:Q303|Q303]] | Elvis Presley | [[Elvis Presley]] | [[Talaksan:Elvis Presley Publicity Photo for The Trouble with Girls 1968.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[:d:Q613|Q613]] | Emirate of Dubai | [[Emirate of Dubai]] | [[Talaksan:UAE Dubai Marina img1 asv2018-01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[:d:Q8753|Q8753]] | Enrico Fermi | [[Enrico Fermi]] | [[Talaksan:Enrico Fermi 1943-49.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[:d:Q8272|Q8272]] | Epic of Gilgamesh | [[Epiko ni Gilgamesh]] | [[Talaksan:GilgameshTablet.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[:d:Q9123|Q9123]] | Ernest Rutherford | [[Ernest Rutherford]] | [[Talaksan:Ernest Rutherford LOC.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[:d:Q9130|Q9130]] | Erwin Schrödinger | [[Erwin Schrödinger]] | [[Talaksan:Erwin Schrödinger - Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe (1-E-939).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[:d:Q29|Q29]] | Spain | [[Espanya]] | [[Talaksan:Spain - Location Map (2013) - ESP - UNOCHA.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[:d:Q143|Q143]] | Esperanto | [[Esperanto|Q143]] | [[Talaksan:Flag of Esperanto.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[:d:Q30|Q30]] | United States | [[Estados Unidos|Estados Unidos ng Amerika]] | [[Talaksan:United States - Location Map (2013) - USA - UNOCHA.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[:d:Q9202|Q9202]] | Statue of Liberty | [[Estatwa ng Kalayaan]] | [[Talaksan:Statue of Liberty 7.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[:d:Q115|Q115]] | Ethiopia | [[Ethiopia]] | [[Talaksan:Ethiopia in its region.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[:d:Q8747|Q8747]] | Euclid | [[Euclides|Euclid]] | [[Talaksan:Euklid2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[:d:Q4916|Q4916]] | euro | [[Euro]] | [[Talaksan:Euro Series Banknotes (2019) - centered.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[:d:Q46|Q46]] | Europe | [[Europa]] | [[Talaksan:Europe satellite orthographic.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[:d:Q7371|Q7371]] | Federico Fellini | [[Federico Fellini]] | [[Talaksan:Federico Fellini NYWTS 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[:d:Q1496|Q1496]] | Ferdinand Magellan | [[Fernando de Magallanes]] | [[Talaksan:Retrato de Hernando de Magallanes.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[:d:Q5432|Q5432]] | Francisco Goya | [[Francisco de Goya]] | [[Talaksan:Vicente López Portaña - el pintor Francisco de Goya.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[:d:Q5604|Q5604]] | Frank Lloyd Wright | [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] | [[Talaksan:Frank Lloyd Wright LC-USZ62-36384.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[:d:Q8007|Q8007]] | Franklin Delano Roosevelt | [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | [[Talaksan:FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[:d:Q905|Q905]] | Franz Kafka | [[Franz Kafka]] | [[Talaksan:Franz Kafka, 1923.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[:d:Q7312|Q7312]] | Franz Schubert | [[Franz Schubert]] | [[Talaksan:Franz Schubert by Wilhelm August Rieder 1875 larger version.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[:d:Q1268|Q1268]] | Frédéric Chopin | [[Frederic Francois Chopin]] | [[Talaksan:Frederic Chopin photo.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[:d:Q5588|Q5588]] | Frida Kahlo | [[Frida Kahlo]] | [[Talaksan:Frida Kahlo, by Guillermo Kahlo (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[:d:Q9358|Q9358]] | Friedrich Nietzsche | [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] | [[Talaksan:Nietzsche187a.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[:d:Q764|Q764]] | fungi | [[Halamang-singaw|Fungus]] | [[Talaksan:2006-08-09 Amanita citrina 46465 cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[:d:Q125851781|Q125851781]] | Fâtih Sultan Mehemmed Han | [[Fâtih Sultan Mehemmed Han]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[:d:Q991|Q991]] | Fyodor Dostoyevsky | [[Feodor Dostoyevsky|Fëdor Dostoevskij]] | [[Talaksan:Vasily Perov - Портрет Ф.М.Достоевского - Google Art Project.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[:d:Q5878|Q5878]] | Gabriel García Márquez | [[Gabriel García Márquez]] | [[Talaksan:Gabriel Garcia Marquez.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[:d:Q8778|Q8778]] | Galen | [[Galen]] | [[Talaksan:Galenus.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[:d:Q307|Q307]] | Galileo Galilei | [[Galileo Galilei|Q307]] | [[Talaksan:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[:d:Q7191|Q7191]] | Nobel Prize | [[Gantimpalang Nobel]] | [[Talaksan:Marie Skłodowska-Curie's Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[:d:Q720|Q720]] | Genghis Khan | [[Genghis Khan]] | [[Talaksan:YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[:d:Q5683|Q5683]] | Geoffrey Chaucer | [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] | [[Talaksan:Portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer (4671380) (cropped) 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[:d:Q9235|Q9235]] | Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Q9235]] | [[Talaksan:Jakob Schlesinger - Hegel 1831.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[:d:Q5679|Q5679]] | Lord Byron | [[George Byron, Ika-6 na Barong Byron]] | [[Talaksan:Byron 1813 by Phillips.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[:d:Q7302|Q7302]] | George Frideric Handel | [[George Frideric Handel]] | [[Talaksan:George Frideric Handel by Balthasar Denner.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[:d:Q23|Q23]] | George Washington | [[George Washington|Q23]] | [[Talaksan:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[:d:Q7311|Q7311]] | Giacomo Puccini | [[Giacomo Puccini]] | [[Talaksan:GiacomoPuccini.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[:d:Q179277|Q179277]] | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina | [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]] | [[Talaksan:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[:d:Q12554|Q12554]] | Middle Ages | [[Gitnang Kapanahunan|Gitnang Panahon]] | [[Talaksan:Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik 1-1000x1540.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[:d:Q7204|Q7204]] | Middle East | [[Gitnang Silangan]] | [[Talaksan:Colorful shaded map of Middle East.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[:d:Q7317|Q7317]] | Giuseppe Verdi | [[Giuseppe Verdi]] | [[Talaksan:Giuseppi Verdi by Ferdinand Mulnier c1870.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[:d:Q9047|Q9047]] | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | [[Gottfried Leibniz]] | [[Talaksan:Christoph Bernhard Francke - Bildnis des Philosophen Leibniz (ca. 1695).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[:d:Q7347|Q7347]] | Great Lakes | [[Mga Malalaking Lawa|Gran Lagos]] | [[Talaksan:ISS-43 the Great Lakes of North America.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[:d:Q9188|Q9188]] | Empire State Building | [[Gusaling Empire State]] | [[Talaksan:Empire State Building (aerial view).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[:d:Q7304|Q7304]] | Gustav Mahler | [[Gustav Mahler]] | [[Talaksan:Photo of Gustav Mahler by Moritz Nähr 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[:d:Q6240|Q6240]] | Hafez | [[Hafez]] | [[Talaksan:Mohammad Shams al-Din Hafez.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[:d:Q12506|Q12506]] | Hagia Sophia | [[Hagia Sophia]] | [[Talaksan:Hagia Sophia Mars 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[:d:Q9232|Q9232]] | Jainism | [[Hainismo]] | [[Talaksan:Shravanbelgola Gomateshvara feet prayer1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[:d:Q8222|Q8222]] | Hangul | [[Hangul]] | [[Talaksan:Hangeul-basic.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[:d:Q5673|Q5673]] | Hans Christian Andersen | [[Hans Christian Andersen]] | [[Talaksan:Hans Christian Andersen by Thora Hallager 1869.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[:d:Q17|Q17]] | Japan | [[Hapon]] | [[Talaksan:Satellite image of Japan in May 2003.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[:d:Q5287|Q5287]] | Japanese | [[Wikang Hapones|Hapones]] | [[Talaksan:Nihongo.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[:d:Q5589|Q5589]] | Henri Matisse | [[Henri Matisse]] | [[Talaksan:Portrait of Henri Matisse 1933 May 20.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[:d:Q8768|Q8768]] | Henry Ford | [[Henry Ford]] | [[Talaksan:Henry ford 1919.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[:d:Q7326|Q7326]] | Hernán Cortés | [[Hernán Cortés]] | [[Talaksan:Retrato de Hernán Cortés.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[:d:Q1218|Q1218]] | Jerusalem | [[Herusalem]] | [[Talaksan:Dome of the Rock seen from the Mount of Olives (12395649153) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[:d:Q302|Q302]] | Jesus Christ | [[Hesus]] | [[Talaksan:Spas vsederzhitel sinay (cropped1).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[:d:Q49|Q49]] | North America | [[Hilagang Amerika]] | [[Talaksan:North America satellite orthographic.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[:d:Q934|Q934]] | North Pole | [[Hilagang Polo]] | [[Talaksan:Noaa3-2006-0602-1206 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[:d:Q8690|Q8690]] | Cultural Revolution | [[Himagsikang Pangkalinangan|Himagsikan sa Kultura]] | [[Talaksan:1967-02 1967年的红卫兵.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[:d:Q6534|Q6534]] | French Revolution | [[Himagsikang Pranses]] | [[Talaksan:LouisXVIExecutionBig.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[:d:Q8729|Q8729]] | Russian Revolution | [[Himagsikang Ruso (1917)|Himagsikang Ruso noong 1917]] | [[Talaksan:Revolución-marzo-rusia--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[:d:Q5451|Q5451]] | Himalayas | [[Himalaya]] | [[Talaksan:Himalayas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[:d:Q9089|Q9089]] | Hinduism | [[Hinduismo]] | [[Talaksan:A Hindu wedding ritual in progress b.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[:d:Q2763|Q2763]] | The Holocaust | [[Holokausto|Holocaust]] | [[Talaksan:Selection on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1944 (Auschwitz Album) 1b.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[:d:Q6691|Q6691]] | Homer | [[Homer]] | [[Talaksan:Homer bust, Farnese collection (Naples).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[:d:Q8646|Q8646]] | Hong Kong | [[Hong Kong]] | [[Talaksan:Hong Kong from Victoria Peak1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[:d:Q9268|Q9268]] | Judaism | [[Hudaismo]] | [[Talaksan:Menorah 0307.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[:d:Q12551|Q12551]] | Hundred Years' War | [[Digmaang Daang Taon|Q12551]] | [[Talaksan:Battle of crecy froissart.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[:d:Q319|Q319]] | Jupiter | [[Hupiter (planeta)|Hupiter]] | [[Talaksan:Jupiter OPAL 2024.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[:d:Q7331|Q7331]] | Ibn Battuta | [[Ibn Battuta]] | [[Talaksan:Bust of Ibn Battuta at Ibn Battuta museum.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[:d:Q9294|Q9294]] | Ibn Khaldun | [[Ibn Khaldun]] | [[Talaksan:Bust of Ibn Khaldun (Casbah of Bejaia, Algeria).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[:d:Q7314|Q7314]] | Igor Stravinsky | [[Igor Stravinsky]] | [[Talaksan:Igor Stravinsky LOC 32392u.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[:d:Q362|Q362]] | World War II | [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] | [[Talaksan:Infobox collage for WWII.PNG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[:d:Q8275|Q8275]] | Iliad | [[Iliada]] | [[Talaksan:P. Oxy. 221.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[:d:Q3783|Q3783]] | Amazon | [[Ilog Amasona]] | [[Talaksan:Amazon CIAT (2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[:d:Q7355|Q7355]] | Yellow River | [[Ilog Dilaw]] | [[Talaksan:Yellow River - panoramio.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[:d:Q5089|Q5089]] | Ganges | [[Ilog Ganges]] | [[Talaksan:View of Ghats across the Ganges, Varanasi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[:d:Q7348|Q7348]] | Indus River | [[Ilog Indo]] | [[Talaksan:Indus near Skardu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[:d:Q3503|Q3503]] | Congo | [[Ilog Congo|Ilog Konggo]] | [[Talaksan:Sunrise near Mossaka (Congo).JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[:d:Q1497|Q1497]] | Mississippi River | [[Ilog Mississippi]] | [[Talaksan:Efmo View from Fire Point.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[:d:Q3542|Q3542]] | Niger River | [[Ilog Niger]] | [[Talaksan:Niger River View, Djenne (6861797).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[:d:Q3392|Q3392]] | Nile | [[Ilog Nilo]] | [[Talaksan:Cairo skyline, Panoramic view, Egypt.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[:d:Q584|Q584]] | Rhine | [[Ilog Rin]] | [[Talaksan:Loreleyblick Maria Ruh 2025.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[:d:Q626|Q626]] | Volga | [[Ilog Volga]] | [[Talaksan:Вид на Кинешемский мост из села Воздвиженье.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[:d:Q5413|Q5413]] | Yangtze | [[Ilog Yangtze]] | [[Talaksan:Qutang Gorge on Changjiang.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[:d:Q9312|Q9312]] | Immanuel Kant | [[Immanuel Kant]] | [[Talaksan:Immanuel Kant - Gemaelde 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[:d:Q11774|Q11774]] | Gupta Empire | [[Imperyong Gupta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[:d:Q28573|Q28573]] | Inca Empire | [[Imperyong Inka|Imperyong Incaico]] | [[Talaksan:80 - Machu Picchu - Juin 2009 - edit.2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[:d:Q184536|Q184536]] | Mali Empire | [[Imperyong Mali]] | [[Talaksan:Catalan Atlas BNF Sheet 6 Western Sahara.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[:d:Q12557|Q12557]] | Mongol Empire | [[Imperyong Monggol]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[:d:Q12560|Q12560]] | Ottoman Empire | [[Imperyong Otomano]] | [[Talaksan:Rise of Ottoman empire.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[:d:Q2277|Q2277]] | Roman Empire | [[Imperyong Romano]] | [[Talaksan:Inscription Theatre Leptis Magna Libya.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[:d:Q668|Q668]] | India | [[Indiya|India]] | [[Talaksan:India-locator-map-blank.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[:d:Q252|Q252]] | Indonesia | [[Indonesya|Indonesia]] | [[Talaksan:Indonesian Culture.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[:d:Q11051|Q11051]] | Hindustani | [[Indostaniko]] | [[Talaksan:Hindustani.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[:d:Q1860|Q1860]] | English | [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles]] | [[Talaksan:William Shakespeare - Sonnet XXX - Rapenburg 30, Leiden (cropped).JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[:d:Q7546|Q7546]] | Ingmar Bergman | [[Ingmar Bergman]] | [[Talaksan:Ingmar Bergman (1966).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[:d:Q7801|Q7801]] | International Court of Justice | [[Pandaigdigang Hukumang Pangkatarungan|Internasyonal na Hukuman ng Katarungan]] | [[Talaksan:Friedenspalast Den Haag (100MP).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[:d:Q75|Q75]] | Internet | [[Internet|Q75]] | [[Talaksan:Internet users per 100 and GDP per capita.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[:d:Q794|Q794]] | Iran | [[Iran]] | [[Talaksan:Iran - Location Map (2013) - IRN - UNOCHA.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[:d:Q796|Q796]] | Iraq | [[Iraq]] | [[Talaksan:View of Sulaymaniyah (Slemani) City in Winter - Snow 2015.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[:d:Q935|Q935]] | Isaac Newton | [[Isaac Newton]] | [[Talaksan:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[:d:Q450|Q450]] | mind | [[Isip]] | [[Talaksan:RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[:d:Q432|Q432]] | Islam | [[Islam]] | [[Talaksan:Mosque.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[:d:Q801|Q801]] | Israel | [[Israel]] | [[Talaksan:Часовая башня султана Абдул Хамида II - panoramio.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[:d:Q406|Q406]] | Istanbul | [[Istanbul]] | [[Talaksan:Istanbul Montage 2016.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[:d:Q38|Q38]] | Italy | [[Italya]] | [[Talaksan:Colosseo 2020.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[:d:Q7321|Q7321]] | Jacques Cartier | [[Jacques Cartier]] | [[Talaksan:Jacques Cartier 1851-1852.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[:d:Q3630|Q3630]] | Jakarta | [[Jakarta]] | [[Talaksan:Jakarta.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[:d:Q9095|Q9095]] | James Clerk Maxwell | [[James Clerk Maxwell]] | [[Talaksan:James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[:d:Q7324|Q7324]] | James Cook | [[James Cook]] | [[Talaksan:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[:d:Q6882|Q6882]] | James Joyce | [[James Joyce]] | [[Talaksan:James Joyce by Alex Ehrenzweig, 1915 cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[:d:Q8962|Q8962]] | James Prescott Joule | [[James Prescott Joule]] | [[Talaksan:SS-joule.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[:d:Q9041|Q9041]] | James Watt | [[James Watt]] | [[Talaksan:James Watt by Henry Howard.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[:d:Q36322|Q36322]] | Jane Austen | [[Jane Austen]] | [[Talaksan:CassandraAusten-JaneAusten(c.1810) hires.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[:d:Q1047|Q1047]] | Jawaharlal Nehru | [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] | [[Talaksan:Jawaharlal Nehru, circa 1925.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[:d:Q6527|Q6527]] | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] | [[Talaksan:Jean-Jacques Rousseau (painted portrait).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[:d:Q9364|Q9364]] | Jean-Paul Sartre | [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] | [[Talaksan:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Jean Paul Sartre and Simone De Beauvoir welcomed by Avraham Shlonsky and Leah Goldberg (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[:d:Q1339|Q1339]] | Johann Sebastian Bach | [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] | [[Talaksan:Johann Sebastian Bach.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[:d:Q5879|Q5879]] | | [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Q5879]] | [[Talaksan:Goethe (Stieler 1828).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[:d:Q7294|Q7294]] | Johannes Brahms | [[Johannes Brahms]] | [[Talaksan:JohannesBrahms.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[:d:Q8958|Q8958]] | Johannes Gutenberg | [[Johannes Gutenberg]] | [[Talaksan:Gutenberg.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[:d:Q8963|Q8963]] | Johannes Kepler | [[Johannes Kepler]] | [[Talaksan:Johannes Kepler by Hans von Aachen.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[:d:Q9353|Q9353]] | John Locke | [[John Locke]] | [[Talaksan:JohnLocke.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[:d:Q9317|Q9317]] | John Maynard Keynes | [[John Maynard Keynes]] | [[Talaksan:Keynes 1933.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[:d:Q909|Q909]] | Jorge Luis Borges | [[Jorge Luis Borges]] | [[Talaksan:Jorge Luis Borges 1951, by Grete Stern (full).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[:d:Q7349|Q7349]] | Joseph Haydn | [[Joseph Haydn]] | [[Talaksan:Joseph Haydn, målning av Thomas Hardy från 1792.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[:d:Q855|Q855]] | Joseph Stalin | [[Joseph Stalin]] | [[Talaksan:Joseph Stalin in 1932 (4) (cropped)(2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[:d:Q7226|Q7226]] | Joan of Arc | [[Juana ng Arko]] | [[Talaksan:Contemporaine afb jeanne d arc.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[:d:Q1048|Q1048]] | Julius Caesar | [[Julio Cesar]] | [[Talaksan:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[:d:Q8432|Q8432]] | civilization | [[Kabihasnan]] | [[Talaksan:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[:d:Q28567|Q28567]] | Maya civilization | [[Kabihasnang Maya]] | [[Talaksan:El Castillo, Chichén Itzá.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[:d:Q7242|Q7242]] | beauty | [[Kagandahan]] | [[Talaksan:A Japanese Beauty (OAW).png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[:d:Q10294|Q10294]] | poverty | [[Kahirapan]] | [[Talaksan:Thomas Benjamin Kennington - Orphans.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[:d:Q601401|Q601401]] | trade | [[Kalakalan]] | [[Talaksan:Fredmeyer edit 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[:d:Q7881|Q7881]] | skeleton | [[Kalansay]] | [[Talaksan:Skeletons.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[:d:Q10856|Q10856]] | Columbidae | [[Kalapati]] | [[Talaksan:2019-03-17 Columba oenas, Jesmond Dene 8.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[:d:Q12138|Q12138]] | Gregorian calendar | [[Kalendaryong Gregoryano]] | [[Talaksan:Ewiger Kalender gregorianisch.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[:d:Q7011|Q7011]] | Kalidasa | [[Kalidasa|Q7011]] | [[Talaksan:Kalidas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[:d:Q11042|Q11042]] | culture | [[Kultura|Kalinangan]] | [[Talaksan:Nwodua wulana Alhassan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[:d:Q12147|Q12147]] | health | [[Kalusugan]] | [[Talaksan:Star of life2.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[:d:Q7375|Q7375]] | Camelus | [[Kamelyo]] | [[Talaksan:Chameau de bactriane.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[:d:Q7350|Q7350]] | Panama Canal | [[Kanal ng Panama|Kanal Panama]] | [[Talaksan:Panama Canal Gatun Locks.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[:d:Q899|Q899]] | Suez Canal | [[Kanal ng Suez|Kanal Suez]] | [[Talaksan:Suez Canal, Egypt (31596166706).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[:d:Q12131|Q12131]] | disability | [[Kapansanan]] | [[Talaksan:MUTCD D9-6.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[:d:Q5322|Q5322]] | capacitor | [[Kapasitor]] | [[Talaksan:JVC MX-J950R - power module-1112 (cropped) - Elna Silmic electrolytic capacitors.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[:d:Q454|Q454]] | peace | [[Kapayapaan]] | [[Talaksan:Peace dove.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[:d:Q6206|Q6206]] | capitalism | [[Kapitalismo]] | [[Talaksan:Microcosm of London Plate 033 - Corn Exchange.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[:d:Q8660|Q8660]] | Karachi | [[Karachi]] | [[Talaksan:Karachi from above.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[:d:Q788|Q788]] | Arctic Ocean | [[Karagatang Artiko]] | [[Talaksan:Arctic Ocean.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[:d:Q97|Q97]] | Atlantic Ocean | [[Karagatang Atlantiko]] | [[Talaksan:Atlantic Ocean.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[:d:Q1239|Q1239]] | Indian Ocean | [[Karagatang Indiyo|Karagatang Indiyano]] | [[Talaksan:Indian Ocean-CIA WFB Map.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[:d:Q98|Q98]] | Pacific Ocean | [[Karagatang Pasipiko]] | [[Talaksan:Pacific Ocean.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[:d:Q12125|Q12125]] | common cold | [[Karaniwang sipon]] | [[Talaksan:Rhinovirus isosurface.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[:d:Q8458|Q8458]] | human rights | [[Karapatang pantao]] | [[Talaksan:Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[:d:Q11419|Q11419]] | karate | [[Karatedo|Karate]] | [[Talaksan:WKF-Karate-World-Championships 2012 Paris 263.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[:d:Q623|Q623]] | carbon | [[Karbon]] | [[Talaksan:Coal anthracite.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[:d:Q9061|Q9061]] | Karl Marx | [[Karl Marx]] | [[Talaksan:Karl Marx 001 restored.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[:d:Q1321|Q1321]] | Spanish | [[Wikang Kastila|Kastila]] | [[Talaksan:Eñe on keyboard - grey.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[:d:Q12453|Q12453]] | measurement | [[Kasukatan]] | [[Talaksan:Taking measurements.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[:d:Q12174|Q12174]] | obesity | [[Labis na katabaan|Katabaan]] | [[Talaksan:Obesity-waist circumference.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[:d:Q7354|Q7354]] | Southern Ocean | [[Katimugang Karagatan]] | [[Talaksan:Location Southern Ocean.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[:d:Q7949|Q7949]] | truth | [[Katotohanan]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[:d:Q5586|Q5586]] | Katsushika Hokusai | [[Hokusai|Katsushika Hokusai]] | [[Talaksan:Hokusai as an old man.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[:d:Q205|Q205]] | infinity | [[Kawalang-hanggan|Kawalang hangganan]] | [[Talaksan:Infinite.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[:d:Q7296|Q7296]] | Mount Kilimanjaro | [[Kilimanjaro]] | [[Talaksan:Mt. Kilimanjaro 12.2006.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[:d:Q7178|Q7178]] | International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement | [[Kilusang Pandaigdig ng Krus na Pula at Gasuklay na Pula]] | [[Talaksan:Medilunaroja.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[:d:Q3838|Q3838]] | Kinshasa | [[Kinshasa]] | [[Talaksan:Vue Kinshasa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[:d:Q10285|Q10285]] | Colosseum | [[Koliseo]] | [[Talaksan:Colosseo 2020.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[:d:Q1348|Q1348]] | Kolkata | [[Kolkata]] | [[Talaksan:Ketan donate4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[:d:Q11024|Q11024]] | communication | [[Pakikipagtalastasan|Komunikasyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[:d:Q6186|Q6186]] | communism | [[Komunismo]] | [[Talaksan:Falce e martello.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[:d:Q9581|Q9581]] | Confucianism | [[Confucianismo|Konpusyanismo]] | [[Talaksan:Jiangyin wenmiao dachengdian.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[:d:Q7169|Q7169]] | conservatism | [[Konserbatismo]] | [[Talaksan:Conservatism - K. LCCN2011647256 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[:d:Q9176|Q9176]] | Korean | [[Wikang Koreano|Koreano]] | [[Talaksan:Hangugeo-Chosonmal.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[:d:Q5375|Q5375]] | cricket | [[Kriket]] | [[Talaksan:Muralitharan bowling to Adam Gilchrist.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[:d:Q5043|Q5043]] | Christianity | [[Kristiyanismo]] | [[Talaksan:Jerusalem Holy-Sepulchre Jesus-Detail-01.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[:d:Q12546|Q12546]] | Crusades | [[Mga Krusada|Krusada]] | [[Talaksan:Combat deuxième croisade.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[:d:Q1390|Q1390]] | insect | [[Insekto|Kulisap]] | [[Talaksan:Insekter.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[:d:Q8620|Q8620]] | Kwame Nkrumah | [[Kwame Nkrumah]] | [[Talaksan:1989 CPA 6101.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[:d:Q7367|Q7367]] | Culicidae | [[Lamok]] | [[Talaksan:Mosquito on human skin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[:d:Q9333|Q9333]] | Laozi | [[Lao-Tse|Laozi]] | [[Talaksan:Zhang Lu-Laozi Riding an Ox (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[:d:Q11410|Q11410]] | game | [[Laro]] | [[Talaksan:Les joueurs de cartes de P. Cézanne (Fondation Vuitton, Paris) (33568651718).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[:d:Q11422|Q11422]] | toy | [[Laruan]] | [[Talaksan:Child playing with a toy cart and horse. -front- (9726037522).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[:d:Q41670|Q41670]] | Latin alphabet | [[Latin alphabet]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[:d:Q5513|Q5513]] | Lake Baikal | [[Lawa ng Baikal]] | [[Talaksan:Olkhon Island and Lake Baikal.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 313 | [[:d:Q5511|Q5511]] | Lake Tanganyika | [[Lawa ng Tanganyika]] | [[Talaksan:Lake Tanganyika.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 314 | [[:d:Q5505|Q5505]] | Lake Victoria | [[Lawa ng Victoria]] | [[Talaksan:Getting out to fish at dusk.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 315 | [[:d:Q4724|Q4724]] | Le Corbusier | [[Le Corbusier]] | [[Talaksan:Le Corbusier (1964).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 316 | [[:d:Q7243|Q7243]] | Leo Tolstoy | [[Leo Tolstoy]] | [[Talaksan:L.N.Tolstoy Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 317 | [[:d:Q762|Q762]] | Leonardo da Vinci | [[Leonardo da Vinci|Q762]] | [[Talaksan:Francesco Melzi - Portrait of Leonardo.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 318 | [[:d:Q7604|Q7604]] | Leonhard Euler | [[Leonhard Euler]] | [[Talaksan:Leonhard Euler.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 319 | [[:d:Q7071|Q7071]] | Li Bai | [[Li Bai]] | [[Talaksan:唐名臣像-14-唐翰林供奉李白.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 320 | [[:d:Q6216|Q6216]] | liberalism | [[Liberalismo]] | [[Talaksan:Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 321 | [[:d:Q7172|Q7172]] | League of Arab States | [[Ligang Arabe|Ligang Arabo]] | [[Talaksan:Arab Leage HQ 977.PNG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 322 | [[:d:Q8065|Q8065]] | natural disaster | [[Likas na sakuna]] | [[Talaksan:Pinatubo91eruption plume.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 323 | [[:d:Q7944|Q7944]] | earthquake | [[Lindol]] | [[Talaksan:Valdivia after earthquake, 1960.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 324 | [[:d:Q11367|Q11367]] | lipid | [[Lipido|Lipid]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 325 | [[:d:Q8425|Q8425]] | society | [[Lipunan]] | [[Talaksan:Каменный век (1).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 326 | [[:d:Q8236|Q8236]] | literacy | [[Literasi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 327 | [[:d:Q84|Q84]] | London | [[Londres]] | [[Talaksan:London Skyline (125508655).jpeg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 328 | [[:d:Q65|Q65]] | Los Angeles | [[Los Angeles]] | [[Talaksan:Los Angeles with Mount Baldy.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 329 | [[:d:Q1779|Q1779]] | Louis Armstrong | [[Louis Armstrong]] | [[Talaksan:Louis Armstrong restored.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 330 | [[:d:Q529|Q529]] | Louis Pasteur | [[Louis Pasteur]] | [[Talaksan:Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895), microbiologist and chemist Wellcome V0026980.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 331 | [[:d:Q7742|Q7742]] | Louis XIV of France | [[Luis XIV ng Pransiya|Louis XIV ng Pransya]] | [[Talaksan:Louis XIV of France.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 332 | [[:d:Q9391|Q9391]] | Ludwig Wittgenstein | [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] | [[Talaksan:Ludwig Wittgenstein.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 333 | [[:d:Q255|Q255]] | Ludwig van Beethoven | [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] | [[Talaksan:Beethoven.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 334 | [[:d:Q12493|Q12493]] | dome | [[Lungaw]] | [[Talaksan:Spb 06-2017 img07 Trinity Cathedral.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 335 | [[:d:Q237|Q237]] | Vatican City | [[Lungsod ng Vaticano|Lungsod ng Batikano]] | [[Talaksan:0 Basilique Saint-Pierre - Rome (1).JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 336 | [[:d:Q239|Q239]] | Brussels | [[Bruselas|Lungsod ng Bruselas]] | [[Talaksan:Brussels view from Mont des Arts, Brussels, Belgium (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 337 | [[:d:Q1486|Q1486]] | Buenos Aires | [[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires]] | [[Talaksan:Vista aérea de la Plaza del Congreso 10.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 338 | [[:d:Q8673|Q8673]] | Lagos | [[Lagos|Lungsod ng Lagos]] | [[Talaksan:Skywater.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 339 | [[:d:Q1489|Q1489]] | Mexico City | [[Lungsod ng Mehiko]] | [[Talaksan:Sobrevuelos CDMX HJ2A5091 (40386338731).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 340 | [[:d:Q60|Q60]] | New York City | [[Lungsod ng New York]] | [[Talaksan:NYC Downtown Manhattan Skyline seen from Paulus Hook 2019-12-20 IMG 7347 FRD (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 341 | [[:d:Q2807|Q2807]] | Madrid | [[Madrid]] | [[Talaksan:Madrid (38624991251).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 342 | [[:d:Q12501|Q12501]] | Great Wall of China | [[Mahabang Muog ng Tsina]] | [[Talaksan:The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling-edit.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 343 | [[:d:Q8276|Q8276]] | Mahabharata | [[Mahabharata]] | [[Talaksan:Kurukshetra.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 344 | [[:d:Q1001|Q1001]] | Mahatma Gandhi | [[Mahatma Gandhi]] | [[Talaksan:Mahatma-Gandhi, studio, 1931.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 345 | [[:d:Q11575|Q11575]] | maize | [[Mais]] | [[Talaksan:Corntassel 7095.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 346 | [[:d:Q11019|Q11019]] | machine | [[Makina]] | [[Talaksan:Bonsack machine.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 347 | [[:d:Q12760|Q12760]] | steam engine | [[Makinang pinasisingawan]] | [[Talaksan:Горизонтальная стационарная паровая машина.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 348 | [[:d:Q323|Q323]] | Big Bang | [[Big Bang|Malaking Pagsabog]] | [[Talaksan:CMB Timeline300 no WMAP.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 349 | [[:d:Q11083|Q11083]] | large intestine | [[Malaking bituka]] | [[Talaksan:Blausen 0603 LargeIntestine Anatomy.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 350 | [[:d:Q9476|Q9476]] | free will | [[Malayang kalooban]] | [[Talaksan:FreeWillTaxonomy4.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 351 | [[:d:Q11090|Q11090]] | small intestine | [[Maliit na bituka]] | [[Talaksan:Tractus intestinalis intestinum tenue.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 352 | [[:d:Q12167|Q12167]] | malnutrition | [[Malnutrisyon]] | [[Talaksan:Kwashiorkor 6180.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 353 | [[:d:Q7377|Q7377]] | mammal | [[Mamalya]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 354 | [[:d:Q382441|Q382441]] | marine mammal | [[Mamalyang pandagat]] | [[Talaksan:Ursus maritimus 4 1996-08-04.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 355 | [[:d:Q780|Q780]] | chicken | [[Manok]] | [[Talaksan:Kruppert Cubalaya cropped.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 356 | [[:d:Q5816|Q5816]] | Mao Zedong | [[Mao Zedong]] | [[Talaksan:Mao Tse Tung.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 357 | [[:d:Q2346|Q2346]] | analytical chemistry | [[Mapanuring kimika]] | [[Talaksan:Gas Chromatography Laboratory.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 358 | [[:d:Q7199|Q7199]] | Marcel Proust | [[Marcel Proust]] | [[Talaksan:Marcel Proust 1895.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 359 | [[:d:Q6101|Q6101]] | Marco Polo | [[Marco Polo]] | [[Talaksan:Marco Polo Mosaic from Palazzo Tursi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 360 | [[:d:Q7186|Q7186]] | | [[Marie Curie|Q7186]] | [[Talaksan:Marie Curie (1900) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 361 | [[:d:Q4616|Q4616]] | Marilyn Monroe | [[Marilyn Monroe]] | [[Talaksan:Marilyn Monroe in How to Marry a Millionaire.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 362 | [[:d:Q7245|Q7245]] | Mark Twain | [[Mark Twain|Q7245]] | [[Talaksan:MarkTwain.LOC.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 363 | [[:d:Q4612|Q4612]] | Marlene Dietrich | [[Marlene Dietrich]] | [[Talaksan:Marlene Dietrich Ross-Verlag 0875(crop).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 364 | [[:d:Q111|Q111]] | Mars | [[Marte]] | [[Talaksan:Mars - August 30 2021 - Flickr - Kevin M. Gill.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 365 | [[:d:Q48301|Q48301]] | Martin Heidegger | [[Martin Heidegger]] | [[Talaksan:Heidegger 2 (1960).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 366 | [[:d:Q9554|Q9554]] | Martin Luther | [[Martin Luther]] | [[Talaksan:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Martin Luther, 1528 (Veste Coburg).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 367 | [[:d:Q8027|Q8027]] | Martin Luther King Jr. | [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] | [[Talaksan:Martin Luther King, Jr..jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 368 | [[:d:Q7264|Q7264]] | Marxism | [[Marxismo]] | [[Talaksan:Marx and Engels.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 369 | [[:d:Q11423|Q11423]] | mass | [[Masa]] | [[Talaksan:2kg Gewicht freigeschnitten.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 370 | [[:d:Q7365|Q7365]] | muscle | [[Kalamnan|Masel]] | [[Talaksan:Skeletal muscle.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 371 | [[:d:Q12800|Q12800]] | machine gun | [[Masinggan]] | [[Talaksan:De Mitrailleur 7.62mm MAG geplaatst op een grondaffuit (2009 D050713-X1083).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 372 | [[:d:Q7364|Q7364]] | eye | [[Mata]] | [[Talaksan:201405 eye.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 373 | [[:d:Q7081|Q7081]] | materialism | [[Materyalismo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 374 | [[:d:Q5676|Q5676]] | Matsuo Bashō | [[Matsuo Bashō]] | [[Talaksan:Basho by Buson.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 375 | [[:d:Q9021|Q9021]] | Max Planck | [[Max Planck]] | [[Talaksan:Max Planck.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 376 | [[:d:Q9387|Q9387]] | Max Weber | [[Max Weber]] | [[Talaksan:Max Weber in 1918.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 377 | [[:d:Q96|Q96]] | Mexico | [[Mehiko]] | [[Talaksan:Ciudad.de.Mexico.City.Distrito.Federal.DF.Paseo.Reforma.Skyline.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 378 | [[:d:Q5806|Q5806]] | Mecca | [[Meka]] | [[Talaksan:Makkah Montage.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 379 | [[:d:Q308|Q308]] | Mercury | [[Merkuryo (planeta)|Merkuryo]] | [[Talaksan:Mercury in color - Prockter07 centered.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 380 | [[:d:Q11767|Q11767]] | Mesopotamia | [[Mesopotamya|Mesopotamia]] | [[Talaksan:Statue Gudea Met 59.2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 381 | [[:d:Q1057|Q1057]] | metabolism | [[Metabolismo]] | [[Talaksan:Metabolism-en.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 382 | [[:d:Q11467|Q11467]] | metallurgy | [[Metalurhiya]] | [[Talaksan:VysokePece1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 383 | [[:d:Q1065|Q1065]] | United Nations | [[Nagkakaisang Bansa|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] | [[Talaksan:Secretary Kerry Addresses Delegates Before Signing the COP21 Climate Change Agreement on Earth Day in New York (26514585581).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 384 | [[:d:Q8750|Q8750]] | Michael Faraday | [[Michael Faraday]] | [[Talaksan:M Faraday Th Phillips oil 1842.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 385 | [[:d:Q2831|Q2831]] | Michael Jackson | [[Michael Jackson|Q2831]] | [[Talaksan:Michael Jackson 1983 (3x4 cropped) (contrast).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 386 | [[:d:Q5592|Q5592]] | Michelangelo | [[Michelangelo Buonarroti]] | [[Talaksan:Michelangelo Daniele da Volterra (dettaglio).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 387 | [[:d:Q5682|Q5682]] | Miguel de Cervantes | [[Miguel de Cervantes]] | [[Talaksan:Cervantes Jáuregui.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 388 | [[:d:Q5600|Q5600]] | Mimar Sinan | [[Mimar Sinan]] | [[Talaksan:Mimar Sinan, architecte de Soliman le Magnifique.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 389 | [[:d:Q12684|Q12684]] | fashion | [[Moda]] | [[Talaksan:E1266601 (5398889640).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 390 | [[:d:Q9077|Q9077]] | Moses | [[Moises]] | [[Talaksan:Philippe de Champaigne - Moses Presenting the Tablets of the Law - c. 1648.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 391 | [[:d:Q11369|Q11369]] | molecule | [[Molekula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 392 | [[:d:Q687|Q687]] | Molière | [[Molière]] | [[Talaksan:Pierre Mignard - Portrait de Jean-Baptiste Poquelin dit Molière (1622-1673) - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 393 | [[:d:Q25326|Q25326]] | Mollusca | [[Mollusca]] | [[Talaksan:Mollusca.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 394 | [[:d:Q649|Q649]] | Moscow | [[Mosku|Moscow]] | [[Talaksan:Saint Basil's Cathedral and the Red Square.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 395 | [[:d:Q9458|Q9458]] | Muhammad | [[Muhammad]] | [[Talaksan:Muslim depiction of Muhammad - 17th century Ottoman copy from the "Edinburgh codex".jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 396 | [[:d:Q9038|Q9038]] | Muḥammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi | [[Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]] | [[Talaksan:Madrid - Ciudad Universitaria, Monumento a Muhammad al-Juarismi (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 397 | [[:d:Q1156|Q1156]] | Mumbai | [[Mumbai]] | [[Talaksan:Panoramic view of Taj Palace Hotel and Taj Tower with the iconic Gateway of India in the background (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 398 | [[:d:Q11401|Q11401]] | hip-hop | [[Musikang hip hop]] | [[Talaksan:KRS-One by Wade Grayson.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 399 | [[:d:Q11399|Q11399]] | rock music | [[Musikang rock]] | [[Talaksan:Beatles ad 1965 just the beatles crop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 400 | [[:d:Q5152|Q5152]] | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk | [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] | [[Talaksan:Ataturk1930s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 401 | [[:d:Q7184|Q7184]] | NATO | [[Organisasyon ng Tratado ng Hilagang Atlantiko|NATO]] | [[Talaksan:НАТО Самит 2021 NATO Summit 2021 -14.06.2021- (51245988182).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 402 | [[:d:Q12705|Q12705]] | renewable energy | [[Nababagong enerhiya]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 403 | [[:d:Q7176|Q7176]] | Naguib Mahfouz | [[Naguib Mahfouz]] | [[Talaksan:Nagib Mahfouz.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 404 | [[:d:Q171195|Q171195]] | Nagarjuna | [[Nagarjuna|Nagëddzunë]] | [[Talaksan:Nagarjuna at Samye Ling Monastery.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 405 | [[:d:Q3870|Q3870]] | Nairobi | [[Nairobi]] | [[Talaksan:Nairobi, view from KICC.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 406 | [[:d:Q11468|Q11468]] | nanotechnology | [[Nanoteknolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Fullerene Nanogears - GPN-2000-001535.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 407 | [[:d:Q517|Q517]] | Napoleon | [[Napoleon I ng Pransiya|Napoleon I ng Pransya]] | [[Talaksan:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 408 | [[:d:Q1615|Q1615]] | Neil Armstrong | [[Neil Armstrong]] | [[Talaksan:Neil Armstrong pose.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 409 | [[:d:Q13217298|Q13217298]] | Giza Necropolis | [[Nekropolis ng Giza]] | [[Talaksan:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 410 | [[:d:Q8023|Q8023]] | Nelson Mandela | [[Nelson Mandela]] | [[Talaksan:Nelson Mandela 1994.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 411 | [[:d:Q5185|Q5185]] | Nematoda | [[Nematode]] | [[Talaksan:Soybean cyst nematode and egg SEM.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 412 | [[:d:Q332|Q332]] | Neptune | [[Neptuno]] | [[Talaksan:Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 413 | [[:d:Q55|Q55]] | Netherlands | [[Netherlands]] | [[Talaksan:Karakteristieke boerderij, Aldlansdyk in Cornjum 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 414 | [[:d:Q1399|Q1399]] | Niccolò Machiavelli | [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] | [[Talaksan:Portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli by Santi di Tito.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 415 | [[:d:Q619|Q619]] | Nicolaus Copernicus | [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] | [[Talaksan:Nikolaus Kopernikus MOT.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 416 | [[:d:Q1033|Q1033]] | Nigeria | [[Nigeria]] | [[Talaksan:The City Gate of Abuja.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 417 | [[:d:Q9036|Q9036]] | Nikola Tesla | [[Nikola Tesla]] | [[Talaksan:Tesla circa 1890.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 418 | [[:d:Q627|Q627]] | nitrogen | [[Nitroheno]] | [[Talaksan:Fluessiger Stickstoff.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 419 | [[:d:Q7561|Q7561]] | snow | [[Niyebe]] | [[Talaksan:Düsseldorf Hofgarten 2009.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 420 | [[:d:Q9049|Q9049]] | Noam Chomsky | [[Noam Chomsky]] | [[Talaksan:Noam Chomsky portrait 2015.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 421 | [[:d:Q83201|Q83201]] | Non-Aligned Movement | [[Non-Aligned Movement]] | [[Talaksan:2019-10-25 Non-Aligned Movement in Baku 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 422 | [[:d:Q12104|Q12104]] | Avena sativa | [[Obena]] | [[Talaksan:Avena sativa L.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 423 | [[:d:Q629|Q629]] | oxygen | [[Oksiheno]] | [[Talaksan:Liquid oxygen in a beaker 4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 424 | [[:d:Q8467|Q8467]] | Umar ibn Al-Khattāb | [[Umar|Omar]] | [[Talaksan:Rashidun Caliphs Umar ibn Al-Khattāb - عُمر بن الخطّاب ثاني الخلفاء الراشدين.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 425 | [[:d:Q1344|Q1344]] | opera | [[Opera]] | [[Talaksan:Giovanni Paolo Pannini - Fête musicale - 1747.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 426 | [[:d:Q7825|Q7825]] | World Trade Organization | [[Pandaigdigang Organisasyon ng Pangangalakal|Organisasyon ng Pandaigdigang Pangangalakal]] | [[Talaksan:Fourth Global Review of Aid for Trade 1691 (9237986689).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 427 | [[:d:Q7795|Q7795]] | Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries | [[Organisasyon ng mga Bansang Nagluluwas ng Langis]] | [[Talaksan:Wien - OPEC-Zentrale (a).JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 428 | [[:d:Q55643|Q55643]] | Oceania | [[Oseaniya]] | [[Talaksan:Oceania satellite.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 429 | [[:d:Q8442|Q8442]] | Otto von Bismarck | [[Otto von Bismarck]] | [[Talaksan:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0057, Otto von Bismarck.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 430 | [[:d:Q7198|Q7198]] | Ovid | [[Ovidio|Ovid]] | [[Talaksan:Ovid by an anonymous sculptor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 431 | [[:d:Q5593|Q5593]] | Pablo Picasso | [[Pablo Picasso]] | [[Talaksan:Pablo picasso 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 432 | [[:d:Q11034|Q11034]] | printing | [[Paglilimbag|Pag-imprenta]] | [[Talaksan:Die Buchdruckerei by Daniel Chodowiecki (150289207).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 433 | [[:d:Q7942|Q7942]] | global warming | [[Pag-init ng daigdig (Q7942)|Pag-init ng daigdig]] | [[Talaksan:Change in Average Temperature With Fahrenheit.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 434 | [[:d:Q11398|Q11398]] | biological classification | [[Pag-uuring pambiyolohiya]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 435 | [[:d:Q11995|Q11995]] | human pregnancy | [[Pagdadalantao|Pagdadalangtao]] | [[Talaksan:Pregnant asian woman.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 436 | [[:d:Q12128|Q12128]] | dentistry | [[Pagdedentista]] | [[Talaksan:Dental surgery aboard USS Eisenhower, January 1990.JPEG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 437 | [[:d:Q7935|Q7935]] | avalanche | [[Pagguho ng yelo|Pagguho]] | [[Talaksan:Laviin MAL-Pamir 85 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 438 | [[:d:Q6235|Q6235]] | nationalism | [[Pagkamakabansa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 439 | [[:d:Q5916|Q5916]] | spaceflight | [[Paglipad sa kalawakan]] | [[Talaksan:Sputnik asm.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 440 | [[:d:Q8707|Q8707]] | Meiji restoration | [[Pagpapanumbalik ng Meiji]] | [[Talaksan:MeijiJoukyou.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 441 | [[:d:Q11990|Q11990]] | reproduction | [[Pagpaparami]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 442 | [[:d:Q81041|Q81041]] | water cycle | [[Pagpapaulit-ulit ng tubig]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 443 | [[:d:Q7553|Q7553]] | translation | [[Pagsasalin|Pagsasalinwika]] | [[Talaksan:Rosetta Stone.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 444 | [[:d:Q169207|Q169207]] | discrimination | [[Pagtatangi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 445 | [[:d:Q11978|Q11978]] | digestion | [[Pagtunaw ng pagkain]] | [[Talaksan:Blausen 0316 DigestiveSystem.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 446 | [[:d:Q843|Q843]] | Pakistan | [[Pakistan]] | [[Talaksan:Blue Hour at Pakistan Monument.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 447 | [[:d:Q5389|Q5389]] | Olympic Games | [[Palarong Olimpiko]] | [[Talaksan:Olympic flag.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 448 | [[:d:Q219060|Q219060]] | Palestine | [[Estado ng Palestina|Palestina]] | [[Talaksan:Palestine - 20190204-DSC 0007.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 449 | [[:d:Q12870|Q12870]] | explosive chemicals | [[Pampasabog]] | [[Talaksan:Eod2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 450 | [[:d:Q11764|Q11764]] | Iron Age | [[Panahong Bakal|Panahon ng Bakal]] | [[Talaksan:HMB Keltengrab Münsingen-Rain Grab 91.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 451 | [[:d:Q11759|Q11759]] | Stone Age | [[Panahong Bato|Panahon ng Bato]] | [[Talaksan:Ggantija Temples (1).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 452 | [[:d:Q12539|Q12539]] | Age of Enlightenment | [[Panahon ng Kaliwanagan]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 453 | [[:d:Q11761|Q11761]] | Bronze Age | [[Panahong Bronse|Panahon ng Tansong Pula]] | [[Talaksan:Minoan copper ingot from Zakros, Crete.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 454 | [[:d:Q7813|Q7813]] | Universal Declaration of Human Rights | [[Pandaigdig na Pagpapahayag ng Karapatang Pantao|Pandaigdig na Pagpapahayag ng mga Karapatan ng Tao]] | [[Talaksan:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 455 | [[:d:Q7804|Q7804]] | International Monetary Fund | [[Pondo ng Monetaryong Pandaigdig|Pandaigdigang Pondong Pananalapi]] | [[Talaksan:IMF building HR.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 456 | [[:d:Q12457|Q12457]] | International System of Units | [[Pandaigdigang Sistema ng mga Yunit]] | [[Talaksan:International prototype of the kilogram aka Le Grand K.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 457 | [[:d:Q8463|Q8463]] | slavery | [[Pang-aalipin]] | [[Talaksan:Official medallion of the British Anti-Slavery Society (1795).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 458 | [[:d:Q11538|Q11538]] | mathematical proof | [[Patibay pangmatematika|Pang-matematikang patibay]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 459 | [[:d:Q8265|Q8265]] | Dream of the Red Chamber | [[Pangarap ng Pulang Silid]] | [[Talaksan:Hongloumeng2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 460 | [[:d:Q11634|Q11634]] | art of sculpture | [[Lilok|Panlililok]] | [[Talaksan:Discobolus in National Roman Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 461 | [[:d:Q482|Q482]] | poetry | [[Panulaan]] | [[Talaksan:LeidenWallPoemYeats (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 462 | [[:d:Q90|Q90]] | Paris | [[Paris]] | [[Talaksan:La Tour Eiffel vue de la Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris août 2014 (2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 463 | [[:d:Q10288|Q10288]] | Parthenon | [[Partenon|Parthenon]] | [[Talaksan:The Parthenon in Athens.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 464 | [[:d:Q6223|Q6223]] | fascism | [[Pasismo]] | [[Talaksan:Mussolini and Hitler 1940 (retouched).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 465 | [[:d:Q7372|Q7372]] | shark | [[Pating]] | [[Talaksan:Great white shark south africa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 466 | [[:d:Q8479|Q8479]] | Peter the Great | [[Pedro ang Dakila ng Rusya]] | [[Talaksan:Inconnu d'après J.-M. Nattier, Portrait de Pierre Ier (musée de l’Ermitage).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 467 | [[:d:Q11424|Q11424]] | film | [[Pelikula]] | [[Talaksan:Muybridge race horse animated.gif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 468 | [[:d:Q7252|Q7252]] | feminism | [[Peminismo]] | [[Talaksan:Feminist Suffrage Parade in New York City, 1912.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 469 | [[:d:Q5599|Q5599]] | Peter Paul Rubens | [[Peter Paul Rubens]] | [[Talaksan:Sir Peter Paul Rubens - Portrait of the Artist - Google Art Project.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 470 | [[:d:Q167|Q167]] | pi | [[Pi]] | [[Talaksan:Pi-unrolled-720.gif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 471 | [[:d:Q928|Q928]] | Philippines | [[Pilipinas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 472 | [[:d:Q12516|Q12516]] | pyramid | [[Piramide]] | [[Talaksan:Pyramid at Jebel Barkal.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 473 | [[:d:Q11429|Q11429]] | nuclear fission | [[Pisyong nukleyar]] | [[Talaksan:Kernspaltung.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 474 | [[:d:Q5994|Q5994]] | piano | [[Piyano]] | [[Talaksan:Steinway & Sons concert grand piano, model D-274, manufactured at Steinway's factory in Hamburg, Germany.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 475 | [[:d:Q11474|Q11474]] | plastic | [[Plastik]] | [[Talaksan:Plastic objects.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 476 | [[:d:Q859|Q859]] | Plato | [[Platon|Plato]] | [[Talaksan:Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 477 | [[:d:Q933|Q933]] | South Pole | [[Timog Polo|Polong Timog]] | [[Talaksan:Geographic Southpole crop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 478 | [[:d:Q36|Q36]] | Poland | [[Polonya]] | [[Talaksan:Warsaw Old Town Market Square 10.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 479 | [[:d:Q12195|Q12195]] | poliomyelitis | [[Polio|Polyo]] | [[Talaksan:Polio sequelle.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 480 | [[:d:Q45|Q45]] | Portugal | [[Portugal]] | [[Talaksan:Carte du Portugal.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 481 | [[:d:Q150|Q150]] | French | [[Wikang Pranses|Pranses]] | [[Talaksan:JO199411392.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 482 | [[:d:Q142|Q142]] | France | [[Pransiya]] | [[Talaksan:Paris from the Arc de Triomphe, 17 October 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 483 | [[:d:Q11756|Q11756]] | prehistory | [[Prehistorya|Prehistorikong kasaysayan]] | [[Talaksan:PSM V44 D647 Delineations on pieces of antler.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 484 | [[:d:Q7380|Q7380]] | primate | [[Primates|Primate]] | [[Talaksan:Primates - some families.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 485 | [[:d:Q12514|Q12514]] | Three Gorges Dam | [[Prinsa ng Tatlong Bangin]] | [[Talaksan:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 486 | [[:d:Q9492|Q9492]] | probability | [[Probabilidad]] | [[Talaksan:Nuvola apps atlantik.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 487 | [[:d:Q23540|Q23540]] | Protestantism | [[Protestantismo]] | [[Talaksan:Lutherbibel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 488 | [[:d:Q10892|Q10892]] | protist | [[Protista]] | [[Talaksan:DysnectesBrevis.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 489 | [[:d:Q8137|Q8137]] | capital | [[Kapital (ekonomika)|Puhunan]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 490 | [[:d:Q12192|Q12192]] | pneumonia | [[Pulmonya]] | [[Talaksan:Pneumonia, mixed patterns, lobar and bronchopneumonia (3679096639).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 491 | [[:d:Q11518|Q11518]] | Pythagorean theorem | [[Teorema ni Pitagoras|Pythagorean theorem]] | [[Talaksan:Pythagorean.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 492 | [[:d:Q7315|Q7315]] | Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky | [[Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Pëtr Čajkovskij]] | [[Talaksan:Porträt des Komponisten Pjotr I. Tschaikowski (1840-1893).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 493 | [[:d:Q7241|Q7241]] | Rabindranath Tagore | [[Rabindranath Tagore]] | [[Talaksan:Rabindranath Tagore in 1909.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 494 | [[:d:Q872|Q872]] | radio | [[Radyo]] | [[Talaksan:Biblis RFE RL 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 495 | [[:d:Q5597|Q5597]] | Raphael | [[Rafael Sanzio]] | [[Talaksan:Raffaello Sanzio.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 496 | [[:d:Q2269|Q2269]] | Industrial Revolution | [[Rebolusyong Industriyal]] | [[Talaksan:Mémoires de la Société géologique de France (IA meymoiresdelaso00socig).pdf|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 497 | [[:d:Q5598|Q5598]] | Rembrandt | [[Rembrandt]] | [[Talaksan:Rembrandt van Rijn - Self-Portrait - Google Art Project.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 498 | [[:d:Q4692|Q4692]] | Renaissance | [[Renasimiyento]] | [[Talaksan:Sandro Botticelli 046.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 499 | [[:d:Q9191|Q9191]] | René Descartes | [[René Descartes]] | [[Talaksan:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 500 | [[:d:Q12562|Q12562]] | Protestant Reformation | [[Repormang Protestante]] | [[Talaksan:95Thesen facsimile colour.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 501 | [[:d:Q10811|Q10811]] | Reptilia | [[Reptilya]] | [[Talaksan:Smaug giganteus head.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 502 | [[:d:Q7270|Q7270]] | republic | [[Republika]] | [[Talaksan:Forms of government.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 503 | [[:d:Q148|Q148]] | People's Republic of China | [[Tsina|Republikang Bayan ng Tsina]] | [[Talaksan:Badaling China Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 504 | [[:d:Q472287|Q472287]] | respiration | [[Paghinga|Respirasyon]] | [[Talaksan:Bubble Blowing 15.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 505 | [[:d:Q1511|Q1511]] | Richard Wagner | [[Richard Wagner]] | [[Talaksan:RichardWagner.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 506 | [[:d:Q8678|Q8678]] | Rio de Janeiro | [[Rio de Janeiro]] | [[Talaksan:Cidade Maravilhosa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 507 | [[:d:Q926|Q926]] | Roald Amundsen | [[Roald Amundsen]] | [[Talaksan:Amundsen in fur skins.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 508 | [[:d:Q5463|Q5463]] | Rocky Mountains | [[Bulubunduking Rocky|Rocky Mountains]] | [[Talaksan:Moraine Lake 17092005.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 509 | [[:d:Q10850|Q10850]] | Rodentia | [[Rodentia]] | [[Talaksan:Tamias striatus CT.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 510 | [[:d:Q220|Q220]] | Rome | [[Roma]] | [[Talaksan:Rome Skyline (8012016319).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 511 | [[:d:Q12544|Q12544]] | Byzantine Empire | [[Silangang Imperyong Romano|Romanong Imperyo sa Silangan]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 512 | [[:d:Q7231|Q7231]] | Rosa Luxemburg | [[Rosa Luxemburg]] | [[Talaksan:Rosa Luxemburg.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 513 | [[:d:Q5378|Q5378]] | rugby | [[Rugbi]] | [[Talaksan:USO - Saracens - 20151213 - Maro Itoje attacking.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 514 | [[:d:Q159|Q159]] | Russia | [[Rusya]] | [[Talaksan:Kremlin Moscow.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 515 | [[:d:Q681949|Q681949]] | SM Sultan | [[SM Sultan]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 516 | [[:d:Q6583|Q6583]] | Sahara | [[Sahara]] | [[Talaksan:Sahara real color.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 517 | [[:d:Q11081|Q11081]] | Alzheimer's disease | [[Sakit na Alzheimer]] | [[Talaksan:Auguste D aus Marktbreit.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 518 | [[:d:Q8581|Q8581]] | Saladin | [[Saladin]] | [[Talaksan:Al-Nasir I Salah al-Din Yusuf (Saladin). AH 564-589 (1169-1193 CE) Æ Dirham (30.1mm, 13.28 g, 6h). Without mint-name. Dated AH 586 (AD 1190-91). Sultan sitting facing, cross-legged, on high-backed throne (obverse).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 519 | [[:d:Q5577|Q5577]] | Salvador Dalí | [[Salvador Dalí]] | [[Talaksan:Salvador Dalí 1939.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 520 | [[:d:Q7817|Q7817]] | World Health Organization | [[Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan|Samahan ng Pandaigdigang Kalusugan]] | [[Talaksan:World Health Organisation headquarters, Geneva, north and west sides 2007.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 521 | [[:d:Q7768|Q7768]] | Association of Southeast Asian Nations | [[Samahan ng mga Bansa sa Timog-Silangang Asya]] | [[Talaksan:ASEAN HQ 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 522 | [[:d:Q7785|Q7785]] | Commonwealth of Nations | [[Komonwelt ng mga Bansa|Sampamahalaan ng mga Bansa]] | [[Talaksan:Marlborough House.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 523 | [[:d:Q656|Q656]] | Saint Petersburg | [[San Petersburgo]] | [[Talaksan:Peter & Paul fortress in SPB 03.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 524 | [[:d:Q12802|Q12802]] | nuclear weapon | [[Sandatang nukleyar|Sandatang nuklear]] | [[Talaksan:Nagasakibomb.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 525 | [[:d:Q12796|Q12796]] | firearm | [[Sandatang pumuputok]] | [[Talaksan:Small arms compilation.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 526 | [[:d:Q12171|Q12171]] | menstruation | [[Regla|Sapanahon]] | [[Talaksan:MenstrualCycle2 es.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 527 | [[:d:Q4605|Q4605]] | Sarah Bernhardt | [[Sarah Bernhardt]] | [[Talaksan:Face detail, Sarah Bernhardt as Doña Sol in Hernani (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 528 | [[:d:Q11436|Q11436]] | aircraft | [[Sasakyang panghimpapawid]] | [[Talaksan:Collection of military aircraft.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 529 | [[:d:Q193|Q193]] | Saturn | [[Saturno (planeta)|Saturno]] | [[Talaksan:8423 20181 1saturn2016.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 530 | [[:d:Q8873|Q8873]] | Satyajit Ray | [[Satyajit Ray]] | [[Talaksan:Satyajit Ray in New York (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 531 | [[:d:Q851|Q851]] | Saudi Arabia | [[Saudi Arabia]] | [[Talaksan:Saudi Arabia - Location Map (2013) - SAU - UNOCHA.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 532 | [[:d:Q11577|Q11577]] | Hordeum vulgare | [[Sebada]] | [[Talaksan:Barley.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 533 | [[:d:Q12099|Q12099]] | Secale cereale | [[Secale cereale]] | [[Talaksan:Ear of rye.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 534 | [[:d:Q7868|Q7868]] | cell | [[Selula]] | [[Talaksan:Wilson1900Fig2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 535 | [[:d:Q11456|Q11456]] | semiconductor | [[Semikonduktor]] | [[Talaksan:Semiconductor outlines.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 536 | [[:d:Q8684|Q8684]] | Seoul | [[Seoul]] | [[Talaksan:경복궁 전경.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 537 | [[:d:Q8003|Q8003]] | Sergei Eisenstein | [[Sergei Eisenstein]] | [[Talaksan:Sergei Eisenstein 03.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 538 | [[:d:Q8686|Q8686]] | Shanghai | [[Shanghai]] | [[Talaksan:20191222陆家嘴.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 539 | [[:d:Q7192|Q7192]] | Qin Shi Huang | [[Qin Shi Huang|Shih Huang Ti]] | [[Talaksan:Qinshihuangdi3.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 540 | [[:d:Q9585|Q9585]] | Shia Islam | [[Shiismo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 541 | [[:d:Q812767|Q812767]] | Shinto | [[Shinto]] | [[Talaksan:Hakone Shrine Haiden.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 542 | [[:d:Q8279|Q8279]] | Shahnameh | [[Shāhnāmeh]] | [[Talaksan:The Court of Gayumars (Cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 543 | [[:d:Q9441|Q9441]] | The Buddha | [[Gautama Buddha|Siddharta Gautama Buddha]] | [[Talaksan:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 544 | [[:d:Q9215|Q9215]] | Sigmund Freud | [[Sigmund Freud]] | [[Talaksan:Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 545 | [[:d:Q9316|Q9316]] | Sikhism | [[Sikhismo]] | [[Talaksan:Sikh pilgrim at the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 546 | [[:d:Q9372|Q9372]] | Sima Qian | [[Sima Qian]] | [[Talaksan:Si maqian.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 547 | [[:d:Q9592|Q9592]] | Catholic Church | [[Simbahang Katoliko|Simbahang Katolika Romana]] | [[Talaksan:Saint Peter's Basilica facade, Rome, Italy.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 548 | [[:d:Q7197|Q7197]] | Simone de Beauvoir | [[Simone de Beauvoir]] | [[Talaksan:Simone de Beauvoir2.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 549 | [[:d:Q8605|Q8605]] | Simón Bolívar | [[Simón Bolívar]] | [[Talaksan:Simón Bolívar by Acevedo Bernal, 1922.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 550 | [[:d:Q11768|Q11768]] | Ancient Egypt | [[Sinaunang Ehipto]] | [[Talaksan:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 551 | [[:d:Q11772|Q11772]] | Ancient Greece | [[Sinaunang Gresya]] | [[Talaksan:Sicily Selinunte Temple E (Hera).JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 552 | [[:d:Q334|Q334]] | Singapore | [[Singapore]] | [[Talaksan:Raffles Place.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 553 | [[:d:Q544|Q544]] | Solar System | [[Sistemang Solar|Sistemang Pang-araw]] | [[Talaksan:Solar System true color.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 554 | [[:d:Q11078|Q11078]] | endocrine system | [[Sistemang endokrina]] | [[Talaksan:Endocrine English.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 555 | [[:d:Q9404|Q9404]] | nervous system | [[Sistemang nerbiyos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 556 | [[:d:Q11101|Q11101]] | sensory nervous system | [[Sistemang pandama]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 557 | [[:d:Q9649|Q9649]] | human digestive system | [[Sistemang panunaw]] | [[Talaksan:Digestive system diagram en.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 558 | [[:d:Q7895|Q7895]] | reproductive system | [[Sistemang reproduktibo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 559 | [[:d:Q7891|Q7891]] | respiratory system | [[Sistemang respiratoryo]] | [[Talaksan:Respiratory system complete en.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 560 | [[:d:Q913|Q913]] | Socrates | [[Sokrates|Socrates]] | [[Talaksan:Socrates Louvre.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 561 | [[:d:Q7235|Q7235]] | Sophocles | [[Sopokles]] | [[Talaksan:Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek - Sophokles.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 562 | [[:d:Q332062|Q332062]] | Sorghum bicolor | [[Sorghum bicolor]] | [[Talaksan:Sorghum bicolor03.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 563 | [[:d:Q9601|Q9601]] | Zoroastrianism | [[Zoroastrianismo|Soroastrismo]] | [[Talaksan:Faravahar.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 564 | [[:d:Q2001|Q2001]] | Stanley Kubrick | [[Stanley Kubrick]] | [[Talaksan:Stanley Kubrick (1949 portrait by Phillip Harrington - cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 565 | [[:d:Q8877|Q8877]] | Steven Spielberg | [[Steven Spielberg]] | [[Talaksan:Steven Spielberg 2025.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 566 | [[:d:Q2811|Q2811]] | submarine | [[Submarino]] | [[Talaksan:Submarine dive.gif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 567 | [[:d:Q1049|Q1049]] | Sudan | [[Sudan]] | [[Talaksan:Western Deffufa - Kerma.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 568 | [[:d:Q9603|Q9603]] | Sufism | [[Sufismo]] | [[Talaksan:Tomb of Abdul Qadir Jilani, Baghdad.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 569 | [[:d:Q8474|Q8474]] | Suleiman the Magnificent | [[Suleiman I]] | [[Talaksan:EmperorSuleiman.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 570 | [[:d:Q35355|Q35355]] | Sumer | [[Sumerya|Sumeria]] | [[Talaksan:Orientmitja2300aC.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 571 | [[:d:Q8573|Q8573]] | Sun Yat-sen | [[Sun Yat-sen|Sun Yat Sen]] | [[Talaksan:孙中山肖像.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 572 | [[:d:Q8070|Q8070]] | tsunami | [[Sunami]] | [[Talaksan:Tsunami by hokusai 19th century.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 573 | [[:d:Q483654|Q483654]] | Sunni Islam | [[Sunismo]] | [[Talaksan:رسم تعبيري للفظ الجلالة ومن يجلهم أهل السنة.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 574 | [[:d:Q9103|Q9103]] | female breast | [[Suso]] | [[Talaksan:Breasts close-up (4).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 575 | [[:d:Q39|Q39]] | Switzerland | [[Suwisa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 576 | [[:d:Q3130|Q3130]] | Sydney | [[Sidney|Sydney]] | [[Talaksan:00 3178 Sydney, Australia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 577 | [[:d:Q174|Q174]] | São Paulo | [[São Paulo]] | [[Talaksan:Sao Paulo Skyline in Brazil.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 578 | [[:d:Q199804|Q199804]] | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [[Talamak na nakakahawang sakit sa baga]] | [[Talaksan:Centrilobular emphysema 865 lores.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 579 | [[:d:Q11404|Q11404]] | drum | [[Tambol]] | [[Talaksan:DrumMozartRegiment.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 580 | [[:d:Q12876|Q12876]] | tank | [[Tangke]] | [[Talaksan:Char T 34 noBG.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 581 | [[:d:Q924|Q924]] | Tanzania | [[Tanzania]] | [[Talaksan:Tanzania - Location Map (2013) - TZA - UNOCHA.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 582 | [[:d:Q9598|Q9598]] | Taoism | [[Taoismo|Tawismo]] | [[Talaksan:Tao.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 583 | [[:d:Q3616|Q3616]] | Tehran | [[Teheran|Tehrān]] | [[Talaksan:North of tehran.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 584 | [[:d:Q11661|Q11661]] | information technology | [[Teknolohiyang pang-impormasyon]] | [[Talaksan:Papertape3.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 585 | [[:d:Q11035|Q11035]] | telephone | [[Telepono]] | [[Talaksan:Telefon BW 2012-02-18 13-44-32.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 586 | [[:d:Q869|Q869]] | Thailand | [[Taylandiya|Thailand]] | [[Talaksan:Temple of the Emerald of buddha or Wat Phra Kaew (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 587 | [[:d:Q1299|Q1299]] | The Beatles | [[The Beatles|Q1299]] | [[Talaksan:Beatles Trenter 1963.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 588 | [[:d:Q8743|Q8743]] | Thomas Edison | [[Thomas Edison]] | [[Talaksan:Thomas Edison2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 589 | [[:d:Q80|Q80]] | Tim Berners-Lee | [[Tim Berners-Lee]] | [[Talaksan:LS3 4919 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 590 | [[:d:Q18|Q18]] | South America | [[Timog Amerika]] | [[Talaksan:South America satellite orthographic.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 591 | [[:d:Q258|Q258]] | South Africa | [[Timog Aprika]] | [[Talaksan:South Africa - Location Map (2013) - ZAF - UNOCHA.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 592 | [[:d:Q11409|Q11409]] | apartheid | [[Aparteid|Timog Aprika sa ilalim ng apartheid]] | [[Talaksan:DurbanSign1989.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 593 | [[:d:Q884|Q884]] | South Korea | [[Timog Korea]] | [[Talaksan:South Korea - Location Map (2013) - KOR - UNOCHA.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 594 | [[:d:Q8462|Q8462]] | Timur | [[Tamerlan|Timur]] | [[Talaksan:Timur seated (earliest known portrait), Timurid genealogy, 1405-1409, Samarkand (TSMK, H2152).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 595 | [[:d:Q1490|Q1490]] | Tokyo | [[Tokyo]] | [[Talaksan:Skyscrapers of Shinjuku 2009 January (revised).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 596 | [[:d:Q9438|Q9438]] | Thomas Aquinas | [[Tomas ng Aquino]] | [[Talaksan:St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 597 | [[:d:Q12518|Q12518]] | tower | [[Tore]] | [[Talaksan:Tour Eiffel Wikimedia Commons (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 598 | [[:d:Q243|Q243]] | Eiffel Tower | [[Toreng Eiffel]] | [[Talaksan:Tour Eiffel Wikimedia Commons.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 599 | [[:d:Q11022|Q11022]] | screw | [[Tornilyo]] | [[Talaksan:Black wood screw with flat Phillips head.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 600 | [[:d:Q5339|Q5339]] | transistor | [[Transistor]] | [[Talaksan:Transistors.agr.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 601 | [[:d:Q7590|Q7590]] | transport | [[Transportasyon]] | [[Talaksan:PL Mirandola Czem chciał zostać Janek mały 1925 page19.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 602 | [[:d:Q8736|Q8736]] | Treaty of Versailles | [[Tratado sa Versalles (1919)|Tratado ng Versailles]] | [[Talaksan:Treaty of Versailles, English version.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 603 | [[:d:Q9595|Q9595]] | Trimurti | [[Trimurti]] | [[Talaksan:UgrataraTemple2 (cropped).jpeg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 604 | [[:d:Q8338|Q8338]] | trumpet | [[Trumpeta]] | [[Talaksan:Trumpet 1.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 605 | [[:d:Q6097|Q6097]] | tea | [[Tsaa]] | [[Talaksan:Tea in different grade of fermentation.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 606 | [[:d:Q9397|Q9397]] | Zhu Xi | [[Zhu Xi|Tsʻang-chou-ping-sou,]] | [[Talaksan:Zhu xi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 607 | [[:d:Q676|Q676]] | prose | [[Tuluyan]] | [[Talaksan:Prose and Verse on one page.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 608 | [[:d:Q43|Q43]] | Turkey | [[Turkiya]] | [[Talaksan:Ankara (16290014657).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 609 | [[:d:Q9141|Q9141]] | Taj Mahal | [[Tāj Mahal]] | [[Talaksan:Taj Mahal, Agra, India edit3.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 610 | [[:d:Q7809|Q7809]] | UNESCO | [[UNESCO]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 611 | [[:d:Q9332|Q9332]] | behavior | [[Ugali]] | [[Talaksan:Adams and Westlake (3092762993).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 612 | [[:d:Q212|Q212]] | Ukraine | [[Ukranya]] | [[Talaksan:Maidan Nezalezhnosti view.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 613 | [[:d:Q7925|Q7925]] | rain | [[Ulan]] | [[Talaksan:08152 Bukowsko (powiat sanocki).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 614 | [[:d:Q1110560|Q1110560]] | Umm Kulthum | [[Umm Kulthum]] | [[Talaksan:Umm Kulthum as Fatimah.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 615 | [[:d:Q361|Q361]] | World War I | [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] | [[Talaksan:WWImontage.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 616 | [[:d:Q145|Q145]] | United Kingdom | [[United Kingdom]] | [[Talaksan:Palace of Westminster from the dome on Methodist Central Hall.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 617 | [[:d:Q7159|Q7159]] | African Union | [[Unyong Aprikano]] | [[Talaksan:Map of the African Union with Suspended States.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 618 | [[:d:Q15180|Q15180]] | Soviet Union | [[Unyong Sobyetiko|Unyong Sobyet]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 619 | [[:d:Q324|Q324]] | Uranus | [[Urano]] | [[Talaksan:Uranus Voyager2 color calibrated.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 620 | [[:d:Q7328|Q7328]] | Vasco da Gama | [[Vasco da Gama]] | [[Talaksan:Ignoto portoghese, ritratto di un cavaliere dell'ordine di cristo, 1525-50 ca. 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 621 | [[:d:Q717|Q717]] | Venezuela | [[Venezuela]] | [[Talaksan:Embalse la Vueltosa 2022.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 622 | [[:d:Q1398|Q1398]] | Virgil | [[Virgilio|Vergilius]] | [[Talaksan:Parco della Grotta di Posillipo5 (crop).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 623 | [[:d:Q535|Q535]] | Victor Hugo | [[Victor Hugo]] | [[Talaksan:Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat 1876 - full.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 624 | [[:d:Q1741|Q1741]] | Vienna | [[Viena]] | [[Talaksan:Wien katedra sw Szczepana widok z wiezy 6.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 625 | [[:d:Q881|Q881]] | Vietnam | [[Biyetnam|Vietnam]] | [[Talaksan:Hanoi Temple of Literature.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 626 | [[:d:Q12567|Q12567]] | Vikings | [[Mga Viking|Viking]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 627 | [[:d:Q5582|Q5582]] | Vincent van Gogh | [[Vincent van Gogh]] | [[Talaksan:Self-portrait - Vincent van Gogh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 628 | [[:d:Q1394|Q1394]] | Vladimir Lenin | [[Vladimir Lenin]] | [[Talaksan:Vladimir Lenin in July 1920 by Pavel Zhukov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 629 | [[:d:Q9068|Q9068]] | Voltaire | [[Voltaire]] | [[Talaksan:Nicolas de Largillière - Portrait de Voltaire (1694-1778) en 1718 - P208 - Musée Carnavalet - 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 630 | [[:d:Q8704|Q8704]] | Walt Disney | [[Walt Disney]] | [[Talaksan:Walt Disney 1946.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 631 | [[:d:Q61|Q61]] | Washington, D.C. | [[Washington, D.C.]] | [[Talaksan:Aerial view of White House and downtown, Washington, D.C LCCN2010630891.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 632 | [[:d:Q13955|Q13955]] | Arabic | [[Wikang Arabe]] | [[Talaksan:Learning Arabic calligraphy.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 633 | [[:d:Q9288|Q9288]] | Hebrew | [[Wikang Hebreo|Wikang Ebreo]] | [[Talaksan:1 QIsa example of damage col 12-13.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 634 | [[:d:Q9129|Q9129]] | Greek | [[Wikang Griyego]] | [[Talaksan:Pater noster in greek script.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 635 | [[:d:Q397|Q397]] | Latin | [[Wikang Latin]] | [[Talaksan:Arco Sisto V targa M.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 636 | [[:d:Q9168|Q9168]] | Persian | [[Wikang Persa]] | [[Talaksan:Farsi.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 637 | [[:d:Q5146|Q5146]] | Portuguese | [[Wikang Portuges]] | [[Talaksan:Breve discurso em que se contem a conquista do Reyno de Pegu na Índia Oriental, pelos portuguezes em tempo do Viso-Rey Ayres de Saldanha; sendo capitam Salvador Ribeiro de Souza, chamado Massinga, natural de Guimaraens. Rei do Pegu.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 638 | [[:d:Q7737|Q7737]] | Russian | [[Wikang Ruso]] | [[Talaksan:Russian.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 639 | [[:d:Q11059|Q11059]] | Sanskrit | [[Wikang Sanskrito]] | [[Talaksan:Sanskrit.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 640 | [[:d:Q7838|Q7838]] | Swahili | [[Wikang Swahili]] | [[Talaksan:Manuscrit colonial kiswahili-Africa Museum.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 641 | [[:d:Q7850|Q7850]] | Chinese | [[Wikang Tsino]] | [[Talaksan:Chineselanguage.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 642 | [[:d:Q256|Q256]] | Turkish | [[Wikang Turko]] | [[Talaksan:Turkish alphabet.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 643 | [[:d:Q692|Q692]] | William Shakespeare | [[William Shakespeare|Q692]] | [[Talaksan:Shakespeare.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 644 | [[:d:Q8016|Q8016]] | Winston Churchill | [[Winston Churchill]] | [[Talaksan:Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948 (restored).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 645 | [[:d:Q254|Q254]] | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] | [[Talaksan:Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 646 | [[:d:Q466|Q466]] | World Wide Web | [[World Wide Web|Q466]] | [[Talaksan:Alcalá de Henares (RPS 08-04-2017) Calle WWW, indicador.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 647 | [[:d:Q8146|Q8146]] | yen | [[Yen ng Hapon]] | [[Talaksan:JPY coin3.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 648 | [[:d:Q9350|Q9350]] | yoga | [[Yoga]] | [[Talaksan:Bharadwaja.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 649 | [[:d:Q7327|Q7327]] | Yuri Gagarin | [[Yuri Gagarin]] | [[Talaksan:Yuri Gagarin portrait (colored).png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 650 | [[:d:Q458|Q458]] | European Union | [[Unyong Europeo|Yuropeong Unyon]] | [[Talaksan:EU on a globe.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 651 | [[:d:Q7333|Q7333]] | Zheng He | [[Zheng He]] | [[Talaksan:2016 Malakka, Stadhuys (09).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 652 | [[:d:Q12029|Q12029]] | addiction | [[adiksiyon]] | [[Talaksan:Alcoholism is a Prision.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 653 | [[:d:Q336|Q336]] | science | [[agham]] | [[Talaksan:Stylised atom with three Bohr model orbits and stylised nucleus (encircled).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 654 | [[:d:Q11451|Q11451]] | agriculture | [[agrikultura]] | [[Talaksan:Unload wheat by the combine Claas Lexion 584.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 655 | [[:d:Q2102|Q2102]] | snake | [[ahas]] | [[Talaksan:Snakes Diversity.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 656 | [[:d:Q718|Q718]] | chess | [[ahedres]] | [[Talaksan:Chess game Staunton No. 6.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 657 | [[:d:Q571|Q571]] | book | [[aklat]] | [[Talaksan:Americanstudbookvolume2open.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 658 | [[:d:Q7075|Q7075]] | library | [[aklatan]] | [[Talaksan:Austria - Göttweig Abbey - 2015.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 659 | [[:d:Q282|Q282]] | wine | [[alak]] | [[Talaksan:Red and white wine 12-2015.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 660 | [[:d:Q37868|Q37868]] | algae | [[algae]] | [[Talaksan:Wlas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 661 | [[:d:Q8366|Q8366]] | algorithm | [[algoritmo]] | [[Talaksan:Flowchart procedural programming.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 662 | [[:d:Q3968|Q3968]] | algebra | [[alhebra]] | [[Talaksan:Quadratic formula.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 663 | [[:d:Q156|Q156]] | alcohols | [[alkohol]] | [[Talaksan:Lukastest etoh tbutoh.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 664 | [[:d:Q8216|Q8216]] | Greek alphabet | [[alpabetong Griyego]] | [[Talaksan:Richtungsschild auf der Insel Ikaria, 2005.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 665 | [[:d:Q8229|Q8229]] | Latin script | [[Sulat Latin|alpabetong Latin]] | [[Talaksan:Abecedarium.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 666 | [[:d:Q8209|Q8209]] | Cyrillic script | [[alpabetong Siriliko]] | [[Talaksan:Cyrillic alternates.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 667 | [[:d:Q663|Q663]] | aluminium | [[aluminyo]] | [[Talaksan:Aluminium-4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 668 | [[:d:Q6199|Q6199]] | anarchism | [[anarkismo]] | [[Talaksan:Graffiti "No Gods, No Masters" and anarchy symbol at central bus station ZOB in Munich, Germany.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 669 | [[:d:Q514|Q514]] | anatomy | [[anatomiya]] | [[Talaksan:Leonardo da vinci, Drawing of a Woman's Torso.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 670 | [[:d:Q11352|Q11352]] | angle | [[anggulo]] | [[Talaksan:Coord Angle.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 671 | [[:d:Q12117|Q12117]] | cereal | [[angkak]] | [[Talaksan:Various grains edit2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 672 | [[:d:Q11425|Q11425]] | animation | [[animasyon]] | [[Talaksan:Animated GIF from the 1919 Feline folies by Pat Sullivan.gif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 673 | [[:d:Q12187|Q12187]] | antibiotic | [[antibiyotiko]] | [[Talaksan:How do different antibiotics work?.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 674 | [[:d:Q3196|Q3196]] | fire | [[apoy]] | [[Talaksan:FIRE 01.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 675 | [[:d:Q11376|Q11376]] | acceleration | [[arangkada]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 676 | [[:d:Q11464|Q11464]] | plough | [[araro]] | [[Talaksan:04-09-12-Schaupflügen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG 1232.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 677 | [[:d:Q573|Q573]] | day | [[Araw (panahon)|araw]] | [[Talaksan:GreenwUhrWelt.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 678 | [[:d:Q11500|Q11500]] | area | [[Sukat|area]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 679 | [[:d:Q11205|Q11205]] | arithmetic | [[aritmetika]] | [[Talaksan:Basic arithmetic operators.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 680 | [[:d:Q12271|Q12271]] | architecture | [[arkitektura]] | [[Talaksan:Ray and Maria Stata Center (MIT).JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 681 | [[:d:Q12277|Q12277]] | arch | [[arko]] | [[Talaksan:Arch (PSF).png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 682 | [[:d:Q11660|Q11660]] | artificial intelligence | [[artipisyal na katalinuhan]] | [[Talaksan:Dall-e 3 (jan '24) artificial intelligence icon.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 683 | [[:d:Q11427|Q11427]] | steel | [[asero]] | [[Talaksan:Kaltbandcoils.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 684 | [[:d:Q11158|Q11158]] | acid | [[asido]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 685 | [[:d:Q11254|Q11254]] | table salt | [[asin]] | [[Talaksan:Salt shaker on white background.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 686 | [[:d:Q12370|Q12370]] | salt | [[Asin (kimika)|asin]] | [[Talaksan:Cobalt(II)-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 687 | [[:d:Q144|Q144]] | dog | [[aso]] | [[Talaksan:Greenland 467 (35130903436) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 688 | [[:d:Q3863|Q3863]] | asteroid | [[asteroyd]] | [[Talaksan:Asteroidsscale.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 689 | [[:d:Q333|Q333]] | astronomy | [[astronomiya]] | [[Talaksan:Laser Towards Milky Ways Centre.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 690 | [[:d:Q11002|Q11002]] | sugar | [[asukal]] | [[Talaksan:Sugar 2xmacro.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 691 | [[:d:Q12152|Q12152]] | myocardial infarction | [[atake sa puso]] | [[Talaksan:Heart attack diagram.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 692 | [[:d:Q9368|Q9368]] | liver | [[atay]] | [[Talaksan:Leber Schaf.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 693 | [[:d:Q7066|Q7066]] | atheism | [[ateismo]] | [[Talaksan:Ephesians 2,12 - Greek atheos.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 694 | [[:d:Q542|Q542]] | athletics | [[Atletiks|atletika]] | [[Talaksan:Naisten 400 m aidat.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 695 | [[:d:Q9121|Q9121]] | atom | [[atomo]] | [[Talaksan:Helium atom QM.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 696 | [[:d:Q467|Q467]] | woman | [[babae]] | [[Talaksan:Woman.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 697 | [[:d:Q787|Q787]] | pig | [[baboy]] | [[Talaksan:Sow with piglet.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 698 | [[:d:Q11411|Q11411]] | backgammon | [[Bakgamon|backgammon]] | [[Talaksan:Backgammon lg.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 699 | [[:d:Q10876|Q10876]] | bacteria | [[Bakterya|bacteria]] | [[Talaksan:E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 700 | [[:d:Q8092|Q8092]] | tropical cyclone | [[bagyo]] | [[Talaksan:Dramatic Views of Hurricane Florence from the International Space Station From 9 12 (42828603210) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 701 | [[:d:Q8068|Q8068]] | flood | [[baha]] | [[Talaksan:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded edit2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 702 | [[:d:Q830|Q830]] | cattle | [[baka]] | [[Talaksan:Cow female black white.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 703 | [[:d:Q677|Q677]] | iron | [[bakal]] | [[Talaksan:Iron electrolytic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 704 | [[:d:Q8091|Q8091]] | grammar | [[balarila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 705 | [[:d:Q1074|Q1074]] | skin | [[Balat (anatomiya)|balat]] | [[Talaksan:Komodo dragon skin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 706 | [[:d:Q11446|Q11446]] | ship | [[barko]] | [[Talaksan:DANA 2004 ubt.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 707 | [[:d:Q11193|Q11193]] | base | [[base]] | [[Talaksan:Sodium hydroxide solution.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 708 | [[:d:Q5372|Q5372]] | basketball | [[basketbol]] | [[Talaksan:Dream Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics.JPEG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 709 | [[:d:Q11475|Q11475]] | vacuum | [[basyo]] | [[Talaksan:Kolbenluftpumpe hg.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 710 | [[:d:Q7569|Q7569]] | child | [[bata]] | [[Talaksan:Little girl of Don Som.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 711 | [[:d:Q12111|Q12111]] | Sorghum | [[batad]] | [[Talaksan:Sorghum bicolor - geograph.org.uk - 1070429.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 712 | [[:d:Q7748|Q7748]] | law | [[batas]] | [[Talaksan:JMR-Memphis1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 713 | [[:d:Q8063|Q8063]] | rock | [[Bato (heolohiya)|bato]] | [[Talaksan:Balanced Rock.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 714 | [[:d:Q11421|Q11421]] | magnet | [[batubalani]] | [[Talaksan:Bar magnet crop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 715 | [[:d:Q11465|Q11465]] | velocity | [[Tulin|belosidad]] | [[Talaksan:Vector snelheid-Plain.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 716 | [[:d:Q5369|Q5369]] | baseball | [[beysbol]] | [[Talaksan:Zack Greinke on July 29, 2009.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 717 | [[:d:Q11563|Q11563]] | number | [[bilang]] | [[Talaksan:Numbers grid in NY.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 718 | [[:d:Q2111|Q2111]] | speed of light in vacuum | [[bilis ng liwanag]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 719 | [[:d:Q11442|Q11442]] | bicycle | [[bisikleta]] | [[Talaksan:00 8327 Historisches Fahrrad.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 720 | [[:d:Q523|Q523]] | star | [[bituin]] | [[Talaksan:The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 721 | [[:d:Q7094|Q7094]] | biochemistry | [[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:Fat triglyceride shorthand formula.PNG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 722 | [[:d:Q290|Q290]] | sex | [[biyolohikal na kasarian]] | [[Talaksan:Cromosomas X-Y y gametos.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 723 | [[:d:Q420|Q420]] | biology | [[biyolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Biology-0001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 724 | [[:d:Q7108|Q7108]] | biotechnology | [[biyoteknolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Biotecnologia Fase3.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 725 | [[:d:Q8355|Q8355]] | violin | [[biyulin]] | [[Talaksan:Violin VL100.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 726 | [[:d:Q9759|Q9759]] | blues | [[blues]] | [[Talaksan:B.B. King, 2006-06-26.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 727 | [[:d:Q441|Q441]] | botany | [[botanika]] | [[Talaksan:Diversity of plants image version q.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 728 | [[:d:Q9530|Q9530]] | breathing | [[breathing]] | [[Talaksan:Diaphragmatic breathing.gif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 729 | [[:d:Q7391|Q7391]] | bee | [[bubuyog]] | [[Talaksan:(MHNT) Apis mellifera (female) - on viburnum tinus flowers.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 730 | [[:d:Q8081|Q8081]] | tornado | [[buhawi]] | [[Talaksan:F5 tornado Elie Manitoba 2007.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 731 | [[:d:Q3|Q3]] | life | [[buhay]] | [[Talaksan:HumanNewborn.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 732 | [[:d:Q11457|Q11457]] | cotton | [[bulak]] | [[Talaksan:Cotton - പരുത്തി 03.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 733 | [[:d:Q506|Q506]] | flower | [[bulaklak]] | [[Talaksan:Flores.gif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 734 | [[:d:Q8072|Q8072]] | volcano | [[bulkan]] | [[Talaksan:Mount St. Helens erupting blue.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 735 | [[:d:Q12214|Q12214]] | smallpox | [[bulutong]] | [[Talaksan:Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 736 | [[:d:Q8502|Q8502]] | mountain | [[bundok]] | [[Talaksan:Himalayas, Ama Dablam, Nepal.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 737 | [[:d:Q1364|Q1364]] | fruit | [[bunga]] | [[Talaksan:Fruit bowl.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 738 | [[:d:Q8161|Q8161]] | tax | [[buwis]] | [[Talaksan:Pieter Brueghel the Younger, 'Paying the Tax (The Tax Collector)' oil on panel, 1620-1640. USC Fisher Museum of Art.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 739 | [[:d:Q12284|Q12284]] | canal | [[canal]] | [[Talaksan:Saimaa canal at Lappeenranta Finland.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 740 | [[:d:Q11358|Q11358]] | carbohydrate | [[Karbohidrata|carbohydrate]] | [[Talaksan:Carbohydrates.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 741 | [[:d:Q11382|Q11382]] | conservation of energy | [[conservation of energy]] | [[Talaksan:Blocked-pendulum-strobe.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 742 | [[:d:Q753|Q753]] | copper | [[Tanso (elemento)|copper]] | [[Talaksan:Cuivre Michigan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 743 | [[:d:Q165|Q165]] | sea | [[dagat]] | [[Talaksan:Paracas National Reserve, Ica, Peru-3April2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 744 | [[:d:Q11652|Q11652]] | frequency | [[dalasan]] | [[Talaksan:FrequencyAnimation.gif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 745 | [[:d:Q11651|Q11651]] | electric current | [[daloy ng kuryente]] | [[Talaksan:Magnetic field of a steady current.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 746 | [[:d:Q12323|Q12323]] | dam | [[dam]] | [[Talaksan:RappbodeLufts.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 747 | [[:d:Q9415|Q9415]] | emotion | [[damdamin]] | [[Talaksan:Plutchik-wheel.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 748 | [[:d:Q7174|Q7174]] | democracy | [[demokrasya]] | [[Talaksan:Election MG 3455.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 749 | [[:d:Q8514|Q8514]] | desert | [[desyerto]] | [[Talaksan:Libya 4608 Idehan Ubari Dunes Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 750 | [[:d:Q9453|Q9453]] | dialectic | [[Diyalektika|Q9453]] | [[Talaksan:Georg Pencz, Dialectic, NGA 33130.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 751 | [[:d:Q198|Q198]] | war | [[digmaan]] | [[Talaksan:Thure de Thulstrup - L. Prang and Co. - Battle of Gettysburg - Restoration by Adam Cuerden.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 752 | [[:d:Q8465|Q8465]] | civil war | [[digmaang sibil]] | [[Talaksan:Battle of Gettysburg.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 753 | [[:d:Q317|Q317]] | dictatorship | [[diktadura]] | [[Talaksan:Hitler Nürnberg 1935.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 754 | [[:d:Q430|Q430]] | dinosaur | [[dinosauro]] | [[Talaksan:Various dinosaurs2.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 755 | [[:d:Q11656|Q11656]] | diode | [[Diodo|diode]] | [[Talaksan:Diode-closeup.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 756 | [[:d:Q1889|Q1889]] | diplomacy | [[diplomasya]] | [[Talaksan:2024-11-18-Headquarters of the United Nations-0605.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 757 | [[:d:Q4439|Q4439]] | hard disk | [[Hard disk drive|diskong matigas]] | [[Talaksan:Western Digital WD2500BB Hard Disk A.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 758 | [[:d:Q12206|Q12206]] | diabetes | [[diyabetes]] | [[Talaksan:Blue circle for diabetes.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 759 | [[:d:Q5283|Q5283]] | diamond | [[diyamante]] | [[Talaksan:Rough Diamond.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 760 | [[:d:Q4917|Q4917]] | United States dollar | [[dolyar ng Estados Unidos]] | [[Talaksan:USDnotes.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 761 | [[:d:Q11395|Q11395]] | domestication | [[domestikasyon]] | [[Talaksan:Domestication Timeline.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 762 | [[:d:Q7873|Q7873]] | blood | [[dugo]] | [[Talaksan:Blood Test (15575812743).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 763 | [[:d:Q1063|Q1063]] | evolution | [[ebolusyon]] | [[Talaksan:L'origine de l'évolution.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 764 | [[:d:Q8434|Q8434]] | education | [[edukasyon]] | [[Talaksan:1887 Bettannier Der Schwarze Fleck anagoria.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 765 | [[:d:Q7150|Q7150]] | ecology | [[ekolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Grib skov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 766 | [[:d:Q8134|Q8134]] | economics | [[ekonomika]] | [[Talaksan:Economics circular flow cartoon.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 767 | [[:d:Q11214|Q11214]] | differential equation | [[ekwasyong diperensiyal]] | [[Talaksan:Exemple d'eqüacion diferenciala.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 768 | [[:d:Q849919|Q849919]] | electromagnetic interaction | [[electromagnetic interaction]] | [[Talaksan:Feynmann Diagram Coulomb.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 769 | [[:d:Q9778|Q9778]] | electronic music | [[electronic music]] | [[Talaksan:1st commercial Moog synthesizer (1964, commissioned by the Alwin Nikolai Dance Theater of NY) @ Stearns Collection (Stearns 2035), University of Michigan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 770 | [[:d:Q12725|Q12725]] | electricity | [[elektrisidad]] | [[Talaksan:Lightning simulator questacon04.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 771 | [[:d:Q11650|Q11650]] | electronics | [[elektronika]] | [[Talaksan:Arduino ftdi chip-1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 772 | [[:d:Q11344|Q11344]] | chemical element | [[Elemento (kimika)|elemento]] | [[Talaksan:Periodic table (32-col, enwiki), black and white.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 773 | [[:d:Q11379|Q11379]] | energy | [[enerhiya]] | [[Talaksan:Electric power transmission.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 774 | [[:d:Q12739|Q12739]] | nuclear power | [[Enerhiyang nukleyar|enerhiyang nuklear]] | [[Talaksan:Nuclear Power Plant Cattenom.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 775 | [[:d:Q5292|Q5292]] | encyclopedia | [[ensiklopedya]] | [[Talaksan:Bertelsmann Lexikothek.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 776 | [[:d:Q8047|Q8047]] | enzyme | [[ensima]] | [[Talaksan:Triosephosphate isomerase.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 777 | [[:d:Q41571|Q41571]] | epilepsy | [[epilepsiya]] | [[Talaksan:Spike-waves.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 778 | [[:d:Q9471|Q9471]] | epistemology | [[epistemolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:4 Pramanas, epistemology according to ancient Nyayasutras.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 779 | [[:d:Q42527|Q42527]] | spice | [[Pampalasa|espesya]] | [[Talaksan:Spices1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 780 | [[:d:Q11455|Q11455]] | special relativity | [[Teorya ng natatanging relatibidad|espesyal na teoriya ng relatibidad]] | [[Talaksan:Gedankenexperiment Zeitdilitation.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 781 | [[:d:Q7432|Q7432]] | species | [[espesye]] | [[Talaksan:Heliconius mimicry.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 782 | [[:d:Q12483|Q12483]] | statistics | [[estadistika]] | [[Talaksan:Standard Normal Distribution-en.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 783 | [[:d:Q7275|Q7275]] | state | [[estado]] | [[Talaksan:Leviathan frontispiece cropped British Library.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 784 | [[:d:Q153|Q153]] | ethanol | [[etanol]] | [[Talaksan:Sample of Absolute Ethanol.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 785 | [[:d:Q9465|Q9465]] | ethics | [[etika]] | [[Talaksan:Rage-and-anger-fresco.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 786 | [[:d:Q9764|Q9764]] | flamenco | [[flamenco]] | [[Talaksan:Sargent John Singer Spanish Dancer.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 787 | [[:d:Q12748|Q12748]] | fossil fuel | [[fossil fuel]] | [[Talaksan:Combustibles fossiles.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 788 | [[:d:Q2736|Q2736]] | association football | [[futbol]] | [[Talaksan:Football in Bloomington, Indiana, 1995.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 789 | [[:d:Q318|Q318]] | galaxy | [[Galaksiya|galaxy]] | [[Talaksan:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 790 | [[:d:Q11432|Q11432]] | gas | [[gas]] | [[Talaksan:Kinetic theory of gases.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 791 | [[:d:Q156103|Q156103]] | gastroenteritis | [[gastroenteritis]] | [[Talaksan:Gastroenteritis viruses.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 792 | [[:d:Q8495|Q8495]] | milk | [[gatas]] | [[Talaksan:Glass of Milk (33657535532).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 793 | [[:d:Q897|Q897]] | gold | [[ginto]] | [[Talaksan:Gold-crystals.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 794 | [[:d:Q6607|Q6607]] | guitar | [[gitara]] | [[Talaksan:Classical Guitar two views.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 795 | [[:d:Q7181|Q7181]] | globalization | [[globalisasyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 796 | [[:d:Q11413|Q11413]] | go | [[Go (laro)|go]] | [[Talaksan:Go board.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 797 | [[:d:Q5377|Q5377]] | golf | [[golf]] | [[Talaksan:Golfer swing.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 798 | [[:d:Q11412|Q11412]] | gravity | [[grabedad]] | [[Talaksan:Solar sys.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 799 | [[:d:Q4421|Q4421]] | forest | [[gubat]] | [[Talaksan:Brussels Zonienwoud.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 800 | [[:d:Q11004|Q11004]] | vegetable | [[gulay]] | [[Talaksan:Kleinmarkthalle Frankfurt Gemüsestand.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 801 | [[:d:Q446|Q446]] | wheel | [[gulong]] | [[Talaksan:Hub (PSF).png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 802 | [[:d:Q756|Q756]] | plant | [[halaman]] | [[Talaksan:Thanh Long ở Ninh Thuận.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 803 | [[:d:Q8094|Q8094]] | wind | [[hangin]] | [[Talaksan:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0206-324, Berlin, Passanten im Wind.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 804 | [[:d:Q729|Q729]] | Animalia | [[hayop]] | [[Talaksan:Animal diversity.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 805 | [[:d:Q1071|Q1071]] | geography | [[heograpiya]] | [[Talaksan:OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 806 | [[:d:Q1069|Q1069]] | geology | [[heolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Mapa litológico de Genicera.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 807 | [[:d:Q8087|Q8087]] | geometry | [[heometriya]] | [[Talaksan:Westerner and Arab practicing geometry 15th century manuscript.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 808 | [[:d:Q556|Q556]] | hydrogen | [[Idrohino|hidroheno]] | [[Talaksan:Hydrogen discharge tube.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 809 | [[:d:Q11364|Q11364]] | hormone | [[hormona]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 810 | [[:d:Q11420|Q11420]] | judo | [[Judo|hudo]] | [[Talaksan:KOCIS Korea Judo Kim Jaebum London 36 (7696361164).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 811 | [[:d:Q8473|Q8473]] | military | [[hukbo]] | [[Talaksan:Defending the Polish banner at Chocim, by Juliusz Kossak, 1892.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 812 | [[:d:Q5113|Q5113]] | bird | [[ibon]] | [[Talaksan:Bird Diversity 2011.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 813 | [[:d:Q7257|Q7257]] | ideology | [[ideolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:War2.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 814 | [[:d:Q4022|Q4022]] | river | [[ilog]] | [[Talaksan:White Nile Fishermen (18156464842).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 815 | [[:d:Q7363|Q7363]] | nose | [[ilong]] | [[Talaksan:Dog nose.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 816 | [[:d:Q7260|Q7260]] | imperialism | [[imperyalismo]] | [[Talaksan:China imperialism cartoon.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 817 | [[:d:Q11028|Q11028]] | information | [[impormasyon]] | [[Talaksan:Structure of the Universe.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 818 | [[:d:Q5325|Q5325]] | inductor | [[Panawit|indaktor]] | [[Talaksan:Electronic component inductors.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 819 | [[:d:Q8148|Q8148]] | industrial sector | [[industriya]] | [[Talaksan:Valero Three Rivers Refinery Texas 2020.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 820 | [[:d:Q11388|Q11388]] | infrared radiation | [[infrared]] | [[Talaksan:Ir girl.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 821 | [[:d:Q11023|Q11023]] | engineering | [[inhenyeriya]] | [[Talaksan:PIA19664-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150430.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 822 | [[:d:Q11418|Q11418]] | weak interaction | [[interaksiyong mahina]] | [[Talaksan:PiPlus muon decay.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 823 | [[:d:Q11415|Q11415]] | strong interaction | [[interaksiyong malakas]] | [[Talaksan:Nuclear Force anim smaller.gif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 824 | [[:d:Q12757|Q12757]] | internal combustion engine | [[internal combustion engine]] | [[Talaksan:Wankel Cycle anim.gif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 825 | [[:d:Q152|Q152]] | fish | [[isda]] | [[Talaksan:Fish-coll002.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 826 | [[:d:Q589|Q589]] | black hole | [[itim na butas]] | [[Talaksan:Black hole - Messier 87 crop max res.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 827 | [[:d:Q8341|Q8341]] | jazz | [[jazz]] | [[Talaksan:Louis Armstrong restored.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 828 | [[:d:Q9081|Q9081]] | knowledge | [[kaalaman]] | [[Talaksan:Tetradrachm Athens 480-420BC MBA Lyon.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 829 | [[:d:Q726|Q726]] | horse | [[kabayo]] | [[Talaksan:Biandintz eta zaldiak - modified2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 830 | [[:d:Q287|Q287]] | wood | [[kahoy]] | [[Talaksan:Arquitectura en madera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 831 | [[:d:Q500|Q500]] | Citrus × limon | [[Lemon|kalamansî (punò)]] | [[Talaksan:Citrus x limon - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-041.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 832 | [[:d:Q12132|Q12132]] | calendar system | [[kalendaryo]] | [[Talaksan:Revolution kalendar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 833 | [[:d:Q12681|Q12681]] | calligraphy | [[kaligrapiya]] | [[Talaksan:Calligraphy word.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 834 | [[:d:Q7860|Q7860]] | nature | [[kalikasan]] | [[Talaksan:Desert Electric.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 835 | [[:d:Q9165|Q9165]] | soul | [[kaluluwa]] | [[Talaksan:Meister von Heiligenkreuz 001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 836 | [[:d:Q4|Q4]] | death | [[kamatayan]] | [[Talaksan:Dead dog in Ulaanbaatar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 837 | [[:d:Q12078|Q12078]] | cancer | [[kanser]] | [[Talaksan:Breast cancer cell (2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 838 | [[:d:Q7366|Q7366]] | song | [[Awitin|kanta]] | [[Talaksan:Ademareuil1.gif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 839 | [[:d:Q8486|Q8486]] | coffee | [[kape]] | [[Talaksan:A small cup of coffee.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 840 | [[:d:Q9430|Q9430]] | ocean | [[karagatan]] | [[Talaksan:Ocean beach at low tide against the sun.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 841 | [[:d:Q12136|Q12136]] | disease | [[Sakit|karamdaman]] | [[Talaksan:Mycobacterium tuberculosis.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 842 | [[:d:Q10990|Q10990]] | meat | [[karne]] | [[Talaksan:FoodMeat.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 843 | [[:d:Q309|Q309]] | history | [[kasaysayan]] | [[Talaksan:Nikolaos Gyzis - Historia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 844 | [[:d:Q11460|Q11460]] | clothing | [[kasuotan]] | [[Talaksan:Clothes.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 845 | [[:d:Q8492|Q8492]] | juice | [[Katas (inumin)|katas]] | [[Talaksan:Juices for Breakfast.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 846 | [[:d:Q8253|Q8253]] | fiction | [[kathang-isip]] | [[Talaksan:Alice par John Tenniel 30.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 847 | [[:d:Q10943|Q10943]] | cheese | [[keso]] | [[Talaksan:Hartkaese HardCheeses.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 848 | [[:d:Q11570|Q11570]] | kilogram | [[kilogramo]] | [[Talaksan:CGKilogram.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 849 | [[:d:Q2329|Q2329]] | chemistry | [[kimika]] | [[Talaksan:Chemicals in flasks.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 850 | [[:d:Q11165|Q11165]] | inorganic chemistry | [[kimikang inorganiko]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 851 | [[:d:Q11372|Q11372]] | physical chemistry | [[kimikang makapisika]] | [[Talaksan:Lomonosov Chymiae Physicae 1752.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 852 | [[:d:Q11351|Q11351]] | organic chemistry | [[kimikang organiko]] | [[Talaksan:Organic synthesis.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 853 | [[:d:Q11397|Q11397]] | classical mechanics | [[Klasikong mekanika|klasikong mekaniks]] | [[Talaksan:Newtons cradle animation book.gif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 854 | [[:d:Q7937|Q7937]] | climate | [[klima]] | [[Talaksan:Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map (1980–2016) no borders.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 855 | [[:d:Q7167|Q7167]] | colonialism | [[kolonyalismo]] | [[Talaksan:RomanEmpire 117.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 856 | [[:d:Q3559|Q3559]] | comet | [[kometa]] | [[Talaksan:C2022 E3 (ZTF)- Alessandro Bianconi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 857 | [[:d:Q1004|Q1004]] | comics | [[komiks]] | [[Talaksan:Krazy Kat 1918-09-07.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 858 | [[:d:Q11173|Q11173]] | chemical compound | [[Kompuwestong pangkimika|kompuwesto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 859 | [[:d:Q68|Q68]] | computer | [[kompyuter]] | [[Talaksan:Apple II Plus, Museum of the Moving Image.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 860 | [[:d:Q5107|Q5107]] | continent | [[kontinente]] | [[Talaksan:Continentes Wikipedia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 861 | [[:d:Q1420|Q1420]] | car | [[kotse]] | [[Talaksan:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J0711-0001-003, Warnemünde, Stau.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 862 | [[:d:Q1075|Q1075]] | color | [[kulay]] | [[Talaksan:Colouring pencils.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 863 | [[:d:Q11402|Q11402]] | force | [[Puwersa|lakas]] | [[Talaksan:Force examples.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 864 | [[:d:Q8441|Q8441]] | man | [[lalaki]] | [[Talaksan:Pioneer plaque line-drawing of a human male.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 865 | [[:d:Q7386|Q7386]] | Formicidae | [[langgam]] | [[Talaksan:Meat eater ant feeding on honey02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 866 | [[:d:Q11435|Q11435]] | liquid | [[likido]] | [[Talaksan:Water drop 001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 867 | [[:d:Q82571|Q82571]] | linear algebra | [[Alhebrang linyar|linear algebra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 868 | [[:d:Q8162|Q8162]] | linguistics | [[lingguwistika]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 869 | [[:d:Q11582|Q11582]] | litre | [[litro]] | [[Talaksan:CubeLitre.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 870 | [[:d:Q9128|Q9128]] | light | [[liwanag]] | [[Talaksan:Emanation.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 871 | [[:d:Q11197|Q11197]] | logarithm | [[logaritmo]] | [[Talaksan:Mplwp log2e10.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 872 | [[:d:Q8078|Q8078]] | logic | [[lohika]] | [[Talaksan:Discourse-into-the-night.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 873 | [[:d:Q515|Q515]] | city | [[lungsod]] | [[Talaksan:NYC wideangle south from Top of the Rock.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 874 | [[:d:Q8436|Q8436]] | family | [[Pamilya|mag-anak]] | [[Talaksan:Inupiat Family from Noatak, Alaska, 1929, Edward S. Curtis (restored).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 875 | [[:d:Q11408|Q11408]] | magnetic field | [[magnetic field]] | [[Talaksan:DipolMagnet.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 876 | [[:d:Q12156|Q12156]] | malaria | [[malarya]] | [[Talaksan:Histopathology of malaria exoerythrocytic forms in liver 07G0024 lores.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 877 | [[:d:Q11009|Q11009]] | nut | [[Nuwes|mani]] | [[Talaksan:Fancy raw mixed nuts macro.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 878 | [[:d:Q89|Q89]] | apple | [[mansanas]] | [[Talaksan:Honeycrisp.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 879 | [[:d:Q11567|Q11567]] | complex number | [[Komplikadong bilang|masalimuot na bilang]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 880 | [[:d:Q395|Q395]] | mathematics | [[matematika]] | [[Talaksan:Mathematics.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 881 | [[:d:Q12140|Q12140]] | medication | [[medication]] | [[Talaksan:VariousPills.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 882 | [[:d:Q11190|Q11190]] | medicine | [[medisina]] | [[Talaksan:Physical examination.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 883 | [[:d:Q944|Q944]] | quantum mechanics | [[Mekanikang quantum|mekaniks na kwantum]] | [[Talaksan:Ondaparticula.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 884 | [[:d:Q11426|Q11426]] | metal | [[metal]] | [[Talaksan:Métal Hurlant (84368201).jpeg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 885 | [[:d:Q11573|Q11573]] | metre | [[metro]] | [[Talaksan:Platinum-Iridium meter bar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 886 | [[:d:Q7946|Q7946]] | mineral | [[mineral]] | [[Talaksan:Améthystre sceptre2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 887 | [[:d:Q9134|Q9134]] | mythology | [[mitolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Michel Corneille the Younger - Iris and Jupiter.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 888 | [[:d:Q7269|Q7269]] | monarchy | [[monarkiya]] | [[Talaksan:Heraldic Royal Crown (Common).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 889 | [[:d:Q9159|Q9159]] | monotheism | [[monoteismo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 890 | [[:d:Q9730|Q9730]] | classical music | [[musikang klasiko]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 891 | [[:d:Q11394|Q11394]] | endangered species | [[Espesyeng nanganganib|nanganganib na mga uri]] | [[Talaksan:Ostafrikanisches Spitzmaulnashorn.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 892 | [[:d:Q9620|Q9620]] | nerve | [[nerve]] | [[Talaksan:Nerves of the left upper extremity.gif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 893 | [[:d:Q8261|Q8261]] | novel | [[nobela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 894 | [[:d:Q11216|Q11216]] | numerical analysis | [[Pagsusuring pambilang|numerikal na analisis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 895 | [[:d:Q9135|Q9135]] | operating system | [[operating system]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 896 | [[:d:Q376|Q376]] | clock | [[orasan]] | [[Talaksan:Pendulum clock by Jacob Kock, antique furniture photography, IMG 0931 edit.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 897 | [[:d:Q7239|Q7239]] | organism | [[organismo]] | [[Talaksan:E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 898 | [[:d:Q8445|Q8445]] | marriage | [[pag-aasawa]] | [[Talaksan:Marriage symbol.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 899 | [[:d:Q316|Q316]] | love | [[pag-ibig]] | [[Talaksan:Frank Bernard Dicksee - Romeo and Juliet, 1884.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 900 | [[:d:Q9420|Q9420]] | thought | [[pag-iisip]] | [[Talaksan:Herkulaneischer Meister 002.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 901 | [[:d:Q12133|Q12133]] | deafness | [[pagkabingi]] | [[Talaksan:International Symbol for Deafness.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 902 | [[:d:Q10874|Q10874]] | blindness | [[pagkabulag]] | [[Talaksan:Blinde man zoekt zijn weg in de straten van de Joodse volkswijk, Bestanddeelnr 190-0054.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 903 | [[:d:Q2095|Q2095]] | food | [[pagkain]] | [[Talaksan:Good Food Display - NCI Visuals Online.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 904 | [[:d:Q8452|Q8452]] | abortion | [[pagpapalaglag]] | [[Talaksan:23 674673M 001-detail.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 905 | [[:d:Q11642|Q11642]] | pottery | [[pagpapalayok]] | [[Talaksan:Pottenbakkersschijf.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 906 | [[:d:Q10737|Q10737]] | suicide | [[pagpapatiwakal]] | [[Talaksan:Edouard Manet - Le Suicidé.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 907 | [[:d:Q11629|Q11629]] | painting | [[Pinta|pagpinta]] | [[Talaksan:Adriaen van Ostade 006.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 908 | [[:d:Q7754|Q7754]] | mathematical analysis | [[pagsusuring matematikal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 909 | [[:d:Q11032|Q11032]] | newspaper | [[pahayagan]] | [[Talaksan:2011 newspapers Tehran 6030393078.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 910 | [[:d:Q349|Q349]] | sport | [[palakasan]] | [[Talaksan:Youth-soccer-indiana.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 911 | [[:d:Q5090|Q5090]] | rice | [[palay]] | [[Talaksan:White, Brown, Red & Wild rice.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 912 | [[:d:Q9158|Q9158]] | email | [[palihamang elektroniko]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 913 | [[:d:Q7188|Q7188]] | government | [[pamahalaan]] | [[Talaksan:De ministers die deel uitmaken van het derde kabinet Van Agt op de trappen van Paleis Huis ten Bosch in 's-Gravenhage. D - SFA001009248.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 914 | [[:d:Q11030|Q11030]] | journalism | [[pamamahayag]] | [[Talaksan:CBC journalists in Montreal.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 915 | [[:d:Q11471|Q11471]] | time | [[panahon]] | [[Talaksan:MontreGousset001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 916 | [[:d:Q11663|Q11663]] | weather | [[Panahon (meteorolohiya)|panahon]] | [[Talaksan:Wikinews weather.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 917 | [[:d:Q8142|Q8142]] | currency | [[Pananalapi (yunit ng palitan)|pananalapi]] | [[Talaksan:Billets de 5000.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 918 | [[:d:Q12184|Q12184]] | pandemic | [[pandemya]] | [[Talaksan:The plague of Florence in 1348, as described in Boccaccio's Wellcome L0004057.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 919 | [[:d:Q11033|Q11033]] | mass media | [[Midyang panlahat|pangmadlang media]] | [[Talaksan:Diarioeluniverso.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 920 | [[:d:Q8242|Q8242]] | literature | [[panitikan]] | [[Talaksan:Old book bindings.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 921 | [[:d:Q8188|Q8188]] | syllable | [[pantig]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 922 | [[:d:Q11472|Q11472]] | paper | [[papel]] | [[Talaksan:Paperball 2.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 923 | [[:d:Q7278|Q7278]] | political party | [[Partidong pampolitika|partidong politikal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 924 | [[:d:Q8454|Q8454]] | capital punishment | [[parusang kamatayan]] | [[Talaksan:Rättvisa skipas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 925 | [[:d:Q10998|Q10998]] | potato | [[patatas]] | [[Talaksan:234 Solanum tuberosum L.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 926 | [[:d:Q11453|Q11453]] | agricultural irrigation | [[patubig]] | [[Talaksan:PivotIrrigationOnCotton.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 927 | [[:d:Q1090|Q1090]] | silver | [[pilak]] | [[Talaksan:Silver crystal.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 928 | [[:d:Q5891|Q5891]] | philosophy | [[pilosopiya]] | [[Talaksan:Hortus Deliciarum, Philosophy and the seven liberal arts (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 929 | [[:d:Q413|Q413]] | physics | [[pisika]] | [[Talaksan:CollageFisica.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 930 | [[:d:Q634|Q634]] | planet | [[planeta]] | [[Talaksan:Montage of Our Solar System.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 931 | [[:d:Q10251|Q10251]] | plasma | [[plasma]] | [[Talaksan:Plasma-lamp.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 932 | [[:d:Q7950|Q7950]] | plate tectonics | [[Tektonikong plato|plate tectonics]] | [[Talaksan:Plates tect2 en.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 933 | [[:d:Q11405|Q11405]] | flute | [[Bansi|plawta]] | [[Talaksan:Fluiers.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 934 | [[:d:Q9163|Q9163]] | polytheism | [[politeismo]] | [[Talaksan:Jacopo Zucchi - The Assembly of the Gods - WGA26036.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 935 | [[:d:Q7163|Q7163]] | politics | [[politika]] | [[Talaksan:RIAN archive 828797 Mikhail Gorbachev addressing UN General Assembly session.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 936 | [[:d:Q8183|Q8183]] | phoneme | [[ponema]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 937 | [[:d:Q11633|Q11633]] | photography | [[potograpiya]] | [[Talaksan:Winterswijk (NL), Woold, Boven Slinge -- 2014 -- 3170.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 938 | [[:d:Q11982|Q11982]] | photosynthesis | [[potosintesis]] | [[Talaksan:Leaves in iran برگ گلها و گیاهان ایرانی 32.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 939 | [[:d:Q7281|Q7281]] | propaganda | [[propaganda]] | [[Talaksan:Remember Belgium.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 940 | [[:d:Q8054|Q8054]] | protein | [[protina]] | [[Talaksan:Protein mosaic.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 941 | [[:d:Q12861|Q12861]] | gunpowder | [[pulbura]] | [[Talaksan:2023 Czarny proch Vesuvit LC (3).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 942 | [[:d:Q10987|Q10987]] | honey | [[Pulot-pukyutan|pulot]] | [[Talaksan:Runny hunny.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 943 | [[:d:Q9149|Q9149]] | fundamentalism | [[pundamentalismo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 944 | [[:d:Q10884|Q10884]] | tree | [[puno]] | [[Talaksan:Alnus glutinosa 011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 945 | [[:d:Q11348|Q11348]] | function | [[Punsiyon (matematika)|punsiyon]] | [[Talaksan:Graph of function of 2 variables.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 946 | [[:d:Q146|Q146]] | cat | [[pusa]] | [[Talaksan:Cat grooming.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 947 | [[:d:Q1072|Q1072]] | heart | [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] | [[Talaksan:Heart numlabels.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 948 | [[:d:Q11448|Q11448]] | radioactivity | [[radioactivity]] | [[Talaksan:Alpha Decay.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 949 | [[:d:Q12969754|Q12969754]] | electromagnetic radiation | [[radyasyong elektromagnetiko]] | [[Talaksan:EM spectrumrevised.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 950 | [[:d:Q8461|Q8461]] | racism | [[rasismo]] | [[Talaksan:1943 Colored Waiting Room Sign.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 951 | [[:d:Q9510|Q9510]] | reality | [[reality]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 952 | [[:d:Q128593|Q128593]] | reincarnation | [[reengkarnasyon]] | [[Talaksan:Reincarnation AS.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 953 | [[:d:Q9794|Q9794]] | reggae | [[reggae]] | [[Talaksan:Buju Banton.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 954 | [[:d:Q9174|Q9174]] | religion | [[relihiyon]] | [[Talaksan:16 religionist symbols.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 955 | [[:d:Q5321|Q5321]] | resistor | [[resistor]] | [[Talaksan:3 Resistors.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 956 | [[:d:Q11012|Q11012]] | robot | [[robot]] | [[Talaksan:Toyota Robot at Toyota Kaikan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 957 | [[:d:Q503|Q503]] | banana | [[saging]] | [[Talaksan:Banana on whitebackground.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 958 | [[:d:Q12198|Q12198]] | sexually transmitted infection | [[sakit na naipapasa sa pakikipagtalik]] | [[Talaksan:Captain Condom and Lady Latex comic cover.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 959 | [[:d:Q86|Q86]] | headache | [[sakit ng ulo]] | [[Talaksan:The Headache (caricature) RMG PW3879.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 960 | [[:d:Q12135|Q12135]] | mental disorder | [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] | [[Talaksan:Gautier - Salpetriere.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 961 | [[:d:Q11469|Q11469]] | glass | [[Salamin (materyales)|salamin]] | [[Talaksan:Drinkware.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 962 | [[:d:Q1368|Q1368]] | money | [[salapi]] | [[Talaksan:Euro coins and banknotes.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 963 | [[:d:Q7755|Q7755]] | constitution | [[saligang batas]] | [[Talaksan:Konstytucja 3 Maja.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 964 | [[:d:Q8171|Q8171]] | word | [[salita]] | [[Talaksan:Codex claromontanus latin (The S.S. Teacher's Edition-The Holy Bible - Plate XXVIII).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 965 | [[:d:Q11403|Q11403]] | samba | [[samba]] | [[Talaksan:Funchal, Cortejo Alegórico de Carnaval (2026) 07.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 966 | [[:d:Q728|Q728]] | weapon | [[sandata]] | [[Talaksan:Sabre bayonette carabine.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 967 | [[:d:Q1|Q1]] | universe | [[Uniberso|sansinukob]] | [[Talaksan:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 968 | [[:d:Q11639|Q11639]] | dance | [[sayaw]] | [[Talaksan:Dance-At-Bougival.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 969 | [[:d:Q11574|Q11574]] | second | [[segundo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 970 | [[:d:Q5300|Q5300]] | central processing unit | [[CPU|sentral na nagpoprosesong unit]] | [[Talaksan:2023 Intel Core i7 12700KF (3).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 971 | [[:d:Q44|Q44]] | beer | [[serbesa]] | [[Talaksan:NCI Visuals Food Beer.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 972 | [[:d:Q9418|Q9418]] | psychology | [[sikolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Greek uc psi icon.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 973 | [[:d:Q12485|Q12485]] | symmetry | [[simetriya]] | [[Talaksan:Brügge-Liebfrauenkirche-Prunkgräber DSC0166.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 974 | [[:d:Q735|Q735]] | art | [[sining]] | [[Talaksan:Sebastiano Ricci 002.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 975 | [[:d:Q11417|Q11417]] | martial arts | [[sining pandigma]] | [[Talaksan:Martial arts - Fragrant Hills.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 976 | [[:d:Q11210|Q11210]] | coordinate system | [[sistema ng koordinado]] | [[Talaksan:Coordinate-system-in-mirror.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 977 | [[:d:Q8192|Q8192]] | writing system | [[Sistema ng pagsulat|sistema sa pagsulat]] | [[Talaksan:World alphabets & writing systems.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 978 | [[:d:Q1059|Q1059]] | immune system | [[Sistemang inmune|sistemang immuno]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 979 | [[:d:Q124794|Q124794]] | taste | [[Lasa|sistemang panlasa]] | [[Talaksan:Tongue-bitter.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 980 | [[:d:Q11068|Q11068]] | circulatory system | [[sistemang sirkulatoryo]] | [[Talaksan:Blutkreislauf.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 981 | [[:d:Q7397|Q7397]] | software | [[software]] | [[Talaksan:Kmail.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 982 | [[:d:Q11438|Q11438]] | solid | [[solido]] | [[Talaksan:Different minerals.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 983 | [[:d:Q12143|Q12143]] | time zone | [[sona ng oras]] | [[Talaksan:World Time Zones Map.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 984 | [[:d:Q7272|Q7272]] | socialism | [[sosyalismo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 985 | [[:d:Q11430|Q11430]] | state of matter | [[state of matter]] | [[Talaksan:Physics matter state transition 1 en.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 986 | [[:d:Q12202|Q12202]] | stroke | [[stroke]] | [[Talaksan:MCA-Stroke-Brain-Humn-2A.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 987 | [[:d:Q11416|Q11416]] | gambling | [[sugal]] | [[Talaksan:Gambling image.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 988 | [[:d:Q8196|Q8196]] | Arabic alphabet | [[Alpabetong Arabe|sulat Arabo]] | [[Talaksan:Arabic-script.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 989 | [[:d:Q6388|Q6388]] | swimming | [[swimming]] | [[Talaksan:Two people swimming outdoors.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 990 | [[:d:Q9734|Q9734]] | symphony | [[symphony]] | [[Talaksan:Eindhoven4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 991 | [[:d:Q12791|Q12791]] | sword | [[tabak]] | [[Talaksan:Albion Hospitaller Medieval Sword 1 (6092737619) (II).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 992 | [[:d:Q1566|Q1566]] | tobacco | [[tabako]] | [[Talaksan:Tabak 9290019.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 993 | [[:d:Q3947|Q3947]] | house | [[Bahay|tahanan]] | [[Talaksan:Ranch style home in Salinas, California.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 994 | [[:d:Q7362|Q7362]] | ear | [[tainga]] | [[Talaksan:Closeup of a human ear.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 995 | [[:d:Q10693|Q10693]] | periodic table | [[Talahanayang peryodiko|talaang peryodiko]] | [[Talaksan:Periodic table (32-col, enwiki), black and white.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 996 | [[:d:Q11635|Q11635]] | theatre | [[tanghalan]] | [[Talaksan:Ana Maria Ventura como Altisidora en "La enamorada del rey" (1988).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 997 | [[:d:Q5|Q5]] | human | [[tao]] | [[Talaksan:Akha cropped hires.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 998 | [[:d:Q577|Q577]] | year | [[taon]] | [[Talaksan:Analemma fishburn.tif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 999 | [[:d:Q11016|Q11016]] | technology | [[teknolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Technologie.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1000 | [[:d:Q289|Q289]] | television | [[telebisyon]] | [[Talaksan:LG smart TV.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1001 | [[:d:Q11466|Q11466]] | temperature | [[temperatura]] | [[Talaksan:Pakkanen.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1002 | [[:d:Q847|Q847]] | tennis | [[Tennis|tenis]] | [[Talaksan:Roger Federer 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1003 | [[:d:Q12479|Q12479]] | number theory | [[Teorya ng bilang|teoriya ng bilang]] | [[Talaksan:Euclid's Orchard (large).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1004 | [[:d:Q12482|Q12482]] | set theory | [[Teorya ng pangkat|teoriya ng hanay]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1005 | [[:d:Q11452|Q11452]] | general relativity | [[Teorya ng pangkalahatang relatibidad|teoriya ng pangkalahatang relatibidad]] | [[Talaksan:EinsteinLeiden4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1006 | [[:d:Q11473|Q11473]] | thermodynamics | [[termodinamika]] | [[Talaksan:Heat engine summary.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1007 | [[:d:Q7283|Q7283]] | terrorism | [[terorismo]] | [[Talaksan:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1008 | [[:d:Q1096|Q1096]] | tin | [[Lata|tin]] | [[Talaksan:Cín.PNG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1009 | [[:d:Q7802|Q7802]] | bread | [[tinapay]] | [[Talaksan:Assorted bread.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1010 | [[:d:Q2840|Q2840]] | influenza | [[trangkaso]] | [[Talaksan:H1N1 Influenza Virus Particles (8411599236).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1011 | [[:d:Q11658|Q11658]] | transformer | [[transpormador]] | [[Talaksan:Philips N4422 - power supply transformer-2098.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1012 | [[:d:Q870|Q870]] | train | [[tren]] | [[Talaksan:UBTZ 2TE116UM-022 Cagaan Had - Sumangijn Zoo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1013 | [[:d:Q15645384|Q15645384]] | wheat | [[trigo]] | [[Talaksan:Wheat close-up.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1014 | [[:d:Q8084|Q8084]] | trigonometry | [[trigonometriya]] | [[Talaksan:Fotothek df tg 0000230 Geometrie ^ Trigonometrie.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1015 | [[:d:Q195|Q195]] | chocolate | [[tsokolate]] | [[Talaksan:Cocoa Powder and Chocolate on Marble Background.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1016 | [[:d:Q12204|Q12204]] | tuberculosis | [[tuberkulosis]] | [[Talaksan:Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1017 | [[:d:Q283|Q283]] | water | [[tubig]] | [[Talaksan:Ice water vapor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1018 | [[:d:Q638|Q638]] | music | [[tugtugin]] | [[Talaksan:Op27 1 seg mov.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1019 | [[:d:Q12280|Q12280]] | bridge | [[tulay]] | [[Talaksan:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge Istanbul.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1020 | [[:d:Q11345|Q11345]] | equation | [[Ekwasyon|tumbasan]] | [[Talaksan:First Equation Ever.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1021 | [[:d:Q11461|Q11461]] | sound | [[tunog]] | [[Talaksan:Utbredning av ljudvågor -- Onda sonora se propagando (mul).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1022 | [[:d:Q7368|Q7368]] | sheep | [[tupa]] | [[Talaksan:Flock of sheep.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1023 | [[:d:Q10978|Q10978]] | grape | [[Ubas (prutas)|ubas]] | [[Talaksan:Wine grapes03.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1024 | [[:d:Q8074|Q8074]] | cloud | [[ulap]] | [[Talaksan:Cumulus cloud.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1025 | [[:d:Q11391|Q11391]] | ultraviolet radiation | [[ultrabiyoleta]] | [[Talaksan:Ozone altitude UV graph.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1026 | [[:d:Q1073|Q1073]] | brain | [[utak]] | [[Talaksan:201510 Mouse brain horizontal cross section.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1027 | [[:d:Q11006|Q11006]] | soybean | [[Balatong|utaw]] | [[Talaksan:Soybean.USDA.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1028 | [[:d:Q134808|Q134808]] | vaccine | [[vaccine]] | [[Talaksan:Smallpox vaccine.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1029 | [[:d:Q7889|Q7889]] | video game | [[Larong bidyo|video game]] | [[Talaksan:ArcadeGames.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1030 | [[:d:Q808|Q808]] | virus | [[Birus|virus]] | [[Talaksan:Rotavirus Reconstruction.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1031 | [[:d:Q315|Q315]] | language | [[wika]] | [[Talaksan:Girls learning sign language.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1032 | [[:d:Q9143|Q9143]] | programming language | [[wikang pamprograma]] | [[Talaksan:C Hello World Program.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1033 | [[:d:Q1631|Q1631]] | Édith Piaf | [[Édith Piaf]] | [[Talaksan:Piaf Harcourt 1946 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1034 | [[:d:Q8589|Q8589]] | Ashoka | [[Ashoka|Ësokë]] | [[Talaksan:Ashoka's visit to the Ramagrama stupa Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1035 | [[:d:Q7200|Q7200]] | Alexander Pushkin | [[Alexander Pushkin]] | [[Talaksan:Orest Kiprensky - Портрет поэта А.С.Пушкина - Google Art Project.jpg|center|128px]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} 5ni28ufd6x1shxajequ29qn2rmo8yfo 0 165455 2204185 1198901 2026-04-22T12:29:13Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 2204185 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 842jgsncxlsqu5wtng5ez0zen3caurk 0 166153 2204240 2154393 2026-04-22T17:35:33Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204240 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Opened Qur'an.jpg|thumb|Ang Qur'an, ang banal na aklat ng [[Islam]].]] Ang '''Qur'an''',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://akoayisangmuslim.webs.com/ | title = Qur'an (Tagalog) – Ako ay Isang Muslim! | accessdate = Setyembre 10, 2015 | publisher = Isang MUSLIM! | archive-date = 2015-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402222526/http://akoayisangmuslim.webs.com/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> '''Quran''' o '''Koran''' ([[Wikang Arabic|Arabik]]: القرآن, ''al-Qur’ān'', "ang pagbigkas"; tinatawag ring القرآن الكريم, ''al-Qur’ān al-Karīm'') ang banal na aklat ng [[relihiyon]]g [[Islam]]. Naniniwala ang mga Muslim na ito ang aklat ng patnubay at direksiyon ng sangkatauhan, at isinasaalang-alang ang orihinal na tekstong [[Wikang Arabic|Arabic]], na salita ng [[Allah]], diyos ng sangkatauhan<ref>[http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#002.023 Qur'ān, Chapter 2, Verses 23-24]</ref> na ipinakita kay [[Muhammad]] sa panahon ng dalawampu't tatlong taon<ref>''Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths,'' Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, page 338, I.B. Tauris Publishers,</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qur'an, Chapter 17, Verse 106 |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/017.qmt.html#017.106 |access-date=2007-04-26 |archive-date=2007-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215042121/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/017.qmt.html#017.106 |url-status=dead }}</ref>, at pinaniniwalaang ito ang huling rebelasyon sa sangkatauhan.<ref>[http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/033.qmt.html#033.040 Qur'an, Chapter 33, Verse 40]</ref><ref>Watton, Victor, (1993), ''A student's approach to world religions:Islam'', Hodder & Stoughton, pg 1. ISBN 0-340-58795-4</ref>. Binubuo ang Qur'an ng 114 na mga surah o kabanata/kapitulo(chapter). Nahahati ang mga surah sa mga ayah o bersikulo(verse). Ang bilang ng ayah(bersikulo) ay magkakaiba ayon sa iba ibang skolar na Muslim sa simula pa ng pagkakalikha ng Islam. Sa ibang skolar ito ay binubuo ng 6,000 ayah, sa iba ay 6,204, sa iba ay 6,219, at sa iba ay 6,236. Ayon sa siyentipikong pagsasaliksik, ang lugar ng pundasyon ng Islam; Pinag-aralan ng mga mananaliksik ng kasaysayan ng Islam ang ebolusyon ng [[Qibla]] sa paglipas ng panahon para sa lugar ng kapanganakan ng Islam. [[Patricia Crone]], [[Michael Cook]] at maraming iba pang mga mananaliksik, batay sa pananaliksik sa teksto at arkeolohiko, ay naniniwala na ang "Masjid al-Haram" ay matatagpuan sa hilagang-kanlurang Arabian Peninsula. (hindi sa Mecca, tulad ng ipinahayag sa mga klasikal na akda batay sa kultura ng pagsasalaysay)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/12367/144806851.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-04-06 |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412071521/https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/12367/144806851.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Meccan Trade And The Rise Of Islam, (Princeton, U.S.A: Princeton University Press, 1987</ref><ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5006&context=edissertations</ref><ref> https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/592002</ref> [[Talaksan:Lower city, Petra.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Petra]]; Ayon sa mananaliksik sa kasaysayan at arkeolohiya ng Islam [[Dan Gibson]], ito ang lugar kung saan naninirahan si Mohammed ng kanyang kabataan at natanggap ang kanyang mga unang paghahayag. Tulad ng ipinakita ng mga unang mosque ng Muslim at sementeryo, ito rin ang unang direksyon [[Qibla]] ng mga Muslim.<ref>Dan Gibson: Qur'ānic geography: a survey and evaluation of the geographical references in the qurãn with suggested solutions for various problems and issues. Independent Scholars Press, Surrey (BC) 2011, ISBN 978-0-9733642-8-6</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/11/3/102/htm</ref>]] [[Talaksan:Tissot Joseph and His Brethren Welcomed by Pharaoh.jpg|thumb|150px|Si Yusuf at ang kanyang mga kapatid, James Tissot. Ayon sa mananalaysay na taga-Egypt na si Ahmed Osman, ang kwentong "Paraon [[Yuya]]" ay inilipat sa [[Torah]] at sa Qur'an bilang Yusuf.<ref>Yuya's titles included "Overseer of the Cattle of Amun and Min (Lord of Akhmin)", "Bearer of the Ring of the King of Lower Egypt", "Mouth of the King of Upper Egypt", and "The Holy Father of the Lord of the Two Lands", among others. For more see: Osman, A. (1987). ''Stranger in the Valley of the Kings: solving the mystery of an ancient Egyptian mummy''. San Francisco: Harper & Row. pp.29-30</ref>]] Ang mga batas sa Sharia "batay sa mga ekspresyon at interpretasyon ng Qur'an" ay may problema sa mga tuntunin ng pangkalahatang karapatang pantao ngayon, pagkakapantay-pantay at mga indibidwal na kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kasaysayan == {{seealso|Muhammad}} Ayon sa tradisyong Islamiko, natanggap ni [[Muhammad]] ang unang pahayag sa kweba ng Hira sa panahon ng kanyang pagiisa sa mga bundok. Si Muhammad ayon sa tradisyong Muslim ay isang "ummi"(illiterate o hindi marunong bumasa at sumulat). Pagkatapos nito, si Muhammad ay nakatanggap pa ng mga pahayag sa loob ng dalawampu't-tatlong taon. Ayon sa hadith at kasaysayan ng Islam, si Muhammad ay tumira sa Medina at bumuo ng isang sariling komunidad ng mga Muslim. Kanyang iniutos sa kanyang mga sahabah(kasama) na bigkasin ang Quran at pag-aralan at ituro ang mga kautusan na inihayag sa kanya araw araw. Ang kanyang mga sahabah na bumibigkas ng Quran ay tinatawag na Qari. Dahil sa karamihan ng sahabah ay hindi marunong bumasa o sumulat, sila ay inutusan ni Muhammad na matuto ng simpleng pagsulat sa mga bilanggo-ng-digmaan. Unti unti ay natutong sumulat ang mga sahabang ito. Sa mga unang yugto ng Islam, ang Quran ay isinulat sa mga tableta, mga buto at mga dahon ng date palm. Karamihan sa kabanata ng Qur'an ay ginagamit ng mga sinaunang Muslim ngunit ang Qur'an ay hindi pa umiiral sa anyong aklat sa panahon ng kamatayan ni Muhammad noong 632 CE. Ayon sa skolar ng pag-aaral Islamiko na si Welch, ang mga pangingisay(seizures) ni Muhammad sa panahong ito ay maaring pinakahulugan ng mga nakapaligid sa kanya bilang isang katibayan na nagmula sa dios ang mga pahayag na ito. Ayon din kay Welch, hindi tiyak kung ang mga pangingisay ni Muhammad ay nangyari bago o pagkatapos ng unang pagkakataong inangkin ni Muhammad ang pagkapropeta. Ayon naman sa mga kritiko ni Muhammad, si Muhammad ay maaring nasasapian ng demonyo, o isang mahikero o manggagaway dahil ang kanyang karanasan ay katulad sa mga taong nag-aangking ng mga bagay ito sa sinaunang Arabia. Ayon din sa mga kritiko, si Muhammad ay nagpapanggap lang na nangingisay,<ref name="Freemon">Frank R. Freemon, A [[Differential diagnosis|Differential Diagnosis]] of the Inspirational Spells of Muhammad the Prophet of Islam, Journal of Epilepsia, 17 :4 23-427, 1976</ref> o may sakit na [[epilepsy]] na isang sakit na neurolohikal.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Margoliouth | first=David Samuel | title=Mohammed and the Rise of Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedandrise01marggoog | year=1905 | publisher=Putnam | page=[https://archive.org/details/mohammedandrise01marggoog/page/n84 46]}}</ref>. Ang sakit na epilepsy ay itinuring noong sinaunang panahon na kaugnay ng mga karanasang espiritwal at para sa iba ay sa isang pagsapi ng demonyo. Sa panahon ni Hippocrates(na ama ng medisina) noong ikalimang siglo BCE, ang sakit na ito ay tinatawag na "Banal na Sakit".<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=http://allcountries.org/health/epilepsy_historical_overview.html |title=Epilepsy: historical overview |work=Health Topics A TO Z |accessdate=2011-03-20}}</ref> === Abu Bakr === Nang nabubuhay pa si Muhammad, ang mga bahagi ng Quran na bagaman isinulat ay nagkalat sa mga kasama(sahaba) nito na ang karamihan sa mga ito ay pribadong pag-aari ng mga ito. Pagkatapos ng kamatayan ni Muhammad, si [[Abu Bakr]] na biyenan at isa sa mga sahaba(kasama) ni Muhammad at hinirang na unang [[kalipa]] ay nagpa-iral ng patakarang [[laissez faire]]. Ang patakarang ito ay binaligtad pagktapos ng [[Labanan ng Yamama]] noong 633. Sa labanang ito, ang 700 [[Hafiz|muslim na nagmemorya]] ng Quran ay napatay. Ang kamatayan ni [[Sālim]] ang napakahalaga dahil ito ang isa sa mga pinagkatiwalaan ni Muhammad na ituro ang Quran. Pagkatapos nito, sa pagpipilit ni Umar, inatasan ni Abu Bkr ang pagtitipon ng mga nagkalat ng piraso ng Quran sa isang kopya. Si Zaid ibn Thabit na pangunahing skriba ni Muhammad ang inatasan ng tungkuling ng pagtitipon ng lahat ng mga teksto ng Quran. Ang tungkuling ito ay nag-aatas kay ibn Thabit na tipunin ang mga sinulat na kopya ng Quran na ang mga talata ay pinatunayan ng testimonya ng hindi bababa sa dalawang kasama nito. Nang mabuo na ang buong Quran sa isang kopya, ang kompilasyong ito ay itinago ni Abu Bakr at pagkatapos ng kanyang kamatayan ay itinago naman ng kanyang kahaliling si Kalipa [[Umar]] na nang mamatay naman ito ay ibinigay sa kanyang anak na babeng si [[Hafsa bint Umar]] na isa sa mga asawa at biyuda ni Muhammad. === Ali ibn Abu Talib === Ayon sa [[Islam na Shia]] gayundin sa ilang skolar ng [[Sunni]], si [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] ay nagtipon ng mushaf o kumpletong bersiyon ng Quran sa loob ng anim na buwan pagkatapos ng kamatayan ni Muhammad. Nang makumpleto ang bolyum nito, ito ay dinala sa Medina kung saan ito ipinakita. Ang pagkakaayos ng mga kabanata ng bolyum ni Ali ay itinatakwil ng ilan. === Kompilasyon === [[Talaksan:Aivazovsky Passage of the Jews through the Red Sea.jpg|250px|thumb|Ang "marshy area" (Yam suph >(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_Suph))<ref>http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fba.21.free.fr%2Fseptuaginta%2Fexode%2Fexode_13.html</ref> (naitala sa Hebrew Torah bilang isang pansamantalang lugar ng paghinto) sa mga kwentong Exodus ng mga Israelita, naging legendary na tawiran sa Red Sea. (Koran 26: 52-68)<ref>Slackman, Michael (3 April 2007). "Did the Red Sea Part? No Evidence, Archaeologists Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2016.</ref> (Aivazovsky)]] Sa panahon ng pamumuno ng kalipata ni [[Uthman ibn Affan]], may pinaniniwala ng pangangailangan ng kompilasyon ng Quran. Ang [[kalipata]] ay labis na lumago at nagdala sa relihiyong Islam ng mga bagong akay mula sa iba't ibang kultura. Ang mga akay na ito ay nagsalita ng iba ibang wika ngunit hindi maalam sa wikang Arabiko kaya ang isang kumpletong isinulat na Quran ay kailangang matipon. Bukod dito karamihan sa mga Muslim na nagmemorya ng mga bahagi ng Quran ay unti unti nangamamatay lalo na sa digmaan. Si Uthman ay sinasabing nagsimula ng isang komite kabilang si Zayd at ilang mga kilalang miyembro ng Quraysh na lumikha ng pamantayang kopyang Quran. Ang ilang salaysay ay nagsasabing ang kompilasyong ito ay batay sa tekstong itinago ni Hafsa. Ang iba ay nagsasabing ang kompilasyong ito ay independiyente. Hanggang sa panahong ni Uthman, meron lamang isang isinulat na teksto ng Quran. Ayon sa mga salaysay na Islamiko, ang tekstong ito ay tapat sa orihinal na bersiyon. Ang mga ibang hindi Muslim na skolar ay naniniwalang bagamang ito ay posible, maaaring may mga pagkakaibang lumitaw sa ilang mga korupsiyon. Bagaman ang pagkaka-ayos ng sinaunang skripto ay iba sa kodeks Utmaniko, tinanggap ito ni [[Ali]] bilang pamantayang bersiyon. Ang ibang skolar ay nagmungkahing ang sinaunang tekstong Utmaniko ng Quran ay iba sa punktwasyon sa bersiyong tradisyonal na binabasa sa kasalukuyang panahon. Pinaniniwalaang ang sinaunang bersiyon ng teksto ay hindi naglalaman ng mga diakritiko, marka sa mga maiksing patinig(vowels) at tuldok na ginagamit upang ibukod ang magkakatulad na isinusulat na mga letrang Arabiko gaya ng r[ر] at z[ز] or t[ت] at ṭ[ث] o f[ف] at q[ق]. Ang isang paniniwala ay ang mga tuldok ay pinakilala sa sistemang pagsulat na mga kalahating siglo(o 500 taon) pagkatapos ng standardisasyon ng tekstrong Utmaniko noong mga 700 CE. Nang matapos ang kompilasyon sa pagitan ng 650 at 656, pinaniniwalaang ipinadala ni Uthman ang mga kopya sa iba't ibang sentro ng papalawak na imperyong Islamiko. Simula nito, ang ilang libong mga skribang Muslim ay nagsimulang kumopya ng Quran. Isang pagtatalo sa mga Muslim ang paniniwalang ang buong Quran ay naingatan ni Uthman. Ang ilang [[hadith]] ay nagpapatotoong ang ilang mga talata ay hindi matagpuan,<ref>Ibn Abī Dāwūd, ''Kitab al-Masahif'', p. 23</ref><ref>[[Imam al-Suyuti]]. ''[[Dur al-Manthur]]''. Volume 1 page 104</ref> na ang hindi magkakaayon na kopya ay sinunog,<ref>[[Sahih al-Bukhari]] VI.61.510</ref> at ang kasabihan ni Muhammad ay hindi naalala bilang isang talata ng Quran.<ref>Sahih al-Bukhari VII.76.445, compare VII.76.446; Sahih Muslim V.2285</ref> Dahil dito ang mga kanlurang skolar ay naniniwalang si Uthman ay nagsagawa ng pagbabago(revision) sa Quran.<ref>[[Arthur Jeffery]], ''The Qur'ân As Scripture''. 1952, Russell F Moore Company Inc., New York, p.99.</ref><ref>A F L Beeston, T M Johnstone, R B Serjeant and G R Smith (eds.), ''Arabic Literature To The End Of The Ummayad Period'', 1983, Cambridge University Press, p.243.</ref> Ang ilang mga kamakailang skolar gaya ni Allama Tamanna Imadi ay tumututol sa pagtitipon ng tekstong Quraniko ni Uthman, Umar o Abu Bakar. Ayon kay Imadi, ang Quran sa kasalukuyang anyo nito ay tinipon mismo ni Muhammad sa balat ng usa(deer) at tinawag na "Al-Imam" o "Al-Um" at mula sa orihinal na kopyang ito ay ginamit ng mga Sahaba upang kopyahin ang Quran. Bukod dito, si Imadi ay hindi rin umaayon sa lahat ng mga [[hadith]] na nagtuturo ng mga pangyayari ng pagtitipon ng Quran ni Abu bkar o Uthman at mga karagdagang mga pangyayari na nagdudulot sa pag-iral ng mga ayat mula sa iba ibang sahaba. Si Imadi ay may suspetsang ang buong kapitulo ng pagtitipon ng Quran sa Bukhari(isang [[hadith]]) ay idinagdag ng isang tagapabagbigkis nito(binder) o isang estudyante ni Imam Bukhari. == Interpretasyon at mga kahulugan == [[Talaksan:Alexander-Coin.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Inilalarawan ng barya si [[Alexander the Great]] bilang mananakop sa Egypt na may mga sungay ni Amon sa kanyang ulo. Ayon sa karamihan ng mga komentarista ng Quran, ang taong tinukoy ni [[Dhu'l-Qarnayn]] ay si Alexander. Si Alexander ay itinuturing na anak ni "God Amon" sa Ehipto, na itinatanghal na may ulo ng isang tupang lalake.]] === Tafsir === Ang Qur'an ay nagdulot ng malaking bilang mga mga komentaryo o pagpapaliwanag na tinatawag na "tafsir" na ang layunin ay upang ipaliwanag ang "mga kahulugan ng mga bersikulo ng Qur'an, liwanagin ang mga pinahihiwatig nito at paghahanap ng kabuluhan sa mga ito. Ang tafsir ang kauna unahang akademikong gawain ng mga muslim. Ayon sa Quran, si Muhammad ang unang taong naglarawan ng mga kahulugan ng mga talata para sa mga sinaunang Muslim. Ang mga sinaunang eksehete(exegete) o tagapagpaliwanag ay kinabibilangan ng ilang mga kasamahan ni Muhammad gaya nina Ali ibn Abi Talib, Abdullah ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Umar at Ubayy ibn Kab. Ang eksehesis(exegesis o pagpapaliwanag) sa mga panahong ito ay sumasakop lamang sa mga paliwanag ng mga literaryong aspeto ng isang talata, ang mga nakapalibot na sirkunstansiya ng pahayag, at minsan ay intepretasyon ng isang talata gamit ang isa pang talata. Dahil sa ang Qurann ay sinalita sa klasikong Arabiko, marami sa mga huling akay sa Islam na karamihan ay hindi mga Arabo ay hindi nauunawan ang Quran na Arabiko at nabahala sa mga magkakasalungat na tema sa Quran. Ang mga komentador namang mahusay sa arabiko ay nagpaliwanag kung ano ang mga talatang angkop sa mga sinaunang komunidad ng mga Muslim at mga talatang ipinahayag kalaunan na nagpapawalang bisa(abrogasyon o nasikh) sa mga unang teksto(mansukh). Gayunpaman, ang ibang skolar ay naniniwalang walang abrogasyon na nangyari sa Quran. === Ta'wil === Eto ang alegorikal o esoterikong interpretasyon ng Quran na kinabibilangan ng pagbibigay ng mga esoteriko(nauunawaaan lamang ng ilan) o mistikong(tagong) kahulugan sa mga teksto nito ng isang tagapagpaliwanag. Ang mga esoterikong paliwanag na ito ay matatagpuan sa [[Supismo]](Sufism) at sa mga kasabihan ([[hadith]]) ng parehong sektang [[Twelver]] at [[Ismaili]] na mga imam ng [[Islam na Shia]]. == Kritisismo sa Qur'an == {{main|Talaan ng mga pag-atake ng mga teroristang Muslim|Sharia}} [[Talaksan:Jonah and the Whale, Folio from a Jami al-Tavarikh (Compendium of Chronicles).jpg|thumb|200px|Yunus at Fish, [[Islam]] [[pinaliit]] ü. Ang alamat ng Yunus, na sinasabing itinapon mula sa isang barko sa Mediterranean, nilamon ng isang malaking isda, at itinapon sa Ninive, ay paulit-ulit sa Qur'an.]] [[Talaksan:Taliban beating woman in public RAWA.jpg|thumb|Babae sa pangangasiwa ng [[Sharia]]; Ang mga larawang lihim na naitala ng [[Afghanistan's Revolutionary Women's League]] noong Agosto 26, 2001. Ang isang babae ay pinarusahan sa publiko ng isang stick para sa pagbubukas ng kanyang chador (ang kanyang mukha).]] Ayon sa mga kritiko ng Islam, ang Quran ay naglalaman ng mga kontradiksiyon at mga salitang mahirap unawain. Bukod dito, ito ay rin ay pinaniniwalaang naglalaman ng maling paliwanag sa pinag mulan ng sansinukob. Ayon sa ibang salaysay ng kasaysayan ng Islam, mayroong 2 berso ng Quran na idinagdag ni Muhammad nang siya ay dayain ni Satanas(na tinawag na mga talatang Sataniko). Ayon pa sa mga kritiko, ang Quran ay walang ebidensiya na sinusuportahan ng arkeolohiya at ang aklat na ito ay hindi umaayon sa ibang mga literaturang isinulat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp |title=Archive copy |access-date=2011-09-14 |archive-date=2009-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421171853/http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bukod sa kawalang ebidensiya para suportahan ang paniniwalang galing sa dios ang Quran, ang mga katuruan at moralidad sa Quran ay binabatikos din. Halimbawa, mababasa sa Surah 4:34 na pinapayagan ang mga lalakeng Muslim na disiplanahin ang kanilang asawang babae sa pamamagitan ng pananakit at paghataw sa kanila. Ilan din sa mga talata ay binabatikos ng mga kritiko dahil sa pagtuturo ng karahasan, [[jihad]], [[terorismo]] at poot sa mga tagasunod ng ibang relihiyon. Ang ilan sa mga halimbawa nito ay :<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Quran/023-violence.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2011-09-14 |archive-date=2011-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906121549/http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Quran/023-violence.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> :Surah 3:151: Kami ay maghahasik ng takot sa puso ng mga hindi sumasampalataya. :Surah 2:191-193: At paslangin ninyo sila saan ninyo man sila matagpuan at palayasin ninyo sila sa mga lugar na pinalayas kayo, dahil ang pag-uusig (ng mga Muslim) ay mas masahol pa sa pagkatay (ng mga hindi Muslim)... ngunit kung sila ay tumigil, pagmasdan! si Allah ay mapagpatawad at mahabagin. At labanan ninyo sila hanggang sa ang pag-uusig ay wala na at ang relihiyon ay para kay Allah) :Surah 5:33: Ang parusa sa mga nakikidigma laban kay Allah at ng kanyang sugo at nagsisikap na gumawa ng panggugulo sa lupaing ito ay ito lamang, sila ay dapat patayin o ipako sa krus o ang kanilang mga kamay at mga paa ay dapat putulin sa magkabilang panig o sila ay dapat ibilanggo; eto ang kahihiyan para sa kanila sa mundo at sa kabilang buhay ay magkakaroon sila ng napakasakit na pagkastigo) :Surah 8:12 Ako ay maghahasik ng takot sa puso ng mga hindi sumasampalataya. Kaya putulin ninyo ang mga ulo nila at putulin ninyo ang bawat daliri nila :Surah 2:63:At alalahanin ninyo mga anak ng Israel, nang kami ay gumawa ng tipan sa inyo at itinaas ang Bundok Sinai sa harapan ninyong nagsasabing, Panghawakan ninyong maigi ang inihayag namin sa inyo at itatak ninyo ito sa isipan upang kayo ay maprotektahan sa masama. Ngunit kayo ay tumalikod at kung hindi dahil sa biyaya at habag ni Allah, kayo ay siguardong kabilang sa mga napahamak. At kilala ninyo ang mga nagkasala sa Sabbath. Sinabi namin sa kanilang, Kayo'y gagawing mga kinamumuhiang mga unggoy. Kaya ginamit namin sila bilang babala sa mga tao at sa mga susunod na heneresyon gayundin bilang aral sa mga may takot kay Allah Ang pang-aalipin(slavery) ng isang tao ay tinatanggap sa Quran at sa Madh'hab na isang skwela ng batas sa Islam.<ref name="Lewis">Lewis 1994, [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html Ch.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010401012040/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html |date=2001-04-01 }}</ref> Si Muhammad at ang kanyang Sahabah(kasama) ay bumili, at nag-angkin ng mga alipin.<ref name="Lewis"/> == Tignan din == * [[Listahan ng mga relihiyosong kasulatan]] * [[Bibliya]] * [[Islam]] * [[Muhammad]] * [[Mga Islamikong Aklat na Banal]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{Reflist|33em}} == Mga direktoryo == * [http://www.islamicbook.ws/quranpdf/quran4.html So Qur`an al karim ago so kiya pema ana iron ko basa a iranon sa pilimpinas] === Mga pagsasalinwika === * [http://quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [http://www.islamibayanaat.com/EnglishMarefulQuran.htm English Translation and Explanation of Quran, Maariful Quran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329034450/http://www.islamibayanaat.com/EnglishMarefulQuran.htm |date=2007-03-29 }} by Mufti Taqi Usmani, Prof. Shamim (Tafsir by Mufti Maulana Muhammad Shafi Usmani RA) * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/index.htm#quran The Qur'an] at the [[Internet Sacred Text Archive]] * [http://www.free-minds.org/quran/ The Message - Free Minds / Progressive Muslims] - a literal translation of the Qur'an. * [http://www.islamusa.org/OnlineTrans/index.html Online translation of the Qur'ān] — translated by a team of Muslim scholars including the first woman to translate the Qur'ān into English. === Paghahanap === * [http://al-quran.info Al-Quran (Koran)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129090725/http://al-quran.info/ |date=2009-01-29 }} kabilang ang mahigit sa 145+ na pagsasalinwika ng Quran na nasa 35 iba't ibang mga wika. * [http://www.GlobalQuran.com GlobalQuran.com] Search quran in over 30 different languages at one time * [http://www.masjidtucson.org/quran/search/index.html Search the Qur'ān] * [http://www.hti.umich.edu/k/koran/ Qur'ān] Search or browse the English Shakir translation === Mga manuskrito === * [http://www.usna.edu/Users/humss/bwheeler/quran/quran_index.html Qur'ān Manuscripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629092913/http://www.usna.edu/Users/humss/bwheeler/quran/quran_index.html |date=2007-06-29 }} === Tunog/Bidyo/Dokumentaryo === * [http://www.QuranAcademy.com Quran Academy: Audio/Video commentary/translation of the Qur'ān] * [http://www.alhamdulillah.net/modules.php?name=Quran Several Quran Tafseers in English and Arabic] * [http://www.irfan-ul-quran.com Irfan-ul-Quran.com] Qur'ān recitation in the voices of 12 most popular Qura of the world * [http://is.aswatalislam.net/CategorySelectionMadeP.aspx?CatID=1001 Qur'ān recitations by 271 different reciters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621214236/http://is.aswatalislam.net/CategorySelectionMadeP.aspx?CatID=1001 |date=2007-06-21 }} * [http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/engblue/audio.php?page=souraview&qid=468&rid=1 English Reading] * [http://www.alquranic.com Alquranic.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211195939/http://www.alquranic.com/ |date=2022-02-11 }} {{Koran}} <!-- [[Kaurian:Aqidah]] [[Kaurian:Islamic texts]] [[Kaurian:Qur'an|*]] [[Kaurian:Medieval literature]] [[Kaurian:7th century books]] --> [[Kategorya:Mga relihiyosong kasulatan]] [[Kategorya:Qur'an|*]] 5drep9oaau5mr4mqydp93bk7j599hn8 0 188531 2204222 2182024 2026-04-22T14:34:27Z Sharktube2000 161034 2204222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox | fossil_range = Huling [[Kretasiko]]<br />(late [[Maastrichtian]]), {{Fossil range|earliest=77|69|66}} | image = Tyrannosaurus Rex Holotype.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Reconstructed [[Biological type|type]] specimen (CM 9380) at the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]] | display parents = 2 | grandparent_authority = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1906 | parent_authority = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1906 | authority = Osborn, 1905 | parent_authority = Osborn, 1905 | genus = Tyrannosaurus | species = rex | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>Genus synonymy</small> |'''''Manospondylus''''' <br /><small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1892</small> |'''''Dynamosaurus''''' <br /><small>Osborn, 1905</small> |''[[Nanotyrannus]]''? <br /><small>[[Robert T. Bakker|Bakker]], Williams & [[Phil Currie|Currie]], 1988</small> |'''''Stygivenator''''' <br /><small>[[George Olshevsky|Olshevsky]], 1995</small> |'''''Dinotyrannus''''' <br /><small>[[George Olshevsky|Olshevsky]], 1995</small> }} {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>Species synonymy</small> |'''''Manospondylus gigas''''' <br /><small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1892</small> |''[[Aublysodon amplus]]''? <br /><small>[[Othniel Charles Marsh|Marsh]], 1892</small> |''[[Deinodon amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Manospondylus amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Stygivenator amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Tyrannosaurus amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Aublysodon cristatus]]''? <br /><small>Marsh, 1892</small> |''[[Deinodon cristatus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Stygivenator cristatus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |'''''Dynamosaurus imperiosus''''' <br /><small>Osborn, 1905</small> |'''''Tyrannosaurus imperiosus''''' <br /><small>(Osborn, 1905)</small> |''[[Gorgosaurus lancensis]]''? <br /><small>Gilmore, 1946</small> |''[[Albertosaurus lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |''[[Aublysodon lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |''[[Deinodon lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |''[[Nanotyrannus lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |'''''Stygivenator molnari''''' <br /><small>(Paul, 1988)</small> |'''''Dinotyrannus megagracilis''''' <br /><small>[[George Olshevsky|Olshevsky]], 1995</small> }} }} Ang '''''Tyrannosaurus''''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|t|ɨ|ˌ|r|æ|n|ə|ˈ|s|ɔr|ə|s}} or {{IPAc-en|t|aɪ|ˌ|r|æ|n|ə|ˈ|s|ɔr|ə|s}}; na nangangahulugang "maniniil na butiki" mula sa Griyegong ''tyrannos'' (τύραννος) at ''sauros'' (σαῦρος)) ay isang [[henus]] ng [[coelurosauro]]ng [[therapoda]]ng [[dinosauro]]. Ang espesyeng '''''Tyrannosaurus rex''''' (na mula sa Latin na ''rex'' na nangangahulugang "hari") na karaniwang pinaikling '''''T.&nbsp;rex''''' ay isang bahagi ng kulturang popular. Ito ay namuhay sa buo ng ngayong kanluraning Hilagang Amerika na sa panahong ito ay isang islang kontinente [[Laramidia]] na may mas malawak na saklaw kesa sa ibang mga [[Tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurid]]. Ang mga [[fossil]] nito ay natagpuan sa iba't iabng uri ng mga [[pormasyon ng bato]] na may petsang [[Maastrichtian]] ng Itaas na [[Kretaseyoso]] 67 hanggang 65.5&nbsp; milyong taon ang nakalilipas.<ref name=hellcreekage>Hicks, J.F., Johnson, K.R., Obradovich, J.D., Tauxe, L. and Clark, D. (2002). "Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations of southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary", in J.H. Hartman, K.R. Johnson & D.J. Nichols (eds.), ''The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains: An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. GSA Special Paper'', '''361''': 35–55.</ref> Ito ay kasama sa mga huling hindi-[[ibon]]ng mga [[dinosauro]] na umiral bago ang [[pangyayaring ekstinksiyon na Kretaseyoso-Paleohene]]. Tulad ng ibang mga [[Tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurid]], ang ''Tyrannosaurus'' ay isang [[bipedal]] na [[karnibora]] na may malawak na bungo na binalanse ng isang mahaba at mabigat na buntot. Relatibo sa malaki at makapangyarihang mga likurang [[biyas]], ang mga harapang biyas ay maliit bagaman hindi karaniang makapangyarihan para sa sukat nito at may dalawan mga kuko mga daliri. Bagaman ang ibang mga [[theropoda]] ay nakipagtunggali o humigit sa ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' sa sukat nito, ito ang pinakamalaking alam na tyrannosaurid at ang isa sa pinakamalaking alam na mga maninila ng lupain na may sukat na hanggang {{convert|12.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} sa haba,<ref name="Hutchinsonet.al.2011">{{cite journal | author = Hutchinson J.R., Bates K.T., Molnar J., Allen V, Makovicky P.J. | year = 2011 | title = A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10| page = e26037 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0026037 }}</ref> hanggang {{convert|4|m|ft}} taas sa mga balakang,<ref name=SueFMNH>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fieldmuseum.org/sue/about_vital.asp |title=Sue's vital statistics |author= |work=Sue at the Field Museum |publisher=[[Field Museum of Natural History]] |accessdate=2007-09-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515162635/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/sue/about_vital.asp |archivedate=2007-05-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at hanggang {{convert|6.8|MT|ST}} sa timbang.<ref name=ericksonetal2004>{{Cite journal|last=Erickson, Gregory M. |author2=Makovicky, Peter J.; [[Phil Currie|Currie, Philip J.]]; Norell, Mark A.; Yerby, Scott A.; & Brochu, Christopher A. |year=2004 |title=Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-08-12_430_7001/page/772 |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=7001 |pages=772–775 |doi=10.1038/nature02699 |pmid=15306807 |first1=GM}}</ref> [[Talaksan:Tyrannosaurus BW.jpg|thumb|right|Restorasyon ng T.rex]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Tyrannosaurus]] [[Kategorya:Mga dinosauro ng Kretaseyoso]] [[Kategorya:Tyrannosauridae]] oqq4iehx6tlxxa36mdnv5penx81txvc 2204223 2204222 2026-04-22T14:35:05Z Sharktube2000 161034 2204223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox | fossil_range = Huling [[Kretasiko]]<br />(huling [[Maastrichtian]]), {{Fossil range|earliest=77|69|66}} | image = Tyrannosaurus Rex Holotype.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Reconstructed [[Biological type|type]] specimen (CM 9380) at the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]] | display parents = 2 | grandparent_authority = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1906 | parent_authority = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1906 | authority = Osborn, 1905 | parent_authority = Osborn, 1905 | genus = Tyrannosaurus | species = rex | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>Genus synonymy</small> |'''''Manospondylus''''' <br /><small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1892</small> |'''''Dynamosaurus''''' <br /><small>Osborn, 1905</small> |''[[Nanotyrannus]]''? <br /><small>[[Robert T. Bakker|Bakker]], Williams & [[Phil Currie|Currie]], 1988</small> |'''''Stygivenator''''' <br /><small>[[George Olshevsky|Olshevsky]], 1995</small> |'''''Dinotyrannus''''' <br /><small>[[George Olshevsky|Olshevsky]], 1995</small> }} {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>Species synonymy</small> |'''''Manospondylus gigas''''' <br /><small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1892</small> |''[[Aublysodon amplus]]''? <br /><small>[[Othniel Charles Marsh|Marsh]], 1892</small> |''[[Deinodon amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Manospondylus amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Stygivenator amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Tyrannosaurus amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Aublysodon cristatus]]''? <br /><small>Marsh, 1892</small> |''[[Deinodon cristatus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Stygivenator cristatus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |'''''Dynamosaurus imperiosus''''' <br /><small>Osborn, 1905</small> |'''''Tyrannosaurus imperiosus''''' <br /><small>(Osborn, 1905)</small> |''[[Gorgosaurus lancensis]]''? <br /><small>Gilmore, 1946</small> |''[[Albertosaurus lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |''[[Aublysodon lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |''[[Deinodon lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |''[[Nanotyrannus lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |'''''Stygivenator molnari''''' <br /><small>(Paul, 1988)</small> |'''''Dinotyrannus megagracilis''''' <br /><small>[[George Olshevsky|Olshevsky]], 1995</small> }} }} Ang '''''Tyrannosaurus''''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|t|ɨ|ˌ|r|æ|n|ə|ˈ|s|ɔr|ə|s}} or {{IPAc-en|t|aɪ|ˌ|r|æ|n|ə|ˈ|s|ɔr|ə|s}}; na nangangahulugang "maniniil na butiki" mula sa Griyegong ''tyrannos'' (τύραννος) at ''sauros'' (σαῦρος)) ay isang [[henus]] ng [[coelurosauro]]ng [[therapoda]]ng [[dinosauro]]. Ang espesyeng '''''Tyrannosaurus rex''''' (na mula sa Latin na ''rex'' na nangangahulugang "hari") na karaniwang pinaikling '''''T.&nbsp;rex''''' ay isang bahagi ng kulturang popular. Ito ay namuhay sa buo ng ngayong kanluraning Hilagang Amerika na sa panahong ito ay isang islang kontinente [[Laramidia]] na may mas malawak na saklaw kesa sa ibang mga [[Tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurid]]. Ang mga [[fossil]] nito ay natagpuan sa iba't iabng uri ng mga [[pormasyon ng bato]] na may petsang [[Maastrichtian]] ng Itaas na [[Kretaseyoso]] 67 hanggang 65.5&nbsp; milyong taon ang nakalilipas.<ref name=hellcreekage>Hicks, J.F., Johnson, K.R., Obradovich, J.D., Tauxe, L. and Clark, D. (2002). "Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations of southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary", in J.H. Hartman, K.R. Johnson & D.J. Nichols (eds.), ''The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains: An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. GSA Special Paper'', '''361''': 35–55.</ref> Ito ay kasama sa mga huling hindi-[[ibon]]ng mga [[dinosauro]] na umiral bago ang [[pangyayaring ekstinksiyon na Kretaseyoso-Paleohene]]. Tulad ng ibang mga [[Tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurid]], ang ''Tyrannosaurus'' ay isang [[bipedal]] na [[karnibora]] na may malawak na bungo na binalanse ng isang mahaba at mabigat na buntot. Relatibo sa malaki at makapangyarihang mga likurang [[biyas]], ang mga harapang biyas ay maliit bagaman hindi karaniang makapangyarihan para sa sukat nito at may dalawan mga kuko mga daliri. Bagaman ang ibang mga [[theropoda]] ay nakipagtunggali o humigit sa ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' sa sukat nito, ito ang pinakamalaking alam na tyrannosaurid at ang isa sa pinakamalaking alam na mga maninila ng lupain na may sukat na hanggang {{convert|12.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} sa haba,<ref name="Hutchinsonet.al.2011">{{cite journal | author = Hutchinson J.R., Bates K.T., Molnar J., Allen V, Makovicky P.J. | year = 2011 | title = A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10| page = e26037 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0026037 }}</ref> hanggang {{convert|4|m|ft}} taas sa mga balakang,<ref name=SueFMNH>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fieldmuseum.org/sue/about_vital.asp |title=Sue's vital statistics |author= |work=Sue at the Field Museum |publisher=[[Field Museum of Natural History]] |accessdate=2007-09-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515162635/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/sue/about_vital.asp |archivedate=2007-05-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at hanggang {{convert|6.8|MT|ST}} sa timbang.<ref name=ericksonetal2004>{{Cite journal|last=Erickson, Gregory M. |author2=Makovicky, Peter J.; [[Phil Currie|Currie, Philip J.]]; Norell, Mark A.; Yerby, Scott A.; & Brochu, Christopher A. |year=2004 |title=Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-08-12_430_7001/page/772 |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=7001 |pages=772–775 |doi=10.1038/nature02699 |pmid=15306807 |first1=GM}}</ref> [[Talaksan:Tyrannosaurus BW.jpg|thumb|right|Restorasyon ng T.rex]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Tyrannosaurus]] [[Kategorya:Mga dinosauro ng Kretaseyoso]] [[Kategorya:Tyrannosauridae]] 8rg3jfrn9269x0jt662sesxkjw1cneu 2204224 2204223 2026-04-22T14:35:51Z Sharktube2000 161034 2204224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox | fossil_range = Huling [[Kretasiko]]<br />(huling [[Maastrichtian]]), {{Fossil range|earliest=77|69|66}} | image = Tyrannosaurus Rex Holotype.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Reconstructed [[Biological type|type]] specimen (CM 9380) at the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]] | display parents = 2 | grandparent_authority = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1906 | parent_authority = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1906 | authority = Osborn, 1905 | parent_authority = Osborn, 1905 | genus = Tyrannosaurus | species = rex | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>Genus synonymy</small> |'''''Manospondylus''''' <br /><small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1892</small> |'''''Dynamosaurus''''' <br /><small>Osborn, 1905</small> |''[[Nanotyrannus]]''? <br /><small>[[Robert T. Bakker|Bakker]], Williams & [[Phil Currie|Currie]], 1988</small> |'''''Stygivenator''''' <br /><small>[[George Olshevsky|Olshevsky]], 1995</small> |'''''Dinotyrannus''''' <br /><small>[[George Olshevsky|Olshevsky]], 1995</small> }} {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>Species synonymy</small> |'''''Manospondylus gigas''''' <br /><small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1892</small> |''[[Aublysodon amplus]]''? <br /><small>[[Othniel Charles Marsh|Marsh]], 1892</small> |''[[Deinodon amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Manospondylus amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Stygivenator amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Tyrannosaurus amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Aublysodon cristatus]]''? <br /><small>Marsh, 1892</small> |''[[Deinodon cristatus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Stygivenator cristatus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |'''''Dynamosaurus imperiosus''''' <br /><small>Osborn, 1905</small> |'''''Tyrannosaurus imperiosus''''' <br /><small>(Osborn, 1905)</small> |''[[Gorgosaurus lancensis]]''? <br /><small>Gilmore, 1946</small> |''[[Albertosaurus lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |''[[Aublysodon lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |''[[Deinodon lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |''[[Nanotyrannus lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |'''''Stygivenator molnari''''' <br /><small>(Paul, 1988)</small> |'''''Dinotyrannus megagracilis''''' <br /><small>[[George Olshevsky|Olshevsky]], 1995</small> }} }} Ang '''''Tyrannosaurus''''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|t|ɨ|ˌ|r|æ|n|ə|ˈ|s|ɔr|ə|s}} or {{IPAc-en|t|aɪ|ˌ|r|æ|n|ə|ˈ|s|ɔr|ə|s}}; na nangangahulugang "maniniil na butiki" mula sa Griyegong ''tyrannos'' (τύραννος) at ''sauros'' (σαῦρος)) ay isang [[henus]] ng [[coelurosauro]]ng [[therapoda]]ng [[dinosauro]]. Ang espesyeng '''''Tyrannosaurus rex''''' (na mula sa Latin na ''rex'' na nangangahulugang "hari") na karaniwang pinaikling '''''T.&nbsp;rex''''' ay isang bahagi ng kulturang popular. Ito ay namuhay sa buo ng ngayong kanluraning Hilagang Amerika na sa panahong ito ay isang islang kontinente [[Laramidia]] na may mas malawak na saklaw kesa sa ibang mga [[Tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurid]]. Ang mga [[fossil]] nito ay natagpuan sa iba't iabng uri ng mga [[pormasyon ng bato]] na may petsang [[Maastrichtian]] ng Itaas na [[Kretaseyoso]] 69 hanggang 66&nbsp; milyong taon ang nakalilipas.<ref name=hellcreekage>Hicks, J.F., Johnson, K.R., Obradovich, J.D., Tauxe, L. and Clark, D. (2002). "Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations of southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary", in J.H. Hartman, K.R. Johnson & D.J. Nichols (eds.), ''The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains: An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. GSA Special Paper'', '''361''': 35–55.</ref> Ito ay kasama sa mga huling hindi-[[ibon]]ng mga [[dinosauro]] na umiral bago ang [[pangyayaring ekstinksiyon na Kretaseyoso-Paleohene]]. Tulad ng ibang mga [[Tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurid]], ang ''Tyrannosaurus'' ay isang [[bipedal]] na [[karnibora]] na may malawak na bungo na binalanse ng isang mahaba at mabigat na buntot. Relatibo sa malaki at makapangyarihang mga likurang [[biyas]], ang mga harapang biyas ay maliit bagaman hindi karaniang makapangyarihan para sa sukat nito at may dalawan mga kuko mga daliri. Bagaman ang ibang mga [[theropoda]] ay nakipagtunggali o humigit sa ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' sa sukat nito, ito ang pinakamalaking alam na tyrannosaurid at ang isa sa pinakamalaking alam na mga maninila ng lupain na may sukat na hanggang {{convert|12.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} sa haba,<ref name="Hutchinsonet.al.2011">{{cite journal | author = Hutchinson J.R., Bates K.T., Molnar J., Allen V, Makovicky P.J. | year = 2011 | title = A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10| page = e26037 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0026037 }}</ref> hanggang {{convert|4|m|ft}} taas sa mga balakang,<ref name=SueFMNH>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fieldmuseum.org/sue/about_vital.asp |title=Sue's vital statistics |author= |work=Sue at the Field Museum |publisher=[[Field Museum of Natural History]] |accessdate=2007-09-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515162635/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/sue/about_vital.asp |archivedate=2007-05-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at hanggang {{convert|6.8|MT|ST}} sa timbang.<ref name=ericksonetal2004>{{Cite journal|last=Erickson, Gregory M. |author2=Makovicky, Peter J.; [[Phil Currie|Currie, Philip J.]]; Norell, Mark A.; Yerby, Scott A.; & Brochu, Christopher A. |year=2004 |title=Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-08-12_430_7001/page/772 |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=7001 |pages=772–775 |doi=10.1038/nature02699 |pmid=15306807 |first1=GM}}</ref> [[Talaksan:Tyrannosaurus BW.jpg|thumb|right|Restorasyon ng T.rex]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Tyrannosaurus]] [[Kategorya:Mga dinosauro ng Kretaseyoso]] [[Kategorya:Tyrannosauridae]] 7us82d8kqfwan7b1k4dila559guo9fa 2204225 2204224 2026-04-22T14:36:09Z Sharktube2000 161034 2204225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox | fossil_range = Huling [[Kretasiko]]<br />(huling [[Maastrichtian]]), {{Fossil range|earliest=77|69|66}} | image = Tyrannosaurus Rex Holotype.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Reconstructed [[Biological type|type]] specimen (CM 9380) at the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]] | display parents = 2 | grandparent_authority = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1906 | parent_authority = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1906 | authority = Osborn, 1905 | parent_authority = Osborn, 1905 | genus = Tyrannosaurus | species = rex | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>Genus synonymy</small> |'''''Manospondylus''''' <br /><small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1892</small> |'''''Dynamosaurus''''' <br /><small>Osborn, 1905</small> |''[[Nanotyrannus]]''? <br /><small>[[Robert T. Bakker|Bakker]], Williams & [[Phil Currie|Currie]], 1988</small> |'''''Stygivenator''''' <br /><small>[[George Olshevsky|Olshevsky]], 1995</small> |'''''Dinotyrannus''''' <br /><small>[[George Olshevsky|Olshevsky]], 1995</small> }} {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>Species synonymy</small> |'''''Manospondylus gigas''''' <br /><small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1892</small> |''[[Aublysodon amplus]]''? <br /><small>[[Othniel Charles Marsh|Marsh]], 1892</small> |''[[Deinodon amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Manospondylus amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Stygivenator amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Tyrannosaurus amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Aublysodon cristatus]]''? <br /><small>Marsh, 1892</small> |''[[Deinodon cristatus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |''[[Stygivenator cristatus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892)</small> |'''''Dynamosaurus imperiosus''''' <br /><small>Osborn, 1905</small> |'''''Tyrannosaurus imperiosus''''' <br /><small>(Osborn, 1905)</small> |''[[Gorgosaurus lancensis]]''? <br /><small>Gilmore, 1946</small> |''[[Albertosaurus lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |''[[Aublysodon lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |''[[Deinodon lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |''[[Nanotyrannus lancensis]]''? <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946)</small> |'''''Stygivenator molnari''''' <br /><small>(Paul, 1988)</small> |'''''Dinotyrannus megagracilis''''' <br /><small>[[George Olshevsky|Olshevsky]], 1995</small> }} }} Ang '''''Tyrannosaurus''''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|t|ɨ|ˌ|r|æ|n|ə|ˈ|s|ɔr|ə|s}} or {{IPAc-en|t|aɪ|ˌ|r|æ|n|ə|ˈ|s|ɔr|ə|s}}; na nangangahulugang "maniniil na butiki" mula sa Griyegong ''tyrannos'' (τύραννος) at ''sauros'' (σαῦρος)) ay isang [[henus]] ng [[coelurosauro]]ng [[therapoda]]ng [[dinosauro]]. Ang espesyeng '''''Tyrannosaurus rex''''' (na mula sa Latin na ''rex'' na nangangahulugang "hari") na karaniwang pinaikling '''''T.&nbsp;rex''''' ay isang bahagi ng kulturang popular. Ito ay namuhay sa buo ng ngayong kanluraning Hilagang Amerika na sa panahong ito ay isang islang kontinente [[Laramidia]] na may mas malawak na saklaw kesa sa ibang mga [[Tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurid]]. Ang mga [[fossil]] nito ay natagpuan sa iba't iabng uri ng mga [[pormasyon ng bato]] na may petsang [[Maastrichtian]] ng Itaas na [[Kretaseyoso]] 69 hanggang 66&nbsp;milyong taon ang nakalilipas.<ref name=hellcreekage>Hicks, J.F., Johnson, K.R., Obradovich, J.D., Tauxe, L. and Clark, D. (2002). "Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations of southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary", in J.H. Hartman, K.R. Johnson & D.J. Nichols (eds.), ''The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains: An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. GSA Special Paper'', '''361''': 35–55.</ref> Ito ay kasama sa mga huling hindi-[[ibon]]ng mga [[dinosauro]] na umiral bago ang [[pangyayaring ekstinksiyon na Kretaseyoso-Paleohene]]. Tulad ng ibang mga [[Tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurid]], ang ''Tyrannosaurus'' ay isang [[bipedal]] na [[karnibora]] na may malawak na bungo na binalanse ng isang mahaba at mabigat na buntot. Relatibo sa malaki at makapangyarihang mga likurang [[biyas]], ang mga harapang biyas ay maliit bagaman hindi karaniang makapangyarihan para sa sukat nito at may dalawan mga kuko mga daliri. Bagaman ang ibang mga [[theropoda]] ay nakipagtunggali o humigit sa ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' sa sukat nito, ito ang pinakamalaking alam na tyrannosaurid at ang isa sa pinakamalaking alam na mga maninila ng lupain na may sukat na hanggang {{convert|12.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} sa haba,<ref name="Hutchinsonet.al.2011">{{cite journal | author = Hutchinson J.R., Bates K.T., Molnar J., Allen V, Makovicky P.J. | year = 2011 | title = A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10| page = e26037 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0026037 }}</ref> hanggang {{convert|4|m|ft}} taas sa mga balakang,<ref name=SueFMNH>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fieldmuseum.org/sue/about_vital.asp |title=Sue's vital statistics |author= |work=Sue at the Field Museum |publisher=[[Field Museum of Natural History]] |accessdate=2007-09-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515162635/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/sue/about_vital.asp |archivedate=2007-05-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at hanggang {{convert|6.8|MT|ST}} sa timbang.<ref name=ericksonetal2004>{{Cite journal|last=Erickson, Gregory M. |author2=Makovicky, Peter J.; [[Phil Currie|Currie, Philip J.]]; Norell, Mark A.; Yerby, Scott A.; & Brochu, Christopher A. |year=2004 |title=Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-08-12_430_7001/page/772 |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=7001 |pages=772–775 |doi=10.1038/nature02699 |pmid=15306807 |first1=GM}}</ref> [[Talaksan:Tyrannosaurus BW.jpg|thumb|right|Restorasyon ng T.rex]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Tyrannosaurus]] [[Kategorya:Mga dinosauro ng Kretaseyoso]] [[Kategorya:Tyrannosauridae]] 88t0vr92c6abzg8l6jb613e0u94lgig 0 197333 2204310 2201673 2026-04-23T00:36:07Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204310 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang mga sumusunod ay talaan ng mga binibining humawak sa titulo ng [[Miss Earth]]: Ito ay kasalukuyang ginaganap bawat bansang kalahok sa buong Mundo. ==May Titulong Miss Earth== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="5" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #FFFFFF; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#787878" colspan=10 ali ! Taon ! Bansa/Teritoryo ! Miss Earth<ref>{{cite web|title=Miss Earth Former Titleholders|url=http://www.pageant-almanac.com/miss-earth/former-titleholders.php|publisher=Pageant Almanac|first=Paul|last=Palmero|accessdate=2008-07-25|archive-date=2008-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621091156/http://www.pageant-almanac.com/miss-earth/former-titleholders.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CATHARINA: The Danish Who Conquered The Earth|url=http://missearth2001.tripod.com/news/news17.htm|date=2001-10-28|last=T.|first=Kyle|accessdate=2009-09-03|archive-date=2018-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065733/http://missearth2001.tripod.com/news/news17.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! Edad ! Bayan ! Pinagdausan ! Petsa ! Bilang ng Sumali |- |align="center"| [[Miss Earth 2001|2001]] | {{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] | Catharina Svensson |align="center"| 21 | [[Copenhagen]] | [[Lungsod ng Quezon]], [[Pilipinas]] | Oktubre 28, 2001 | align="center"| 42 |- | rowspan=2 align="center"| 2002 | {{flagicon|BIH}} [[Bosnya at Hersegobina]] | [[Džejla Glavović]]{{efn|Tinanggalan ng korona}}<ref name=dethroned>{{cite news|last=Lo|first=Ricardo|date=2003-05-29|title=Miss Earth dethroned!|url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=207957&publicationSubCategoryId=70|accessdate=2009-09-03|archive-date=2013-01-04|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104101542/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=207957&publicationSubCategoryId=70|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"| 19 | [[Sarajevo]] | rowspan=2 | [[Pasay]], [[Pilipinas]] | rowspan=2 | Oktubre 29, 2002 | rowspan=2 align="center"| 55 |- | {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya]] | Winfred Omwakwe{{efn|Humalili}} |align="center"| 20 | [[Nairobi]] |- |align="center"| 2003 | {{flagicon|HND|1949}} [[Honduras]] | Dania Prince |align="center"| 23 | Choluteca | rowspan=3 | [[Lungsod ng Quezon]], [[Pilipinas]] | Nobyembre 9, 2003 |align="center"| 56 |- |align="center"| 2004 | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] | Priscilla Meirelles |align="center"| 21 | Belém | Oktubre 24, 2004 |align="center"| 61 |- |align="center"| 2005 | {{flagicon|VEN|1954}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] | Alexandra Braun |align="center"| 22 | [[Caracas]] | Oktubre 23, 2005 |align="center"| 80 |- | align="center"| 2006 | {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] | Hil Hernández |align="center"| 22 | Castro | [[Maynila]], [[Pilipinas]]{{efn|Orihinal na naka-iskedyul na gaganapin sa Santiago, Tsile ngunit inilipat sa Pilipinas.}} | Nobyembre 26, 2006 |align="center"| 82 |- |align="center"| 2007 | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] | Jessica Trisko |align="center"| 22 | [[Vancouver]] | [[Lungsod ng Quezon]], [[Pilipinas]] | Nobyembre 11, 2007 |align="center"| 88 |- |align="center"| 2008 | {{flagicon|PHL}} [[Pilipinas]] | [[Karla Henry]] |align="center"| 22 | [[Cebu City|Cebu]] | [[Angeles]], [[Pilipinas]] | Nobyembre 9, 2008 |align="center"| 85 |- |align="center"| 2009 | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] | [[Larissa Ramos]] |align="center"| 20 | [[Manaus]] | [[Boracay]], [[Pilipinas]] | Nobyembre 22, 2009 |align="center"| 80 |- |align="center"| 2010 | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India|Indiya]] | Nicole Faria |align="center"| 20 | [[Bangalore]] | Nha Trang, [[Vietnam|Biyetnam]] | Disyembre 4, 2010 |align="center"| 84 |- |align="center"| 2011 | {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] | Olga Álava |align="center"| 23 | Guayaquil | [[Lungsod ng Quezon]], [[Pilipinas]]{{efn|Orihinal na naka-iskedyul na gaganapin sa Bangkok, Thailand ngunit inilipat pabalik sa Pilipinas dahil sa malawakang pagbaha.}} | Disyembre 3, 2011 |align="center"| 84 |- |align="center"| 2012 | {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Republikang Tseko]] | Tereza Fajksová |align="center"|23 | Ivančice | rowspan=2 | [[Muntinlupa]], [[Pilipinas]] | Nobyembre 24, 2012 |align="center"| 80 |- |align="center"| 2013 | {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] | Alyz Henrich |align="center"| 22 | Punto Fijo | Disyembre 7, 2013 |align="center"| 88 |- |align="center"| 2014 | rowspan=2 | {{flagicon|PHL}} [[Pilipinas]] | Jamie Herrell | align="center"|20 | [[Cebu City|Cebu]] | [[Lungsod ng Quezon]], [[Pilipinas]] | Nobyembre 29, 2014 |align="center"| 85 |- |align="center"| 2015 | [[Angelia Ong]] |align="center"| 25 | [[Manila]] | [[Viena]], [[Austria|Austrya]] | Disyembre 5, 2015 |align="center"| 86 |- |align="center"| 2016 | {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] | Katherine Espín |align="center"| 23 | La Troncal | rowspan=3 | [[Pasay]], [[Pilipinas]] | Oktubre 29, 2016 | align="center"| 83 |- |align="center"| 2017 | {{flagicon|PHL}} [[Pilipinas]] | Karen Ibasco | align="center" | 26 | [[Manila]] | Nobyembre 4, 2017 | align="center" | 85 |- |align="center"| 2018 | {{flagicon|VNM}} [[Vietnam|Biyetnam]] | Nguyễn Phương Khánh | align="center" | 23 | [[Ben Tre]] | Nobyembre 3, 2018 | align="center" | 87 |- |align="center"| 2019 | {{flagicon|PRI}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] | Nellys Pimentel | align="center" | 22 | San Juan | [[Parañaque]], [[Pilipinas]] | Oktubre 26, 2019 | align="center" | 85 |- |align="center"| 2020 | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] | Lindsey Coffey | align="center" | 28 | Brownsville | rowspan=2 | Birtwal | Nobyembre 29, 2020 | align="center" | 84 |- |align="center"| 2021 | {{flagicon|BLZ}} [[Belize|Belis]] | Destiny Wagner | align="center" | 25 | Punta Gorda | Nobyembre 21, 2021 | align="center" | 89 |- | align="center| [[Miss Earth 2022|2022]] | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] | Mina Sue Choi | align="center" | 23 | [[Seoul]] | [[Parañaque]], [[Pilipinas]] | Nobyembre 29, 2022 | align="center" | 86 |- | align="center"| [[Miss Earth 2023|2023]] | {{flagicon|ALB}} [[Albania|Albanya]] | Drita Ziri | align="center" | 18 | Fushë-Krujë | [[Lungsod Ho Chi Minh]], [[Vietnam|Biyetnam]] | Disyembre 22, 2023 | align="center" | 85 |- | align="center" | [[Miss Earth 2024|2024]] | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia|Australya]] | Jessica Lane | align="center" | 22 | Sunshine Coast | rowspan=2 | [[Parañaque]], [[Pilipinas]] | Nobyembre 9, 2024 | align="center" | 76 |- |align="center"| [[Miss Earth 2025|2025]] | {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Republikang Tseko]] | Natálie Puškinová |align="center"|21 | [[Praga]] | Nobyembre 5, 2025 | align="center" | 78 |} ==Runners-up== {| class="wikitable" font-size: 95%;" |- ! Taon ! Miss Air ! Miss Water ! Miss Fire |- | 2001 | '''{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]]''' – Simone Régis{{efn|Noong 2001, ang titulo ng 1st runner-up ay kilala bilang Miss Wind, bago ito pinalitan ng Miss Air sa sumunod na taon.}} | '''{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Kasakistan]]''' – Margarita Kravtsova | '''{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]]''' – Daniela Stucan |- | rowspan="2" | 2002 | {{flagicon|KEN}} <u>'''[[Kenya]]'''</u> <br> <u>Winfred Omwakwe</u> | {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} <u>'''[[Yugoslavia]]'''<u> <br> Slađana Božović</u> | {{flagicon|Greece}} <u>'''[[Greece]]'''</u> <br> <u>Juliana Drossou</u> <br> |- | '''{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Sosyalistang Pederatibong Republika ng Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]''' <br> Slađana Božović | '''{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Gresya]]''' <br> Juliana Drossou | '''{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]]''' <br> Elina Hurve |- | 2003 | '''{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]]''' <br> Priscila Poleselo Zandoná | '''{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica|Kosta Rika]]''' <br> Marianela Zeledón Bolaños | '''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Polonya]]''' <br> Marta Matyjasikl |- | 2004 | [[Murielle Celimene]] <br> {{flag|Martinique|local}} | Kahaya Lusazh <br> {{flag|Tahiti}} | [[Yanina González]] <br> {{flag|Paraguay|1990}} |- | 2005 | [[Amell Santana]] <br> {{flag|Dominican Republic}} | [[Katarzyna Borowicz]] <br> {{flag|Poland}} | [[Jovana Marjanović]] <br> {{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}} |- | 2006 | [[Amruta Patki]] <br> {{flag|India}} | [[Cathy Untalan]] <br> {{flag|Philippines}} | [[Marianne Puglia]] <br> {{flag|Venezuela}} |- | 2007 | [[Pooja Chitgopekar]] <br> {{flag|India}} | [[Silvana Santaella]] <br> {{flag|Venezuela}} | [[Ángela Gómez Durán|Ángela Gómez]] <br> {{flag|Spain}} |- | 2008 | [[Miriam Odemba]] <br> {{flag|Tanzania}} | [[Abigail Elizalde]] <br> {{flag|Mexico}} | [[Tatiane Alves]] <br>{{flag|Brazil}} |- | 2009 | [[Sandra Seifert]] <br> {{flag|Philippines}} | [[Jessica Barboza]] <br> {{flag|Venezuela}} | [[Alejandra Echevarria]] <br> {{flag|Spain}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2010 | <s>[[Jennifer Pazmiño]]</s> <br> {{flagicon|Ecuador}} <s>[[Ecuador]]</s> | rowspan="2" | [[Watsaporn Wattanakoon]] <br> {{flag|Thailand}} | rowspan="2" | [[Yeidy Bosques]] <br> {{flag|Puerto Rico}} |- | Viktoria Shchukina <br> {{flag|Russia}} |- | 2011 | Drielly Bennettone <br> {{flag|Brazil}} | [[Athena Imperial]] <br> {{flag|Philippines}} | [[Caroline Medina]] <br> {{flag|Venezuela}} |- | 2012 | [[Stephany Stefanowitz]] <br> {{flag|Philippines}} | [[Osmariel Villalobos]] <br> {{flag|Venezuela}} | Camilla Brant <br> {{flag|Brazil}} |- | 2013 | [[Katia Wagner]] <br> {{flag|Austria}} | <s>[[Punika Kulsoontornrut]]</s> <br> {{flagicon|Thailand}} <s>[[Thailand]]</s> | [[Catharina Choi]] <br> {{flag|South Korea|name=Korea}} |- | 2014 | [[Andrea Neu]] <br> {{flag|United States}} | [[Maira Alexandra Rodríguez|Maira Rodríguez]] <br> {{flag|Venezuela}} | [[Anastasia Trusova]] <br> {{flag|Russia}} |- | 2015 | [[Dayanna Grageda]] <br> {{flag|Australia}} | [[Brittany Ann Payne|Brittany Payne]] <br> {{flag|United States}} | [[Thiessa Sickert]] <br> {{flag|Brazil}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | rowspan="2" | [[Michelle Gómez]] <br> {{flag|Colombia}} | rowspan="2" | [[Stephanie de Zorzi]] <br> {{flag|Venezuela}} | <s>[[Bruna Zanardo]]</s> <br> {{flagicon|Brazil}} <s>[[Brazil]]</s> |- | [[Corrin Stellakis]] <br> {{flag|United States}} |- | 2017 | [[Nina Robertson]] <br> {{flag|Australia}} | [[Juliana Franco]] <br> {{flag|Colombia}} | [[Lada Akimova]] <br> {{flag|Russia}} |- | 2018 | [[Melanie Mader]] <br> {{flag|Austria}} | [[Valeria Ayos]] <br> {{flag|Colombia}} | Melissa Flores <br> {{flag|Mexico}} |- | 2019 | [[Emanii Davis]] <br> {{flag|United States}} | [[Klára Vavrušková]] <br> {{flag|Czech Republic}} | Alisa Manenok <br> {{flag|Belarus}} |- | 2020 | Stephany Zreik <br> {{flag|Venezuela}} | Roxanne Allison Baeyens <br> {{flag|Philippines}} | Michala Rubinstein <br> {{flag|Denmark}} |- | 2021 | Marisa Butler <br> {{flag|United States}} | Romina Denecken <br> {{flag|Chile}} | Jareerat Petsom <br> {{flag|Thailand}} |- | 2022 | Sheridan Mortlock <br> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia|Australya]] | Nadeen Ayoub <br> {{flagicon|PLE}} [[Estado ng Palestina|Palestina]] | Andrea Aguilera <br> {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |- | 2023 | Yllana Aduana <br> {{flag|Philippines}} | Đỗ Thị Lan Anh <br> {{flagicon|VNM}} [[Vietnam]] | Cora Bliault <br> {{flag|Thailand}} |- | 2024 | Hrafnhildur Haraldsdóttir <br> {{flag|Iceland}} |Bea Millan-Windorski <br> {{flag|United States}} |Niva Antezana <br> {{flag|Peru}} |- | 2025 | Sóldís Ívarsdóttir <br>{{flag|Iceland}} | Mỹ Anh Trịnh <br>{{flag|Vietnam}} | Waree Ngamkham <br>{{flag|Thailand}} |} ==Mga tala== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==External links== *{{official|http://www.missearth.tv}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100214000418/http://missearthfoundation.org/ Miss Earth Foundation website] {{portalbar|Lists}} {{Miss Earth}} {{MissEarths}} {{Big Four Pageants}} [[Category:Miss Earth]] [[Category:Miss Earth winners|*]] 9q144hk6ftjoa009iney95l1npbwjgt 0 198089 2204204 2194085 2026-04-22T12:32:23Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara]] 2204204 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara]] 4jhwammqklx6snhb0n8c4rzq344sh57 0 198090 2204211 2194088 2026-04-22T12:33:23Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara]] 2204211 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara]] 4jhwammqklx6snhb0n8c4rzq344sh57 0 198091 2204200 2194082 2026-04-22T12:31:43Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara]] 2204200 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara]] 4jhwammqklx6snhb0n8c4rzq344sh57 0 198096 2204207 2194087 2026-04-22T12:32:43Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara]] 2204207 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara]] 4jhwammqklx6snhb0n8c4rzq344sh57 0 198097 2204193 1198902 2026-04-22T12:30:33Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 2204193 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 842jgsncxlsqu5wtng5ez0zen3caurk 0 198098 2204195 1198864 2026-04-22T12:30:53Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 2204195 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 842jgsncxlsqu5wtng5ez0zen3caurk 0 198099 2204183 1198866 2026-04-22T12:28:53Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 2204183 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 842jgsncxlsqu5wtng5ez0zen3caurk 0 198100 2204189 1198869 2026-04-22T12:29:53Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 2204189 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 842jgsncxlsqu5wtng5ez0zen3caurk 0 198101 2204187 1198870 2026-04-22T12:29:33Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 2204187 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 842jgsncxlsqu5wtng5ez0zen3caurk 0 198102 2204194 1198871 2026-04-22T12:30:43Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 2204194 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 842jgsncxlsqu5wtng5ez0zen3caurk 0 198103 2204186 1198872 2026-04-22T12:29:23Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 2204186 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 842jgsncxlsqu5wtng5ez0zen3caurk 0 198104 2204184 1198873 2026-04-22T12:29:03Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 2204184 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 842jgsncxlsqu5wtng5ez0zen3caurk 0 198105 2204182 1198875 2026-04-22T12:28:43Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 2204182 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 842jgsncxlsqu5wtng5ez0zen3caurk 0 198106 2204188 1198876 2026-04-22T12:29:43Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 2204188 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara-sutsot]] 842jgsncxlsqu5wtng5ez0zen3caurk 0 201482 2204414 2203096 2026-04-23T08:55:13Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dead end|date=Disyembre 2013}} {{better translation|date=Enero 2014}} {{Infobox settlement/Wikidata}} Ang '''Chittagong''' ([[wikang Chittagoniano|Chittagoniano]], {{langx|bn|চট্টগ্রাম}}, Chôţţogram) ay ang pangunahing daungan at ang pangalawang pinakamalaking lungsod ng Bangladesh. Ito ay matatagpuan sa mga bangko ng River Karnaphuli. Ang isang tungkulin sa kalakalan simula ng ika-9 na siglo, Chittagong ay isang multicultural pamana ng Islamic, Hindu at Buddhist tradisyon. Ang mga modernong lungsod na binuo sa panahon ng British panuntunan bilang isang hub ng tren, langis at mga kagamitan sa pagtimpla ng kalakalan. Lungsod din ay naging isang focal point para sa mga rebolusyonaryo na gawain laban sa British, kapansin-pansin ang armadong pagbabangon pinangunahan ng Surya Sen sa 1930. Ito ay ding isang mahalagang militar base at supply ng point para sa mga magkakatulad pwersa sa panahon ng Burma Kampanya sa World War II. Matapos ang [[partisyon ng India]] sa 1947, Chittagong ay naging bahagi ng East Pakistan. Noong 1971, ng East Pakistanis rebelled laban sa West Pakistan sa pagtanggi upang tanggapin ang mga resulta ng mga demokratikong halalan, ang deklarasyon ng Bangladesh ng Kosovo inihayag sa Chittagong. Lungsod ang nagpunta sa mga saksi mga kasamaan, digmaan krimen at nabal blockades sa panahon ng giyera ng pagpapalaya na sumunod. Ngayon, Chittagong ay isa sa pinakamabilis na lumalagong mga lungsod sa mundo. Ang isang pangunahing pangkalakalan ''(commercial)'' at pang-industriya center, lungsod ay mayroon ding isang globally mapagkumpitensiya espesyal na pang-ekonomiya zone. Gamit ang pangunahing proyekto imprastraktura na isasagawa para sa lungsod, kabilang ang deep sea port, mga rehiyonal kapitbahay ng Bangladesh, kabilang ang India at Tsina, ay may mata Chittagong bilang isang hinaharap rehiyonal transit hub. Ang port lungsod ay nakikita bilang mahalaga sa pagpapaunlad ng ekonomiya ng landlocked katimugang Asya, kabilang ang Northeast Indiya, Bhutan, Nepal at bahagi ng Southern China. Ang Chittagong ay may mataas na antas ng pagkakaiba-iba ng relihiyon at etniko sa mga lungsod ng Bangladeshi, sa kabila ng pagkakaroon ng malaking mayoryang Muslim. Kabilang sa mga minorya ang mga Hindu, Kristiyano, Chakmas, Marmas, Baruas, Tripuris, Garos at iba pa. [[Kategorya:Mga lungsod sa Bangladesh]] {{stub|Heograpiya|Bangladesh}} 9pjq6721z7ltv3rptkv4lfp5zdqxeyb 0 205182 2204259 2129839 2026-04-22T21:47:59Z ~2026-24770-31 161137 Clean up 2204259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = GMA News and Public Affairs | image = [[Image:GMANewsLogo2010.png|270px]] | label1 = Division of | data1 = [[GMA Network]] | label2 = Country | data2 = [[Philippines]] | label3 = Area served | data3 = Worldwide | label4 = Key people | data4 = {{plainlist | * Nessa Valdellon (FVP, Public Affairs) * Clyde Mercado (SAVP, Public Affairs) * Oliver Victor Amoroso (Acting Head, Integrated News Group and FVP and Head, GMA Regional TV and Synergy) * Mike Enriquez (Consultant, Radio Operations and RGMA President) * Grace dela Peña (Consultant) * John Manalastas (Head, News Programs) * Florian Balmes (Head, GMA News Research) * Jaemark Tordecilla (Head, GMA News Online) * Norilyn Temblor (News Operations Manager, Super Radyo DZBB 594) }} | label5 = Headquarters | data5 = GMA Network Center, EDSA corner Timog Avenue, Diliman, [[Quezon City]], [[Philippines]] | label6 = Slogan | data6 = Walang Kinikilingan, Walang Pinoprotektahan, Walang Kasinungalingan, Serbisyong Totoo Lamang <br>(English: Nothing is Favored, Nothing is Protected, No Lies, Just True Service) <br> Ang News Authority ng Pilipino <br> (English: The News Authority of the Filipino) <br> Sagot Namin ang Balita, Kahit Saan, Kahit Kailan <br> (English: We Take Care of the News, Anywhere, Anytime) <br>Redefining News for the Filipino | label7 = Formerly called | data7 = {{plainlist|RBS News Department<br>GMA Radio-Television News<br>GMA Rainbow Satellite News }} | label8 = Language | data8 = {{Plainlist| * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (main) * [[English language|English]] (secondary) }} | label9 = Website | data9 = {{URL|http://www.gmanetwork.com/news}} }} Ang '''GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs''' (dating kilala bilang ''RBS News Department, GMA Radio-Television News at GMA Rainbow Satellite News''; at karaniwang '''GMA News''') ay ang news and public affairs programming division ng [[GMA Network Inc.]] Ang dibisyon ay gumagawa ng mga balita, mga isyu sa publiko, infotainment, at nitong mga nagdaang araw, mga programa sa entertainment para sa [[GMA Network]] at [[GMA News TV]] na pagmamay-ari at kaakibat na mga istasyon ng telebisyon at radyo sa Pilipinas, at internasyonal sa pamamagitan ng [[GMA Pinoy TV]], [[GMA Life TV]] at [[GMA News TV International]]. ==Programs== ===Currently aired=== ====GMA Network==== *''[[:en:24 Oras]]'' *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras Weekend]]'' *''[[:en:Aha! (TV program)AHA!]]'' *''[[Alisto!]]'' *''[[:en:Born to Be Wild (TV program)|Born to Be Wild]] *''[[GMA Flash Report]]'' and ''GMA Breaking News'' *''Front Row'' *''[[:en:i-Witness|I-Witness]]'' *''[[:en:Imbestigador|Imbestigador]]'' *''[[:en:Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho|Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko|Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko]]'' *''[[:en:Pinoy M.D.|Pinoy M.D. Mga Doktor ng Bayan]]'' *''[[:en:Dream Home (talk show)|Power House]]'' *''[[Reporter's Notebook]]'' *''[[:en:Saksi|Saksi]]'' *[[:en:Tunay na Buhay|Tunay na Buhay]] *[[:en:Unang Hirit|Unang Hirit]] *[[:en:Wish Ko Lang!|Wish Ko Lang!]] ====GMA News TV==== *''[[:en:Ang Pinaka|Ang Pinaka]]'' *''[[:en:Balita Pilipinas Ngayon|Balita Pilipinas Ngayon]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali Weekend]]'' *''Bawal ang Pasaway kay Mareng Winnie'' *''Biyahe ni Drew'' *''[[:en:Brigada (TV program)|Brigada]]'' *''[[:en:Day Off (TV program)|Day Off]]'' *''[[:en:Dobol B TV|Dobol B sa News TV]]'' *''[[:en:Good News with Vicky Morales|Good News Kasama si Vicky Morales]]'' *''I Juander'' *''[[:en: Investigative Documentaries|Investigative Documentaries]]'' *''[[:en:News to Go|News to Go]]'' *''[[:en:Motorcycle Diaries (TV program)|Motorcycle Diaries]]'' *''[[:en:News Live (Philippine TV program)|News TV Live]]'' and ''News TV Breaking News'' *''[[:en:News TV Quick Response Team|News TV Quick Response Team]]'' *''Pop Talk'' *''Reel Time'' *''[[:en:State of the Nation (Philippine TV program)|State of the Nation with Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Tonight with Arnold Clavio|Tonight with Arnold Clavio]]'' ====Regional newscasts==== *''24 Oras Southern Mindanao'' (GMA Davao) *''[[Balitang Amianan]]'' (GMA Dagupan) *''[[Balitang Bisdak]]'' (GMA Cebu) {{stub}} [[Kaurian:GMA Network]] qzzl7ks80xefoxko5y7k0r79mixu7fd 2204260 2204259 2026-04-22T21:49:08Z ~2026-24770-31 161137 /* Programs */Clean up 2204260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = GMA News and Public Affairs | image = [[Image:GMANewsLogo2010.png|270px]] | label1 = Division of | data1 = [[GMA Network]] | label2 = Country | data2 = [[Philippines]] | label3 = Area served | data3 = Worldwide | label4 = Key people | data4 = {{plainlist | * Nessa Valdellon (FVP, Public Affairs) * Clyde Mercado (SAVP, Public Affairs) * Oliver Victor Amoroso (Acting Head, Integrated News Group and FVP and Head, GMA Regional TV and Synergy) * Mike Enriquez (Consultant, Radio Operations and RGMA President) * Grace dela Peña (Consultant) * John Manalastas (Head, News Programs) * Florian Balmes (Head, GMA News Research) * Jaemark Tordecilla (Head, GMA News Online) * Norilyn Temblor (News Operations Manager, Super Radyo DZBB 594) }} | label5 = Headquarters | data5 = GMA Network Center, EDSA corner Timog Avenue, Diliman, [[Quezon City]], [[Philippines]] | label6 = Slogan | data6 = Walang Kinikilingan, Walang Pinoprotektahan, Walang Kasinungalingan, Serbisyong Totoo Lamang <br>(English: Nothing is Favored, Nothing is Protected, No Lies, Just True Service) <br> Ang News Authority ng Pilipino <br> (English: The News Authority of the Filipino) <br> Sagot Namin ang Balita, Kahit Saan, Kahit Kailan <br> (English: We Take Care of the News, Anywhere, Anytime) <br>Redefining News for the Filipino | label7 = Formerly called | data7 = {{plainlist|RBS News Department<br>GMA Radio-Television News<br>GMA Rainbow Satellite News }} | label8 = Language | data8 = {{Plainlist| * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (main) * [[English language|English]] (secondary) }} | label9 = Website | data9 = {{URL|http://www.gmanetwork.com/news}} }} Ang '''GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs''' (dating kilala bilang ''RBS News Department, GMA Radio-Television News at GMA Rainbow Satellite News''; at karaniwang '''GMA News''') ay ang news and public affairs programming division ng [[GMA Network Inc.]] Ang dibisyon ay gumagawa ng mga balita, mga isyu sa publiko, infotainment, at nitong mga nagdaang araw, mga programa sa entertainment para sa [[GMA Network]] at [[GMA News TV]] na pagmamay-ari at kaakibat na mga istasyon ng telebisyon at radyo sa Pilipinas, at internasyonal sa pamamagitan ng [[GMA Pinoy TV]], [[GMA Life TV]] at [[GMA News TV International]]. ==Programs== ===Currently aired=== ====GMA Network==== *''[[:en:24 Oras:|24 Oras]]'' *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras Weekend]]'' *''[[:en:Aha! (TV program)|AHA!]]'' *''[[Alisto!]]'' *''[[:en:Born to Be Wild (TV program)|Born to Be Wild]] *''[[GMA Flash Report]]'' and ''GMA Breaking News'' *''Front Row'' *''[[:en:i-Witness|I-Witness]]'' *''[[:en:Imbestigador|Imbestigador]]'' *''[[:en:Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho|Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko|Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko]]'' *''[[:en:Pinoy M.D.|Pinoy M.D. Mga Doktor ng Bayan]]'' *''[[:en:Dream Home (talk show)|Power House]]'' *''[[Reporter's Notebook]]'' *''[[:en:Saksi|Saksi]]'' *[[:en:Tunay na Buhay|Tunay na Buhay]] *[[:en:Unang Hirit|Unang Hirit]] *[[:en:Wish Ko Lang!|Wish Ko Lang!]] ====GMA News TV==== *''[[:en:Ang Pinaka|Ang Pinaka]]'' *''[[:en:Balita Pilipinas Ngayon|Balita Pilipinas Ngayon]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali Weekend]]'' *''Bawal ang Pasaway kay Mareng Winnie'' *''Biyahe ni Drew'' *''[[:en:Brigada (TV program)|Brigada]]'' *''[[:en:Day Off (TV program)|Day Off]]'' *''[[:en:Dobol B TV|Dobol B sa News TV]]'' *''[[:en:Good News with Vicky Morales|Good News Kasama si Vicky Morales]]'' *''I Juander'' *''[[:en: Investigative Documentaries|Investigative Documentaries]]'' *''[[:en:News to Go|News to Go]]'' *''[[:en:Motorcycle Diaries (TV program)|Motorcycle Diaries]]'' *''[[:en:News Live (Philippine TV program)|News TV Live]]'' and ''News TV Breaking News'' *''[[:en:News TV Quick Response Team|News TV Quick Response Team]]'' *''Pop Talk'' *''Reel Time'' *''[[:en:State of the Nation (Philippine TV program)|State of the Nation with Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Tonight with Arnold Clavio|Tonight with Arnold Clavio]]'' ====Regional newscasts==== *''24 Oras Southern Mindanao'' (GMA Davao) *''[[Balitang Amianan]]'' (GMA Dagupan) *''[[Balitang Bisdak]]'' (GMA Cebu) {{stub}} [[Kaurian:GMA Network]] 5bjp702euec33ofc60dgqz1d6xxn5nj 2204261 2204260 2026-04-22T21:50:48Z ~2026-24770-31 161137 /* Programs */Clean up: Fixed 2204261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = GMA News and Public Affairs | image = [[Image:GMANewsLogo2010.png|270px]] | label1 = Division of | data1 = [[GMA Network]] | label2 = Country | data2 = [[Philippines]] | label3 = Area served | data3 = Worldwide | label4 = Key people | data4 = {{plainlist | * Nessa Valdellon (FVP, Public Affairs) * Clyde Mercado (SAVP, Public Affairs) * Oliver Victor Amoroso (Acting Head, Integrated News Group and FVP and Head, GMA Regional TV and Synergy) * Mike Enriquez (Consultant, Radio Operations and RGMA President) * Grace dela Peña (Consultant) * John Manalastas (Head, News Programs) * Florian Balmes (Head, GMA News Research) * Jaemark Tordecilla (Head, GMA News Online) * Norilyn Temblor (News Operations Manager, Super Radyo DZBB 594) }} | label5 = Headquarters | data5 = GMA Network Center, EDSA corner Timog Avenue, Diliman, [[Quezon City]], [[Philippines]] | label6 = Slogan | data6 = Walang Kinikilingan, Walang Pinoprotektahan, Walang Kasinungalingan, Serbisyong Totoo Lamang <br>(English: Nothing is Favored, Nothing is Protected, No Lies, Just True Service) <br> Ang News Authority ng Pilipino <br> (English: The News Authority of the Filipino) <br> Sagot Namin ang Balita, Kahit Saan, Kahit Kailan <br> (English: We Take Care of the News, Anywhere, Anytime) <br>Redefining News for the Filipino | label7 = Formerly called | data7 = {{plainlist|RBS News Department<br>GMA Radio-Television News<br>GMA Rainbow Satellite News }} | label8 = Language | data8 = {{Plainlist| * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (main) * [[English language|English]] (secondary) }} | label9 = Website | data9 = {{URL|http://www.gmanetwork.com/news}} }} Ang '''GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs''' (dating kilala bilang ''RBS News Department, GMA Radio-Television News at GMA Rainbow Satellite News''; at karaniwang '''GMA News''') ay ang news and public affairs programming division ng [[GMA Network Inc.]] Ang dibisyon ay gumagawa ng mga balita, mga isyu sa publiko, infotainment, at nitong mga nagdaang araw, mga programa sa entertainment para sa [[GMA Network]] at [[GMA News TV]] na pagmamay-ari at kaakibat na mga istasyon ng telebisyon at radyo sa Pilipinas, at internasyonal sa pamamagitan ng [[GMA Pinoy TV]], [[GMA Life TV]] at [[GMA News TV International]]. ==Programs== ===Currently aired=== ====GMA Network==== *''[[:en:24 Oras:|24 Oras]]'' *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras Weekend]]'' *''[[:en:Aha! (TV program)|AHA!]]'' *''[[Alisto!]]'' *''[[:en:Born to Be Wild (TV program)|Born to Be Wild]] *''[[GMA Flash Report]]'' and ''GMA Breaking News'' *''Front Row'' *''[[:en:i-Witness|I-Witness]]'' *''[[:en:Imbestigador|Imbestigador]]'' *''[[:en:Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho|Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko|Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko]]'' *''[[:en:Pinoy M.D.|Pinoy M.D. Mga Doktor ng Bayan]]'' *''[[:en:Dream Home (talk show)|Power House]]'' *''[[Reporter's Notebook]]'' *''[[:en:Saksi|Saksi]]'' *''[[:en:Tunay na Buhay|Tunay na Buhay]]'' *''[[:en:Unang Hirit|Unang Hirit]]'' *''[[:en:Wish Ko Lang!|Wish Ko Lang!]]'' ====GMA News TV==== *''[[:en:Ang Pinaka|Ang Pinaka]]'' *''[[:en:Balita Pilipinas Ngayon|Balita Pilipinas Ngayon]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali Weekend]]'' *''Bawal ang Pasaway kay Mareng Winnie'' *''Biyahe ni Drew'' *''[[:en:Brigada (TV program)|Brigada]]'' *''[[:en:Day Off (TV program)|Day Off]]'' *''[[:en:Dobol B TV|Dobol B sa News TV]]'' *''[[:en:Good News with Vicky Morales|Good News Kasama si Vicky Morales]]'' *''I Juander'' *''[[:en: Investigative Documentaries|Investigative Documentaries]]'' *''[[:en:News to Go|News to Go]]'' *''[[:en:Motorcycle Diaries (TV program)|Motorcycle Diaries]]'' *''[[:en:News Live (Philippine TV program)|News TV Live]]'' and ''News TV Breaking News'' *''[[:en:News TV Quick Response Team|News TV Quick Response Team]]'' *''Pop Talk'' *''Reel Time'' *''[[:en:State of the Nation (Philippine TV program)|State of the Nation with Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Tonight with Arnold Clavio|Tonight with Arnold Clavio]]'' ====Regional newscasts==== *''24 Oras Southern Mindanao'' (GMA Davao) *''[[Balitang Amianan]]'' (GMA Dagupan) *''[[Balitang Bisdak]]'' (GMA Cebu) {{stub}} [[Kaurian:GMA Network]] 2x0s6wmbab4nf4634evvt0503w1oxwv 2204262 2204261 2026-04-22T21:56:45Z ~2026-24770-31 161137 /* Regional newscasts */Fixed 2204262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = GMA News and Public Affairs | image = [[Image:GMANewsLogo2010.png|270px]] | label1 = Division of | data1 = [[GMA Network]] | label2 = Country | data2 = [[Philippines]] | label3 = Area served | data3 = Worldwide | label4 = Key people | data4 = {{plainlist | * Nessa Valdellon (FVP, Public Affairs) * Clyde Mercado (SAVP, Public Affairs) * Oliver Victor Amoroso (Acting Head, Integrated News Group and FVP and Head, GMA Regional TV and Synergy) * Mike Enriquez (Consultant, Radio Operations and RGMA President) * Grace dela Peña (Consultant) * John Manalastas (Head, News Programs) * Florian Balmes (Head, GMA News Research) * Jaemark Tordecilla (Head, GMA News Online) * Norilyn Temblor (News Operations Manager, Super Radyo DZBB 594) }} | label5 = Headquarters | data5 = GMA Network Center, EDSA corner Timog Avenue, Diliman, [[Quezon City]], [[Philippines]] | label6 = Slogan | data6 = Walang Kinikilingan, Walang Pinoprotektahan, Walang Kasinungalingan, Serbisyong Totoo Lamang <br>(English: Nothing is Favored, Nothing is Protected, No Lies, Just True Service) <br> Ang News Authority ng Pilipino <br> (English: The News Authority of the Filipino) <br> Sagot Namin ang Balita, Kahit Saan, Kahit Kailan <br> (English: We Take Care of the News, Anywhere, Anytime) <br>Redefining News for the Filipino | label7 = Formerly called | data7 = {{plainlist|RBS News Department<br>GMA Radio-Television News<br>GMA Rainbow Satellite News }} | label8 = Language | data8 = {{Plainlist| * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (main) * [[English language|English]] (secondary) }} | label9 = Website | data9 = {{URL|http://www.gmanetwork.com/news}} }} Ang '''GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs''' (dating kilala bilang ''RBS News Department, GMA Radio-Television News at GMA Rainbow Satellite News''; at karaniwang '''GMA News''') ay ang news and public affairs programming division ng [[GMA Network Inc.]] Ang dibisyon ay gumagawa ng mga balita, mga isyu sa publiko, infotainment, at nitong mga nagdaang araw, mga programa sa entertainment para sa [[GMA Network]] at [[GMA News TV]] na pagmamay-ari at kaakibat na mga istasyon ng telebisyon at radyo sa Pilipinas, at internasyonal sa pamamagitan ng [[GMA Pinoy TV]], [[GMA Life TV]] at [[GMA News TV International]]. ==Programs== ===Currently aired=== ====GMA Network==== *''[[:en:24 Oras:|24 Oras]]'' *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras Weekend]]'' *''[[:en:Aha! (TV program)|AHA!]]'' *''[[Alisto!]]'' *''[[:en:Born to Be Wild (TV program)|Born to Be Wild]] *''[[GMA Flash Report]]'' and ''GMA Breaking News'' *''Front Row'' *''[[:en:i-Witness|I-Witness]]'' *''[[:en:Imbestigador|Imbestigador]]'' *''[[:en:Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho|Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko|Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko]]'' *''[[:en:Pinoy M.D.|Pinoy M.D. Mga Doktor ng Bayan]]'' *''[[:en:Dream Home (talk show)|Power House]]'' *''[[Reporter's Notebook]]'' *''[[:en:Saksi|Saksi]]'' *''[[:en:Tunay na Buhay|Tunay na Buhay]]'' *''[[:en:Unang Hirit|Unang Hirit]]'' *''[[:en:Wish Ko Lang!|Wish Ko Lang!]]'' ====GMA News TV==== *''[[:en:Ang Pinaka|Ang Pinaka]]'' *''[[:en:Balita Pilipinas Ngayon|Balita Pilipinas Ngayon]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali Weekend]]'' *''Bawal ang Pasaway kay Mareng Winnie'' *''Biyahe ni Drew'' *''[[:en:Brigada (TV program)|Brigada]]'' *''[[:en:Day Off (TV program)|Day Off]]'' *''[[:en:Dobol B TV|Dobol B sa News TV]]'' *''[[:en:Good News with Vicky Morales|Good News Kasama si Vicky Morales]]'' *''I Juander'' *''[[:en: Investigative Documentaries|Investigative Documentaries]]'' *''[[:en:News to Go|News to Go]]'' *''[[:en:Motorcycle Diaries (TV program)|Motorcycle Diaries]]'' *''[[:en:News Live (Philippine TV program)|News TV Live]]'' and ''News TV Breaking News'' *''[[:en:News TV Quick Response Team|News TV Quick Response Team]]'' *''Pop Talk'' *''Reel Time'' *''[[:en:State of the Nation (Philippine TV program)|State of the Nation with Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Tonight with Arnold Clavio|Tonight with Arnold Clavio]]'' ====Regional newscasts==== *''24 Oras Ilokano'' (GMA Ilocos) *''24 Oras North Central Luzon'' (GMA Dagupan) *''24 Oras Bikol'' (GMA Bicol) *''24 Oras Western Visayas'' (GMA Iloilo and GMA Bacolod) *''24 Oras Central Visayas'' (GMA Cebu) *''24 Oras Northern Mindanao'' (GMA Northern Mindanao) *''24 Oras Southern Mindanao'' (GMA Davao) =====Defunct regional newscasts===== *''Balitang Amianan'' (GMA 10 Dagupan) *''Balitang Bisdak'' (GMA 7 Cebu) *''Balitang Ilokano'' (GMA 5 Laoag and 48 Ilocos Sur/Abra) *''Baretang Bikol'' (GMA 7 Naga and 12 Legazpi) *''Ratsada'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Ratsada 24 Oras'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Testigo'' (GMA 5 Davao) *''Testigo Northern Mindanao'' (GMA 12 and 35 Cagayan de Oro) ====Regional morning shows==== *''Arangkada'' (GMA Iloilo) *''Buena Mano Balita'' (GMA Cebu) *''Primera Balita'' (GMA Dagupan) *''Una Ka BAI'' (GMA Davao) {{stub}} [[Kaurian:GMA Network]] 500uermhfs5sav6atc35y5sqscau10z 2204263 2204262 2026-04-22T21:58:25Z ~2026-24770-31 161137 /* Currently aired */Clean up (Fixed) 2204263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = GMA News and Public Affairs | image = [[Image:GMANewsLogo2010.png|270px]] | label1 = Division of | data1 = [[GMA Network]] | label2 = Country | data2 = [[Philippines]] | label3 = Area served | data3 = Worldwide | label4 = Key people | data4 = {{plainlist | * Nessa Valdellon (FVP, Public Affairs) * Clyde Mercado (SAVP, Public Affairs) * Oliver Victor Amoroso (Acting Head, Integrated News Group and FVP and Head, GMA Regional TV and Synergy) * Mike Enriquez (Consultant, Radio Operations and RGMA President) * Grace dela Peña (Consultant) * John Manalastas (Head, News Programs) * Florian Balmes (Head, GMA News Research) * Jaemark Tordecilla (Head, GMA News Online) * Norilyn Temblor (News Operations Manager, Super Radyo DZBB 594) }} | label5 = Headquarters | data5 = GMA Network Center, EDSA corner Timog Avenue, Diliman, [[Quezon City]], [[Philippines]] | label6 = Slogan | data6 = Walang Kinikilingan, Walang Pinoprotektahan, Walang Kasinungalingan, Serbisyong Totoo Lamang <br>(English: Nothing is Favored, Nothing is Protected, No Lies, Just True Service) <br> Ang News Authority ng Pilipino <br> (English: The News Authority of the Filipino) <br> Sagot Namin ang Balita, Kahit Saan, Kahit Kailan <br> (English: We Take Care of the News, Anywhere, Anytime) <br>Redefining News for the Filipino | label7 = Formerly called | data7 = {{plainlist|RBS News Department<br>GMA Radio-Television News<br>GMA Rainbow Satellite News }} | label8 = Language | data8 = {{Plainlist| * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (main) * [[English language|English]] (secondary) }} | label9 = Website | data9 = {{URL|http://www.gmanetwork.com/news}} }} Ang '''GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs''' (dating kilala bilang ''RBS News Department, GMA Radio-Television News at GMA Rainbow Satellite News''; at karaniwang '''GMA News''') ay ang news and public affairs programming division ng [[GMA Network Inc.]] Ang dibisyon ay gumagawa ng mga balita, mga isyu sa publiko, infotainment, at nitong mga nagdaang araw, mga programa sa entertainment para sa [[GMA Network]] at [[GMA News TV]] na pagmamay-ari at kaakibat na mga istasyon ng telebisyon at radyo sa Pilipinas, at internasyonal sa pamamagitan ng [[GMA Pinoy TV]], [[GMA Life TV]] at [[GMA News TV International]]. ==Programs== ===Currently aired=== ====GMA Network==== *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras]]'' *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras Weekend]]'' *''[[:en:Aha! (TV program)|AHA!]]'' *''[[Alisto!]]'' *''[[:en:Born to Be Wild (TV program)|Born to Be Wild]] *''[[GMA Flash Report]]'' and ''GMA Breaking News'' *''Front Row'' *''[[:en:i-Witness|I-Witness]]'' *''[[:en:Imbestigador|Imbestigador]]'' *''[[:en:Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho|Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko|Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko]]'' *''[[:en:Pinoy M.D.|Pinoy M.D. Mga Doktor ng Bayan]]'' *''[[:en:Dream Home (talk show)|Power House]]'' *''[[Reporter's Notebook]]'' *''[[:en:Saksi|Saksi]]'' *''[[:en:Tunay na Buhay|Tunay na Buhay]]'' *''[[:en:Unang Hirit|Unang Hirit]]'' *''[[:en:Wish Ko Lang!|Wish Ko Lang!]]'' ====GMA News TV==== *''[[:en:Ang Pinaka|Ang Pinaka]]'' *''[[:en:Balita Pilipinas Ngayon|Balita Pilipinas Ngayon]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali Weekend]]'' *''Bawal ang Pasaway kay Mareng Winnie'' *''Biyahe ni Drew'' *''[[:en:Brigada (TV program)|Brigada]]'' *''[[:en:Day Off (TV program)|Day Off]]'' *''[[:en:Dobol B TV|Dobol B sa News TV]]'' *''[[:en:Good News with Vicky Morales|Good News Kasama si Vicky Morales]]'' *''I Juander'' *''[[:en: Investigative Documentaries|Investigative Documentaries]]'' *''[[:en:News to Go|News to Go]]'' *''[[:en:Motorcycle Diaries (TV program)|Motorcycle Diaries]]'' *''[[:en:News Live (Philippine TV program)|News TV Live]]'' and ''News TV Breaking News'' *''[[:en:News TV Quick Response Team|News TV Quick Response Team]]'' *''Pop Talk'' *''Reel Time'' *''[[:en:State of the Nation (Philippine TV program)|State of the Nation with Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Tonight with Arnold Clavio|Tonight with Arnold Clavio]]'' ====Regional newscasts==== *''24 Oras Ilokano'' (GMA Ilocos) *''24 Oras North Central Luzon'' (GMA Dagupan) *''24 Oras Bikol'' (GMA Bicol) *''24 Oras Western Visayas'' (GMA Iloilo and GMA Bacolod) *''24 Oras Central Visayas'' (GMA Cebu) *''24 Oras Northern Mindanao'' (GMA Northern Mindanao) *''24 Oras Southern Mindanao'' (GMA Davao) =====Defunct regional newscasts===== *''Balitang Amianan'' (GMA 10 Dagupan) *''Balitang Bisdak'' (GMA 7 Cebu) *''Balitang Ilokano'' (GMA 5 Laoag and 48 Ilocos Sur/Abra) *''Baretang Bikol'' (GMA 7 Naga and 12 Legazpi) *''Ratsada'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Ratsada 24 Oras'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Testigo'' (GMA 5 Davao) *''Testigo Northern Mindanao'' (GMA 12 and 35 Cagayan de Oro) ====Regional morning shows==== *''Arangkada'' (GMA Iloilo) *''Buena Mano Balita'' (GMA Cebu) *''Primera Balita'' (GMA Dagupan) *''Una Ka BAI'' (GMA Davao) {{stub}} [[Kaurian:GMA Network]] bxku6i9n9m5fuzc4x0jaw31cxdkq1bv 2204264 2204263 2026-04-22T21:58:55Z ~2026-24770-31 161137 /* GMA Network */Clean up 2204264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = GMA News and Public Affairs | image = [[Image:GMANewsLogo2010.png|270px]] | label1 = Division of | data1 = [[GMA Network]] | label2 = Country | data2 = [[Philippines]] | label3 = Area served | data3 = Worldwide | label4 = Key people | data4 = {{plainlist | * Nessa Valdellon (FVP, Public Affairs) * Clyde Mercado (SAVP, Public Affairs) * Oliver Victor Amoroso (Acting Head, Integrated News Group and FVP and Head, GMA Regional TV and Synergy) * Mike Enriquez (Consultant, Radio Operations and RGMA President) * Grace dela Peña (Consultant) * John Manalastas (Head, News Programs) * Florian Balmes (Head, GMA News Research) * Jaemark Tordecilla (Head, GMA News Online) * Norilyn Temblor (News Operations Manager, Super Radyo DZBB 594) }} | label5 = Headquarters | data5 = GMA Network Center, EDSA corner Timog Avenue, Diliman, [[Quezon City]], [[Philippines]] | label6 = Slogan | data6 = Walang Kinikilingan, Walang Pinoprotektahan, Walang Kasinungalingan, Serbisyong Totoo Lamang <br>(English: Nothing is Favored, Nothing is Protected, No Lies, Just True Service) <br> Ang News Authority ng Pilipino <br> (English: The News Authority of the Filipino) <br> Sagot Namin ang Balita, Kahit Saan, Kahit Kailan <br> (English: We Take Care of the News, Anywhere, Anytime) <br>Redefining News for the Filipino | label7 = Formerly called | data7 = {{plainlist|RBS News Department<br>GMA Radio-Television News<br>GMA Rainbow Satellite News }} | label8 = Language | data8 = {{Plainlist| * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (main) * [[English language|English]] (secondary) }} | label9 = Website | data9 = {{URL|http://www.gmanetwork.com/news}} }} Ang '''GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs''' (dating kilala bilang ''RBS News Department, GMA Radio-Television News at GMA Rainbow Satellite News''; at karaniwang '''GMA News''') ay ang news and public affairs programming division ng [[GMA Network Inc.]] Ang dibisyon ay gumagawa ng mga balita, mga isyu sa publiko, infotainment, at nitong mga nagdaang araw, mga programa sa entertainment para sa [[GMA Network]] at [[GMA News TV]] na pagmamay-ari at kaakibat na mga istasyon ng telebisyon at radyo sa Pilipinas, at internasyonal sa pamamagitan ng [[GMA Pinoy TV]], [[GMA Life TV]] at [[GMA News TV International]]. ==Programs== ===Currently aired=== ====GMA Network==== *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras]]'' *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras Weekend]]'' *''[[:en:Aha! (TV program)|AHA!]]'' *''[[:en:Alisto|Alisto!]]'' *''[[:en:Born to Be Wild (TV program)|Born to Be Wild]] *''[[GMA Flash Report]]'' and ''GMA Breaking News'' *''Front Row'' *''[[:en:i-Witness|I-Witness]]'' *''[[:en:Imbestigador|Imbestigador]]'' *''[[:en:Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho|Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko|Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko]]'' *''[[:en:Pinoy M.D.|Pinoy M.D. Mga Doktor ng Bayan]]'' *''[[:en:Dream Home (talk show)|Power House]]'' *''[[Reporter's Notebook]]'' *''[[:en:Saksi|Saksi]]'' *''[[:en:Tunay na Buhay|Tunay na Buhay]]'' *''[[:en:Unang Hirit|Unang Hirit]]'' *''[[:en:Wish Ko Lang!|Wish Ko Lang!]]'' ====GMA News TV==== *''[[:en:Ang Pinaka|Ang Pinaka]]'' *''[[:en:Balita Pilipinas Ngayon|Balita Pilipinas Ngayon]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali Weekend]]'' *''Bawal ang Pasaway kay Mareng Winnie'' *''Biyahe ni Drew'' *''[[:en:Brigada (TV program)|Brigada]]'' *''[[:en:Day Off (TV program)|Day Off]]'' *''[[:en:Dobol B TV|Dobol B sa News TV]]'' *''[[:en:Good News with Vicky Morales|Good News Kasama si Vicky Morales]]'' *''I Juander'' *''[[:en: Investigative Documentaries|Investigative Documentaries]]'' *''[[:en:News to Go|News to Go]]'' *''[[:en:Motorcycle Diaries (TV program)|Motorcycle Diaries]]'' *''[[:en:News Live (Philippine TV program)|News TV Live]]'' and ''News TV Breaking News'' *''[[:en:News TV Quick Response Team|News TV Quick Response Team]]'' *''Pop Talk'' *''Reel Time'' *''[[:en:State of the Nation (Philippine TV program)|State of the Nation with Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Tonight with Arnold Clavio|Tonight with Arnold Clavio]]'' ====Regional newscasts==== *''24 Oras Ilokano'' (GMA Ilocos) *''24 Oras North Central Luzon'' (GMA Dagupan) *''24 Oras Bikol'' (GMA Bicol) *''24 Oras Western Visayas'' (GMA Iloilo and GMA Bacolod) *''24 Oras Central Visayas'' (GMA Cebu) *''24 Oras Northern Mindanao'' (GMA Northern Mindanao) *''24 Oras Southern Mindanao'' (GMA Davao) =====Defunct regional newscasts===== *''Balitang Amianan'' (GMA 10 Dagupan) *''Balitang Bisdak'' (GMA 7 Cebu) *''Balitang Ilokano'' (GMA 5 Laoag and 48 Ilocos Sur/Abra) *''Baretang Bikol'' (GMA 7 Naga and 12 Legazpi) *''Ratsada'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Ratsada 24 Oras'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Testigo'' (GMA 5 Davao) *''Testigo Northern Mindanao'' (GMA 12 and 35 Cagayan de Oro) ====Regional morning shows==== *''Arangkada'' (GMA Iloilo) *''Buena Mano Balita'' (GMA Cebu) *''Primera Balita'' (GMA Dagupan) *''Una Ka BAI'' (GMA Davao) {{stub}} [[Kaurian:GMA Network]] s6ato3c8e1qm0kb7swh5ywqgnf42qvr 2204267 2204264 2026-04-22T21:59:54Z ~2026-24770-31 161137 /* GMA Network */Clean up (Fixed and Removed) 2204267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = GMA News and Public Affairs | image = [[Image:GMANewsLogo2010.png|270px]] | label1 = Division of | data1 = [[GMA Network]] | label2 = Country | data2 = [[Philippines]] | label3 = Area served | data3 = Worldwide | label4 = Key people | data4 = {{plainlist | * Nessa Valdellon (FVP, Public Affairs) * Clyde Mercado (SAVP, Public Affairs) * Oliver Victor Amoroso (Acting Head, Integrated News Group and FVP and Head, GMA Regional TV and Synergy) * Mike Enriquez (Consultant, Radio Operations and RGMA President) * Grace dela Peña (Consultant) * John Manalastas (Head, News Programs) * Florian Balmes (Head, GMA News Research) * Jaemark Tordecilla (Head, GMA News Online) * Norilyn Temblor (News Operations Manager, Super Radyo DZBB 594) }} | label5 = Headquarters | data5 = GMA Network Center, EDSA corner Timog Avenue, Diliman, [[Quezon City]], [[Philippines]] | label6 = Slogan | data6 = Walang Kinikilingan, Walang Pinoprotektahan, Walang Kasinungalingan, Serbisyong Totoo Lamang <br>(English: Nothing is Favored, Nothing is Protected, No Lies, Just True Service) <br> Ang News Authority ng Pilipino <br> (English: The News Authority of the Filipino) <br> Sagot Namin ang Balita, Kahit Saan, Kahit Kailan <br> (English: We Take Care of the News, Anywhere, Anytime) <br>Redefining News for the Filipino | label7 = Formerly called | data7 = {{plainlist|RBS News Department<br>GMA Radio-Television News<br>GMA Rainbow Satellite News }} | label8 = Language | data8 = {{Plainlist| * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (main) * [[English language|English]] (secondary) }} | label9 = Website | data9 = {{URL|http://www.gmanetwork.com/news}} }} Ang '''GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs''' (dating kilala bilang ''RBS News Department, GMA Radio-Television News at GMA Rainbow Satellite News''; at karaniwang '''GMA News''') ay ang news and public affairs programming division ng [[GMA Network Inc.]] Ang dibisyon ay gumagawa ng mga balita, mga isyu sa publiko, infotainment, at nitong mga nagdaang araw, mga programa sa entertainment para sa [[GMA Network]] at [[GMA News TV]] na pagmamay-ari at kaakibat na mga istasyon ng telebisyon at radyo sa Pilipinas, at internasyonal sa pamamagitan ng [[GMA Pinoy TV]], [[GMA Life TV]] at [[GMA News TV International]]. ==Programs== ===Currently aired=== ====GMA Network==== *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras]]'' *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras Weekend]]'' *''[[:en:Aha! (TV program)|AHA!]]'' *''[[:en:Alisto|Alisto!]]'' *''[[:en:Born to Be Wild (TV program)|Born to Be Wild]] *''[[GMA Flash Report]]'' and ''GMA Breaking News'' *''Front Row'' *''[[:en:i-Witness|I-Witness]]'' *''[[:en:Imbestigador|Imbestigador]]'' *''[[:en:Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho|Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko|Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko]]'' *''[[:en:Pinoy M.D.|Pinoy M.D. Mga Doktor ng Bayan]]'' *''[[:en:Dream Home (talk show)|Power House]]'' *''[[:en:Reporter's Notebook]]'' *''[[:en:Saksi|Saksi]]'' *''[[:en:Tunay na Buhay|Tunay na Buhay]]'' *''[[:en:Unang Hirit|Unang Hirit]]'' *''[[:en:Wish Ko Lang!|Wish Ko Lang!]]'' ====GMA News TV==== *''[[:en:Ang Pinaka|Ang Pinaka]]'' *''[[:en:Balita Pilipinas Ngayon|Balita Pilipinas Ngayon]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali Weekend]]'' *''Bawal ang Pasaway kay Mareng Winnie'' *''Biyahe ni Drew'' *''[[:en:Brigada (TV program)|Brigada]]'' *''[[:en:Day Off (TV program)|Day Off]]'' *''[[:en:Dobol B TV|Dobol B sa News TV]]'' *''[[:en:Good News with Vicky Morales|Good News Kasama si Vicky Morales]]'' *''I Juander'' *''[[:en: Investigative Documentaries|Investigative Documentaries]]'' *''[[:en:News to Go|News to Go]]'' *''[[:en:Motorcycle Diaries (TV program)|Motorcycle Diaries]]'' *''[[:en:News Live (Philippine TV program)|News TV Live]]'' and ''News TV Breaking News'' *''[[:en:News TV Quick Response Team|News TV Quick Response Team]]'' *''Pop Talk'' *''Reel Time'' *''[[:en:State of the Nation (Philippine TV program)|State of the Nation with Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Tonight with Arnold Clavio|Tonight with Arnold Clavio]]'' ====Regional newscasts==== *''24 Oras Ilokano'' (GMA Ilocos) *''24 Oras North Central Luzon'' (GMA Dagupan) *''24 Oras Bikol'' (GMA Bicol) *''24 Oras Western Visayas'' (GMA Iloilo and GMA Bacolod) *''24 Oras Central Visayas'' (GMA Cebu) *''24 Oras Northern Mindanao'' (GMA Northern Mindanao) *''24 Oras Southern Mindanao'' (GMA Davao) =====Defunct regional newscasts===== *''Balitang Amianan'' (GMA 10 Dagupan) *''Balitang Bisdak'' (GMA 7 Cebu) *''Balitang Ilokano'' (GMA 5 Laoag and 48 Ilocos Sur/Abra) *''Baretang Bikol'' (GMA 7 Naga and 12 Legazpi) *''Ratsada'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Ratsada 24 Oras'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Testigo'' (GMA 5 Davao) *''Testigo Northern Mindanao'' (GMA 12 and 35 Cagayan de Oro) ====Regional morning shows==== *''Arangkada'' (GMA Iloilo) *''Buena Mano Balita'' (GMA Cebu) *''Primera Balita'' (GMA Dagupan) *''Una Ka BAI'' (GMA Davao) {{stub}} [[Kaurian:GMA Network]] olvf1wqrabilz2lwkc1fd3t1mj3bv61 2204268 2204267 2026-04-22T22:00:16Z ~2026-24770-31 161137 /* GMA Network */Fixed 2204268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = GMA News and Public Affairs | image = [[Image:GMANewsLogo2010.png|270px]] | label1 = Division of | data1 = [[GMA Network]] | label2 = Country | data2 = [[Philippines]] | label3 = Area served | data3 = Worldwide | label4 = Key people | data4 = {{plainlist | * Nessa Valdellon (FVP, Public Affairs) * Clyde Mercado (SAVP, Public Affairs) * Oliver Victor Amoroso (Acting Head, Integrated News Group and FVP and Head, GMA Regional TV and Synergy) * Mike Enriquez (Consultant, Radio Operations and RGMA President) * Grace dela Peña (Consultant) * John Manalastas (Head, News Programs) * Florian Balmes (Head, GMA News Research) * Jaemark Tordecilla (Head, GMA News Online) * Norilyn Temblor (News Operations Manager, Super Radyo DZBB 594) }} | label5 = Headquarters | data5 = GMA Network Center, EDSA corner Timog Avenue, Diliman, [[Quezon City]], [[Philippines]] | label6 = Slogan | data6 = Walang Kinikilingan, Walang Pinoprotektahan, Walang Kasinungalingan, Serbisyong Totoo Lamang <br>(English: Nothing is Favored, Nothing is Protected, No Lies, Just True Service) <br> Ang News Authority ng Pilipino <br> (English: The News Authority of the Filipino) <br> Sagot Namin ang Balita, Kahit Saan, Kahit Kailan <br> (English: We Take Care of the News, Anywhere, Anytime) <br>Redefining News for the Filipino | label7 = Formerly called | data7 = {{plainlist|RBS News Department<br>GMA Radio-Television News<br>GMA Rainbow Satellite News }} | label8 = Language | data8 = {{Plainlist| * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (main) * [[English language|English]] (secondary) }} | label9 = Website | data9 = {{URL|http://www.gmanetwork.com/news}} }} Ang '''GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs''' (dating kilala bilang ''RBS News Department, GMA Radio-Television News at GMA Rainbow Satellite News''; at karaniwang '''GMA News''') ay ang news and public affairs programming division ng [[GMA Network Inc.]] Ang dibisyon ay gumagawa ng mga balita, mga isyu sa publiko, infotainment, at nitong mga nagdaang araw, mga programa sa entertainment para sa [[GMA Network]] at [[GMA News TV]] na pagmamay-ari at kaakibat na mga istasyon ng telebisyon at radyo sa Pilipinas, at internasyonal sa pamamagitan ng [[GMA Pinoy TV]], [[GMA Life TV]] at [[GMA News TV International]]. ==Programs== ===Currently aired=== ====GMA Network==== *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras]]'' *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras Weekend]]'' *''[[:en:Aha! (TV program)|AHA!]]'' *''[[:en:Alisto|Alisto!]]'' *''[[:en:Born to Be Wild (TV program)|Born to Be Wild]] *''[[GMA Flash Report]]'' and ''GMA Breaking News'' *''Front Row'' *''[[:en:i-Witness|I-Witness]]'' *''[[:en:Imbestigador|Imbestigador]]'' *''[[:en:Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho|Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko|Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko]]'' *''[[:en:Pinoy M.D.|Pinoy M.D. Mga Doktor ng Bayan]]'' *''[[:en:Dream Home (talk show)|Power House]]'' *''[[:en:Reporter's Notebook|Reporter's Notebook]]'' *''[[:en:Saksi|Saksi]]'' *''[[:en:Tunay na Buhay|Tunay na Buhay]]'' *''[[:en:Unang Hirit|Unang Hirit]]'' *''[[:en:Wish Ko Lang!|Wish Ko Lang!]]'' ====GMA News TV==== *''[[:en:Ang Pinaka|Ang Pinaka]]'' *''[[:en:Balita Pilipinas Ngayon|Balita Pilipinas Ngayon]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali Weekend]]'' *''Bawal ang Pasaway kay Mareng Winnie'' *''Biyahe ni Drew'' *''[[:en:Brigada (TV program)|Brigada]]'' *''[[:en:Day Off (TV program)|Day Off]]'' *''[[:en:Dobol B TV|Dobol B sa News TV]]'' *''[[:en:Good News with Vicky Morales|Good News Kasama si Vicky Morales]]'' *''I Juander'' *''[[:en: Investigative Documentaries|Investigative Documentaries]]'' *''[[:en:News to Go|News to Go]]'' *''[[:en:Motorcycle Diaries (TV program)|Motorcycle Diaries]]'' *''[[:en:News Live (Philippine TV program)|News TV Live]]'' and ''News TV Breaking News'' *''[[:en:News TV Quick Response Team|News TV Quick Response Team]]'' *''Pop Talk'' *''Reel Time'' *''[[:en:State of the Nation (Philippine TV program)|State of the Nation with Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Tonight with Arnold Clavio|Tonight with Arnold Clavio]]'' ====Regional newscasts==== *''24 Oras Ilokano'' (GMA Ilocos) *''24 Oras North Central Luzon'' (GMA Dagupan) *''24 Oras Bikol'' (GMA Bicol) *''24 Oras Western Visayas'' (GMA Iloilo and GMA Bacolod) *''24 Oras Central Visayas'' (GMA Cebu) *''24 Oras Northern Mindanao'' (GMA Northern Mindanao) *''24 Oras Southern Mindanao'' (GMA Davao) =====Defunct regional newscasts===== *''Balitang Amianan'' (GMA 10 Dagupan) *''Balitang Bisdak'' (GMA 7 Cebu) *''Balitang Ilokano'' (GMA 5 Laoag and 48 Ilocos Sur/Abra) *''Baretang Bikol'' (GMA 7 Naga and 12 Legazpi) *''Ratsada'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Ratsada 24 Oras'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Testigo'' (GMA 5 Davao) *''Testigo Northern Mindanao'' (GMA 12 and 35 Cagayan de Oro) ====Regional morning shows==== *''Arangkada'' (GMA Iloilo) *''Buena Mano Balita'' (GMA Cebu) *''Primera Balita'' (GMA Dagupan) *''Una Ka BAI'' (GMA Davao) {{stub}} [[Kaurian:GMA Network]] faswvkd5d7nli8yb7sznld5gpgxi98r 2204336 2204268 2026-04-23T05:17:46Z ~2026-24772-74 161144 /* GMA News TV */Clean up 2204336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = GMA News and Public Affairs | image = [[Image:GMANewsLogo2010.png|270px]] | label1 = Division of | data1 = [[GMA Network]] | label2 = Country | data2 = [[Philippines]] | label3 = Area served | data3 = Worldwide | label4 = Key people | data4 = {{plainlist | * Nessa Valdellon (FVP, Public Affairs) * Clyde Mercado (SAVP, Public Affairs) * Oliver Victor Amoroso (Acting Head, Integrated News Group and FVP and Head, GMA Regional TV and Synergy) * Mike Enriquez (Consultant, Radio Operations and RGMA President) * Grace dela Peña (Consultant) * John Manalastas (Head, News Programs) * Florian Balmes (Head, GMA News Research) * Jaemark Tordecilla (Head, GMA News Online) * Norilyn Temblor (News Operations Manager, Super Radyo DZBB 594) }} | label5 = Headquarters | data5 = GMA Network Center, EDSA corner Timog Avenue, Diliman, [[Quezon City]], [[Philippines]] | label6 = Slogan | data6 = Walang Kinikilingan, Walang Pinoprotektahan, Walang Kasinungalingan, Serbisyong Totoo Lamang <br>(English: Nothing is Favored, Nothing is Protected, No Lies, Just True Service) <br> Ang News Authority ng Pilipino <br> (English: The News Authority of the Filipino) <br> Sagot Namin ang Balita, Kahit Saan, Kahit Kailan <br> (English: We Take Care of the News, Anywhere, Anytime) <br>Redefining News for the Filipino | label7 = Formerly called | data7 = {{plainlist|RBS News Department<br>GMA Radio-Television News<br>GMA Rainbow Satellite News }} | label8 = Language | data8 = {{Plainlist| * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (main) * [[English language|English]] (secondary) }} | label9 = Website | data9 = {{URL|http://www.gmanetwork.com/news}} }} Ang '''GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs''' (dating kilala bilang ''RBS News Department, GMA Radio-Television News at GMA Rainbow Satellite News''; at karaniwang '''GMA News''') ay ang news and public affairs programming division ng [[GMA Network Inc.]] Ang dibisyon ay gumagawa ng mga balita, mga isyu sa publiko, infotainment, at nitong mga nagdaang araw, mga programa sa entertainment para sa [[GMA Network]] at [[GMA News TV]] na pagmamay-ari at kaakibat na mga istasyon ng telebisyon at radyo sa Pilipinas, at internasyonal sa pamamagitan ng [[GMA Pinoy TV]], [[GMA Life TV]] at [[GMA News TV International]]. ==Programs== ===Currently aired=== ====GMA Network==== *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras]]'' *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras Weekend]]'' *''[[:en:Aha! (TV program)|AHA!]]'' *''[[:en:Alisto|Alisto!]]'' *''[[:en:Born to Be Wild (TV program)|Born to Be Wild]] *''[[GMA Flash Report]]'' and ''GMA Breaking News'' *''Front Row'' *''[[:en:i-Witness|I-Witness]]'' *''[[:en:Imbestigador|Imbestigador]]'' *''[[:en:Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho|Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko|Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko]]'' *''[[:en:Pinoy M.D.|Pinoy M.D. Mga Doktor ng Bayan]]'' *''[[:en:Dream Home (talk show)|Power House]]'' *''[[:en:Reporter's Notebook|Reporter's Notebook]]'' *''[[:en:Saksi|Saksi]]'' *''[[:en:Tunay na Buhay|Tunay na Buhay]]'' *''[[:en:Unang Hirit|Unang Hirit]]'' *''[[:en:Wish Ko Lang!|Wish Ko Lang!]]'' ====GMA News TV==== *''[[:en:Ang Pinaka|Ang Pinaka]]'' *''[[:en:Balita Pilipinas Primetime|Balita Pilipinas]]'' *''[[:en:Balita Pilipinas Ngayon|Balita Pilipinas Ngayon]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali Weekend]]'' *''Bawal ang Pasaway kay Mareng Winnie'' *''Biyahe ni Drew'' *''[[:en:Brigada (TV program)|Brigada]]'' *''[[:en:Day Off (TV program)|Day Off]]'' *''[[:en:Dobol B TV|Dobol B sa News TV]]'' *''[[:en:Good News with Vicky Morales|Good News Kasama si Vicky Morales]]'' *''I Juander'' *''[[:en: Investigative Documentaries|Investigative Documentaries]]'' *''[[:en:News to Go|News to Go]]'' *''[[:en:Motorcycle Diaries (TV program)|Motorcycle Diaries]]'' *''[[:en:News Live (Philippine TV program)|News TV Live]]'' and ''News TV Breaking News'' *''[[:en:News TV Quick Response Team|News TV Quick Response Team]]'' *''Pop Talk'' *''Reel Time'' *''[[:en:State of the Nation (Philippine TV program)|State of the Nation with Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Tonight with Arnold Clavio|Tonight with Arnold Clavio]]'' ====Regional newscasts==== *''24 Oras Ilokano'' (GMA Ilocos) *''24 Oras North Central Luzon'' (GMA Dagupan) *''24 Oras Bikol'' (GMA Bicol) *''24 Oras Western Visayas'' (GMA Iloilo and GMA Bacolod) *''24 Oras Central Visayas'' (GMA Cebu) *''24 Oras Northern Mindanao'' (GMA Northern Mindanao) *''24 Oras Southern Mindanao'' (GMA Davao) =====Defunct regional newscasts===== *''Balitang Amianan'' (GMA 10 Dagupan) *''Balitang Bisdak'' (GMA 7 Cebu) *''Balitang Ilokano'' (GMA 5 Laoag and 48 Ilocos Sur/Abra) *''Baretang Bikol'' (GMA 7 Naga and 12 Legazpi) *''Ratsada'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Ratsada 24 Oras'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Testigo'' (GMA 5 Davao) *''Testigo Northern Mindanao'' (GMA 12 and 35 Cagayan de Oro) ====Regional morning shows==== *''Arangkada'' (GMA Iloilo) *''Buena Mano Balita'' (GMA Cebu) *''Primera Balita'' (GMA Dagupan) *''Una Ka BAI'' (GMA Davao) {{stub}} [[Kaurian:GMA Network]] s95f6n6na8ycrtrulspnfzj9uxfe30n 2204337 2204336 2026-04-23T05:20:13Z ~2026-24772-74 161144 /* Programs */Clean up 2204337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = GMA News and Public Affairs | image = [[Image:GMANewsLogo2010.png|270px]] | label1 = Division of | data1 = [[GMA Network]] | label2 = Country | data2 = [[Philippines]] | label3 = Area served | data3 = Worldwide | label4 = Key people | data4 = {{plainlist | * Nessa Valdellon (FVP, Public Affairs) * Clyde Mercado (SAVP, Public Affairs) * Oliver Victor Amoroso (Acting Head, Integrated News Group and FVP and Head, GMA Regional TV and Synergy) * Mike Enriquez (Consultant, Radio Operations and RGMA President) * Grace dela Peña (Consultant) * John Manalastas (Head, News Programs) * Florian Balmes (Head, GMA News Research) * Jaemark Tordecilla (Head, GMA News Online) * Norilyn Temblor (News Operations Manager, Super Radyo DZBB 594) }} | label5 = Headquarters | data5 = GMA Network Center, EDSA corner Timog Avenue, Diliman, [[Quezon City]], [[Philippines]] | label6 = Slogan | data6 = Walang Kinikilingan, Walang Pinoprotektahan, Walang Kasinungalingan, Serbisyong Totoo Lamang <br>(English: Nothing is Favored, Nothing is Protected, No Lies, Just True Service) <br> Ang News Authority ng Pilipino <br> (English: The News Authority of the Filipino) <br> Sagot Namin ang Balita, Kahit Saan, Kahit Kailan <br> (English: We Take Care of the News, Anywhere, Anytime) <br>Redefining News for the Filipino | label7 = Formerly called | data7 = {{plainlist|RBS News Department<br>GMA Radio-Television News<br>GMA Rainbow Satellite News }} | label8 = Language | data8 = {{Plainlist| * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (main) * [[English language|English]] (secondary) }} | label9 = Website | data9 = {{URL|http://www.gmanetwork.com/news}} }} Ang '''GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs''' (dating kilala bilang ''RBS News Department, GMA Radio-Television News at GMA Rainbow Satellite News''; at karaniwang '''GMA News''') ay ang news and public affairs programming division ng [[GMA Network Inc.]] Ang dibisyon ay gumagawa ng mga balita, mga isyu sa publiko, infotainment, at nitong mga nagdaang araw, mga programa sa entertainment para sa [[GMA Network]] at [[GMA News TV]] na pagmamay-ari at kaakibat na mga istasyon ng telebisyon at radyo sa Pilipinas, at internasyonal sa pamamagitan ng [[GMA Pinoy TV]], [[GMA Life TV]] at [[GMA News TV International]]. ==Programs== ===Currently aired=== ====GMA Network==== *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras]]'' *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras Express]]'' *''[[:en:24 Oras|24 Oras Weekend]]'' *''[[:en:Aha! (TV program)|AHA!]]'' *''[[:en:Alisto|Alisto!]]'' *''[[:en:Born to Be Wild (TV program)|Born to Be Wild]] *''[[GMA Flash Report]]'' and ''GMA Breaking News'' *''Front Row'' *''[[:en:i-Witness|I-Witness]]'' *''[[:en:Imbestigador|Imbestigador]]'' *''[[:en:Isyu Ngayon|Isyu Ngayon]]'' *''[[:en:Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho|Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko|Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko]]'' *''[[:en:Pinoy M.D.|Pinoy M.D. Mga Doktor ng Bayan]]'' *''[[:en:Dream Home (talk show)|Power House]]'' *''[[:en:Reporter's Notebook|Reporter's Notebook]]'' *''[[:en:Saksi|Saksi]]'' *''[[:en:Tunay na Buhay|Tunay na Buhay]]'' *''[[:en:Unang Hirit|Unang Hirit]]'' *''[[:en:Wish Ko Lang!|Wish Ko Lang!]]'' ====GMA News TV==== *''[[:en:Ang Pinaka|Ang Pinaka]]'' *''[[:en:Balita Pilipinas Primetime|Balita Pilipinas]]'' *''[[:en:Balita Pilipinas Ngayon|Balita Pilipinas Ngayon]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali]]'' *''[[:en:Balitanghali|Balitanghali Weekend]]'' *''Bawal ang Pasaway kay Mareng Winnie'' *''Biyahe ni Drew'' *''[[:en:Brigada (TV program)|Brigada]]'' *''[[:en:Day Off (TV program)|Day Off]]'' *''[[:en:Dobol B TV|Dobol B sa News TV]]'' *''[[:en:Good News with Vicky Morales|Good News Kasama si Vicky Morales]]'' *''I Juander'' *''[[:en: Investigative Documentaries|Investigative Documentaries]]'' *''[[:en:News to Go|News to Go]]'' *''[[:en:Motorcycle Diaries (TV program)|Motorcycle Diaries]]'' *''[[:en:News Live (Philippine TV program)|News TV Live]]'' and ''News TV Breaking News'' *''[[:en:News TV Quick Response Team|News TV Quick Response Team]]'' *''Pop Talk'' *''Reel Time'' *''[[:en:State of the Nation (Philippine TV program)|State of the Nation with Jessica Soho]]'' *''[[:en:Tonight with Arnold Clavio|Tonight with Arnold Clavio]]'' ====Regional newscasts==== *''24 Oras Ilokano'' (GMA Ilocos) *''24 Oras North Central Luzon'' (GMA Dagupan) *''24 Oras Bikol'' (GMA Bicol) *''24 Oras Western Visayas'' (GMA Iloilo and GMA Bacolod) *''24 Oras Central Visayas'' (GMA Cebu) *''24 Oras Northern Mindanao'' (GMA Northern Mindanao) *''24 Oras Southern Mindanao'' (GMA Davao) =====Defunct regional newscasts===== *''Balitang Amianan'' (GMA 10 Dagupan) *''Balitang Bisdak'' (GMA 7 Cebu) *''Balitang Ilokano'' (GMA 5 Laoag and 48 Ilocos Sur/Abra) *''Baretang Bikol'' (GMA 7 Naga and 12 Legazpi) *''Ratsada'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Ratsada 24 Oras'' (GMA 6 Iloilo and GMA 13 Bacolod) *''Testigo'' (GMA 5 Davao) *''Testigo Northern Mindanao'' (GMA 12 and 35 Cagayan de Oro) ====Regional morning shows==== *''Arangkada'' (GMA Iloilo) *''Buena Mano Balita'' (GMA Cebu) *''Primera Balita'' (GMA Dagupan) *''Una Ka BAI'' (GMA Davao) {{stub}} [[Kaurian:GMA Network]] dzzzn78zjt4jc1cmpiuumioyn1718q1 0 212725 2204266 2099998 2026-04-22T21:59:22Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204266 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Shawn Yao''' ay manunulat at isang tagapagbalita sa [[telebisyon]] na mula sa [[Pilipinas]]. Nagtrabaho siya bilang tapaghatid ng [[balita]] sa [[TV 5]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pep.ph/peparazzi/photos/5579/have-you-seen-the-cutest-beggar-in-ortigas|title=Have you seen the "Cutest Beggar" in Ortigas?|last=Benedicto|first=Rizza|accessdate=Mayo 19, 2017|newspaper=Philippine Entertainment Portal|language=Ingles|archive-date=Mayo 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519104405/http://www.pep.ph/peparazzi/photos/5579/have-you-seen-the-cutest-beggar-in-ortigas|url-status=dead}}</ref> at Bloomberg TV Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bloomberg TV Philippines expects to break even in 2016|url=https://www.rappler.com/business/bloomberg-tv-philippines-break-even-2016|website=Rappler|access-date=2021-08-29|language=en|date=2015-08-13|last=Dela Paz|first=Chrisee|url-status=dead|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829015905/https://www.rappler.com/business/bloomberg-tv-philippines-break-even-2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bloomberg TV Philippines Announces It's Hosts and Program Line-Up|url=https://orangemagazine.ph/2015/bloomberg-tv-philippines-announces-its-hosts-and-program-line-up/|website=Orange Magazine|date=2015-09-05|access-date=2021-08-29|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ilan sa mga programang pambalita sa TV 5 ni Yao ang ''[[Sapul sa Singko]]'', ''TEN: The Evening News'' at ''Lupet''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The new NewsBreakers|url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/young-star/2010/12/17/639614/lifestyle|website=Philstar.com|access-date=2021-08-29|first=Karen|last=Bolilia|date=2010-12-10|url-status=live|publisher=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> Isa rin siyang patnugot ng [[litrato]] at istilo sa [[magasin]] na ''Uno''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Otaku auteur|url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/young-star/2010/09/24/614419/otaku-auteur|website=Philstar.com|access-date=2021-08-29|first=Erwin T.|last=Romulo|date=2010-09-24|url-status=live}}</ref> Isa sa mga naiulat niya ang [[Kasalan|kasal]] nina Prinsipe William at [[Catherine, Dukesa ng Cambridge|Catherine Middleton]] noong Abril 29, 2011 na nakipagtrabaho sa isang kasangguni na nakabatay sa [[Reino Unido]], si William Hanson na regular naitatampok sa [[BBC]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NEWS5 delivers multi-platform royal wedding coverage from London on April 29|url=https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/8058/news5-delivers-multi-platform-royal-wedding-coverage-from-london-on-april-29|website=PEP.ph|access-date=2021-08-29|language=en|date=2011-04-28|url-status=dead|publisher=NEWS5|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829021924/https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/8058/news5-delivers-multi-platform-royal-wedding-coverage-from-london-on-april-29}}</ref> Isa sa hindi malilimutan na istorya ni Yao ay tungkol sa menor de edad na batang lalaki na naaresto sa pagpatay ng dalawa sa [[Valenzuela, Kalakhang Maynila|Valenzuela]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is the most unforgettable person you have interviewed?|url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/sunday-life/2016/12/04/1650061/world|website=Philstar.com|access-date=2021-08-29|first=Mons|last=Romulo|date=2016-12-04|url-status=live|publisher=The Philippine Star}}</ref> ==Mga sangguninan== {{reflist}} [[Kaurian:Mga tagapagbalita]] i9kpgoifljh9lokdkrylyyp2q6pkhrd 0 213134 2204276 1319402 2026-04-22T22:34:28Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204276 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Alulim''' ang unang hari ng [[Eridu]] at ang unang hari ng [[Sumerya]] ayon sa [[talaan ng haring Sumeryo]] na pinagpapalagay na gumagawa sa kanyang ang unang itinalang hari sa daigdig. Si [[Enki]] na diyos ng Eridu ay sinasabing nagdala ng [[kabihasnan]] sa Sumerya sa puntong o sa sandaling bago nito. Ang [[talaan ng haring Sumeryo]] ay may entrada para kay Alulim na: :"Pagkatapos na ang paghahari ay bumaba mula sa langit, ang paghahari ay nasa [[Eridu|Eridug]]. Sa Eridug, si Alulim ay naging hari; siya ay namuno sa loob ng 28,800 taon." Gayunpaman, ito ay nauna sa itinalang kasasysayan ng daigdig na naglalagay ng kanyang pag-iral sa loob ng [[ekstinksiyon]] ng [[Homo neanderthalensis]]. Ang kanyang pangalan ay napanatili sa mga akdang Griyego, Arabe at Persian. {{S-start}} {{S-bef| rows=2 | before=bagong paglikha}} {{S-ttl| title= Unang [[talaan ng haring Sumeryo|Hari ng Sumerya]] | years=bago ang c. 2900 BCE, o maalamat}} {{S-aft| rows=2 | after=[[Alalngar]]}} |- {{S-ttl| title= Unang [[ENSI|Ensi]] ng [[Eridu]] | years=bago ang c. 2900 BCE, o maalamat}} {{s-end}} {{Sumerian King List}} {{Notable Rulers of Sumer}} [[Kategorya:Mga pinuno ng Sumerya]] e0kppw8h181dvv262mqx0s1dckgmx4d 0 224041 2204253 2182146 2026-04-22T19:39:34Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Sickle-cell disease | Image = Sickle cell 01.jpg | Caption = Figure (A) shows normal red blood cells flowing freely through veins. The inset shows a cross section of a normal red blood cell with normal haemoglobin. Figure B shows abnormal, sickled red blood cells log jamming, sticking and accumulating at the branching point in a vein. The inset image shows a cross-section of a sickle cell with long polymerized HbS strands stretching and distorting the cell shape. | DiseasesDB = 12069 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|D|57||d|55}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|282.6}} | OMIM = 603903 | MedlinePlus = 000527 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 2126 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|oph|490}} {{eMedicine2|ped|2096}} {{eMedicine2|emerg|26}} {{eMedicine2|emerg|406}} | MeshName = Sickle+Cell+anemia | MeshNumber = C15.378.071.141.150.150 | GeneReviewsID = sickle | GeneReviewsName= Sickle-cell disease | }} Ang '''sakit na sickle-cell''' ('''SCD'''), o '''sickle-cell anaemia''' ('''SCA''') o '''drepanocytosis''' ay isang [[pagmamana ng katangian|namamanang]] [[diperensiya sa dugo]] na inilalarawan ng mga [[selulang dugong pula]] na may anyong abnormal, matigas na hugis [[karit]]. Ito ay nangyayari dahil sa isang [[mutasyon]] sa [[gene]] ng [[haemoglobin]]. Ang mga indibidwal na may isang kopya ng hindi gumaganang [[gene]] ay nagpapakita ng parehong normal at abnormal na [[haemoglobin]]. Ito ay isang halimbawa ng [[kapwa dominansiya]]. Ang inaasahang tagal ng buhay ng mga meron nito ay umikli. Noong 1994 sa Estados Unidos, ang aberaheng tagal ng buhay ng mga taong meron nito ay mga 42 taong gulang sa mga lalake at 48 taong gulang sa mga babae.,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Platt OS, Brambilla DJ, Rosse WF, ''et al.'' |title=Mortality in sickle cell disease. Life expectancy and risk factors for early death |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=330 |issue=23 |pages=1639–44 |year=1994 |month=June |pmid=7993409 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/330/23/1639 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199406093302303 |issn=0028-4793 |access-date=2013-07-23 |archive-date=2010-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105155059/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/330/23/1639 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gayunpaman, sa kasalukuyan ay maaaring mabuhay hanggang mga 70 taong gulang ang meron nito dahil sa mas mabuting pangangasiwa ng sakit na ito. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ericksontribune.com/2007/10/mds-launch-network-to-treat-sickle-cell/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-07-23 |archive-date=2013-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728112142/http://ericksontribune.com/2007/10/mds-launch-network-to-treat-sickle-cell/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ang sakit na sickle-cell ay nangyayari ng mas karaniwan sa mga tao na ang mga ninuno ay namuhay sa mga rehiyong sub-saharan na tropikal at subtropikal kung saan ang [[malaria]] ay karaniwan. Kung saan ang malaria ay karaniwan, ang pagdadala ng isang gene ng sickle cell([[katangiang sickle cell]]) ay nagbibigay pag-akma sa kapaligirang ito. Sa spesipiko, ang mga taong may isa sa dalawang mga [[allele]] ng sakit na sicke-cell ay nagpapakita ng kaunting mga malalang mga sintomas kapag nahawaan ng [[malaria]]. <ref>{{cite journal|author=Wellems TE, Hayton K, Fairhurst RM|title=The impact of malaria parasitism: from corpuscles to communities|journal=J. Clin. Invest.|volume=119|issue=9|pages=2496–505|year=2009|month=September|pmid=19729847|pmc=2735907|doi=10.1172/JCI38307|url=http://www.jci.org/articles/view/38307|access-date=2013-07-23|archive-date=2018-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614021427/https://www.jci.org/articles/view/38307|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang Sickle-cell anaemia ay isang anyo ng sakit na sickle-cell kung saan may [[homozygote|homozygosity]] para sa [[mutasyon]] na nagsasanhi ng HbS. Ang Sickle-cell anaemia ay tinatawag ring "HbSS", "SS disease", "haemoglobin S" o mga permutayson ng mga pangalang ito. Sa mga taong [[heterozygous]] na mga may isa lamang gene na sickle-cell at isang normal na matandang gene na haemoglobin, ito ay tinatawag na "HbAS" or "sickle cell trait". Ang ibang mas bihirang mga anyo ang mga estadong [[compound heterozygous]] kung saan ang tao ay may isa lamang kopya ng mutasyon na nagsasanhi ng HbS at isang kopya ng isa pang abnormal na [[haemoglobin]] [[allele]]. Ang mga ito ay kinabibilangan ng sakit na sickle-[[haemoglobin C]] (HbSC), sickle beta-plus-[[thalassaemia]] (HbS/β⁺) at sickle beta-zero-thalassaemia (HbS/β⁰). ==Mga tanda at sintomas== [[File:Sickle cells.jpg|thumb|Ang mga selulang sickle cell sa dugo ng tao. Ang parehong normal na mga selulang pulang dugo at mga selulang hugis [[karit]](sickle cell) ay makikita.]] Ang sakit na sickle cell ay maaaring humantong sa mga komplikasyong acute at kroniko na ang ilan ay may mataas na rate ng kamatayan.<ref name="pmid22372205">{{cite journal |author=Malowany JI, Butany J |title=Pathology of sickle cell disease |journal=Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=49–55 |year=2012 |month=February |pmid=22372205 |doi= 10.1053/j.semdp.2011.07.005|url=}}</ref> Ang mga katagang "sickle cell crisis" o "sickling crisis" ay maaaring gamitin upang ilarawan ng ilang mga indepependiyenteng mga kondisyong acute sa mga pasyenteng may sakit na sickle cell. Ito ay nagreresulta sa [[anemia]] at mga krisis na maaaring ng maraming mga uri kabilang ang krisis na vaso-occlusive crisis, [[Reticulocytopenia|krisis na aplastiko]], krisis na sekwestrasyon, krisis na hemolitiko at iba pa. Ang karamihang mga episodyo ng mga krisis na sickle cell ay tumatagal sa pagitan ng 5 at 7 araw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1189|title=BestBets: How long should an average sickle cell crisis last?|accessdate=2010-11-27|archive-date=2010-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617031532/http://bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1189|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang [[vaso-occlusive crisis]] ay sanhi ng mga hugis [[karit]] na mga selulang pulang dugo na humahadlang sa mga [[capillary]] at naglilimita sa pagdaloy ng dugo sa isang organo na nagreresulta sa [[ischemia|ischaemia]], [[kirot]], [[necrosis]] at kadalasan ay ng pinsala sa organo. Ang mga krisis ng pagkirot ay ginagamot ng hidrasyon, mga [[analhesiko]] at [[pagsasalin ng dugo]]. Ang kirot ay nangangailangan ng paglalapat ng [[opiate|opioid]] sa mga regular na interbal hanggang sa ang kirot ay humupa. Para sa mas malalang mga krisis, ito ay nangangailangan ng mga intravenous opoid. <ref name="pmid22164362">{{cite journal |author=Glassberg J |title=Evidence-based management of sickle cell disease in the emergency department |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=1–20; quiz 20 |year=2011 |month=August |pmid=22164362 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Dahil sa masikip na mga vessel at paggawa nito sa paglilinis ng depektibong mga selulang pulang dugo, ang [[spleen]] ay kadalasang naaapektuhan.<ref name="pmid22336781">{{cite journal |author=Anie KA, Green J |title=Psychological therapies for sickle cell disease and pain |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) |volume=2 |issue= |pages=CD001916 |year=2012 |pmid=22336781 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001916.pub2 |url= |editor1-last=Anie |editor1-first=Kofi A}}</ref> Ito ay karaniwang [[infarction|na-infarct]] bago ang pagtatapos ng pagiging bata sa mga indibdiwal na dumaranas ng sickle-cell anemia. Ang [[autosplenectomy]] na ito ay nagpapataas ng panganib ng impeksiyon mula sa [[mga enkapsuladong organismo]]. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Pearson H |title=Sickle cell anemia and severe infections due to encapsulated bacteria |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=136 Suppl|pages=S25–30|year= 1977|pmid=330779|month=Aug|issn=0022-1899|url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/meningitis.html|format=Free full text |doi=10.1093/infdis/136.Supplement.S25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Wong W, Powars D, Chan L, Hiti A, Johnson C, Overturf G|title=Polysaccharide encapsulated bacterial infection in sickle cell anaemia: a thirty year epidemiologic experience|journal=Am J Hematol |volume=39|issue=3|pages=176–82|year=1992|pmid=1546714| doi = 10.1002/ajh.2830390305|month=Mar}}</ref> Ang mga nagpipigil na mga antibiyotiko at mga bakuna ay nirerekomiyenda para sa may [[asplenia]]. Ang ''mga krisis na sekwestrasyong spleniko'' ay acute na mga makikirot na paglaki ng spleen na sanhi ng mga pagsilo na instrapleniko ng mga selulang pulang dugo at nagreresulta sa isang matarik na pagbagsak ng mga lebel ng hemoglobin na may potensiyal para sa hypovolemic shock. Ang mga krisis na sekwestrasyon ay itinuturing na emerhensiya. Kung hindi nagamot, ang pasyenteng meron nito ay mamamatay sa loob ng 1 hanggang 2 oras dahil sa pagkabigo ng sistemang sirkulatoryo.<ref name="pmid19002450">{{cite journal |author=Khatib R, Rabah R, Sarnaik SA |title=The spleen in the sickling disorders: an update |journal=Pediatric Radiology |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=17–22 |year=2009 |month=January |pmid=19002450 |doi=10.1007/s00247-008-1049-9 |url=}}</ref> Ang mga krisis na aplastic ang mga acute na paglala ng baseline anemia ng pasyente na lumilikha ng pamumutla, tachycardia, at fatigue. At krisis na ito ay normal na pinapagana ng [[parvovirus B19]] na direktang umaapekto sa [[erythropoiesis]] sa pamamagitan ng pagsakop sa mga prekursor na pulang selula at pagpaparami sa mga ito at paglipol sa mga ito.<ref>Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009-05-28). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, Professional Edition: Expert Consult - Online (Robbins Pathology) (Kindle Location 33329). Elsevier Health. Kindle Edition. </ref> <ref name="pmid21585562">{{cite journal |author=Slavov SN, Kashima S, Pinto AC, Covas DT |title=Human parvovirus B19: general considerations and impact on patients with sickle-cell disease and thalassemia and on blood transfusions |journal=FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=247–62 |year=2011 |month=August |pmid=21585562 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00819.x |url=}}</ref> Ang mga krisis na haemolytic ang mga acute na bumilis na pagbagsak ng lebel ng haemoglobin. Ang mga selulang pulang dugo ay nasisira sa mas mabilis na rate. Ito ay partikular na karaniwan sa mga pasyenteng may umiiral rin na [[kakulangang G6PD]].<ref name="pmid22264009">{{cite journal |author=Balgir RS |title=Community expansion and gene geography of sickle cell trait and G6PD deficiency, and natural selection against malaria: experience from tribal land of India |journal=Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |month=March |pmid=22264009 |doi= 10.2174/187152512799201190|url=}}</ref> Ang isa sa pinakamaagang mga klinikal na manipestasyon ang [[dactylitis]] na nagpapakita sa mga sanggol na 6 na buwang gulang at maaaring mangyari sa mga batang may katangiang sickle.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jadavji T, Prober CG |title=Dactylitis in a child with sickle cell trait |journal=Can Med Assoc J |volume=132 |issue=7 |pages=814–5 |year=1985 |month=April |pmid=3978504 |pmc=1345873 |doi= |url= |issn=0008-4409}}</ref> Ito ay maaaring tumagal ng hanggang isang buwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/content/abstract/58/8/1161 |access-date=2013-07-24 |archive-date=2009-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411203226/http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/content/abstract/58/8/1161 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ang isa pang nakikilang uri ng krisis na sickle ang [[acute chest syndrome]] na inilalarawan ng trangkaso, kirot sa dibdib, mahirap na paghinga, at pulmonaryong infiltrate sa isang [[chest X-ray]]. Ang anyong heterozygous ([[katangiang sickle cell]]) ay halos palaging asimptomatiko at ang tanging malaking manipestasyon nito ang nakatuon sa batong depekto na nagtatanghal ng [[isosthenuria]]. ==Mga komplikasyon== Ang sickle-cell anaemia ay maaaring humantong sa iba't ibang mga komplikasyon kabilang ang sumusunod: {{colbegin}} * [[Overwhelming post-splenectomy infection|Overwhelming post-(auto)splenectomy infection]] (OPSI) na sanhi ng gumaganang asplenia na sanhi ng mga enkapsuladong mga organismo gaya ng ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'' at ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''. * [[Stroke]] na maaaring magresulta mula sa isang patuloy na pagsikip ng mga vessel ng dugo na nagpipigil sa oksiheno sa pag-abot sa utak ng tao. Ang cerebral infarction ay nangyayari sa mga bata at ang [[cerebral haemorrhage]] ay nangyayari sa mga matatandang tao. * [[Silent stroke]] na isang stroke na hindi nagsasanhi ng mga agarang sintomas ngunit nauugnay sa pinsala sa utak. Ang tinatayang 10–15% ng mga bata na may sakit na sickle cell ay dumadanas ng mga stroke. Ang mga silent stroke ay nananaig sa mga mas batang pasyente. c<ref>{{cite journal |author=Adams RJ, Ohene-Frempong K, Wang W |title=Sickle cell and the brain |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume= 2001|issue= 1|pages=31–46 |year=2001 |pmid=11722977 |url=http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2001/1/31 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2001.1.31}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Adams RJ |title=Big strokes in small persons |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=64 |issue=11 |pages=1567–74 |year=2007 |month=November |pmid=17998439 |doi=10.1001/archneur.64.11.1567 |url=http://archneur.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/64/11/1567}}</ref> * [[Cholelithiasis]] at [[cholecystitis]] na maaaring resulta ng labis na produksiyon ng [[bilirubin]] at presipitasyon sanhi ng tumagal na [[haemolysis]]. * Avascular necrosis ([[aseptic bone necrosis]]) ng balakang at ibang mga pangunahing kasukasuan na maaaring sanhi ng ischaemia.<ref name=avascular>{{cite journal |pmid=15495103 |year=2004 |month=Oct |author=Martí-Carvajal, A; Dunlop, R; Agreda-Perez, L |title=Treatment for avascular necrosis of bone in people with sickle cell disease |volume= |issue=4 |pages=CD004344 |issn= |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004344.pub2 |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |editor1-last=Martí-Carvajal |editor1-first=Arturo J}}</ref> * Nabawasang mga [[immune system|reaksiyong immuno]] dahil sa [[hyposplenism]] (hindi paggana ng spleen).<ref name="pmid7430367">{{cite journal |author=Kenny MW, George AJ, Stuart J |title=Platelet hyperactivity in sickle-cell disease: a consequence of hyposplenism |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Pathology]] |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=622–5 |year=1980 |month=July |pmid=7430367 |pmc=1146172 |doi= 10.1136/jcp.33.7.622|url=http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7430367 |accessdate=2011-03-23}}</ref> * [[Priapism]] at [[infarction]] ng titi.<ref name="pmid21421100">{{cite journal |author=Chrouser KL, Ajiboye OB, Oyetunji TA, Chang DC |title=Priapism in the United States: the changing role of sickle cell disease |journal=[[American Journal of Surgery]] |volume=201 |issue=4 |pages=468–74 |year=2011 |month=April |pmid=21421100 |doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.03.017 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-surgery_2011-04_201_4/page/468}}</ref> * [[Osteomyelitis]] na ang pinakakaraniwang sanhi ng sickle cell disease ang''[[Salmonella]]'' (lalo na sa mga hindi tipikal na serotypes Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella paratyphi B) na sinundan ng''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' at Gram-negative enteric bacilli na marahil ay dahil ang intravascular na pagkakarit ng bituka ay humahantong sa hindi pantay pantay na ischaemic infarction.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Almeida A, Roberts I |title=Bone involvement in sickle cell disease |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=129 |issue=4 |pages=482–90 |year=2005 |month=May |pmid=15877730 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05476.x |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118642709/HTMLSTART |access-date=2013-07-24 |archive-date=2012-12-16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121216133415/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118642709/HTMLSTART |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Ang toleransiya sa [[opioid]] na nangyayari bilang normal na tugong pisiolohikal sa mga gamit na terapeutiko nito. * [[Renal papillary necrosis|Acute papillary necrosis]] sa mga bato. *Mga ulser sa hita.<ref name=Rudge1991>{{cite journal |author=Rudge FW |title=Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in the Treatment of Sickle Cell Leg Ulcers |journal=[[Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society|J. Hyperbaric Med]] |year=1991 |volume=6 |pages=1–4 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4442 |accessdate=2011-03-23 |issue=1 |archive-date=2012-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905195431/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/4442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Sa mga mata, ang likurang retinopatiya, dumadaming retinopatiya, mga pagdudugong vitreous at pagkabaklas ng retina na nagreresulta sa [[pagkabulag]].<ref name="pmid20452638">{{cite journal |author=Elagouz M, Jyothi S, Gupta B, Sivaprasad S |title=Sickle cell disease and the eye: old and new concepts |journal=[[Survey of Ophthalmology]] |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=359–77 |year=2010 |month=July |pmid=20452638 |doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.11.004 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0039-6257(09)00307-5 |accessdate=2011-03-23}}</ref> Regular annual eye checks are recommended. * Sa pagbubuntis, ang [[retardasyon ng paglagong intrauterino]], kusang loob na [[aborsiyon]] at [[pre-eclampsia]]. * Kronikong kirot na kahit sa kawalan ng acute na kirot na vaso-occlusive, ang maraming mga pasyente ay dumadanas ng patuloy na tumatagal na kirot na hindi naiuulat.<ref name="pmid18195334">{{cite journal |author=Smith WR, Penberthy LT, Bovbjerg VE, ''et al.'' |title=Daily assessment of pain in adults with sickle cell disease |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=94–101 |year=2008 |pmid=18195334 |month=Jan |issn=0003-4819 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-148-2-200801150-00004}}</ref> * [[Pulmonary hypertension]] na humahantong sa pagbatak ng [[kanang bentrikulo]] at isang panganib ng [[pagpalya ng puso]]. Ang mga tipikal na sintomas nito ay kakulangan sa hininga, nabawasang toleransiya sa ehersisyo at mga episodyo ng [[Syncope (medicine)|syncope]].<ref name="pmid14985486">{{cite journal |author=Gladwin MT, Sachdev V, Jison ML, ''et al.'' |title=Pulmonary hypertension as a risk factor for death in patients with sickle cell disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=9 |pages=886–95 |year=2004 |month=February |pmid=14985486 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa035477 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa035477#t=article}}</ref> *Kronikong pagkabigo ng bato dahil sa [[nepropatiyang Sickle cell]]. Ito ay nagpapamalas ng [[hypertension]], [[proteinuria]], [[hematuria|haematuria]] at lumalang anaemia.<ref name="pmid1892333">{{cite journal |author=Powars DR, Elliott-Mills DD, Chan L, ''et al.'' |title=Chronic renal failure in sickle cell disease: risk factors, clinical course, and mortality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1991-10-15_115_8/page/614 |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=115 |issue=8 |pages=614–20 |year=1991 |pmid=1892333 |month=Oct |issn=0003-4819 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-115-8-614}}</ref> {{colend}} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{Hematology}} [[Kategorya:Mga diperensiyang autosomal recessive]] deofvrk8wvjwnu0w44yja3zxvwn7k3z 0 227751 2204297 2094240 2026-04-22T23:39:21Z Aubreyjanev 159817 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 2204297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Disyembre 2013}} [[Talaksan:Westland apache wah-64d longbow zj206 arp.jpg|300px|thumbnail]] '''AgustaWestland Ah MK 1 Apache''' ay isang bersiyon ng lisensiya -built ng [[Boeing AH-64 Apache|AH-64D Apache]] pana atake helicopter para sa Army Air Corps ang [[British Army]] ni. Ang unang walong helicopters ay binuo sa pamamagitan ng [[Boeing]]; ang natitirang 59 ay binuo sa pamamagitan ng Westland Helicopters (ngayon bahagi ng AgustaWestland) sa Yeovil, Somerset sa England mula sa Boeing - itinustos kit. Pagbabago mula sa AH-64D isama Rolls-Royce engine, ang isang bagong electronic nagtatanggol aid suite at isang natitiklop na mekanismo na nagpapahintulot sa talim ang British bersiyon upang mapatakbo mula sa ships. Ang helicopter ay pinangalanang " WAH-64 " sa pamamagitan ng Westland Helicopters. Ito ay itinalaga Apache Ah MK 1 (o pinaikling sa Apache AH1) ng Ministry of Tanggulan. Ang Apache ay naging isang nagkakahalaga paraan ng malapit naka suporta sa patuloy na hindi pagkakasundo sa [[Apganistan|Afghanistan]], ini- deploy sa rehiyon simula noong 2006. Ang Apache ay naging isang object ng kontrobersiya sa ibabaw ng agpang ng ilang mga kagamitang militar, tulad ng mga kumpol bomba at thermobaric mga armas. Naval pagsubok at pansamantalang deployments sa dagat napatunayan na ang sasakyang panghimpapawid bilang isang magagawang platform upang mapatakbo mula sa deck ng barko, na kung saan ay isang natatanging aplikasyon ng Apache sa gitna ng mga operator nito. British Apaches almusal sa [[Organisasyon ng Tratado ng Hilagang Atlantiko|NATO]] 2011 interbensiyon militar sa Libya operating mula sa Royal Navy ships. ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{refbegin}} * [http://www.agustawestland.com/system/files/brochures_new_product/ApachePocketbook.pdf "AH Mk1 Apache".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321101149/http://www.agustawestland.com/system/files/brochures_new_product/ApachePocketbook.pdf |date=2012-03-21 }} ''AgustaWestland''. Retrieved 30 Hunyo 2011. * Bishop, Chris and Jim Laurier. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=87E5sejHtlYC&printsec=frontcover "Apache AH-64 Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) 1976–2005".]{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Osprey Publishing'', 2005. ISBN 1-84176-816-2. * Finch, Roger S. [ftp://ftp.rta.nato.int/PubFulltext/AGARD/CP/AGARD-CP-593/16chap11.pdf "Helicopter Certification: The Challenge of Testing UK Apache".]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Boscombe Down: ''Defence Test & Evaluation Organisation'', 1996. * Heyman, Charles. "The British Army Guide". Barnsley: ''Pen & Sword Books'', 2005. ISBN 1-84415-280-4. * Hoyle, Craig. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%201385.html "Apaches At Ready&nbsp;– Despite Delays in Training Pilots for the Boeing/Westland Apache AH1, the British Army has no Reservations about its New Attack Helicopter".] ''Flight International'', 26 Hulyo 2004. pp.&nbsp;58–60. * Lewis, Damien. "Apache Dawn", ''Sphere'', 2009. ISBN 978-0-7515-4191-5. * McGowen, Stanley S. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xLis8p7uLaUC&printsec=frontcover "Helicopters: an illustrated history of their impact".] ''ABC-CLIO'', 2005. ISBN 1-85109-468-7. * National Audit Office. [http://www.nao.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docId=D99839A5-77FD-4227-B4DA-3305D9F7EC56&version=-1 "Building an Air Manoeuver Capability: The Introduction of the Apache Helicopter".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014123506/http://www.nao.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docId=d99839a5-77fd-4227-b4da-3305d9f7ec56&version=-1 |date=2010-10-14 }} London: ''The Stationery Office'', 28 Oktubre 2002. {{refend}} {{refbegin}} * King, Anthony. "The Transformation of Europe's Armed Forces: From the Rhine to Afghanistan". ''Cambridge University Press'', 2011. ISBN 0-521-76094-1. * Macy, Ed. "Hellfire". ''Harper Collins'', 2010. ISBN 0-00-728820-4. * Madison, Charlotte. "Dressed to Kill", ''Headline Review'', 2010. ISBN 0-7553-1962-1. * Ryan, Mike. "Battlefield Afghanistan". ''Spellmount'', 2007. ISBN 1-86227-390-1. * Thornton, Rod. "Asymmetric Warfare: Threat and Response in the Twenty-First Century". ''Polity'', 2005. ISBN 0-7456-3365-X. {{refend}} ==Ugnay Panlabas== {{commons category}} {{commons|AH-64 Apache}} *[http://www.leonardocompany.com/-/apache-ah-mk1 Apache Mk 1 - Leonardo official website] *[http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/aircraft/1531.aspx Westland Apache AH Mk 1 (WAH-64 Apache Longbow)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315075815/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/aircraft/1531.aspx |date=2010-03-15 }} on Army Air Corps [[Kategorya:Helikopter]] 72f1fbf6lydcpa505zszjxoh0rgq850 0 228239 2204451 2087018 2026-04-23T10:00:32Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 85 | number-3 = 085 | name = Al-Burūj | name-ar = البروج | name-tl = Ang mga Dakilang Bituin<ref>{{Cite book|title=Quran Tagalog Filipino in PDF Isinalin sa Wikang Tagalog nina Dr. Aboulkhair S. Tarason Ustadh Badi Udzaman S. Saliao at Muhammad M. Rodrigues Sinuri ni Dr. Muhammad Nadheer Ebil|url=http://archive.org/details/QuranTranslationinTagalogFilipinophilippinelanguage|date=Abril 2010}}</ref> | prev_sura = Quran 84 | next_sura = Quran 86 | classification = Makkan | verses = 22 | words = 109 | letters = 469 }} Ang '''al-Burūj'''<ref name = "Quran 4 U">{{cite web|url=http://www.quran4u.com/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Kathir/085%20Buruj.htm |title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Buruj |work=Quran 4 U|author= Ibn Kathir|access-date=16 Marso 2020|language=ar}}</ref> ({{lang-ar|البروج}}, "Ang mga Dakilang Bituin") ay ang ika-85 kabanata (''[[surah]]'') ng [[Quran]] na may 22 talata (''[[ayat]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://al-quran.info/#85:1 |title=Quran sura 85 at al-quran.info |access-date=2021-07-06 |archive-date=2009-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129090725/http://al-quran.info/#85:1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kadalasang sinasalin ang salitang "Al-Burooj" sa unang talata bilang '[[bituin]]', o mas partikular, 'mga dakilang bituin'.<ref>[http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.arberry/85 Quran sura 85] tingnan ang salin ni Arberry , Pickthall, at Palmer sa Ingles</ref> Ang salitang Al-Burooj ay ang maramihang anyo ng Burj na nangangahulugang [[portipikasyon|kuta]] o tore; isang bagay na makikita mula sa malayo. ==Buod== *'''1-7''' Sinumpang masunog sa apoy ang mga umuusig sa mga naniniwala *'''8-9''' Inuusig ang mga naniniwala para sa kanilang pananampalataya sa Diyos *'''10-12''' Apoy sa impiyerno ang para sa mga taong walang pananampalataya, subalit Paraiso para sa mga naniniwala *'''13-16''' Ang Diyos ang Manlilikha at Pinakamakapangyarihang Pinuno ng Sansinukob *'''17-20''' Mga halimbawang [[Paraon]] at Thamoud upang bigyan babala ang mga tumatanggi sa Quran *'''21''' Pinapanatili ang maluwalhating Quran sa Iningatang Tableta <ref>{{cite book |last1=Wherry |first1=Elwood Morris |title=A Complete Index to Sale's Text, Preliminary Discourse, and Notes |date=1896 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co |location=London|language=en}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Nagbukas ang surah sa isang panunumpa sa langit na puno ng mga bituin: sa langit na naglalaman ng mga dakilang bituin. ==Eksegesis== ===4-8 Mga tao sa hukay=== Nagbigay ng kani-kaniyang iba't ibang mga bersyon ang mga tagapagpaliwanag sa kuwento na tinutukoy sa mga talatang 4–8: pag-uusig ni Dhu Nuwas ng mga [[Kristiyano]] sa [[Yemen]], pag-uusig ni [[Nebuchadnezzar II|Nebuchadnezzar]], at ang mga tao ng hukay. Naitala na sinunog ni Dun Nuwas ang 20,000 Kristiyano ng buhay sa isang nasusunog na hukay dahil tumanggi silang magpalit ng pananampalataya sa [[Hudaismo]].<ref>http://www.islam-universe.com/tafsir_ibn_kathir/85.57762.html{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===22 'iningatang tableta' === Nagsagawa ang mga eksegetas ng Quran ng iba't ibang pagpapakahulugan ng katawagang 'iningatang tableta' sa talata 22. Sa surah na ito, ang ugnayan ng Quran sa 'Iningatang Tableta' ay naiuugnay sa mga bituing 'Al-Buruj' sa kalangitang 'Al-Sama'. Ipinaliwanag ng ilan sa Mu'tazila na unang nilikha ang mga pahayag sa iningatang tableta. Mukhang malapit ang 'Iningatang Tableta' sa isa pang katawagan, ang 'Ina ng lahat ng mga aklat' (''umm al-kitab''), na binanggit sa Ar-Ra'd 13:39 at Az-Zukhruf 43:4.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leaman|first=Oliver|title=The Qur'an : an encyclopedia|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-32639-1|page=346 (By Stefan Wild)|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1134339755}}</ref> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{Koran}} [[Kategorya:Mga Sura]] [[Kategorya:Kabilang buhay]] b03k9qi90c89yhqd5objyvezq4144lq 0 229033 2204236 1856013 2026-04-22T17:04:40Z Niqkscribewondersandwise 142118 added the cast list and aded the new information 2204236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Telenobelang pambata sa Brasil noong 2013}} {{Infobox television |italic_title= Chiquititas |name= Chiquititas |image= |image_size= |image_upright= |image_alt= |alt= |image_class= |caption= |alt_name= |native_name= |genre= Telenobelang pambata<br>[[Komedya]]<br>[[Drama]]<br>[[Musikal]] |creator= |based_on= ''Chiquititas'' ni Cris Morena<br>''Chiquititas 1997'' |inspired_by= |developer= |writer= Íris Abravanel |screenplay= |story= |director= Reynaldo Boury |creative_director= |starring= Giovanna Grigio<br>Manuela do Monte<br>Guilherme Boury<br>[[#Mga Tauhan|Tingnan]] |narrated= |theme_music_composer= |music= |open_theme= Remexe |end_theme= |composer= |country= [[Brasil]] |language= [[Wikang Portuges|Portuges]] |num_seasons= 2 |num_series= |num_episodes= 545 |list_episodes= |executive_producer= |producer= |news_editor= |location= |cinematography= |animator= |editor= |camera= |runtime= 60 |company= |studio= |distributor= |budget= |network= [[SBT]] |channel= [[SBT]] |first_aired= 1 ng Hulyo 2013 |released= |last_aired= 14 ng Agosto 2015 |related= Chiquititas 1995<br>Chiquititas 1997}} {{italic title}} Ang '''''Chiquititas''''' ay isang telenobelang pambata sa [[Brasil]] na ipinalabas sa [[SBT]] mula ika-15 ng Hulyo 2013 hanggang ika-14 ng Agosto 2015. == Mga Tauhan == * Giovanna Grigio — Milena "Mili" de Almeida Campos Pereira * Raissa Chaddad — Beatriz "Bia" Gaspar * Giulia Garcia — Luciana "Ana" Gaspar * Cinthia Cruz — Cristina "Cris" Lima * Gabriella Saraivah — Tatiane "Tati" Gomes * Lívia Inhudes — Viviane "Vivi" Gomes * Gabriel Santana — Felipe "Mosca" Tavares * Júlia Olliver — Patrícia "Pata" Tavares * Gui Vieira — Rubens ''(Binho)'' * Filipe Cavalcante — Rafael ''(Rafa)'' * Carolina Chamberlain — Daniela "Dani" Esteves * Júlia Gomes — Marian Alverte * Pedro Henrique — Thiago Moraes Nunes * Sophia Valverde — Maria Souza de Almeida Campos * Lorena Tucci — Tereza Cristina "Teca" Lins * Donato Veríssimo — Samuel ''(Samuca)'' * Kaik Pereira — Manuel "Neco" Carlos * Manuela do Monte — Carolina "Carol" Correia da Silva Almeida Campos * Guilherme Boury — José Ricardo Almeida Campos Júnior * Carla Fioroni — Ernestina "Ernê" Alves / Matilde Alves * João Acaiabe — Francisco "Chico" Santos Oliveira * Giovanna Gold — Carmen Aparecida Almeida Campos * Naiumi Goldoni — Gabriela "Gabi" Almeida Campos * Amanda Acosta — Letícia "Lê" Esteves * Amanda Furtado — Laura ''(Laurinha)'' * Jottapê — João "Janjão" Costa * Anna Livya Padilha — Januela "Janu" Oliveira * Rafael Miguel — Clausoaldo "Paçoca" Bittencourt [[Kategorya:Drama]] [[Kategorya:Mga serye sa telebisyon mula sa Brazil]] {{stub}} bc9so60oc44nox4xxopi3c8dz6m1015 0 229034 2204235 2204104 2026-04-22T17:03:18Z Niqkscribewondersandwise 142118 changed the date format, replaced "bilang" with an em dash 2204235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Telenobelang pambata sa Brasil}} {{Infobox television |italic_title= Carrossel |name= Carrossel |image= Carrossel logo SBT.png |image_size= |image_upright= |image_alt= |alt= |image_class= |caption= |alt_name= |native_name= |genre= Telenobelang pambata<br>[[Komedya]]<br>[[Drama]] |creator= Íris Abravanel |based_on= Carrusel (telenobelang Mehikano noong 1989) |inspired_by= ''Jacinta Pichimahuida, la Maestra que no se Olvida'' ni Abel Santa Cruz |developer= |writer= |screenplay= |story= |director= Reynaldo Boury |creative_director= |starring= Rosanne Mulholland<br>Larissa Manoela<br>Jean Paulo Campos<br>Maisa Silva |theme_music_composer= |music= |open_theme= ''Carro-céu'' nina Yudi Tamashiro at Priscilla Alcantara |end_theme= ''Carro-céu'' nina Yudi Tamashiro at Priscilla Alcantara |composer= |country= [[Brasil]] |language= [[Wikang Portuges|Portuges]] |num_seasons= |num_series= |num_episodes= 310<br>252 (Bersyong internasyonal) |executive_producer= |producer= |location= |cinematography= |editor= |camera= |runtime= 60 |company= |studio= |distributor= |budget= |network= [[SBT]] |channel= |first_aired= 21 ng Mayo 2012 |released= |last_aired= 26 ng Hulyo 2013 |related=}} {{italic title}} Ang '''''Carrossel''''' ay isang telenobelang pambata sa [[Brasil]] na ipinalabas sa [[SBT]] mula ika-21 ng Mayo 2012 hanggang ika-26 ng Hulyo 2013. == Mga Tauhan == * Rosanne Mulholland — Helena Fernandes * Larissa Manoela — Maria Joaquina Medsen * Jean Paulo Campos — Cirilo Rivera * Maisa Silva — Valéria Ferreira * Nicholas Torres — Jaime Palillo * Stefany Vaz — Carmem Carrilho * Gustavo Daneluz — Mário Ayala * Guilherme Seta — Davi Rabinovich * Thomaz Costa — Daniel Zapata * Lucas Santos — Paulo Guerra * Matheus Ueta — Kokimoto Mishima * Léo Belmonte — Jorge Cavalieri * Ana Vitória Zimmermann — Marcelina Guerra * Fernanda Concon — Alícia Gusman * Aysha Benelli — Laura Gianolli * Konstantino Atan — Adriano Ramos * Victória Diniz — Bibi Smith * Esther Marcos — Margarida Garcia * Noemi Gerbelli — Olívia Veider * Lívia Andrade — Suzana Bustamante * Fernando Benini — Firmino Gonçalves * Márcia de Oliveira — Graça * Gustavo Wabner — Renê Magalhães * Ilana Kaplan — Matilde == Internasyonal na pagsasahimpapawid == Ipinalabas ang ''Carrossel'' sa [[Pilipinas]] sa [[Telenovela Channel]] mula ika-23 ng Oktubre 2017 hanggang ika-8 ng Oktubre 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Carrosel Pilot Episode Airs October 23, 2017 |date= Oktubre 20, 2017 |url=http://telenovelachannel.com/2017/10/carrosel-pilot-episode-airs-october-23-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113153823/http://telenovelachannel.com/2017/10/carrosel-pilot-episode-airs-october-23-2017/ |archive-date= Nobyembre 13, 2017 |access-date= Abril 21, 2026 }}</ref> == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} [[Kategorya:Drama]] [[Kategorya:Mga serye sa telebisyon mula sa Brazil]] {{stub}} 0hfrc9472nf7opl4bl22wh0dviiq3yz 0 236711 2204326 2192277 2026-04-23T03:49:15Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | image_upright = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | alt_name = | native_name = | genre = ''Reality television'' <br/> Interaktibong paligsahan sa pag-awit | creator = {{plainlist| * John de Mol * Roel van Velzen }} | based_on = | inspired_by = | developer = | writer = | screenplay = | story = | director = | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = | judges = | voices = | narrated = | theme_music_composer = | open_theme = | end_theme = | composer = | country = [[Netherlands]] | language = | num_seasons = | num_episodes = | list_episodes = | executive_producer = | producer = | news_editor = | location = | cinematography = | animator = | editor = | camera = | runtime = 22–104 minuto | company = | distributor = [[:en:Tien (TV channel)|Talpa Media Holding]] | budget = | network = | picture_format = | audio_format = | first_run = | released = | first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|09|17}} | last_aired = kasalukuyan | preceded_by = | followed_by = | related = | website = http://talpa.tv/formats/talent/the-voice | website_title = Official website | production_website = | production_website_title = }} Ang '''''The Voice''''' ay isang prangkisa ng tagisan sa pag-awit sa pangrealidad na telebisyon. Ito ay batay sa palabas sa pag-awit na ''[[:en:The Voice of Holland|The Voice of Holland]]'', na orihinal na likha ng Olandes na prodyuser sa telebisyon na si John de Mol. Marami ring mga bansa ang kumuha sa kayarian ng programa at nagsimula ring magsahimpapawid ng kanilang sariling bersiyon mula noong 2011. Naging katunggali ito ng prangkisang ''[[:en:Idols (TV series)|Idols]]'' at ng ''[[The X Factor]]''. == Kasaysayan == Si John de Mol, na siyang maylikha ng ''[[Big Brother (serye sa telebisyon)|Big Brother]]'', ang unang lumikha ng konsepto ng ''The Voice'' katuwang ang Olandes na mang-aawit na si Roel van Velzen. Ipinakikila ng palabas ang kaibahan nito sa ''[[The X Factor]]'' at ''[[:en:Idols (TV series)|Idols]]'', dahil ang ''The Voice'' ay pangunahing nakatutok lamang sa kakayahan at kagalingang taglay ng isang mang-aawit. Noong 17 Setyembre 2010, nagsimulang umere ang ''The Voice of Holland'' sa estasyong RTL 4 kasama sina Angela Groothuizen, Roel van Velzen, Nick & Simon, at Jeroen van der Boom bilang mga huradong gabay o tinatawag na mga "''coaches''" (tagapagsanay) ng programa.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/5601/TV-Radio/article/detail/1944007/2010/09/17/John-de-Mol-bedacht-The-Voice-uit-jaloezie.dhtml | title=John de Mol bedacht The Voice uit jaloezie | publisher=Algemeen Dagblad | date=17 Set 2010 | accessdate=11 Hun 2014 | language=Olandes}}</ref> Agad naging matagumpay ang programa sa [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.parool.nl/parool/nl/38/MEDIA/article/detail/1015258/2010/09/18/The-Voice-of-Holland-succesvol-van-start.dhtml | title=The Voice of Holland successfully launched | publisher=Parool | date=18 Set 2010 | accessdate=11 Hun 2014 | language=Olandes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metronieuws.nl/nieuws/the-voice-of-holland-succesvol-van-start/xlkjir!tnywhEfc8b%40Szm3JHyNYNQ/ | title=The Voice of Holland succesvol van start | publisher=Metro International | date=18 Set 2010 | accessdate=11 Hun 2014 | language=Olandes | archive-date=2014-07-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714214957/http://www.metronieuws.nl/nieuws/the-voice-of-holland-succesvol-van-start/xlkjir!tnywhEfc8b%40Szm3JHyNYNQ/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Kinalaunan, ang kayarian ng palabas ay ipinagbili sa iba't-ibang mga bansa. == Mga bersiyon sa iba't-ibang bansa == [[File:The Voice world map.png|thumb|center|800px|Lugar ng mga bersiyon ng ''The Voice'': {{legend|#ED1C24|May sariling bersiyon ng ''The Voice''}} {{legend|#FFA500|May sariling bersiyon ng parehong ''The Voice'' at ''The Voice Kids''}} {{legend|#FFC0CB|Bahagi ng panrehiyon o multinasyunal na bersiyon ng ''The Voice''}} {{legend|#FA8072|Bahagi ng panrehiyon o multinasyunal na bersiyon ng ''The Voice'' at ''The Voice Kids''}} ]] Mula noong nag-umpisa ang ''The Voice'', nakapaglabas na ang prangkisa ng 114 na mga nagwagi. Ang kasalukuyang nanalo ay mula sa ''The Voice Brasil'', na sina Danilo Reis & Rafael, ang unang tambalang nagwagi sa kasaysayan ng ''The Voice''. Samantalang sa ''The Voice Kids'' naman, nakapaglabas na ito ng 21 mga nagwagi. Ang kasalukuyang nanalo ay mula sa ''La Voz Kids Colombia'', si Ivanna Garcia. :{{colorbox|#F0F8FF}} Prangkisa na may kasalukuyang ineereng edisyon :{{colorbox|#FFFFCC}} Prangkisang may paparating na edisyon {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:18px; width:100%;" |- ! scope="col" width="12%" | {{nowrap|Bansa/Rehiyon}} ! scope="col" width="15%" | Lokal na pamagat ! scope="col" width="10%" | Network ! scope="col" width="23%" | Mga nagwagi ! scope="col" width="20%" | Mga ''coaches'' ! scope="col" width="20%" | Mga punong-abala |- | style="background:#F0F8FF;" align="left" | {{Flag|Afghanistan}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mobygroup.com/news/92-news-2013/665-the-voice-of-afghanistan | title='The Voice of Afghanistan' on TOLO TV: TELEVISION’S TOP GLOBAL SHOW SET TO LAUNCH IN AFGHANISTAN | publisher=''Moby Group'' | accessdate=12 June 2013 | archive-date=23 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523114619/http://www.mobygroup.com/news/92-news-2013/665-the-voice-of-afghanistan | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/editienl/nieuw-voice-afghanistan | title=Nieuw: The Voice of Afghanistan | publisher=''[[RTL Nieuws]]'' | accessdate=18 June 2013 | language=Dutch | archive-date=2 Hunyo 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602142416/http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/editienl/nieuw-voice-afghanistan | url-status=dead }}</ref> | ''آواز افغانستان''<br><small>''The Voice of Afghanistan''</small> | [[Tolo TV]]<br><small>[http://thevoiceafghanistan.com/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528230557/http://thevoiceafghanistan.com/ |date=2013-05-28 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2013: Jawed Yosufi * Season 2, 2014: Najibullah Shirzad }} | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Obaid Juenda * Qais Ulfat * [[Fereshta Samah]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * Nazir Khara * '''Former''' * [[Aryana Sayeed]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Omid Nezami <small>(''2–'')</small> * Khadija Sadat <small>(Backstage)</small> * '''Former''' * Ahmad Popal }} |- | align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Albania}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gazetaonline.net/informacione/kulture/fillon-%E2%80%9Cthe-voice-of-albania-vokali%E2%80%9D/ | title=Fillon "The Voice of Albania-Vokali" | publisher=''Gazeta Online'' | accessdate=18 June 2013 | language=Albanian }}{{Dead link|date=Septiyembre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br>{{flag|Kosovo}} | ''[[The Voice of Albania]]''{{ref|1|1}} | rowspan="2" | [[Top Channel]]<br><small>[http://www.top-channel.tv/thevoice/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513045137/http://www.top-channel.tv/thevoice/ |date=2013-05-13 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2011–12: Rina Bilurdagu * Season 2, 2012–13: Venera Lumani * Season 3, 2013–14: Florent Abrashi * Season 4, 2014–15: ''Current season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Elsa Lila]] <small>(''4–'')</small> * Genc Salihu <small>(''4–'')</small> * Alma Bektashi * Sidrit Bejleri * '''Former''' * [[Elton Deda]] <small>(''1–3'')</small> * [[Aurela Gaçe]] <small>(''3'')</small> * [[Miriam Cani]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Ledion Liço }} |- | ''The Voice Kids Albania'' | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2013: Rita Thaçi }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Alma Bektashi * [[Elton Deda]] * Altin Goci }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Xhemi Shehu }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" | {{Flag|Angola}}<ref name="Angola">{{cite web | url=http://www.talpa.tv/news/angola-and-chile-join-list-of-voice-countries | title=Angola and Chile join list of Voice countries | publisher=''[[Tien (TV channel)|Talpa]]'' | accessdate=3 May 2014 | archive-date=6 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083426/http://www.talpa.tv/news/angola-and-chile-join-list-of-voice-countries | url-status=dead }}</ref><br>{{Flag|Mozambique}} | ''A Voz de Angola''{{ref|4|4}}<br><small>''The Voice of Angola''</small> | Banda TV | {{plainlist| * Season 1, TBA: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * ''To be determined'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * ''To be determined'' }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" | {{flag|Arab League|name=Arab World}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mbc.net/ar/programs/the-voice.html | title=The Voice أحلى صوت | publisher=''[[Middle East Broadcasting Center|MBC1]]'' | accessdate=12 June 2013 |language=Arabic}}</ref> | ''[[The Voice Ahla Sawt|The Voice أحلى صوت]]''<br><small>''The Voice: Best Voice''</small> | [[Middle East Broadcasting Center|MBC1]]<br><small>[http://www.mbc.net/ar/programs/the-voice-s2.html Website]</small> <br>[[LBCI]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2012: {{flagicon|Morocco}} Mourad Bouriki * Season 2, 2013–14: {{flagicon|Iraq}} Sattar Saad }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Kazem al-Saher]] * [[Saber Rebaï]] * [[Sherine]] * [[Assi El Helani]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Mohammad Kareem * Aimée Sayah <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Nadine Njeim]] <small>(Backstage)</small> * '''Former''' * Arwa Goudeh <small>(''1'')</small> }} |- | align="left" |{{Flag|Argentina}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1532875-gustavo-corvalan-la-voz-argentina | title=Gustavo Corvalán, La Voz Argentina | publisher=''[[La Nación]]'' | date=2 December 2012 | accessdate=18 June 2013 | language=Spanish | archive-date=6 Oktubre 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110542/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1532875-gustavo-corvalan-la-voz-argentina | url-status=dead }}</ref> | ''[[La Voz... Argentina]]''<br><small>''The Voice... Argentina''</small> | [[Telefe]]<br><small>[http://lavoz.telefe.com/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929100252/http://lavoz.telefe.com/ |date=2012-09-29 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2012: Gustavo Corvalán }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Axel (singer)|Axel]] * [[Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[Miranda!]] * [[José Luis Rodríguez (singer)|"El Puma" Rodríguez]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]] * Luli Fernández <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" | {{Flag|Armenia}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.armstar.am/am/news/?n=1071 | title=hy:՛՛Հայաստանի ձայնը՛՛ Մերի Մնջոյանն է | publisher=''ArmStar News'' | date=31 March 2013 | accessdate=18 June 2013 | language=Armenian | archive-date=25 Marso 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325175918/http://www.armstar.am/am/news?n=1071 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | ''[[The Voice of Armenia|Հայաստանի ձայնը]]''<br>''<small>Voice of Armenia</small>'' | [[Armenia TV]]<br><small>[http://thevoice.armeniatv.am/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904013523/http://thevoice.armeniatv.am/ |date=2012-09-04 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2012–13: Mary Mnjoyan * Season 2, 2013:{{flagicon|Georgia}} Ana Khanchalyan * Season 3, 2014: [[Raisa Avanessian]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Sona <small>(''1, 3–'')</small> * [[Hayko]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Armen Martirosyan (musician)|Armen Martirosyan]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * [[Eva Rivas]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Arto Tunçboyaciyan]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Sofi Mkheyan]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Tata Simonyan]] <small>(''1'')</small> * Shushan Petrosyan <small>(''2'')</small> * [[Michael Poghosyan]] <small>(''2'')</small> * Kristiné Pepelyan <small>(''2'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Nazeni Hovhannisyan * Rafael Ghazaryan * Hakob Hakobyan <small>(Backstage)</small> * Hrach Muradyan <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Australia}}<ref name="Pop sugar 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.popsugar.com.au/Voice-Australia-2012-Highlights-Memorable-Moments-23563516 | title=The Voice 2012: Highlights and Memorable Performances | publisher=''[[PopSugar]]'' | date=18 June 2012 | accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> | ''[[The Voice (Australian TV series)|The Voice]]'' | rowspan="2" | [[Nine Network]]<br><small>[http://www.thevoice.com.au/ Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice (Australia series 1)|Season 1, 2012]]: [[Karise Eden]] * [[The Voice (Australia series 2)|Season 2, 2013]]: [[Harrison Craig]] * [[The Voice (Australia series 3)|Season 3, 2014]]: [[Anja Nissen]] * [[The Voice (Australia series 4)|Season 4, 2015]]: [[Ellie Drennan]] * [[The Voice (Australia series 5)|Season 5, 2016]]: [[Alfie Arcuri]] * [[The Voice (Australia series 6)|Season 6, 2017]]: [[Judah Kelly]] * [[The Voice (Australia series 7)|Season 7, 2018]]: [[Sam Perry]] * [[The Voice (Australia series 8)|Season 8, 2019]]: [[Diana Rouvas]] * [[The Voice (Australia series 9)|Season 9, 2020]]: [[Chris Sebastian]] * [[The Voice (Australia series 10)|Season 10, 2021]]: [[Bella Taylor Smith]] * Season 11, 2022: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Guy Sebastian]] <small>(''8-'')</small> * [[Keith Urban]] <small>(''1, 10-'')</small> * [[Jessica Mauboy]] <small>(''10-'')</small> * [[Rita Ora]] <small>(''10-'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Joel Madden]] <small>(''1-3'')</small> * [[will.i.am]] <small>(''3'')</small> * [[Kylie Minogue]] <small>(''3'')</small> * [[Ricky Martin]] <small>(''2-4'')</small> * [[Jessie J]] <small>(''4-5'')</small> * [[Joel Madden|Joel]] & [[Benji Madden]] <small>(''4-5'')</small> * [[Ronan Keating]] <small>(''5'')</small> * [[Seal (musician)|Seal]] <small>(''1-2, 6'')</small> * [[Joe Jonas]] <small>(''7'')</small> * [[Delta Goodrem]] <small>(''1-2, 4-9'')</small> * [[Boy George]] <small>(''6-9'')</small> * [[Kelly Rowland]] <small>(''6-9'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Sonia Kruger]] <small>(''4-8, 10-'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Faustina Agolley]] <small>(Backstage, ''1-2'')</small> * [[Darren McMullen]] <small>(''1-4, 9'')</small> * [[Renee Bargh]] <small>(''9'')</small> }} |- | ''[[The Voice Kids (Australian TV series)|The Voice Kids]]''<ref>{{cite web|last=Knox|first=David|title=The Voice Kids coming to Nine in 2014|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2013/08/the-voice-kids-coming-to-nine-in-2014.html|work=TV Tonight|accessdate=15 August 2013|date=15 August 2013}}</ref> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice Kids (Australia series 1)|Season 1, 2014]]: Alexa Curtis }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Delta Goodrem]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Mel B]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Joel Madden|Joel]] & [[Benji Madden]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Darren McMullen]] <small>(''1'')</small> * Prinnie Stevens <small>(''backstage, 1'')</small> }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" | {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}<ref name="Upcoming franchises">{{cite web | url=http://www.onscreenasia.com/article/the-voice-goes-to-india-croatia-azerbaijan-and-pakistan/15330 | title="The Voice" goes to India, Croatia, Azerbaijan and Pakistan | publisher=''Onscreen Asia'' | date=31 August 2014 | accessdate=1 September 2014 | author=Priscilla Hendriks | archive-date=25 Oktubre 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025100443/http://www.onscreenasia.com/article/the-voice-goes-to-india-croatia-azerbaijan-and-pakistan/15330 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | ''The Voice Azerbaijan'' | [[Zee TV]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, TBA: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * ''To be determined'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * ''To be determined'' }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" rowspan="3" | {{Flag|Belgium}} | ''[[The Voice Belgique]]'' <small>(Wallonia)</small><br><small>''The Voice Belgium''</small> | [[La Une]]<br><small>[http://www.rtbf.be/thevoice/ Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2011–12: [[Roberto Bellarosa]] * Season 2, 2013: David Madi * Season 3, 2014: Laurent Pagna }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Chimene Badi]] <small>(''4–'')</small> * [[Jali]]<small> (''4–'')</small> * Beverly Jo Scott <!---DO NOT ADD THIS ANYMORE "<small>(''1–'')</small>" SINCE HE IS A ORIGINAL COACH AND IS CURRENTLY STILL PART OF THE FRANCHISE!---> * [[Stanislas (singer)|Stanislas]] <small>(''4–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Lio]] <small>(''1'')</small> * Joshua <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Quentin Mosimann]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> * [[Natasha St-Pier]] <small>(''2–3'')</small> * [[Marc Pinilla]]<small> (''2–3'')</small> * [[Bastian Baker]] <small>(''3'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Maureen Louys]] * Adrien Devyver <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | ''[[The Voice van Vlaanderen]]'' <small>(Flanders)</small><br><small>''The Voice of Flanders''</small> | rowspan="2" | [[vtm]]<br><small>[http://vtm.be/the-voice-van-vlaanderen Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice van Vlaanderen (season 1)|Season 1, 2011–12]]: Glenn Claes * [[The Voice van Vlaanderen (season 2)|Season 2, 2013]]: Paulien Mathues * Season 3, 2014: Tom De Man }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Koen Wauters]] * [[Bent Van Looy]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * [[Regi Penxten]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * [[Axelle Red]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Alex Callier]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> * [[Natalia Druyts]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> * [[Jasper Steverlinck]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[An Lemmens]] * Sean Dhondt <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | ''The Voice Kids'' <small>(Flanders)</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2014: Mentissa Aziza }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Natalia Druyts * [[Regi Penxten]] * Sean D'hondt }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * An Lemmens }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left"| {{Flag|Brazil}} | ''[[The Voice Brasil]]'' | [[Rede Globo]]<br><small>[http://tvg.globo.com/programas/the-voice-brasil/ Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice Brasil (season 1)|Season 1, 2012]]: [[Ellen Oléria]] * [[The Voice Brasil (season 2)|Season 2, 2013]]: Sam Alves * [[The Voice Brasil (season 3)|Season 3, 2014]]: Danilo Reis & Rafael * Season 4, 2015 ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Lulu Santos]] * [[Carlinhos Brown]] * [[Claudia Leitte]] * [[Daniel (Brazilian singer)|Daniel]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Tiago Leifert * [[Fernanda Souza]]<br><small>(Backstage, ''3–'')</small> * '''Former''' * Miá Mello<br><small>(Backstage, ''2'')</small> * [[Daniele Suzuki]] <small>(Backstage, ''1'')</small> }} |- | align="left" | {{Flag|Bulgaria}} | ''[[Glasat na Bulgaria|Гласът на България]]''<br><small>''The Voice of Bulgaria''</small> | [[bTV (Bulgaria)|bTV]]<br><small>[http://www.glasatnabulgaria.bg/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105002058/http://www.glasatnabulgaria.bg/ |date=2012-01-05 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2011: Steliyana Hristova * Season 2, 2013: Ivailo Donkov * Season 3, 2014: Kristina Ivanova }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Miroslav Kostadinov]] * [[DesiSlava]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * Atanas Penev <small>(''3–'')</small> * Orlin Goranov <small>(''3–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Preslava]] <small>(''2'')</small> * Victoria Terziyska <small>(''2'')</small> * Yordan Karadzhov <small>(''2'')</small> * [[Ivana (singer)|Ivana]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Mariana Popova]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Kiril Marichkov]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Marten Roberto <small></small> * Victoria Terziyska <small>(''1, 3–'')</small> * '''Former''' * Yana Marinova <small>(''2'')</small> }} |- | style="background:#F0F8FF;" align="left" | {{Flag|Cambodia}} | ''[[The Voice Cambodia]]'' | Hang Meas HDTV<br><small>[http://thevoicecambodia.com/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212953/http://thevoicecambodia.com/ |date=2014-07-14 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2014: Buth Seiha * Season 2, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Aok Sokunkanha<ref name="Cambodia Coaches">{{cite web | url=http://www.camnews.com.kh/news/detail/84935/the-voice-cambodia-going-to-audition-soon | title=កំពូលតារាចំរៀង ៤ រូបរបស់ ហង្សមាសក្លាយជា គ្រូបង្វឹករបស់កម្មវិធី The Voice Cambodia | publisher=''Camnews'' | date=28 January 2014 | accessdate=11 June 2014 | language=Khmer | archive-date=6 Mayo 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506165208/http://www.camnews.com.kh/news/detail/84935/the-voice-cambodia-going-to-audition-soon | url-status=dead }}</ref> * Pich Sophea<ref name="Cambodia Coaches"/> * Chhorn Sovannareach<ref name="Cambodia Coaches"/> * Nop Bayarith<ref name="Cambodia Coaches"/> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Chea Vibol * Chan Keonimol }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" | {{Flag|Canada}} | ''[[La Voix]]''<br><small>(French)</small><br><small>''The Voice''</small> | [[TVA (Canada)|TVA]]<br>[http://tva.canoe.ca/emissions/lavoix/accueil Website]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2013: Valérie Carpentier * Season 2, 2014: Yoan Garneau * Season 3, 2015: ''Current season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Marc Dupré]] <small></small> * [[Isabelle Boulay]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Eric Lapointe (singer)|Eric Lapointe]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Pierre Lapointe]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Marie-Mai]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Ariane Moffatt]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Jean-Pierre Ferland]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Louis-Jean Cormier]] <small>(''2'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Charles Lafortune]] }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" | {{Flag|Chile}} | ''The Voice Chile''<br> | [[Canal 13 (Chile)|Canal 13]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2015: ''Upcoming season''<ref name="Angola"/> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * ''To be determined'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Sergio Lagos }} |- | rowspan="2" align="left" | {{Flag|China}} | ''{{nowrap|[[The Voice of China|The Voice of China: {{noitalics|中国好声音}}]]}}''<br><small>''The Voice of China: China's Best Voice''</small> | {{nowrap|{{Flag icon|China}} [[Zhejiang Television|Zhejiang TV]]}}<br>{{nowrap|{{Flag icon|Malaysia}} [[8TV (Malaysia)|8TV]]{{ref|2|2}}}}<br>{{nowrap|{{Flag icon|Singapore}} [[MediaCorp Channel 8|Channel 8]]{{ref|2|2}}}}<small><br>[http://haoshengyin.cztv.com/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917005818/http://haoshengyin.cztv.com/ |date=2012-09-17 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice of China (season 1)|Season 1, 2012]]: [[Liang Bo]] * [[The Voice of China (season 2)|Season 2, 2013]]: Li Qi * [[The Voice of China (season 3)|Season 3, 2014]]: [[Zhang Bichen]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Yang Kun]] <small>(''1, 3–'')</small> * [[Wang Feng (singer)|Wang Feng]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Na Ying]] * [[Chyi Chin]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * '''On hiatus''' * [[A-mei|"A-mei" Zhang Huimei]] <small>(''2'')</small> * [[Harlem Yu|Harlem Yu Chengqing]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Liu Huan]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | <!---Please do not include guest presenters!---> {{plainlist| * Hua Shao }} |- | ''The Voice Kids''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.talpa.tv/News/Detail/articles/youku-tudou-obtains-exclusive-right-to-the-voice-kids-format-in-china | title=Youku Tudou Obtains Exclusive Right to The Voice Kids Format in China | publisher=''Talpa'' | date=November 6, 2014 | accessdate=January 18, 2015 | archive-date=18 Enero 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118104601/http://www.talpa.tv/News/Detail/articles/youku-tudou-obtains-exclusive-right-to-the-voice-kids-format-in-china | url-status=dead }}</ref> | [[Youku Tudou]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, TBA: ''Upcoming season'' }} | {{plainlist| * ''To be determined'' }} | {{plainlist| * ''To be determined'' }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Colombia}} | ''[[La Voz Colombia]]''<br><small>''The Voice Colombia''</small> | rowspan="2" | [[Caracol Television]]<br><small>[http://www.caracoltv.com/lavozcolombia Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2012: [[Miranda (Colombian singer)|Miranda]] * Season 2, 2013: Camilo Martínez }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Fanny Lú]] * [[Gilberto Santa Rosa]] * [[Ricardo Montaner]] * [[Andres Cepeda]] * '''Former''' * [[Carlos Vives]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Alejandro Palacio * Linda Palma * Diego Saenz <small>(Backstage)</small> * '''Former''' * [[Carlos Ponce]] }} |- | ''La Voz Kids''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mundonets.com/farandula/la-voz-kids-sera-producida-por-el-canal-caracol/ | title="La Voz Kids" será producida por el Canal Caracol | publisher=''Mundonets'' | accessdate=15 March 2014 | language=Spanish | archive-date=24 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324084846/http://www.mundonets.com/farandula/la-voz-kids-sera-producida-por-el-canal-caracol | url-status=dead }}</ref><br><small>''The Voice Kids''</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2014: Ivanna García }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Fanny Lú]] * [[Andres Cepeda]] * [[Maluma (singer)|Maluma]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Alejandro Palacio * Linda Palma }} |- | style="background:#F0F8FF;" align="left" | {{Flag|Croatia}} | ''The Voice-Najljepši glas Hrvatske''<br><small>''The Voice-The most beautiful voice of Croatia''</small> | [[Croatian Radiotelevision|HRT]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2015: ''Current season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Indira Levak]] <!---NOTE: No need to add <small>(''1–'')</small> when the coach is an original coach and is part of the show since it had started---> * [[Ivan Dečak]] <!---NOTE: No need to add <small>(''1–'')</small> when the coach is an original coach and is part of the show since it had started---> * [[Jacques Houdek]] * [[Tony Cetinski]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Ivan Vukušić * Iva Šulentić }} |- | style="background:#F0F8FF;" align="left" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}}<br>{{Flag|Slovakia}} | ''[[Hlas Česko Slovenska]]''<br><small>''The Voice of Czecho Slovakia''</small> | {{Flagicon|Czech}} [[TV Nova (Czech Republic)|TV Nova]]<br><small>[http://hlascs.nova.cz/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807183205/http://hlascs.nova.cz/ |date=2014-08-07 }}</small><br>{{Flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Markíza]]<br><small>[http://hlascs.markiza.sk/uvod Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311035828/http://hlascs.markiza.sk/uvod |date=2012-03-11 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * [[Hlas Česko Slovenska 2012|Season 1, 2012]]: Ivanna Bagová * [[Hlas Česko Slovenska 2014|Season 2, 2014]]: Lenka Hrůzová }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Josef Vojtek * [[Michal David]] * [[Dara Rolins]] & [[Marta Jandová]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Majk Spirit]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * Rytmus <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Leoš Mareš * Tina }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Denmark}} | ''[[Voice – Danmarks største stemme]]''<br><small>''Voice – The Biggest Voice of Denmark''</small> | rowspan="2" | [[TV 2 (Denmark)|TV 2]]<br><small>[http://v.tv2.dk/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231135514/http://v.tv2.dk/ |date=2011-12-31 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2011–12: [[Kim Wagner]] * Season 2, 2012: Emilie Paevatalu }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Xander Linnet]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Sharin Foo]] * [[L.O.C. (rapper)|LOC]] * [[Lene Nystrøm]] * '''Former''' * [[Sort Sol (band)|Steen Jørgensen]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Morten Resen * Sigurd Kongshøj Larsen <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | ''Voice Junior'' | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2014: Melina * Season 2, 2014: Aland }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Joey Moe]] * [[Oh Land]] * [[Wafande]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Mikkel Kryger }} |- | align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Finland}} | ''[[The Voice of Finland]]'' | rowspan="2" | [[Nelonen]]<br><small>[http://www.nelonen.fi/ohjelmat/the-voice-of-finland Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice of Finland (season 1)|Season 1, 2011–12]]: Mikko Sipola * [[The Voice of Finland (season 2)|Season 2, 2013]]: Antti Railio * [[The Voice of Finland (season 3)|Season 3, 2014]]: Siru Airistola * Season 4, 2015: ''Current season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Michael Monroe]] * Olli Lindholm <small>(''4–'')</small> * [[Tarja Turunen]] <small>(''4–'')</small> * [[Redrama]] <small>(''4–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Elastinen]] <small>(''1–3'')</small> * [[Lauri Tähkä]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> * [[Paula Koivuniemi]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> * Anne Mattila <small>(''3'')</small> * Mira Luoti <small>(''3'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Axl Smith * Jenni Alexandrova <small>(Backstage, ''3–'')</small> * '''Former''' * Tea Khalifa <small>(Backstage, ''2'')</small> * Kristiina Komulainen <small>(Backstage, ''1'')</small> }} |- | ''The Voice Kids'' | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2013: Molly Rosenström * Season 2, 2014: ''Current season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Krista Siegfrids]] * [[Diandra Flores]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Arttu Wiskari]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Elastinen]] <small>(''1'')</small> * Mira Luoti <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Axl Smith * Tea Khalifa }} |- | style="background:#F0F8FF;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|France}} | ''[[The Voice: la plus belle voix]]''<br>''<small>The Voice: The Prettiest Voice</small>'' | rowspan="2" | [[TF1]]<br><small>[http://www.tf1.fr/the-voice/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303223037/http://www.tf1.fr/the-voice/ |date=2012-03-03 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2012: [[Stéphan Rizon]] * Season 2, 2013: [[Yoann Fréget]] * Season 3, 2014: [[Kendji Girac]] * Season 4, 2015: ''Current season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Florent Pagny]] <small></small> * [[Jenifer (singer)|Jenifer]] <small></small> * [[Mika (singer)|Mika]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * [[Zazie]] <small>(''4–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Louis Bertignac]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> * [[Garou (singer)|Garou]] <small>(''1–3'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Nikos Aliagas * Karine Ferri <small>(Backstage, ''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * Virginie de Clausade <small>(Backstage, ''1'')</small> }} |- | ''The Voice Kids''<ref name="France Kids">{{cite web | url=http://lci.tf1.fr/people/the-voice-se-decline-dans-une-version-pour-les-6-15-ans-the-voice-8261617.html | title=The Voice se décline dans une version pour les 6 – 15 ans : The Voice kids | publisher=''[[TF1]]'' | date=9 September 2013 | accessdate=15 March 2014 | language=French | archive-date=23 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223095117/http://lci.tf1.fr/people/the-voice-se-decline-dans-une-version-pour-les-6-15-ans-the-voice-8261617.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2014: Carla * Season 1, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Jenifer (singer)|Jenifer]] <small></small> * [[Louis Bertignac]] <small></small> * [[Patrick Fiori]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Garou (singer)|Garou]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Nikos Aliagas<ref name="France Kids"/> * Karine Ferri<ref name="France Kids"/> }} |- | align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Georgia}} | ''[[The Voice of Georgia|ახალი ქართული ხმა]]''<br><small>''The Voice of Georgia''</small> | rowspan="2" | [[Imedi TV]]<br><small>[http://www.voice.ge Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice of Georgia#Season 1 (2012–2013)|Season 1, 2012–13]]: Salome Katamadze * [[The Voice of Georgia#Season 2 (2013–2014)|Season 2, 2013–14]]: [[Mariam Chachkhiani]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| *'''Current''' * Dato Porchkhidze * Maia Darsmelidze <small>(''2–'')</small> * Stephane Mgebrishvili <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Lela Tsurtsumia]] <small>(''2–'')</small> *'''Former''' * Merab Sepashvili <small>(''1'')</small> * Stephane & Maia <small>(''1'')</small> * Nino Chkheidze <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Duta Skhirtladze * Anna Imedashvili }} |- | ''ახალი საბავშო ხმა''<br><small>''The Voice Kids''</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2013: Reziko Didebashvili }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Dato Porchkhidze * Eka Kakhiani * Stephane Mgebrishvili }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Samory Balde * Ruska Makashvili }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Germany}} | ''[[The Voice of Germany]]'' | [[ProSieben]]<br>[[Sat.1]]<br><small>[http://www.the-voice-of-germany.de/ Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice of Germany (season 1)|Season 1, 2011–12]]: [[Ivy Quainoo]] * [[The Voice of Germany (season 2)|Season 2, 2012]]: {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Nick Howard]] * [[The Voice of Germany (season 3)|Season 3, 2013]]: [[Andreas Kümmert]] * Season 4, 2014: Charley Ann Schmutzler * Season 5, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| *'''Current''' * [[Rea Garvey]] <small>(''1–2, 4–'')</small> * [[Samu Haber]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * [[Michael Beck (singer)|Michael Beck]] & [[Smudo]] <small>(''4–'')</small> * [[Silbermond|Stefanie Kloss]] <small>(''4–'')</small> *'''Former''' * [[Xavier Naidoo]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> * [[Nena]] <small>(''1–3'')</small> * [[The BossHoss]] <small>(''1–3'')</small> * [[Max Herre]] <small>(''3'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Thore Schölermann]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * Doris Golpashin <small>(Backstage)</small> * '''Former''' * [[Stefan Gödde]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} |- | ''[[The Voice of Germany|The Voice Kids]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://top.de/news/87Km-henning-wehland-lena-meyer-landrut-tim-bendzko-voice-kids-jury | title=Henning Wehland, Lena Meyer-Landrut & Tim Bendzko sind die Voice Kids-Jury | publisher=''Top.de'' | date=4 March 2013 | accessdate=21 June 2013 | language=German}}</ref> | [[Sat.1]]<br><small>[http://www.sat1.de/tv/the-voice-kids Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2013: {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} Michèle Bircher * Season 2, 2014: Danyiom Mesmer * Season 3, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Mark Forster <small>(''3–'')</small> * Johannes Strate <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Lena Meyer-Landrut]] * '''Former''' * Henning Wehland <small>(''1–2'')</small> * Tim Bendzko <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Thore Schölermann]] * Chantal Janzen <small>(''Backstage, 3-)</small> * Marc van Velzen <small>(''Backstage, 3-)</small> * '''Former''' * Aline von Drateln <small>(''Backstage, 1'')</small> * Nela Lee <small>(''Backstage, 2'')</small> }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Greece}}<br>{{Flag|Cyprus}} | ''[[The Voice of Greece]]''{{ref|3|3}} | rowspan="2" | [[ANT1]]<br><small>[http://beta.antenna.gr/theVoice/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114153648/http://beta.antenna.gr/theVoice/ |date=2013-11-14 }}</small> | {{plainlist| *[[The Voice of Greece (season 1)|Season 1, 2014]]: [[Maria Elena Kiriakou]] *[[The Voice of Greece (season 2)|Season 2, 2015]]: ''February 2015'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Michalis Kouinelis]] * [[Despina Vandi]] * [[Antonis Remos]] * [[Melina Aslanidou]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Yiorgos Liagkas * Themis Georgantas <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | ''[[The Voice Kids (Greece)|The Voice Kids]]'' | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * ''To be determined'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * ''To be determined'' }} |- | align="left" | {{Flag|Hungary}} | ''The Voice – Magyarország hangja''<br><small>''Voice of Hungary''</small> | [[TV2 (Hungary)|TV2]]<br><small>[http://www.thevoice.hu/ Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2012–13: Dénes Pál }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Tamás Somló * Mihály Mező * Andrea Malek * Ferenc Molnár }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Tamás Szabó Kimmel * Miklós Bányai <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" | {{Flag|India}}<ref name="Upcoming franchises"/> | ''The Voice India'' | ''To be determined'' | {{plainlist| * Season 1, TBA: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * ''To be determined'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * ''To be determined'' }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Indonesia}} | ''[[The Voice Indonesia]]'' | rowspan="2" | IBC <small>(''2–'')</small><br>[[Indosiar]] <small>(''1'')</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice Indonesia (season 1)|Season 1, 2013]]: [[Billy Simpson (singer)|Billy Simpson]] * Season 2, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Glenn Fredly]] * [[Giring Ganesha]] *Millane Fernandez <small>(''2–'')</small> *Judika <small>(''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Sherina Munaf]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Armand Maulana]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Darius Sinathriya]] * Fenita Arie <small>(Backstage)</small> * '''Former''' * Conchita Caroline <small>(Backstage, ''1'')</small> }} |- | ''The Voice Kids Indonesia'' | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| *Denada *Rio Febrian *David Bayu Danangjaya }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| *Nirina Zubir }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" | {{Flag|Ireland}} | ''[[The Voice of Ireland]]'' | [[RTÉ One]]<br><small>[http://www.rte.ie/blogs/thevoice/ Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice of Ireland (series 1)|Series 1, 2012]]: [[Pat Byrne (singer)|Pat Byrne]] * [[The Voice of Ireland (series 2)|Series 2, 2013]]: [[Keith Hanley]] * [[The Voice of Ireland (series 3)|Series 3, 2014]]: [[Brendan McCahey]] * [[The Voice of Ireland (series 4)|Series 4, 2015]]: ''Current series'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Kian Egan]] <!---NOTE: No need to add <small>(''1–'')</small> when the coach is an original coach and is part of the show since it had started---> * [[Bressie]]<!---NOTE: No need to add <small>(''1–'')</small> when the coach is an original coach and is part of the show since it had started---> * [[Rachel Stevens]] <small>(''4–'')</small> * [[Una Foden]] <small>(''4–'')</small> *'''Former''' * [[Brian Kennedy (singer)|Brian Kennedy]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Sharon Corr]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> * [[Dolores O'Riordan]] <small>(''3'')</small> * [[Jamelia]] <small>(''2–3'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Kathryn Thomas]] * [[Eoghan McDermott]] <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | align="left" | {{Flag|Israel}} | ''[[The Voice Israel|The Voice ישראל]]''<br><small>''The Voice Israel''</small> | [[Channel 2 (Israel)|Channel 2]]<br>[[Reshet]]<br><small>[http://reshet.tv/Shows/The_Voice_Israel/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923112042/http://reshet.tv/Shows/The_Voice_Israel/ |date=2012-09-23 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice Israel (season 1)|Season 1, 2012]]: [[Kathleen Reiter]] * [[The Voice Israel (season 2)|Season 2, 2012–13]]: [[Lina Makhul]] * [[The Voice Israel (season 3)|Season 3, 2014]]: [[Elkana Marziano]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Shlomi Shabat]] * [[Aviv Geffen]] * [[Sarit Hadad]] * [[Mosh Ben Ari]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Rami Kleinstein]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Yuval Banay|Yuval]] & [[Shlomi Bracha|Shlomi]] <small>(''2'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Michael Aloni * Mor Silver <small>(Backstage)</small> * '''Former''' * [[Sivan Klein]] <small>(Backstage, ''1'')</small> }} |- | align="left" | {{Flag|Italy}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://realityshow.blogosfere.it/2012/09/the-voice-of-italy-gianni-morandi-conduttore-gianmarco-mazzi-direttore-artistico-primo-giudice.html | title=The Voice of Italy: Gianni Morandi conduttore, Gianmarco Mazzi direttore artistico, primo giudice | publisher=''Blogosfere'' | date=25 September 2012 | accessdate=21 June 2013 | author=Fabio Traversa | archive-date=6 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081729/http://realityshow.blogosfere.it/2012/09/the-voice-of-italy-gianni-morandi-conduttore-gianmarco-mazzi-direttore-artistico-primo-giudice.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> | ''[[The Voice of Italy]]'' | [[Rai 2]]<br>Rai HD<br><small>[http://www.thevoiceofitaly.rai.it/ Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2013: {{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Elhaida Dani]] * Season 2, 2014: [[Cristina Scuccia|Suor Cristina Scuccia]] * Season 3, 2015: ''Current series'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Noemi (singer)|Noemi]] <small>(''1-'')</small> * [[Piero Pelù]] <small>(''1-'')</small> * [[J-Ax]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * Roby & Francesco <small>(''3-'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Riccardo Cocciante]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Raffaella Carrà]] <small>(''1-2'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Federico Russo <small>(''2–'')</small> * Valentina Correani <small>(Backstage)</small> <small>(''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * Fabio Troiano<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tvzoom.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4512:the-voice-fabio-troiano-alla-conduzione&catid=30&Itemid=172 | title="THE VOICE": FABIO TROIANO ALLA CONDUZIONE | publisher=''TV Zoom'' | date=19 November 2012 | accessdate=17 June 2013 | author=Pietro Berna | archive-date=2 Abril 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402160639/http://www.tvzoom.it/index.php?catid=30&id=4512:the-voice-fabio-troiano-alla-conduzione&itemid=172&option=com_content&view=article | url-status=dead }}</ref> <small>(''1'')</small> * Carolina Di Domenico <small>(Backstage, ''1'')</small> }} |- | align="left" | {{Flag|Kazakhstan}} | ''Қазақстан Дауысы''<br><small>''The Voice of Kazakhstan''</small> | [[Kazakhstan (channel)|Қазақстан]]<br><small>[http://kaztrk.kz/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809231328/http://www.kaztrk.kz/ |date=2014-08-09 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2013–14: Shaharizat Seidakhmet * Season 2, 2014–15: ''Current season''<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCje8jDiBYcg8ySxdvkXzyZQ youtube.com: The Voice of Kazakhstan]</ref> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Madina Saduakasova]] * Medeu Arynbaev * Nurlan Alban * Almas Kishkenbayev }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Azamat Satybaldy }} |- | style="background:#F0F8FF;" align="left" | {{Flag|Lithuania}} | ''[[Lietuvos Balsas]]''<br><small>''The Voice of Lithuania''</small> | [[LNK (television station)|LNK]]<br><small>[http://www.zmones.lt/lietuvosbalsas Website]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2012: Julija Jegorova * Season 2, 2013–14: Paulius Bagdanavičius * Season 3, 2014–15: Justina Budaitė * Season 4, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist|*'''Current''' * Donatas Montvydas <small>(''2–'')</small> * Arūnas & Inga <small>(''2–'')</small> * Katažina Nemycko <small>(''2–'')</small> * Merūnas Vitulskis <!---DO NOT ADD THIS ANYMORE "<small>(''1–'')</small>" SINCE HE IS A ORIGINAL COACH AND IS CURRENTLY STILL PART OF THE FRANCHISE!---> *'''Former''' * [[Jurgis Didžiulis|Jurgis]] & [[Erica Jennings|Erica]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Violeta Tarasovienė]] <small>(''1'')</small> * Egidijus Sipavičius <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist|*'''Current''' *Rolandas Vilkončius <small>(''2–'')</small> *Inga Jankauskaitė <small>(''2–'')</small> *'''Former''' * Vytautas Rumšas Jr. <small>(''1'')</small> * Žygimantas Barysas <small>(Backstage, ''1'')</small> }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" | {{Flag|Mexico}} | ''[[La Voz... México]]''<br><small>''The Voice... Mexico''</small> | [[Televisa]]<br><small>[http://www.lavozmexico.com/ Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2011: Oscar Cruz * Season 2, 2012: Luz Maria * Season 3, 2013: Marcos Razo * Season 4, 2014: Guido Rochin * Season 5, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * TBA <small>(''5–'')</small> * TBA <small>(''5–'')</small> * TBA <small>(''5–'')</small> * TBA <small>(''5–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Lucero (entertainer)|Lucero]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Aleks Syntek]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Espinoza Paz]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Alejandro Sanz]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Paulina Rubio]] <small>(''2'')</small> * [[Miguel Bosé]] <small>(''2'')</small> * [[Beto Cuevas]] <small>(''2'')</small> * [[Jenni Rivera]]^† <small>(''2'')</small> * [[Wisin & Yandel]] <small>(''3'')</small> * [[Alejandra Guzmán]] <small>(''3'')</small> * [[David Bisbal]] <small>(''3'')</small> * [[Marco Antonio Solis]] <small>(''3'')</small> * [[Laura Pausini]] <small>(''4'')</small> * [[Ricky Martin]] <small>(''4'')</small> * Julión Álvarez <small>(''4'')</small> * [[Yuri (Mexican singer)|Yuri]] <small>(''4'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Jacqueline Bracamontes]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * Lidia Ávila <small>(Backstage, ''3–'')</small> * '''Former * [[Mark Tacher]] <small>(''1'')</small> * Cynthia Urías <small>(Backstage, ''1–2'')</small> }} |- | style="background:#F0F8FF;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Netherlands}} | ''[[The Voice of Holland]]'' | rowspan="2" | [[RTL 4]]<br><small>[http://www.thevoiceofholland.com/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804074408/http://www.thevoiceofholland.com/ |date=2012-08-04 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice of Holland (season 1)|Season 1, 2010–11]]: {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Ben Saunders (singer)|Ben Saunders]] * [[The Voice of Holland (season 2)|Season 2, 2011–12]]: [[Iris Kroes]] * [[The Voice of Holland (season 3)|Season 3, 2012]]: {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Leona Philippo]] * [[The Voice of Holland (season 4)|Season 4, 2013]]: Julia van der Toorn * [[The Voice of Holland (season 5)|Season 5, 2014]]: [[O'G3NE]] * Season 6, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Marco Borsato]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Ali B]]ouali <small>(''4–'')</small> * [[Anouk (singer)|Anouk Teeuwe]] <small>(''6–'')</small> * [[Miss Montreal|Sanne Hans]] <small>(''6–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Jeroen van der Boom]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Angela Groothuizen]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> * [[Nick & Simon]] <small>(''1–3'')</small> * [[Roel van Velzen]] <small>(''1–3'')</small> * [[Trijntje Oosterhuis]] <small>(''3–5'')</small> * [[Ilse DeLange]] <small>(''4–5'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Wendy van Dijk]] * [[Martijn Krabbé]] * [[Jamai Loman]] <small>(Backstage, ''5–'')</small> * '''Former''' * Winston Gerschtanowitz <small>(Backstage, ''1–4'')</small> }} |- | ''[[The Voice Kids (Netherlands season 1)|The Voice Kids]]'' | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice Kids (Netherlands season 1)|Season 1, 2012]]: Fabiënne Bergmans * Season 2, 2013: Laura van Kaam * Season 3, 2014: Ayoub Maach * Season 4, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Marco Borsato]] * [[Nick & Simon]] * [[Angela Groothuizen]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Martijn Krabbé]] * [[Wendy van Dijk]] }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC ;" align="left" | {{Flag|Norway}} | ''[[The Voice – Norges beste stemme]]''<br><small>''The Voice – Norway's best voice''</small> | [[TV2 (Norway)|TV2]]<br><small>[http://www.tv2.no/underholdning/thevoice Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2012: [[Martin Halla]] * Season 2, 2013: Knut Marius * Season 3, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Espen Lind]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Hanne Sørvaag]] <small>(''1, 3–'')</small> * [[Yosef Wolde-Mariam]] <small>(''1, 3–'')</small> * [[Sondre Lerche]] <small>(''1–'')</small> * '''Former * [[Lene Nystrøm]] <small>(''2'')</small> * [[Tommy Tee]] <small>(''2'')</small> * [[Magne Furuholmen]] <small>(''1'')</small> | }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Øyvind Mund * [[Maria Bodøgaard]] <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Peru}} | ''[[La Voz Peru]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://elcomercio.pe/espectaculos/1501714/noticia-version-peruana-the-voice-se-emitiria-julio-2013 | title=Versión peruana de "The voice" se emitiría en julio del 2013 | publisher=''[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]'' | date=26 November 2012 | accessdate=17 June 2013}}</ref><br><small>''The Voice Peru''</small> | rowspan="2" | [[Frecuencia Latina]]<br><small>[http://www.frecuencialatina.com/tags/la-voz-peru Website]</small><br><small>[http://www.frecuencialatina.com/tags/la-voz-kids ''Kids'' Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2013: Daniel Lazo * Season 2, 2014: Ruby Palomino }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Kalimba Marichal|Kalimba]] * [[Jerry Rivera]] * [[Eva Ayllón]] * [[José Luis Rodríguez (singer)|José Luis Rodríguez]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Cristian Rivero]] * Diego Ubierna <small>(Social networking)</small> }} |- | ''La Voz Kids''<br><small>''The Voice Kids''</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2014: Amy Gutiérrez * Season 2, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Eva Ayllon]] * [[Kalimba (singer)|Kalimba]] * [[Anna Carina]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Cristian Rivero]] * Almendra Gomelsky }} |- | style="background:#F0F8FF;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Philippines}} | ''[[The Voice of the Philippines]]''<ref name="Sarah tour">{{cite web | url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/06/06/13/after-us-tour-sarah-gears-voice | title=After US tour, Sarah gears up for 'The Voice' | publisher=''[[ABS-CBN News]]'' | date=6 June 2013 | accessdate=6 June 2013 | archive-date=7 Disyembre 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207002424/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/06/06/13/after-us-tour-sarah-gears-voice | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="June 15, 2013">{{cite web | url=http://www.rappler.com/entertainment/26026-the-voice-philippines-june-8 | title='The Voice Philippines' to premiere June 9 | publisher=''Rappler'' | date=6 June 2013 | accessdate=6 June 2013}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | [[ABS-CBN]]<br><small>[http://thevoice.abs-cbn.com/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218011230/http://thevoice.abs-cbn.com/ |date=2013-02-18 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice of the Philippines (season 1)|Season 1, 2013]]: [[Mitoy Yonting]] * [[The Voice of the Philippines (season 2)|Season 2, 2014–15]]: Jason Dy <ref>{{cite web | url=http://entertainment.inquirer.net/152838/going-blind-anew-for-the-voice-2 | title=Going blind anew for 'The Voice 2' |publisher=''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]'' | date=18 September 2014 | accessdate=20 September 2014| author=Lea Salonga}}</ref> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[apl.de.ap]] * [[Lea Salonga]] * [[Sarah Geronimo]] * [[Bamboo|Bamboo Mañalac]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Toni Gonzaga]] * [[Luis Manzano]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Robi Domingo]] <small>(Backstage)</small> * [[Alex Gonzaga]] <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | ''[[The Voice Kids (Philippine TV series)|The Voice Kids]]'' | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice Kids (Philippines season 1)|Season 1, 2014]]: [[Lyca Gairanod]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Lea Salonga]] * [[Sarah Geronimo]] * [[Bamboo|Bamboo Mañalac]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Luis Manzano]]<ref name="The Voice Kids Hosts">{{cite web | url=http://abscbnpr.com/the-voice-of-the-philippines-returns-this-summer-with-kids-edition | title="The Voice of The Philippines" Returns this Summer with Kids Edition | publisher=''[[ABS-CBN|ABS-CBN PR]]'' | date=17 March 2014 | access-date=27 Enero 2015 | archive-date=28 Marso 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328190817/http://abscbnpr.com/the-voice-of-the-philippines-returns-this-summer-with-kids-edition/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Alex Gonzaga]] <small>(Backstage)</small><ref name="The Voice Kids Hosts"/> }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" rowspan="1" | {{Flag|Poland}} | ''[[The Voice of Poland]]'' | [[TVP2]]<br><small>[http://voice.tvp.pl/ Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice of Poland (season 1)|Season 1, 2011]]: [[Damian Ukeje]] * [[The Voice of Poland (season 2)|Season 2, 2013]]: Natalia Sikora * [[The Voice of Poland (season 3)|Season 3, 2013]]: Mateusz Ziółko * [[The Voice of Poland (season 4)|Season 4, 2014]]: {{Flagicon|Mexico}} Juan Carlos Cano * [[The Voice of Poland (season 5)|Season 5, 2014]]: Aleksandra Nizio * [[The Voice of Poland (season 6)|Season 6, 2015]]: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Afromental|Tomson & Baron]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Margaret (singer)|Margaret]] <small>(''6–'')</small> * TBA <small>(''6–'')</small> * TBA <small>(''6–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Ania Dąbrowska]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Adam Darski|Nergal]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Kayah (singer)|Kayah]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Andrzej Piaseczny]] <small>(''1'')</small> * Patrycja Markowska <small>(''2'')</small> * [[Maria Sadowska]] <small>(''3–4'')</small> * [[Justyna Steczkowska]] <small>(''2, 4–5'')</small> * [[Edyta Górniak]] <small>(''3, 5'')</small> * [[TSA (band)|Marek Piekarczyk]] <small>(''2–5'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Tomasz Kammel <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Halina Mlynkova]] <small>(''6–'')</small> * Maciej Musiał <small>(Backstage, ''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Hubert Urbanski]] <small>(''1'')</small> * Mateusz Szymkowiak <small>(Backstage, ''1'')</small> * Iga Krefft <small>(Backstage, ''2'')</small> * [[Marika (singer)|Marika]] <small>(''2–4'')</small> * [[Magdalena Mielcarz]] <small>(''1, 5'')</small> }} |- |style="background:#F0F8FF;" align="left" rowspan="3" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | ''[[A Voz de Portugal]]''<br><small>''The Voice of Portugal''</small> | rowspan="3" | [[RTP1]]<br><small>[http://www.rtp.pt/thevoiceportugal Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2011–12: Denis Filipe }} | rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Anselmo Ralph <small>(''2–'')</small> * Mickael Carreira <small>(''2–'')</small> * Marisa Liz <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Rui Reininho]] *'''Former''' * [[Paulo Gonzo]] <small>(''1'')</small> * Anjos <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Mia Rose]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} | rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Catarina Furtado]] * Vasco Palmeirim <small>(''2'')</small> * Diogo Beja <small>(Backstage, ''1''; Radio, ''2'')</small> * Pedro Fernandes <small>(Backstage, ''2'')</small> * Laura Figueiredo <small>(Backstage, ''2'')</small> * Mariana Monteiro <small>(Backstage, ''2'')</small> }} |- | ''The Voice Portugal'' | {{plainlist| * Season 2, 2014: Rui Drummond * Season 3, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} |- | ''The Voice Kids'' | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2014: Diogo García * Season 2, 2016: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Anselmo Ralph * [[Daniela Mercury]] * [[Raquel Tavares]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Mariana Monteiro * Vasco Palmeirim * Rui Pêgo <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | style="background:#F0F8FF;" align="left" | {{Flag|Romania}} | ''[[Vocea României]]''<br><small>''The Voice of Romania''</small> | [[Pro TV]]<br><small>[http://vocearomaniei.protv.ro/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220163307/http://vocearomaniei.protv.ro/ |date=2012-02-20 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * [[Vocea României (season 1)|Season 1, 2011]]: [[Ștefan Stan]] * [[Vocea României (season 2)|Season 2, 2012]]: [[Julie Mayaya]] * [[Vocea României (season 3)|Season 3, 2013]]: [[Vocea României (season 3)|Mihai Chițu]] * [[Vocea României (season 4)|Season 4, 2014]]: [[Tiberiu Albu]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Loredana Groza|Loredana]] * [[Smiley (singer)|Smiley]] * [[Marius Moga]] * [[Vama Veche (band)|Tudor Chirilă]] <small>(''4–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Horia Brenciu]] <small>(''1–3'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Pavel Bartoș]] * Oana Tache <small>(Backstage, ''4–'')</small> * '''Former''' * Roxana Ionescu <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Nicoleta Luciu]] <small>(''2–3'')</small> * Vlad Roșca <small>(Backstage, ''1–3'')</small> }} |- | style="background:#F0F8FF;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Russia}} | ''[[Golos (TV series)|Голос]]''<br><small>''The Voice''</small> | rowspan="2" | [[Channel One (Russia)|Channel One]]<br><small>[http://www.1tv.ru/p/voice/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627222206/http://www.1tv.ru/p/voice/ |date=2014-06-27 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * [[Golos (TV series)#Season 1|Season 1, 2012]]: [[Dina Garipova]] * [[Golos (TV series)#Season 2|Season 2, 2013]]: {{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Sergei Volchkov (singer)|Sergey Volchkov]] * Season 3, 2014: [[Alexandra Vorobyova]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Pelageya (singer)|Pelageya]] * [[Dima Bilan]] * [[Alexander Gradsky]] * [[Leonid Agutin]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Dmitri Nagiev }} |- | ''Голос. Дети''<br><small>''The Voice Kids''</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2014: [[Alisa Kozhikina]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Pelageya (singer)|Pelageya]] * [[Dima Bilan]] * [[Maxim Fadeev]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Dmitry Nagiev * Anastasia Chevajevskaya <small>(''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Natalia Vodianova]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} |- | align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|South Korea}} | ''[[The Voice of Korea]]'' | rowspan="2" | [[Mnet (TV channel)|Mnet]]<br><small>[http://thevoice.mnet.com/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902141510/http://thevoice.mnet.com/ |date=2012-09-02 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2012: Son Seung-yeon * Season 2, 2013: Lee Ye-jun }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Shin Seung-hun]] * [[Baek Ji-young]] * [[Kangta]] * [[Gil Seong-joon|Gil]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Kim Jin-pyo]] * Park Ji-yoon <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | ''The Voice Kids'' | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2013: Kim Myung-ju }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Yoon Sang * [[Seo In-young]] * [[Yang Yo-seob]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Jun Hyun-moo]] }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Spain}} | ''[[La Voz (Spain)|La Voz]]''<br><small>''The Voice''</small> | rowspan="2" | [[TeleCinco]]<br><small>[http://www.telecinco.es/lavoz/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208202904/http://www.telecinco.es/lavoz/ |date=2012-12-08 }}</small><br><small>[http://www.telecinco.es/lavozkids/ ''Kids'' Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803190205/http://www.telecinco.es/lavozkids/ |date=2014-08-03 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * [[La Voz (Spanish TV series, season 1)|Season 1, 2012]]: Rafa Blas * [[La Voz (Spanish TV series, season 2)|Season 2, 2013]]: David Barrull * Season 3, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Alejandro Sanz]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * [[Laura Pausini]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * [[Malú]] * [[Antonio Orozco]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Melendi]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[David Bisbal]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> * [[Rosario Flores]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Jesús Vázquez]] * Tania Llasera <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | ''[[La Voz (Spain)#La Voz Kids|La Voz Kids]]''<br><small>''The Voice Kids''</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2014: María Parrado * Season 2, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[David Bisbal]] * [[Rosario Flores]] * [[Manuel Carrasco]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Malú]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Jesús Vázquez]] * Tania Llasera <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | align="left" |{{Flag|Sweden}} | ''[[The Voice Sverige]]''<br><small>''The Voice Sweden''</small> | [[TV4 (Sweden)|TV4]]<br><small>[http://www.tv4.se/the-voice-sverige Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504084352/http://www.tv4.se/the-voice-sverige |date=2013-05-04 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2012: Ulf Nilsson }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Carola Häggkvist|Carola]] * [[Petter (rapper)|Petter]] * [[Magnus Uggla]] * [[Ola Salo]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Carina Berg]] * Simona Abraham <small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | align="left" | {{Flag|Switzerland}} | ''The Voice of Switzerland'' | [[SRF 1]]<br>[http://thevoice.srf.ch/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301035544/http://thevoice.srf.ch/ |date=2014-03-01 }} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2013: Nicole Bernegger * Season 2, 2014: Tiziana Gulino }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Stress * Marc Sway * Philipp Fankhauser * [[Stefanie Heinzmann]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Sven Epiney]] * Viola Tami <small>(''2'')</small> * Tanya König <small>(Backstage, ''2'')</small> * Viola Tami <small>(Backstage, ''1'')</small> }} |- | style="background:#F0F8FF;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Thailand}} | ''[[The Voice Thailand|The Voice เสียงจริงตัวจริง]]''<br><small>''The Voice Thailand''</small> | rowspan="2" | [[Channel 3 (Thailand)|Channel 3]]<br>[[Channel 3 (Thailand)|3 HD]]<br><small>[http://www.thevoicethailand.com/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829050616/http://www.thevoicethailand.com/ |date=2013-08-29 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice of Thailand (season 1)|Season 1, 2012]]: Thanon Chamroen * [[The Voice of Thailand (season 2)|Season 2, 2013]]: Rangsan Panyaruen * [[The Voice of Thailand (season 3)|Season 3, 2014]]: Somsak Rinnairak }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Saharat Sangkapricha]] * [[Apisit Opsasaimlikit]] * [[Pornpan Chunhachai]] * [[Apiwat Eauthavornsuk]] }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Songsit Rungnopakunsi * Rinlanee Sripen <small>(Backstage, ''2'')</small> }} |- | ''The Voice Kids'' | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2013: Kuljira Tongkham * Season 2, 2014: Pornsawun Yanvaro * Season 3, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Sumeth and The Pung <small>(''2–'')</small> * Thanaporn Waekprayoon * Nipaporn Thititanakarn * '''Former''' * Popetorn Soonthornyanakij <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Songsit Rungnopakunsi * Rinlanee Sripen<small>(Backstage)</small> }} |- | style="background:#F0F8FF;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Turkey}} | ''[[O Ses Türkiye]]''<br><small>''The Voice Turkey''</small> | [[TV8 (Turkey)|TV8]] <small>(''4–'')</small><br>[[Star TV (Turkey)|Star TV]] <small>(''2–3'')</small><br>[[Show TV]] <small>(''1'')</small><br><small>[http://www.acunn.com/o-ses-turkiye Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2011–12: Oğuz Berkay Fidan * Season 2, 2012–13: Mustafa Bozkurt * Season 3, 2013–14: Hasan Doğru * Season 4, 2014–15: ''Current season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Hadise]] * [[Ebru Gündeş]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * [[Gökhan Özoğuz]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * [[Mazhar-Fuat-Özkan|Mazhar Alanson and Özkan Uğur]] <small>(''4–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Mustafa Sandal]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> * [[Hülya Avşar]] <small>(''1–2'')</small> * [[Murat Boz]] <small>(''1–3'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Acun Ilıcalı]] }} |- | ''O Ses Çocuklar''<ref name="Haber">{{cite web | url=http://www.habergazete.com/haber-detay/1/47893/O-Ses-Turkiye-cocuklar-Ne-Zaman-Baslayacak-2014-03-06.html | title=O Ses Türkiye Çoçuklar Ne Zaman Başlayacak? | publisher=''Haber Gazete'' | date=6 March 2014 | accessdate=11 June 2014 | archive-date=14 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201232/http://www.habergazete.com/haber-detay/1/47893/O-Ses-Turkiye-cocuklar-Ne-Zaman-Baslayacak-2014-03-06.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><br><small>''The Voice Kids''</small> | [[TV8 (Turkey)|TV8]] <small>(''2–'')</small><br>[[Star TV (Turkey)|Star TV]] <small>(''1'')</small><br><small>[http://www.acunn.com/o-ses-cocuklar Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329091411/http://www.acunn.com/o-ses-cocuklar |date=2016-03-29 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2014: Şahin Kendirci * Season 2, 2014: Bade Karakoç }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * [[Hadise]] * [[Murat Boz]]<ref name="Haber"/> * [[Mustafa Ceceli]]<ref name="Haber"/> * Oğuzhan Koç <small>(''2–'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Jess Molho * Zeynep Dörtkardeşler <small>(Backstage, ''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * Sinem Yalçinkaya <small>(Backstage, ''1'')</small> }} |- | align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Ukraine}} | ''[[Holos Krayiny|Голос країни]]''<br><small>''The Voice of the Country''</small> | rowspan="2" | [[1+1]]<br><small>[http://goloskrainy.tv/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524063559/http://goloskrainy.tv/ |date=2013-05-24 }}</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2011: Ivan Hanzera * Season 2, 2012: Pavlo Tabakov * Season 3, 2013: Anna Hodorovskaya * Season 4, 2014: Igor Grohotsky }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Svyatoslav Vakarchuk]] <small>(''3–'')</small> * [[Ani Lorak]] <small>(''4–'')</small> * [[Sergey Lazarev]] <small>(''4–'')</small> * [[Tamara Gverdtsiteli]] <small>(''4–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Ruslana]] <small>(''1'')</small> * Stas Pyeha <small>(''1'')</small> * Diana Arbenina <small>(''1–2'')</small> * [[Valeriya]] <small>(''2'')</small> * [[Oleksandr Ponomaryov]] <small>(''1–3'')</small> * [[Oleh Skrypka]] <small>(''2–3'')</small> * [[Tina Karol]] <small>(''3'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Olga Freimut <small>(''4–'')</small> * '''Former''' * Andriy Domans'ky <small>(''1–3'')</small> * Kateryna Osadcha <small>(''1–3'')</small> * Anatoliy Anatolich <small>(Backstage, ''1–3'')</small> * Mykyta Dobrynin <small>(Backstage, ''1–3'')</small> }} |- | ''Голос. Діти''<br><small>''The Voice Kids''</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2012–13: Anna Tkach * Season 2, 2015: ''Current season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Tina Karol]] <small>(''1–'')</small> * [[Potap]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * Natalia Mogilevska <small>(''2-'')</small> * '''Former''' * Oleh Skrypka <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Svetlana Loboda]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Katia Osadcha * Yuri Gorbunov * '''Former''' * Andriy Domans'ky }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" rowspan="1" | {{Flag|United Kingdom}} | ''[[The Voice UK]]'' | [[BBC One]]<br><small>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00k96j4 Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice UK (series 1)|Series 1, 2012]]: [[Leanne Mitchell]] * [[The Voice UK (series 2)|Series 2, 2013]]: [[Andrea Begley]] * [[The Voice UK (series 3)|Series 3, 2014]]: [[Jermain Jackman]] * [[The Voice UK (series 4)|Series 4, 2015]]: [[Stevie McCrorie]] * [[The Voice UK (series 5)|Season 5, 2016]]: [[Kevin Simm]] * [[The Voice UK (series 6)|Season 6, 2017]]: [[Mo Jamil]] * [[The Voice UK (series 7)|Season 7, 2018]]: [[Ruti Olajugbagbe]] * [[The Voice UK (series 8)|Season 8, 2019]]: [[Molly Hocking]] * [[The Voice UK (series 9)|Season 9, 2020]]: [[Blessing Chipata]] * [[The Voice UK (series 10)|Season 10, 2021]]: [[Craig Eddie]] * Season 11, 2022: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[will.i.am]] * [[Tom Jones (singer)|Sir Tom Jones]] <small>(''1-4, 6-'')</small> * [[Olly Murs]] <small>(''7-'')</small> * [[Anne-Marie]] <small>(''10-'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Danny O'Donoghue]] <small>(''1-2'')</small> * [[Jessie J]] <small>(''1-2'')</small> * [[Kylie Minogue]] <small>(''3'')</small> * [[Ricky Wilson (British musician)|Ricky Wilson]] <small>(''3-5'')</small> * [[Rita Ora]] <small>(''4'')</small> * [[Boy George]] <small>(''5'')</small> * [[Paloma Faith]] <small>(''5'')</small> * [[Gavin Rossdale]] <small>(''6'')</small> * [[Jennifer Hudson]] <small>(''6-8'')</small> * [[Meghan Trainor]] <small>(''9'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Emma Willis]] <small>(''3-'')</small> * [[AJ Odubu]] <small>(''8-'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Holly Willoughby]] <small>(''1-2'')</small> * [[Reggie Yates]] <small>(''1-2'')</small> * [[Marvin Humes]] <small>(''3-5'')</small> * [[Cel Spellman]] <small>(''6'')</small> * [[Jamie Miller]] <small>(''7'')</small> * [[Vick Hope]] <small>(''7'')</small> }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|United States}} | ''[[The Voice (U.S. TV series)|The Voice]]'' | [[NBC]]<br><small>[http://www.nbc.com/the-voice/ Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice (U.S. season 1)|Season 1, 2011]]: [[Javier Colon]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 2)|Season 2, 2012]]: [[Jermaine Paul]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 3)|Season 3, 2012]]: [[Cassadee Pope]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 4)|Season 4, 2013]]: [[Danielle Bradbery]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 5)|Season 5, 2013]]: {{Flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Tessanne Chin]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 6)|Season 6, 2014]]: [[Josh Kaufman]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 7)|Season 7, 2014]]: [[Craig Wayne Boyd]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 8)|Season 8, 2015]]: [[Sawyer Fredericks]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 9)|Season 9, 2015]]: [[Jordan Smith]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 10)|Season 10, 2016]]: [[Alisan Porter]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 11)|Season 11, 2016]]: [[Sundance Head]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 12)|Season 12, 2017]]: [[Chris Blue]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 13)|Season 13, 2017]]: [[Chloe Kohanski]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 14)|Season 14, 2018]]: [[Brynn Cartelli]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 15)|Season 15, 2018]]: [[Chevel Shepherd]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 16)|Season 16, 2019]]: [[Maelyn Jarmon]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 17)|Season 17, 2019]]: [[Jake Hoot]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 18)|Season 18, 2020]]: [[Todd Tilghman]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 19)|Season 19, 2020]]: [[Carter Rubin]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 20)|Season 20, 2021]]: [[Cam Anthony]] * [[The Voice (U.S. season 21)|Season 21, 2021]]: [[Girl Named Tom]] * Season 22, 2022: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Blake Shelton]] <small></small> * [[Kelly Clarkson]] <small>(''14-'')</small> * [[John Legend]] <small>(''16-'')</small> * [[Ariana Grande]] <small>(''21-'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Cee Lo Green]] <small>(''1-3, 5'')</small> * [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] <small>(''4, 6'')</small> * [[Shakira]] <small>(''4, 6'')</small> * [[Christina Aguilera]] <small>(''1-3, 5, 8, 10'')</small> * [[Pharrell Williams]] <small>(''7-10'')</small> * [[Miley Cyrus]] <small>(''11, 13'')</small> * [[Alicia Keys]] <small>(''11-12, 14'')</small> * [[Jennifer Hudson]] <small>(''13, 15'')</small> * [[Adam Levine]] <small>(''1-16'')</small> * [[Bebe Rexha]] <small>(''comeback stage, 16'')</small> * [[Gwen Stefani]] <small>(''7, 9, 12, 17, 19'')</small> * [[Nick Jonas]] <small>(''18, 20'')</small> * [[Kelsea Ballerini]] <small>(''comeback stage, 15, battles, 20'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Carson Daly]] <small></small> * '''Former''' * [[Christina Milian]] <small>(Backstage, ''2-4'')</small> * [[Alison Haislip]] <small>(Backstage, ''1'')</small> }} |- | ''[[The Voice (U.S. TV series)#La Voz Kids|La Voz Kids]]'' <small>(Spanish)</small><br><small>''The Voice Kids''</small> | [[Telemundo]]<br><small>[http://www.lavozkids.com/ Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2013: Paola Guanche * Season 2, 2014: Amanda Mena * Season 3, 2015: ''Upcoming season'' }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Natalia Jimenez]] <small>(''2-'')</small> * [[Prince Royce]] * [[Roberto Tapia]] * '''Former''' *[[Paulina Rubio]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * Jorge Bernal * [[Daisy Fuentes]] }} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" align="left" rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Vietnam}} | ''[[The Voice of Vietnam|Giọng hát Việt]]''<br><small>''The Voice of Vietnam''</small> | rowspan="2" | [[Vietnam Television|VTV3 HD]]<br><small>[http://gionghatviet.vn/ Website]</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice of Vietnam (season 1)|Season 1, 2012–13]]: Hương Tràm * Season 2, 2013: Thảo My }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Đàm Vĩnh Hưng]] *Quốc Trung <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Hồng Nhung]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Mỹ Linh]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Thu Minh]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Trần Lập]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Hồ Ngọc Hà]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Phan Anh * Yumi Dương <small>(Backstage, ''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * V.Music band <small>(Media Backstage, ''1'')</small> * Phương Mai <small>(Liveshow Backstage, ''1'')</small> }} |- | ''Giọng hát Việt nhí''<br><small>''The Voice Kids Vietnam''</small> | {{plainlist| * [[The Voice Kids Vietnam (season 1)|Season 1, 2013]]: Nguyễn Quang Anh * Season 2, 2014: Nguyễn Thiện Nhân }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| *'''Current''' * Lưu Hương Giang & Hồ Hoài Anh * [[Cẩm Ly]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * [[Lam Trường]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * [[Hiền Thục]] <small>(''1'')</small> * [[North (band)|Thanh Bùi]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} | valign="top" | {{plainlist| *'''Current''' * Thanh Bạch <small>(Live shows, ''2–'')</small> * [[Jennifer Phạm]] <small>(''2–'')</small> * '''Former''' * Thanh Duy <small>(Blind Audition, Backstage, ''2'')</small> * Quang Thắng <small>(Battle Round, Backstage, ''2'')</small> * Trấn Thành <small>(''1'')</small> * [[Thanh Thảo (singer)|Thanh Thảo]] <small>(''1'')</small> }} |- |} ;Mga tala {{refbegin}} # {{note|1}} Ang ''The Voice of Albania'' ay ipinalalabas din sa [[Kosovo]] at [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]]. Pinapayagan ding sumali sa palabas ang mga taga-Kosovo. # {{note|2}} Ang ''The Voice of China'' ay ipinalalabas din sa [[Malaysia]] at Singapore simula 2014. Simula sa ikatlong edisyon, pinapayagan na ring sumali ang mga taga-Malaysia at Singapore na nakapagsasalita ng Mandarin..<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.todayonline.com/entertainment/voice-china-singapore?singlepage=true | title=The Voice of China in Singapore! | publisher=''Today Online'' | date=10 July 2014 | accessdate=6 August 2014 | author=Tina Villareal | archive-date=5 Hunyo 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605112104/http://www.todayonline.com/entertainment/voice-china-singapore?singlepage=true | url-status=dead }} </ref> # {{note|3}} Ang ''The Voice of Greece'' ay ipinalalabas din sa [[Cyprus]]; maaari ring sumali ang mga taga-Cyprus. # {{note|4}} Ang ''A Voz de Angola'' ay ipalalabas na rin sa [[Mozambique]]; maaari na ring sumali ang mga taga-Mozambique.<ref name="Angola"/> # {{note|5}} Sa bersiyong Australyano ng ''The Voice'', nagsilbi si Joel Madden bilang solong tagapagsanay mula sa una hanggang ikatlong edisyon. Sa ikaapat na edisyon ng nasabing prangkisa, siya ay sinamahan ng kanyang kapatid na si Benji Madden, at sila ay naging isang tambalang tagapagsanay (''duo coach''). {{refend}} == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist|30em}} [[Kategorya:Mga palabas sa telebisyon]] [[Kategorya:Paligsahan]] [[Kategorya:Telebisyon sa Netherlands]] k3jfhv45pb21gryz111s0v1f6mo7x02 0 240175 2204322 2182179 2026-04-23T02:46:45Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Image = Centrilobular emphysema 865 lores.jpg | Caption = [[Gross pathology]] of a lung showing centrilobular-type emphysema characteristic of smoking. This close-up of the [[Fixation (histology)|fixed]], cut lung surface shows multiple cavities lined by heavy [[black carbon]] deposits. | synonyms = chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary emphysema, others | DiseasesDB = 2672 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|40||j|40}}–{{ICD10|J|44||j|40}}, {{ICD10|J|47||j|40}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|490}}–{{ICD9|492}}, {{ICD9|494}}–{{ICD9|496}} | OMIM = 606963 | MedlinePlus = 000091 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 373 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|99}} | MeshName = COPD | MeshNumber = C08.381.495.389 }} <!--Mga kahulugan at sintomas --> Ang '''talamak na nakakahawang sakit sa baga''' o '''chronic obstructive pulmonary disease''' ('''COPD'''), bukod sa iba pa, ay isang uri ng [[sakit na may pagbara sa baga]] na inilalarawan ng hindi gumagaling na mahinang pagdaloy ng hangin.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> --> Karaniwan itong lumalala sa katagalan.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> --> Kasama sa mga pangunahing sintomas ang [[kapos na hininga]], [[ubo]], at paglikha ng [[plema]].<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Karamihan sa mga taong may '''hindi gumagaling na bronchitis''' ay mayroong COPD.<ref name=Harr2012/> <!--Sanhi at pagkilala sa sakit --> Ang [[paninigarilyo]] ng [[tabako]] ay ang pinaka-karaniwang sanhi ng COPD, kasama ang iba pang bilang ng mga dahilan tulad ng [[polusyon sa hangin]] at [[henetiko]] na may maliit na ginagampanang tungkulin.<ref name=Lancet2012>{{cite journal |author=Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9823 |pages=1341–51 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22314182 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9}}</ref> Sa mga mahirap na bansa, ang isa sa mga karaniwang pinagmumulan ng polusyon sa hangin ay mula sa pagluluto at apoy na pampainit na hindi maganda ang pasingawan. Ang matagalang pagkakalantad sa mga irritant na ito ay nagdudulot ng [[inflammation|tugon na pamamaga]] sa mga baga na nagreresulta sa pagkipot ng mga maliit na daanan ng hangin at pagkasira ng tisyu ng baga na kilala bilang '''emphysema'''.<ref name=GOLD2007>{{cite journal | author = Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J | title = Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary | journal = Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. | volume = 176 | issue = 6 | pages = 532–55 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17507545 | doi = 10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO | url = http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/176/6/532.long | access-date = 2015-06-20 | archive-date = 2013-01-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130102150149/http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/176/6/532.long | url-status = dead }}</ref> Ang pagkilala sa sakit ay batay sa mahinang daloy ng hangin na sinusukat ng mga [[pulmonary function test|pagsusuri sa paggana ng baga]].<ref name=Nathell>{{cite journal | author = Nathell L, Nathell M, Malmberg P, Larsson K | title = COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques | journal = Respir. Res. | volume = 8 | issue = 1| pages = 89 | year = 2007 | pmid = 18053200 | pmc = 2217523 | doi = 10.1186/1465-9921-8-89 }}</ref> Ang kaibahan sa [[hika]], ang pagbawas sa daloy ng hangin ay hindi Malaki ang binubuti sa pamamagitan ng pagbibigay ng gamot. <!--Pag-iwas at pamamahala --> Maaaring maiwasan ang COPD sa pamamagitan sa pagbawas sa pagkakalantad sa mga kilalang sanhi. Kasama dito ang mga pagsusumikap para bawasan ang dalas ng paninigarilyo at para pahusayin ang kalidad ng hangin sa loob at sa labas. Kasama sa mga paggamot ng COPD ang: [[smoking cessation|paghinto ng paninigarilyo]], mga [[bakuna]], [[Pulmonary rehabilitation|rehabilitasyon]], at ang madalas na nalalanghap ng mga [[bronchodilator]] at [[Corticosteroid|mga steroid]]. Maaaring magbenepisyo ang ilang mga tao mula sa [[oxygen therapy|pangmatagalang oxygen therapy]] o [[pag-transplant ng baga]].<ref name=GOLD2007/> Sa mga mayroong panahon ng [[Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|malubhang paglala]], nadagdagang paggamit ng mga gamot at mga pagkakaospital ay maaaaring kailanganin. <!--Epidemiyolohiya --> Sa buong mundo, naaapektuhan ng COPD ang 329&nbsp;milyong tao o halos 5% ng populasyon. Noong 2012, ito ay humanay bilang pangatlong nangungunang sanhi ng pagkamatay, na pumapatay sa mahigit sa 3&nbsp;milyong tao.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 10 leading causes of death in the world, 2000 and 2011 |date=July 2013 |publisher=World Health Organization |url=http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/ |accessdate=November 29, 2013}}</ref> Inaasahang dumami ang bilang ng pagkamatay dahil sa mas mataas na bilang ng paninigarilyo at populasyon ng matatanda sa maraming bansa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mathers CD, Loncar D |title=Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030 |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e442 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17132052 |pmc=1664601 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 |url=http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442}}</ref> Nagresulta ito sa tinatayang halaga ng ekonomiya na $2.1&nbsp;trilyon noong 2010.<ref name=Cost2013>{{cite book|last=Lomborg|first=Bjørn|title=Global problems, local solutions : costs and benefits|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Pres|isbn=978-1-107-03959-9|page=143|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143}}</ref> <!--{{TOC limit|3}}--> ==Mga palatandaan at sintomas== {{listen | filename = Wheeze2O.ogg | title = Wheezing | description = The sound of wheezing as heard with a stethoscope. | format = [[Ogg]] }} Ang pinaka-karaniwang mga sintomas ng COPD ay paglikha ng plema, [[dyspnea|kapos na hininga]] at may plemang buo.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=9–17 |chapter=Diagnosis and Assessment |chapterurl=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#26 |access-date=2015-06-20 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053032/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ang mga sintomas na ito ay naroon para sa matagal na panahon<ref name=Harr2012>{{cite book |first1=John J. |last1=Reilly |first2=Edwin K. |last2=Silverman |first3=Steven D. |last3=Shapiro |chapter=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |pages=2151–9 |editor1-first=Dan |editor1-last=Longo |editor2-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Fauci |editor3-first=Dennis |editor3-last=Kasper |editor4-first=Stephen |editor4-last=Hauser |editor5-first=J. |editor5-last=Jameson |editor6-first=Joseph |editor6-last=Loscalzo |year=2011 |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |edition=18th |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=978-0-07-174889-6}}</ref> at karaniwang lumalala sa katagalan.<ref name=GOLD2007/> Hindi malinaw kung umiiral ang iba’t-ibang mga uri ng COPD.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Habang dating nahahati sa emphysema at hindi gumagaling na bronchitis, ang emphysema ay isa lamang paglalarawan sa mga pagbabago sa baga kaysa sa mismong sakit, at ang hindi gumagaling na bronchitis ay isang tagalarawan ng mga sintomas na maaari o hindi maaaring mangyari sa COPD.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=1–7 |chapter=Definition and Overview |chapterurl=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#18 |access-date=2015-06-20 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053032/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Ubo=== Ang hindi gumagaling na ubo ay ang karaniwang unang sintomas na lumalabas.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Kapag ito ay umiiral nang mahigit sa tatlong buwan sa isang taon sa mahigit na dalawang taon, kasama ang kombinasyon ng paglikha ng plema at nang walang iba pang paliwanag, ayon sa kahulugan mayroong hindi gumagaling na bronchitis.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Maaaring mangyari ang kondisyon na ito bago ganap na mabuo ang COPD.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Ang dami ng nalilikhang plema ay maaaring magbago sa loob ng ilang oras hanggang ilang araw.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Sa ilang mga kaso maaaring walang ubo o magkaroon lamang paminsan-minsan at maaaring walang lamang plema.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Ang ilang mga taong may COPD ay inuugnay ang mga sintomas sa isang "ubo ng naninigarilyo".<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Maaaring lunukin o idura ang plema, kalimitan depende sa mga salik na panlipunan at pang-kultura.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Ang matinding pag-ubo ay maaaring humantong sa [[mga pagkabali ng tadyang]] o [[Syncope (medicine)|ang maikling kawalan ng malay]].<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Ang mga mayroong COPD ay kalimitang may kasaysayan ng "mga [[karaniwang sipon]]" na matagal na.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> ===Kapos na hininga=== Ang kapos na hininga ay kalimitang sintomas na nakakaabala sa mga tao.<ref name=NICE2010P60>{{NICE|101|Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|June 2010|60-70}}</ref> Ito ay karaniwang inilalarawan bilang: "kailangan pilitin ang aking paghinga;," "Pakiramdam ko nauubusan ako ng hininga," o "Hindi ako makakuha ng sapat na hangin".<ref name=Mahler2006>{{cite journal |author=Mahler DA|title=Mechanisms and measurement of dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=234–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16636091 |doi=10.1513/pats.200509-103SF}}</ref> Ang iba’t-ibang mga salita, gayunpaman, ay maaaring gamitin sa iba’t-ibang mga kultura.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Karaniwan ang kapos na hininga ay malala sa pagpilit, na matagal, at lumalala sa katagalan.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Sa advanced na mga yugto ito ay nangyayari habang nagpapahinga at maaaring palaging mayroon.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of COPD? |date=July 31, 2013 |publisher=[[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]] |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/copd/signs.html |accessdate=November 29, 2013}}</ref><ref name=MedlinePlus>{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|000091|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}}</ref> Ito ay parehong pinagmumulan ng pagkabahala at mahinang kalidad ng buhay sa mga mayroong COPD.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Ang maraming tao na mayroong advanced na COPD [[Pursed lip breathing|paghinga sa pamamagitan ng nakabilog na labi]] at ang aksyon na ito ay maaaring pabutihin ang kapos na hininga sa ilan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=[edited by] Nathan E. Goldstein, R. Sean|title=Evidence-based practice of palliative medicine|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-3796-7|page=124|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=j0rCsKtCnq8C&pg=PA124|year=2013}}</ref><ref name=Holland2012>{{cite journal | author = Holland AE, Hill CJ, Jones AY, McDonald CF | title = Breathing exercises for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 10 | issue = | pages = CD008250 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23076942 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008250.pub2 | editor1-last = Holland | editor1-first = Anne E }}</ref> ===Iba pang mga tampok=== Sa COPD, maaaring mas matagal huminga palabas kaysa lumanghap.<ref name=EB2008/> Maaaring magkaroon ng paninikip ng dibdib<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> ngunit hindi ito karaniwan at maaaring sanhi ng isa pang problema.<ref name=NICE2010P60/> Ang mga mayroong bara sa pagdaloy ng hangin ay maaaring mayroong [[wheeze|humuhuning tunog]] o nabawasang mga tunog sa pagpasok ng hangin sa eksaminasyon ng dibdib gamit ang isang [[stethoscope]].<ref name=EB2008/> Ang [[dibdib na parang bariles]] ay isang katangiang palatandaan ng COPD, ngunit medyo hindi pangkaraniwan.<ref name=EB2008/> Ang [[Tripod na posisyon]]ay maaaring mangyari habang lumalala ang sakit.<ref name=Harr2012/> Ang advanced na COPD ay humahantong sa [[pulmonary hypertension|mataas na presyon sa mga malaking ugat ng baga]], na pumupuwersa sa [[heart failure#Right-sided failure|kanang ventricle ng puso]].<ref name=GOLD2007/><ref name=Weit2009>{{cite journal | author = Weitzenblum E, Chaouat A | title = Cor pulmonale | journal = Chron Respir Dis | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 177–85 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19643833 | doi = 10.1177/1479972309104664 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Professional guide to diseases |year=2009 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7817-7899-2 |pages=120–2 |chapter=Cor pulmonale |chapterurl=http://books.google.ca/books?id=1h6vu60L6FcC&pg=PA120 |edition=9th}}</ref> Ang sitwasyong ito ay tinutukoy bilang [[cor pulmonale]], at humahantong sa mga sintomas ng [[peripheral edema|pamamaga ng binti]]<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> at [[jugular venous distension|mga nakaumbok na ugat sa leeg]].<ref name=GOLD2007/> Ang COPD ay mas karaniwan kaysa sa anumang iba pang sakit sa baga bilang sanhi ng cor pulmonale.<ref name=Weit2009/> Ang Cor pulmonale ay naging mas bihira simula ng paggamit ng suplementong oxygen.<ref name=Harr2012/> Kalimitan nangyayari ang COPD kasama ang maraming iba pang mga kondisyon, dahil sa mga ibinahaging salik ng panganib bilang bahagi.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Kasama sa mga kondisyon na ito ang: [[sakit sa puso na ischemic]], [[hypertension|mataas ang presyon ng dugo]], [[diabetes mellitus]], panghihina ng kalamnan (muscle wasting), [[osteoporosis]], [[kanser sa baga]], [[karamdaman na pagkabahala]] at [[major depressive disorder|depresyon]].<ref name=Lancet2012/> Sa mga mayroong malubhang sakit ang pakiramdam na palaging [[Fatigue (medical)|pagod]] ay karaniwan.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Ang [[Nail clubbing|pamamaga ng mga daliri]] ay hindi partikular sa COPD at dapat mag-utos ng mga pagsisiyasat para sa nasa ilalim na kanser sa baga.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mandell|first=editors, James K. Stoller, Franklin A. Michota, Jr., Brian F.|title=The Cleveland Clinic Foundation intensive review of internal medicine|year=2009|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-9079-6|page=419|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=O9F7wtiPWxgC&pg=PA419|edition=5th}}</ref> ===Paglala=== Ang [[Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|matinding paglala ng COPD]] ay binibigyang kahulugan bilang nadagdagang kapos na hininga, nadagdagang paglikha ng plema, pagbabago sa kulay ng plema mula sa malinaw tungo sa berde o dilaw, o ang nadagdagang pag-ubo sa taong mayroong COPD.<ref name=EB2008/> Maaaring magpakita ito ng [[medical sign|mga palatandaan]] ng nadagdagang pagsusumikap para huminga tulad ng [[tachypnea|mabilis na paghinga]], isang [[tachycardia|mabilis na tibok ng puso]], [[diaphoresis|pamamawis]], aktibong paggamit ng [[muscles of respiration|mga kalamnan sa leeg]], [[cyanosis|ang mala-bughaw na kulay sa balat]], at [[Mental confusion|pagkalito]] o ang panlalaban sa mga napakatinding mga paglala.<ref name=EB2008>{{cite journal|last=Gruber|first=Phillip|title=The Acute Presentation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease In the Emergency Department: A Challenging Oxymoron|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|date=November 2008|volume=10|issue=11|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=63}}</ref><ref name=Burl2012>{{cite journal | author = Brulotte CA, Lang ES | title = Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the emergency department | journal = Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 223–47, vii |date=May 2012 | pmid = 22487106 | doi = 10.1016/j.emc.2011.10.005 }}</ref> Maaari rin makarinig ng [[mga pagtunog]] sa mga baga sa eksaminasyon gamit ang isang stethoscope.<ref>{{cite book|last=Spiro|first=Stephen|title=Clinical respiratory medicine expert consult|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-2329-4|page=Chapter 43|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=2sOJk-yKPpUC&pg=PT2420|edition=4th |year=2012}}</ref> ==Sanhi== Ang pangunahing sanhi ng COPD ay ang paninigarilyo ng tabako, kasama ang pagkakalantad sa trabaho at polusyon mula sa apoy sa loob na malaking sanhi sa ilang mga bansa.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Karaniwan ang mga pagkakalantad na ito ay dapat mangyari sa maraming dekada bago mabuo ang mga sintomas.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ang bumubuo sa henetiko ng isang tao ay nakakaapekto rin sa panganib.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> ===Paninigarilyo=== {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Female Smoking by Country.png|image2=Male Smoking by Country.png|width=250|caption1=Percentage of females smoking tobacco as of the late 1990s early 2000s|caption2=Percentage of males smoking tobacco as of the late 1990s early 2000s. Note the scales used for females and males differ.<ref name="isbn92-4-159628-7">{{cite book | author = World Health Organization | title = WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008: The MPOWER Package | edition = | language = | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | year = 2008 | isbn = 92-4-159628-7 | url = http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf |pages=268–309}}</ref>}} Ang pangunahing salik ng panganib para sa COPD sa buong mundo ay ang [[Smoking|paninigarilyo ng tabako]].<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Sa mga naninigarilyo humigit-kumulang 20% ang magkakaroon ng COPD,<ref name=Ward2012>{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Helen|title=Oxford Handbook of Epidemiology for Clinicians|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-165478-7|pages=289–290|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=dHLjLwru-l8C&pg=RA1-PT194#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> at sa mga habang-buhay na naninigarilyo humigit-kumulang kalahati ang magkakaroon ng COPD.<ref name=La2009>{{cite journal|last=Laniado-Laborín|first=R|title=Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Parallel epidemics of the 21st century|journal=International journal of environmental research and public health|date=January 2009|volume=6|issue=1|pages=209–24|pmid=19440278|doi=10.3390/ijerph6010209|pmc=2672326}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos at United Kingdom, sa mga mayroong COPD, 80-95% ay kasalukuyang naninigarilyo o kaya dating naninigarilyo.<ref name=Ward2012/><ref name=Ren2013>{{cite book|last=Rennard|first=Stephen|title=Clinical management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|year=2013|publisher=Informa Healthcare|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8493-7588-0|page=23|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=DiTThQJkc0UC&pg=PA23|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name=Rich2010>{{cite book|author=Anita Sharma ; with a contribution by David Pitchforth ; forewords by Gail Richards|title=COPD in primary care|year=2010|publisher=Radcliffe Pub.|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-84619-316-3|page=9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CrXFqhezbeMC&pg=PA9|author2=Barclay, Joyce}}</ref> Ang posibilidad ng pagkakaroon ng COPD ay nadadagdagan sa [[pack years|kabuuang pagkakalantad sa usok]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Lee|title=Goldman's Cecil medicine|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-1604-7|page=537|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Qd-vvNh0ee0C&pg=PA537|edition=24th|year=2012}}</ref> Sa karagdagan, mas madaling kapitan ang mga kababaihan ng mga nakakapinsalang epekto ng usok kaysa sa mga kalalakihan.<ref name=Rich2010/> Sa mga hindi naninigarilyo, ang [[usok mula sa naninigarilyo]] ang sanhi ng humigit-kumulang na 20% ng mga kaso.<ref name=Ren2013/> Ang iba pang mga uri ng sigarilyo, tulad ng marihuwana, cigar, at water pipe na sigarilyo, ay nagdudulot rin ng panganib.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ang mga kababaihan na naninigarilyo sa panahon ng [[pagbubuntis]] ay maaaring dagdagan ang panganib ng COPD sa kanilang anak.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> ===Polusyon sa hangin=== Ang mga apoy sa pagluluto na walang sapat na pasingawan, na kalimitan ginagamitan ng uling o mga [[biomass fuel]] tulad ng kahoy at dumi ng hayop, ay humahantong sa [[indoor air quality|panloob na polusyon sa hangin]] at ay isa sa mga pinaka-karaniwang sanhi ng COPD sa [[developing country|mga mahihirap na bansa]].<ref name=Ken2007>{{cite journal |author=Kennedy SM, Chambers R, Du W, Dimich-Ward H|title=Environmental and occupational exposures: do they affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease differently in women and men?|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=692–4 |date=December 2007|pmid=18073405 |url=http://pats.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/4/8/692 |doi=10.1513/pats.200707-094SD}}</ref> Ang mga apoy na ito ay isang pamamaraan ng pagluluto at pagpapainit para sa halos 3&nbsp;bilyong tao kung saan ang mga epekto nito sa kalusugan ay mas mataas sa mga kababaihan dahil sa mas maraming pagkakalantad.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/><ref name=Ken2007/> Ginagamit ang mga ito bilang pangunahing pinagmumulan ng enerhiya sa 80% ng mga tahanan sa India, China at [[sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref name=Piro2012/> Ang mga taong nakatira sa malalaking lungsod ay mayroong mas mataas na bilang ng COPD kumpara sa mga taong nakatira sa mga lalawigang lugar.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, Badamgarav E, Buist AS, Mannino DM |title=Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Eur. Respir. J. |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=523–32 |date=September 2006|pmid=16611654|doi=10.1183/09031936.06.00124605 }}</ref> Habang ang [[polusyon sa hangin]] sa lungsod ay isang nag-aambag na salik sa mga paglala, ang pangkalahatang papel nito bilang sanhi ng COPD ay hindi malinaw.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ang mga lugar na may hindi magandang kalidad ng hangin sa labas, kasama ang mula sa [[exhaust gas]], ay karaniwang mayroong mas mataas na bilang ng COPD.<ref name=Piro2012/> Ang pangkalahatang epekto kaugnay sa paninigarilyo, gayunpaman, ay pinaniniwalaan na maliit.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> ===Mga pagkakalantad sa trabaho=== Ang matindi at matagalang pagkakalantad sa mga alikabok sa pinagtatrabahuhan, mga kemikal at usok ay dinadagdagan ang panganib ng COPD sa parehong naninigarilyo at hindi naninigarilyo.<ref name=Dev2006/> Ang mga pagkakalantad sa pinagtatrabahuhan ay pinaniniwalaang sanhi sa 10-20% ng mga kaso.<ref>{{cite book|last=Laine|first=Christine|title=In the Clinic: Practical Information about Common Health Problems|year=2009|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-934465-64-6|page=226|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=bvg9he4FOB0C&pg=PA226}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos pinaniniwalaan ang mga ito na kaugnay sa mas mahigit sa 30% ng mga kaso sa mga kailanman hindi nanigarilyo at malamang kumakatawan sa mas malaking panganib sa mga bansa na walang sapat na mga regulasyon.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Isinangkot ang bilang ng mga industriya at pinagmumulan, kasama ang<ref name=Piro2012/> mataas na mga antas ng alikabok sa [[pagmimina ng uling]], [[pagmimina ng ginto]], at ang industriya ng bulak sa tela, mga trabaho na mayroong sangkot na [[cadmium]] at [[isocyanates]], at mga usok mula sa [[pagwe-welding]].<ref name=Dev2006>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1142 |title=Definition, epidemiology and risk factors |year=2006 |last1=Devereux |first1=Graham |journal=BMJ |volume=332 |issue=7550 |pages=1142–4 |pmid=16690673 |pmc=1459603}}</ref> Ang pagtatrabaho sa agrikultura ay isang ring panganib.<ref name=Piro2012/> Sa ilang mga propesyon ang mga panganib ay tinatayang katumbas ng kalahati hanggang sa dalawang pakete ng sigarilyo sa isang araw.<ref name=Barn2009/> Ang pagkakalantad sa alikabok mula sa [[Silica]] ay maaari rin humantong sa COPD, kasama ang panganib na walang kaugnayan sa [[silicosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1515/REVEH.2007.22.4.255 |title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Occupational Exposure to Silica |year=2007 |last1=Rushton |first1=Lesley |journal=Reviews on Environmental Health |volume=22 |issue=4 |pmid=18351226 |pages=255–72}}</ref> Ang mga negatibong epekto ng pagkakalantad sa alikabok at pagkakalantad sa usok ng sigarilyo ay mukhang nakakadagdag o posibleng mahigit pa sa nakakadagdag.<ref name=Barn2009>{{cite book |editor1-first=Peter J. |editor1-last=Barnes |editor2-first=Jeffrey M. |editor2-last=Drazen |editor3-first=Stephen I. |editor3-last=Rennard |editor4-first=Neil C. |editor4-last=Thomson |year=2009 |chapter=Relationship between cigarette smoking and occupational exposures |chapterurl=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HY9PiQL3kQMC&pg=PA464 |title=Asthma and COPD: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Management |publisher=Academic |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-0-12-374001-4 |page=464}}</ref> ===Mga Henetiko=== May ginagampanang papel ang mga henetiko sa pagbuo ng COPD.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ito ay mas karaniwan sa mga kamag-anak ng may COPD na naninigarilo kaysa sa mga naninigarilyo na hindi kamag-anak.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Sa kasalukuyan, ang malinaw lamang na minanang salik ng panganib ay ang [[alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]] (AAT).<ref name=Foreman2012>{{cite journal | author = Foreman MG, Campos M, Celedón JC | title = Genes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Med. Clin. North Am. | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 699–711 |date=July 2012 | pmid = 22793939 | pmc = 3399759 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2012.02.006 }}</ref> Ang panganib na ito ay partikular na mataas kung ang isang tao na may kakulangan sa [[alpha 1-antitrypsin]] ay naninigarilyo rin.<ref name=Foreman2012/> Ito ang responsable para sa humigit-kumulang na 1-5% ng mga kaso<ref name=Foreman2012/><ref name=Brode2012>{{cite journal | author = Brode SK, Ling SC, Chapman KR | title = Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: a commonly overlooked cause of lung disease | journal = CMAJ | volume = 184 | issue = 12 | pages = 1365–71 |date=September 2012 | pmid = 22761482 | pmc = 3447047 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.111749 }}</ref> at ang humigit-kumulang na 3-4 sa 10,000 tao ay mayroong kondisyon.<ref name=Harr2012/> Ang iba pang mga salik sa henetiko ay iniimbestigahan,<ref name=Foreman2012/> kung saan malamang ang mga ito ay marami.<ref name=Piro2012>{{cite journal | author = Pirozzi C, Scholand MB | title = Smoking cessation and environmental hygiene | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2012-07_96_4/page/849 | journal = Med. Clin. North Am. | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 849–67 |date=July 2012 | pmid = 22793948 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2012.04.014 }}</ref> ===Iba pa=== Ang maraming iba pang mga salik ay hindi masyadong inuugnay sa COPD. Mas mataas ang panganib sa mga mahirap, bagaman hindi malinaw kung ito ay dahil sa [[kahirapan]] mismo o iba pang mga salik ng panganib kaugnay sa kahirapan, tulad ng polusyon sa hangin, at [[malnutrisyon]].<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Mayroong pansamantalang ebidensiya na ang mga taong mayroong hika at napaka-aktibong daanan ng hangin ay nasa mataas na panganib ng COPD.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ang mga salik sa kapanganakan tulad ng mababang timbang sa kapanganakan ay maaari ring gumanap ng papel tulad rin ng bilang ng mga nakakahawang sakit kasama ang [[HIV/AIDS]] at [[tuberkulosis]].<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ang [[Impeksiyon sa baga]] tulad ng [[pulmonya]] ay tila hindi dinadagdagan ang panganib ng COPD, sa mga nasa hustong gulang man lang.<ref name=Harr2012/> ===Mga Paglala=== Ang matinding paglala (isang biglaang paglala ng mga sintomas)<ref name=GOLD2013Chp5>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |chapter=Management of Exacerbations |pages=39–45 |chapterurl=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#56 |access-date=2015-06-20 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053032/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#56 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ay karaniwang sinisimulan ng impeksiyon o mga bagay na nagpaparumi sa kapaligiran, o kung minsan ng iba pang mga salik tulad ng hindi tamang paggamit ng mga gamot.<ref name=Dhar2012>{{cite book|last=Dhar|first=Raja|title=Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine|year=2011|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|page=1056|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA1056}}</ref> Lumalabas na mga impeksiyon ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 75% ng mga kaso,<ref name=Dhar2012/><ref>{{cite book|last=Palange|first=Paolo|title=ERS Handbook of Respiratory Medicine|year=2013|publisher=European Respiratory Society|isbn=978-1-84984-041-5|page=194|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=48gaALnXhcQC&pg=PA194}}</ref> kung saan bakterya ang sa 25%, mga virus sa 25%, at pareho nito sa 25%.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lötvall|first=Jan|title=Advances in combination therapy for asthma and COPD|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=978-1-119-97846-6|page=251|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=oPDU4xQLVWEC&pg=PT265}}</ref> Kasama sa mga bagay na nagpaparumi sa kapaligiran ang parehong hindi magandang kalidad ng hangin sa loob at labas.<ref name=Dhar2012/> Ang pagkakalantad sa usok kapag ikaw mismo ang naninigarilyo at usok mula sa naninigarilyo (second hand smoke) ay dinadagdagan ang panganib.<ref name=Piro2012/> Ang malamig na temperatura ay maaari ring magkaroon ng papel, sa mga paglala na mas madalas nangyayari sa taglamig.<ref name=Barnes2009>{{cite book|last=Barnes|first=Peter|title=Asthma and COPD : basic mechanisms and clinical management|year=2009|publisher=Academic|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-12-374001-4|page=837|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HY9PiQL3kQMC&pg=PA837|edition=2nd}}</ref> Ang mga mayroong matinding sakit ay mayroong mas madalas na paglala: sa sakit na bahagya 1.8 kada taon, sa katamtaman 2 hanggang 3 kada taon, at sa matindi 3.4 kada taon.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hanania|first=Nicola|title=COPD a Guide to Diagnosis and Clinical Management|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media, LLC|location=Totowa, NJ|isbn=978-1-59745-357-8|page=197|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=wMzWnIdRD1MC&pg=PA197|edition=1st|date=2010-12-09}}</ref> Ang mga mayroong maraming paglala ay mayroong mas mabilis na paghina ng paggana ng kanilang baga.<ref name=Beasley2012>{{cite journal|last=Beasley|first=V|author2=Joshi, PV |author3=Singanayagam, A |author4=Molyneaux, PL |author5=Johnston, SL |author6= Mallia, P |title=Lung microbiology and exacerbations in COPD|journal=International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|year=2012|volume=7|pages=555–69|pmid=22969296|doi=10.2147/COPD.S28286|pmc=3437812}}</ref> Maaaring palalain ng [[Pulmonary embolism|Pulmonary emboli]] (mga pagbuo ng dugo sa mga baga) ang mga sintomas sa mga may umiiral nang COPD.<ref name=Lancet2012/> ==Mga pagbabago sa paggana dulot ng sakit== [[File:Copd 2010Side.JPG|thumb|upright=2|Nasa kaliwa ang larawan ng mga baga at mga daanan ng hangin kasama ang bahaging nagpapakita ng isang detalyadong cross-section ng normal na mga [[bronchiole]] at [[alveoli]]. Nasa kanan ang mga baga na nasira ng COPD kasama ang bahaging nagpapakita ng cross-section ng nasirang mga bronchiole at alveoli]] Ang COPD ay isang uri ng [[sakit na pagbara sa baga]] kung saan ang hindi ganap na gumagaling ngunit maaaring maayos na mahinang daloy ng hangin (limitasyon sa daloy ng hangin) at ang kawalan ng kakayahang ganap na huminga palabas (pagkakulong ng hangin) ay umiiral.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Ang mahinang daloy ng hangin ay ang resulta ng pagkasira sa tisiyu ng baga (kilala bilang emphysema) at sakit ng maliit na daanan ng hangin na kilala bilang obstructive bronchiolitis (pamamaga ng bronchiole na sanhi ng bara).<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ang kaugnay na mga kontribusyon ng dalawang salik na ito ay magkaiba sa mga tao.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ang matinding pagkasira ng maliit na daanan ng hangin ay maaaring humantong sa pagbuo ng malalaking mga air pocket&mdash;kilala bilang bullae&mdash;na pumapalit sa tisiyu ng baga. Ang ganitong uri ng sakit ay tinatawag na bullous emphysema.<ref name="Fishman">{{Cite book | author=Murphy DMF, Fishman AP | title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2008 | page=913 | chapter=Chapter 53 | edition=4th | isbn=0-07-145739-9 }}</ref> [[File:Emphysema low mag.jpg|thumb|left|[[Micrograph]] na nagpapakita ng emphysema (sa kaliwa – malalaking walang laman na mga puwang) at tisyu ng [[baga]] kasama ang kaugnay na pangangalaga ng alveoli (sa kanan).]] <!--Pagkasira ng baga --> Nabubuo ang COPD bilang isang malaki at hindi gumagaling na namamagang tugon sa nalanghap na mga irritant.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ang hindi gumagaling na impeksiyong dulot ng bakterya ay maaari ring dumagdag sa kalagayan ng pamamagang ito.<ref name=Beasley2012/> Kasama sa mga sangkot na namamagang selula ang mga [[neutrophil granulocyte]] at mga [[macrophage]], dalawang uri ng puting selula ng dugo.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ang mga naninigarilyo ay mayroong ring sangkot na [[Cytotoxic T cell|Tc1]] [[lymphocyte]] at ang ilang mga tao na may COPD ay mayroon ring sangkot na [[eosinophil granulocyte|eosinophil]] na katulad sa hika.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> --> Ang bahagi ng tugon ng selulang ito ay dinadala ng mga tagapamagitan sa pamamamaga tulad ng [[chemotaxis|mga chemotactic na dahilan]].<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Kasama sa iba pang mga prosesong kinasasangkutan ng pinsala sa baga ang [[oxidative stress]] na nalilikha ng mataas na konsentrasyon ng [[Radical (chemistry)|mga free radical]] sa usok ng tabako at inilalabas ng mga namamagang selula, at pagkasira ng [[nagdudugtong na tisiyu]] ng baga sa pamamagitan ng mga [[protease]] na hindi sapat na pinipigilan ng [[Protease inhibitor (biology)|mga protease inhibitor]].<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ang pagkasira ng nagdudugtong na tisiyu ng mga baga ay ang nagiging sanhi ng paghantong sa emphysema, na nag-aambag sa mahinang daloy ng hangin at, sa huli, mahinang pagsipsip at paglabas ng mga hangin sa baga.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ang pangkalahatang pagpagkasayang ng kalamnan na kalimitan lumalabas sa COPD ay maaaring dahil sa mga tagapamagitan ng pamamaga na inilalabas ng mga baga papunta sa dugo.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> <!--Pagkipot ng daanan ng hangin --> Nangyayari ang pagkipot ng daanan ng hangin dahil sa pamamaga at pagkakapilat sa loob ng mga ito.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Nag-aambag ito sa kawalan ng kakayahang ganap na huminga palabas.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ang pinakamalaking pagbawas sa daloy ng hangin ay nangyayari kapag humihinga palabas, dahil ang presyon sa dibdib ay kino-compress ang daanan ng hangin sa panahon na ito.<ref name=Cal2005>{{cite journal |author=Calverley PM, Koulouris NG |title=Flow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation: key concepts in modern respiratory physiology|journal=Eur Respir J |volume=25 |pages=186–199|year=2005|pmid=15640341 |doi=10.1183/09031936.04.00113204 |issue=1}}</ref> Maaari itong magresulta sa higit pang hangin mula sa nakaraang natitirang hininga sa loob ng mga baga sa kapag sinimulan ang kasunod na paghinga, na nagreresulta sa pagdagdag sa kabuuang dami ng hangin sa mga baga sa anumang oras, isang pproseso na tinatawag na [[Inhalation#Hyperaeration|hyperinflation]] o pagpigil sa hangin.<ref name=Cal2005/><ref>{{cite book|last=Currie|first=Graeme P.|title=ABC of COPD|year=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell, BMJ Books|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|isbn=978-1-4443-2948-3|page=32|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=eEoYQA4QD_wC&pg=PA32|edition=2nd }}</ref> Ang Hyperinflation mula sa ehersisyo ay iniuugnay sa kapos na hininga sa COPD, dahil hindi gaanong maginhawang lumanghap kapag bahagyang puno na ang mga baga.<ref name=Odon2006>{{cite journal |author=O'Donnell DE|title=Hyperinflation, Dyspnea, and Exercise Intolerance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|journal=The Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=3 |pages=180–4 |year=2006 |pmid=16565429 |doi=10.1513/pats.200508-093DO |issue=2}}</ref> Ang ilan ay mayroon ring antas ng [[Bronchial hyperresponsiveness|labis na pagtugon ng daanan ng hangin]] sa mga irritant na katulad sa mga nakikita sa hika.<ref name=Harr2012/> <!--Huling yugto --> [[hypoxemia|Mga mababang antas ng oxygen]] at, sa huli, ang [[hypercapnia|mataas na antas ng carbon dioxide sa dugo]] ay maaaring mangyari mula sa mahinang [[pagpalit ng hangin]] dahil sa nabawasang bentilasyon mula sa pagbara sa daanan ng hangin, hyperinflation at ang nabawasang pagnanais na huminga.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Sa panahon ng mga paglala, tumataas rin ang pamamaga sa daanan ng hangin, na nagreresulta sa nadagdagan hyperinflation, nabawasang daloy ng hangin sa paghinga at paglala ng paglipat ng hangin. Ito ay maaari rin humantong sa hindi sapat na bentilasyon at, sa huli, mga mababang antas ng oxygen.<ref name=GOLD2007/> Ang mababang antas ng oxygen,kung mananatili nang matagal na panahon, ay maaaring magresulta sa [[vasoconstriction|pagkipot ng mga malalaking ugat]] sa mga baga, habang ang emphysema ay humahantong sa pagkasira ng mga maliliit na ugat sa mga baga.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Nagreresulta ang parehong mga pagbabagong ito sa mataas na presyon ng dugo sa [[Pulmonary artery|pulmonary arteries]], na maaaring magdulot ng cor pulmonale (di normal na paglaki ng kanang bahagi ng puso sanhi ng sakit sa baga).<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> == Pagkilala sa sakit == [[File:DoingSpirometry.JPG|alt= A person sitting and blowing into a device attached to a computer|thumb|Isang tao na bumubuga sa spirometer. Mayroong mga mas maliit na handheld device para magamit sa opisina.]] Ang pagkilala sakit na COPD ay kailangan isaalang-alang sa sinuman na maghit sa edad na 35 hanggang 40 na mayroong [[dyspnea|kapos na paghinga]], isang hindi gumagaling na ubo, produksyon ng plema, o malimit na sipon sa taglamig at ang kasaysayan ng pagkakalantad sa mga salik ng panganib para sa sakit.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/><ref name=NICE2010P60/> Ang [[Spirometry]] ay ginagamit para kumpirmahin ang pagkilala sa sakit.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/><ref name=Qas2011/> ===Spirometry=== Sinusukat ng [[Spirometry]] ang bilang ng pagkakaroon ng pagbara sa daanan ng hangin at karaniwan isinagawa pagkatapos ng paggamit ng isang [[bronchodilator]], ang gamot para buksan ang mga daanan ng hangin.<ref name=Qas2011/> Sinusukat ang dalawang pangunahing bahagi para gumawa ng pagkilala sa sakit: ang puwersadong dami ng paghinga sa isang segundo(FEV₁), na pinakamalaking dami ng hangin na maaaring ihinga nang palabas sa unanag segundo sa isang paghinga, at ang [[vital capacity|forced vital capacity]] (FVC), na pinakamaraming hangin na maaaring ihinga palabas sa isang malaking paghinga.<ref name=Young2010>{{cite book|last=Young|first=Vincent B.|title=Blueprints medicine|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott William & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-8870-0|page=69|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_DHtahEUgXcC&pg=PA69|edition=5th}}</ref> Karaniwan, 75-80% ng FVC ay lumalabas sa unang segundo<ref name=Young2010/> at ang [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV₁/FVC ratio]] na mas kaunti sa 70% sa isang tao na may mga sintomas ng COPD ay tinutukoy ang isang tao na mayroong sakit.<ref name=Qas2011/> Batay sa mga sukat na ito, ang spirometry ay hahantong sa labis na pagkilala sa sakit na COPD sa matatanda.<ref name=Qas2011/> Ang pamantayan ng [[National Institute of Clinical Excellence]] sa ay nangangailangan pa ng FEV₁ na mas kaunti sa 80% inaasahan.<ref name=NICE2010P60/> Ang ebidensiya para sa paggamit ng spirometry sa mga walang mga sintomas bilang pagsusumikap para [[Screening (medicine)|kilalanin ang kondisyon nang maaga]] ay walang katiyakan ang epekto at kaya hindi inirerekomenda sa kasalukuyan.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/><ref name=Qas2011>{{cite journal | author = Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Weinberger SE, Hanania NA, Criner G, van der Molen T, Marciniuk DD, Denberg T, Schünemann H, Wedzicha W, MacDonald R, Shekelle P | title = Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2011-08-02_155_3/page/178 | journal = Ann. Intern. Med. | volume = 155 | issue = 3 | pages = 179–91 |date=August 2011 | pmid = 21810710 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-155-3-201108020-00008}}</ref> Ang [[peak expiratory flow]] (ang pinakamataas na bilis ng paghinga), na karaniwang ginagamit sa hika, ay hindi sapat para sa pagkilala sa sakit na COPD.<ref name=NICE2010P60/> ===Tindi=== {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |+Sukatan ng MRC para sa kapos na paghinga<ref name=NICE2010P60/> |- ! Antas!! Apektadong aktibidad |- | 1 || Mabigat na aktibidad lamang |- | 2 || Masiglang paglalakad |- | 3 || Sa normal na paglalakad |- | 4 || Pagkatapos ng ilang minutong paglalakad |- | 5 || Sa pagpapalit ng damit |} {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |+GOLD antas<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> |- ! Tindi!! FEV₁ % nahulaan |- | Bahagya (GOLD 1) || ≥80 |- | Katamtaman (GOLD 2)|| 50–79 |- | Matindi (GOLD 3) || 30–49 |- | Napakatindi (GOLD 4)|| <30 o [[matagal na pagpalya ng paghinga]] |} Maraming mga pamamaraan para matukoy kung gaano naaapektuhan ng COPD ang isang indibiduwal.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Ang binagong kuwestyonayo ng [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|British Medical Research Council]] (mMRC) o ang pagsusuri para sa pagtatasa ng COPD (COPD assessment test, CAT) ay mga simpleng kuwestyonaryo na maaaring gamitin para matukoy ang tindi ng mga sintomas.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Ang mga score sa CAT ay nasa hanay mula 0–40 kung saan mas mataas ang score, mas matindi ang sakit.<ref name=ATS>{{cite web |title=COPD Assessment Test (CAT) |url=http://www.thoracic.org/assemblies/srn/questionaires/copd.php |publisher=[[American Thoracic Society]] |accessdate=November 29, 2013}}</ref> Maaaring makatulong ang spirometry para matukoy ang tindi ng limitasyon ng daloy ng hangin.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Ito ay karaniwan batay sa FEV₁ na ipinapakita bilang porsiyento ng hinulaang "normal" para sa edad, kasarian, taas at timbang ng isang tao.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Parehong bahagyang inirekomenda ng American at European na mga gabay ang pagbatay ng mga rekomendasyon sa paggamot sa FEV₁.<ref name=Qas2011/> Ang mga gabay na GOLD ay nagmumungkahi na hatiin ang mga tao sa apat na kategorya batay sa mga pagtatasa ng sintomas at limitasyon ng daloy ng hangin.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Ang pagbawas ng timbang at paghina ng kalamnan, gayundin ang pagkakaroon ng iba pang mga sakit, ay kailangan rin isaalang-alang.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> ===Iba pang mga pagsusuri=== Ang [[X-ray ng dibdib]] at [[kumpletong pagbilang sa mga selula ng dugo]] ay maaaring makatulong para hindi isama ang iba pang mga kondisyon sa panahon ng pagkilala sa sakit.<ref name=NICE2010P70/> Ang mga naglalarawang palatandaan sa X-ray ay ang sobrang kalaparan ng mga baga, yuping [[Thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]], maraming retrosternal airspace, at [[Bulla (dermatology)|bullae]] habang ito ay maaaring makatulong na hindi isama ang mga iba pang sakit sa baga, tulad [[pulmonya]], [[pamamaga ng baga]] o ang [[pneumothorax]].<ref name=Old2007>{{cite journal |author=Torres M, Moayedi S |title=Evaluation of the acutely dyspneic elderly patient |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinics-in-geriatric-medicine_2007-05_23_2/page/307 |journal=Clin. Geriatr. Med. |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=307–25, vi |date=May 2007 |pmid=17462519 |doi=10.1016/j.cger.2007.01.007}}</ref> Ang mataas na resolution na [[X-ray computed tomography|computed tomography]] na pag-scan ng dibdib ay maaaring ipakita ang mga pagkalat ng emphysema sa buong baga at maaari rin makatulong para hindi isama ang iba pang mga sakit sa baga.<ref name=Harr2012/> Maliban kung magpaplano ng isang operasyon, gayunpaman, bihira nitong naaapektuhan ang pamamahala.<ref name=Harr2012/> Ang [[arterial blood gas|pagsusuri sa malaking ugat ng dugo]] ay ginagamit para matukoy ang pangangailangan para sa oxygen; ito ay inirerekomenda sa mga mayroong FEV₁ na mababa sa nahulaang 35%, ang mga mayroong peripheral oxygen saturation na kaunti sa 92% at ang mga mayroong sintomas ng congestive heart failure.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Sa mga bahagi ng mundo kung saan karaniwan ang kakulangan sa alpha-1 antitrypsin, ang mga taong may COPD (lalo na ang mga mas bata sa edad na 45 at mayroong emphysema na naaapektuhan ang mga ibabang bahagi ng mga baga) ay kailangan isaalang-alang na masuri.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> <gallery> File:COPD.JPG|alt=A black and white image, with a small white heart in the middle and large black lungs around it|X-ray ng dibdib na nagpapakita ng COPD. Pansinin ang maliit na laki ng puso kumpara sa mga baga. File:Barrowchest.JPG|Isang lateral na x-ray ng dibdib ng isang taong mayroong emphysema. Pansinin ang bariles na dibdib at yuping diaphragm. Image:BullaCXR.PNG|Lung bulla as seen on CXR in a person with severe COPD Medical X-Ray imaging WFH07 nevit.jpg|Malubhang kaso ng bullous emphysema File:Bullus emphasemaCT.png|Paikot na larawan ng CT ng baga ng isang taong mayroong end-stage bullous emphysema. </gallery> ===Pagtukoy sa pagkakaiba ng mga sakit na magkatulad ang mga sintomas=== Maaaring kailanganing tukuyin ang kaibahan ng COPD mula sa iba pang mga dahilan ng kapos na paghinga tulad ng [[congestive heart failure]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonya]] o [[pneumothorax]]. Maraming tao na may COPD ang nagkakamali ipalagay na mayroon silang [[hika]].<ref name=EB2008/> Ang pagkakaiba sa pagitan ng hika at COPD ay ginagawa batay sa mga sintomas, kasaysayan ng paninigarilyo, at kung ang limitasyon sa daloy ng hangin ay maaaring gumaling sa pamamagitan ng mga bronchodilator sa [[spirometry]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=BTS COPD Consortium|title=Spirometry in practice - a practical guide to using spirometry in primary care|url=https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/delivery-of-respiratory-care/spirometry/spirometry-in-practice/|accessdate=25 August 2014|pages=8-9|year=2005|archive-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120148/https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/delivery-of-respiratory-care/spirometry/spirometry-in-practice/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maaaring mayroon ring tuberkulosis na may kasamang hindi gumagaling na ubo at kailangan isaalang-alang sa mga lokasyon kung saan ito ay karaniwan.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Kasama sa mga karaniwang kondisyon na maaaring magkaroon ang [[bronchopulmonary dysplasia]] at [[obliterative bronchiolitis]].<ref name=NICE2010P70>{{NICE|101|Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|June 2010|70-80}}</ref> Ang hindi gumagaling na bronchitis ay maaaring mangyari sa normal na daloy ng hangin at sa sitwasyong ito hindi ito inuuri bilang COPD.<ref name=Harr2012/> ==Pag-iwas== Karamihan sa mga kaso ng COPD ay maaaring iwasan sa pamamagitan ng pagbawas sa pagkakalantad sa usok at pagpapabuti sa kalidad ng hangin.<ref name=Piro2012/> Ang mga taunang [[bakuna sa trangkaso]] sa mga may COPD ay binabawasan ang mga paglala, pagkakaospital at pagkamatay.<ref name=Mackay2012>{{cite journal | author = Mackay AJ, Hurst JR | title = COPD exacerbations: causes, prevention, and treatment | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2012-07_96_4/page/789 | journal = Med. Clin. North Am. | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 789–809 |date=July 2012 | pmid = 22793945 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2012.02.008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Poole PJ, Chacko E, Wood-Baker RW, Cates CJ |title=Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=1 |pages=CD002733 |year=2006 |pmid=16437444|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002733.pub2 |editor1-last=Poole |editor1-first=Phillippa}}</ref> Ang [[Pneumococcal vaccine|bakuna para sa pneumococcal]] ay maaaring maging kapaki-pakinabang.<ref name=Mackay2012/> ===Pagtigil ng paninigarilyo=== <!--Pangunahing pag-iwas --> Ang pagpigil sa mga taong magsimula ng pagninigarilyo ay ang pangunahing aspeto ng pag-iwas sa COPD.<ref name=GOLD2013ChpX/> Ang [[Tobacco smoking#Mga legal na isyu at regulasyon|mga patakaran]] ng mga pamahalaan, ahensiya ng pampublikong kalusugan at organisasyon laban sa paninigarilyo ay maaaring bawasan ang bilang ng paninigarilyo sa pamamagitan ng paghikayat sa mga tao na huwag magsimula at paghihikayat sa mga tao na tigilan ang paninigarilyo.<ref name=WHO2003/> Ang mga [[pagbabawal sa paninigarilyo]] sa mga pampublikong lugar at pinagtatrabahuhan ay mga mahalagang hakbang para bawasan ang pagkakalantad sa usok mula sa naninigarilyo at habang maraming mga lugar ang nagtatag ng mga pagbabawal, inirerekomendang dagdagan pa ito.<ref name=Piro2012/> <!--Pangalawang pag-iwas --> Sa mga naninigarilyo, ang [[smoking cessation|pagtigil sa paninigarilyo]] ay ang tanging hakbang na nagpapakita ng pagbagal sa paglala ng COPD.<ref name=Jim2013>{{cite journal | author = Jiménez-Ruiz CA, Fagerström KO | title = Smoking cessation treatment for COPD smokers: the role of counselling | journal = Monaldi Arch Chest Dis | volume = 79 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–7 |date=March 2013 | pmid = 23741944 | doi = }}</ref> Kahit sa huling yugto ng sakit, maaaring bawasan ang bilang ng paglala ng paggana ng baga at iantala ang pagsisimula ng kapansanan at kamatayan.<ref name=kc>{{cite book |author=Kumar P, Clark M |title=Clinical Medicine |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |year=2005 |isbn=0-7020-2763-4 |pages=900–1 |edition=6th }}</ref> Ang pagtigil sa paninigarilyo ay nagsisimula sa desisyon na tumigil sa paninigarilyo, na humahantong sa isang pagsubok na tumigil. Kalimitan kailangan ng maraming pagsubok bago makamit ang pangmatagalang pagpipigil.<ref name = WHO2003>{{cite book |url=http://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/tobacco_dependence/en/ |publisher=World Health Organization |title=Policy Recommendations for Smoking Cessation and Treatment of Tobacco Dependence |isbn=978-92-4-156240-9 |pages=15–40 |access-date=2015-06-20 |archive-date=2008-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915105015/http://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/tobacco_dependence/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ang mga pagsubok sa mahigit na 5 taon ay humantong sa tagumpay sa halos 40% ng mga tao.<ref name=Ton2013/> Maaaring makamit ng ilang mga naninigarilyo ang pangmatagalang pagtigil sa paninigarilyo sa pamamagitan lamang ng kapangyarihan ng kagustuhan. Ang paninigarilyo, gayunpaman, ay lubhang nakakahumaling,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2278.aspx?CategoryID=53&SubCategoryID=536 |title=Why is smoking addictive? |work=NHS Choices |date=December 29, 2011 |accessdate=November 29, 2013 |archive-date=Oktubre 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013041250/http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2278.aspx?CategoryID=53&SubCategoryID=536 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at maraming naninigarilyo ang kailangan ng karagdagan suporta. Ang tsansa ng pagtigil ay nadadagdagan sa pamamagitan ng suporta ng lipunan, pagsali sa programa ng pagtigil sa paninigarilyo at ang paggamit ng mga gamot tulad ng [[nicotine replacement therapy]], [[bupropion]] o [[varenicline]].<ref name=WHO2003/><ref name=Ton2013>{{cite journal | author = Tønnesen P | title = Smoking cessation and COPD | journal = Eur Respir Rev | volume = 22 | issue = 127 | pages = 37–43 |date=March 2013 | pmid = 23457163 | doi = 10.1183/09059180.00007212 }}</ref> ===Kalusugan sa trabaho=== Maraming hakbang ang ginawa para bawasan ang posibilidad na magkaroon ng COPD ang mga manggagawa sa mga nasa panganib na industriya—tulad ng pagmimina ng uling, konstruksiyon at kasanayan sa paghugis ng mga bato (stonemasonry.<ref name=Piro2012/> Kasama sa mga halimbawa ng mga hakbang na ito ang: ang paggawa ng pampublikong patakaran,<ref name=Piro2012/> edukasyon ng mga manggagawa at pamamahala tungkol sa mga panganib, pagtataguyod ng pagtigil sa paninigarilyo, [[disease surveillance|pagtingin]] sa mga manggagawa para sa mga maagang palatandaan ng COPD, paggamit ng mga [[respirator]], at pagkontaol sa alikabok.<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Barbara K. Timby, Nancy E.|title=Essentials of nursing : care of adults and children|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5098-1|page=338|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=LJWDJMoStnMC&pg=PA338}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor2-last=Markowitz |editor1-first=William N. |editor1-last=Rom |editor2-first=Steven B.|title=Environmental and occupational medicine|year=2007|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6299-1|pages=521–2|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&pg=PA521|edition=4th }}</ref> Makakamit ang pagkontrol sa alikabok sa pamamagitan ng pagpapabuti sa bentilasyon, paggamit ng mga pang-spray ng tubig at sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng mga paraan sa pagmimina na nakakabawas sa produksyon ng alikabok.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/copd/casestudies/wetcut.htm |title=Wet cutting |publisher=[[Health and Safety Executive]] |accessdate=November 29, 2013 |archive-date=Disyembre 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004449/http://www.hse.gov.uk/copd/casestudies/wetcut.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kung magkakaroon ng COPD ang manggagawa, maaaring mabawasan ang karagdagang pagkasira ng baga sa pamamagitan ng pag-iwas sa patuloy na pagkakalantad sa alikabok, halimbawa sa pamamagitan ng pagbabago ng tungkulin sa trabaho.<ref>{{cite book|last=George|first=Ronald B.|title=Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-7817-5273-2|page=172|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&pg=PA172|edition=5th }}</ref> ===Polusyon sa hangin=== Ang parehong kalidad ng hangin sa loob at labas ay maaaring mapabuti, na maaaring makaiwas sa COPD o pagbagalin ang paglala ng umiiral na sakit.<ref name=Piro2012/> Maaari itong makamit sa pamamagitan ng mga pagsusumikap para sa pampublikong patakaran, mga pagbabago sa kultura, at personal na pagsali.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp4>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=31–8 |chapter=Management of Stable COPD |url=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#48 |access-date=2015-06-20 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053032/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#48 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!--Hangin sa labas --> Ang bilang ng mga bansang maunlad ay matagumpay na napabuti ang kalidad ng hangin sa labas sa pamamagitan ng mga regulasyon.<ref name=Piro2012/> Ito ay nagresulta sa mga pagpapabuti sa paggana ng baga ng kanilang mga populasyon.<ref name=Piro2012/> Ang mga mayroong COPD ay maaaring makaranas ng mas kaunting mga sintomas kung sila ay mananatili sa loob sa mga araw kapag hindi maganda ang kalidad ng hangin sa labas.<ref name=GOLD2007/> <!--Hangin sa loob --> Ang isang mahalagang pagsusumikap para mabawasan ang pagkakalantad sa usok mula sa pagluluto at mga gasolina sa pagpapainit sa pamamagitan ng pinabuting bentilasyon ng mga tahanan at mas mainam na mga kalan at tsiminea.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp4/> Ang mga tamang kalan ay maaaring pabutihin ang kalidad ng hangin sa labas ng 85%.<ref name=Piro2012/> Ang paggamit ng alternatibong pinagmumulan ng enerhiya tulad ng [[pagluluto gamit ang enerhiya ng araw]] at pagpapainit gamit ang kuryente ay mabisa,<ref name=Piro2012/> gaya rin ng paggamit ng mga gasolina tulad ng kerosene o uling kaysa sa biomass.<ref name=Piro2012/> == Pamamahala == Walang batid na lunas para sa COPD, ngunit magagamot ang mga sintomas at ang pagpagpapatuloy nito ay maaaring maantala.<ref name=GOLD2013ChpX/> Ang mga pangunahing layunin ng pamamahala ay para bawasan ang mga salik ng panganib, pamahalaan ang hindi nagbabagong COPD, iwasan at gamutin ang mga matinding paglala, at pamahalaan ang mga kaugnay na karamdaman.<ref name=GOLD2007/> Ang tanging mga hakbang na nagpakita ng pagbawas sa bilang ng namamatay ay ang pagtigil sa paninigarilyo at karagdagang oxygen.<ref name=Drummond08>{{cite journal |author=Drummond MB, Dasenbrook EC, Pitz MW, Murphy DJ, Fan E|title=Inhaled corticosteroids in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2008-11-26_300_20/page/2406|journal=JAMA |volume=300 |issue=20 |pages=2407–16 |date=November 2008 |pmid=19033591|doi=10.1001/jama.2008.717 }}</ref> Ang pagtigil sa paninigarilyo ay pinabababa ang panganib ng pagkamatay ng 18%.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Kasama sa iba pang mga rekomendasyon ang: bakuna para sa trangkaso ng isang beses sa isang taon, bakuna para sa pneumococcal ng isang beses kada 5 taon, at pagbawas sa pagkakalantad sa polusyon sa hangin ng kapaligiran.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Sa mga may advanced na sakit, ang [[pangangalaga para sa pagpapaginhawa]] ay maaaring bawasan ang mga sintomas, kung saan pinapabuti ng morphine ang mga pakiramdam ng kapos na paghinga.<ref name=Carl2012>{{cite journal |author=Carlucci A, Guerrieri A, Nava S |title=Palliative care in COPD patients: is it only an end-of-life issue? |journal=Eur Respir Rev |volume=21 |issue=126 |pages=347–54 |date=December 2012|pmid=23204123|doi=10.1183/09059180.00001512 |url=}}</ref> Ang [[noninvasive na bentilasyon]] ay maaaring gamitin para suportahan ang paghinga.<ref name=Carl2012/> ===Ehersisyo=== Ang [[rehabilitasyon ng baga]] ay isang programa ng ehersisyo, pamamahala sa sakit at pagpapayo, na pinamamahalaan para sa kapakinabangan ng indibiduwal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Copd/Copd_Treatments.html |title=COPD — Treatment |publisher=U.S. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute |accessdate=2013-07-23}}</ref> Sa mga nagkaroon ng kamakailan na paglala, ang rehabilitasyon ng baga ay mukhang pinapabuti ang pangkalahatang kalidad ng buhay at ang kakayahan na mag-ehersisyo, at binabawasan ang bilang ng namamatay.<ref name=Puhan2011>{{cite journal |author=Puhan MA, Gimeno-Santos E, Scharplatz M, Troosters T, Walters EH, Steurer J |editor1-last=Puhan |editor1-first=Milo A |title=Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=10 |pages=CD005305 |year=2011|pmid=21975749 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005305.pub3 }}</ref> Nagpakita rin ito ng pagbuti ng kamalayan sa pagkontrol na mayroon ang isang tao sa kanilang sakit, gayundin sa kanilang mga damdamin.<ref name=Lac2006>{{cite journal | author = Lacasse Y, Goldstein R, Lasserson TJ, Martin S | title = Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 4 | pages = CD003793 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17054186 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003793.pub2 | editor1-last = Lacasse | editor1-first = Yves }}</ref> Ang mga ehersisyo sa paghinga at ng kanilang sarili ay mukhang mayroong limitadong papel.<ref name=Holland2012/> Ang pagiging alinman sa kulang o sobra sa timbang ay maaaring maapektuhan ang mga sintomas, antas ng kapansanan at kahihinatnan ng COPD. Ang mga taong may COPD na kulang sa timbang ay maaaring pabutihin ang kanilang lakas ng kalamnan sa paghinga sa pamamagitan ng pagdagdag sa kinakain nilang [[kaloriya]].<ref name=GOLD2007/> Kapag isinama sa regular na ehersisyo o isang programa ng rehabilitasyon sa baga, maaari itong humantong sa mga pagbuti ng mga sintomas ng COPD. Maaaring may kapakinabangan ang karagdagang nutrisyon sa mga [[malnutrition|malnourished]].<ref name=Ferr2012>{{cite journal|author=Ferreira IM, Brooks D, White J, Goldstein R |editor1-last=Ferreira|editor1-first=Ivone M |title=Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=12 |pages=CD000998 |year=2012 |pmid=23235577 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000998.pub3 }}</ref> ===Mga Bronchodilator=== Ang nilanghap na mga [[bronchodilator]]ay ang pangunahing ginagamit na mga gamot,<ref name=Lancet2012/> at nagreresulta sa maliit na pangkalahatang benepisyo.<ref name=VanD2013>{{cite journal | author = van Dijk WD, van den Bemt L, van Weel C | title = Megatrials for bronchodilators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment: time to reflect | journal = J Am Board Fam Med | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 221–4 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23471939 | doi = 10.3122/jabfm.2013.02.110342}}</ref> Mayroong dalawang malaking mga uri, ang [[Beta2-adrenergic agonist|β₂ agonists]] at [[anticholinergics]]; pareho itong umiiral sa mga anyo na matagalan at pansamantalang pagganap. Binabawasan ng mga ito ang kapos na paghinga, paghuni at limitasyon sa ehersisyo, na nagreresulta sa pinahusay na [[kalidad ng buhay]].<ref name=Lies2002>{{cite journal |author=Liesker JJ, Wijkstra PJ, Ten Hacken NH, Koëter GH, Postma DS, Kerstjens HA |title=A systematic review of the effects of bronchodilators on exercise capacity in patients with COPD |journal=Chest |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=597–608 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11834677 |doi=10.1378/chest.121.2.597 |url=http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1080303 |access-date=2015-06-20 |archive-date=2015-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928003929/http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1080303 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hindi malinaw kung binabago nito ang pagpapatuloy ng sakit.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Sa mga mayroong katamtaman na sakit, inirerekomenda ang mga agent na short-acting sa [[Pro re nata|kung kailangan]] na batayan.<ref name=Lancet2012/> sa mga mayroong mas higit pang matinding sakit, inirerekomenda ang mga agent na short-acting.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Kung ang long-acting na mga bronchodilator ay hindi sapat ang nilalanghap na mga corticosteroid ay karaniwang idinadagdag.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Ang may pagsasaalang-alang sa mga agent na long-acting, ito ay hindi malinaw kung ang [[tiotropium]] (ang long-acting anticholinergic) o mga [[long-acting beta agonist]] (LABAs) ay mas mainam, at maaaring karapat-dapat na subukan ang bawat isa at ipagpatuloy ang mas mabuting gumagana.<ref name=Chong2012>{{cite journal | author = Chong J, Karner C, Poole P | title = Tiotropium versus long-acting beta-agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = CD009157 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22972134 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009157.pub2 | editor1-last = Chong | editor1-first = Jimmy }}</ref> Ang parehong mga uri ng agent ay lumalabas na para bawasan ang panganib ng matinding mga paglala ng 15-25%.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Habang gamit pareho sa parehong oras ay maaaring maghandog na benepisyo, ang benepisyo na ito, kung mayroon, ay walang katiyakan na kahalagahan.<ref name=Karner2012>{{cite journal | author = Karner C, Cates CJ | title = Long-acting beta(2)-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting beta(2)-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 4 | issue = | pages = CD008989 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22513969 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008989.pub2 | editor1-last = Karner | editor1-first = Charlotta }}</ref> <!--Mga beta agonist--> Mayroong maraming mga antagonist β₂ na magagamit kasama ang [[salbutamol]] (Ventolin) at [[terbutaline]].<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/> Nagbibigay ang mga ito ng ilang ginhawa ng mga sintomas para sa apat hanggang anim na oras.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/> Ang mga antagonist na long-acting β₂ tuald ng [[salmeterol]] at [[formoterol]] ay kalimmitan ginagamit bilan maintenance therapy. Ang ilang ay pakiramdam ang ebidensiya ng benepisyo ay limitado<ref name=Cave2011>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cave | first1 = AC. | last2 = Hurst | first2 = MM. | title = The use of long acting β₂-agonists, alone or in combination with inhaled corticosteroids, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a risk-benefit analysis | journal = Pharmacol Ther | volume = 130 | issue = 2 | pages = 114–43 |date=May 2011 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.12.008 | pmid = 21276815 }}</ref> habang ang iba ay pananaw ng benepisyo ay naitatag.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Spencer|first=S|author2=Karner, C |author3=Cates, CJ |author4= Evans, DJ |title=Inhaled corticosteroids versus long-acting beta(2)-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=Dec 7, 2011|issue=12|pages=CD007033|pmid=22161409|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007033.pub3|editor1-last=Spencer|editor1-first=Sally}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=J|author2=Nie, B |author3=Xiong, W |author4= Xu, Y |title=Effect of long-acting beta-agonists on the frequency of COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis|journal=Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics|date=April 2012|volume=37|issue=2|pages=204–11|pmid=21740451|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01285.x}}</ref> Lumalabas na ligtas ang pangmatagalang gamit sa COPD<ref name=Decr2013>{{cite journal | author = Decramer ML, Hanania NA, Lötvall JO, Yawn BP | title = The safety of long-acting β2-agonists in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 53–64 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23378756 | pmc = 3558319 | doi = 10.2147/COPD.S39018 }}</ref> na may mga masamang epekto kasama ang [[tremor|panginginig]] at [[Palpitation|mga mabilis na pagtibok ng puso]].<ref name=Lancet2012/> Kapag ginamit kasama ng nilanghap na mga steroid itinataas ng mga ito ang panganib ng pneumonia.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Habang ang mga steroid at LABAs ay maaaring gumana nang mas mainam nang magkasama,<ref name=Cave2011/> hindi malinaw kung ang bahagyang benepisyo higitan ang mataas na panganib.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nannini|first=LJ|author2=Lasserson, TJ |author3=Poole, P |title=Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting beta(2)-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=Sep 12, 2012|volume=9|pages=CD006829|pmid=22972099|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006829.pub2|editor1-last=Nannini|editor1-first=Luis Javier}}</ref> <!--Anticholinergics --> Mayroong dalawang pangunahing mga anticholinergic na ginagamit sa COPD, [[ipratropium]] at [[tiotropium]]. Ang ipratropium ay ang short-acting na agent habang ang tiotropium ay long-acting. Ang tiotropium ay kaugnay sa pagbaba ng mga paglala at pinabuting kalidad ng buhay,<ref name=Karner2012/> at ang tiotropium ay ibinibigay ang mga benepisyong ito na mas mabuti kaysa sa ipratropium.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cheyne L, Irvin-Sellers MJ, White J |editor1-last=Cheyne |editor1-first=Leanne |title=Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=Sep 16, 2013 |issue=9 |pages=CD009552 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009552.pub2 |pmid=24043433 |volume=9}}</ref> Hindi lumalabas na maaapektuhan ang bilang ng namamatay o ang pangkalahatang bilang ng pagkakaospital.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Karner|first=C|author2=Chong, J |author3=Poole, P |title=Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=Jul 11, 2012|volume=7|pages=CD009285|pmid=22786525|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009285.pub2|editor1-last=Karner|editor1-first=Charlotta}}</ref> Ang mga anticholinergic ay maaaring magdulot ng mga sintomas ng tuyong balat at sa urinary tract.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Ang mga ito ay kaugnay rin sa mataas na panganib ng sakit sa puso at stroke.<ref name=Singh2008>{{cite journal | author = Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD | title = Inhaled anticholinergics and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2008-09-24_300_12/page/1438 | journal = JAMA | volume = 300 | issue = 12 | pages = 1439–50 |date=September 2008 | pmid = 18812535 | doi = 10.1001/jama.300.12.1439 }}</ref><ref name=Singh2013>{{cite journal | author = Singh S, Loke YK, Enright P, Furberg CD | title = Pro-arrhythmic and pro-ischaemic effects of inhaled anticholinergic medications | journal = Thorax | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 114–6 |date=January 2013 | pmid = 22764216 | doi = 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201275 }}</ref> [[Aclidinium]], isa pang long acting agent na nanggaling sa merkado noong 2012, ay ginamit bilang alternatibo sa tiotropium.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=P|title=Aclidinium bromide twice daily for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review.|journal=Advances in therapy|date=Apr 2013|volume=30|issue=4|pages=354–68|pmid=23553509|doi=10.1007/s12325-013-0019-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cazzola|first1=M|last2=Page|first2=CP|last3=Matera|first3=MG|title=Aclidinium bromide for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.|journal=Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy|date=Jun 2013|volume=14|issue=9|pages=1205–14|pmid=23566013|doi=10.1517/14656566.2013.789021}}</ref> ===Corticosteroids=== Ang mga [[corticosteroid]] ay karaniwang ginagamit sa nilanghap na paraan ngunit maaari rin gamitin bilang tabletas para gamutin at iwasan ang matinding mga paglala. Habang ang mga nilalanghap na corticosteroids (inhaled corticosteroids) (ICS) ay walang ipinakikitang benepisyo para sa mga tao na may katamtaman na may COPD, binabawasan ng mga ito ang mga matinding paglala sa mga mayroong alinman na katamtaman o matinding sakit.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Carson SS, Lohr KN |title=Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Patients With COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Health Outcomes |journal=Ann Fam Med |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=253–62 |year=2006 |pmid=16735528 |pmc=1479432|doi=10.1370/afm.517 }}</ref> Kapag ginamit nang magkasama ng LABA pinabababa ng mga ito ang bilang ng namamatay nang higit pa sa alinman na ICS o LABA mismo.<ref name=Shaf2013>{{cite journal | author = Shafazand S | title = ACP Journal Club. Review: inhaled medications vary substantively in their effects on mortality in COPD | journal = Ann. Intern. Med. | volume = 158 | issue = 12 | pages = JC2 |date=June 2013 | pmid = 23778926 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-158-12-201306180-02002 }}</ref> Sa sarili nila walang epekto ang mga ito sa pangkalahatang isang taon na bilang ng namamatay at kaugnay sa mataas na mga bilang ng pneumonia.<ref name="Drummond08"/> Hindi malinaw kung naaapektuhan ng mga ito ang pagpapatuloy ng sakit.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Ang pangmatagalang paggamot kasma ang mga tabletas ng steroid ay kaugnay sa mahalagang mga hindi epekto.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/> ===Ibang gamot=== Ang pangmatagalang mga [[antibiyotiko]], lalo na ang mga mula sa uri ng [[macrolide]] tulad ng [[erythromycin]], ay binabawasan ang dalas ng mga paglala sa mga dalawa o mahigit sa isang tao.<ref name=Mammen2012>{{cite journal | author = Mammen MJ, Sethi S | title = Macrolide therapy for the prevention of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn. | volume = 122 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 54–9 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22353707}}</ref><ref name=Harath2013>{{cite journal|last=Herath|first=SC|author2=Poole, P|title=Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=Nov 28, 2013|volume=11|pages=CD009764|pmid=24288145|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009764.pub2}}</ref> Ang pagsasanay na ito ay maaaring sulit sa ilang mga lugar sa mundo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Simoens|first=S|author2=Laekeman, G |author3=Decramer, M |title=Preventing COPD exacerbations with macrolides: a review and budget impact analysis|journal=Respiratory medicine|date=May 2013|volume=107|issue=5|pages=637–48|pmid=23352223|doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2012.12.019}}</ref> Kasama ang mga alalahanin sa [[paglaban sa antibiyotiko]] at mga problema sa pandinig sa [[azithromycin]].<ref name=Harath2013/> Ang [[Xanthine|Methylxanthines]] tulad ng [[theophylline]] ay karaniwang nagdudulot ng higit pang pinsala kaysa sa benepisyo at karaniwang hindi inirerekomenda,<ref name=Bar2003>{{cite journal |author=Barr RG, Rowe BH, Camargo CA |editor1-last=Barr |editor1-first=R Graham |title=Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=2 |pages=CD002168 |year=2003 |pmid=12804425 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002168 }}</ref> ngunit maaaring gamitin bilang second-line agent sa mga hindi kontrolado ng ibang mga hakbang.<ref name=GOLD2007/> Ang mga [[Mucolytic]] ay maaaring makatulong sa ibang mga tao na mayroong napakakapal na plema ngunit karaniwan hindi kailangan.<ref name=Mackay2012/> Ang mga[[gamot sa ubo]] ay hindi inirerekomenda.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/> ===Oxygen=== Ang [[Oxygen therapy|Supplemental oxygen]] ay inirerekomenda sa mga mayroong mababang antas ng oxygen kapag walang ginagawa (isang [[bahagyang presyon ng oxygen]] na mababa sa 50–55&nbsp;mmHg o mga oxygen saturation na mababa sa 88%).<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=19–30 |chapter=Therapeutic Options |chapterurl=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#36 |access-date=2015-06-20 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053032/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#36 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Group2012/> Sa grupong ito ng mga tao pinabababa nito ang panganib ng [[pagpalya ng puso]] at kamatayan kung gagamitin ng 15&nbsp;oras kada araw<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/><ref name=Group2012>{{cite journal|last=COPD Working|first=Group|title=Long-term oxygen therapy for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis|journal=Ontario health technology assessment series|year=2012|volume=12|issue=7|pages=1–64|pmid=23074435|pmc=3384376}}</ref> at maaaring pabutihin ang kakayahan ng mga tao para mag-ehersisyo.<ref name=Brad2005>{{cite journal | author = Bradley JM, O'Neill B | title = Short-term ambulatory oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 4 | pages = CD004356 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16235359 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004356.pub3| editor1-last = Bradley | editor1-first = Judy M }}</ref> Sa mga may normal o katamtamang mababang antas ng oxygen, ang karagdagang oxygen ay maaaring pabutihin ang kapos na paghinga.<ref name=Uron2011>{{cite journal | author = Uronis H, McCrory DC, Samsa G, Currow D, Abernethy A | title = Symptomatic oxygen for non-hypoxaemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | issue = 6 | pages = CD006429 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21678356 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006429.pub2 | editor1-last = Abernethy | editor1-first = Amy }}</ref> Mayroong panganib ng mga sunog at kaunting benepisyo kapag ang mga naka-oxygen ay patuloy na maninigarilyo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=Stephen|title=Oxford handbook of respiratory medicine|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-954516-2|page=707|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=945lM1g_uQoC&pg=PA707|edition=2nd}}</ref> Sa sitwasyong ito inirerekomenda ng ilan ang pagtutol sa paggamit nito.<ref>{{cite book|last=Blackler|first=Laura|title=Managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|year=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester, England|isbn=978-0-470-51798-7|page=49|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=D5n6lqqxkNUC&pg=PA49}}</ref> Sa panahon ng matinding paglala, marami ang nangangailangan ng oxygen therapy; ang paggamit ng mataas na konsentrasyon ng oxygen nang walang pagsasaalang-alang sa mga oxygen saturation ng isang tao, ay maaaring humantong sa mataas na mga antas ng carbon dioxide at palalain ang mga kalalabasan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jindal|first=Surinder K|title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|year=2013|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical |isbn=978-93-5090-353-7|page=139|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=PTgIAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139}}</ref><ref name=BTS2008>{{cite journal|last=O'Driscoll|first=BR|last2=Howard |first2=LS |last3=Davison |first3=AG |author4=British Thoracic, Society|title=BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients|journal=Thorax|date=October 2008|volume=63 |issue=Suppl 6|pages=vi1–68|pmid=18838559|doi=10.1136/thx.2008.102947}}</ref> Sa mga may mataas na panganib ng mga antas ng carbon dioxide, inirerekomenda ang oxygen saturation na 88–92%, habang sa mga walang ganitong panganib inirerekomenda ang 94-98%.<ref name=BTS2008/> === Pag-opera === Para sa mga mayroong matinding sakit ang pag-opera ay minsan nakakatulong at maaaring may kasamang [[pag-transplant ng baga]] o [[pag-opera para sa pagbawas ng dami ng baga]].<ref name=Lancet2012/> Ang pag-opera sa pagbawas ng dami ng baga ay may kasamang pag-alis ng mga bahagi ng baga na pinaka nasira ng emphysema na nagpapahintulot sa natitira, medyo magandang baga na mag-expand at gumana nang mabuti.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/> Ang [[pag-transplant ng baga]] ay minsan isinasagawa para sa napakatinding COPD, lalo na sa mga mas batang indibiduwal.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/> ===Mga paglala=== Ang mga matinding paglala ay karaniwang ginagamot sa pamamagitan ng pagdagdag ng paggamit ng mga bronchodilator na pansamantalang gagana.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Karaniwan kasama dito ang pinagsamang pansamantalang gagana na nilalangahap na beta agonist at anticholinergic.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp5/> Maaaring ibigay ang mga gamot na ito sa pamamagitan ng [[metered-dose inhaler]] kasama ang [[Asthma spacer|spacer]] o sa pamamagitan ng [[nebulizer]] na mukhang parehong mabisa.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp5/> Maaaring mas madali ang pag-nebulize para sa mga mas malala ang sakit.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp5/> Pinabubuti ng mga iniinom na corticosteroid ang tsansang gumaling at binabawasan ang pangkalahatang tagal ng mga sintomas.<ref name=Lancet2012/><ref name=GOLD2013Chp5/> Sa mga mayroong matinding paglala, pinabubuti ng mga antibiyotiko ang mga kalalabasan.<ref name=Vollen2012>{{cite journal |author=Vollenweider DJ, Jarrett H, Steurer-Stey CA, Garcia-Aymerich J, Puhan MA |editor1-last=Vollenweider |editor1-first=Daniela J|title=Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|volume=12 |pages=CD010257 |year=2012 |pmid=23235687 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010257 }}</ref> Ang bilang ng ibat-ibang mga antibiyotiko ay maaaring gamitin kasama ang: [[amoxicillin]], [[doxycycline]] o [[azithromycin]]; hindi malinaw kung ang isa ay mas mainam kaysa sa iba pa.<ref name=Mackay2012/> Walang malinaw na ebidensiya para sa mga mayroong mas kaunting mga matinding kaso.<ref name=Vollen2012/> Ang [[non-invasive positive pressure ventilation]] sa mga mayroong matinding mataas na mga antas ng CO₂ ([[respiratory failure|type 2 na pagpalya sa paghinga]]) ay pinabababa ang probabilidad ng kamatayan mula sa o nangangailangan ng pagpasok sa intensive care para sa [[mekanikal na bentilasyon]].<ref name=Lancet2012/> Sa karagdagan, maaaring mayroong papel ang theophylline sa mga hindi tumutugon sa iba pang mga hakbang.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Mas kaunti sa 20% ng mga paglala ang nangangailangan ng pagkakaospital.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp5/> Sa mga walang acidosis mula sa pagpalya ng paghinga, ang [[pangangalaga sa tahanan]] ("pagkaospital sa tahanan") ay maaaring makatulong para maiwasan ang ilang mga pagapsok dito.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp5/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Jeppesen|first=E|author2=Brurberg, KG |author3=Vist, GE |author4=Wedzicha, JA |author5=Wright, JJ |author6=Greenstone, M |author7= Walters, JA |title=Hospital at home for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=May 16, 2012|volume=5|pages=CD003573|pmid=22592692 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003573.pub2}}</ref> ==Kahihinatnan ng sakit== [[File:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|250px|thumb|[[Inakmang taon ng buhay para sa kapansanan]] para sa sakit na chronic obstructive pulmonary kada 100,000&nbsp;naninirahan noong 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |title=WHO Disease and injury country estimates |year=2009 |work=World Health Organization |accessdate=Nov 11, 2009}}</ref> {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|≤110}} {{legend|#fff200|110–220}} {{legend|#ffdc00|220–330}} {{legend|#ffc600|330–440}} {{legend|#ffb000|440–550}} {{legend|#ff9a00|550–660}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|660–770}} {{legend|#ff6e00|770–880}} {{legend|#ff5800|880–990}} {{legend|#ff4200|990–1100}} {{legend|#ff2c00|1100–1350}} {{legend|#cb0000|≥1350}} {{Multicol-end}}]] Karaniwang dahan-dahang lumalala ang COPD sa katagalan at sa huli maaari itong magresulta sa pagkamatay. Humigit-kumulang 3% ng [[disability adjusted life years|lahat ng kapansanan]] ay may kaugnayan sa COPD.<ref name=DALY2012/> Ang bahagi ng kapansanan mula sa COPD ay bumababa sa buong mundo mula sa 1990 hanggang 2010 dahil sa pinabuting kalidad ng hangin sa loob, lalo na sa Asya.<ref name=DALY2012>{{cite journal | author = Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, et al. | title = Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2197–223 |date=December 2012 | pmid = 23245608 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4 | displayauthors = 30 }}</ref> Ang pangkalahatang bilang ng mga taon na nabubuhay sa kapansanan mula sa COPD, gayunpaman, ay tumaas.<ref name=YLD2012>{{cite journal | author = Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, et al. | title = Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2163–96 |date=December 2012 | pmid = 23245607 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 | url = | displayauthors = 30 }}</ref> Ang bilang kung saan lumalala ang COPD ay nag-iiba sa pagkakaroon ng mga salik na humuhula sa hindi magandang kalalabasan kasama ang: matinding pagbara sa daloy ng hangin, kaunting kakayahan na mag-ehersisyo, kapos sa paghinga, lubhang kulang o sobra sa timbang, [[congestive heart failure]], patuloy na paninigarilyo, at malimit na mga paglala.<ref name=GOLD2007/> Ang mga pangmatagalang kinalalabasan sa COPD ay maaaring tantiyahin gamit ang [[BODE index]] na nagbibigay ng score na sero hanggang sampu depende sa FEV₁, [[body-mass index]], ang layo ng nilakad sa anim na minuto, at ang [[modified MRC dyspnea scale]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Medicine|first=prepared by the Department of Medicine, Washington University School of|title=The Washington manual general internal medicine subspecialty consult.|year=2009|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-9155-7|page=96|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=ZptEP_hDrlwC&pg=PA96|edition=2nd }}</ref> Ang malaking pagbawas sa timbang ay isang masamang palatandaan.<ref name=Harr2012/> Ang mga resulta sa spirometry ay mabuti ring tagahula ng progreso ng sakit sa hinaharap ngunit hindi kasing inam ng BODE index.<ref name=Harr2012/><ref name=NICE2010P60/> ==Epidemiyolohiya== Sa buong daigdig, mula 2010, naapektuhan ng COPD ang halos 329&nbsp;milyong tao (4.8% ng populasyon) at bahagyang mas karaniwan sa kalalakihan kaysa sa kababaihan.<ref name=YLD2012/> Ito ay kumpara sa 64&nbsp;na milyong tao na naapektuhan noong 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Fact sheet N°315|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|publisher=WHO|date=November 2012}}</ref> Ang pagtaas sa mahihirap na bansa sa pagitan ng 1970 at 2000 ay pinaniniwalaang kaugnay sa tumataas na bilang ng paninigarilyo sa rehiyon na ito, nadadagdagang populasyon at tumatandang populasyon dahil sa kaunting mga pagkamatay mula sa iba pang dahilan tulad ng mga sakit na nakakahawa.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Ang ilang mahihirap na mga bansa ay nakitaan ng mataas na mga bilang, ang ilan ay mayroong nanatiling matatag at ilan ay nakitaan ng pagbaba sa paglaganap ng COPD.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Ang pandaigdigang bilang ay inaasahan na magpapatuloy na tumaas habang nananatiling karaniwan ang mga salik ng panganib at patuloy na pagtanda ng populasyon.<ref name=GOLD2013ChpX>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=xiii-xv |nopp=yes |chapter=Introduction |url=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#14 |access-date=2015-06-20 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053032/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sa pagitan ng 1990 at 2010 ang bilang ng mga namamatay mula sa COPD ay bumaba nang bahagya mula sa 3.1&nbsp;milyon sa 2.9&nbsp;milyon.<ref name=Lozano2012>{{cite journal | author = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, et al.| title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–128 |date=December 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | url = | displayauthors = 30 }}</ref> Sa pangkalahatan ito ay ang ika-apat na nangungunang dahilan ng kamatayan.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Sa ilang mga bansa, bumaba ang bilang ng namamatay sa kakalakihan ngunit tumaas sa kababaihan.<ref name=Ryc2012>{{cite journal | author = Rycroft CE, Heyes A, Lanza L, Becker K | title = Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a literature review | journal = Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = 457–94 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22927753 | pmc = 3422122 | doi = 10.2147/COPD.S32330 }}</ref> Malamang ito ay dahil sa mga bilang ng paninigarilyo sa kababaihan at nagiging katulad sa kalalakihan.<ref name=Harr2012/> Mas karaniwan ang COPD sa mga matatanda;<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> naaapektuhan nito ang 34-200 sa 1000 matatanda kaysa sa 65&nbsp;taon, depende sa tinitingnan na populasyon.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/><ref name="Old2007"/> Sa Inglatera, ang tinatayang 0.84 na milyong tao (ng 50&nbsp;milyon) ay mayroong diyagnosis sa COPD; na isinasalin sa humigit-kumulang sa isang tao sa 59 na tumatanggap ng diyagnosis sa COPD sa ilang punto sa kanilang mga buhay. Sa karamihan sa salat sa lipunan at kabuhayan na mga bahagi ng bansa, isa sa 32 tao ay may diyagnosis na COPD, kumpara sa isa sa 98 sa mga pinakamayaman na lugar.<ref name="BJGPref">{{cite journal |author=Simpson CR, Hippisley-Cox J, Sheikh A| title= Trends in the epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in England: a national study of 51 804 patients | journal=Brit J Gen Pract |volume=60 |issue=576 |pages=483–8 |year=2010 |pmid=20594429 |pmc=2894402 |doi= 10.3399/bjgp10X514729}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos humigit-kumulang na 6.3% ng populasyon ng nasa hustong gulang, na may kabuuang na humigit-kumulang na 15&nbsp;milyon tao, ay nasuring may COPD.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among Adults — United States, 2011 |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |date=Nov 23, 2012 |volume=61 |issue=46 |pages=938–43 |pmid=23169314 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6146a2.htm}}</ref> 25&nbsp;milyong tao ay maaaring mayroong COPD kung isasama ang mga kaso ng kasalukuyang hindi nasuri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Morbidity & Mortality: 2009 Chart Book on Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases |publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/2009_ChartBook.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> Noong 2011, mayroong humigit-kumulang na 730,000 na pagkakaospital sa Estados Unidos para sa COPD.<ref name=Tor2013>{{cite journal | author = Torio CM, Andrews RM | title = National Inpatient Hospital Costs: The Most Expensive Conditions by Payer, 2011: Statistical Brief #160 | journal = Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs | year = 2006 | pmid = 24199255 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb160.jsp | publisher = Agency for Health Care Policy and Research | access-date = 2015-06-20 | archive-date = 2017-03-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170314171958/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb160.jsp | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Kasaysayan== [[File:Giambattista morgagni.gif|thumb|Si Giambattista Morgagni ang gumawa ng isa sa pinakaunang mga naitalang paglalarawan ng emphysema noong 1769]] Ang salitang "emphysema" ay nanggaling sa [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|ἐμφυσᾶν}} ''emphysan'' ibig sabihin "''papintugin''" –binubuo mismo ng ἐν ''en'', ibig sabihin "''sa''", at φυσᾶν ''physan'', ibig sabihin "''hininga, pagsabog''".<ref>{{cite web|title=Emphysema|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/emphysema|work=Dictionary.com|accessdate=21 November 2013}}</ref> Ang salitang hindi gumagaling na bronchitis ay ginamit noong 1808<ref name=History1991>{{cite journal |doi=10.1159/000195969 |title=History of the Treatment of Chronic Bronchitis |year=1991 |last1=Ziment |first1=Irwin |journal=Respiration |volume=58 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=37–42 |pmid=1925077}}</ref> habang ang salitang COPD ay pinaniniwalaan na unang ginamit noong 1965.<ref name=History2006/> Dati kilala ito sa maraming iba’t-ibang mga pangalan kasama ang: sakit na hindi gumagaling na pagbara sa bronchopulmonary, sakit na hindi gumagaling na pagbara sa paghinga, hindi gumagaling na pagbara sa daloy ng hangin, hindi gumagaling na limitasyon sa pagdaloy ng hangin, sakit na hindi gumagaling na may pagbara sa baga, hindi detalyadong hindi gumagaling na sakit sa baga, at kumalat na pagbara sa baga.<!-- <ref name=History2006/> --> Ang mga salitang hindi gumagaling na bronchitis at emphysema ay pormal na binigyang kalulugan noong 1959 sa [[Novartis|CIBA]] na panayam sa panauhin noong 1962 sa Komite ng [[American Thoracic Society]] sa mga Pamantayan ng Pagkilala sa Sakit.<ref name=History2006/> Kasama sa maagang paglalarawan ng malamang na emphysema ang: noong 1679 ni T. Bonet ng kondisyon ng "napakalaking mga baga" at noong 1769 ni [[Giovanni Morgagni]] na mga baga na "namamaga lalo na mula sa hangin".<ref name=History2006>{{cite journal |author=Petty TL |title=The history of COPD |journal=Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–14 |year=2006 |pmid=18046898 |pmc=2706597 |doi=10.2147/copd.2006.1.1.3}}</ref><ref name=Fish2008/> Noong 1721 ang unang mga pagguhit ng emphysema ay ginawa ni Ruysh.<ref name=Fish2008>{{cite book |first1=Joanne L. |last1=Wright |first2=Andrew |last2=Churg |chapter=Pathologic Features of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnostic Criteria and Differential Diagnosis |chapterurl=http://www.mhprofessional.com/downloads/products/0071457399/0071457399_chap40.pdf |pages=693–705 |editor1-first=Alfred |editor1-last=Fishman |editor2-first=Jack |editor2-last=Elias |editor3-first=Jay |editor3-last=Fishman |editor4-first=Michael |editor4-last=Grippi |editor5-first=Robert |editor5-last=Senior |editor6-first=Allan |editor6-last=Pack |year=2008 |title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders |edition=4th |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-164109-8 |access-date=2015-06-20 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202744/http://www.mhprofessional.com/downloads/products/0071457399/0071457399_chap40.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sinundan ang mga ito ng mga litrato ni [[Matthew Baillie]] noong 1789 at mga paglalarawan ng nakakasirang katangian ng kondisyon.<!-- <ref name=History2006/> --> Noong 1814 ginamit ni [[Charles Badham (physician)|Charles Badham]] ang "catarrh" para ilarawan ang ubo at sobrang plema sa hindi gumagaling na bronchitis.<!-- <ref name=History2006/> --> Si [[René Laennec]], ang doktor na nag-imbento ng [[stethoscope]], ay ginamit ang salita na "emphysema" sa kanyang aklat na ''A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest and of Mediate Auscultation'' (1837) para ilarawan ang mga baga na hindi umimpis nang binuksan niya ang dibdib sa panahon ng autopsya.<!-- <ref name=History2006/> --> Napansin niya na ang mga ito ay hindi umimpis gaya ng karaniwan dahil ang mga ito ay puno ng hangin at ang mga daanan ng hangin ay napuno ng plema.<!-- <ref name=History2006/> --> Noong 1842, naimbento ni [[John Hutchinson (sirhuano)|John Hutchinson]] ang [[spirometer]], kung saan pinahintulutan nito ang pagsukat sa [[mahalagang kapasidad]] ng mga baga.<!-- <ref name=History2006/> --> Gayunpaman, ang kanyang spirometer ay sinusukat lamang ang dami, hindi ang daloy ng hangin.<!-- <ref name=History2006/> --> Inilarawan nina Tiffeneau at Pinelli noong 1947 ang mga prinsipyo ng pagsusukat sa daloy ng hangin.<ref name=History2006/> Noong 1953, si Dr. George L. Waldbott, ang Amerikanong doktor sa mga alerhiya, ay unang inilarawan ang bagong sakit na kanyang pinangalanan na "karamdaman sa paghinga ng naninigarilyo" sa 1953 Journal of the American Medical Association. Ito ang unang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pananabako at sakit sa paghinga na hindi gumagaling.<ref>{{cite book|author1=George L. Waldbott|title=A struggle with Titans|date=1965|publisher=Carlton Press|page=6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hLRpAAAAMAAJ&q}}</ref> Ang mga maagang paggamot kasama ang bawang, cinnamon at [[ipecac]], bukod pa sa iba.<ref name=History1991/> Ang mga modernong paggamot ay nabuo sa panahon ng ikalawang bahagi ng ika-20 siglo.<!-- <ref name=History2005> --> Ang ebidensiyang sumusuporta sa paggamit ng mga steroid sa COPD ay inilathala sa huling mga 1950.<!-- <ref name=History2005> --> Ginamit ang mga bronchodilator noong mga 1960 kasunod ang may pag-asang pagsubok ng [[isoprenaline]].<!-- <ref name=History2005> --> Mga karagdagang bronchodilator, tulad ng salbutamol, ay binuo noong mga 1970, at ang paggamit ng LABAs na nagsimula noong mga kalagitnaan ng 1990.<ref name=History2005>{{cite journal |author=Fishman AP |title=One hundred years of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=171 |issue=9 |pages=941–8|date=May 2005 |pmid=15849329 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200412-1685OE}}</ref> ==Lipunan at kultura== {{See also|COPD Awareness Month}} Tinutukoy ang COPD bilang "baga ng naninigarilyo".<ref>{{cite book|last=Yuh-Chin|first=T. Huang|title=A clinical guide to occupational and environmental lung diseases|publisher=Humana Press|location=[New York]|isbn=978-1-62703-149-3|page=266|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9bYbE87FbtMC&pg=PA266|date=2012-10-28}}</ref> Ang mga mayroong emphysema ay kinilala bilang "mga pasyenteng may kulay rosas na balat at nahihirapan huminga (pink puffer)" o "type A" dahil sa kanilang kalimitang kulay rosas na kutis, mabilis na bilang ng paghinga at mga nakatikom na bibig,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Pink+Puffer |title=Pink Puffer - definition of Pink Puffer in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia|publisher=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |accessdate=2013-07-23}}</ref><ref name=Wein2013>{{cite book|last=Weinberger|first=Steven E.|title=Principles of pulmonary medicine|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-62703-149-3|page=165|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=2F-DPG0c5IMC&pg=PT165|edition=6th|date=2013-05-08}}</ref> at ang mga tao na may hindi gumagaling na bronchitis ay tinukoy bilang "blue bloaters" o "type B" dahil sa malimit na [[cyanosis|maasula na kulay ng balat at labi]] mula sa mababang mga antas ng oxygen at ang kanilang sakong ay namamaga.<ref name=Wein2013/><ref>{{cite book|last=Des Jardins|first=Terry|title=Clinical Manifestations & Assessment of Respiratory Disease|year=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-27749-5|page=176|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=LVtPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA170|edition=6th}}</ref> Ang salitang ito ay hindi na tinatanggap bilang nakakatulong dahil karamihan sa mga taong may COPD ay parehong mayroon nito.<ref name=Harr2012/><ref name=Wein2013/> Maraming mga sistema ng kalusugan ang mayroong kahirapan sa pagtiyak ng naaangkop na pagtukoy, pagkilala sa sakit at pangangalaga ng mga taong may COPD; Ang [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Kagawaran ng Kalusugan]] ng Brintanya ay kinilala ito bilang makaling problema para sa [[National Health Service (England)|National Health Service]] at ipinakilala ang partikular na estratehiya para pangasiwaan ang mga problemang ito.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/216139/dh_128428.pdf |title=An outcomes strategy for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma in England |date=18 July 2011 |publisher=[[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Department of Health]]|page=5|accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> ===Ekonomiya=== Sa buong mundo, mula 2010, ang COPD ay tinatayang magreresulta sa gastos ng ekonomiya na $2.1&nbsp;trilyon, kalahati kung saan nangyayari sa mahihirap na bansa.<ref name=Cost2013/> Sa kabuuang na ito ang tinatayang $1.9&nbsp;trilyon ay mga direktang halaga tulad ng medikal na pangangalaga,$0.2&nbsp;trilyon ay hindi direktang halaga tulad ng hindi pagpasok sa trabaho.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bloom|first=D|title=The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases|year=2011|publisher=World Economic Forum|page=24|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Harvard_HE_GlobalEconomicBurdenNonCommunicableDiseases_2011.pdf}}</ref> Ito ay inaasahan na maging mahigit sa doble sa susunod na 20&nbsp;taon.<ref name=Cost2013/> Sa Europa, kumakatawan ang COPD sa 3% ng paggastos sa pangangalaga sa kalusugan.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Sa Estados Unidos, ang mga halaga ng sakit ay tinatayang $50&nbsp;bilyon, karamihan ay dahil sa paglala.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ang COPD ay isa sa pinakamahal na mga kondisyon na nakita sa mga ospital sa Estados Unidos noong 2011, na may kabuuang halaga na halos $5.7 bilyon.<ref name=Tor2013/> ==Pananaliksik== {{See also|COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease}} Ang [[Infliximab]], isang antibody na pumipigil sa resistensiya, ay sinubukan sa COPD ngunit walang ebidensiya ng benepisyo sa posibilidad ng pinsala.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nici|first=Linda|title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Co-Morbidities and Systemic Consequences|year=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-60761-673-3|page=78|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=0CXcUnr-0eoC&pg=PA78}}</ref> Nagpapakita ng pag-asa ang [[Roflumilast]] sa pagbababa ng bilang ng mga paglala ngunit hindi lumalabas na binago ang kalidad ng buhay.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Ang bilang ng bagong agent na gumagana nang matagalan ay ginagawa pa.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Ang paggamot sa mga [[stem cell]] ay pinag-aaralan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Inamdar|first=AC|author2=Inamdar, AA|title=Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in lung disorders: pathogenesis of lung diseases and mechanism of action of mesenchymal stem cell.|journal=Experimental lung research|date=Oct 2013|volume=39|issue=8|pages=315–27|pmid=23992090|doi=10.3109/01902148.2013.816803}}</ref> Habang karaniwang ligtas at may maaasahang datos mula sa hayop mayroong kaunting data sa mga tao noong 2014.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Conese|first=M|author2=Piro, D |author3=Carbone, A |author4=Castellani, S |author5= Di Gioia, S |title=Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases: role of plasticity and heterogeneity.|journal=TheScientificWorldJournal|date=2014|volume=2014|pages=859817|pmid=24563632 |doi=10.1155/2014/859817 |pmc=3916026}}</ref> ==Ibang mga hayop== Maaaring mangyari ang sakit na hindi gumagaling na pagbara sa baga sa maraming ibang mga hayop at maaaaring mangyari mula sa pagkakalantad sa usok ng sigarilyo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Akers|first=R. Michael|title=Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals|year=2008|publisher=Wiley|location=Arnes, AI|isbn=978-1-118-70115-7|page=852|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ze6J2znDg38C&pg=PT852|author2=Denbow, D. Michael}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=JL|author2=Churg, A|title=Animal models of cigarette smoke-induced COPD|journal=Chest|date=December 2002|volume=122|issue=6 Suppl|pages=301S–6S|pmid=12475805|doi=10.1378/chest.122.6_suppl.301S}}</ref> Karamihan sa sakit, gayunpaman, ay medyo katamtaman.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Churg|first=A|author2=Wright, JL|title=Animal models of cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive lung disease|journal=Contributions to microbiology|year=2007|volume=14|pages=113–25|pmid=17684336|doi=10.1159/000107058|series=Contributions to Microbiology|isbn=3-8055-8332-X}}</ref> Sa mga [[kabayo]] ito ay kilala bilang [[paulit-ulit na pagbara sa daaanan ng hangin]] at karaniwan dahil sa reaksyon sa alerhiya sa straw na naglalaman ng [[fungus]].<ref name=Marin2007>{{cite journal | author = Marinkovic D, Aleksic-Kovacevic S, Plamenac P | title = Cellular basis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses | journal = Int. Rev. Cytol. | volume = 257 | issue = | pages = 213–47 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17280899 | doi = 10.1016/S0074-7696(07)57006-3 | series = International Review of Cytology | isbn=978-0-12-373701-4 }}</ref> Karaniwang nakikita ang COPD sa mga matatandang aso.<ref name=Miller1989>{{cite journal | author = Miller MS, Tilley LP, Smith FW | title = Cardiopulmonary disease in the geriatric dog and cat | journal = Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–102 |date=January 1989 | pmid = 2646821 | doi = }}</ref> ==Mga sanggunian== {{Reflist|2}} ==Karagdagang pagbabasa== *{{cite web |url=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Updated 2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |accessdate=November 29, 2013 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053032/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{NICE|101|Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|June 2010|1-673}} *{{cite journal |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-155-3-201108020-00008 |title=Diagnosis and Management of Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Clinical Practice Guideline Update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2011-08-02_155_3/page/178 |year=2011 |last1=Qaseem |first1=Amir |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=155 |issue=3 |pages=179–91 |pmid=21810710 |last2=Wilt |first2=TJ |last3=Weinberger |first3=SE |last4=Hanania |first4=NA |last5=Criner |first5=G |last6=Van Der Molen |first6=T |last7=Marciniuk |first7=DD |last8=Denberg |first8=T |last9=Schünemann |first9=H |last10=Wedzicha |first10=W |last11=MacDonald |first11=R |last12=Shekelle |first12=P |last13=American College Of |first13=Physicians |author14=American College of Chest Physicians |last15=American Thoracic |first15=Society |last16=European Respiratory |first16=Society}} == Mga panlabas na link == {{commons category|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}} *DMOZ: [http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Respiratory_Disorders/Chronic_Obstructive_Pulmonary_Disease/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225311/http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Respiratory_Disorders/Chronic_Obstructive_Pulmonary_Disease/ |date=2015-09-23 }} [[Kategorya:Mga sakit na may kaugnayan sa pagtanda]] [[Kategorya:Pulmonolohiya]] nfiupnmdytr3be8ji1t40hx5zeked08 0 241332 2204238 1875563 2026-04-22T17:15:42Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|Pulo ng Long sa Bahamas|Pulo ng Long, Bahamas}} {{Infobox islands | name = Pulo ng Long | image name =Harry E Donnell house.jpg | image caption = Isang bahay sa Gold Coast ng Pulo ng Long | image size = 250px | map = Long Island location map.svg | map_caption = Kinaroroonan ng Pulo ng Long sa New York | map_width = 230 | native name = ''Paumanok''<ref>[http://www.richmondhillhistory.org/indians.html Richmond Hill Historic Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515034504/http://www.richmondhillhistory.org/indians.html |date=2013-05-15 }} Tributary tribes</ref> | native name link = wikang Amerindian | location = Karagatang Atlantiko | coordinates = {{Coord|40.8|N|73.3|W|scale:1000000|display=inline}} | archipelago | total islands = | country = Estados Unidos | country admin divisions title 1 = Estado | country admin divisions 1 = [[New York]] | country admin divisions title 2 = | country admin divisions 2 = | Largest City = | country largest city population = | Demonym = ''Long Islander'' | population = 7,804,968 | population as of = 2014 | density_sqmi = 5,571.0 | ethnic groups = 54.7% Puti, 20.4% Itim, 0.49% Katutubong Amerikano, 12.3% Asyano, 0.05% Pasipikong Tagapulo, 8.8% iba pang lahi, at 3.2% mula sa dalawa o higit pang lahi; 20.5% [[Latino]]ng lahi | additional info = }} Ang '''Pulo ng Long''' (sa Ingles: ''Long Island'') ay isang [[pulo]]ng matatagpuan malapit lang sa hilagang-silangang baybayin ng [[Estados Unidos]] at sa rehiyong bahagi ng [[Estado ng Estados Unidos|estado]] ng [[New York]]. Mula Daungan ng New York sa silangan, pahilagang-kanluran sa [[Karagatang Atlantiko]], sakop ng pulo ang apat na ''county'' ng Kings at Queens (na bumubuo ng mga [[borough]] ng [[Lungsod ng New York]] ng [[Brooklyn]] at [[Queens]]) sa kanluran; at Nassau at Suffolk sa silangan. Subalit maraming taga-kalakhang New York (kahit ang mga nakatira sa Queens at Brooklyn) ang pangkaraniwang ginagamit ang "''Long Island''" upang eksklusibong tukuyin na palansak ang mga ''county'' ng Nassau-Suffolk, na halos [[Naik|mala-naik]] ang katangian.<ref>[http://www.longisland.com/long-island.html About Long Island] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516032501/http://www.longisland.com/long-island.html |date=2015-05-16 }}, LongIsland.com (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa hilaga ng pulo ay ang Long Island Sound, sa kabila nito ang mga estado ng [[Connecticut]] at maliit na bahagi ng [[Rhode Island|Pulo ng Rhode]]. Sa populasyon nitong tinataya ng Senso na 7,804,968 noong 2014, halos 40% ng kabuuang populasyon ng Estado ng New York,<ref name="census-est-ny">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2014/PEPANNRES/0400000US36.05000|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 - 2014 Population Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Mayo 23, 2015|language=ingles|archive-date=April 4, 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150404140829/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2014/PEPANNRES/0400000US36.05000|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Kings County, New York QuickFacts">{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36047.html|title=Kings County, New York QuickFacts|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=Abril 25, 2015|language=Ingles|archive-date=2016-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217175357/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36047.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Queens County, New York QuickFacts">{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36081.html|title=Queens County, New York QuickFacts|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=Abril 25, 2015|language=Ingles|archive-date=2014-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808084246/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36081.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Nassau County, New York QuickFacts">{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36059.html|title=Nassau County, New York QuickFacts|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=Abril 25, 2015|language=Ingles|archive-date=2011-07-15|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/60C1enqTj?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36059.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="U.S. Census Bureau">{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36103.html|title=Suffolk County, New York QuickFacts|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=Abril 25, 2015|language=ingles|archive-date=2011-07-20|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/60JYwkBRz?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36103.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ang Pulo ng Long ay ang pinakamataong pulo saan mang estado o teritoryo ng Estados Unidos, at ang ika-17 pinakamataong pulo sa buong mundo (higit pa sa [[Ireland]], [[Jamaica]] at [[Hokkaido]]). Ang kapal ng populasyon nito ay 2,151 bawat kilometrong kuwadrado (5,571 milyang kuwadrado). Kung ang Pulo ng Long y gagawing isang kalakhang pook na pang-estadistika, ito ay magiging pang-apat sa Estados Unidos; at kung ito'y magiging isang estado, ang Pulo ng Long ika-13 pinakamatao at mangunguna sa kapal naman ng tao. Kapwang pinakamahaba<ref name="longest">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E3DB133FF932A15752C1A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=Long Island at its Best; Who's the Longest of Them All?|author=John Burbidge|date=Nobyembre 21, 2004|work=The New York Times|quote="But the court wasn't saying Long Island isn't an island in a geographical sense", he continued. "In fact, all parties involved in the case agreed Long Island is a geographical island. It was only for the purposes of the case that the island was declared an extension of New York's coastline."|accessdate=Abril 30, 2011|language=Ingles}} </ref> at pinakamalaking pulo sa magkakanugnog na Estados Unidos, ang Pulo ng Long ay umaabot ng 190&nbsp;km (118&nbsp;mi) pasilangan mula Daungan ng New York hanggang Montauk Point, na may sukdulang distansiyang 37&nbsp;km (23&nbsp;mi) hilaga-hanggang-timog sa pagitan ng Long Island Sound at ng baybaying Atlantiko.<ref name="EBCli">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|title=Long Island|url=http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9370515/Long-Island|edition=Britannica Concise|year=2011|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|id=9370515|accessdate=Abril 30, 2011|language=Ingles|archive-date=2007-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105193902/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9370515/Long-Island|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa lawak nitong 1,401 milyang kuwadrado (3,629&nbsp;km²), ang Pulo ng Long ay ang ika-11 pinakamalaking pulo sa Estados Unidos at ika-148 sa buong mundo — malaki pa sa {{convert|1,214|sqmi|km2}} ng pinakamaliit na estado ng [[Rhode Island|Pulo ng Rhode]].<ref> {{cite web|url=http://sos.ri.gov/library/history/facts/|title=Secretary of State of Rhode Island|quote=This total excludes U.S. territorial waters, which were included in previous years.|accessdate=Abril 30, 2011|language=Ingles}} </ref> Dalawa sa tatlong pinakaabaláng paliparan ng kalakhang Lungsod ng New York, ang ''JFK International Airport'' at ''LaGuardia Airport'', pati na rin ang dalawang pangunahing pasilidad ng radar para sa pagkontrol ng trapiko sa himpapawid, ang ''New York TRACON'' at ''New York ARTCC'', ay nasa pulo. Siyam na tulay at 13 lagusan (kasama ang mga lagusang [[daang-bakal|pandaanmbakal]]) ang nagdurugtong sa Brooklyn at Queens (sa Pulo ng Long sa tatlo at iba pang ''borough'' ng Lungsod ng New York. Ang mga [[ferry|''ferry'']] ay nagdurugtong sa ''County'' ng Suffolk pahilaga patawid ng Long Island Sound sa estado ng [[Connecticut]]. Dagdag pa rito, ang ''Long Island Railroad'' ay ang pinakaabaláng daambakal na pangmananakay sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at tumatakbo ng 24 oras sa 7 araw. == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategorya:New York]] [[Kategorya:Mga pulo ng Estados Unidos]] {{authority control}} k3b4m28ts01rl4dpq8nfjpj71krjshg 0 243444 2204215 1979237 2026-04-22T13:26:38Z Jadewest.catvalentine 41897 Changed redirect target from [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision]] to [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1995]] 2204215 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1995]] qo8nay6qbdyst4cva0g32061qrceox2 0 246048 2204214 1980110 2026-04-22T13:20:56Z Jadewest.catvalentine 41897 Removed redirect to [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision]] 2204214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song contest | name = Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision | year = 1995 | image = Secret Garden1.jpg | size = 300px | caption = Ang Secret Garden, ang kampeon ng Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1995 | theme = | semi1 = | semi2 = | final = {{start date|1995|05|13|df=y}} | venue = [[Point Theatre]]<br />[[Dublin]], [[Irlanda]] | organizer = [[Unyon ng Pagbobrodkast sa Europa]] (EBU) | scrutineer = Christian Clausen | host_broadcaster = [[RTÉ|Radio Telefís Éireann]] (RTÉ) | director = John Comiskey | exproducer = John McHugh | musdirector = Noel Kelehan | presenter = Mary Kennedy | entries = 23 | finalists = | debut = | return = {{Plainlist| * {{Flag|Belhika}} * {{Flag|Dinamarka}} * {{Flag|Eslobenya}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Turkiya}} }} | non-return = {{Plainlist| * {{Flag|Estonia|name=Estonya}} * {{Flag|Eslobakya}} * {{Flag|Lithuania|name=Litwanya}} * {{Flag|Netherlands|name=Nederlandiya}} * {{Flag|Finland|name=Pinlandiya}} * {{Flag|Rumanya}} * {{Flag|Suwisa}} }} | winner = {{Flag|Noruwega}}<br />"Nocturne" ng [[Secret Garden (tambalan)|Secret Garden]] | vote = Ang bawat bansa ay nagbigay ng 12, 10, 8–1 puntos sa kanilang 10 paboritong kanta. | prev_year = {{Flagicon|Irlanda}} [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1994|Dublin 1994]] | next_year = {{Flagicon|Noruwega}} [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1996|Oslo 1996]] }} Ang '''Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1995''' ay ang ika-40 na edisyon ng [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision]] na ginanap noong ika-13 ng Mayo 1995 sa [[Point Theatre]] sa [[Dublin]], [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] at hinost ni Mary Kennedy. Inorganisa ito ng [[Unyon ng Pagbobrodkast sa Europa]] (EBU) at ng punong brodkaster, ang [[Radio Telefís Éireann]] (RTÉ), na siyang nag-stage ng paligsahan matapos manalo sa patimpalak noong [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1994|1994]] ang kantang "Rock 'n' Roll Kids" nina [[Paul Harrington]] at [[Charlie McGettigan]] para sa [[Irlanda]]. Lumahok sa paligsahan ang mga brodkaster mula sa dalawampu't tatlong bansa. Ang [[Estonya]], [[Slovakia|Eslobakya]], [[Litwanya]], [[Netherlands|Nederlandiya]], [[Pinlandiya]], [[Rumanya]], at [[Suwisa]] ay na-relegate bilang mga bansang may pinakamababang iskor sa nakaraang edisyon. Sila naman ay napalitan ng [[Belhika]], [[Dinamarka]], [[Eslobenya]], [[Israel]], at [[Turkiya]], na bumalik matapos ma-relegate kasunod ng edisyon noong [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1993|1993]]. Ang [[Noruwega]] ang nagwagi, sa pamamagitan ng "Nocturne", na binuo ni Rolf Løvland, isinulat ni Petter Skavlan, at itinanghal ng [[Secret Garden (tambalan)|Secret Garden]]. Nakumpleto ng [[Espanya]], [[Sweden|Suwesya]], [[Pransiya]], at [[Dinamarka]] ang top five, kung saan nakamit ng Espanya ang pinakamahusay na resulta nito simula noong 1979. Nakamit din ng Croatia at Slovenia ang kanilang pinakamahusay na resulta sa ngayon, na nasa ikaanim at ikapitong pwesto ayon sa pagkakabanggit, habang ang Germany ay natapos sa huling pwesto sa ikaapat na pagkakataon. ==Lokasyon== [[Talaksan:The O2, Dublin - geograph.org.uk - 1670682.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|[[Point Theatre]] sa Dublin, venue ng paligsahan noong 1995 ''(nakalarawan pagkatapos ng muling pagpapaayos)'']] Ginanap ang paligsahan sa [[Dublin]], [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]], kasunod ng tagumpay ng bansa sa edisyon noong [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1994|1994]] sa pamamagitan ng kantang "Rock 'n' Roll Kids", na itinanghal nina [[Paul Harrington]] at [[Charlie McGettigan]]. Ito ang ikaanim na pagkakataon na ginanap sa Irlanda ang paligsahan, matapos dati itong isagawa sa bansa noong [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1971|1971]], [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1981|1981]], [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1988|1988]], [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1993|1993]], at [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1994|1994]], kung saan lahat ng nakaraang paligsahan ay ginanap sa Dublin maliban sa paligsahan noong 1993 na ginanap sa [[Millstreet]]. Kaya naman ang Irlanda ang naging una, at ang tanging bansang nag-host ng tatlong magkakasunod na paligsahan. Ang napiling venue ay ang [[Point Theatre]], isang lugar para sa konsiyerto at mga kaganapan na matatagpuan sa gitna ng Dublin Docklands na orihinal na itinayo bilang isang depot ng tren upang maglingkod sa kalapit na daungan. Binuksan bilang isang lugar ng musika noong 1988, ito ay isinara para sa muling pagsasaayos at pagpapalawak noong 2008 at ngayon ay kilala bilang [[3Arena]]. Dahil dati nang naging punong lungsod ng patimpalak noong 1994, ang Dublin ang naging unang lungsod na nag-host ng dalawang magkasunod na paligsahan, kung saan ang Point Theatre din ang nagsilbing venue sa ikalawang magkakasunod na taon. Pinag-isipan ng RTÉ ang mga alternatibong venue sa [[Galway]] at [[Limerick]], ngunit ang Dublin ang napili upang muling idaos ang paligsahan dahil ito ang itinuturing na mas matipid na lokasyon. Ang mga alok ng brodkaster ng Reyno Unido na [[BBC]] na mag-host ng paligsahan, nang mag-isa man o bilang isang magkasanib na produksyon na naka-host sa [[Belfast]], ang kabisera ng [[Hilagang Irlanda]], ay tinanggihan din ng RTÉ dahil pinili ng brodkaster na i-produce ng paligsahan nang mag-isa. Gayunpaman, humiling ang RTÉ ng pagbabago sa patakaran upang alisin sa kanila ang responsibilidad na muling mag-produce ng paligsahan kung sakaling makagawa ang Irlanda ng pang-apat na magkakasunod na panalo, na tinanggap naman ng EBU. == Mga kalahok == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header" |+ Mga kalahok ng Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1995<ref>{{cite web |title=Dublin 1995 – Participants |url=https://eurovision.tv/event/dublin-1995/participants |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205021214/https://eurovision.tv/event/dublin-1995/participants |archive-date=5 Pebrero 2023 |access-date=22 Abril 2026 |publisher=Unyon ng Pagbobrodkast sa Europa (EBU)}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Bansa ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Brodkaster ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Artista ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Kanta ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Wika ! rowspan="2" |Konduktor ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Proseso ng pagpili |- ! scope="col" | Proseso ! scope="col" | Petsa |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Alemanya}} | MDR{{efn|Sa ngalan ng ARD, ang konsorsyum ng pampublikong pagsasahimpapawid ng Alemanya}} | Stone & Stone | "Verliebt in Dich" | [[Wikang Aleman|Aleman]] |Hermann Weindorf | ''Der Countdown läuft'' | Pebrero 27, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Austria}} | ORF | Stella Jones | "Die Welt dreht sich verkehrt" | Aleman |Michael Kienzl | Panloob na pagpili | ''<small>Walang nakakaalam</small>'' |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Belhika}} |RTBF |Frédéric Etherlinck |"La voix est libre" |[[Wikang Pranses|Pranses]] |Alec Mansion |''Eurolaul'' '''97'' |Enero 15, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina|name=Bosniya at Herzegovina|variant=1992}} |RTVBiH |Davor Popović |"Dvadeset prvi vijek" |[[Wikang Bosniyo|Bosniyo]] |Sinan Alimanović |Panloob na pagpili {{small|(artista)}}<br />''BH Eurosong 1997'' {{small|(kanta)}} |Pebrero 22, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Dinamarka}} |DR |Aud Wilken |"Fra Mols til Skagen" |[[Wikang Danes|Danes]] |Frede Ewert |''Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1997'' |Marso 1, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Eslobenya}} |RTVSLO |Darja Švajger |"Prisluhni mi" |[[Wikang Esloveno|Esloveno]] |Jože Privšek |''Evrovizijska Melodija'' ''1997'' |Pebrero 22, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Espanya}} |TVE |Anabel Conde |"Vuelve conmigo" |[[Wikang Kastila|Kastila]] |Eduardo Leiva |Panloob na pagpili |Abril 5, 1997 {{small|(artista)}}<br />Abril 11, 1997 {{small|(kanta)}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Gresya}} |ERT | Elina Konstantopoulou | "Pia prosefhi" <small>(Ποιά προσευχή)</small> | [[Wikang Griyego|Griyego]] |Haris Andreadis | Panloob na pagpili |''<small>Walang nakakaalam</small>'' |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Irlanda}} |RTÉ | Eddie Friel | "Dreamin'" | [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles]] |Noel Kelehan |''Eurosong '97'' |Marso 9, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Iceland|name=Islandiya}} | RÚV | Bo Halldórsson | "Núna" | [[Wikang Islandes|Islandes]] |Frank McNamara | Panloob na pagpili | Pebrero 27, 1997 {{small|(artista)}}<br />Marso 11, 1997 {{small|(kanta)}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Israel}} |IBA |Liora |"Amen" <small>(אמן)</small> |[[Wikang Hebreo|Hebreo]] |Gadi Goldman |''Sanremo Music Festival 1997'' |Pebrero 22, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia|name=Kroasya}} | HRT | Magazin & Lidija | "Nostalgija" | [[Wikang Kroato|Kroato]] |Stipica Kalogjera | ''Dora 1997'' | Marso 9, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} |PBS |Mike Spiteri |"Keep Me in Mind" |Ingles |Ray Agius |Pambasang final |Enero 25, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Noruwega}} |NRK |[[Secret Garden (tambalan)|Secret Garden]]{{Efn|Tampok ang mga walang kreditong boses ni Gunnhild Tvinnereim|name=Noruwega}} |"Nocturne" |[[Wikang Noruwego|Noruwego]] |Geir Langslet |''Melodi Grand Prix 1997'' |Pebrero 8, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Polonya}} |TVP |Justyna |"Sama" |[[Wikang Polako|Polako]] |Noel Kelehan |Panloob na pagpili |Marso 30, 1998 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} |RTP |Tó Cruz |"Baunilha e chocolate" |[[Wikang Portuges|Portuges]] |Thilo Krasmann |''Festival RTP da Canção 1997'' |Marso 7, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Pransiya}} | France Télévision | Nathalie Santamaria | "Il me donne rendez-vous" | Pranses |Michel Bernholc | Panloob na pagpili | ''<small>Walang nakakaalam</small>'' |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|United Kingdom|name=Reyno Unido}} |[[BBC]] |Love City Groove |"Love City Groove" |Ingles |Mike Dixon |''The Great British Song Contest 1997'' |Marso 9, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Rusya}} |ORT |[[Philipp Kirkorov]] |"Kolybelnaya dlya vulkana" <small>(Колыбельная для вулкана)</small> |[[Wikang Ruso|Ruso]] |Mikhail Finberg |Panloob na pagpili |Marso 23, 1997 {{small|(artista)}}<br />Abril 2, 1997 {{small|(kanta)}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Sweden|name=Suwesya}} |SVT |Jan Johansen |"Se på mej" |[[Wikang Suweko|Suweko]] |Anders Berglund |''Melodifestivalen 1997'' |Marso 8, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Tsipre}} |CyBC |Alexandros Panayi |"Sti fotia" <small>(Στη φωτιά)</small> |Griyego |George Theofanous |''Diagonismós Tragoudioú Giourovízion 1997'' |Pebrero 18, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Turkiya}} |TRT |Arzu Ece |"Sev!" |[[Wikang Turko|Turko]] |Melih Kibar |''20. Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması Türkiye Finali'' |Marso 1, 1997 |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Hungary|name=Unggriya}} |MTV | Csaba Szigeti | "Új név egy régi ház falán" | [[Wikang Ungaro|Ungaro]] |Miklós Malek |Pambansang final |Pebrero 28, 1997 |} == Buod ng paligsahan == Ginanap ang paligsahan noong ika-13 ng Mayo 1995 sa ganap na 8:00 ng gabi (IST) at nagtagal ng 2 oras at 51 minuto.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dublin 1995 |url=https://eurovision.tv/event/dublin-1995 |publisher=Unyon ng Pagbobrodkast sa Europa (EBU) |access-date=22 Abril 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015182302/https://eurovision.tv/event/dublin-1995 |archive-date=15 Oktubre 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Legend|gold|Kampeon}} {| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ Resulta ng Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1995<ref>{{cite web |title=Dublin 1995 – Scoreboard |url=https://eurovision.tv/event/dublin-1995/final |publisher=Unyon ng Pagbobrodkast sa Europa (EBU) |access-date=22 Abril 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417063512/https://eurovision.tv/event/dublin-1995/final |archive-date=17 Abril 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" | Draw ! scope="col" | Bansa ! scope="col" | Artista ! scope="col" | Kanta !Puntos !Puwesto |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |01 | {{Flag|Polonya}} | Justyna | "Sama" | 15 | 18 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |02 | {{Flag|Irlanda}} | Eddie Friel | "Dreamin'" | 44 | 14 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |03 | {{Flag|Alemanya}} | Stone & Stone | "Verliebt in Dich" | 1 | 23 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |04 | {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina|name=Bosniya at Herzegovina|variant=1992}} | Davor Popović | "Dvadeset prvi vijek" | 14 | 19 |- style="font-weight: bold; background: gold;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |05 | {{Flag|Noruwega}} | [[Secret Garden (tambalan)|Secret Garden]]{{Efn|name=Noruwega}} | "Nocturne" | 148 | 1 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |06 | {{Flag|Rusya}} | [[Philipp Kirkorov]] | "Kolybelnaya dlya vulkana" | 17 | 17 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |07 | {{Flag|Iceland|name=Islandiya}} | Bo Halldórsson | "Núna" | 31 | 15 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |08 | {{Flag|Austria}} | Stella Jones | "Die Welt dreht sich verkehrt" | 67 | 13 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |09 | {{Flag|Espanya}} | Anabel Conde | "Vuelve conmigo" | 119 | 2 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |10 | {{Flag|Turkiya}} | Arzu Ece | "Sev!" | 21 | 16 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |11 | {{Flag|Croatia|name=Kroasya}} | Magazin & Lidija | "Nostalgija" | 91 | 6 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |12 | {{Flag|Pransiya}} | Nathalie Santamaria | "Il me donne rendez-vous" | 94 | 4 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |13 | {{Flag|Hungary|name=Unggriya}} | Csaba Szigeti | "Új név egy régi ház falán" | 3 | 22 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |14 | {{Flag|Belhika}} | Frédéric Etherlinck | "La voix est libre" | 8 | 20 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |15 | {{Flag|United Kingdom|name=Reyno Unido}} | Love City Groove | "Love City Groove" | 76 | 10 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |16 | {{Flag|Portugal}} | Tó Cruz | "Baunilha e chocolate" | 5 | 21 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |17 | {{Flag|Tsipre}} | Alexandros Panayi | "Sti fotia" | 79 | 9 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |18 | {{Flag|Sweden|name=Suwesya}} | Jans Johansen | "Se på mej" | 100 | 3 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |19 | {{Flag|Dinamarka}} | Aud Wilken | "Fra Mols til Skagen" | 92 | 5 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |20 | {{Flag|Eslobenya}} | Darja Švajger | "Prisluhni mi" | 84 | 7 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |21 | {{Flag|Israel}} | Liora | "Amen" | 81 | 8 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |22 | {{Flag|Malta}} | Mike Spiteri | "Keep Me in Mind" | 76 | 10 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |23 | {{Flag|Gresya}} | Elina Konstantopoulou | "Pia prosefhi" | 68 | 12 |} === Tagapagsalita === Ang bawat kalahok na brodkaster ay nagtalaga ng isang tagapagsalita, na responsable sa pag-anunsyo, sa Ingles o Pranses, ng mga boto para sa kani-kanilang bansa. Gaya ng nangyari simula noong paligsahan noong 1994, ang mga tagapagsalita ay konektado sa pamamagitan ng satellite at lumitaw sa pangitain habang isinasagawa ang pagsasahimpapawid. Ang mga tagapagsalita sa paligsahan noong 1995 ay nakalista sa ibaba. {{Div col |colwidth=30em}} # {{Flag|Polonya}} – Jan Chojnacki # {{Flag|Irlanda}} – Eileen Dunne # {{Flag|Alemanya}} – Carmen Nebel # {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina|name=Bosniya at Herzegovina|variant=1992}} – Diana Grković-Foretić # {{Flag|Noruwega}} – Sverre Christophersen # {{Flag|Rusya}} – Marina Danielian # {{Flag|Iceland|name=Islandiya}} – Áslaug Dóra Eyjólfsdóttir # {{Flag|Austria}} – Tilia Herold # {{Flag|Espanya}} – Belén Fernández de Henestrosa # {{Flag|Turkiya}} – Ömer Önder # {{Flag|Croatia|name=Kroasya}} – Daniela Trbović # {{Flag|Pransiya}} – Thierry Beccaro # {{Flag|Hungary|name=Unggriya}} – Katalin Bogyay # {{Flag|Belhika}} – Marie-Françoise Renson # {{Flag|United Kingdom|name=Reyno Unido}} – Colin Berry # {{Flag|Portugal}} – Serenella Andrade # {{Flag|Tsipre}} – Andreas Iakovidis # {{Flag|Sweden|name=Suwesya}} – Björn Hedman # {{Flag|Dinamarka}} – Bent Henius # {{Flag|Eslobenya}} – Miša Molk # {{Flag|Israel}} – Daniel Pe'er <small>(isa sa mga host ng paligsahan noong [[Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision 1979|1979]])</small> # {{Flag|Malta}} – Stephanie Farrugia # {{Flag|Gresya}} – Fotini Giannoulatou {{Div col end}} == Ibang mga pagtatanghal == * '''Pambungad:''' ** Isang apat na minutong sequence, sa direksyon ni Pat Cowap, na naglalaman ng mga clip at pagtatanghal mula sa mga nakaraang patimpalak * '''Interval act:''' ** Súilleabháin, Evelyn Glennie, Brian Kennedy, Nóirín Ní Riain, Clannad, ang mga mongheng Benedictine ng Glenstal Abbey, at ang RTÉ Concert Orchestra - "Lumen" ==Pagpapalabas== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ Mga brodkaster at komentarista sa mga kalahok na bansa ! scope="col" | Bansa ! scope="col" | Brodkaster ! scope="col" | (Mga) Channel ! scope="col" | (Mga) Komentarista |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Alemanya}} |ARD | Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen |Horst Senker |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |{{Flag|Austria}} | rowspan="2" |ORF |ORF 1 |Ernst Grissemann |- |FM4 |Stermann & Grissemann |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | {{Flag|Belhika}} |RTBF |RTBF1 |''Pranses:'' Jean-Pierre Hautier |- |BRTN |TV1 |''Olandes:'' André Vermeulen |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina|name=Bosniya at Herzegovina|variant=1992}} |RTVBiH |TVBiH |Diana Grković-Foretić |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Dinamarka}} |DR |DR1, DR P3 |Jørgen de Mylius |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | {{Flag|Eslobenya}} | rowspan="2" |RTVSLO |SLO 1 |Damjana Golavšek |- |Val 202 |{{N/A|align=left|''Walang nakakaalam''}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Espanya}} |TVE |La Primera, [[TVE Internacional]]{{Efn|Ipinagpaliban na pagsasahimpapawid sa [[TVE Internacional]] nang 11:10 ng gabi ([[Oras Gitnang Europa sa Tag-araw|CEST]])}} |José Luis Uribarri |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Gresya}} |ERT |{{N/A|}} |{{N/A|align=left|''Walang nakakaalam''}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | {{Flag|Irlanda}} | rowspan="2" |RTÉ |RTÉ One |Pat Kenny |- |RTÉ Radio 1 |Larry Gogan |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Iceland|name=Islandiya}} |RÚV |Sjónvarpið |Jakob Frímann Magnússon |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Israel}} |IBA |Channel 1 |Danny Roup |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia|name=Kroasya}} |HRT |HRT 1 |Aleksandar Kostadinov |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} |PBS |TVM |{{N/A|align=left|''Walang nakakaalam''}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | {{Flag|Noruwega}} | rowspan="2" |NRK |NRK1 |Annette Groth |- |NRK P1 |Stein Dag Jensen |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Polonya}} | TVP | TVP1 |Artur Orzech |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} |RTP |RTP Canal 1, RTP Internacional |Ana do Carmo |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Pransiya}} | France Télévision |France 2 | Olivier Minne |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | {{Flag|United Kingdom|name=Reyno Unido}} | rowspan="2" |[[BBC]] |BBC1, BBC Prime |Terry Wogan |- |BBC Radio 2 |Ken Bruce |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | {{Flag|Rusya}} |ORT |ORT{{Efn|Naantalang pagsasahimpapawid nang walang pagkakasunod-sunod ng botohan noong ika-15 ng Mayo 1995 nang 12:30 ng hatinggabi (MSD). Ito ay ipinalabas sa recording nang walang komentarista dahil sa "mga panloob na problema sa ORT". Gayunpaman, itinampok sa broadcast ang pagsasalin sa wikang Ruso.}} |{{N/A|align=left|''Walang komentaryo''}} |- | colspan="2" |Radio 101 |Olesya Trifonova |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |{{Flag|Sweden|name=Suwesya}} |SVT |TV2 |Pernilla Månsson |- |SR |SR P3, SR P4 |Claes-Johan Larsson at Lisa Syrén |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Tsipre}} |CyBC |RIK 1 |Neofytos Taliotis |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Turkiya}} |TRT |TRT 1 |{{N/A|align=left|''Walang nakakaalam''}} |- ! scope="row" |{{Flag|Hungary|name=Unggriya}} |MTV |MTV2 |István Vágó |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ Mga broadkasters at komentarista sa mga hindi kalahok na bansa ! scope="col" | Bansa ! scope="col" | Brodkaster ! scope="col" | (Mga) Channel ! scope="col" | (Mga) Komentarista |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands Antilles|name=Antilyang Olandes}} | colspan="2" |TeleCuraçao{{Efn|Naantalang pagsasahimpapawid noong ika-3 ng Hunyo 1995 nang 10:00 ng gabi (ADT)}} |{{N/A|align=left|''Walang nakakaalam''}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Australya}} |SBS |SBS TV{{Efn|Ipinagpaliban na pagsasahimpapawid sa sumunod na araw nang 8:30 ng gabi (AEST)}} |{{N/A|align=left|''Walang nakakaalam''}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | {{Flag|Estonia|name=Estonya}} | colspan="2" |ETV |{{N/A|align=left|''Walang nakakaalam''}} |- |STV |STV4 |{{N/A|align=left|''Walang nakakaalam''}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Groenlandiya}} |KNR | KNR{{Efn|Ipinagpaliban na pagsasahimpapawid nang 9:00 ng gabi (WGST)}} |{{N/A|align=left|''Walang nakakaalam''}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Kapuluang Peroe}} | colspan="2" |SvF |{{N/A|align=left|''Walang nakakaalam''}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands|name=Nederlandiya}} |NOS |Nederland 3 |Paul de Leeuw |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |{{Flag|Finland|name=Pinlandiya}} | rowspan="2" |YLE |TV1 |Erkki Pohjanheimo at Olli Ahvenlahti |- |Radio Suomi |Iris Mattila at Ossi Runne |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Rumanya}} |TVR |TVR 1 |{{N/A|align=left|''Walang nakakaalam''}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |{{Flag|Suwisa}} | rowspan="2" |SRG SSR |Schweiz 4 |''Aleman:'' Heinz Margot |- |Suisse 4 |''Pranses:'' Jean-Marc Richard |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Serbia and Montenegro|name=Yugoslavia}} |RTS |RTS 3K |{{N/A|align=left|''Walang nakakaalam''}} |} ==Mga nota== {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Kategorya:Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision]] [[Kategorya:Patimpalak sa pag-awit]] [[Kategorya:Europa]] 55gx1i3ntxtpuvbyz10ncqg8zaw8240 0 246462 2204232 2110720 2026-04-22T16:27:03Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{taxobox |name = Indian Coleus |image = Plectranthus barbatus.jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |ordo = [[Lamiales]] |familia = [[Lamiaceae]] |genus = ''[[Plectranthus]]'' |species = '''''P. barbatus''''' |binomial = ''Plectranthus barbatus'' |binomial authority = [[Henry Charles Andrews|Andrews]] |synonyms = {{collapsible list | {{plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | * ''Coleus barbatus'' (Andrews) Benth. * ''Coleus coerulescens'' Gürke * ''Coleus forsskaolii'' (Poir.) Briq. * ''Coleus grandis'' L.H.Cramer * ''Coleus kilimandschari'' Gürke ex Engl. * ''Coleus penzigii'' Dammann ex Baker * ''Coleus speciosus'' Baker f. * ''Coleus vestitus'' Baker * ''Germanea forsskaolii'' Poir. * ''Majana forsskaolii'' (Poir.) Kuntze * ''Ocimum asperum'' Roth * ''Ocimum cinereum'' R.Br. * ''Orthosiphon asperus'' (Roth) Benth. ex Sweet * ''Plectranthus asper'' (Roth) Spreng. * ''Plectranthus coerulescens'' (Gürke) R.H.Willemse * ''Plectranthus comosus'' Sims * ''Plectranthus forsskaolii'' (Poir.) Willd. nom. illeg. * ''Plectranthus grandis'' (L.H.Cramer) R.H.Willemse * ''Plectranthus kilimandschari'' ( Gürke ex Engl.) H.I.Maass * ''Plectranthus monadelphus'' Roxb. * ''Plectranthus pseudobarbatus'' J.K.Morton }} }} |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Plectranthus+barbatus|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species|access-date=2016-06-30|archive-date=2018-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218102024/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Plectranthus+barbatus|url-status=dead}}</ref> |}} Ang '''''Plectranthus barbatus''''', na kilala rin sa singkahulugang '''''Coleus forskohlii''''' at sa pangkaraniwang salita na '''forskohlii''' at '''Indian coleus''', ay isang [[tropikal]] na pangmatagalang halaman na may kaugnayan sa mga karaniwang [[espesye|uri]] ng coleus. Interesante ito sa pananaw na maka-[[agham]] at [[medisina]] dahil lumilikha ito ng ''forskolin''. Sa [[Wikang Marathi|Marathi]], ang mga ugat ng [[halaman]] ay kilala bilang ''mainmula'' (माइनमुळा) at ginagamit lalo na para sa [[atsara]]. Sa [[Kenya]], tinutukoy ito bilang ''Kikuyu toilet paper'' (papel na tisyu) sapagkat sa mga rural na lugar ang dahon ay ginagamit bilang tisyu. == Gamot == === Ayurveda === Sa medisina ng mga Ayurveda ang espesyeng ''Coleus''' ay ginagamit sa paggamot sa [[sakit sa puso]], kumbulsyon, at kung masakit ang pag-ihi. == Kimika == Ang mga [[tsaa]] na halamang-gamot na ginawa mula sa ''Plectranthus barbatus''' ay naglalaman ng ''rosmarinic acid'' at ng ''flavonoid glucuronides'' at ''diterpenoids''. Ang [[kimika|kemikal]] na katangian ng '''Plectranthus barbatus'' ay nagpakita ng mga aktibidad na ''in vitro'', tulad ng ''antioxidant'' na aktibidad at pagpigil o pagtanggal sa acetylcholinesterase. Ang forskolin ay isa sa mga pinakang pinag-aralan na katangian ng ''P. barbatus''. == Mga sanggunian == # http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Plectranthus+barbatus {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218102024/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Plectranthus+barbatus |date=2018-12-18 }} # http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PLBA2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817101931/https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PLBA2 |date=2022-08-17 }} # https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-8741%2881%2990010-6 # https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2010.02.044 [[Kategorya:Halaman]] buu23jwvgg1qmojdtzkpnuv9i56o1oe 0 251339 2204356 2163426 2026-04-23T05:35:00Z JWilz12345 77302 −[[Kategorya:Wikipedia]]; ±[[Kategorya:Mga website]]→[[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Website | name = [[Image:Wikipedia-favicon.png|16px|Favicon ng Wikipedia]] Wikipediang Sebwano | logo = [[Talaksan:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ceb.png|[[Tandang pagkakakilanlan]] ng Wikipediang Sebwano]] | screenshot = [[Talaksan:Cebuano Wikipedia screenshot.png|240px|Unang Pahina ng Wikipediang Sebwano]] | collapsible = Oo | url = [http://ceb.wikipedia.org ceb.wikipedia.org] | commercial = Hindi | type = Proyektong Ensiklopedyang Pang-Internet | language = [[Wikang Sebwano|Bisaya]] {{flagicon|Philippines}} | registration = Hindi sapilitan | owner = [[Pundasyong Wikimedia]] | author = }} Ang '''Wikipediang Sebuwano''' o '''Wikipediang Bisaya''' ({{lang-ceb|Wikipedya sa Sinugboanon}}) ay isang websayt sa [[Wikipedia]] sa edisyon [[wikang Sebuwano]]. Ito ay mayroong {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ceb|N}} artikulo, marami sa ginawa ng artikulo ay si [[Tagagamit:Lsjbot|Lsjbot]]. Noong Hunyo 2025, ang Wikipediang Bisaya (Sebuwano) ay ang pangalawa pinakamalaking edisyon ng wika sa Wikipedia, higit pa sa [[Wikang Alemanya|Alemanya]] at [[Wikang Pranses|Pranses]] at kasunod sa Wikang Ingles.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Wikipedias - Meta|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias|website=MetaWiki|publisher=MetaWiki}}</ref> ==Pamantayan== {{See|Talaan ng mga Wikipedia sa Asya}} Bukod sa [[Wikipediang Tagalog]] ang Wikipediang Sebwano ang may pinakamaraming bilang ng artikulo at nangingibabaw sa Pilipinas, Sa buong mundo ang Wikipediang Sebwano ang pumapangalawa sa Estatisko sumunod sa [[Wikipedia]] (Ingles), Ito ay may bilang na 5,378,451 ayon sa bilang sa taong 2020, Ito rin nangunguna sa Estatisko sa kontinente sa [[Asya]]. ==Pagusbong== {{See|Talaan ng mga Wikipedia sa Pilipinas}} Ang Cebuano Wikipedia ay mayroong sariling [[diyalekto]] at wika ito ay ginagamit sa [[Kabisayaan]] at sa malawakang [[Mindanao]] ay ekslosibo lamang sa mga mananalita nito, Noong 2005 ang Wikipedia ay inilunsad noong Enero 2005, kabilang rito ang [[Wikipediang Waray-Waray]] na may kahalintulad sa Wikang Sebwano. Taong 2006 nang magsimula ang pag-usbong ng artikulo na may kinalaman sa mga pangyayari, diksyonaryo, buhay ng tao, politika at iba pa, 2012, 2014 at 2017 ay nakikitaan ng potensyal ang edisyon sa pag-lago at sa kalidad. [[File:CebuanoWP WikidataStatisticsofWikipediaType of content.png|thumb|Ang artikulong kontento sa wikang Sebwamo ng Wikipedia (Hulyo 2015, 1,211,364 articles): <br /> 95.8% (1,160,787) Taxonomy/living things; <br /> 3.3% (39,420) cities and communities.|150px]] {| class="wikitable" |- |+ Milestones: |- ! Petsa !! Bilang ng artikulo |- | 9 Hulyo 2005 || 19 artikulo<ref>[[meta:Special:PermanentLink/174681?title=List of Wikipedias|Meta: List of Wikipedias, 9 July 2005]]</ref> |- | 30 Agosto 2005 || 232 arctikulo<ref>[[meta:Special:PermanentLink/200881?title=List of Wikipedias|Meta: List of Wikipedias, 30 August 2005]]</ref> |- | 1 Enero 2006 || 1.000 artikulo<ref name="jan2006">[[meta:Special:PermanentLink/263052?title=List of Wikipedias|Meta: List of Wikipedias, 1 January 2006]]</ref> |- | 1 Nobyembre 2006 || 1.400 artikulo<ref name="nov2006">[[meta:Special:PermanentLink/466929?title=List of Wikipedias|Meta: List of Wikipedias, 1 November 2006]]</ref> |- | 1 Enero 2007 || 13.521 artikulo<ref>[[meta:Special:PermanentLink/504548?title=List of Wikipedias|Meta: List of Wikipedias, 1 January 2007]]</ref> |- | 7 Pebrero 2007 || 26.511 artikulo<ref>[[meta:Special:PermanentLink/525983?title=List of Wikipedias|Meta: List of Wikipedias, 7 February 2007]]</ref> |- | 2 Pebrero 2013 || 100.000 artikulo |- | 9 Pebrero 2013 || 150.000 artikulo |- | 17 Marso 2013 || 300.000 artikulo |- | 26 Hunyo 2013 || 400.000 artikulo |- | 18 Hulyo 2013 || 500.000 artikulo |- | 7 Agosto 2013 || 600.000 artikulo |- | 16 Hulyo 2014 || 1.000.000 artikulo |- | 6 Disyembre 2015 || 1.500.000 artikulo<ref name="Artikelanzahl" /><ref>{{Cite web| title = Wikimedia News – Meta| accessdate = 2016-01-16| url = https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_News#Wikipedias}}</ref> |- |14 Pebrero 2016||2.000.000 artikulo |- |25 Setyembre 2016||3.000.000 artikulo |- |11 Pebrero 2017||4.000.000 artikulo |- |8 Pebrero 2017||5.000.000 artikulo |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Sebuwano]] lhlz30442juooa3rrkjjge0h0ayhv3m 0 251463 2204301 1974368 2026-04-22T23:48:16Z Aubreyjanev 159817 2204301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beverage | name = Sprite | image = Evolution of Sprite Bottles.JPG | caption = Ebolusyon ng mga bote ng Sprite | type = [[Lemon-lime drink|Lemon-lime]] | manufacturer = [[The Coca-Cola Company]] | origin = Alemanya | variants = | related = [[7 Up]], [[Bubble Up]], [[Sierra Mist]], [[Mitsuya Cider]] | introduced = {{start date and age|1961}} | color = Walang kulay |logo=}} Ang '''Sprite''' ay isang tatak ng hindi makulay, walang [[kapeina]], lasang [[kalamansi]] at [[lime]] na ''soft drink'' na pagmamayari ng [[The Coca-Cola Company]]. Ito ay unang ipinakilala noong 1959 sa kanlurang [[Aleman]] at 1961 sa [[Estados Unidos]]. Ito ang pinakatanyag at nangunguna sa lahat ng lime na soft drink sa mundo<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sprite's History of Flavor, Packaging, and Sustainability {{!}} HCCB |url=https://www.hccb.in/blog/products/sprites-history-and-packaging |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt ltd |language=en}}</ref>. {{stub|Inumin}} [[Kategorya:Inumin]] gb70s32e4eob37izgn3l07qr1f2so6r 0 251665 2204346 1810860 2026-04-23T05:31:52Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox website | name = Wikipediang Kastila | logo = [[Image:Wikipedia-logo-v2-es.svg]] | screenshot = [[Image:Spanish Wikipedia.png|250px|border]] | collapsible = oo | caption = Ang [[Unang Pahina]] na Wikipediang Kastila noong Enero 2012 | url = {{URL|es.wikipedia.org}} | commercial = hindi | location = [[Miami, Florida]] | type = ''Internet encyclopedia project'' | language = [[Wikang Kastila|Kastila]] {{flagicon|Spain}} | registration = Optional | owner = [[Pundayong Wikimedia]] | launch date = {{start date and age|2001|5|11}} | author = }} Ang '''Wikipediang Kastila''' ({{lang-en|Spanish Wikipedia}}, {{lang-es|Wikipedia en español}}) ay isang edisyon sa [[wikang Kastila]] o Wikang Espanyol ng [[Wikipedia]]. Ito ay mayroong {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|es|N}} artikulo. Sinimulan noong Mayo 2001, ito ay naabutan ng 100,000 artikulo noong Marso 8, 2006 at 1 milyon artikulo noong Mayo 16, 2013. Ito ay ika-9 sa pinakamaraming atikulo sa Wikipedia at ika-4 na pinakamaraming edit (pagbabago) sa buong Wikipedia. {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Kastila]] 9tdredpszvgu104hadhvz3j515y6dd4 0 251782 2204352 1810841 2026-04-23T05:33:24Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Dutch Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-nl.png|135px]] | screenshot = [[File:WikipediaNL-20150905.png|200px|Ang Wikipediang Olandes noong Setyembre 2015.]] | collapsible = oo | caption = Ang [[Unang Pahina]] ng Wikipediang Olandes. | url = {{URL|nl.wikipedia.org}} | commercial = Hindi | location = [[Miami, Florida]] | language = [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{flagicon|Netherlands}} | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]] | registration = Opsyonal | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = Dutch [[Wikipedia]] community | launch date = {{start date and age|2001|6|19}} }} Ang '''Wikipediang Olandes''' ({{lang-nl|Nederlandstalige Wikipedia}}) ay isang edisyon ng [[wikang Olandes]] ng isang malayang ensiklopedta na [[Wikipedia]]. Ito ay binuksan noong Hunyo 2001. Ngayong {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, ang Wikipediang Olandes ay may pangatlo sa pinakamalaking edisyon ng Wikipedia, ito ay may {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|nl|N}} mga artikulo. ==Kasaysayan== Ang Wikipediang Olandes ay nilikha noong Hunyo 19, 2001, ito ay nakaabot ng 100,000 artikulo noong Oktubre 14, 2005. Ito ay hinabol mula sa [[Polish Wikipedia]] bilang ika-6 na pinakamalaking Wikipedia, ngunit ito ay naka-pang-8. {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Olandes]] 10ucchzpw82lvowkkcsfiyolz2xwt23 0 251804 2204345 2090171 2026-04-23T05:31:40Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Japanese Wikipedia | screenshot = [[File:Current Japanese Wikipedia main page.png|280px|Ang [[Unang Pahina]] ng Wikipediang Hapones noong Mayo 1, 2008.]] | collapsible = oo | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ja.svg|140px]] | caption = Unang pahina ng Wikipediang Hapones | url = [http://ja.wikipedia.org/ ja.wikipedia.org] | commercial = hindi | location = [[Miami, Florida]] | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]] | language = [[Wikang Hapones|Hapones]] {{flagicon|Japan}} | registration = Opsyonal | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | launch date = {{start date and age|2001|5|11}} }} Ang {{nihongo|'''Wikipediang Hapones'''|ウィキペディア日本語版|Wikipedia Nihongo-ban|literally "''Wikipedia: bersyon ng wikang Hapones''"}} ay isang edisyong [[wikang Hapones]] ng [[Wikipedia]], ang malayang ensiklopedya. Ito ay binuksan noong Mayo 11, 2001,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-May/000116.html|title=[Wikipedia-l] new language wikis|publisher=|accessdate=13 May 2016}}</ref> ito ay nagkaroon ng 200,000 mga artikulo noong Abril 2006 at umabot na ito ng 500,000 mga artikulo noong Hunyo 2008. Ngayong {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, ito ay may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ja}} round -3}}}} mga artikulo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/メインページ|script-title=ja:メインページ |work=Wikipedia|language=Japanese|accessdate=2009-07-08}}</ref> ==Kasaysayan== Noong Marso 2001, ang mga tatlong ''non-English editions'' ng Wikipedia ay ginawa, nakapangalan ang mga Wikipediang [[:de:|Aleman]], [[:ca:|Katalan]], at [[:ja:|Hapones]].<ref>From the [[Digital time capsule|Wayback Machine]]: An early English Wikipedia [https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/ "HomePage"] dated 2001-03-30, with links to sister projects in "Deutsch (German)", "Catalan", and "Nihongo (Japanese)".</ref> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Hapones]] buwivrb0m46yuvppuao6we238lk5p7i 0 251807 2204361 2158246 2026-04-23T05:36:20Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website |name = Wikipediang Waray |screenshot = |logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-war.png]] |caption = |url = {{URL|https://war.wikipedia.org}} |commercial = Hindi |location = [[Miami, Florida]] |type = [[Proyektong ensiklopediang pang-internet]] |language = [[Wikang Waray-Waray|Waray-Waray]] {{flagicon|Philippines}} |registration = Opsyonal |owner = [[Pundasyong Wikimedia]] |author = |launch_date = {{Start date and age|2005|09|25}} }} Ang '''Wikipediang Waray''' ({{lang-en|Waray Wikipedia}}) ay isang edisyong [[wikang Waray]] ng [[Wikipedia]]. Sinimulan ito noong Setyembre 25, 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1 |title=Start of the Waray Wikipedia |work=War.wikipedia.org |date=2005-09-25}}</ref> Ngayong {{Currentmonthday}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}, ang edisyong ito ay may [[:war:Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|war|N}} artikulo]]<ref>{{cite web|url={{fullurl:war:Pinaurog:Mga Estadistika}}|title=Mga Estadistika |work=War.wikipedia.org |accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref> at ito ang ikalabing-isang pinakamalaking edisyon ng Wikipedia.<ref>[[:meta:List of Wikipedias|List of Wikipedias]]</ref> Kahit kaunti lamang ang kanyang aktibong tagagamit ({{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|war|N}}), ang Wikipediang Waray ay may mataas na bilang ng mga artikulong awtomatikong nabuo na nilikha ng mga [[Internet bot|bot]], karamihan mula sa [[Lsjbot]] ni Sverker Johansson, isang Wikipedistang Suweko.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001 For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles is a Good Day's Work - WSJ]</ref><ref>[http://www.norwegian.com/magazine/features/2014/09/the-worlds-most-prolific-writer The world's most prolific writer - Features – N by Norwegian]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://internetworld.idg.se/2.1006/1.569118/hans-robot-har-skrivit-halva-wikipedia |title=Hans robot har skrivit halva Wikipedia - Internetworld |access-date=2020-05-19 |archive-date=2017-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829170532/https://internetworld.idg.se/2.1006/1.569118/hans-robot-har-skrivit-halva-wikipedia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sinasalita ang [[Wikang Waray-Waray|Waray]] ng halos 2.6 milyong<ref>{{cite web|title=Waray|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/war|website=Ethnologue|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics|accessdate=5 January 2017}}</ref> katao sa [[Silangang Kabisayaan]] sa [[Pilipinas]]. ==Kasaysayan== Unang inorganisa ang Wikipediang Waray sa [[Tacloban]] noong 25 Setyembre 2005 ni Harvey Fiji. Naging kaunti lamang ang mga taga-ambag, na wala pang sampung patnugot bawat buwan hanggang Abril 2009. Naganap ang unang pagpupulong ng mga patnugot noong Enero 2013 sa [[Tacloban]].<ref name="million">{{cite web |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/waray-wikipedia-hits-1-million-articles-033443741.html |title=Waray Wikipedia hits 1 million articles |first=Joel |last=Locsin |website=Yahoo News Philippines |date=2014-06-10 |access-date=2020-05-19 |archive-date=2020-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807085757/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/waray-wikipedia-hits-1-million-articles-033443741.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="wstats">{{cite web |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaWAR.htm |title=Wikipedia Statistics Waray |work=Stats.wikimedia.org |accessdate=31 January 2016 |archive-date=6 Mayo 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506152255/https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaWAR.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Noong unang bahagi ng 2011, nakatawag-pansin ang Wikipediang Waray dahil naglaman ito ng mahigit sa doble ng artikulo sa [[Wikipediang Tagalog]], na nakabatay sa pangunahing wika ng [[Pilipinas]]. Ipinaliwanag itong agwat ng napakaraming artikulong awtomatikong naidagdag ng mga bot, na walang direktang kontribusyon mula sa tao.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/the-linguistic-geography-of-the-wikipedia |title=The Linguistic Geography of the Wikipedia |author=Martin W. Lewis |publisher=GeoCurrents.info |date=2011-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/12/erik-zachte-wikistats/ |title=Meet the Stats Master Making Sense of Wikipedia’s Massive Data Trove |first=Ashik |last=Siddique |website=Wired |date=2013-12-27}}</ref> Noong unang bahagi ng Enero 2014, nakamtan ng Wikipediang Waray ang napakalaking bilang ng 1 milyong artikulo, ngunit isang napakababang [[meta:Wikipedia article depth|lalim ng artikulo]] na mas mababa sa 3. Ang lalim ng artikulo ay isang pagtatangka upang sukatin ang kalidad ng pakikipagtulungan sa mga artikulo, batay sa bilang ng pagbabago kada artikulo. Ayon sa datos ng Wikimedia na awtomatikong naisasapanahon, pagsapit ng {{Currentmonthday}}, {{Currentyear}}, ang Wikipediang Waray ay may may {{NUMBEROF|PAGES|war|N}} pahina (kabilang ang mga pahina ng tagagamit, pahinang pantulong, atbp.), {{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|war|N}} aktibong tagagamit, at {{NUMBEROF|EDITS|war|N}} kabuuang pagbabago. Ang [[meta:Wikipedia article depth|lalim ng artikulo]] sa Wikipediang Waray ay {{Depth|war|2}}—isang di-pulidong tagapaghiwatig ng kalidad ng pakikipagtulungan sa mga artikulo—kumpara sa {{Depth|tl|2}} sa Wikipediang Tagalog. (Magkamag-anak na wika ang Waray at Tagalog na kabilang sa [[Mga wikang Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polynesyong]] sangay ng [[mga wikang Austronesyo]].) ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} ==Mga panlabas na link== {{InterWiki|code=war|Waray}} {{Commons category|Waray Wikipedia}} {{Wikivoyage|Waray phrasebook}} {{Incubator|war|lang=Waray|wiktionary}} *[[:war:Wikipedia:Kirigta|Pahina ng meetup ng Wikipediang Waray]] *[[:war:Wikipedia:Mga panhitabo|Mga mahalagang yugto ng Wikipediang Waray]] *[https://war.m.wikipedia.org/ Bersyong pantelepono ng Wikipediang Waray] * [[:commons:File:Improving Wikimedia Projects Content through Collaboration Waray Wikipedia Experiences 2014 to 2017 final presentation.pdf|Improving Wikimedia Projects Content through Collaboration - Waray Wikipedia Experience, 2014-2017]] {{Mga Wikipedia}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Waray]] qfjvgwijd9tjxlum26xthvojsfao7mi 0 251865 2204347 2158245 2026-04-23T05:32:08Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Catalan Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ca.svg|Ang logo ng Wikipediang Katalan]] | screenshot = [[File:Catalan wiki 20131211.png|220px|Ang unang pahina ng Wikipediang Katalan noong Disyembre 11, 2013]] | slogan = L'enciclopèdia lliure | url = [[:ca:|ca.wikipedia.org]] | commercial = Hindi | launch date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2001|03|16}} | type = [[Internet encyclopedia]] | registration = Opsyonal | num_users = {{NUMBEROF|USERS|ca|N}} mga nakarehistrong [[akawnt]]<br/>9,638 mga inambag{{efn|'''Contributors''' are users who edited at least 10 times since they registered.<ref name="WP stats editors 1">{{cite web|url=http://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediansContributors.htm|title=Wikipedia Statistics&nbsp;— Tables&nbsp;— Contributors|publisher=stats.wikimedia.org|date=|accessdate=23 July 2014|archive-date=19 Abril 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419133252/http://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediansContributors.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} <small>(July 2014)</small> | content license = {{nobr|[[Creative Commons licenses|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}<br/><small>Most text also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]]. Media licensing varies.</small> | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] }} Ang '''Wikipediang Katalan''' ({{lang-ca|Viquipèdia en català}}) ay isang edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Katalan]]. Ito ay nilakha noong Marso 16, 2001, mga ilang minuto pagkatapos ng unang hindi-[[Wikipedia]]ng Ingles, ang [[Wikipediang Aleman|edisyon ng Aleman]]. Ito ay may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ca}} round -3}}}} mga artikulo, ay ito ay kasalukuyang {{Ordinal|{{Wikipedia rank by size|ca}}}} na pinakamalaking edisyon ng Wikipedia sa bilang ng [[artikulo]], at ika-5 na pinakamalaking Wikipedia sa pamilyang wikang Romanse.<ref name="wmeta-group">{{cite web|title=List of Wikipedias by language group|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_language_group|work=Meta-Wiki|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="wmeta">{{cite web|title=List of Wikipedias|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#100_000.2B_articles|work=Meta-Wiki|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate={{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}</ref> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Katalan]] hh0tsjabo8e65weufpv1qnf2g1kmsix 0 251890 2204355 2090741 2026-04-23T05:33:58Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Persian Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-fa.svg|127px]] | screenshot = [[File:Persian Wikipedia's Main Page screenshotV2.png|border|300px|alt=Ang unang pahina ng Wikipediang Persa.]] | collapsible = oo | caption = Ang [[Unang Pahina]] ng Wikipediang Persa. | url = [http://fa.wikipedia.org/ fa.wikipedia.org] | commercial = Hindi | type = [[Internet encyclopedia]] | language = [[Wikang Persian |Persian]] {{flagicon|Iran}} | num_users = 432,381 (mga narehistrong tagagamit, noong Agosto 28, 2014)<ref>[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#100_000.2B_articles List of Wikipedias]. Wikimedia.org. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.</ref> | content license = {{nobr|[[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons Attribution/<br />Share-Alike]] 3.0}} (most text also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]])<br />Media licensing varies | registration = Opsyonal (required only for certain tasks such as editing protected pages, creating pages or uploading files) | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] (non-profit) | alexa = [[Iran]]: {{Increase}} '''3''' (Enero 2017)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.alexa.com/topsites/category/Top/World/Persian |title= Alexa - Top Sites in Iran |publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |access-date= 2017-02-15 |archive-date= 2018-12-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225230418/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/category/Top/World/Persian%20 |url-status= dead }}</ref><br /> [[Persian language|Persian]]: '''1''' (Enero 2017)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.alexa.com/topsites/category/Top/World/Persian/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9 |title= Alexa - Top Sites in: All Categories > World > Persian |publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |access-date= 2017-02-15 |archive-date= 2018-12-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225230440/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/category/Top/World/Persian/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9%20 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | launch date = {{start date and age|2003|12|19}} }} Ang '''Wikipediang Persa''' ({{lang-fa|ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد}}, na-''romanize'' bilang ''Wikipediā, Dānešnāme-ye Āzād / "Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia"''), ay isang [[wikang Persian]] na edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]], binigkas bilang "Wikipedia (Wikipediā)". Ito ay binuksan noong Disyembre 19, 2003, 18 na araw pagkatapos binuksan ang [[Wikipediang Tagalog]]. Ito ay napasa sa 1,000 mga artikulo noong Disyembre 16, 2004 at 200,000 mga artikulo noong Hulyo 10, 2012. ==Bilang ng mga artikulo== Sa pamamagitan ng [[meta:Wikipedia article depth|article depth]] ng {{Depth|fa|0}}, ang Wikipediang Persa ay natangguhan bilang ika-7 sa pinakamalaking Wikipedia sa bilang ng mga artikulo .<ref>[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#100_000.2B_articles List of Wikipedias]. Wikimedia.org. 24 October 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.</ref> ==Mga logo== <gallery> Wikipedia-logo-v2-300K-fa.svg|Logo ng 300,000 mga artikulo sa Wikipediang Persa (Pebrero 19, 2013) Wikipedia-logo-v2-400K-fa.svg|Logo ng 400,000 mga artikulo sa Wikipediang Persa (Hulyo 18, 2014) Persian Wikipedia's Featured Nowruz Logo (2015).svg|Logo ng [[Nowruz]] sa Wikipediang Persa (Marso 21, 2015) Persian Wikipedia's 500,000 article featured logo.svg|Logo ng 500,000 mga artikulo sa Wikipediang Persa (Hulyo, 2016) Persian Wikipedia's Featured Nowruz Logo (2017).svg|Logo ng [[Nowruz]] sa Wikipediang Persa (21 March 2017) </gallery> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Persa]] pnckzjxob87rfdwv1oj8h1z140f0w5a 0 251891 2204341 2090210 2026-04-23T05:30:45Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Arabic Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ar.svg|140px]] | screenshot = [[File:Arabic Wikipedia 06082008.jpg|210px|center|Ang Unang Pahina ng Wikipediang Arabe, nakuha noong Nobyembre 25, 2010]] | caption = | collapsible = oo | url = [https://ar.wikipedia.org/ ar.wikipedia.org] | commercial = Hindi | location = [[Miami, Florida]] | launch date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2003|07|09}}<ref name=Asfar>{{cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=Abdullah|title=Arabic Wikipedia: Why it lags behind|journal=Asfar e-Journal|date=September 2013|url=http://www.asfar.org.uk/arabic-wikipedia-why-it-lags-behind/|accessdate=23 December 2014|location=London, UK|issn=2055-7957}}</ref> | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]] | language = [[Wikang Arabe|Arabe]] {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} | registration = Opsyonal | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = Arab wiki community }} Ang '''Wikipediang Arabe''' ({{lang-ar|<big>ويكيبيديا العربية</big>}} ''Wīkībīdyā al-ʿArabiyya'' o <big>ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة</big> ''Wīkībīdyā, al-Mawsūʿa al-Ḥurra'') ay isang [[wikang Arabe]]ng edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]]. Ito ay binuksan noong Hulyo 9, 2003. Ngayong {{CURRENTMONTH}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}, ito ay may {{formatnum:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ar}}}} mga artikulo. Ang disenyo ng Wikipediang Arabe ay naiiba sa ilang mga Wikipedia. Sa karamihan, ang Arabe ay nakasulat mula sa kanan hanggang kaliwa, ang lokasyon ng mga kawing ay ang [[salamin na talaksan]] sa mga Wikipedia na nakasulat mula sa kaliwa hanggang kanan. == Mga Logo == Logo ng Wikipediang Arabe na may iba't-ibang [[estilo ng titik]]: <gallery> File:Wikipedia Arabic Logo Andalus.png| File:Wikipedia Arabic Logo Traditional.png| File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ar-Amiri.svg| </gallery> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Arabe]] 28s33zzw9eacqbgl0qrqw8nbofyyayb 0 251924 2204419 1949968 2026-04-23T08:58:09Z JWilz12345 77302 sinalin ang parte mula sa enWiki 2204419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = {{Wiki favicon}} Wikipediang Indones | screenshot = Indonesian Wikipedia screenshot.png | screenshot_size = | collapsible = yes | logo = File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-id.svg | logo_size = 200px | caption = Pangunahing pahina ng Wikipediang Indones | url = {{URL|https://id.wikipedia.org}} | commercial = Hindi | num_users = {{Format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|id}}}} (magmula noong {{Date}}) | location = [[Miami]], [[Florida]], Estados Unidos <br/> [[Jakarta]], Indonesya | launched = {{start date and age|df=yes|2003|5|30}} | type = [[proyektong pang-ensiklopedya sa Internet]] | language = [[Wikang Indones|Indones]] | registration = Hindi sapilitan | owner = [[Pundasyong Wikimedia]] | author = | content_license = {{nobr|[[Mga lisensiya ng Creative Commons|Creative Commons Attribution/<br/>Share-Alike]] 4.0}} (nakalisensiya din sa [[GFDL]] ang karamihan sa mga teksto nito)<br/>Naiiba ang paglilisensiya sa midya }} Ang '''Wikipediang Indones''' ({{langx|id|Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia}}, dinaglat na '''WBI''') ay ang edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Indones]]. Nasa [[m:Wikipedia article depth|ikadalawampu't anim na ranggo ito batay sa lalim ng nilalaman]] sa mga edisyon ng Wikipedia. Isinulat ang unang artikulo nito noong ika-30 ng Mayo 2003,<ref>{{in lang|id}} [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elektron&limit=500&action=history Electron History Page in Bahasa Indonesia]</ref><ref>{{in lang|id}} [http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/r/revo-ag-soekatno/index.shtml Tokoh Indonesia: Revo AGS: Indonesian Wikipedia Contributor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053713/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/r/revo-ag-soekatno/index.shtml |date=October 10, 2007 }}</ref> ngunit nilikha ang pangunahing pahina nito noong ika-29 ng Nobyembre 2003, anim na buwan ang nakalipas.<ref>{{in lang|id}} [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halaman_Utama&action=history Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Main Page history]</ref> Isa ang edisyong Indones sa mga Wikipediang hindi ipinahihintulutan ang mga pagbabagong gawa ng mga tagagamit na hindi nakarehistro. Ipinagbawal nila ang mga pagbabago mula sa mga gumagamit ng IP noong 2009. Mayroong {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|id|N}} mga artikulo sa Wikipediang Indones. Noong Abril 2016, may 462 mga tagagamit na nakapag-''edit'' na hindi bababa sa limang pagbabago sa nasabing buwan. ==Kaligirang pangkasaysayan== Bagama't katulad ng [[wikang Malay]] ang wikang Indones, nananatiling magkabukod ang Wikipediang Indones sa [[Wikipediang Malay]],<ref name=Lihp136>[[Andrew Lih|Lih]], p. 136.</ref> na sinimulan noong Oktubre 2002.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laman_Utama&dir=prev&action=history|title=Malay Wikipedia History}}</ref> Ito ay dahil magkahiwalay na sinimulan ng dalawang magkaibang mga pangkat ng mga tagagamit ang dalawang mga edisyon sa pagitan ng anim na buwan. Noong 2009, nagsulat si [[Andrew Lih]] na "Dahil nakahanay ang dalawang mga pangkat na ito sa mga hangganang pambansa, malabong mangyayari ang pagsasanib ng dalawa sa lalong madaling panahon."<ref name=Lihp136/> Isang normatibong anyo ng wikang Malay ang Indones, na isang [[Mga wikang Austronesyo|wikang Austronesyo]] na ginagamit nang [[lingguwa prangka]] sa kapuluan ng Indonesya sa maraming mga dantaon. Naging opisyal na wika ito noong 1945 nang inihayag nila ang kanilang kasarinlan, at kinuha nilang inspirasyon ang kaganapang ''Sumpah Pemuda'' (Panata ng Kabataan) noong 1928. Bagama't magkatulad ito sa opisyal na anyong Malay ng wika, naiiba naman ito sa ilang paraan. Isa na rito ang pagkakaiba sa pagbigkas at bokabularyo, pangunahing salik ang taglay na mga salitang [[Wikang Olandes|Olandes]] sa bokabularyong Indones. Sinasalita ito bilang katutubong wika ng humigit-kumulang 7% lamang ng populasyon ng Indonesya, subalit sa kabuoan ay mahigit 200 milyong katao ang gumagamit nito.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.axistranslations.com/language-resources/indonesian-language.html |title=Axis translations: Indonesian language |access-date=Marso 9, 2009 |archive-date=Marso 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181020/http://www.axistranslations.com/language-resources/indonesian-language.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ginagamit ang wikang Malay ng mga katutubo na nakatira sa [[Tangway ng Malaya]], katimugang [[Thailand]], ilang bahagi ng [[Pilipinas]], at [[Singapura]]. Itinuturing ding isa sa mga diyalekto ng wikang Indones ang Malay ng mga Indones na nakatira sa gitnang-silangang Sumatra, Kapuluang Riau, at ilang bahagi ng mga baybayin ng Borneo.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NL Ethnologue report for Netherlands]</ref> == Mga pangyayaring makahulugan == * 1,000 mga artikulo: ika-16 ng Marso 2004 * 10,000 mga artikulo: ika-31 ng Mayo 2005 * 50,000 mga artikulo: ika-1 ng Pebrero 2007 * 100,000 mga artikulo: ika-21 ng Pebrero 2009 * 180,000 mga artikulo: ika-26 ng Disyembre 2011 * 200,000 mga artikulo: ika-27 ng Marso 2012 * 300,000 mga artikulo: Oktubre 2013 * 400,000 mga artikulo: ika-27 ng Abril 2017 * 500,000 mga artikulo: ika-15 ng Agosto 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/idwiki/status/1161901392274972673|title=Apakah tidak ada yang mau mengucapkan:"Selamat untuk Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia karena telah mencapai artikel ke-500.000!" kepada wikimin beserta seluruh kontributor Wikipedia? Hmph. pic.twitter.com/2wgeuRM5AR|publisher=Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia|date=Agosto 15, 2019|language=id|access-date=Oktubre 15, 2019}}</ref> * 600,000 mga artikulo: ika-18 ng Oktubre 2021 * 700,000 mga artikulo: ika-2 ng Agosto 2024 == Estadistika == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin: auto;" |+ Estadistika ng Wikipediang Indones |- ! Bilang ng mga tagagamit na may akawnt !! Bilang ng mga artikulo !! Bilang ng mga talaksang midya !! Bilang ng mga tagapangasiwa |- | {{NUMBEROF|USERS|id}} || {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|id}} || {{NUMBEROF|FILES|id}} || {{NUMBEROF|ADMINS|id}} |} == Mga sanggunian == * [[Andrew Lih|Lih, Andrew]]. ''[[The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia]]''. [[Hachette Books#Hyperion Books|Hyperion]], [[New York City]]. 2009. Unang Edisyon. {{ISBN|978-1-4013-0371-6}} (alkaline paper). == Mga talababa == {{Reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Indones]] lfgbip1usuizbtetrwzbbxmyzbhrr1u 0 251935 2204348 2098324 2026-04-23T05:32:18Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipediang Koreano | screenshot = [[Talaksan:Korean_Wikipedia_Main_page_20191203.png|280px|Ang [[Unang Pahina]] ng Wikipediang Koreano noong Disyembre 03, 2019.]] | collapsible = yes | logo = [[Talaksan:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ko.png|135px]] <br>"''Wikipedia – ang malayang ensiklopedya na pag-aari nating lahat.''"</br> | caption = | url = [http://ko.wikipedia.org/ ko.wikipedia.org] | commercial = Hindi | location = | type = Proyektong ensiklopedya sa internet | language = [[Wikang Koreano|Koreano]] {{flagicon|South Korea}}{{flagicon|North Korea}} | registration = Opsiyonal | owner = [[Pundasyong Wikimedia]] | author = |headquarters=[[Seoul]]}} {{Infobox Korean name |hangul = {{linktext|한국어| 위키백과}} |hanja = {{linktext|韓國語}} 위키{{linktext|百科}} |rr = Hangugeo Wiki Baekgwa |mr = Han'gugŏ Wiki Baekkwa |context = |img = |caption = }} Ang '''Wikipediang Koreano''' ({{Lang-ko|한국어 위키백과|Han-gugeo Wikibaekgwa}}) ay edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Koreano]]. Itinatag ito noong Oktubre 2002 at umabot ito sa sampung libong artikulo noong Hunyo 4, 2005.<ref name="milestones">{{Cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_News&oldid=139035|title=Meta Milestones Page|accessdate=2007-09-06|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation Inc.|year=2005|format=Web}}</ref> Pagsapit ng {{Currentmonthday}}, {{Currentyear}}, ito ang {{Ordinal|{{Wikipedia rank by size|ko}}}} pinakamalaking Wikipedia, na may {{NUMBEROF|articles|ko|N}} artikulo at {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ko|N}} aktibong tagagamit.<ref name="list">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=List of Wikipedias |trans-title=Talaan ng mga Wikipedia |url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wikipedias |access-date=1 Setyembre 2019 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation Inc. |language=en |format=Web}}</ref> Madalas itong inihahambing sa Namuwiki, isa pang wiki websayt sa wikang Koreano, na hindi nangangailangan ng mga sanggunian at pinapayagan ang mga katawa-tawa sa kanilang mga artikulo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=나무위키:다른 위키와의 차이점 - 나무위키 |url=https://namu.wiki/w/%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4:%EB%8B%A4%EB%A5%B8%20%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EC%99%80%EC%9D%98%20%EC%B0%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%90 |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=namu.wiki |language=ko}}</ref> Pagsapit ng Disyembre 2022, halos 4,760,171 pangunahing artikulo (pati ridirek) ang nilalaman ng Namuwiki,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=namuwiki-나무위키:통계 |url=https://namu.wiki/w/나무위키:통계 |access-date=2022-12-11 |language=ko}}</ref> kumpara sa {{NUMBEROF|pages|ko|N}} pahina (pati ridirek) sa Wikipediang Koreano pagsapit ng {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. ==Mga imahe== <gallery> Wikipedia-logo-ko-30000.jpg| Wikipedia-logo-ko-40000.png| Wikipedia-logo-ko-50000.png| Wikipedia-logo-ko-60000.png| Wikipedia-logo-ko-70000.png| 80000wikipedia ko.png| Wikipedia-logo-ko-100000.png| Wikipedia-logo-ko-150000.png| Wikipedia-logo-ko-200000.png| Wikipedia-logo-ko-250000.png| Wikipedia-logo-ko-300000.png| </gallery> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Koreano]] hjbzkedoz9owkl7474wcknu8trpp3z6 0 251995 2204342 2089919 2026-04-23T05:30:57Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Esperanto Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-eo.svg|Logo ng Wikipediang Esperanto]] | screenshot = [[File:Current Esperanto Wikipedia main page.png|border|300px|Ang ''screenshot'' ng unang pahina ng Wikipediang Esperanto.]] | collapsible = oo | caption = Ang ''screenshot'' ng unang pahina ng Wikipediang Esperanto. | url = {{URL|eo.wikipedia.org}} | commercial = Hindi | location = | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]] | language = Esperanto | registration = Opsyonal | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = }} Ang '''Wikipediang Esperanto''' ({{lang-eo|Vikipedio en Esperanto}}, {{IPA-all|vikipeˈdio en espeˈɾanto|IPA}} o {{lang|eo|Esperanta Vikipedio}} {{IPA-all|espeˈɾanta vikipeˈdio|}}) ay isang edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[Esperanto]], na ginawa noong Mayo 11, 2001,<ref>https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-May/000116.html</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_monthly_statistics_(2001) Multilingual Monthly Statistics (2001) in the English Wikipedia</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-May/000116.html|title=[Wikipedia-l] new language wikis|publisher=|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> sa ilang minuto pagkatapos lumikha ng [[Wikipediang Basko]]. Ito ay may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|eo}} round -3}}}} mga artikulo {{asof|June 2016|lc=y}}, at ito ay ika-32 pinakamalaking edisyong Wikipedia sa artikulo,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias|title=List of Wikipedias|publisher=|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> at ito ay pinakamalaing Wikipedia sa isang guni-guning wika. ==Pinagmula at impluensya ng Wikipediang Esperanto== Si [[Chuck Smith (Esperantist)|Chuck Smith]], ang isang [[Amerikano]]ng [[Esperantist]], ay syang hinirang na tagapagtatag ng Wikipediang Esperanto. Ang ensiklopedya ay na-import ng 139 mga artikulo sa {{lang|eo|[[Enciklopedio Kalblanda]]}} sa pamamagitan ni Stefano Kalb. ==Mga litrato== <gallery> File:Wikipedia-training.jpg| File:Eo Vikipedio 10000.png| File:Vikipedio 150000.png| File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-eo-200k.png| </gallery> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{Sister project links|collapsible=true|Wikipedia|voy=Wikivoyage:Cooperating with Wikipedia|d=Q52|s=Category:Wikipedia|n=Category:Wikipedia|m=Wikipedia|mw=Wikipedia|species=no}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Esperanto]] {{stub}} own779r7dp8a9lfra0hnt0o9muygp60 0 252047 2204349 2090723 2026-04-23T05:32:27Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Lithuanian Wikipedia | screenshot = | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-lt.svg|140px]] | caption = | url = [http://lt.wikipedia.org/ lt.wikipedia.org] | commercial = Hindi | location = [[Miami, Florida]] | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]] | language = [[Wikang Litwano|Lithuanian]] {{flagicon|Lithuania}} | registration = Opsyonal | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = }} {{InterWiki|code=lt}} Ang '''Wikipediang Litwano''' ({{lang-lt|Lietuviškoji Vikipedija}}) ay isang edisyong [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Litwano]]. Ito ay pinakamalaking malayang [[internet]] na [[ensiklopedya]] sa Litwano. Ito ay binuksan noong 2003, sagkapat ito ay dumami ang mga artikulo noong 2004. Noong Disyembre 14, 2005, ang Wikipediang Litwano ay nakaabot ng mahigit 10,000 mga artikulo, at noong Pebrero 26, 2006, ito ay nakaabot ng mahigit 40,000 mga artikulo.<ref>[[:lt:Wikipedia:Lietuviškosios Wikipedijos istorija|History on Lithuanian Wikipedia]]</ref> Noong Agosto 1, 2007 ito ay nakaabot ng 50,000 mga artikulo, at nakaabot ng 100,000 mga artikulo noong Enero 18, 2010.<ref>[[:lt:|Lithuanian Wikipedia]], Retrieved January 18, 2010</ref> Ngayong {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, ito ay may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lt}} round -3}}}} mga artikulo. ==Kasaysayan== Kumpara sa mga Wikipedia sa mga wika Hermaniko at Romanse, ang Wikipediang Litwano ay nailikha noong 2003. Bagkus, ang Wikipediang Litwano ay nasimulan na nalikha mula sa lahat ng mga Wikipedia sa kulay puti. ==Talaksan== <gallery> File:Wikipedia-lt-100k.png| </gallery> ==Panlabas na Kawing== * {{lt icon}} [[:lt:|Lithuanian Wikipedia Main page]] * {{lt icon}} [[:lt:Wikipedia:Lietuviškosios Wikipedijos istorija|History of Lithuanian Wikipedia]] * {{lt icon}} [http://lt.m.wikipedia.org/ Lithuanian Wikipedia mobile version] (not fully supported) ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Litwano]] {{stub}} ql8x1qt8unjb3qt33fsknx08xcimzk2 0 252143 2204354 2090008 2026-04-23T05:33:48Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Simple English Wikipedia | screenshot = [[File:Simple English Wikipedia screenshot.png|280px|Ang unang pahina ng Wikipediang Payak na Ingles.]] | collapsible = oo | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-simple.svg]] | caption = | url = [http://simple.wikipedia.org/ simple.wikipedia.org] | commercial = Hindi | launch date = {{Start date and age|2003|11|17}} | location = [[United Kingdom]]<br>[[Miami, Florida]] | type = Internet encyclopedia project | language = Payak na Ingles {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} | registration = Opsyonal | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = }} Ang '''Wikipediang Payak na Ingles''' (kilala rin bilang '''Wikipediang Simpleng Ingles''', {{lang-en|Simple English Wikipedia}}) ay isang edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Ingles]], na sinusulat sa [[simpleng Ingles]] at [[espesyal na Ingles]].<ref name=adolescent>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1_vBUMfgFcC&pg=PA76&dq=%22simple+english%22+wikipedia |title=Adolescent Literacy, Field Tested: Effective Solutions for Every Classroom |last=Parris |first=Sheri R. |publisher=International Reading Assoc. |isbn=0-87207-695-4 |year=2009 |page=76 |quote=A version of Wikipedia, called Simple English Wikipedia, contains entries using the 2,000 or so most common words in English, and is well suited for younger readers.}}</ref> Ito ay binuksan noong Nobyembre 17, 2003. Ito ay isa sa limang mga Wikipedia sa [[wikang Anglic]], ang iba ay nasa [[Wikipedia|Wikipediang Ingles]], ang Wikipedia sa [[wikang Pitkern]], ang [[Wikipediang Scots]], at ang Wikipedia sa [[wikang Lumang Ingles|lumang Ingles]]. ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Payak na Ingles]] jsjdpab0rkijgmcuvstli3ik6ifb8sp 0 252171 2204359 1883467 2026-04-23T05:35:56Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Thai Wikipedia | screenshot =[[File:ThaiWikipediaMainpageScreenshot12thSeptember2012.png|264px]] | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-th (2010-08-17 Ver.).svg|140px]] | caption = | url = {{URL|th.wikipedia.org}} | commercial = Hindi | location = [[Miami, Florida]] | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]] | language = [[Wikang Thai|Thai]] {{flagicon|Thailand}} | registration = Opsyonal | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = Thai wiki community }} Ang '''Wikipediang Thai''' ({{lang-th|วิกิพีเดียภาษาไทย}}) ay isang edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Thai]] na binuksan noong Disyembre 25, 2003 ([[Pasko]] ng 2003). Ngayong {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}, ang Wikipediang Thai ay may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|th}} round -3}}}} mga artikulo at may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|th}} round -3}}}} mga rehistradong tagagamit, at may {{NUMBEROF|ADMINS|th|N}} mga tagagamit na [[tagapangasiwa]]. Noong 2006, ang Wikipediang Thai ay unang na''-recognize'' sa [[Wikipediang Ingles]] sa pamamagitan ng [[prees coverage]]. Noong 2007, mayroong thesis na ang pangalan ng ''Thai Wikipedia and Communicating Knowledge to the Public'' ng isang graduate na estudyante mula sa isang Faculty of Fine at isang Applied Arts, ng [[Chulalongkorn University]]. {{Stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Thai]] qjlymyac2j1bzhe9vorijs6gj0r38w7 0 252195 2204360 2089752 2026-04-23T05:36:07Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipediang Urdu<br /> {{Nastaliq|اردو ویکیپیڈیا}} | screenshot = [[File:Urdu Wikipedia.PNG|280px|Ang ''screenshot'' ng unang pahina ng Wikipediang Urdu]] | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ur.png|140px]] | caption = Ang ''screenshot'' ng unang pahina ng Wikipediang Urdu | url = [http://ur.wikipedia.org/ ur.wikipedia.org] | commercial = Hindi | location = [[Miami, Florida]] | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]] | language = [[Wikang Urdu|Urdu]] {{flagicon|India}} | registration = Hindi sapilitan | owner = [[Saligan ng Wikimedia]] | author = }} Ang '''Wikipediang Urdu''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|اردو وکیپیڈیا}}}}) ay isang edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Urdu]] at ito ay binuksan noong Enero 2004. Noong Disyembre 30, 2015, ito ay nakaabot ng 100,000 mga artikulo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.karachiupdates.com/v1.5/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1938:2009-10-19-10-28-43&catid=2:2009-07-03-13-16-07|title=کراچی میں وکی پیڈیا صارفین کا تاریخی اجلا|date=October 19, 2009|publisher=Karachi Updates|language=Urdu|accessdate=2009-10-23|location=Karachi|archive-date=2014-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430014030/http://www.karachiupdates.com/v1.5/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1938%3A2009-10-19-10-28-43&catid=2%3A2009-07-03-13-16-07|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsurdu.net/2009/10/wikipedia-2/|title=Wikipedians meetup in Pakistan|date=October 19, 2009|publisher=News Urdu|language=Urdu|accessdate=2009-10-23|location=Karachi|archive-date=2009-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023062531/http://newsurdu.net/2009/10/wikipedia-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geourdu.com/newsDetail.php?uID=34433 |accessdate=November 17, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ==Kasaysayan== Ang Wikipedia ay naging [[multilingwal]] noong Mayo 2001. Noong Disyembre 2007, ang Wikipedia ay nakaabot ng 9.25 milyon na artikulo sa 253 mga wika. Ang orihinal na site address ay ur.wikipedia.com at ang mga lahat ng pahina ay nakasulat sa [[alpabetong Latin]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Petsa !! Artikulo |- | 2007 || 5,000 |- | 2009 || 10,000 |- | 2013 || 20,000 |- | 2014 || 30,000 |- | Abril 24 2014 || 50,000 |- | Agosto 12, 2015 || 75,000 |- | Disyembre 30, 2015 || 100,000 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Urdu]] 1io8oimnu6nocjr4kfllvyx9p57colh 0 252197 2204357 2090250 2026-04-23T05:35:14Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Tamil Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ta.svg|135px]] | logo_caption = Logo ng Wikipediang Tamil | logo_size = 89% | screenshot = [[File:Tamil Wikipedia main page screenshot 15.12.2013.png|300px]] | collapsible = yes | caption = Ang unang pahina ng Wikipediang Tamil noong Disyembre 15, 2013 | slogan = கட்டற்ற கலைக்களஞ்சியம் | url = {{URL|ta.wikipedia.org}} | commercial = Hindi | location = [[Miami, Florida]] | type = [[Internet encyclopedia]] | language = [[Wikang Tamil|Tamil]] {{flagicon|India}} | registration = Open read access.<br />No registration needed for general editing, but necessary for certain tasks including {{unbulleted list|•{{thinsp|[[protected page]] edit}}|•{{thinsp|page creation}}|•{{thinsp|file upload}}}} | content license = {{nobr|[[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons Attribution/<br />Share-Alike]] 3.0}} (most text also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]])<br />Media licensing varies | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | num_users = 77,750+ (Marso 2015) | launch_date = Setyembre 2003 | author = | alexa = {{decrease}} [http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/ta.wikipedia.org 7(Global ), 6 (US)] (US/Global 03/2015) }} Ang '''Wikipediang Tamil''' ({{Lang-ta|தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா}}) ay isang edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Tamil]] na pagaari ng <ref name=hindu>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/05/21/stories/2009052150760100.htm |title=The Tamil Wiki…six years on |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=May 26, 2009 |last=Frederick |first=Prince |date=May 21, 2009 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=Mayo 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528101435/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/05/21/stories/2009052150760100.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ito ay binuksan noong Setyembtre 2003 at ito at nakakaabot ng 57,000 mga artikulo noong Nobyembre 2013. Ang Wikipediang Tamil ay ika-60 pinakamalaking edisyon ng Wikipedia at ito ay ikalawa sa pinakamalaking Wikipedia sa mga wika ng India. Ito ay din ang unang Wikipedia sa [[mga wikang Drabida]] na nakaabot ng 10,000 mga artikulo. Ngayong {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}, ang Wikipediang Tamil ay may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ta}} round -3}}}} mga artikulo at may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ta}} round -3}}}} mga rehistradong tagagamit, at may {{NUMBEROF|ADMINS|ta|N}} mga tagagamit na [[tagapangasiwa]]. ==Mga tagagamit at tagapatnugot== <center> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ '''Tamil Wikipedia statistics''' |- ! Number of user accounts !! Number of articles !! Number of files !!Number of administrators |- | {{NUMBEROF|USERS|ta}} || {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ta}} || {{NUMBEROF|FILES|ta}} || {{NUMBEROF|ADMINS|ta}} |} </center> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Tamil]] 96p751d3goawjjrdd8uyx4pmo8757hp 0 252216 2204343 2090549 2026-04-23T05:31:11Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Welsh Wikipedia | screenshot = [[File:Cywiki.PNG|290px]] | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-cy.png]] | caption = | url = [http://cy.wikipedia.org/ cy.wikipedia.org] | commercial = Hindi | location = [[Miami, Florida]] | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]] | language = [[Wikang Gales|Gales]] {{flagicon|England}} | registration = Opsyonal | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = }} Ang '''Wikipediang Gales''' (''[[Wikang Gales|Gales]]'': '''Wicipedia Cymraeg''' o '''Wicipedia''') ay isang edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Gales]]. Ang edisyong ito ay binuksan noong Hulyo 2003. Noong Hunyo 23, 2007, ito ay nakaabot ng 10,000 mga artikulo, at dati itong ika-66 pinakamalaking Wikipedia. Noong Nobyembre 20, 2008, ito ay nakaabot ng 20,00 mga artikulo, halos isang taong sumunod, ito ay nakaabot ng 25,000 mga artikulo at nakaabot ng 50,000 mga artikulo noong Hulyo 2013, at ito ngayon ang ika-60 pinakamalaking edisyon ng Wikipedia.<ref>[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias List of Wikipedias] on Meta-Wiki.</ref> Ngayong {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}, ito ay may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|cy}} round -3}}}} mga artikulo at may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|cy}} round -3}}}} mga rehistradong tagagamit, at may {{NUMBEROF|ADMINS|cy|N}} mga tagagamit na [[tagapangasiwa]]. ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Gales]] 0yspbb2gxcmpy5fyri67sq8hs8llfq4 0 252290 2204358 1616037 2026-04-23T05:35:40Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Telugu Wikipedia | screenshot = [[File:Telugu Wikipedia main page screenshot 15.12.2013.png|300px]] | slogan = స్వేచ్ఛా విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వము ({{lang-tl|Ang malayang ensiklopedya}}) | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-te.png|140px]] | caption = Logo ng wikipediang Telugu | url = [http://te.wikipedia.org/ te.wikipedia.org] | commercial = Hindi | location = [[Miami, Florida]] | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]] | language = [[WikangTelugu|Telugu]] | registration = Hindi sapilitan | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | content_license = [[CC-BY-SA]] | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2003|12|10|df=no}} | current_status = online }} Ang '''Wikipediang Telugu''' ay isang edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Telugu]]. Ito ay biunuksan noong Disyembre 10, 2003 (siyam na araw pagkatapos buksan ang [[Wikipediang Tagalog]]) ni [[Venna Nagarjuna]]. Ngayong {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}, ito ay may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|te}} round -3}}}} mga artikulo at may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|te}} round -3}}}} mga rehistradong tagagamit, at may {{NUMBEROF|ADMINS|te|N}} mga tagagamit na [[tagapangasiwa]]. ==Pagkatatag== Noong 2005, ang [[Wikipediang Hindi]] ay nakatanggap ng pabilisan habang sina Chava Kiran, Akkineni Pradeep, Vyzas Satya, Veeven at Charivari ay naisali; si Charivari ay nakuha ang kampanya sa Telugu. Si Satya ay naplanuhan at na-execute ng mga proyekto para magdagag ng usbong sa distrito, [[Tehsil|mandals]] at mga pelikulang Telugu na may kasamang bot. Ang mga usbong ay naipalawig sa artikulo sa tulong ng mga Telugu online and blogging communities. {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Telugu]] ay5wulkwdafp46o5pz168es094tptun 0 252347 2204350 1615401 2026-04-23T05:32:58Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = {{Wiki favicon}} Malayalam Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ml.svg|120px|Logo ng Wikipediang Malayalam]] | screenshot = [[File:MalayalamWikipediaMainPage.PNG|border|300px|Ang Unang Pahina ng Wikipediang Malayalam.]] | caption = Ang [[Unang Pahina]] ng Wikipediang Malayalam. | collapsible = oo | url = [http://ml.wikipedia.org/ ml.wikipedia.org] | commercial = Hindi | launch date = Disyembre 21, 2002 | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]] | language = [[wikang Malayalam]] | registration = Hindi sapilitan | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] }} [[File:20030109061700.ml.wikipedia.org.jpg|400px|thumb|Ang Wikipediang Malayalam noong 2003.]] Ang '''Wikipediang Malayalam''' ([[Wikang Malayalam|Malayalam]]: ''മലയാളം വിക്കിപീഡിയ'') ay isang edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Malayalam]], ito ay binukasn noong Disyembre 21, 2002. Ngayong {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}, ito ay may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ml}} round -3}}}} mga artikulo at may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ml}} round -3}}}} mga rehistradong tagagamit, at may {{NUMBEROF|ADMINS|ml|N}} mga tagagamit na [[tagapangasiwa]]. ==Kasaysayan== ===Simula=== Ang Wikipediang Malayalam ay magagamit sa pamamagitan ng wikipedia.org noong Disyembre 21, 2002. Ang tagagamit na si [[:ml:User:Vinodmp|Vinod M. P.]] ay ginamit ang initiatives para dito. Para sa dalawang taong pagkakalikha, siya ay isang taong susi na ang Wikipediang Malayalam ay maging aktibo. {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Malayalam]] bi1pyca3i8j35xhixnwqmvsosm88kyh 0 252348 2204351 2091115 2026-04-23T05:33:14Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Marathi Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-mr.png|120px|Marathi Wikipedia logo]] | screenshot = [[File:Marathi Wikipedia homepage.jpg|border|300px|Ang unang pahina ng Wikipediang Marathi]] | caption = Ang unang pahina ng Wikipediang Marathi | collapsible = oo | url = [http://mr.wikipedia.org/ mr.wikipedia.org] | commercial = Hindi | slogan = मुक्त ज्ञानकाश | launch date = 1 Mayo 2003 | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]] | language = [[Wikang Marathi|Marathi]] | registration = Hindi sapilitan | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] }} [[File:Marathi Wikipedia ULS.webm|thumb|right|300px|Ang isa ay puwedeng gamitin ang typing option na [[:MW:Universal Language Selector|ULS]] "अक्षरांतरण" ([[Transliteration]]) o "मराठी लिपी" ([[InScript keyboard|Inscript]]) mara maghanap o mag-edit sa mga artikulo ng [[:mr:|Marathi Wikipedia]] bilang magpapakita ng video clip; Ang isa ay pindutin ng '''cc'' para mapalit ang subtitle na wika papunta sa Marathi, English, Sanskrit, Kokani, Ahirani.]] [[File:Marathi Wikipedia banner in India Wikiconference.jpg|thumb|right]] Ang '''Wikipediang Marathi''' ({{Lang-mr|मराठी विकिपीडिया}}) ay isang edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Marathi]], ito ay binuksan noong Mayo 1, 2003. Ngayong {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}, ito ay may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|mr}} round -3}}}} mga artikulo at may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|mr}} round -3}}}} mga rehistradong tagagamit, at may {{NUMBEROF|ADMINS|mr|N}} mga tagagamit na [[tagapangasiwa]]. Sa lahat ang mga binisitang website sa wikang Marathi, ang ay nirangguhan ng ika-sampu ng Alexa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/category/Top/World/Marathi|title=Alexa - Top Sites by Category: World/Marathi|publisher=|accessdate=6 August 2016|archive-date=26 Disyembre 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226055318/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/category/Top/World/Marathi|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Marathi]] thid3ul67ywpnf3ligqlu4by26s2jfl 0 252551 2204353 2095317 2026-04-23T05:33:35Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website |name = {{Wiki favicon}} Odia Wikipedia |logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-or.svg|220px]] |logocaption = Odia Wikipedia logo |screenshot = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-or.svg|140px]] |collapsible = yes |caption = <!--Screenshot of Odia Wikipedia's Main Page as of November 2011--> |url = {{URL|or.wikipedia.org}} |slogan = {{lang-or|ଏକ ଖୋଲା ଜ୍ଞାନକୋଷ}} (Ang malayang ensiklopedya) |commercial = Tsaritable |type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]] |registration = Hindi sapilitan |language = [[Wikang Oriya]] |content license = {{nobr|[[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons Attribution/<br />Share-Alike]] 3.0}} (most text also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]])<br />Media licensing varies |owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] |author = Odia wiki community |launch date = {{Start date and age|2002|06|df=no}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Help: This Is A Stub|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?272101|accessdate=20 June 2012|newspaper=Outlook|date=13 June 2011}}</ref> |alexa = |current status = Online }} Ang '''Wikipediang Oriya''' ({{lang-or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଉଇକିପିଡିଆ}}) (a.k.a. '''Oriya Wikipedia''' and '''orwiki''') ay isang edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Oriya]], ito ay binukasan noong Hunyo 2002. Ngayong {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}, ito ay may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|or}} round -3}}}} mga artikulo at may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|or}} round -3}}}} mga rehistradong tagagamit, at may {{NUMBEROF|ADMINS|or|N}} mga tagagamit na [[tagapangasiwa]]. Ito ay sinimulang noong Hunyo 2002, ito ay nakaabot ng 1,000 na artikulo noong 2011 batay sa mga tala ng Wikipedia sa bilang.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#1_000.2B_articles |title=List of Wikipedias - Meta |author= Meta contributors|work=meta.wikimedia.org |quote=161 Oriya |accessdate=2 January 2013}}</ref> Mga [[Wikipedista]]ng Oriya ay na-organisa sa mga ''meetup'' at ''workshop'' sa mga pitong iba't-ibang lungsod kagaya ng [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack]], [[Anugul]], [[Balasore]], [[Bangalore]] at [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Oriya Wiki caught in a time warp|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/orissa/article371748.ece|accessdate=20 June 2012|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 April 2011}}{{Dead link|date=Pebrero 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> sa India.<ref name=orissadiary>{{cite web | url=http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEvents.asp?id=31487 | title=Wikipedians decided to organise birthday of Oriya Wikipedia on 29th January | publisher=Orissadiary.com | date=January 18, 2012 | accessdate=June 20, 2012 | archive-date=May 6, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506110311/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEvents.asp?id=31487 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Oriya]] r5o8qpw4rb3oc6th8t8yavupl24skmd 0 252639 2204344 2193476 2026-04-23T05:31:24Z JWilz12345 77302 removed [[Category:Wikipedia]]; added [[Category:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2204344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox website | name = Central Bicolano Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-bcl.png|175px]] | url = [http://bcl.wikipedia.org/ bcl.wikipedia.org] | commercial = Hindi | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]] | language = [[Wikang Gitnang Bikol|Gitnang Bikol]] {{flagicon|Philippines}} | registration = Hindi sapilitan | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = }} Ang '''Wikipediang Gitnang Bikol''' ay isang edisyon ng [[Wikipedia]] sa [[wikang Gitnang Bikol]]. Ngayong {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}, ito ay may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|bcl}} round -3}}}} mga artikulo at may {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|bcl}} round -3}}}} mga rehistradong tagagamit, at may {{NUMBEROF|ADMINS|bcl|N}} mga tagagamit na [[tagapangasiwa]]. ==Kasaysayan== Nagsimula ang Wikipidyang Bikol, ''An Talingkas na Ensiklopedya'', noong Nobyembre 24, 2007. ===Estadistika=== *'''[[Enero 26]], [[2026]]''' - nag-abot 21,392 ang mga artikulo pakagawa ng '''[[Ikasiyam na Krusada]] *'''[[Hulyo 7]], [[2014]]''' - nag-abot 6,000 ang mga artikulo pakagawa ng '''[[Xu Caihou]]''' *'''[[Abril 21]], [[2011]]''' - nag-abot 5000 an mga artikulo sa Bikol Wikipedia. *'''[[Hulyo 8]], [[2009]]''' - nag-abot 4000 an mga artikulo sa Bikol Wikipedia pakagawa ng '''[[Tarano]]''' *'''[[Hulyo 6]], 2009''' - nag-abot 3000 an mga artikulo sa Bikol Wikipedia pakagawa ng '''[[Lentella]]''' *'''[[Hunyo 29]], 2009''' - nag-abot 2000 an mga artikulo sa Bikol Wikipedia pakagawa ng '''[[Hunyo 30]]''' *'''[[Setyembre 5]], [[2008]]''' - nag-abot 1000 an mga artikulo sa Bikol Wikipedia pakagawa ng '''[[Apolonio Sto. Tomas]]''' *'''[[Nobyembre 24]], [[2007]]''' - Nagsimula ang '''Bikol Wikipedia''' <div style="float:right; margin-left:10px"> <timeline> DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy ImageSize = width:160 height:750 PlotArea = width:100 height:700 left:50 bottom:30 Period = from:11/24/2007 till:01/01/2018 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:11/24/2007 ScaleMinor = unit:month increment:1 start:11/24/2007 PlotData= bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,red) align:left fontsize:S shift:(22,2) anchor:till from:11/24/2007 till:01/01/2018 color:Black at:11/24/2007 text:Start at:09/05/2008 text:1000 at:06/29/2009 text:2000 at:07/06/2009 text:3000 at:07/08/2009 text:4000 at:04/21/2011 text:5000 at:07/07/2014 text:6000 at:01/01/2018 text:End </timeline> </div> {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga Wikipedia ayon sa wika|Gitnang Bikol]] ltdjblksdiniq9ojctzii63t49xchx9 0 253773 2204191 2195346 2026-04-22T12:30:13Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasutsot]] 2204191 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasutsot]] f83e3cqz317a8mqs9khn8waj3ztq7y6 0 254028 2204242 2172943 2026-04-22T18:07:54Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{update|Kasaysayan}} {{Infobox brand |name = ABS-CBN TVPlus |logo = |caption = |producttype = [[Digital terrestrial television|DTT]] [[Set-Top Box]] |currentowner = [[ABS-CBN]] |producedby = Atlanta DTH, Inc. |country = Pilipinas |introduced = {{Start date|2011}} (free trial)<br />{{Start date|2015|2|15}} (commercial release) |discontinued = {{End date|2020|6|30}} ([[Kontrobersiya sa pagpapanibago ng prangkisa ng ABS-CBN|napaso ang prangkisang pambatas]]) |markets = Pilipinas |ambassadors = '''Para sa ABS-CBN TVplus:'''<br />[[Sarah Geronimo]]<br />[[Coco Martin]]<br>'''Para sa ABS-CBN TVplus Go:'''<br />[[Anne Curtis]] |tagline = ''"Ang Mahiwagang Blackbox" (The Magical Blackbox)'' |website = {{URL|https://tvplus.abs-cbn.com}} }} <!-- PINAALAHANAN NA ANG WIKIPEDIA, TAGALOG AY ONLINE ENSIKLOPEDYA HINDI FANSITE, IMINUMUNGKAHI NA MAG LAGAY NG MGA KARAGDAGAN SA ARTIKULO SA PINAKA-PUNTO NG PAHINA, IMINUMUNGKAHI ANG MGA TAGAGAMIT (EDITOR), NA IWASAN ANG PAMBABANDALISMO SA GANITONG PAHINA NG MAISAAYOS ANG ARTIKULO, SALAMAT PO --> Ang '''ABS-CBN TV Plus''', (dati ay '''Sky TV''', tinaguriang '''TV Plus''', at tinagurian rin ang '''Mahiwagang Black Box''') ay isang produkto ng dihital na terestriyal sa [[telebisyon]] na pag-aari ng [[ABS-CBN]]. Inalabas ito noong taong 2011 (''free trial'') at noong Pebrero 11, 2015. May mga dagdag na channels rito ang: Cinemo, YeY, Knowledge "K" Channel, DZMM Teleradyo, Sports + Action, ABS-CBN Channel. KBO (Kapamilya Box Office). Od roku 2021 bol predaj a marketing spoločnosti ABS-CBN TVplus presunutý na jej sesterskú spoločnosť Adtel, Inc., ktorá tiež distribuuje digitálne televízne prijímače Baron. ==Mga dagdag na himpilan== === [[DWWX-TV|UHF Channel 43 (647.143&nbsp;MHz)]] ^'''1''' === {| class="wikitable" |-ABS ! Kanal ! Pormat ! Ratio ! PSIP Short Name ! Programasyon |- | 1.01 || rowspan=7| H.264 || rowspan=7| 4:3 || ABS-CBN || [[ABS-CBN (himpilang pantelebisyon)|ABS-CBN]] |- | 1.02 || SPORTS+ACTION || S+A |- | 1.03 || CINEMO! || [[Cine Mo!]] |- | 1.04 || YEY! || [[Yey!]] |- | 1.05 || Knowledge Channel || Knowledge Channel |- | 1.06 || DZMM Teleradyo || [[DZMM TeleRadyo]] |- | 1.07|| KBO || Kapamilya Box Office |- | 1.31 |240p||ABS-CBN OneSeg|| ABS-CBN || 1seg |- |} ===UHF Channel 16 (485.143&nbsp;MHz) ^'''1'''=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kanal !Bidyo !Aspect ratio (larawan) !PSIP Short Name !Programasyon !Paalala |- |2.01 | rowspan="6" |[[480i]] | 16:9 | O SHOPPING | [[O Shopping]] | Test Broadcast |- |2.02 | rowspan="4" |4:3 | ASIANOVELA CHANNEL | [[Asianovela Channel]] | rowspan="4" |Encrypted (on free trial until February 28, 2019) ^'''2''' |- |2.03 | MOVIE CENTRAL | Movie Central (Philippines) |- |2.04 | JEEPNEY TV | [[Jeepney TV]] |- |2.05 | MYX | [[Myx]] |- |2.31 |[[240p]] | ASIANOVELA ONESEG | Asianovela Channel |1seg |} ^'''1''' For Mega Manila only, channel and frequency varies on regional stations.<br/> ==Tingnan din== *[[GMA Affordabox]] ==Mga kawing na panlabas== *{{Official website|name=ABS-CBN TV Plus}} *{{Facebook|ABSCBNTVPlus}} {{ABS-CBN}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:ABS-CBN]] [[Kategorya:Dihital na telebisyon sa Pilipinas]] aqamp5jswt252m78kkozy6a049a8732 2204244 2204242 2026-04-22T18:11:12Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{update|Kasaysayan}} {{Infobox brand |name = ABS-CBN TVPlus |logo = |caption = |producttype = [[Digital terrestrial television|DTT]] [[Set-Top Box]] |currentowner = [[ABS-CBN]] |producedby = Atlanta DTH, Inc. |country = Pilipinas |introduced = {{Start date|2011}} (free trial)<br />{{Start date|2015|2|15}} (commercial release) |discontinued = {{End date|2020|6|30}} ([[Kontrobersiya sa pagpapanibago ng prangkisa ng ABS-CBN|napaso ang prangkisang pambatas]]) |markets = Pilipinas |ambassadors = '''Para sa ABS-CBN TVplus:'''<br />[[Sarah Geronimo]]<br />[[Coco Martin]]<br>'''Para sa ABS-CBN TVplus Go:'''<br />[[Anne Curtis]] |tagline = ''"Ang Mahiwagang Blackbox" (The Magical Blackbox)'' |website = {{URL|https://tvplus.abs-cbn.com}} }} <!-- PINAALAHANAN NA ANG WIKIPEDIA, TAGALOG AY ONLINE ENSIKLOPEDYA HINDI FANSITE, IMINUMUNGKAHI NA MAG LAGAY NG MGA KARAGDAGAN SA ARTIKULO SA PINAKA-PUNTO NG PAHINA, IMINUMUNGKAHI ANG MGA TAGAGAMIT (EDITOR), NA IWASAN ANG PAMBABANDALISMO SA GANITONG PAHINA NG MAISAAYOS ANG ARTIKULO, SALAMAT PO --> Ang '''ABS-CBN TV Plus''', (dati ay '''Sky TV''', tinaguriang '''TV Plus''', at tinagurian rin ang '''Mahiwagang Black Box''') ay isang produkto ng dihital na terestriyal sa [[telebisyon]] na pag-aari ng [[ABS-CBN]]. Inalabas ito noong taong 2011 (''free trial'') at noong Pebrero 11, 2015. May mga dagdag na channels rito ang: Cinemo, YeY, Knowledge "K" Channel, DZMM Teleradyo, Sports + Action, ABS-CBN Channel. KBO (Kapamilya Box Office). Noong 2021, ang pagbebenta at marketing ng ABS-CBN TVplus ay inilipat sa kapatid nitong kumpanya na Adtel, Inc., na namamahagi din ng Baron digital television sets. ==Mga dagdag na himpilan== === [[DWWX-TV|UHF Channel 43 (647.143&nbsp;MHz)]] ^'''1''' === {| class="wikitable" |-ABS ! Kanal ! Pormat ! Ratio ! PSIP Short Name ! Programasyon |- | 1.01 || rowspan=7| H.264 || rowspan=7| 4:3 || ABS-CBN || [[ABS-CBN (himpilang pantelebisyon)|ABS-CBN]] |- | 1.02 || SPORTS+ACTION || S+A |- | 1.03 || CINEMO! || [[Cine Mo!]] |- | 1.04 || YEY! || [[Yey!]] |- | 1.05 || Knowledge Channel || Knowledge Channel |- | 1.06 || DZMM Teleradyo || [[DZMM TeleRadyo]] |- | 1.07|| KBO || Kapamilya Box Office |- | 1.31 |240p||ABS-CBN OneSeg|| ABS-CBN || 1seg |- |} ===UHF Channel 16 (485.143&nbsp;MHz) ^'''1'''=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kanal !Bidyo !Aspect ratio (larawan) !PSIP Short Name !Programasyon !Paalala |- |2.01 | rowspan="6" |[[480i]] | 16:9 | O SHOPPING | [[O Shopping]] | Test Broadcast |- |2.02 | rowspan="4" |4:3 | ASIANOVELA CHANNEL | [[Asianovela Channel]] | rowspan="4" |Encrypted (on free trial until February 28, 2019) ^'''2''' |- |2.03 | MOVIE CENTRAL | Movie Central (Philippines) |- |2.04 | JEEPNEY TV | [[Jeepney TV]] |- |2.05 | MYX | [[Myx]] |- |2.31 |[[240p]] | ASIANOVELA ONESEG | Asianovela Channel |1seg |} ^'''1''' For Mega Manila only, channel and frequency varies on regional stations.<br/> ==Tingnan din== *[[GMA Affordabox]] ==Mga kawing na panlabas== *{{Official website|name=ABS-CBN TV Plus}} *{{Facebook|ABSCBNTVPlus}} {{ABS-CBN}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:ABS-CBN]] [[Kategorya:Dihital na telebisyon sa Pilipinas]] 0aw80nddaptzb0sv1fmif373axkv46e 0 260289 2204277 2192265 2026-04-22T22:36:37Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name =Ibadan |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = Ile Oluyole Ilu Ogunmola |settlement_type = Metropolis |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Ibadan skyline roof top.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Panoramang urbano ng Ibadan noong 2016 |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Nigeria<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Kinaroroonan sa Nigeria <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = [[Talaan ng mga bansa|Bansa]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Nigeria}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga estado ng Nigeria|Estado]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Estado ng Oyo|Oyo]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type =Demokrasya |leader_title =[[Olubadan]] |leader_name =Oba Saliu Akanmu Adetunji |established_title = Kampo pandigmaan |established_date =1829 |established_title2 = Konsehong Distrito ng Ibadan |established_date2 =1961 |established_title3 = Pamahalaang Munisipalidad ng Ibadan |established_date3 =1989 <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =metric <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 3080<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_rank = 1st |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = 6800 |area_metro_km2 = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |elevation_ft = |elevation_m = 230 <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2006 |population_footnotes = <ref name=2006cen/> |population_total = 2,559,853 |population_rank = [[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Nigeria#Talaan ng mga lungsod ayon sa populasyon|Pangatlo]] | pop_est_as_of = 2011 | population_est = 3,034,200 |population_density_km2 = 985.13 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = 3,500,000 (tinantiya) |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = 3,160,000<ref name=Demographia>{{cite book|author1=Demographia|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|date=January 2015|edition=11th|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|accessdate=2 Marso 2015}}</ref> |population_density_urban_km2 = 464.71 |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |coordinates = {{coord|7|23|47|N|3|55|0|E|region:NG|display=inline,title}} |timezone = [[Oras ng Kanlurang Aprika|WAT]] |utc_offset = +1 |blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Klima]] |blank_info = [[Klimang tropikal na sabana]] (Aw) |website = http://www.oyostate.gov.ng/ |footnotes = }} <!-- Infobox ends --> Ang '''Ibadan''' ({{Lang-yo|Ìbàdàn}}) ay ang [[kabisera]] at pinakamataong lungsod ng [[Estado ng Oyo]] sa [[Nigeria]]. Ito rin ang pangatlong pinakamataong lungsod sa bansa na may higit sa 3 milyong katao, kasunod ng [[Lagos]] at [[Kano]]. Ito ang pinakamalaking lungsod sa bansa kung ibabatay sa lawak pangheograpiya. Nang nakamit ng kalayaan ang Nigeria noong 1960, ang Ibadan ay ang pinakamataong lungsod sa bansa at pangalawang pinakamatao sa [[Aprika]] kasunod ng [[Cairo]], [[Ehipto]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=Ibadan {{!}} Location, History, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ibadan |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>. Matatagpuan ang Ibadan sa timog-kanlurang Nigeria, 128&nbsp;kilometro sa loob hilagang-silangan ng Lagos at 530&nbsp;kilometro timog-kanluran ng kabiserang lungsod na [[Abuja]], at isa itong mahalagang sentro ng [[Pampublikong transportasyon|lulan]] sa pagitan ng rehiyong dalampasigan at ang mga pook sa loob ng bansa. Mula noon pa, ang Ibadan ay sentro ng pamamahala ng dating [[Western Region, Nigeria|Western Region]] mula noong pamumuno ng [[Imperyong Britaniko|mga Briton]], at nakatayo pa rin ang ilang bahagi ng mga sinaunang pader pananggalang ng lungsod. Karamihan sa mga nakatira rito ay mga [[taong Yoruba]], gayundin mga samot-saring komunidad mula sa ibang mga bahagi ng [[bansa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://publish.iupress.indiana.edu/read/global-yoruba-regional-and-diasporic-networks/section/c63232dd-0d19-43c1-a5a1-05de7354bf0f#:~:text=The%20gates%20of%20Ibadan%20have%20disappeared.%20Ibadan,*%20**Founding%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Ibadan** |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=publish.iupress.indiana.edu}}</ref> ==Demograpiya== {{Historical populations |align=left |1983 (taya) |1060000 |1992 (taya) |1295000 |2006 (sen) |2559853 |2011 (taya) |3034200 |align-fn=center |footnote=Pagtataya 1983:<ref name=wal1987>{{cite book |date=1987 |title=[[:en:World Almanac|The World Almanac and the Book of Facts]] |title-link= |type= |volume= |location=Estados Unidos |publisher=Pharos Books; A Scripps Howard Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldalmanacbook0000unse_q3x9/page/600 600] <!-- or pages= --> |isbn=0-88687-292-8 |lccn=4-3781 |author-link= }}</ref> Pagtataya 1992:<ref name=CompEncy>{{cite book |date=1995 |title=Compton's Encyclopedia & Fact-Index |title-link=Compton's Encyclopedia |type=Encyclopedia |volume=16 |location=Estados Unidos |publisher=Compton's Learning Company, A Tribune Publishing Company|page=313 <!-- or pages= --> |isbn=0-944262-02-3 |lccn=94070149 |author-link= }}</ref> Senso 2006:<ref name=2006cen>Kabuoan ng [[Ibadan#Mga Pook ng Lokal na Pamahalaan|11 mga Pook ng Lokal na Pamahalaan]] ng Ibadan gamit ang: <br />{{cite web| url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA031| title=Population of oyo state| author=population.de|date=2011|accessdate=15 Hulyo 2016}}</ref> }} {{clear}} ==Tingnan din== * [[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Nigeria]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{Largest_cities_of_Nigeria}} {{Authority control}} {{stub|Nigeria}} [[Kategorya:Mga lungsod sa Nigeria]] d5srkbzjmwq9en8kdgtc5vtzbgr0gh5 0 261695 2204363 2092508 2026-04-23T05:54:35Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Universite_de_Paris_Faculte_de_droit_DSC_1945w.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Fakultad ng batas]] Ang '''Université Panthéon-Sorbonne''', na kilala rin bilang '''Paris 1''', ay isang pampublikong unibersidad para sa pananaliksik sa [[Paris]], [[Pransiya]]. Ito ay itinatag noong 1971 bilang isa sa mga pangunahing tagapagmana ng makasaysayang Unibersidad ng Paris (La Sorbonne), pagkatapos na mahati ang ikalawang pinakamatandang akademikong institusyon. Ito ay isa sa mga pinakamalaking pamantasan sa bansa at nananatiling isang mahalagang sentro ng pananaliksik at pagsasanay.<ref>{{Cite news|work=QS Top Universities|title=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/universit%C3%A9-paris-1-panth%C3%A9on-sorbonne#sub|accessdate=March 8, 2017}}</ref> Ang headquarters ng Pantheon-Sorbonne ay matatagpuan sa Place du Panthéon sa Latin Quarter, isang lugar sa ika-5 at ika-6 na arrondissements ng Paris. Ang university sumasakop sa bahagi ng Sorbonne at higit sa 25 mga gusali sa Paris, tulad ng Centre Pierre Mendès France at Maison des Sciences Économiques.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Université Panthéon Sorbonne official website|title=Le Campus|url=http://www.univ-paris1.fr/universite/campus/|access-date=2017-07-26|archive-date=2017-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722130107/http://www.univ-paris1.fr/universite/campus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ito ay isang tagapagtatag na miyembro ng alyansang tinatawag na ''Hautes Études-Sorbonne-Arts et Métiers''. Ang unibersidad ay multidisiplinaryo, at may tatlong mga pangunahing dominyo: Ekonomiya, Humanidades, at Agham Pampulitika.<ref>{{Cite news|work=L'Université en chiffres|title=Université Panthéon-Sorbonne official website|url=http://www.univ-paris1.fr/fileadmin/Service-com/2010-FR-chiffres.pdf|access-date=2017-07-26|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173152/http://www.univ-paris1.fr/fileadmin/Service-com/2010-FR-chiffres.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=Université Panthéon-Sorbonne official website|title=Offre de formation|url=http://www.univ-paris1.fr/ws/ws.php?_cmd=getAllFormations&_redirect=voir_liste_diplome&_debut=0&_pas=1000000&__domaine=&__mention=&__composante=&__master=&__langue=&__diplome_1=TI-l1&__diplome_2=TI-l2&__diplome_3=TI-li&__rythme=&__1=__domaine&__2=AND&__3=__mention&__4=AND&__5=__composante&__6=AND&__7=__master&__8=AND&__9=__langue&__10=AND&__11=__diplome_1&__12=OR&__13=__diplome_2&__14=OR&__15=__diplome_3&__16=AND&__17=__rythme|access-date=2017-07-26|archive-date=2017-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029230424/http://www.univ-paris1.fr/ws/ws.php?_cmd=getAllFormations&_redirect=voir_liste_diplome&_debut=0&_pas=1000000&__domaine=&__mention=&__composante=&__master=&__langue=&__diplome_1=TI-l1&__diplome_2=TI-l2&__diplome_3=TI-li&__rythme=&__1=__domaine&__2=AND&__3=__mention&__4=AND&__5=__composante&__6=AND&__7=__master&__8=AND&__9=__langue&__10=AND&__11=__diplome_1&__12=OR&__13=__diplome_2&__14=OR&__15=__diplome_3&__16=AND&__17=__rythme|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{coord|format=dms|display=title}} {{Stub|Edukasyon}} [[Kategorya:Mga pamantasan sa Pransiya]] lvy6m6e2liduk705zw3x5hzmku4i7fg 0 274650 2204394 2107557 2026-04-23T08:16:11Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204394 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Rolex_Learning_center.jpg|thumb|EPFL Learning Center]] [[Talaksan:EPFL-IMG_0007.JPG|thumb|Mga gusaling MX]] Ang '''École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne''' ('''EPFL'''; [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles]]: ''Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne'') ay isang research institute at [[unibersidad]] sa Lausanne, [[Suwisa]], na dalubhasa sa mga natural na agham at inhinyeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)|url=http://www.studyinginswitzerland.ch/epfl/university-description?id=12|journal=studyinswitzerland|access-date=2017-10-27|archive-date=2016-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307223326/http://www.studyinginswitzerland.ch/epfl/university-description?id=12|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ito ay may tatlong pangunahing misyon: pag-aaral, pananaliksik at paglipat ng teknolohiya sa pinakamataas na pandaigdigang antas. Ang EPFL ay itinuturing bilang nangungunang unibersidad sa mundo. Sa QS World University Rankings, ang EPFL ay nasa ika-12 sa mundo sa 2017/2018 edisyon ng ranggo (sa pangkalahatan), habang sa Times Higher Education World University Rankings, ito ay nasa ika-11 para sa inhinyeriya at teknolohiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2017/subject-ranking/engineering-and-IT#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|title=World University Rankings 2016-2017 by subject: engineering and technology|access-date=22 Hunyo 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|work=Top Universities|title=QS World University Rankings 2018|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2018|access-date=8 Hunyo 2017}}</ref> Ang EPFL ay matatagpuan sa Pranses na rehiyon ng Suwisa; ang kapatid na institusyon nito ay ang [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Institute of Technology sa Zurich (ETH Zurich)]] na matatagpuan sa rehiyong Aleman. Ang dalawang unibersidad ang bumubuo sa Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Domain (ETH Domain), na direktang nakadepende sa Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne EPFL|url=http://academicpositions.eu/employer/ecole-polytechnique-federale-de-lausanne-epfl/|journal=academicpositions.eu}}</ref> Kaugnay ng mga aktibidad ng unibersidad sa pananaliksik at pagtuturo, ang EPFL ay nagpapatakbo ng nuclear reactor na KROKUS,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Crocus – Forschungsreaktor der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule Lausanne (EPFL)|url=http://www.energienucleaire.ch/de/epfl.html|journal=energienucleaire.ch|access-date=2017-10-27|archive-date=2014-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320190400/http://www.energienucleaire.ch/de/epfl.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>  isang Tokamak Fusion reactor,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=27 Mayo 2013|title=Shaping the Future of Fusion|url=https://www.efda.org/2013/05/triangularity/|journal=efda.org|access-date=2017-10-27|archive-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924141702/https://www.efda.org/2013/05/triangularity/|url-status=dead}}</ref> isang Blue Gene/Q Supercomputer<ref>{{Cite journal|title=IBM BlueGene supercomputer|url=http://www.neuronano.net/FacilitiesData0879.html?Action=Data&IdPartner=4&IdCommunication=29|journal=neuronano.net|access-date=2017-10-27|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063136/http://www.neuronano.net/FacilitiesData0879.html?Action=Data&IdPartner=4&IdCommunication=29|url-status=dead}}</ref> at P3 bio-hazard facilities. ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{coord|format=dms|display=title}} {{Stub|Edukasyon}} [[Kategorya:Mga pamantasan]] 8zer90mqr8rr8eh2te5cnc4s9taa985 0 277398 2204338 2151875 2026-04-23T05:25:47Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204338 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''Unibersidad ng Bergen''' ([[wikang Ingles|Ingles]]: ''University of Bergen'', [[wikang Noruwego|Noruwego]]: ''Universitetet i Bergen'') ay isang pampublikong unibersidad na matatagpuan sa Bergen, [[Noruwega|Norway]]. Ang [[Pamantasan|unibersidad]] ngayon ay nagsisilbi sa humigit-kumulang 17,000 mag-aaral, at ay isa ng walong mga unibersidad ng Norway. [[Talaksan:Naturhist_saml.jpg|thumb|University Museum of Bergen]] Kahit na ang unibersidad ay itinatag noong 1946, ang mga pang-akademikong aktibidad ay nagaganap na sa Bergen mula nang maitatag ang ''Bergen Cathedral School ''noong'' ''1153, ang ''Seminarium Fredericianum'' noong 1750, at ang pagtatatag ng ''Royal Norwegian Naval Academy'' noong 1817. Ang akademya at mas mataas na edukasyon ay higit ding naabante sa lungsod gawa ng pagtatatag ng Museo ng Bergen, nang lumaon ay naging ang ''University Museum of Bergen'', noong 1825. Itinatag sa pamamagitan nina Wilhelm Frimann Christie at Jacob Neumann, ang museo ay naging isang lugar para sa parehong pananaliksik at edukasyon sa larang ng[[ natural na agham]], at itinampok dito ang mga tanyag na mananaliksik tulad nina Michael Sars, Daniel Cornelius Danielssen at [[Fridtjof Nansen]].<ref>{{Cite news|work=Universitetet i Bergen|title=Et tradisjonsrikt universitet|url=http://www.uib.no/utdanning/49947/et-tradisjonsrikt-universitet|language=Noruwego Bokmål|accessdate=2017-10-27|archive-date=2017-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027232520/http://www.uib.no/utdanning/49947/et-tradisjonsrikt-universitet|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang Bergen sa kalaunan ay naging isang lungsod na may ilang arena para sa mas mataas na edukasyon at pananaliksik nang maitatag ang ''Geophysical Institute'' (sa kalaunan ay naging parte ng Unibersidad ng Bergen) na itinatag noong 1917, ang ''Chr. Michelsen Institute'' noong 1930, ang ''Norwegian School of Economics'' noong 1936 at sa wakas ang unibersidad noong 1946.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Universitetet i Bergen|title=Universitetet i Bergen er 70 år|url=http://www.uib.no/aktuelt/99854/universitetet-i-bergen-er-70-%C3%A5r|language=Noruwego Bokmål|accessdate=2017-11-13|archive-date=2016-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821080147/http://www.uib.no/aktuelt/99854/universitetet-i-bergen-er-70-%C3%A5r|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{coord|format=dms|display=title}} {{Stub|Edukasyon}} [[Kategorya:Mga pamantasan]] kkz83dvoszwzg8f79sj0r2groeew0f1 0 277501 2204288 2093926 2026-04-22T23:02:44Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204288 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Technische Universität Wien mainbuilding mainentrance northview.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Pangunahing gusali ng TU Wien]] Ang '''TU Wien'''<ref name="CorporateDesignTUW">{{Cite web|work=Technische Universität Wien|title=Corporate Design|url=https://www.tuwien.ac.at/en/services/public_relations_office/publishing_web_print/corporate_design/|access-date=2017-11-28|archive-date=2017-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022142550/https://www.tuwien.ac.at/en/services/public_relations_office/publishing_web_print/corporate_design/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ({{Lang-de|Technische Universität Wien}}; dating: ''k.k. Polytechnisches Institut'') ay isa sa mga pangunahing [[unibersidad]] sa [[Vienna]], kabisera ng [[Austria]]. Ang pagtuturo at pananaliksik ng unibersidad ay nakatutok sa [[inhenyeriya]] at [[agham pangkalikasan]]. Ito ay kasalukuyang may humigit-kumulang 28,100 mag-aaral (29% kababaihan), walong faculties, at humigit-kumulang 5,000 kawani (3,800 akademya). Ang edukasyon na inaalok ng TU Wien ay tinutumbasan ng mataas na antas ng pandaigdigan at pambansang pagkilala. Malaki ang tsansa na ang mga magtatapos sa unibersidad ay makakatanggap ng isang kaakit-akit na trabaho. Pruweba rito ang mataas na demand para sa mga gradweyt ng TU Wien, mula sa mga institusyong pang-ekonomiya at pang-industriya, maging sa pamahalaan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Technische Universität Wien :&nbsp;TEACHING|url=http://www.tuwien.ac.at/en/teaching/|access-date=10 Marso 2016|archive-date=11 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311195922/https://www.tuwien.ac.at/en/teaching/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Talaksan:TU_Bibl_01_DSC1099w.jpg|thumb|234x234px|Aklatan]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{Stub|Edukasyon}} [[Kategorya:Mga pamantasan]] mjhymdk67ufqmh39r27tfb29yvx4i7b 0 279406 2204241 2166966 2026-04-22T17:36:00Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Software | name = RETScreen | logo = | screenshot = | caption = | developer = Pamahalaan ng Canada {{!}} Multiple | released = {{Start date and age|1998|04|30}} | discontinued = <!-- Set to yes if software is discontinued, otherwise omit. --> | ver layout = <!-- simple (default) or stacked --> | latest release version = RETScreen Expert Version 9.0 | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2022|09|29|df=yes/no}} | latest preview version = | latest preview date = <!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes/no}} --> | repo = <!-- {{URL|example.org}} --> | website = {{URL|www.retscreen.net}} }} Ang '''RETScreen Clean Energy Management Software''' (kadalasang tinatawag na '''RETScreen''') ay isang software package na dinivelop ng Pamahalaan ng Canada. Ang RETScreen Expert ay na-highlight sa 2016 Clean Energy Ministerial sa San Francisco.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?crtr.sj1D=&crtr.mnthndVl=9&mthd=advSrch&crtr.dpt1D=6683&nid=1079429&crtr.lc1D=&crtr.tp1D=&crtr.yrStrtVl=2014&crtr.kw=&crtr.dyStrtVl=1&crtr.aud1D=&crtr.mnthStrtVl=1&crtr.page=3&crtr.yrndVl=2020&crtr.dyndVl=4 |title=Canada, Mexico and the United States Show Progress on North American Energy Collaboration |website=News.gc.ca |date=2016-06-03 |accessdate=2016-10-20 |archive-date=2016-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025051526/http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?crtr.sj1D=&crtr.mnthndVl=9&mthd=advSrch&crtr.dpt1D=6683&nid=1079429&crtr.lc1D=&crtr.tp1D=&crtr.yrStrtVl=2014&crtr.kw=&crtr.dyStrtVl=1&crtr.aud1D=&crtr.mnthStrtVl=1&crtr.page=3&crtr.yrndVl=2020&crtr.dyndVl=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Makukuha ang software sa 36 wika, kasama ang Tagalog. Ang '''RETScreen Expert''' ang pinakabagong bersyon ng software at na-release sa publiko noong 19 Setyembre 2016. Gamit ang software, maaari nang matukoy, matasa, at ma-optimize ang teknikal at pinansiyal na viability ng potensiyal na mga proyekto ng malinis na enerhiya. Pinahihintulutan din nito ang pagsukat at pag-alam ng datos ng aktuwal na pagganap ng mga pasilidad at tumutulong na humanap ng karagdagang oportunidad para sa pagtitipid/produksyon ng enerhiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nX8JN0xkq5A |format=Video |author=Clean Energy Solutions Center |title=Financial Analysis with RETScreen |website=Youtube.com |accessdate=2016-10-20}}</ref> Ang "Viewer mode" sa RETScreen Expert ay walang-bayad at nagbibigay ng access sa lahat ng functionality ng software. Gayunman, hindi tulad ng mga nakaraang bersyon ng RETScreen, ang bagong "Professional mode" (na nagpapahintulot sa mga user na mag-save, print, atbp.) ay available na ngayon para sa taunang subscription. Ang RETScreen Suite, na binubuo ng RETScreen 4 at RETScreen Plus, ay ang nakaraang bersyon ng RETScreen software. Ang RETScreen Suite ay may kasamang cogeneration at mga kakayahan para sa off-grid analysis. Hindi tulad ng RETScreen Suite, ang RETScreen Expert ay isang integrated na software platform. Gumagamit ito ng detalyado at komprehensibong archetype para sa mga proyekto para sa pagtatasa at may kalakip na kakayahan para sa portfolio analysis. Ini-integrate ng RETScreen Expert ang ilang database upang tulungan ang user, kasama ang isang pangglobong database ng mga lagay ng panahon mula sa 6,700 mga ground-based na istasyon at satellite data mula sa NASA; benchmark database, cost database, project database, hydrology database at product database.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/researchernews/rn_RETscreen.html |title=NASA - NASA Collaboration Benefits International Priorities of Energy Management |website=Nasa.gov |date=2010-02-24 |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2017-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607121213/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/researchernews/rn_RETscreen.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ang software ay may naka-integrate na training material, kasama ang isang elektronikong textbook.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.690261/publication.html |format=PDF |title = Clean Energy Project Analysis, RETScreen® Engineering & Cases Textbook: M154-13/2005E-PDF - Government of Canada Publications | website=Publications.gc.ca |accessdate=2016-02-24}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == Ang unang bersyon ng RETScreen ay na-release noong 30 Abril 1988. Ang RETScreen Version 4 ay inilunsad noong 11 Disyembre 2007 sa Bali, Indonesia ng Minister of the Environment ng Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.gc.ca/web/article-eng.do?crtr.sj1D=&mthd=advSrch&crtr.mnthndVl=12&nid=367259&crtr.dpt1D=&crtr.tp1D=&crtr.lc1D=&crtr.yrStrtVl=2007&crtr.kw=&crtr.dyStrtVl=10&crtr.aud1D=&crtr.mnthStrtVl=12&crtr.yrndVl=2007&crtr.dyndVl=11 |title=Archived - CANADA LAUNCHES CLEAN ENERGY SOFTWARE - Canada News Centre |website=News.gc.ca |date=2007-12-11 |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2012-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312100814/http://news.gc.ca/web/article-eng.do?crtr.sj1D=&mthd=advSrch&crtr.mnthndVl=12&nid=367259&crtr.dpt1D=&crtr.tp1D=&crtr.lc1D=&crtr.yrStrtVl=2007&crtr.kw=&crtr.dyStrtVl=10&crtr.aud1D=&crtr.mnthStrtVl=12&crtr.yrndVl=2007&crtr.dyndVl=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ang RETScreen Plus ay na-release noong 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reeep.org/news/retscreen-adds-energy-performance-analysis-module |title=RETScreen adds energy performance analysis module |website=REEEP.org |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2018-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623033039/https://www.reeep.org/news/retscreen-adds-energy-performance-analysis-module |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ang RETScreen Suite (na may naka-integrate na RETScreen 4 at RETScreen Plus na may ilang karagdagang update), ay na-release noong 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/ang/news_20120605_major_upgrade_to_retscreen_software.php |title=Archived - RETScreen International Newsletter - 2012-06-05: Major Upgrade to RETScreen Software |website=Web.archive.org |date=2012-06-05 |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2015-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715020812/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/news_20120605_major_upgrade_to_retscreen_software.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Ang RETScreen Expert ay na-release sa publiko noong 19 Setyembre 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/ang/coming_soon_retscreen_expert_software.php |title=Archived - RETScreen International Newsletter - Coming Soon: RETScreen Expert Software |website=Web.archive.org |date=2015-01-30 |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2015-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702003434/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/coming_soon_retscreen_expert_software.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> == Kinakailangan para sa program == Kailangan ng program ang Microsoft® Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8.1 o Windows 10; at Microsoft® .NET Framework 4.7 o mas mataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/software-tools/7465 |title=RETScreen, Natural Resources Canada |website=Nrcan.gc.ca |accessdate=2016-07-15}}</ref> Posibleng gumana ang program sa mga Apple Macintosh computer gamit ang Parallels o VirtualBox para sa Mac.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/ang/general.php |title=Archived - RETScreen International - FAQ - Windows/Excel & other |website=Web.archive.org |date=2015-04-24 |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2015-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714225457/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/general.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> == Mga Partner == Ang RETScreen ay pinamamahalaan sa ilalim ng pangunguna at tuluy-tuloy na pinansyal na suporta ng CanmetENERGY Varennes Research Centre of Natural Resources Canada, isang kagawaran ng Gobyerno ng Canada. Ang core team<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/ang/core_team.php |title=Archived - RETScreen International Core Team |website=Web.archive.org |accessdate=2018-02-13 |archive-date=2015-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929091649/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/core_team.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ay may kolaborasyon sa ilan pang mga organisasyon ng pamahalaan at multi-lateral, na may teknikal na suporta mula sa malawak na network ng mga eksperto mula sa industriya, gobyerno at akademya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/ang/g_con_dte.php |title=Archived - RETScreen International Network of experts |website=Web.archive.org |accessdate=2018-02-13 |archive-date=2015-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929082657/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/g_con_dte.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Lakip sa mga pangunahing partner ang Langley Research Center<ref>{{cite web |url=http://power.larc.nasa.gov/ |title= NASA - POWER |website=Nasa.gov |accessdate=2018-02-13}}</ref> ng NASA, ang Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reeep.org/ |title=Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) |website=REEP.org |accessdate=2018-02-13}}</ref> Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) ng Ontario,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieso.ca |title=IESO |website=IESO.ca |accessdate=2018-02-13}}</ref> Energy Unit of the Division of Technology ng UNEP,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uneptie.org/division/dtie/about.htm |title=About DTIE |website=Uneptie.org |accessdate=2018-02-13 |archive-date=2018-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408151634/http://www.uneptie.org/division/dtie/about.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ang Global Environment Facility (GEF),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegef.org/gef/ |title=Global Environment Facility |website=Thegef.org |accessdate=2018-02-13 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225141445/https://www.thegef.org/gef/%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ang Prototype Carbon Fund ng [[World Bank]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wbcarbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=PCF&ItemID=9707&FID=9707 |title=Carbon Finance at the World Bank: Prototype Carbon Fund |website=Wbcarbonfinance.org |accessdate=2018-02-13 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225141354/https://wbcarbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=PCF&ItemID=9707&FID=9707%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at ang Sustainable Energy Initiative ng [[York University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sei.info.yorku.ca/ |title=Sustainable Energy Initiative |website=Yorku.ca |accessdate=2018-02-13}}</ref> == Mga halimbawa ng paggagamitan == Mula noong Pebrero 2018, ang RETScreen software ay mayroon nang '''575,000 user''' sa bawat bansa at teritoryo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/popup.php?id=10248&tcopy=&alt=RETScreen+Software:+Cumulative+Growth+of+User+Base&titre= |title=Archived - RETScreen International - RETScreen Software: Cumulative Growth of User Base |website=Web.archive.org |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2015-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920024148/http://www.retscreen.net/popup.php?id=10248&tcopy=&alt=RETScreen+Software:+Cumulative+Growth+of+User+Base&titre= |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Ayon sa pagtatantya ng isang independent impact study,<ref name=report1>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/fichier.php/623/Rapport_Impact.pdf |format=PDF |title=Archived - RETScreen International: Results & impacts 1996-2012 |website=Web.archive.org |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2015-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926214355/http://www.retscreen.net/fichier.php/623/Rapport_Impact.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> sa pagsapit ng 2013, ang paggamit ng RETScreen software ay naging responsable sa pangglobong pagtitipid ng $8 billion sa mga gastos ng user transaction, 20 MT sa isang taon na natipid na greenhouse gas emission at nagpahintulot sa hindi bababa sa 24GW ng na-install na kapasidad ng malinis na enerhiya. Ang RETScreen ay malawak na ginagamit upang pangasiwaan at ipatupad ang mga proyekto ng malinis na enerhiya. Bilang halimbawa, ginamit ang RETScreen: * upang i-retrofit ang [[Empire State Building]] ng mga sistema sa pagkakaroon ng mas episyenteng paggamit ng enerhiya<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/fichier.php/2009/Energy%20Performance%20Contracting.pdf |format=PDF |title=Archived - RETScreen International - Energy Performance Contracting |website=Web.archive.org |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122318/http://www.retscreen.net/fichier.php/2009/Energy%20Performance%20Contracting.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * sa mga pasilidad ng pabrika ng 3M Canada<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/3m-canada-deploys-retscreen-software-gregory-j-leng/|title=3M Canada Deploys RETScreen Software|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> * nang lubusan ng industriya ng enerhiyang mula sa hangin sa Ireland upang tasahin ang mga potensyal na bagong proyekto<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/fichier.php/2007/Wind%20Power%20%26%20Biomass%20District%20Heating%20Projects.pdf |format=PDF |title=Archived - RETScreen International - Wind Power and Biomass Heating Projects Seamus Hoyne, TEA and Tipperary Institute |website=Web.archive.org |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2014-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806110237/http://www.retscreen.net/fichier.php/2007/Wind%20Power%20%26%20Biomass%20District%20Heating%20Projects.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * upang i-monitor ang pagganap ng daan-daang paaralan sa Ontario<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/school-board-energy-managers-lead-way-gregory-j-leng/|title=School Board Energy Managers Lead Way|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> * ng programa ng Manitoba Hydro para sa programa ng pinagsamang init at kuryente (bioenergy optimization) upang i-screen ang mga application para sa mga proyekto<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hydro.mb.ca/your_business/bioenergy_optimization/index.shtml |title=Bioenergy Optimization Program |website=Hydro.mb.ca |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2017-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708200945/http://www.hydro.mb.ca/your_business/bioenergy_optimization/index.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/fichier.php/2008/Manitoba%20Hydro%E2%80%99s%20Biomass%20Optimization%20Program.pdf |title=Archived - RETScreen International - Power Smart Bioenergy Optimization Program |website=Web.archive.org |date=June 2011 |accessdate=2016-10-24 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122318/http://www.retscreen.net/fichier.php/2008/Manitoba%20Hydro%E2%80%99s%20Biomass%20Optimization%20Program.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * upang pamahalaan ang enerhiya sa mga campus ng unibersidad at kolehiyo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/universities-colleges-reduce-carbon-gregory-j-leng/|title=Universities and Colleges Reduce Carbon|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> * sa maramihang taong pagtatasa at pagsusuri ng photovoltaic na pagganap sa Toronto, Canada<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.explace.on.ca/database/rte/TAF_HorsePalace_web.pdf |format=PDF |title=Solarcity Technology Assessment Partnership |date=June 2009 |website=Explace.on.ca |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225141416/https://www.explace.on.ca/database/rte/TAF_HorsePalace_web.pdf%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.solarcitypartnership.ca/solarfiles/HorsePalace-updatereport.pdf |format=PDF |title=Horse Palace Photovoltaic Pilot Project: Update Report |date=January 2012 |website=Solarcitypartnership.ca |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2013-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102100601/http://www.solarcitypartnership.ca/solarfiles/HorsePalace-updatereport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * upang suriin ang solar air heating sa mga instalasyon ng U.S. Air Force<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA500580 |title=AN EVALUATION OF SOLAR AIR HEATING AT UNITED STATES AIR FORCE INSTALLATIONS |website=Dtic.mil |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2013-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909205651/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA500580 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * sa mga pasilidad sa mga munisipalidad, lakip ang pagtukoy ng mga oportunidad para sa mga retrofit ng pagiging episyente ng enerhiya sa ilang munisipalidad sa Ontario.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/katelyn-mcfadyen-cristina-guido-municipal-energy-champions-leng/|title=Katelyn McFadyen and Cristina Guido - Municipal Energy Champions|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408151838/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/katelyn%2Dmcfadyen%2Dcristina%2Dguido%2Dmunicipal%2Denergy%2Dchampions%2Dleng/|archive-date=2018-04-08|access-date=|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/links/policy_association_of_municipalities_of_ontario_audit_program.html |title=Internet Archive Wayback Machine |website=Web.archive.org |date=2014-08-08 |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122455/http://www.retscreen.net/links/policy_association_of_municipalities_of_ontario_audit_program.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Ang komprehensibong koleksyon ng mga artikulo na nagdedetalye kung paano ginagamit ang RETScreen sa iba't ibang sitwasyon ay available sa LinkedIn page ng RETScreen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/ang/news.php |title=Archived - RETScreen International Newsletter |website=Web.archive.org |date=2015-12-22 |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2016-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112221923/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/news.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Ang RETScreen ay ginagamit din bilang tool sa pagtuturo at pagsasaliksik sa mahigit sa 1,100 unibersidad at kolehiyo sa buong mundo, at madalas na binabanggit sa mga literatura sa akademya.<ref>Halimbawa, ang isang Google Scholar search para sa RETScreen noong 7 Pebrero 2018 ay nagpakita ng higit sa 5,500 resulta.</ref> Ang mga halimbawa ng gamit ng RETScreen sa akademya ay makikita sa ilalim ng mga seksyong “Publications and Reports” at "University and College Courses" ng RETScreen newsletter, na maaaring ma-access sa User manual sa na-download na software. Ang paggamit ng RETScreen ay inaatas o inirerekomenda ng mga programa ng insentibo para sa malinis na enerhiya sa lahat ng antas ng gobyerno sa buong mundo, lakip ang UNFCCC at EU; Canada, New Zealand at UK; ilang mga estado sa America at mga probinsya, lungsod, munisipalidad at utility sa Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/ang/clean_energy_policy_analysis.php |title=Archived - RETScreen International - Clean Energy Policy Toolkit |website=Web.archive.org |date=2012-09-21 |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2015-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005075149/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/clean_energy_policy_analysis.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Ang mga pambansa at pangrehiyong training workshop para sa RETScreen ay isinaayos ayon sa opisyal na kahilingan ng mga Gobyerno ng Chile,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/ang/news_20140107_cer_chile_implements_retscreen_training_program.php |title=Archived - RETScreen International - CER Chile Implements RETScreen Training Program |website=Web.archive.org |date=2014-10-24 |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2015-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714213530/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/news_20140107_cer_chile_implements_retscreen_training_program.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/ang/news_20130717_saudi_arabia_builds_clean_energy_capacity.php |title=Archived - RETScreen International - Saudi Arabia Builds Clean Energy Capacity |website=Web.archive.org |date=2014-05-02 |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2015-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714204723/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/news_20130717_saudi_arabia_builds_clean_energy_capacity.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> 15 bansa sa Kanluran at Gitnang Africa,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/ang/news_20130808_strengthening_foundations_clean_energy_west_africa.php |title=Archived - RETScreen International - Strengthening the Foundations of Clean Energy in West Africa |website=Web.archive.org |date=2014-05-02 |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2015-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714225224/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/news_20130808_strengthening_foundations_clean_energy_west_africa.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> at ng Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE). == Mga award at pagkilala == Noong 2010, ang RETScreen International ay ginantimpalaan ng Public Service Award of Excellence,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawacitizen.com/pdf/psae-booklet-2010.pdf |format=PDF |title=Public Service Award of Excellence 2010 |website=Ottawacitizen.com |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205813/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/pdf/psae-booklet-2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ang pinakamataas ng gantimpalang ibinibigay ng gobyerno ng Canada sa mga civil servant nito. Ang RETScreen at ang RETScreen team ay nakatanggap ng nominasyon at iba pang prestihiyosong gantimpala lakip ang Ernst & Young/Euromoney Global Renewable Energy Award, Energy Globe (Pambansang Gantimpala para sa Canada), at ang GTEC Distinction Award Medal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retscreen.net/ang/awards.php |title=Archived - RETScreen International - Awards |website=Web.archive.org |date=2011-02-03 |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2015-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509231104/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/awards.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> == Mga Review == Sa isang International Energy Agency review ng beta release ng bahagi ng software para sa hydropower ay nagsabing ito ay "lubhang kahanga-hanga".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieahydro.org/media/c617f800/Assessment%20Methods%20for%20Small-Hydro%20Projects.pdf |format=PDF |title=Assessment Methods for Small-hydro Projects |website=Ieahydro.org |accessdate=2016-10-24 |archive-date=2017-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516213837/http://www.ieahydro.org/media/c617f800/Assessment%20Methods%20for%20Small-Hydro%20Projects.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ipinahayag ng European Environment Agency na ang RETScreen ay isang "lubhang kapaki-pakinabang na tool."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environmenttools.co.uk/directory/tool/name/retscreen-clean-energy-project-analysis-software/id/563 |title=RETScreen Clean Energy Project Analysis Software &#124; Environmental software tools for accounting, carbon footprinting & sustainability performance |website=Environmenttools.co.uk |accessdate=2016-07-15}}</ref> Ang RETScreen ay tinawag ding "isa sa ilang mga software tool at ang pinakamahusay sa mga ito, available para pag-arawal ang mga ekonomiya ng mga instalasyon ng renewable na enerhiya" at "isang tool upang mapahusay ang kaugnayan ng merkado" ng malinis na enerhiya sa buong mundo.<ref name=report1/> == Talasanggunián == {{reflist}} == Mga talaugnayang panlabas == *[http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/software-tools/7465 RETScreen International] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgGnWDgq-9o RETScreen Expert - Benchmark Analysis (video)] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nX8JN0xkq5A RETScreen Expert - Feasibility Analysis (video)] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idIlCwPNvlI RETScreen Expert - Performance Analysis (video)] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4HE7GZ8WOQ RETScreen Expert - Portfolio Analysis (video)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160112221923/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/news.php RETScreen Clean Energy Bulletin] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150711192911/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/what_is_retscreen.php "What is RETScreen?"] {{Uncategorized|date=Oktubre 2024}} siuu0u5f0d6oqyuhwnld0xmg4lqhevr 0 280077 2204227 2204055 2026-04-22T14:38:21Z Sharktube2000 161034 2204227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Megalodon | fossil_range = {{longitem|maagang [[Mioseno]]{{snd|–}}maagang [[Plioseno]], c. {{Geological range|23|3.58|earliest=28|latest=1.8}}}} | image = Megalodon jaw, Tellus Science Museum.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = Modelo ng mga panga ng Megalodon sa [[Tellus Science Museum]] | image_alt = Malaking beige na modelo ng mga panga ng pating na may dalawang nakikitang hanay ng mga ngipin, na nakatayo sa isang mesa. | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Chondrichthyes]] | ordo = [[Lamniformes]] | familia = †[[Otodontidae]] | genus = †'''''Otodus''''' | species = †'''''O. megalodon''''' | binomial = ''Otodus megalodon'' | binomial_authority = ([[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1843) | synonyms = * ''Carcharodon megalodon'' * ''Carcharocles megalodon'' }} '''''Otodus megalodon''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|g|əl|ə|d|ɒ|n}} {{Respell|MEG|əl|ə|don}}; ibig sabihin ay "malaking ngipin"), [[Karaniwang pangalan|karaniwang kilala]] bilang '''megalodon''', ay isang [[natapos nang]] uri ng higanteng [[mackerel shark]] na nabuhay humigit-kumulang 23 hanggang 3.58 [[milyong taon na ang nakalilipas]] (Mya), mula sa mga panahong [[Mioseno|Maagang Mioseno]] hanggang sa mga panahong [[Plioseno|Maagang Plioseno]]. Ang [[isdang ito noong sinaunang panahon]] ay dating pinaniniwalaang miyembro ng pamilyang [[Lamnidae]] at isang malapit na kamag-anak ng [[malaking puting pating]] (''Carcharodon carcharias''), ngunit muling inuri sa extinct na pamilya [[Otodontidae]], na [[Speciation|lumihis]] mula sa malaking puting pating noong [[Kretasiko|maagang Kretasiko]]. Bagama't itinuturing na isa sa pinakamalaki at pinakamakapangyarihang [[Pandaragit|mga mandaragit]] na nabuhay kailanman, ang megalodon ay kilala lamang mula sa mga pira-pirasong labi, at ang hitsura at pinakamalaking laki nito ay hindi tiyak. Nagtalo ang mga siyentipiko kung ang anyo ng katawan nito ay mas matipuno o mas pahaba kaysa sa mga modernong [[lamniform]] na pating. Pinakamataas na pagtatantya ng haba ng katawan sa pagitan ng {{convert|16.1|and|24.3|m|ft}} batay sa iba't ibang pagsusuri ay iminungkahi, kahit na ang Ang mga haba ng [[Mode (statistics)|modal]] para sa mga indibidwal sa lahat ng ontogenetic na yugto mula kabataan hanggang matatanda ay tinatantya sa {{convert|10.5|m|ft|sp=us}}. Ang kanilang mga [[ngipin]] ay makapal at matibay, ginawa para sa pagdaklot ng biktima at pagbasag ng buto, at ang kanilang malalaking panga ay maaaring gumamit ng puwersa ng pagkagat na hanggang {{convert|108,500|to|182,200|newtons|lbf|-1}}. Malamang na nagkaroon ng malaking epekto ang Megalodon sa istruktura ng [[buhay-dagat|mga komunidad ng dagat]]. Ipinapahiwatig ng talaan ng fossil na mayroon itong [[kosmopolitanong distribusyon]]. Malamang na tinarget nito ang malalaking biktima, tulad ng [[Balyena|mga balyena]], [[Karnerong-dagat|seal]] at [[Pawikan|mga pawikan]]. Ang mga kabataan ay naninirahan sa maligamgam na tubig sa baybayin at kumakain ng mga isda at maliliit na balyena. Hindi tulad ng great white bird, na umaatake sa biktima mula sa malambot na ilalim, malamang na ginamit ng megalodon ang malalakas nitong panga upang basagin ang dibdib at butasin ang puso at baga ng biktima nito. Ang hayop ay naharap sa kompetisyon mula sa mga [[Cetacea|cetacean]] na kumakain ng balyena, tulad ng ''[[Livyatan]]'' at iba pang [[macroraptorial sperm whale]]. Dahil mas gusto ng pating ang mas maiinit na tubig, pinaniniwalaang ang paglamig sa karagatan nauugnay sa pagsisimula ng [[Quaternary glaciation|panahon ng yelo]], kasabay ng pagbaba ng lebel ng dagat at pagkawala ng mga angkop na lugar para sa pag-aalaga ng mga hayop, maaaring nakaambag din sa pagbaba nito. Pagbabawas sa pagkakaiba-iba ng mga [[baleen whale]] at isang pagbabago sa kanilang distribusyon patungo sa mga rehiyong polar maaaring nakabawas sa pangunahing pinagkukunan ng pagkain ng megalodon. Ang pagkalipol ng pating ay kasabay ng isang kalakaran ng [[Deep-sea gigantism|gigantism]] sa mga baleen whale. {{stub}} [[kategorya:Pating]] 0c82bkqs4uvu3lcb2m9upjgjp4pdq39 0 286663 2204431 2092995 2026-04-23T09:18:10Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Disyembre 2021}} {{Infobox film | name = Lucknow Central | image = | director = Ranjit Tiwari | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] * [[Nikkhil Advani]] * Monisha Advani * Madhu Bhojwani }} | writer = Ranjit Tiwari<br>Aseem Arora | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Farhan Akhtar]] * [[Diana Penty]] * [[Virendra Saxena]] * [[Deepak Dobriyal]] * [[Ronit Roy]] * [[Gippy Grewal]] * [[Inaamulhaq]] * [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] }} | music = <small>'''(Songs)'''</small><br>[[Arjuna Harjai|Arjunna Harjaie]]<br>[[Rochak Kohli]]<br>[[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br><small>'''(Score)'''</small><br>[[Arjuna Harjai|Arjunna Harjaie]] | cinematography = Tushar Kanti Ray | editing = Charu Shree Roy | studio = [[Emmay Entertainment]] | distributor = [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|09|15}} | runtime = 147 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/lucknow-central/cast/ |title=Lucknow Central Cast & Crew |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> | country = India | language = Hindi | budget = {{INR|link=yes}}30 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kangana-ranauts-simran-outshines-farhan-akhtars-lucknow-central-at-box-office-on-day-1-1519673.html |title=Kangana Ranaut's Simran Outshines Farhan Akhtar's Lucknow Central At Box Office On Day 1 |publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3605 |title=Lucknow Central Box Office |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> | gross = {{INR|link=yes}}16.95 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-lucknow-central/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Lucknow Central |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> | native_name = }} Ang '''''Lucknow Central''''' ay isang pelikulang 2017 na Indiyano sa direksyon ni Ranjit Tiwari at sa produksyon ni [[Nihkil Advani]]. Ito ay inilabas sa buong mundo noong Setyembre 15, 2017. ==Mga cast== * [[Farhan Akhtar]] bilang Kishan Mohan Girhotra * [[Diana Penty]] bilang Gayatri Kashyap * [[Virendra Saxena]] bilang IG * [[Ronit Roy]] bilang Jailer Raja Shrivastava * [[Gippy Grewal]] bilang Parminder Singh Gill aka Pali * [[Deepak Dobriyal]] bilang Victor Chattopadhyay * [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Purushottam Madan Pandit * [[Manav Vij]] as Tilakdhari * [[Inaamulhaq]] as Dikkat Ansari * [[Ravi Kissen]] as CM Pawan Singh Chaturvedi * [[Brijendra Kala]] as Advocate Trivedi ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga pelikula mula sa India]] {{stub|Pelikula}} cfj8d1p78zkgdxe29bv34s44vhsknyi 0 287058 2204320 2200037 2026-04-23T01:52:52Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cleanup|date=Marso 2019|reason=Ayusin sa pamamagitan, bawat taon}} Ang sumusunod ay isang listahan ng mga tampok na pelikula ng sombi. Ang mga zombie ay mga fictional creature na karaniwang inilalarawan bilang reanimated corpses o virally infected na tao. Ang mga ito ay karaniwang inilalarawan bilang maynibalistic sa kalikasan. Habang ang mga pelikulang sombi sa pangkalahatan ay nahulog sa genre ng horror, ang ilan ay tumatawid sa iba pang mga genre, tulad ng komedya, fiction sa agham, thriller, o pagmamahalan. Ang mga natatanging subgenres ay umunlad, tulad ng "komedya ng sombi" o "pahayag ng sombi". Ang mga zombies ay naiiba sa mga ghost, ghouls, mummies, monsters ni Frankenstein o vampires, kaya ang listahan na ito ay hindi kasama ang mga pelikula na nakatuon sa mga uri ng undead. Ang White Zombie ng Victor Halperin ay inilabas noong 1932 at madalas na binanggit bilang unang pelikula ng [[zombie]]. == Pelikula == {|class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Pamagat ! Direktor ! Taon ! Mga sanggunian |- | ''[[28 Days Later]]'' || [[Danny Boyle]] || 2002 || <ref name="guardian2">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/may/06/features.review |title=A capital place for panic attacks |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=May 6, 2007 |authorlink=Mark Kermode |first=Mark |last=Kermode |accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/movie_review/stylus-magazines-top-10-zombie-films-of-all-time.htm |title=Stylus Magazine's Top 10 Zombie Films of All Time |author=Stylus Staff |date=October 29, 2007 |accessdate=November 5, 2012 |archive-date=Pebrero 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218041314/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/movie_review/stylus-magazines-top-10-zombie-films-of-all-time.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[28 Weeks Later]]'' || [[Juan Carlos Fresnadillo]] || 2007 || <ref name="guardian2" /> |- | ''[[Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies]]'' || [[Richard Schenkman]] || 2012 || <ref>{{cite news|last=Lebos|first=Jessica Leigh|title=Four score & seven zombies ago|url=http://www.connectsavannah.com/news/article/106543/|accessdate=June 5, 2012|newspaper=[[Connect Savannah]]|date=June 26, 2012}}</ref> |- | ''[[After Sundown (2006 film)|After Sundown]]'' || Christopher Abram & Michael W. Brown || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=20}} |- | ''[[Alien Dead]]'' || [[Fred Olen Ray]] || 1980 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=170}}{{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=18-19}} |- | ''[[All Souls Day (film)|All Souls Day]]'' || [[Jeremy Kasten]] || 2005 || <ref>{{cite web|first=Dennis | last = Harvey |url=https://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/all-souls-day-dia-de-los-muertos-1200528037/ |title=All Souls Day: Dia De Los Muertos |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=February 10, 2005 |accessdate=2013-10-29}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Amazing Adventures of the Living Corpse]]'' || Justin Paul Ritter || 2012|| <ref>{{cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Gordon |url=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/livingcorpsebluray.php |title=DVD Verdict Review&nbsp;— The Amazing Adventures of the Living Corpse (Blu-ray) |work=[[DVD Verdict]] |date=June 24, 2013 |accessdate=2013-10-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105041644/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/livingcorpsebluray.php |archivedate=November 5, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |- | ''[[American Zombie]]'' || [[Grace Lee]] || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=21–23}} |- | ''[[The Astro-Zombies]]'' || [[Ted V. Mikels]] || 1968 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011 |p=19-20}} |- | ''[[Automaton Transfusion]]'' || [[Steven C. Miller]] || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=25-26 }} |- | ''[[Autumn (2009 film)|Autumn]]'' || [[Steven Rumbelow]] || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=27-28 }} |- | ''[[Baron Blood (film)|Baron Blood]]'' (''Gli orrori del castello di Norimberga'') || [[Mario Bava]] || 1972 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011 |p=21}} |- | ''[[Bath Salt Zombies]]'' || Dustin Mills || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web |first=Rod |last=Lott |url=http://www.okgazette.com/oklahoma/article-17603-bath-salt-zombies.html |title=Oklahoma Gazette DVD Review: Bath Salt Zombies |work=[[Oklahoma Gazette]] |date=February 15, 2013 |accessdate=2013-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218035541/http://www.okgazette.com/oklahoma/article-17603-bath-salt-zombies.html |archive-date=2013-02-18 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> |- | ''[[The Battery (2012 film)|The Battery]]'' || Jeremy Gardner || 2012 || <ref>{{cite journal|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/international/gardner-yamaguchi-urrutia-win-at-bars-1200808359/|title=Gardner, Yamaguchi, Urrutia Win at BARS|last=Hopewell|first=John|work=Variety |date=November 8, 2013|accessdate=2013-11-10}}</ref> |- | ''[[Battle Girl: The Living Dead in Tokyo Bay]]'' (''Batoru gâru'') || [[Kazuo Komizu]] || 1991 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=106}} |- |''[[Battle of the Damned]]'' |Christopher Hatton |2013 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/battle-of-the-damned-v581170|title=Battle of the Damned (2013) - Christopher Hatton {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|website=AllMovie|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref> |- | ''[[Battlefield Baseball]]'' (''Jigoku Kôshien'') || [[Yūdai Yamaguchi]] || 2003 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=233}} |- | ''[[Beneath Still Waters]]'' || [[Brian Yuzna]] || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=31-32}} |- | ''[[Beneath the Surface (2007 film)|Beneath the Surface]]'' || Blake Reigle || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=32}} |- | ''[[Beverly Hills Bodysnatchers]]'' || [[Jonathan Mostow]] || 1989 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=21-22}} |- | ''[[Beverly Lane]]'' || Joshua Hull || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/joshua-hulls-beverly-lane-at-gen-con | title = Joshua Hull's 'Beverly Lane' at Gen Con | work = [[NUVO (newspaper)|NUVO]] | first = Sam | last = Watermeier | date = August 3, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | ''[[The Beyond (film)|The Beyond]]'' || [[Lucio Fulci]] || 1981 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=22-23}} |- | ''[[Beyond Re-Animator]]'' || Brian Yuzna || 2003 || <ref name="top10mirror">{{cite web|first=Jon |last=Cooper |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/zombie-films-ten-greatest-movies-1974416 |title=Zombie films: Ten greatest movies featuring the undead, with video, including Dawn of the Dead, Shaun of the Dead and Braindead|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=June 21, 2013 |accessdate=2013-10-27}}</ref>{{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=32-33}} |- | ''[[Big Tits Zombie]]'' (''Big Tits Dragon: Hot Spring Zombie vs. Stripper 5'') || [[Takao Nakano]] || 2010 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=33-34}} |- | ''[[Bio Zombie]]'' (''Sun faa sau si'') || [[Wilson Yip]] || 1998 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=205}} |- | ''[[Biohazardous]]'' || Michael J. Hein || 2001 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=34–35}} |- | ''[[Dèmoni 3|Black Demons]]'' (''Dèmoni 3'') || [[Umberto Lenzi]] || 1991 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=56-57}} |- | ''[[Black Magic 2]]'' (''Gou hun jiang tou'', ''Revenge of the Zombies'') || [[Ho Meng Hua]] || 1976 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=98–99}} |- | ''[[Black Sheep (2006 New Zealand film)|Black Sheep]]'' || [[Jonathan King]] || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=35-36}} |- | ''[[Black Swarm]]'' (''Night of the Drones'') || [[David Winning]] || 2007 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/blackswarm.php|title=Black Swarm|last=Bromley|first=Patrick|work=[[DVD Verdict]]|date=January 30, 2009|accessdate=2013-11-11|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112045850/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/blackswarm.php|archivedate=November 12, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- | ''[[Bled White (2011 film)|Bled White]]'' || Jose Carlos Gomez || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.horrorsociety.com/2010/03/15/bled-white-review/ |title=Bled White Review |publisher=Horror Society |date=November 8, 2013 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> |- | ''[[Block Z]]'' || Mikhail Red || ''2019'' |- | ''[[Blood Creek]]'' (''Creek'', ''Town Creek'') || [[Joel Schumacher]] || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/blood-creek-2009|title=Blood Creek |last=Julian |first=Justin |work=[[Dread Central]] |date=September 28, 2009 |accessdate=2013-11-11}}</ref> |- | ''[[Blood of the Beast]]'' || [[Georg Koszulinski]] || 2003 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=37}} |- | ''[[Blood of Ghastly Horror]]'' || [[Al Adamson]] || 1972 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011 |p=23-25}} |- | ''[[Bloodsuckers from Outer Space]]'' || Glen Coburn || 1984 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=25}} |- | ''[[Bone Sickness]]'' || Brian Paulin || 2004 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=37-38}} |- | ''[[The Boneyard]]'' || James Cummins || 1990 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011 |p=25-26}} |- | ''[[The Book of Zombie]]'' || Scott Kragelund, Paul Cranefield, Erik Van Sant || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=38-39}} |- | ''[[Bowery at Midnight]]'' || [[Wallace Fox]] || 1942 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011 |p=26-27}} |- | ''[[Boy Eats Girl]]'' || [[Stephen Bradley (film director)|Stephen Bradley]] || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=39}} |- | ''[[Brain Blockers]]'' || Lincoln Kupchak || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=39-40}} |- | ''[[Brain Dead (2007 film)|Brain Dead]]'' || [[Kevin S. Tenney|Kevin Tenney]] || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=40}} |- | ''[[Braindead (film)|Braindead]]'' (''Dead Alive'') || [[Peter Jackson]] || 1992 || <ref name="top10mirror" />{{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=122}} |- | ''[[Bride of Re-Animator]]'' || [[Brian Yuzna]] || 1991 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011 |p=28}} |- | ''[[Broken Springs]]'' (''Broken Springs: Shrine of the Undead Zombie Bastards'') || Neeley Lawson || 2009 || <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117943108?refcatid=31|title=review: Broken Springs: Shine of the Undead Zombie Bastards|last=Koehler|first=Robert|date=June 30, 2010|work=Variety |accessdate=December 26, 2010}}</ref> |- | ''[[Burial Ground: The Nights of Terror]]'' || [[Andrea Bianchi]] || 1981 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=29}} |- | ''[[The Burning Dead]]'' || Rene Perez || 2015 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/90339/burning-dead-2015/|title=Burning Dead, The (2015)|last=Foy|first=Scott|work=[[Dread Central]]|date=February 19, 2015|accessdate=April 1, 2015}}</ref> |- | ''[[Burying The Ex]]'' || [[Joe Dante]] || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Kenny |first=Glenn |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/burying-the-ex-2015 |title=Reviews: Burying The Ex |publisher=www.rogerebert.com |date=June 19, 2015 |accessdate=November 3, 2015}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Cabin in the Woods]]'' ||[[Drew Goddard]] || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|authorlink=Peter Travers|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/the-cabin-in-the-woods-20120412|title=The Cabin in the Woods|last=Travers|first=Peter|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=April 12, 2012|accessdate=August 30, 2012|archive-date=Hulyo 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712020202/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/the-cabin-in-the-woods-20120412|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[Caustic Zombies]]'' || Johnny Daggers || 2011 || <ref>{{cite news | url = http://digital.turn-page.com/i/36976/51 | title = Film Capsules | newspaper = Pittsburgh City Paper | page = 51 | date = July 20, 2011 | url-status=dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131114004604/http://digital.turn-page.com/i/36976/51 | archivedate = November 14, 2013 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> |- | ''[[Cemetery Man]]'' (''Dellamorte Dellamore'') || [[Michele Soavi]] || 1994 || <ref name=ttz /> |- |''[[Cell (film)|Cell]]'' || [[Tod Williams (filmmaker)|Tod Williams]] || 2016 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3388853/cell-trailer-rings-zombie-esque/|title=The 'CELL' Trailer Rings in a Zombie-esque Apocalypse!|website=[[Bloody-Disgusting.com]]|first=Brad|last=Miska|date=April 26, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Children (1980 film)|The Children]]'' || Max Kalmanowicz || 1980 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=103-104}} |- | ''[[Children of the Living Dead]]'' || Tor Ramsey || 2001 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=41-43}} |- | ''[[Children Shouldn't Play with Dead Things]]'' || [[Bob Clark]] || 1972 || <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=34551|title=Tom Savini Directing Dead Things|last=Williams|first=Owen|work=[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]|date=July 12, 2012|accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref> |- | ''[[Choking Hazard]]'' || Marek Dobes || 2004 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=43}} |- | ''[[Chopper Chicks in Zombietown]]'' || Dan Hoskins || 1991 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=193}} |- | ''[[C.H.U.D. II: Bud the C.H.U.D.]]'' || David Irving || 1989 || <ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/7735/C-H-U-D-2-Bud-the-C-H-U-D-/overview | title = C-H-U-D-2-Bud-the-C-H-U-D- | first = Cavett | last = Binton | agency = [[Rovi]] ([[All Movie Guide]]) | work = New York Times | date = | accessdate = 2013-11-14 | archive-date = 2013-11-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131114164618/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/7735/C-H-U-D-2-Bud-the-C-H-U-D-/overview | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[City of the Living Dead]]'' || [[Lucio Fulci]] || 1980 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=72}} |- | ''[[City of Rott]]'' || Frank Sudol || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=43-44}}<!--- low budget $5k ---> |- | ''[[Cockneys vs Zombies]]'' || Matthias Hoene || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/cockneys-vs-zombies-blu-ray-dvd#axzz2kTO0ApWP |title=Cockneys Vs. Zombies (Blu-ray / DVD) Review |work=[[Dread Central]] |date=November 3, 2013 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> |- | ''[[Colin (film)|Colin]]'' || [[Marc Price]] || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=44-45}}<!--- low budget $70 ---> |- | ''[[Contracted (film)|Contracted]]'' || [[Eric England (director)|Eric England]] || 2013 || |- | ''[[Contracted: Phase II]]'' || [[Josh Forbes]] || 2015 || |- | ''[[Corpses Are Forever]]'' || [[Jose Prendes]] || 2003 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=47}} |- | ''[[Creature with the Atom Brain (1955 film)|Creature with the Atom Brain]]'' || [[Edward L. Cahn]] || 1955 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=37–38}} |- | ''[[Creepshow]]'' || [[George A. Romero]] || 1982 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=38–40}} |- | ''[[La cruz del diablo|The Cross of the Devil]]'' || [[John Gilling]] || 1975 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=40}} |- | ''[[The Crypt (film)|The Crypt]]'' || [[Craig McMahon]] || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2009/04/06/daily49.html | title = Triumph Entertainment releasing 'The Crypt' first of three films | date = April 8, 2009 | work = Phoenix Business Journal | publisher = American City Business Journals | first = Chris | last = Casacchia}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Curse of the Doll People]]'' (''Munecos infernales'') || [[Benito Alazraki]] || 1961 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|41–42}} |- | ''[[Les Démoniaques|Curse of the Living Dead]]'' (''Les Démoniaques'') || [[Jean Rollin]] || 1973 || <ref>{{cite web | last = Deighan | first = Samm | url = http://diaboliquemagazine.com/the-demoniacs-blu-ray-review/ | title = The Demoniacs (Blu-Ray Review) | work = Diabolique Magazine | date = December 18, 2012 | access-date = Marso 28, 2019 | archive-date = Marso 28, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090319/https://diaboliquemagazine.com/the-demoniacs-blu-ray-review/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[Curse of the Maya]]'' (''Dawn of the Living Dead'', ''Evil Grave: Curse of the Maya'') || [[David Heavener]] || 2004 || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://bloody-disgusting.com/film/109081/day-of-the-living-dead-the-curse-of-the-maya-4/ | title = The Day of the Living Dead: The Curse of the Maya | accessdate = 2013-11-18| work = [[Bloody Disgusting]] }}</ref> |- | ''[[Dance of the Dead (film)|Dance of the Dead]]'' || [[Gregg Bishop]] || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=48-49}} |- | ''[[Dark Floors]]'' || [[Pete Riski]] || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=49}} |- | ''[[Dark Harvest (2004 film)|Dark Harvest]]'' || Paul Moore || 2004 || <ref>https://www.allmovie.com/movie/dark-harvest-v302327</ref> |- | ''[[Dawn of the Dead (1978 film)|Dawn of the Dead]]'' || [[George A. Romero]] || 1978 || <ref name="top10mirror" /> |- | ''[[Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)|Dawn of the Dead]]'' || [[Zack Snyder]] || 2004 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Travers|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Travers|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/lists/the-10-best-zombie-movies-20121012/dawn-of-the-dead-2004-19691231|title=The 10 Best Zombie Movies: 'Dawn of the Dead' 2004|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=|accessdate=2013-10-25|archive-date=2013-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212031731/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/lists/the-10-best-zombie-movies-20121012/dawn-of-the-dead-2004-19691231|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[Dawn of the Mummy]]'' || [[Frank Agrama]] || 1981 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=44}} |- | ''[[Day of the Dead (1985 film)|Day of the Dead]]'' || [[George A. Romero]] || 1985 || <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-george-romero-walking-dead-soap-opera-20131101,0,1375253.story|title=George Romero dismisses 'The Walking Dead' as 'soap opera'|last=Day|first=Patrick Kevin|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 1, 2013|accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref> |- | ''[[Day of the Dead (2008 film)|Day of the Dead]]'' || [[Steve Miner]] || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=52-53}} |- | ''[[Day of the Dead 2: Contagium]]'' || Ana Clavell & James Glenn Dudelson || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=53-54}} |- | ''[[Day of the Dead: Bloodline]]'' || Hèctor Hernández Vicens || 2018 || |- | ''[[Days of Darkness (2007 American film)|Days of Darkness]]'' || Jake Kennedy || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=55-56}} |- | ''[[The Dead (2010 film)|The Dead]]'' || Howard J. Ford & Jonathan Ford || 2010 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=56-58}} |- | ''[[The Dead 2: India]]'' || Howard J. Ford & Jonathan Ford || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fangoria.com/new/the-dead-2-india-movie-review/|title="THE DEAD 2: INDIA" (Movie Review)|author=|date=|website=fangoria.com|accessdate=August 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819235306/http://www.fangoria.com/new/the-dead-2-india-movie-review/|archive-date=2017-08-19|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref> |- | ''[[Dead 7]]'' || [[Nick Carter (musician)|Nick Carter]] || 2016 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/120711/first-images-from-dead-7-feature-the-backstreet-boys-in-the-wild-west/|title=First Images from Dead 7 Feature the Backstreet Boys in the Wild West|last=Barton|first=Steve|work=[[Dread Central]]|date=August 20, 2015|accessdate=December 22, 2016}}</ref> |- | ''[[Dead Air (2009 film)|Dead Air]]'' || [[Corbin Bernsen]] || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=58-59}} |- | ''[[Dead & Breakfast]]'' || [[Matthew Leutwyler]] || 2004 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=59-60}} |- | ''[[Dead & Buried]]'' || [[Gary Sherman (director)|Gary Sherman]] || 1981 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=49}} |- | ''[[The Dead and the Damned]]'' || Rene Perez || 2010 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=62}} |- | ''[[The Dead and the Damned 2]]'' || Rene Perez || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/67844/the-dead-and-the-damned-gets-a-sequel/|title=The Dead and the Damned Gets a Sequel|last=Condit|first=Jon|work=[[Dread Central]]|date=September 11, 2014|accessdate=April 1, 2015}}</ref> |- | ''[[Dead and Deader]]'' || Patrick Dinhut || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=60-61}} |- | ''[[Dead Before Dawn]]'' || April Mullen || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/dead-before-dawn-3d/review/623176 |title=Dead Before Dawn 3D: Film Review |first=Frank |last=Scheck |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 6, 2013 |accessdate=2014-06-03}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Dead Hate the Living!]]'' || Dave Parker || 2000 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=218–219}} |- | ''[[Dead Heat (1988 film)|Dead Heat]]'' || [[Mark Goldblatt]] || 1988 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=51}} |- | ''[[The Dead Inside (2013 film)|The Dead Inside]]'' || [[Andrew Gilbert]] || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/107652/infected-dvd-2/|title=Infected (DVD)|last=Boiselle|first=Matt|work=[[Dread Central]]|date=June 19, 2015|accessdate=December 6, 2015}}</ref> |- | ''[[Dead Meat]]'' || Conor McMahon || 2004 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=66}} |- | ''[[Dead Men Walking (film)|Dead Men Walking]]'' || Peter Mervis || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=67}} |- | ''[[Dead Moon Rising]]'' || Mark E. Poole || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=67–68}} |- | ''[[The Dead Next Door]]'' || J.R. Bookwalter || 1988 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=61}} |- | ''[[The Dead One (1961 film)|The Dead One]]''||[[Barry Mahon]] || 1961 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=37-38}} |- |[[El Muerto (film)|The Dead One]] ''(El Muerto)'' |[[Brian Cox (director)|Brian Cox]] |2007 |<ref>{{Citation|title=The Dead One|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0441022/|access-date=2018-08-25}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Dead Outside]]'' || [[Kerry Anne Mullaney]] || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=68}} |- | ''[[The Dead Pit]]'' || [[Brett Leonard]] || 1989 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=54}} |- | ''[[Dead Rising: Watchtower]]'' || [[Zach Lipovsky]] || 2015 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/legendary-digitals-zombie-movie-dead-rising-lures-leprechaun-origins-director-exclusive/|title=Legendary Digital's Zombie Movie 'Dead Rising' Lures 'Leprechaun: Origins' Director (Exclusive)|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|work=[[TheWrap]]|date=2014-08-20|accessdate=2017-06-22}}</ref> |- | ''[[Dead Sands]]'' || [[Ameera Al Qaed]] || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.gdnonline.com/NewsDetails.aspx?date=04/07/2015&storyid=348882|title='Zombie' film ready to roll|last=Alghata|first=Laala Kashef|work=Gulf Digital News|date=March 8, 2013|accessdate=December 12, 2016|archive-date=Nobiyembre 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125162630/http://archives.gdnonline.com/NewsDetails.aspx?date=04/07/2015&storyid=348882|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[Dead Snow]]'' || [[Tommy Wirkola]] || 2008 || <ref name="top10mirror" /> |- | ''[[Dead Snow: Red vs. Dead]]''|| [[Tommy Wirkola]] || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/review/red-vs-dead-vastly-superior-original-dead-snow-210233|title=Red Vs. Dead is vastly superior to the original Dead Snow|last=D'Angelo|first=Mike|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=October 9, 2014|accessdate=May 20, 2015|archive-date=Mayo 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521080654/http://www.avclub.com/review/red-vs-dead-vastly-superior-original-dead-snow-210233|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[Dead Space: Downfall]]'' || [[Chuck Patton]] || 2008 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mania.com/dead-space-downfall_article_110721.html |title=Dead Space: Downfall |publisher=Mania.com |last=Trate |first=Robert T. |date=October 27, 2008 |accessdate=2013-11-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113074950/http://www.mania.com/dead-space-downfall_article_110721.html |archivedate=November 13, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |- | ''[[Dead Within]]'' || Ben Wagner || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/65535/dead-within/|title=Dead Within|last=Blitz|first=Jeremy|work=[[DVD Talk]]|date=September 22, 2014|accessdate=September 24, 2014}}</ref> |- | ''[[Deadgirl]]'' || [[Marcel Sarmiento]] & Gadi Harel || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=73}} |- | ''[[Deadheads (film)|DeadHeads]]'' || Brett Pierce & Drew T. Pierce || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.artservemichigan.org/2011/09/dead-heads/ |title=Dead Heads&nbsp;— Pierce Brothers &#124; New Zombie Comedy Film has Michigan 'Brains' Behind it |work=Artserve Creative Impact Michigan |date=September 22, 2011 |last=Boyd |first=Mark |accessdate=2013-11-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113073922/http://news.artservemichigan.org/2011/09/dead-heads/ |archivedate=November 13, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |- | ''[[Deadly Friend]]'' || [[Wes Craven]] || 1986 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=55}} |- | ''[[Deathdream]]'' || [[Bob Clark]] || 1972 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=53}} |- | ''[[Deathwatch (2002 film)|Deathwatch]]'' || [[Michael J. Bassett]] || 2002 || <ref>{{cite web| last = Ashcraft | first = Brian | url=http://kotaku.com/5795235/who-the-hell-is-silent-hill-revelations-director |title=Who The Hell Is Silent Hill: Revelation's Director? |work=[[Kotaku.com]] |date=April 25, 2011 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> |- | ''[[Decay (2012 film)|Decay]]'' || Luke Thompson || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Watercutter |first=Angela |url=https://www.wired.com/underwire/2012/10/cern-zombie-movie-decay/ |title=Physics Students Make Zombie Movie Decay Deep Within the Bowels of CERN &#124; Underwire |publisher=Wired.com |date=March 28, 2013 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> |- | ''[[Deep River: The Island]]'' || Ben Bachelder || 2008 || <ref>{{cite web |last=Uhler |first=Stephen |url=http://www.thedailyobserver.ca/2009/07/04/zombies-knock-em-dead |title=Zombies knock 'em dead |work=[[Pembroke Daily Observer]] |date=July 4, 2009 |accessdate=2013-11-14 |archive-date=2013-11-13 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131113071658/http://www.thedailyobserver.ca/2009/07/04/zombies-knock-em-dead |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[Descendents (2008 film)|Descendents]]'' (''Solos'') || [[Jorge Olguín]] || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=76}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://twitchfilm.com/2007/12/zombies-invade-chile-in-jorge-olguins-solos.html | title = Zombies Invade Chile In Jorge Olguin's SOLOS | last = Brown | first = Todd | work = [[Twitch Film]] | date = December 28, 2007 | url-status=dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140317005008/http://twitchfilm.com/2007/12/zombies-invade-chile-in-jorge-olguins-solos.html | archivedate = March 17, 2014 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> |- | ''[[Detention of the Dead]]'' || Alex Craig Mann || 2012 || |- | ''[[The Devil's Daughter (1939 film)|The Devil's Daughter]]'' (''Pocomania'') || Arthur H. Leonard || 1939 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=4}} |- | ''[[Devil's Playground (2010 film)|Devil's Playground]]'' || [[Mark McQueen]] || 2010 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=77}} |- | ''[[Diary of the Dead]]'' || [[George A. Romero]] || 2008 || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/movies/15dead.html|title=George A. Romero's Diary of the Dead (2007)|last=Dargis|first=Manohla|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 15, 2008|accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref> |- | ''[[Die-ner (Get It?)]]'' || Patrick Horvath || 2010 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=83}} |- | ''[[Die You Zombie Bastards!]]'' || Caleb Emerson || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=81–82}} |- | ''[[Die Zombiejäger]]'' || Jonas Wolcher || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=82-83}} |- | ''[[The Discarnates]]'' (''Summer Among the Zombies'', ''Ijintachi tono natsu'') || [[Nobuhiko Obayashi]] || 1988 || {{sfn|Balmain|2008}} |- | ''[[Doc of the Dead]]'' || [[Alexandre O. Philippe]] || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/83650/zombie-documentary-doc-dead-heads-uk-dvd-february/|title=Zombie Documentary Doc of the Dead Heads to UK DVD in February - Dread Central|author=|date=December 29, 2014|website=dreadcentral.com|accessdate=August 19, 2017}}</ref> |- | ''[[Doctor Blood's Coffin]]'' || [[Sidney J. Furie]] || 1961 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=59}} |- | ''[[Doghouse (film)|Doghouse]]'' || [[Jake West]] || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=83-84}} |- | ''[[Don't Go in the House]]'' || Joseph Ellison || 1980 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=63}} |- | ''[[Doom (film)|Doom]]'' || [[Andrzej Bartkowiak]] || 2005 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Fuchs |first=Cynthia |url=http://www.popmatters.com/review/doom-2005/ |title=Doom (2005) |publisher=[[PopMatters]] |date=October 24, 2005 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> |- | ''[[Dorm of the Dead]]'' || Donald Farmer || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|pp=86–87}} |- | ''[[Dylan Dog: Dead of Night]]'' || [[Kevin Munroe]] || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/02/entertainment/la-et-dylan-dog-20110502 |title='Dylan Dog: Dead of Night': Review | last = Abele | first = Robert | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | date=May 2, 2011 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Earth Dies Screaming]]'' || [[Terence Fisher]] || 1964 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=63–64}} |- | ''[[Eat Me! (2009 film)|Eat Me!]]'' (''The Eaters'') || Katie Carman || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=87}}<!--- consider for low-budget $8,000 ---> |- | ''[[Ed and His Dead Mother]]'' || Jonathan Wacks || 1993 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=209}} |- | ''[[Edges of Darkness]]'' || [[Jason Horton]] & Blaine Cade || 2008 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/edges-darkness-2008 |title=''Edges of Darkness'' (2008) |last=Mike |first=Phalin |work=[[Dread Central]] |date=September 23, 2008 |accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref> |- | ''[[El Muerto (film)|El Muerto]]'' || [[Brain Cos]] || 2007 |- | ''[[Erotic Nights of the Living Dead]]'' (''Sexy Nights of the Living Dead'') || [[Joe D'Amato]] || 1980 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=64}} |- | ''[[Evil (2005 film)|Evil]]'' (''To Κακό'') || Yorgos Noussias || 2005 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=292}}{{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=91}} |- | ''[[Evil Head]]'' || Doug Sakmann || 2012 || <ref>{{cite book|author = Anthony J. Fonseca and June Michele Pulliam|title = Encyclopedia of the Zombie: The Walking Dead in Popular Culture and Myth|url = http://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A3906C|accessdate = 25 February 2016|year = 2014|publisher = [[ABC-CLIO]] ([[Greenwood Publishing Group]])|isbn = 9781440803895|page = 2}}</ref> |- | ''[[Evil: In the Time of Heroes]]'' (''To Κακό 2: Στην Eποχή Tων Hρώων'') || Yorgos Noussias || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web | first = Todd | last = Brown | url = http://twitchfilm.com/2009/06/bald-billy-zane-battles-greek-zombies-in-evil-in-the-time-of-heroes-to-kako.html | title = Bald Billy Zane Battles Greek Zombies In EVIL IN THE TIME OF HEROES (TO KAKO II) | work = Twitch Film | date = June 2, 2009 | accessdate = 2013-11-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013143/http://twitchfilm.com/2009/06/bald-billy-zane-battles-greek-zombies-in-evil-in-the-time-of-heroes-to-kako.html | archive-date = November 14, 2013 | url-status=dead | df = mdy-all }}</ref> |- | ''[[Exhumed (film)|Exhumed]]'' || [[Brian Clement]] || 2003 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=92–93}} |- | ''[[Exit Humanity]]'' || [[John Geddes (producer)|John Geddes]] || 2011 || |- | ''[[Extinction (2015 film)|Extinction]]'' || [[Miguel Angel Vivas]] ||2015|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/extinction-film-review-812456|title='Extinction': Film Review|date=July 31, 2015|work = [[The Hollywood Reporter]] }}</ref> |- | ''[[Fading of the Cries]]'' || [[Brian Metcalf|Brian A. Metcalf]] || 2011 || <ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/08/movies/fading-of-the-cries-starring-brad-dourif-review.html | title = Fading of the Cries&nbsp;— Horror, Romance and Wizards | last = Catsoulis | first = Jeannette | date = July 7, 2011 | publication-date = July 8, 2011 | newspaper = New York Times | location = New York | page = C8 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Fido (film)|Fido]]'' || [[Andrew Currie (director)|Andrew Currie]] || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=94-96}} |- | ''[[First Platoon]]'' || Chris Gabriel || 2011 || {{sfn|Oliver|2011}} |- | ''[[Flesheater]]'' (''Zombie Nosh'') || [[Bill Hinzman]] || 1988 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=65}} |- | ''[[Flick (2008 film)|Flick]]'' || [[David Howard (director)|David Howard]] || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=98}} |- | ''[[Flight of the Living Dead: Outbreak on a Plane]]'' || [[Scott Thomas (director)|Scott Thomas]] || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=98-99}} |- | ''[[The Fog]]'' || [[John Carpenter]] || 1980 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=66–67}} |- | ''[[Forbidden Siren (film)|Forbidden Siren]]'' (''Sairen'') || [[Yukihiko Tsutsumi]] || 2006 || <ref>{{cite web| last = Gantayat | first = Anoop | url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/09/27/siren-the-movie |title=Siren: The Movie |publisher=IGN |date=September 27, 2005 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> |- | ''[[Forest of the Dead (film)|Forest of the Dead]]'' || Brian Singleton || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=99}} |- | ''[[The Four Skulls of Jonathan Drake]]'' || [[Edward L. Cahn]] || 1959 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=67–68}} |- | ''[[Frankenhooker]]'' || [[Frank Henenlotter]] || 1990 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/post/150666-whores-dig-super-crack-frankenhooker-blu-ray/|title=Whores Dig Super Crack!: 'Frankenhooker' (Blu-ray)|last=Gibron|first=Bill|work=[[PopMatters]]|date=October 28, 2011|accessdate=2014-10-15}}</ref> |- | ''[[Frankenstein Island]]'' || [[Jerry Warren]] || 1981 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=68–69}} |- | ''[[Freaks of Nature (film)|Freaks of Nature]]'' || [[Robbie Pickering]] || 2015 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/freaks-of-nature-review-1201630499/|title=Film Review: 'Freaks of Nature'|date=October 30, 2015|first=Nick | last=Schager | work =Variety }}</ref> |- | ''[[Frozen Scream]]'' || Frank Roach || 1980 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=69–70}} |- | ''[[Gallowwalkers]]'' || Andrew Goth || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web |first=Rod |last=Lott |url=http://www.okgazette.com/oklahoma/article-18857-gallowwalkers.html |title=Oklahoma Gazette DVD Review: Gallowwalkers |work=[[Oklahoma Gazette]] |date=July 26, 2013 |accessdate=2013-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106212103/http://okgazette.com/oklahoma/article-18857-gallowwalkers.html |archive-date=2014-11-06 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> |- | ''[[Gangs of the Dead]]'' (''Last Rites'') || Duane Stinnett || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=126}} |- | ''[[Garden of the Dead]]'' || [[John Hayes (director)|John Hayes]] || 1974 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=71}} |- | ''[[George: A Zombie Intervention]]'' || [[J.T. Seaton]] || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=100}} |- | ''[[Germ Z]]'' || J.T. Boone || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fangoria.com/new/fangoria-presents-germ-z-getting-the-bug-part-one/ | title = Fangoria Presents: Germ Z, Getting The Bug | access-date = 2014-04-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140424233511/http://www.fangoria.com/new/fangoria-presents-germ-z-getting-the-bug-part-one/ | archive-date = 2014-04-24 | url-status=dead | df = }}</ref> |- | ''[[The Ghost Breakers]]'' || [[George Marshall (director)|George Marshall]] || 1940 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=73}} |- | ''[[Ghost Brigade]]'' (''The Lost Brigade'') || [[George Hickenlooper]] || 1993 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=106}} |- || ''[[The Ghost Galleon]]'' || [[Amando de Ossorio]] || 1974 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=80}} |- || ''[[The Ghouls]]'' (''Cannibal Dead: The Ghouls'', ''Urban Cannibals'') || [[Chad Ferrin]] || 2003 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=101}} |- | ''[[The Girl with All the Gifts (film)|The Girl with All the Gifts]]'' || [[Colm McCarthy (director)|Colm McCarthy]] || 2016 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ew.com/movies/2017/01/04/girl-with-all-the-gifts-trailer-exclusive/|title=Glenn Close faces a zombie apocalypse in haunting new The Girl With All the Gifts trailer|last=Collis|first=Clark|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=January 4, 2017|accessdate=2017-02-01}}</ref> |- | ''[[Go Goa Gone]]'' || [[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.]] || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/546910| title=Review: Go Goa Gone | first=Taran | last = Adarsh | work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | accessdate=May 10, 2013}}</ref> |- | ''[[Goal of the Dead]]'' || [[Thierry Poiraud]] and [[Benjamin Rocher]] || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/goal-dead-cannes-review-704835|title='Goal of the Dead': Cannes Review|last=Mintzer|first=Jordan|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 16, 2014|accessdate=2014-06-23}}</ref> |- | ''[[Gory Gory Hallelujah]]'' || Sue Corcoran || 2003 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=101–102}} |- | ''[[Grave Mistake]]'' || Shawn Darling || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=102-103}} |- | ''[[Graveyard Alive]]: A Zombie Nurse in Love'' || [[Elza Kephart]] || 2004 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=103-104}} |- | ''[[The Hanging Woman]]'' (''Return of the Zombies'') || [[José Luis Merino]] || 1973 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=75}} |- | ''[[Hell of the Living Dead]]'' (''Night of the Zombies'') || [[Bruno Mattei]] || 1981 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=125}} |- |''[[Here Alone (film)|Here Alone]]'' |Rod Blackhurst |2016 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4814760/|title=Here Alone|last=|first=|date=|website=IMDB|access-date=June 6, 2018}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Hidan of Maukbeiangjow]]''<br />(''Invasion of the Girl Snatchers'', ''Kaspar and Prudence Laugh Till It Hurts at The Killers of the Zombie Plot: A Musical'') || Lee Jones || 1973 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/559846/Hidan-of-Maukbeiangjow-The/ |title=Hidan of Maukbeiangjow, The (1973) – Overview | last = Maltin | first = Leonard | authorlink = Leonard Maltin | work=Leonard Maltin Classic Movie Guide / [[Turner Classic Movies|TCM.com]] |publisher=Time Warner |accessdate=2013-11-18}}</ref> |- | ''[[Hide and Creep]]'' || Chuck Hartsell & Chance Shirley || 2004 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=106}} |- | ''[[Hood of the Living Dead]]'' || Eduardo Quiroz & Jose Quiroz || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=106-107}}<ref name="moviefone20100518">{{cite web |last=Knolle |first=Sharon |url=http://news.moviefone.com/2010/05/18/cinematical-seven-absurd-from-the-hood-films/ |title=Cinematical Seven: Absurd 'From the Hood' Films&nbsp;— The Moviefone Blog |publisher=News.moviefone.com |date=May 18, 2010 |accessdate=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110181257/http://news.moviefone.com/2010/05/18/cinematical-seven-absurd-from-the-hood-films/ |archive-date=2013-11-10 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> |- | ''[[La Horde|The Horde]]'' (''La Horde'') || Yannick Dahan & Benjamin Rocher || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=107-108}} |- | ''[[Horror Express]]'' (''Pánico en el Transiberiano'', ''Panic on the Trans-Siberian Express'') || [[Eugenio Martín]] || 1973 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=78}} |- | ''[[The Horror of Party Beach]]'' || [[Del Tenney]] || 1964 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=79}} |- | ''[[Horror Rises from the Tomb]]'' || Carlos Aured || 1972 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=81}} |- | ''[[Horrors of War (film)|Horrors of War]]'' || Peter John Ross & John Whitney || 2006 || <ref>{{cite web | last = Weinberg | first = Scott | url = http://www.fearnet.com/news/review/horrors-war-2006 | title =Horrors of War (2006) | date = October 17, 2007 | work = [[Fearnet]].com }}</ref> |- | ''Horrorween'' || [[Joe Estevez]] || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.igorslab.com/home/2011/8/16/zombie-film-six-years-in-the-making-horrorween-trailer.html | title = Zombie Film Six Years In The Making HORRORWEEN Trailer | work = Igor's Lab | last = Reese | first = Kyle | date = August 16, 2011 | accessdate = 2013-11-19 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20131118024144/http://www.igorslab.com/home/2011/8/16/zombie-film-six-years-in-the-making-horrorween-trailer.html | archive-date = 2013-11-18 | url-status=dead | df = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Jenna |last=Zine |url=http://www.pantylinepress.com/interviews/2010/02/ |title=Tits & Turkey: Ten Questions For Dead Body Guy |work=PantyLine Press |date=February 26, 2010 |accessdate=2013-11-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313183023/http://www.pantylinepress.com/interviews/2010/02/ |archivedate=March 13, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |- | ''[[The House by the Cemetery]]'' || [[Lucio Fulci]] || 1981 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=81}} |- | ''[[House of the Damned (1996 film)|House of the Damned]]'' || [[Sean Weathers]] || 1996 || <ref>{{cite web| last = Danna | first = Corey | url=http://horrornews.net/44528/film-review-house-of-the-damned-1996/ |title=Film Review: House of the Damned (1996) |work=HorrorNews.net |date=November 27, 2011 |accessdate=2013-11-18}}</ref> |- | ''[[House of the Dead (film)|House of the Dead]]'' || [[Uwe Boll]] || 2003 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=108-109}} |- | ''[[House of the Dead II]]'' || [[Michael Hurst]] || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=109}} |- | ''[[House of the Living Dead]]'' (''Doctor Maniac'') || [[Ray Austin (director)|Ray Austin]] || 1973 || <ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/23373/Doctor-Maniac/overview | title = Doctor Maniac (1973) – Review Summary | last = Binion | first = Cavett | agency = Rovi (All Movie Guide) | work = [[New York Times]] | date= |accessdate=2013-11-17}}</ref> |- | ''[[The House of Seven Corpses]]'' || Paul Harrison || 1974 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=82}}{{sfn|Kay|2008|p=79-80}} |- | ''[[Hysterical (film)|Hysterical]]'' || [[Chris Bearde]] || 1983 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Leith |first=Sam |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/cultural-notebook-3 |title=Cultural notebook: days of the undead |publisher=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |date=November 18, 2009 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> |- | ''[[I Am a Hero]]'' || [[Shinsuke Sato]] || 2016 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Kerr |first=Elizabeth |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/i-am-a-hero-film-891804 |title='I Am a Hero': Film Review |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=May 9, 2016 |accessdate=2016-11-27}}</ref> |- |''[[I Am Legend (film)|I Am Legend]]'' || [[Francis Lawrence]] || 2007 || {{sfn|Kay|2008| pp=52}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071213/REVIEWS/712130305 |title=''I Am Legend'' (PG-13) |last=Ebert |first=Roger |authorlink=Roger Ebert |work=[[Sun-Times]] |date=December 14, 2007 |accessdate=2012-11-05 |archive-date=2013-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221125416/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20071213%2FREVIEWS%2F712130305 |url-status=dead }}</ref><!--- Ebert calls them zombies throughout article---><ref>{{cite web |url=http://observer.com/2007/12/apocalypse-nyc/ |title=Apocalypse N.Y.C |last=Reed |first=Rex|work=[[The New York Observer]]|date=December 11, 2007|accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/12/12/the-legend-of-will-smith.html |title=The "''Legend''" of Will Smith|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|date=December 12, 2007|accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17168811|title=I Am Legend (film)|last=Mondello|first=Bob|work=[[NPR]]|date=December 13, 2007|accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref> |- | ''[[I Am Omega]]'' || [[Griff Furst]] || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=112-113}} |- | ''[[I Eat Your Skin]]'' (''Zombies'') || [[Del Tenney]] || 1964 (released in 1970) || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=83}} |- | ''[[I Sell the Dead]]'' || Glenn McQuaid || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=113-114}} |- | ''[[I Walked with a Zombie]]'' || [[Jacques Tourneur]] || 1943 || <ref name=ttz>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10118494/10-best-zombie-films-of-all-time-chosen-by-Anne-Billson.html|title=10 best zombie films of all time, chosen by Anne Billson|last=Billson|first=Anne|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=June 21, 2013|accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nunes|first=Jesse|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/gallery/bestzombiemovies?pg=15 |title=Top 25 zombie movies of all time – 12. I Walked with a Zombie (1943) |work=[[Boston Globe|Boston.com]] |date=October 1, 2009 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> |- | ''[[I Was a Teenage Zombie]]'' || John Elias Michalakis || 1987 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=93}} |- | ''[[I Was a Zombie for the F.B.I.]]'' || Marius Penczner || 1982 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=94}} |- | '' [[I, Zombie]]: The Chronicles of Pain'' (''I, Zombie'') || Andrew Parkinson || 1999 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=215}} |- | ''[[The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies]]'' || [[Ray Dennis Steckler]] || 1964 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=86}} |- | ''[[Insanitarium]]'' || Jeff Buhler || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=114-115}} |- | ''[[Invisible Invaders]]'' || [[Edward L. Cahn]] || 1959 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=89}} |- | ''[[Island: Wedding of the Zombies]]'' (''Ada: Zombilerin Düğünü'', ''The Zombie Wedding'') || Murat Emir Eren, Talip Ertürk || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web|first=Serdar|last=Kökçeoğlu|date=February 5, 2010|title=New Turkish Cinema: ''Ada'' and ''Ejder Kapani'' Review|work=Twitch Film|url=http://twitchfilm.com/2010/02/new-turkish-cinema-ada-and-ejder-kapani-reviews.html|accessdate=2013-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021215347/http://twitchfilm.com/2010/02/new-turkish-cinema-ada-and-ejder-kapani-reviews.html|archive-date=October 21, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- | ''[[Isle of the Snake People]]'' (''La muerte viviente'') || [[Juan Ibáñez]] || 1971 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=162–163}} |- | ''[[JeruZalem]]'' || Doron Paz and Yoav Paz || 2015 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://festivalreviews.org/2016/01/30/movie-review-jeruzalem-2016-israeli-zombie-film |title=Movie Review: JERUZALEM (2016) Israeli Zombie Film! |work=Festivalreviews.org |author=Gilbert Seah |date=30 January 2016 |accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wegotthiscovered.com/movies/jeruzalem-review/ |title=JeruZalem Review. |work=Wegotthiscovered.com |author=Matt Donato |date=January 2016 |accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jewlicious.com/2016/01/jeruzalem-just-another-shlocky-zombie-flic/ |title=JeruZalem: Just Another Shlocky Zombie Flick. |work=Jewlicious.com |date=26 January 2016 |accessdate=25 April 2016 |archive-date=2 Mayo 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502160226/http://jewlicious.com/2016/01/jeruzalem-just-another-shlocky-zombie-flic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/its-the-talmud-with-zombies-in-new-israeli-horror-film/ |title=It's the Talmud — with zombies! — in new Israeli horror film. |work=Timesofisrael.com |date=28 August 2016 |author=Lauri Donahue |accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref> |- | ''[[Juan of the Dead]]'' (''Juan de los Muertos'') || Alejandro Brugués || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/l-a-film-fest-review-juan-of-the-dead-is-a-uniquely-cuban-take-on-the-zom-com-and-a-hell-of-a-good-time-20120620|title=L.A. Film Fest Review: 'Juan Of The Dead' Is A Uniquely Cuban Take On The Zom Com & A Hell Of A Good Time|work=blogs.indiewire.com|date=June 20, 2012|last=Walsh|first=Katie|access-date=Marso 28, 2019|archive-date=Marso 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313181420/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/l-a-film-fest-review-juan-of-the-dead-is-a-uniquely-cuban-take-on-the-zom-com-and-a-hell-of-a-good-time-20120620|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[Junk (film)|Junk]]'' (''Shiryo-gari'') || Atsushi Muroga || 2000 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=219}}{{sfn|Balmain|2008}} |- | ''[[Killing Spree (film)|Killing Spree]]'' || Tim Ritter || 1987 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=96}} |- | ''[[King of the Zombies]]'' || [[Jean Yarbrough]] || 1941 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=96}} |- | ''[[The Kirishima Thing]]'' (''Kirishima, Bukatsu Yamerutteyo'') || [[Daihachi Yoshida]] || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/global/the-kirishima-thing-review-1200566525//|title=Film Review: 'The Kirishima Thing'|date=July 22, 2013|work = [[Variety (magazine)|https://variety.com/]] }}</ref> |- | ''[[Kiss Daddy Goodbye]]'' (''Revenge of the Zombie'') || Patrick Regan || 1981 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=123}} {{sfn|Silver|2014|p=164-169}} |- | ''[[Kung Fu Zombie]]'' (''Wu long tian shi zhao ji gui'') || Hwa I Hung || 1981 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=97}} |- | ''[[L.A. Zombie]]'' (''Gay of the Dead'')|| [[Bruce LaBruce]] || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web |first=Matthew |last=Hays |date=July 20, 2011 |title=Bruce LaBruce's latest gay zombie film banned in Australia, but that's a good thing, he says |work=[[Xtra!]] |url=http://www.xtra.ca/public/National/Bruce_LaBruces_latest_gay_zombie_film_banned_in_Australia_but_thats_a_good_thing_he_says-8945.aspx |accessdate=2013-10-13 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603183536/http://www.xtra.ca/public/National/Bruce_LaBruces_latest_gay_zombie_film_banned_in_Australia_but_thats_a_good_thing_he_says-8945.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[Land of the Dead]]'' || [[George A. Romero]] || 2005 || <ref name="nyt" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Nunes|first=Jesse|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/gallery/bestzombiemovies?pg=9 |title=Top 25 zombie movies of all time – 18. Land of the Dead (2005) |work=Boston.com |date=October 1, 2009 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Last Days on Mars]]'' || [[Ruairí Robinson]] || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Stewart |first=Sara |url=https://nypost.com/2013/12/06/zombies-rampage-in-space-in-the-so-so-last-days-on-mars/ |title=Zombies rampage in space in the so-so 'Last Days on Mars' &#124; | newspaper = New York Post |date=December 6, 2013 |accessdate=2014-04-03}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Last Man on Earth (1964 film)|The Last Man on Earth]]'' (''L'ultimo uomo della Terra'') || [[Ubaldo Ragona]] || 1964 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=99}} |- | ''[[Last of the Living]]'' || Logan McMillan || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=120-121}} |- | ''[[The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires]]'' || [[Roy Ward Baker]] || 1973 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=102}} |- | ''[[Legion of the Night]]'' || [[Matt Jaissle]] || 1995 || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mania.com/zombies-werewolves-cd_article_36032.html | title = Zombies & Werewolves on CD | last = Larson | first = Randall D. | date = September 4, 2002 | work = Mania.com | url-status=dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140307051314/http://www.mania.com/zombies-werewolves-cd_article_36032.html | archivedate = March 7, 2014 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> |- | ''[[Let Sleeping Corpses Lie (film)|Let Sleeping Corpses Lie]]'' || [[Jorge Grau]] || 1974 || <ref name=ttz />{{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=103}} |- | ''[[Life After Beth]]'' || Jeff Baena || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/sundance-aubrey-plazas-life-after-beth-picked-up-for-u-s-by-a24-directv-1201069876/ |title=Sundance: Aubrey Plaza's 'Life After Beth' Picked Up by A24, DirecTV |first1=Dave | last1=McNary | first2 = Ramin | last2 = Setoodeth | publisher=Variety |date=January 24, 2014 |accessdate=2014-04-17}}</ref> |- | ''[[A Little Bit Zombie]]'' || Casey Walker || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/toronto-2012-casey-walkers-a-little-bit-zombie-370434 |title=Toronto 2012: Casey Walker's 'A Little Bit Zombie' Sold to Germany and Japan |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=September 14, 2012 |accessdate=2013-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McKechnie |first=Brian |url=http://www.criticizethis.ca/2012/01/qa-with-casey-walker-director-of-a-little-bit-zombie.html |title=Q&A with Casey Walker, director of 'A Little Bit Zombie' |publisher=Criticizethis.ca |date=January 30, 2012 |accessdate=2013-11-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045659/http://www.criticizethis.ca/2012/01/qa-with-casey-walker-director-of-a-little-bit-zombie.html |archivedate=February 22, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |- | ''[[Livelihood]]'' || Ryan Graham || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=122}} |- | ''[[Brain Damage Films#Films Distributed by Brain Damage Films|Machine Head]]'' || Michael Patrick, Leonard Murphy || 2000 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=124}} |- | ''[[The Mad]]'' || [[John Kalangis]] || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=125}} |- | ''[[Maggie (film)|Maggie]]'' || Henry Hobson || 2015 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/maggie-review-arnold-schwarzenegger-abigail-breslin-1201477855/|title=Tribeca Film Review: 'Maggie'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=April 23, 2015|accessdate=May 13, 2015}}</ref> |- | ''[[Make-out with Violence]]'' || Deagol Brothers || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=125-126}} |- | ''[[Maniac Cop]]'' || [[William Lustig]] || 1988 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=158}} |- | ''[[Maniac Cop 2]]'' || William Lustig || 1990 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=186}} |- | ''[[Mansion of the Living Dead]]'' || [[Jesús Franco]] || 1982 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=107–108}}<!-- also {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=174}} --> |- | ''[[Meat Market (film)|Meat Market]]'' || [[Brian Clement]] || 2000 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=128–129}} |- | ''[[Meat Market 2]]'' || Brian Clement || 2001 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=128–129}} |- | ''[[Messiah of Evil]]'' || [[Willard Huyck]] & [[Gloria Katz]] || 1972 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=72-73}} |- | ''[[Miruthan]]'' || [[Shakti Soundar Rajan]] || 2016 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Miruthan-trailer/articleshow/50405330.cms|title='Miruthan' trailer| work=The Times of India |date=January 1, 2016|accessdate=January 2, 2016}}</ref> |- | ''[[Miss Zombie]]'' || [[Sabu (director)|Sabu]] || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/global/miss-zombie-review-1200798946/|title=Film Review: 'Miss Zombie'|last=Lee|first=Maggie|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=November 5, 2013|accessdate=December 4, 2015}}</ref> |- | ''[[Monstrosity (film)|Monstrosity]]'' || Joseph Mascelli || 1963 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=111}} |- | ''[[La Morte Vivante]]'' (''The Living Dead Girl'') || [[Jean Rollin]] || 1982 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=172}} |- | ''[[Mortuary (2005 film)|Mortuary]]'' || [[Tobe Hooper]] || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=130}} |- | ''[[Mulberry Street (film)|Mulberry Street]]'' || [[Jim Mickle]] || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=14}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://twitchfilm.com/2007/10/tad-mulberry-street-review.html | title = TAD: MULBERRY STREET Review | last = Halfyard | first = Kurt | work = Twitch Film | date = October 24, 2007 | access-date = November 19, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131206044151/http://twitchfilm.com/2007/10/tad-mulberry-street-review.html | archive-date = December 6, 2013 | url-status=dead | df = mdy-all }}</ref> |- | ''[[Mutant (film)|Mutant]]'' || [[John Cardos]] || 1984 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=113–114}} |- | ''[[Mutants (2009 film)|Mutants]]'' || David Morlet || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=134}} |- | ''[[My Boyfriend's Back (1993 film)|My Boyfriend's Back]]'' || [[Bob Balaban]] || 1993 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=204-205}} |- | ''[[Die Nacht der lebenden Loser]]'' (''Night of the Living Dorks'') || {{Interlanguage link multi|Mathias Dinter|de}} || 2004 || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/night-of-the-living-dorks-1200520314/ | title = Review: 'Night Of The Living Dorks' | date = November 14, 2005 | work=Variety | first = Lisa | last = Nesselson }}</ref> |- | ''Navyseals vs. Zombies'' || Stanton Barrett || 2015 || |- | ''[[Necropolis Awakened]]'' || Garrett White || 2002 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=297}} |- | ''[[Netherworld (film)|Netherworld]]'' || [[David Schmoeller]] || 1991 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=116}} |- | ''[[The Night Eats the World]]'' || [[Dominique Rocher]] || 2018 || <ref name=THR>{{cite web|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/night-eats-world-la-nuit-a-devore-le-monde-review-1092691|title='The Night Eats the World' ('La Nuit a devore le monde'): Film Review|date=March 7, 2018|author=Mintzer, Jordan}}</ref> |- | ''[[Night Life (film)|Night Life]]'' || [[David Acomba]] || 1989 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=165}} |- | ''[[Night of the Comet]]'' || [[Thom Eberhardt]] || 1984 || <ref>{{cite news|last=Canby |first=Vincent |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D0CEED91E39F935A25752C1A962948260 |title=Movie Review&nbsp;— Night of the Comet&nbsp;— FILM: 'NIGHT OF COMET,' ADVENTURE IN CALIFORNIA|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 16, 1984|accessdate=2013-10-29}}</ref> |- | ''[[Night of the Creeps]]'' || [[Fred Dekker]] || 1986 || <ref>{{cite news|last=Darnton|first=Nina|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9400E7DE153AF930A1575BC0A960948260|title=Night of the Creeps (1986)|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 23, 1986|accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref> |- | ''[[Night of the Day of the Dawn#Part 2|Night of the Day of the Dawn of the Son of the Bride of the Return of the Revenge of the Terror of the Attack of the Evil, Mutant, Alien, Flesh Eating, Hellbound, Zombified Living Dead Part 2: In Shocking 2-D]]'' || [[James Riffel]] || 1991 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=119}}{{sfn|Russell|2005|p=274}} |- | ''[[Night of the Dead (film)|Night of the Dead]]'' (''Night of the Leben Tod'') || [[Eric Forsberg]] || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=137–138}} |- | ''[[Night of the Living Dead]]'' || [[George A. Romero]] || 1968 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011 |p=121-122}}{{sfn|Kay|2008 |p=39-56}}{{sfn|Russell|2005 |p=64}} |- | ''[[Night of the Living Dead (1990 film)|Night of the Living Dead]]'' || [[Tom Savini]] || 1990 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=186}}{{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=123}} |- | ''Night of the Living Dead'' || [[Chad Zuver]] || 2014 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=186}}{{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=123}} |- | ''[[Night of the Living Dead 3D]]'' (''Night of the Living DE3D'') || [[Jeff Broadstreet]] || 2006 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=273-274}} |- | ''[[Night of the Living Dead 3D: Re-Animation]]'' || Jeff Broadstreet || 2012 || <ref name="popmatters20120615" /> |- | ''[[Night of the Living Dead: Darkest Dawn]]'' || Zebediah de Soto || 2015 || <ref name="popmatters20120615" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/17391/ |title='''Night of the Living Dead''' Origin Story Told in 3D CGI |last=Miska| first=Brad |work=Bloody Disgusting |date=September 16, 2009 |accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref> |- | ''[[Night of the Living Dead#Revisions|Night of the Living Dead: Reanimated]]'' || Mike Schneider || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=138–139}} |- | ''[[Night of the Seagulls]]'' || [[Amando de Ossorio]] || 1975 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=123}} |- | ''[[The Night Shift (film)|The Night Shift]]'' || Thomas Smith || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web |first=Scott |last=Hallam |date=August 18, 2011 |title=R-Squared Films Acquires The Night Shift For Distribution |work=[[Dread Central]] |url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/46539/r-squared-films-acquires-night-shift-distribution|accessdate=October 2, 2013}}</ref> |- | ''[[Nightmare City]]'' (''City of the Walking Dead'') || [[Umberto Lenzi]] || 1980 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=36}} |- | ''[[Ninjas vs. Zombies]]'' || Justin Timpane || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=142-143}} |- | ''[[Nudist Colony of the Dead]]'' || [[Mark Pirro (director)|Mark Pirro]] || 1991 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=127}} |- | ''[[Oasis of the Zombies]]'' || [[Jesús Franco]] || 1982 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=128}} |- | ''[[Oh! My Zombie Mermaid]]'' (''Â! Ikkenya puroresu'') || Naoki Kubo || 2004 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=144}} |- | ''[[Ojuju]]'' || C.J. Obasi || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.myzombieculture.com/2014/06/27/ojuju-le-nigeria-fait-dans-le-huitieme-de-finale-mais-aussi-dans-le-film-de-zombies/ | title=Ojuju, le Nigeria fait dans le huitième de finale mais aussi dans le film de zombies | publisher=My Zombie Culture | date=27 June 2014 | accessdate=20 December 2014 | archive-date=20 Disyembre 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220200528/http://www.myzombieculture.com/2014/06/27/ojuju-le-nigeria-fait-dans-le-huitieme-de-finale-mais-aussi-dans-le-film-de-zombies/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[One Dark Night]]'' || [[Tom McLoughlin]] || 1983 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=129}} |- | ''[[Open Grave]]'' || [[Gonzalo López-Gallego]] || 2013 || |- | ''[[Ouanga]]'' || [[George Terwillger]] || 1936 || |- | ''[[Outpost (2008 film)|Outpost]]'' || [[Steve Barker (film director)|Steve Barker]] || 2008 || <ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7351019.stm | title = Govan zombies taste film success| work= BBC News | date = April 16, 2008}}</ref> |- | ''[[Outpost: Black Sun]]'' || [[Steve Barker (film director)|Steve Barker]] || 2012 || |- | ''[[Outpost: Rise of the Spetsnaz]]'' || Kieran Parker || 2013 || |- | ''[[Ozone]]'' || J.R. Bookwalter || 1993 || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.filmthreat.com/reviews/5672/ | title = Ozone (dvd) | work = [[Film Threat]] | date = October 30, 2004 | last = Watt | first = Mike | access-date = Marso 28, 2019 | archive-date = Marso 28, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190328084810/http://filmthreat.com/reviews/5672/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[ParaNorman]]'' || [[Sam Fell]] & Chris Butler || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/story/2012-08-16/paranorman/57079788/1|title='ParaNorman' kicks off scarily fun films for kids|first=Susan|last=Wloszczyna|work=[[USA Today]]|date=August 15, 2012|accessdate=2013-10-25|archive-date=2013-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194532/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/story/2012-08-16/paranorman/57079788/1|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[Pathogen (film)|Pathogen]]'' || [[Emily Hagins]] || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=149-150}} |- | ''[[Patient Zero (film)|Patient Zero]]'' || [[Stefan Ruzowitzky]] || 2017 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/screen-gems-wins-bidding-war-mike-les-zombie-script-patient-z-exclusive/|title=Screen Gems Wins Bidding War for Mike Le's Zombie Script 'Patient Zero' (Exclusive)|work=[[TheWrap]]|date=October 29, 2013|accessdate=December 22, 2016}}</ref> |- | ''[[Pet Sematary (1989 film)|Pet Sematary]]'' || [[Mary Lambert (director)|Mary Lambert]] || 1989 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=165-167}} |- | ''[[Pet Sematary Two]]'' || [[Mary Lambert (director)|Mary Lambert]] || 1992 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=203-204}} |- | ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides]]'' || [[Rob Marshall]] || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/216003/johnny-depp-s-pirates-of-the-caribbean-on-stranger-tides-has-mermaids-zombies-a-dangerous-quest |title=Johnny Depp's Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides Has Mermaids, Zombies & a Dangerous Quest|work=[[E! Online]]|date=December 13, 2010|accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref> |- | ''[[Plaga Zombie]]'' || [[Pablo Parés]] & Hernán Sáez || 1997 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012 |pp=150-151}}<!--- consider for low-budget ---> |- | ''[[Plaga Zombie: Zona Mutante]]'' || Pablo Parés & Hernán Sáez || 2001 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012 |pp=150-151}}<!--- consider for low-budget ---> |- | ''[[The Plague (2006 film)|The Plague]]'' (''Clive Barker's The Plague'') || Hal Masonberg || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012 |pp=151-152}} |- | ''[[The Plague of the Zombies]]'' || [[John Gilling]] || 1966 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=48-49}} |- | ''[[Plaguers]]'' || [[Brad Sykes]] || 2008 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/plaguers.php|title=Review: Plaguers|last=Cullum|first=Brett|date=December 18, 2009|publisher=DVD Verdict|accessdate=February 26, 2010|archive-date=Septiyembre 8, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908125310/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/plaguers.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[Plan 9 from Outer Space]]'' || [[Ed Wood]] || 1959 || <ref name="top10mirror" /> |- | ''[[Planet Terror]]'' || [[Robert Rodriguez]] || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012 |pp=152-153}} |- | ''[[Pontypool (film)|Pontypool]]'' || [[Bruce McDonald (director)|Bruce McDonald]] || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012 |pp=154-156}} |- | ''[[Pop Punk Zombies]]'' || Steve Dayton || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Parlin |first=Geri |url=http://lacrossetribune.com/news/local/filmmakers-resurrect-punk-rock-locally-shot-zombie-flick-now-on/article_32a79210-2161-11e1-b341-0019bb2963f4.html |title=Filmmakers resurrect punk rock: Locally shot zombie flick now on DVD | newspaper = LaCrosse Tribune | date=December 8, 2011 |accessdate=2013-11-18}}</ref> |- | ''[[Portrait of a Zombie]]'' || [[Bing Bailey]] || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aintitcool.com/node/66810#4|title=ABOUT A ZOMBIE (2012)|last=Miller|first=Mark L.|work=[[Ain't It Cool News]]|date=April 4, 2014|accessdate=2014-05-01}}</ref> |- | ''[[Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead]]'' || [[Lloyd Kaufman]] || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012 |p=156}} |- | ''[[Premutos: The Fallen Angel]]'' (''Premutos&nbsp;– Der gefallene Engel'', a.k.a. ''Premutos: Lord of the Living Dead'') || [[Olaf Ittenbach]] || 1997 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=216}} |- | ''[[Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (film)|Pride and Prejudice and Zombies]]''|| [[Burr Steers]] || 2016 || <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Pride-and-Prejudice-and-Zombies-a-6804809.php|title=Zombies give Mr. Darcy something to brood about|last=LaSalle|first=Mick|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=4 February 2016|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref> |- | ''[[Prince of Darkness (film)|Prince of Darkness]]'' (''John Carpenter's Prince of Darkness'') || [[John Carpenter]] || 1987 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=153}} |- | ''[[Pro Wrestlers vs Zombies]]'' || [[Cody Knotts]] || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Warrell|first=Richard|title=Movie Review: 'Pro Wrestlers vs. Zombies' with Kurt Angle, Roddy Piper and More|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1966191-movie-review-pro-wrestlers-vs-zombies-starring-kurt-angle-roddy-piper-more|publisher=Bleacher Report|accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref> |- | ''[[Pushin' Up Daisies]]'' || Patrick Franklin || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmthreat.com/reviews/72354/|title=Pushin' Up Daisies|last=Bell|first=Mark|work=[[Film Threat]]|date=November 15, 2013|accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref> |- | ''[[Quarantine (2008 film)|Quarantine]]'' || [[John Erick Dowdle]] || 2008 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/reviews/quarantine-1200471722/|title=Review: 'Quarantine'|last=Leydon|first=Joe|work=Variety|date=October 10, 2008|accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref> |- | ''[[Quarantine 2: Terminal]]'' || John Pogue || 2011 || {{sfn|Oliver|2011}} |- | ''[[The Quick and the Undead]]'' || Gerald Nott || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012 |pp=158-159}} |- | ''[[Raiders of the Living Dead]]'' || Samuel M. Sherman || 1986 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=176}} |- | ''[[Les Raisins de la Mort]]'' (''The Grapes of Death'', ''Pesticide'') || [[Jean Rollin]] || 1978 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=94}}{{sfn|Boluk|Lenz|2011|p=59-61}} |- | ''[[Rammbock]]'' || [[Marvin Kren]] || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Rammbock-Berlin-Undead-review-German-zombies-2373110.php | last = Johnson | first = G. Allen | title = 'Rammbock: Berlin Undead' review | work = [[SFGate.com]] | publisher = [[Hearst Corporation|Hearst Communications]] | date = May 5, 2011 }}</ref> |- | ''[[The Rape After]]'' || [[Ho Meng Hua]] & Moon-Tong Lau || 1986 || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://twistedanger.com/rape-after | title = The Rape After (1986) | work = Twisted Danger | accessdate = 2013-11-17 | archive-date = 2014-03-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140307050737/http://twistedanger.com/rape-after | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[Re-Animator]]'' || [[Stuart Gordon]] || 1985 || <ref name=ttz /> |- | ''[[REC (film)|REC]]'' || [[Jaume Balagueró]] & [[Paco Plaza]] || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012 |pp=159-160}} |- | ''[[REC 2]]'' || [[Jaume Balagueró]] & [[Paco Plaza]] || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Update: Behind-the-Scenes of ''Rec 2''|work=[[Shock Till You Drop]]|url=http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id=9537|date=February 8, 2009|accessdate=February 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102156/http://shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id=9537|archive-date=February 11, 2009|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- | ''[[REC 3: Genesis]]'' || [[Paco Plaza]] || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/review/rec3-genesis-84628|title=[REC]3: Genesis|last=Robinson|first=Tasha|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=September 6, 2012|accessdate=2013-12-01|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203110749/http://www.avclub.com/review/rec3-genesis-84628|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[REC 4: Apocalypse]]'' || [[Jaume Balagueró]] || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://bloody-disgusting.com/videos/3325448/exclusive-rec4-apocalypse-character-videos/|title=[REC]4: Genesis|last=Robinson|first=Tasha|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=September 6, 2012|accessdate=2013-12-01}}</ref> |- | ''[[Redneck Zombies]]'' || Pericles Lewnes || 1987 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=178}} |- | ''[[Reel Zombies]]'' || [[David J. Francis (actor)|David J. Francis]] || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=29}} |- | ''Reichsführer SS'' || David B. Stewart || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/84222/heil-reichsfuhrer-ss-trailer/|title=All Heil the Reichsfuhrer SS Trailer - Dread Central|author=|date=January 6, 2015|website=dreadcentral.com|accessdate=August 19, 2017}}</ref> |- | ''[[Remains (film)|Remains]]'' (''Steve Niles' Remains'') || Colin Theys || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Gray |first=Scott A. |url=http://exclaim.ca/Reviews/Dvd/remains-directed_by_colin_theys |title=Remains&nbsp;— Directed by Colin Theys • DVD Reviews • |publisher=Exclaim.ca |date=August 17, 2012 |accessdate=2013-11-18}}</ref> |- | ''[[Remington and the Curse of the Zombadings]]'' (''Zombadings 1: Patayin sa Shokot si Remington'') || [[Jade Castro]] || 2011 || |- | ''[[Resident Evil (film)|Resident Evil]]'' || [[Paul W. S. Anderson]] || 2002 || <ref>{{cite news | date = March 15, 2002 | first = Roger | last = Ebert | authorlink = Roger Ebert | title = Resident Evil | publisher = RogerEbert.com | url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20020315/REVIEWS/203150304/1023 | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | archive-date = 2007-12-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212105703/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20020315%2FREVIEWS%2F203150304%2F1023 | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[Resident Evil: Afterlife]]'' || Paul W. S. Anderson || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/11/entertainment/la-et-resident-evil-20100911|title=Movie review: 'Resident Evil: Afterlife'|last=Ordoña |first=Michael|work=Los Angeles Times|date=September 11, 2010|publisher=Tribune Company|accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref> |- | ''[[Resident Evil: Apocalypse]]'' || [[Alexander Witt]] || 2004 || <ref name=nyt>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/03/movies/03zomb.html|title=The Zombies Brought Him: George Romero Is Back|last=Beale|first=Lewis|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 3, 2004|accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref> |- | ''[[Resident Evil: Damnation]]'' || Makoto Kamiya || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/57341/new-trailer-and-dvd-blu-ray-specs-resident-evil-damnation |title=New Trailer and DVD / Blu-ray Specs: Resident Evil: Damnation |work=[[Dread Central]] |date=July 16, 2012 |accessdate=2012-08-03}}</ref> |- | ''[[Resident Evil: Degeneration]]'' (''Biohazard: Degeneration'') || Makoto Kamiya || 2008 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Kohler |first=Chris |url=https://www.wired.com/gamelife/2008/10/review-resident-2/ |title=Review: Resident Evil: Degeneration's Boring Puppet Show &#124; Game&#124;Life |publisher=Wired.com |date=March 28, 2013 |accessdate=2013-11-18}}</ref> |- | ''[[Resident Evil: Extinction]]'' || [[Russell Mulcahy]] || 2007 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/24/entertainment/et-resident24 |title='Resident Evil: Extinction' pumps up the prey | work = [[Los Angeles Times]] | publisher = [[Tribune Company]] | last = Crust | first = Kevin |date=September 24, 2007 |accessdate=2013-11-18}}</ref> |- | ''[[Resident Evil: The Final Chapter]]'' || Paul W. S. Anderson || 2016 || |- | ''[[Resident Evil: Retribution]]'' || Paul W. S. Anderson || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web | date= September 15, 2012 | author= Clark Collis | url= http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20630391,00.html | title= Resident Evil: Retribution Review &#124; Movie Reviews and News | work= [[Entertainment Weekly]] | publisher= | accessdate= 2012-09-21 | archive-date= 2012-10-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121019141533/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20630391,00.html | url-status= dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[Resident Evil: Vendetta]]'' || Takanori Tsujimoto || 2017 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com.au/resident-evil-vendetta-gets-lots-attention-e3-2017-watch-9-minute-clip-1555218|title='Resident Evil: Vendetta' gets lots of attention at E3 2017 [Watch 9-Minute Clip]|author=|date=|website=www.ibtimes.com.au|accessdate=August 19, 2017}}</ref> |- | ''[[Return of the Blind Dead]]'' || [[Amando de Ossorio]] || 1973 || <ref>Burrell, Nigel. Knights of Terror: The Blind Dead Films of Amando de Ossorio. 2005 Revised Edition. England, UK: midnight media publishing, 2005. Print.</ref><ref name="Alexander">Alexander, Chris, and Trevor Barley. "Lord of the Blind Dead." Rue Morgue Sept. 2005: 24-29. Print.</ref> |- | ''[[The Return of the Living Dead]]'' || [[Dan O'Bannon]] || 1985 || <ref name="top10mirror" /> |- | ''[[Return of the Living Dead Part II]]'' || [[Ken Wiederhorn]] || 1988 || <ref name="popmatters20120615">{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/column/159439-legacy-of-the-living-dead/|first=J.C. | last = Maçek III|work=[[PopMatters]]|title=The Zombification Family Tree: Legacy of the Living Dead|date=June 15, 2012}}</ref> |- | ''[[Return of the Living Dead 3]]'' || [[Brian Yuzna]] || 1993 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=205}} |- | ''[[Return of the Living Dead: Necropolis]]'' || [[Ellory Elkayem]] || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=171-172}} |- | ''[[Return of the Living Dead: Rave to the Grave]]'' || Ellory Elkayem || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=171}} |- | ''[[The Returned (2013 film)|The Returned]]'' || [[Manuel Carballo (director)|Manuel Carballo]] || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/74021/exclusive-clip-returned-examines-zombie-epidemic|title=Exclusive Clip From The Returned Examines the Zombie Epidemic|last=Barton|first=Steve|work=[[Dread Central]]|date=February 14, 2014|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref> |- | ''[[Revenge of the Living Dead Girls]]'' || Pierre B. Reinhard || 1987 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Jane|first=Ian|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/22995/revenge-of-the-living-dead-girls/|title=Revenge of the Living Dead Girls|work=[[DVD Talk]]|date=August 1, 2006|accessdate=2013-10-29}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Revenant (2009 film)|The Revenant]]'' || D. Kerry Prior || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Scheck|first=Frank|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/the-revenant-film-review-365018|title=The Revenant: Film Review|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 23, 2012|accessdate=2013-10-29}}</ref> |- | ''[[Revenge of the Zombies]]'' || [[Steve Sekely]] || 1943 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=20-21}} |- | ''[[Revolt of the Zombies]]'' || [[Victor Hugo Halperin|Victor Halperin]] || 1936 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=8-9}} |- | ''[[The Rezort]]'' || [[Steve Barker (film director)|Steve Barker]] || 2015 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://bloody-disgusting.com/reviews/3404528/frightfest-review-rezort-promises-struggles-deliver/|title=[FrightFest Review] 'The Rezort' Promises, But Struggles to Deliver|last=Torfe|first=Pat|work=[[Bloody Disgusting]]|date=August 29, 2016|accessdate=December 22, 2016}}</ref> |- | ''[[Rise of the Zombies]]'' || [[Nick Lyon]] || 2012 || <ref>{{cite news|last=Hale|first=Mike|title=Donning Familiar Halloween Costumes|url=http://tv.nytimes.com/2012/10/27/arts/television/halloween-movies-on-syfy-hallmark-and-bbc-america.html|accessdate=October 28, 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 26, 2012}}</ref> |- | ''[[Ritual (2002 film)|Ritual]]'' (''Tales from the Crypt: Ritual'') || [[Avi Nesher]] || 2002 || <ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.flixster.com/movie/tales-from-the-crypt-ritual/ | title = Ritual (Tales from the Crypt Presents: Revelation) (Tales from the Crypt Presents: Voodoo) (2001) | agency = Rovi (All Movie Guide) | work = Flixster | last = Buchanan | first = Jason | accessdate = November 17, 2013}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Roost]]'' || [[Ti West]] || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=177}} |- | ''[[Route 666 (film)|Route 666]]'' || [[William Wesley]] || 2001 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=177-178}} |- | ''[[Santo contra los Zombis|Santo vs. the Zombies]]'' (''Invasion of the Zombies'') || [[Benito Alazraki]] || 1962 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=39-40}} |- | ''[[SARS Wars]]'' || Taweewat Wantha || 2004 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=179}} |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island]]'' || [[Hiroshi Aoyama]] & Kazumi Fukushima || 1998 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=216}} |- | ''[[Schoolgirl Apocalypse]]'' || John S. Cairns || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fantasiafestival.com/2012/en/films-schedule/171/schoolgirl-apocalypse |title=Schoolgirl Apocalypse |work=FantasiaFestival.com |date=August 9, 2012 |accessdate=2013-11-18 |archive-date=2013-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027095219/http://www.fantasiafestival.com/2012/en/films-schedule/171/schoolgirl-apocalypse |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse]]'' || [[Christopher B. Landon]] || 2015 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/review/if-scouts-guide-zombie-apocalypse-future-maybe-wor-227647 |title=Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse (2015) |website=The A.V. Club |accessdate=October 30, 2015 |archive-date=Oktubre 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031220527/http://www.avclub.com/review/if-scouts-guide-zombie-apocalypse-future-maybe-wor-227647 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[Seoul Station (film)|Seoul Station]]'' || [[Yeon Sang-ho]] || 2016 || <ref name="Tsui">{{cite web |url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/seoul-station-seoul-yeok-film-915964|title= 'Seoul Station' ('Seoul-yeok'): Film Review|first= Clarence|last= Tsui|date= August 1, 2016|accessdate= September 19, 2016|work= [[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Serpent and the Rainbow (film)|The Serpent and the Rainbow]]'' || [[Wes Craven]] || 1988 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=160}} |- | ''[[Severed: Forest of the Dead]]'' || [[Carl Bessai]] || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=181}} |- | ''[[Sexykiller]]'' (''Sexykiller, morirás por ella'') || Paco Cabeza || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=182}} |- | ''[[Shadow: Dead Riot]]'' || Derek Wan || 2006 || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://movies.tvguide.com/shadow-dead-riot/review/279117 | title = Shadow: Dead Riot: Review | work = movies.tvguide.com | first = Maitland | last = McDonagh | accessdate = 2013-11-17 | archive-date = 2014-03-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140307064830/http://movies.tvguide.com/shadow-dead-riot/review/279117 | url-status = dead }}</ref><!--- mentioned in dendle 2012 but does not have entry ---> |- | ''[[Shaolin vs. Evil Dead]]'' (''Shao lin jiang shi'', ''Siu lam geung see'') || Douglas Kung || 2004 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=245-246}} |- | ''[[Shatter Dead]]'' || Scooter McCrae || 1994 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=158}} |- | ''[[Shaun of the Dead]]'' || [[Edgar Wright]] || 2004 || <ref name="top10mirror" /> |- | ''[[Shock Waves (film)|Shock Waves]]'' || [[Ken Wiederhorn]] || 1977 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=159}} |- | ''[[Sick: Survive the Night]]'' || [[Ryan M. Andrews]] || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/81722/sick-survive-night-dvd/|title=Sick: Survive the Night (DVD) - Dread Central|author=|date=January 5, 2015|website=dreadcentral.com|accessdate=August 19, 2017}}</ref> |- | ''[[Silent Night, Zombie Night]]'' || [[Sean Cain]] || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=186-187}} |- | ''[[Sint]]'' (''Saint'', ''Saint Nick'') || [[Dick Maas]] || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://bloody-disgusting.com/film/114530/sint-2/ | last = Harley | first = David | date = May 9, 2011 | title = Sint (Saint) (V) | accessdate = 2013-11-18 | work = Bloody Disgusting }}</ref> |- | ''[[The Sky Has Fallen]]'' || Doug Roos || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/107674/sky-has-fallen-the-2015/|title=Sky Has Fallen, The (2015)|last=Boiselle|first=Matt|work=[[Dread Central]]|date=2015-06-19|accessdate=2015-09-13}}</ref> |- | ''[[Slither (2006 film)|Slither]]'' || [[James Gunn (filmmaker)|James Gunn]] || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=187-188}} |- | ''[[Special Dead]]'' || Thomas L. Phillips and Sean Simmons || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=188}} |- | ''[[Splinter (2008 film)|Splinter]]'' || Toby Wilkins || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=189–190}} |- | ''[[Stacy (film)|Stacy]]'' || [[Naoyuki Tomomatsu]] || 2001 || {{sfn|Balmain|2008}}{{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=190}} |- | ''[[Stag Night of the Dead]]'' || Neil Jones || 2008 || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/stag-night-dead-uk-dvd#axzz2kwisXxYO | title = Stag Night of the Dead (UK DVD) | date = January 12, 2012 |work=[[Dread Central]] }}</ref> |- | ''[[Stalled]]'' || Christian James || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Gray|first=Scott A.|title=Stalled&nbsp;— Directed by Christian James&nbsp;— Toronto After Dark Reviews|url=http://exclaim.ca/Reviews/TorontoAfterDark/stalled-directed_by_christian_james|work=[[Exclaim!]]|accessdate=November 7, 2013|archive-date=Oktubre 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023003745/http://exclaim.ca/Reviews/TorontoAfterDark/stalled-directed_by_christian_james|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[State of Emergency (2011 film)|State of Emergency]]''|| Turner Clay || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/review/170115-state-of-emergency/|title=State of Emergency|last=Maine|first=David|work=[[Pop Matters]]|date=April 16, 2013|accessdate=2013-12-05}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Stink of Flesh]]'' || Scott Phillips || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=191}} |- | ''[[Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang|The Stories of Grandmother Basyang]]'' (''Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang'') || [[Maryo J. delos Reyes]] || 1985 || |- | ''[[Sugar Hill (1974 film)|Sugar Hill]]'' || Paul Maslansky || 1974 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=165}} |- | ''[[The Supernaturals (horror film)|The Supernaturals]]'' || [[Armand Mastroianni]] || 1986 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=167}} |- | ''[[Surf II]]'' || Randall Badat || 1984 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://mcbeardo.com/2009/09/15-movies-that-deserve-massive-cult-followings/ |title=15 Movies That Deserve Massive Cult Followings |accessdate=2010-10-15 |work=McBeardo |last=McPadden |first=Mike |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104011247/http://mcbeardo.com/2009/09/15-movies-that-deserve-massive-cult-followings/ |archivedate=November 4, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |- | ''[[Survival of the Dead]]'' || [[George A. Romero]] || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/15091-la-see-survival-of-the-dead-with-george-romero|title=L.A.: See Survival of the Dead With George Romero|last=Turek|first=Ryan|work=Shock Till You Drop|date=May 5, 2010|accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref> |- | ''[[Swamp Zombies]]'' || Len Kabasinski || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=195}} |- | ''[[Tales of Terror]]'' || [[Roger Corman]] || 1962 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=40-41}} |- | ''[[Teenage Exorcist]]'' || Grant Austin Waldman || 1991 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=169}} |- | ''[[Teenage Zombies]]'' || [[Jerry Warren]] || 1959 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=33-34}}{{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=169}} |- | ''[[Terror-Creatures from the Grave]]'' (''5 tombe per un medium'', ''Cemetery of the Living Dead'') || [[Massimo Pupillo]] || 1965 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=170}} |- | ''[[They Came Back]]'' || [[Robin Campillo]] || 2004 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=196-198}} |- | ''[[They Walk]]'' || Charles House II || 2010 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=198}} |- | ''[[Tokyo Zombie]]'' || [[Sakichi Satō]] || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=198-199}} |- | ''[[Tombs of the Blind Dead]]'' || [[Amando de Ossorio]] || 1971 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=171}} |- | ''[[Tormented (2009 British film)|Tormented]]'' || [[Jon Wright]] || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2009/may/26/tormented-horror-film | title = Brit horror Tormented should be used as a teaching aid | work = The Guardian | location = UK | last= Cox | first = David | date = May 26, 2009 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Toxic Zombies]]'' || Charles McCrann || 1980 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=173–174}} |- | ''[[Trailer Park of Terror]]'' || [[Steven Goldmann]] || 2008 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmmakermagazine.com/3245-slamdance-directorwriter-interviews-steven-goldmann-timothy-dolan-trailer-park-of-terror/ |title=Slamdance Director/Writer Interviews: Steven Goldmann Timothy Dolan, Trailer Park Of Terror |publisher=[[Filmmaker (magazine)|Filmmaker Magazine]] |date=January 21, 2008 |accessdate=2013-11-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003710/http://filmmakermagazine.com/3245-slamdance-directorwriter-interviews-steven-goldmann-timothy-dolan-trailer-park-of-terror/ |archivedate=December 3, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |- | ''[[Train to Busan]]'' || rowspan="2"| [[Yeon Sang-ho]] || 2016 ||<ref name="Tsui"/> |- | ''[[Peninsula (pelikula)|Train to Busan 2]]'' || ''2019'' |- | ''[[Trip Ubusan: The Lolas vs. Zombies]]'' || [[Mark A. Reyes]] || 2017 || <ref name=mapapaiyak>{{cite news|last1=Solis|first1=Lolit|title=Trip Ubusan magpapaiyak!|url=http://www.philstar.com/psn-showbiz/2017/11/17/1759642/trip-ubusan-magpapaiyak|accessdate=19 November 2017|work=Pilipino Star Ngayon|publisher=The Philippine Star|date=17 November 2017|language=Taglish}}</ref> |- | ''[[Uncle Sam (film)|Uncle Sam]]'' || [[William Lustig]] || 1996 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=210}} |- | ''[[Undead (film)|Undead]]'' || Michael Spierig & Peter Spierig || 2003 || {{sfn|Shelley|2012|pages=188-192}} |- | ''[[Undead or Alive]]'' || Glasgow Phillips || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=204}} |- | ''[[Undead Pool]]'' (''Attack Girls' Swim Team versus the Undead'') || Kôji Kawano || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=24-25}} |- | ''[[:ja:制服サバイガール|''Uniform SurviGirl I'']]'' (''Seifuku Survivor Girl'', ''Seifuku sabaigâru I'') || Hiroshi Kaneko || 2008 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=8340 |title=Dread Central ~ View topic&nbsp;— Hiroshi Kaneko's UNIFORM SURVIGIRL I & II |work=[[Dread Central]] |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> |- | ''[[Urban Decay (film)|Urban Decay]]'' || [[Harry Basil]] || 2007 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://twitchfilm.com/2007/04/marche-du-film-harry-basils-urban-decay.html |title=Marché du Film: Harry Basil's URBAN DECAY |work=Twitch Film |date=April 19, 2007 |accessdate=2013-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206044526/http://twitchfilm.com/2007/04/marche-du-film-harry-basils-urban-decay.html |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |- | ''[[Valley of the Zombies]]'' || [[Philip Ford (film director)|Philip Ford]] || 1946 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=174}} |- | ''[[Vampires vs. Zombies]]'' (''Carmilla the Lesbian Vampire'') || Vince D'Amato || 2004 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=205}} |- | ''[[Vengeance of the Zombies]]'' (''La rebelión de las muertas'') || [[León Klimovsky]] || 1973 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=176}} |- |''[[Vere Vazhi Ille|Vere Vazhi Ille (No Other Way)]]'' || [[M.S. Prem Nath]] || 2015 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/veedu-launches-sales-of-malaysian-tamil-cinema|title=Veedu launches sales of Malaysian Tamil cinema|last=Cremin|first=Stephen|work=[[Film Business Asia]]|date=October 22, 2015|accessdate=February 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227013642/http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/veedu-launches-sales-of-malaysian-tamil-cinema|archive-date=December 27, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- | ''[[Versus (2000 film)|Versus]]'' (''Vāsasu'') || [[Ryuhei Kitamura]] || 2000 || <ref name=ttz />{{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=207}} |- | ''[[V/H/S]]'' || [[Adam Wingard]], [[David Bruckner]], [[Ti West]] || 2012 ||<ref>https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v-h-s-v554768</ref> |- | ''[[The Video Dead]]'' || Robert Scott || 1987 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=179}} |- | ''[[The Vineyard (film)|The Vineyard]]'' || [[James Hong]] || 1989 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=180}} |- | ''[[Violent Shit III]]: Infantry of Doom'' (''Zombie Doom'') || [[Andreas Schnaas]] || 1999 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=199}} |- | ''[[A Virgin Among the Living Dead]]'' || [[Jesús Franco]] || 1973 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=180}}{{sfn|Kay|2008|p=76}} |- | ''[[Virus Undead]]'' || Wolf Wolff and Ohmuti || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=208–209}} |- | ''[[Voodoo (film)|Voodoo]]'' || Rene Eram || 1995 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=181–182}} |- | ''[[Voodoo Dawn]]'' || Steven Fierberg || 1990 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=182–183}} |- | ''[[Voodoo Island]]'' || Reginald LeBorg || 1957 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=183–184}} |- | ''[[Voodoo Man]]'' || William Beaudine || 1944 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=185–186}} |- | ''[[War of the Dead]]'' (''Stone's War'') || Marko Makilaakso || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Harvey|first=Dennis|title=Review: "War of the Dead"|url=https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/war-of-the-dead-1117946581/|work=Variety|date = November 13, 2011 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Rome Against Rome|War of the Zombies]]'' (''Rome Against Rome'') || [[Giuseppe Vari]] || 1964 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=56-57}} |- | ''[[Warm Bodies (film)|Warm Bodies]]'' || [[Jonathan Levine]] || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Nunes|first=Jesse|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/gallery/bestzombiemovies?pg=11 |title=Top 25 zombie movies of all time – 16. Warm Bodies (2013) |work=Boston.com |date=October 1, 2009 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> |- | ''[[Warning Sign (film)|Warning Sign]]'' || Hal Barwood || 1985 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=186–187}} |- | ''[[Wasting Away]]'' (''Aaah! Zombies!!'') || Matthew Kohnen || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=17-19}} |- | ''[[Waxwork (film)|Waxwork]]'' || [[Anthony Hickox]] || 1988 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=187}} |- | ''[[Waxwork II: Lost in Time]]'' || [[Anthony Hickox]] || 1992 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=187}} |- | ''[[Weekend at Bernie's II]]'' || Robert Klane || 1993 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=188–189}} |- | ''[[White Zombie (film)|White Zombie]]'' || [[Victor Hugo Halperin|Victor Halperin]] || 1932 || <ref name="white_zombie_A" /><ref name="white_zombie_C" /> |- | ''[[Wicked Little Things]]'' || [[J. S. Cardone|J.S. Cardone]] || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=209}} |- | ''[[:pl:Wilczyca (1983 film)|Wilczyca]]'' (''The Wolf'', ''She-Wolf'') || [[:pl:Marek Piestrak|Marek Piestrak]] || 1983 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://twistedanger.com/wilczyca |title=Wilczyca DVD 1983 |work=Twistedanger.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-18 |archive-date=2014-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307064355/http://twistedanger.com/wilczyca |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://horrorreviews.pl/readarticle.php?article_id=670 | language = Polish | title = Wilczyca (aka The Wolf); Polska | first = Agnieszka | last = Kijewska | work = HorrorReviews.pl | date = August 8, 2012 | access-date = Marso 28, 2019 | archive-date = Marso 7, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140307070716/http://horrorreviews.pl/readarticle.php?article_id=670 | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[Wild Zero]]'' || Tetsuro Takeuchi || 2000 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=210-211}}{{sfn|Balmain|2008}} |- | ''[[The Woman Eater]]'' || [[Charles Saunders (director)|Charles Saunders]] || 1957 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=191–192}} |- | ''[[World War Z (film)|World War Z]]'' || [[Marc Forster]] || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Greiff |first=James |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-26/zombies-of-world-war-z-are-realer-than-they-look.html |title=Zombies of 'World War Z' Are Realer Than They Look|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=June 26, 2013 |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref> |- | ''[[Wyrmwood]]: Road of the Dead'' || Kiah Roache-Turner || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fangoria.com/new/exclusive-ifc-dates-wyrmwood-with-poster-and-ejecta/|title=Exclusive: IFC dates "WYRMWOOD" (with poster) and "EJECTA"|author=|date=|website=fangoria.com|accessdate=August 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819235132/http://www.fangoria.com/new/exclusive-ifc-dates-wyrmwood-with-poster-and-ejecta/|archive-date=2017-08-19|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref> |- | ''[[Yoroi Samurai Zombie]]'' (''Yoroi: Samurai Zonbie'', ''Samurai Zombie'') || [[Tak Sakaguchi]] || 2008 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=212}}{{sfn|Oliver|2011}} |- | ''[[Z Island]]'' || Hiroshi Shinagawa || 2015 || <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=350797|title= Ｚアイランド(2014)|accessdate= May 22, 2015|work= allcinema|publisher= Stingray|language= Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/cinderella-and-flying-colors-lead-in-japan|title= Cinderella and Flying Colors lead in Japan|author= Kevin Ma|date= May 22, 2015|accessdate= May 22, 2015|work= [[Film Business Asia]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150523073412/http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/cinderella-and-flying-colors-lead-in-japan|archive-date= May 23, 2015|url-status= dead|df= mdy-all}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zeder]]'' (''Revenge of the Dead'') || [[Pupi Avati]] || 1983 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=128}} |- | ''[[Zibahkhana]]'' (''Hell's Ground'') || [[Omar Ali Khan|Omar Khan]] || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=104-105}} |- | ''[[ZMD: Zombies of Mass Destruction (film)|ZMD: Zombies of Mass Destruction]]'' || Kevin Hamedani || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=239-240}} |- | ''[[Zombeavers]]'' || Jordan Rubin || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Zeitchik|first=Steven|title=Tribeca 2014: 'Zombeavers,' 'Sharknado's' newest friend|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-tribeca-2014-zombeavers-movie-sharknado-20140421-story.html|date=April 21, 2014|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=April 25, 2014}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombi 2]]'' (''Zombie'', ''Zombie Flesh Eaters'') || [[Lucio Fulci]] || 1979 || {{sfn|Kay|2008 |p=96}}<ref name="top10mirror" /> |- | ''[[Zombi 3]]'' (''Zombie Flesh Eaters 2'') || [[Lucio Fulci]] & [[Bruno Mattei]] || 1988 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=241}} |- | ''[[Zombibi]]'' (''Kill Zombie'' or ''Zombie Kill'') || Martijn Smits & Erwin van den Eshof || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/64155/kill-zombie/|title=Kill Zombie! (Blu-ray)|author=|date=|website=DVD Talk|accessdate=August 19, 2017}}</ref> |- | ''[[After Death|Zombie 4: After Death]]'' (''Oltre la morte'', ''Zombie Flesh Eaters 3'') || [[Claudio Fragasso]] || 1988 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=17-18}} |- | ''[[Killing Birds|Zombie 5: Killing Birds]]'' (''Uccelli assassini'') || Claudio Lattanzi || 1991 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=152-153}} |- | ''[[Zombie Apocalypse (film)|Zombie Apocalypse]]'' || [[Nick Lyon]] || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/28349/zombie-apocalypse-2011/|title=Zombie Apocalypse (2011)|last=Foy|first=Scott|work=[[Dread Central]]|date=November 6, 2011|accessdate=February 18, 2015}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombie Ass]]'' (''Zombie Ass: Toilet of the Dead'') || [[Noboru Iguchi]] || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/zombie-ass-toilet-of-the-dead |title=Zombie Ass: Toilet of the Dead|work=Crunchyroll |date= |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombie Bloodbath]]'' || Todd Sheets || 1993 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=201}} |- | ''[[Zombie Brigade]]'' || Carmelo Musca & Barrie Pattison || 1986 || {{sfn|Shelley|2012|pages=113-114}} |- | ''[[Zombie Chronicles]]'' || [[Brad Sykes]] || 2001 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=219-220}} |- | ''[[The Zombie Diaries]]'' || Michael Bartlett & Kevin Gates || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=221-222}} |- |''[[World of the Dead: The Zombie Diaries|The Zombie Diaries 2]]'' || Michael Bartlett & Kevin Gates || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jun/23/the-world-of-the-dead-zombie-diaries-2-review | title = The World of the Dead: The Zombie Diaries 2&nbsp;– review | last = O'Neill | first = Phelim | date = June 23, 2011 | work = [[The Guardian]] | location = UK }}</ref> |- |''[[The Zombie Farm]]'' || [[Ricardo Islas]] || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/47933/zombie-farm/|title=Zombie Farm|last=Blitz|first=Jeremy|work=[[DVD Talk]]|date=March 16, 2011|accessdate=2014-01-25}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombie High]]'' || [[Ron Link (director)|Ron Link]] || 1987 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=204}} |- | ''[[Zombie Holocaust]]'' (''Zombi Holocaust'') || [[Marino Girolami]] || 1980 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=112-113}} |- | ''[[Zombie Holocaust]]'' (''Female Mercenaries on Zombie Island'') || Gary Whitson || 1995 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=205-206}} |- | ''[[Zombie Honeymoon]]'' || David Gebroe || 2004 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=291}} |- | ''[[The Zombie King]]'' || Aidan Belizaire || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hemlockbooks.co.uk/News/Blog/news/56 |title=2013: Taste the Blood of British Horror Films | authorlink = M. J. Simpson | first = MJ | last = Simpson | work = Devil's Porridge | publisher = Hemlock Books |date= |accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombie King and the Legion of Doom]]'' (''Zombie Beach Party'', ''Enter ... Zombie King'') || Stacey Case || 2004 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=289–290}}{{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=89–91}} |- | ''[[Zombie Lake]]'' || [[Jean Rollin]] || 1981 || {{sfn|Kay|2008|p=123-124}}{{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=207}} |- | ''[[Zombie Massacre (film)|Zombie Massacre]]'' || Luca Boni and Marco Ristori || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/17/zombie-massacre-trailer-review | title = Zombie Massacre: when hipsters and rats turn bad | work = The Guardian | date = October 17, 2012 | last = Heritage | first = Stuart | accessdate=2013-12-01 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombie Nation (film)|Zombie Nation]]'' || [[Ulli Lommel]] || 2004 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=227-228}} |- | ''[[Zombie Night (2003 film)|Zombie Night]]'' || [[David J. Francis (actor)|David J. Francis]] || 2003 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=228}} |- | ''[[Zombie Night (2013 film)|Zombie Night]]'' || [[John Gulager]] || 2013 || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2013/10/22/tv-zombies-feature/3146059/|title=Zombies stalk your weekend TV viewing|last=Keveney|first=Bill|work=[[USA Today]]|date=October 22, 2013|accessdate=2014-02-18}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombie Night 2: Awakening]]'' || [[David J. Francis (actor)|David J. Francis]] || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=29}} |- | ''[[Zombie Nightmare]]'' || Jack Bravman || 1986 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=208}} |- | ''[[Zombie Planet]]'' || George Bonilla || 2003 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=228-229}} |- | ''[[Zombie Self-Defense Force]]'' (''Zonbi jieitai'') || [[Naoyuki Tomomatsu]] || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=234}} |- | ''[[Zombie Strippers]]'' || [[Jay Lee]] || 2008 || <ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/18/movies/18zomb.html | title = Taking It All Off | last = Kern | first = Laura | date = April 18, 2008 | work = New York Times | publication-date = April 18, 2008 | location = New York | page = E8}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombie Undead]]'' || Rhys Davies || 2010 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=232}} |- | ''[[Zombie! vs. Mardi Gras]]'' || Will Frank & Karl DeMolay || 1999 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=210}} |- | ''[[Zombie Wars]]'' || [[David A. Prior]] || 2006 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=232-233}} |- | ''[[Zombie Women of Satan]]'' || [[Steve O'Brien (director)|Steve O'Brien]] and [[Warren Speed]] || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=233-234}} |- | ''[[Zombiegeddon]]'' || Chris Watson || 2003 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=234-235}} |- | ''[[Zombieland]]'' || [[Ruben Fleischer]] || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Travers|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Travers|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/lists/the-10-best-zombie-movies-20121012/zombieland-2009-19691231|title=The 10 Best Zombie Movies: 'Zombieland' 2009|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=2013-10-25|archive-date=2013-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211181257/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/lists/the-10-best-zombie-movies-20121012/zombieland-2009-19691231|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombies of Mora Tau]]'' || [[Edward L. Cahn]] || 1957 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=32}} |- | ''[[Zombies on Broadway]]'' (''Loonies on Broadway'') || Gordon Dines & [[Gordon Douglas (director)|Gordon M. Douglas]] || 1945 || {{sfn|Dendle|2011|p=213}} |- | ''[[Zombies! Zombies! Zombies!]]'' || Jason M. Murphy || 2007 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=242-243}} |- | ''[[Zombiez]]'' || [[John Bacchus]] || 2005 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=243–244}} |- | ''[[The Zombinator]]'' || Sergio Myers || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wfmj.com/story/19311469/zombie-movie-shot-in-youngstown-to-premiere-on-the-big-screen-this-fall?clienttype=printable | title = Zombie movie shot in Youngstown to premiere on the big screen this fall | date = August 23, 2012 | work = [[WFMJ|WFMJ.com]] | publisher = WorldNow | access-date = Marso 28, 2019 | archive-date = Nobiyembre 13, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191113130734/https://www.wfmj.com/story/19311469/zombie-movie-shot-in-youngstown-to-premiere-on-the-big-screen-this-fall?clienttype=printable | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[Zone of the Dead]]'' (''Зона мртвих'', ''Zona Mrtvih'', ''Apocalypse of the Dead'') || [[Milan Konjević]] & [[Milan Todorović]] || 2009 || {{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=244-245}} |- | ''[[Zombies (2016 film)|Zombies]]'' || Hamid Torabpour || 2016 || |- | ''[[Zombies (2018 film)|Zombies]]'' || [[Paul Hoen]] || 2018 || |- | ''Zombies In Tha Hood'' || Leon Mitchell || 2016 || |- | ''[[Zoombies]]'' || [[Glenn R. Miller]] || 2016 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/152177/zoombies-trailer-unleashes-undead-monkeys-koalas-parrots-lemurs-lions-and-giraffes-oh-my/|title=Zoombies Trailer Unleashes Undead Monkeys, Koalas, Parrots, Lemurs, Lions, and Giraffes – Oh My!|last=Foy|first=Scott|work=[[Dread Central]]|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=December 22, 2016}}</ref> |- | ''[[Rampant (film)|Rampant]]'' || [[Kim Sung-hoon (director)|Kim Sung-hoon]] || 2018 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Toh|first=Terence|url=https://www.star2.com/entertainment/2018/10/26/rampant-korean-movie-review/|title='Rampant': Horror meets hanboks in gory Korean zombie film|work=star2.com|date=October 26, 2018|accessdate=2018-11-03|archive-date=2018-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104211410/https://www.star2.com/entertainment/2018/10/26/rampant-korean-movie-review/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[One Cut of the Dead]]'' || [[Shinichiro Ueda]] || 2018 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Blair|first=Gavin|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/one-cut-dead-zombie-movie-becomes-a-big-hit-japan-1136288 |title=The $27,000 Zombie Film That Refuses to Die at the Japanese Box Office |work=hollywoodreporter.com|date=August 21, 2018 |accessdate=2018-11-03}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombie Fight Club]]'' || [[Joe Chien]] || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Marsh|first=James|url=https://screenanarchy.com/2014/10/review-zombie-fight-club-is-an-apocalyptic-assault-on-good-taste.html|title=Review: ZOMBIE FIGHT CLUB Is An Apocalyptic Assault On Good Taste |work=screenanarchy.com|date=October 23, 2014 |accessdate=2018-11-03}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombie 108]]'' || [[Joe Chien]] || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Conran|first=Pierce|url=https://screenanarchy.com/2012/08/pifan-2012-review-the-calamitous-zombie-108.html|title=Zombie 108: Filmart Review |work= screenanarchy.com |date=August 14, 2012 |accessdate=2018-11-03}}</ref> |- | ''[[Endzeit (Ever After)]]'' || [[Carolina Hellsgard]] || 2018 || <ref>{{cite web|last= Dalton |first= Stephen |url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/ever-review-1140761 |title= 'Ever After' ('Endzeit'): Film Review TIFF 2018 |work= hollywoodreporter.com |date=July 9, 2018 |accessdate=2018-11-03}}</ref> |- | ''[[Anna and the Apocalypse]]'' || [[John McPhail]] || 2018 || <ref>{{cite web|last= Kuipers |first= Richard |url= https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/anna-and-the-apocalypse-review-1202880729/|title= BiFan Film Review: 'Anna and the Apocalypse' |work= variety.com |date=July 23, 2018 |accessdate=2018-11-03}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Cured]]'' || [[David Freyne]] || 2017 || <ref>{{cite web|last= Bradshaw |first= Peter |url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/may/11/the-cured-review-ellen-page|title= The Cured review – Ellen Page zombie parable cannibalises the classics |work= theguardian.com|date=May 11, 2018 |accessdate=2018-11-03}}</ref> |- | ''[[Phi Ha Ayodhaya (The Black Death)]]'' || [[Chalermchatri Yukol]] || 2015 || <ref>{{cite web|last= Kwai|first= Wise|url= http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/movie/30276335|title= Snapshots and zombies|work= nationmultimedia.com|date= January 1, 2018|accessdate= 2018-11-03|archive-date= 2018-11-03|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210436/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/movie/30276335|url-status= dead}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombie Hunter (film)|Zombie Hunter]]'' || [[Kevin King (director)|Kevin King]] || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|last= DeFore |first= John |url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/zombie-hunter-film-review-613931|title= Zombie Hunter: Film Review|work= hollywoodreporter.com |date=August 24, 2013 |accessdate=2018-11-05}}</ref> |- | ''[[Ravenous (2017 film)|Les Affamés (Ravenous)]]'' || [[Robin Aubert]] || 2017 || <ref>{{cite web|last= Dunlevy |first= T'cha |url= https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/movies/fighting-zombies-quebec-style-les-affames-has-hit-potential |title= Fighting zombies, Quebec style: Les affamés has hit potential |work= montrealgazette.com |date=October 19, 2017 |accessdate=2018-11-05}}</ref> |- | ''[[The End? (2017 film)|In un giorno la fine (The End?)]]'' || [[Daniele Misischia]] || 2017 || <ref>{{cite web |last= Scarpa |first= Vittoria |url= https://www.cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/358100/ |title= Review: The End? |work= cineuropa.org |date= July 30, 2018 |accessdate= 2018-11-05 |archive-date= 2018-11-07 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010123/https://www.cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/358100/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombie Fighters|Krachak Krien (Zombie Fighters)]]'' || [[Poj Arnon]] || 2017 || <ref>{{cite web |last= Yasmine |first= Diella |url= https://jakartaglobe.id/features/zombies-take-traditional-ghosts-thai-horror-comedy-zombie-fighters// |title= Zombies Take Over From Traditional Ghosts in Thai Horror Comedy 'Zombie Fighters' |work= jakartaglobe.id |date= June 9, 2017 |accessdate= 2018-11-05 |archive-date= 2018-11-07 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010537/https://jakartaglobe.id/features/zombies-take-traditional-ghosts-thai-horror-comedy-zombie-fighters// |url-status= dead }}</ref> |- | ''[[Kampung Zombie (Zombie Village)]]'' || [[Billy Christian]] || 2015 || <ref>{{cite web|last= Simanjuntak |first= Tertiani |url= http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/28/kampung-zombie-indonesia-gets-its-first-zombie-flick.html|title= 'Kampung Zombie'Indonesia gets its first zombie flick |work= thejakartapost.com|date=March 28, 2015 |accessdate=2018-11-07}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombi Kampung Pisang|Zombi Kampung Pisang (Zombies from Banana Village)]]'' || [[Mamat Khalid]] || 2007 || <ref>{{cite web|last= Bertolin |first= Paolo |url= http://www.fareastfilm.com/eng/archive/2008/zombi-kampung-pisang/?IDLYT=15535|title= Zombi Kampung Pisang |work= fareastfilm.com|accessdate=2018-11-07}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zombiology: Enjoy Yourself Tonight]]'' || [[Alan Lo Wai-lun]] || 2017 || <ref>{{cite web|last= Lee|first= Edmund |url= https://www.scmp.com/culture/film-tv/article/2100407/film-review-zombiology-enjoy-yourself-tonight-trades-zombie-horror|title= Film review – Zombiology: Enjoy Yourself Tonight trades zombie horror for apocalyptic teen angst |work= scmp.com|date=June 28, 2017 |accessdate=2018-11-07}}</ref> |- | ''[[Zeta (When The Dead Awaken)]]'' || [[Amanda Iswan]] || 2018 || <ref>{{cite web|last= Tanoyo|first= Ipik |url=http://jayakartanews.com/zeta-film-zombie-siap-hantui-bioskop/|title= Zeta, Film Zombie Siap Hantui Bioskop |work=jayakartanews.com|date=May 14, 2018 |accessdate=2018-11-07}}</ref> |- | ''[[Overlord (2018 film)|Overlord]]'' || [[Julius Avery]] || 2018 || <ref>{{cite web|last= Truitti|first= Brian |url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2018/11/09/your-10-burning-questions-wwii-zombie-horror-film-overlord/1927189002/|title=10 burning questions you might have about 'Overlord,' the World War II zombie horror film |work= usatoday.com|date=November 8, 2018 |accessdate=2018-11-09}}</ref> |- |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="white_zombie_A">{{cite web |url=http://www.best-horror-movies.com/white-zombie.html |title=''White Zombie'' (1932) Review |last1=Roberts |first1=Lee |work=best-horror-movies.com |date=Agosto 6, 2012 |accessdate=Nobyembre 5, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730151601/http://www.best-horror-movies.com/white-zombie.html |archivedate=Hulyo 30, 2012 }}</ref> <ref name="white_zombie_C">{{cite news |title=Daze of the Dead 75 years of flesh-eating fun |first=Cole |last=Haddon |newspaper=Orlando Weekly |date=Mayo 10, 2007 |url=http://www.orlandoweekly.com/features/story.asp?id=11537 |accessdate=Nobyembre 5, 2012 |archive-date=Nobiyembre 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106215918/http://www2.orlandoweekly.com/features/story.asp?id=11537 |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{English2|List of zombie films}} [[Kategorya:Pelikula]] dro5r8t9ohm3kxan0vocaq0qp7rrkr2 0 289037 2204278 2176614 2026-04-22T22:38:33Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|lungsod sa Nigeria|estado ng Nigeria kung saang matatagpuan ang Lagos|Estado ng Lagos|Portuges na lungsod|Lagos, Portugal}} <!-- Nagsisimula rito ang Infobox !--> {{Infobox settlement | name = Lagos | official_name = Lagos Metropolitan Area ({{native name|yo|Ìlú Èkó}}) | native_name = Èkó | image_skyline = 2014 Victoria Island Lagos Nigeria 15006436297.jpg | imagesize = 300px | image_caption = Panoramang urbano ng Lagos | image_flag = Lagos State Flag (1967-1970).svg | image_seal = | nickname = ''Eko akete'', ''Lasgidi''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html |title=18th National Sports Festival: Lagos unveils Logo, mascot and website |date=18 Hunyo 2012 |work=[[Premium Times]] |accessdate=2 Oktubre 2012 |location= Abuja, Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/ |title= Eko 2012: Building Branding through Sports, Articles |date=22 August 2012 |work=[[ThisDay]] |accessdate=2 Oktubre 2012 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112111/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/ |archivedate= 24 Disyembre 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | motto = ''Èkó ò ní bàjé o!'' | image_map = Location of Lagos.png | map_caption = Kinaroroonan ng Lagos sa loob ng [[Estado ng Lagos]] | pushpin_map = Nigeria Lagos#Nigeria#Africa#World | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Kinaroroonan ng Lagos sa Nigeria | coordinates = {{coord|6.455027|3.384082|region:NG|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[Talaan ng mga bansa|Bansa]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Nigeria}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Mga estado ng Nigeria|Estado]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Mga lugar ng lokal na pamahalaan ng Nigeria|(Mga) LGA]]{{refn|group=note|Ang Kalakhang Lagos ay binubuo ng 16 sa 20 LGA ng Estado ng Lagos, na hindi kinabibilangan ng [[Badagry]], [[Epe, Estado ng Lagos|Epe]], [[Ibeju-Lekki]] at [[Ikorodu]].<ref name="metrolagospop">{{cite web |url= http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-metrolagos.php |title=Metro Lagos (Nigeria): Local Government Areas |publisher=City Population |date=21 Marso 2015 |accessdate= 26 Oktubre 2015}}</ref><ref name="metropolitan Lagos">{{cite web |url= https://ng.boell.org/2015/07/02/lagos-and-its-potentials-economic-growth |title=Lagos and Its Potentials for Economic Growth |date=2 Hulyo 2015 |accessdate= 26 Oktubre 2015}}</ref>}} | subdivision_name1 = [[Estado ng Lagos|Lagos]] | subdivision_name2 = {{collapsible list |title=Talaan ng mga LGA |'''Sa pulo''' |[[Amuwo-Odofin]] |[[Apapa]] |[[Eti-Osa]]{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Ikoyi-Obalande at Pulo ng Iru-Victoria na mga LCDA lamang}} |[[Pulo ng Lagos]] |'''Sa kalupaan'''|[[Ajeromi-Ifelodun]]|[[Kalupaang Lagos]]|[[Surulere]] |'''Sa naik''' |[[Agege]] | [[Alimosho]] |[[Ifako-Ijaiye]] | [[Ikeja]] |[[Kosofe]] |[[Mushin, Lagos|Mushin]] |[[Ojo, Estado ng Lagos|Ojo]] |[[Oshodi-Isolo]] |[[Shomolu]] |}} | established_title = Tinirahan | established_date = Ika-15 na dantaon | founder = Sub-pangkat na [[mga Awori]] ng [[mga Yoruba]]<ref name=urban>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=wKc5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA427&dq=|page=427|title=Encyclopedia of Urban Studies|author= Ray Hutchison|publisher=SAGE|year=2009|isbn=978-1-412-9143-21}}</ref> | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_title1 = [[Oba ng Lagos|Oba]] | leader_name1 = [[Rilwan Akiolu]] I | area_footnotes = <ref name="metrolagospop"/> | area_total_km2 = 1171.28 | area_land_km2 = 999.6 | area_water_km2 = 171.68 | area_urban_km2 = 907 | area_metro_km2 = 2706.7 | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = 135 | population_total = 6,048,430 | population_as_of = Senso 2006 | population_footnotes = {{refn|group=note|Ang Kalakhang Lagos ay binubuo ng 16 sa 20 LGA ng Estado ng Lagos, na hindi kinabibilangan ng: [[Badagry]], [[Epe, Estado ng Lagos|Epe]], [[Ibeju-Lekki]] at [[Ikorodu]].<ref name="metrolagospop"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA025 | title=Lagos (State, Nigeria) | publisher=population.de | accessdate=25 Hulyo 2016}}</ref>}} | population_density_km2 = 6,871 | population_est = 16,060,303<ref name="LASG">{{cite web |url= http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |title= Population-Lagos State |publisher=Lagos State Government |accessdate=21 Pebrero 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094514/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |archive-date= 18 Oktubre 2015}}</ref> | pop_est_as_of = Pagtataya ng [[Lagos State Government|LASG]] noong 2012 | population_urban = 13,123,000<ref name=Demographia>{{cite book |author1=Demographia |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |date=Enero 2015 |edition=11th |url= http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |accessdate=2 Marso 2015}}</ref> | population_density_urban_km2 = 14,469 | population_metro = 21,000,000 (pagtataya)<ref name="Lagos State Government"/> | population_density_metro_km2 = 7,759 | population_rank = [[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Nigeria#Talaan ng mga lungsod ayon sa populasyon|Pang-1]] | population_demonym = ''Lagosian'' | demographics_type1 = [[Talaan ng mga lungsod ayon sa Kabuuan ng Gawang Katutubo|GDP]] | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = | area_code = [[Mga bilang ng telepono sa Nigeria|010]]<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&pg=PA87&redir_esc=y |title= Bradt Travel Guides |edition=3rd |publisher= Paperback |isbn=978-1-8416-2397-9 |first= Lizzie |last=Williams |page=87 |accessdate= 26 Hulyo 2014}}</ref> | website =https://lagosstate.gov.ng/ | footnotes = {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} | type = Metropolis | demographics1_info1 = | demographics1_title2 = | demographics1_info2 = | demographics1_title3 = | demographics1_info3 = | timezone = [[Oras ng Kanlurang Aprika|WAT]] (UTC+1) | utc_offset = +1 | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Klima]] | blank_info = [[Klimang tropikal na sabana|Aw]] }} <!-- Nagtatapos dito ang Infobox !--> Ang '''Lagos''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|eɪ|ɡ|ɒ|s}};<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/lagos |title= Lagos |publisher= Oxford Dictionary |accessdate= 28 Nobyembre 2015 |archive-date= 2016-08-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160820020917/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/lagos |url-status= dead }}</ref> {{Lang-yo|Èkó}}) ay isang [[lungsod]] sa [[Estado ng Nigeria|estado]] ng [[Estado ng Lagos|Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]. Kasama ang karugtong nitong ''[[conurbation]]'',ang lungsod ay [[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Nigeria#Talaan ng mga lungsod ayon sa populasyon|ang pinakamatao sa Nigeria]] at sa [[Aprika|kontinente ng Aprika]]. Isa ito sa pinakamabilis na lumalagong lungsod sa mundo<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tk5TP7bsXnkC&pg=PA202&dq= |title=African Cities Driving the NEPAD Initiative |agency= UN-HABITAT |year=2006 |isbn= 978-9-211318159 |page=202}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sMnj88kYVmcC&pg=PT60&dq= |title=Key Concepts in Creative Industries |page=47 |author1= John Hartley |author2=Jason Potts |author3=Terry Flew|author4= Stuart Cunningham |author5= Michael Keane|author6= John Banks |publisher= SAGE |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-446-2028-90}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQJb1QpZz_4C&pg=PA118&dq= |title=Cultures and Globalization: Cities, Cultural Policy and Governance |page=118 |author1=Helmut K Anheier |author2=Yudhishthir Raj Isar |publisher= SAGE |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-446-2585-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oy-de29AtvYC&pg=PA163 |title=Hidden Innovation: Policy, Industry and the Creative Sector (Creative Economy and Innovation Culture Se Series) |author=Stuart Cunningham |publisher= Univ. of Queensland Press |page=163 |year=2013 |isbn= 978-0-702-2509-89}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rQ_ZLuqZT54C&pg=PA71&dq= |title=Cities and Nature |page=7 |publisher=Routledge Critical Introductions to Urbanism and the City |author1= Lisa Benton-Short |author2=John Rennie Short |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-134252749}}</ref><ref name=afropolis>{{cite web |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9lcn62brtGQC&pg=PA18&dq=|title=Afropolis: City Media Art |author1=Kerstin Pinther |author2=Larissa Förster |author3=Christian Hanussek|publisher=Jacana Media |year=2012 |page=18|isbn=978-1-431-4032-57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8JPIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66&dq= |title=The Land/Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa Estuaries of the World |author1=Salif Diop |author2= Jean-Paul Barusseau |page=66 |author3=Cyr Descamps |publisher=Springer |year=2014 |isbn=978-3-319-0638-81}}</ref> at isa sa pinakamataong mga [[pook urbano]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/08/opinion/what-makes-lagos-a-model-city.html?_r=0 |title= What Makes Lagos a Model City |newspaper=New York Times |date=7 Enero 2014 |accessdate=16 Marso 2015}}</ref><ref name="John Campbell">{{cite news |url= https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/this-is-africas-new-biggest-city-lagos-nigeria-population-25-million/259611/ |title= This Is Africa's New Biggest City: Lagos, Nigeria, Population 21 Million |author=John Campbell |date=10 Hulyo 2012 |work=The Atlantic |location= Washington DC |accessdate= 23 Setyembre 2012}}</ref> Ang Lagos ay isang pangunahing [[sentro ng pananalapi]] sa Aprika; ang ''[[megacity]]'' ay may pang-apat na pinakamataas na GDP sa Aprika<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/richest-cities-in-africa|title=These cities are the hubs of Africa’s economic boom|date=2018-10-04|website=Big Think|language=Ingles|access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref><ref name="metropolitan Lagos"/> at naririto ang isa sa [[Apapa|pinakamalaki at pinakamaabalang mga pantalang pandagat]] sa kontinente.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://businesstech.co.za/news/general/81995/africas-biggest-shipping-ports/ |title= Africa's biggest shipping ports |publisher= Businesstech |date=8 March 2015 |accessdate= 26 Oktubre 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=E-VwMKQlGjIC |title=Africa, Volume 1 of Cities of the World: a compilation of current information on cultural, geographical, and political conditions in the countries and cities of six continents, based on the Department of State's "post reports" |author1=Brian Rajewski |publisher=Gale Research International, Limited |year=1998 |isbn= 978-0-810-3769-22}}</ref><ref name=global>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Lzt7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315&dq= |page=315 |title= Global Gentrifications: Uneven Development and Displacement |author1=Loretta Lees |author2= Hyun Bang Shin |author3= Ernesto López Morales |publisher=Policy Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-447-3134-89}}</ref> Unang lumitaw ang Lagos bilang isang [[pantalang lungsod]] na nagsimula sa isang kumpól ng mga pulo, na nakapaloob sa kasalukuyang mga pook ng lokal na pamahalan ([[Talaan ng mga pook ng lokal na pamahalaan ng Estado ng Lagos ayon sa populasyon|mga LGA]]) ng [[Pulo ng Lagos]], [[Eti-Osa]], [[Amuwo-Odofin]] at [[Apapa]]. Ang mga pulo ay hinihiwalay ng [[Wawa|mga sapa]] na nakagilid sa timog-kanlurang bunganga ng [[Danaw ng Lagos]], habang nakaprotekta ito mula sa [[Karagatang Atlantiko]] sa pamamagitan ng mga [[pulong barrera]] at ng mahabang mga ''[[sand spit]]'' tulad ng Bar Beach na umaabot nang 100 kilometro (62 milya) sa silangan at sa kanluran ng bunganga. Dahil sa mabilis na urbanisasyon, lumawak ang lungsod pakanluran ng danaw upang masama ang mga lugar sa kasalukuyang [[Kalupaang Lagos]], [[Ajeromi-Ifelodun]] at [[Surulere]]. Nagbunga ito sa klasipikasyon ng Lagos sa dalawang pangunahing mga lugar: ang ''[[Lagos#Island|Island]]'' na unang lungsod ng Lagos bago lumawak ito sa pook na kilala bilang ''[[Lagos#Kalupaan|Mainland]]''.<ref name="Lagos Case Study">{{cite web |url= http://water.tkk.fi/wr/tutkimus/glob/publications/Haapala/pdf-files/CASE%20STUDY%20OF%20LAGOS.pdf |title= CASE STUDY OF LAGOS |accessdate=27 Nobyembre 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195932/http://water.tkk.fi/wr/tutkimus/glob/publications/Haapala/pdf-files/CASE%20STUDY%20OF%20LAGOS.pdf |archivedate= 4 Marso 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Ang lugar ng lungsod na ito ay tuwirang pinamamahalaan ng Pamahalaang Pederal sa pamamagitan ng ''Konsehong Panlungsod ng Lagos'', hanggang sa itinatag ang [[Estado ng Lagos]] noong 1967 na nagbunga sa paghihiwalay ng lungsod ng Lagos sa kasalukuyang pitong [[Talaan ng mga pook ng lokal na pamahalaan ng Estado ng Lagos ayon sa populasyon|mga Pook ng Lokal na Pamahalaan]] o ''Local Government Areas'' (''LGAs''), at ang pagdagdag ng ibang mga bayan (na ngayon ay bumubuo sa 13 mga LGA) mula sa noo'y ''[[Western Region, Nigeria|Western Region]]'', upang mabuo ang estado.<ref name="Lagos State Information"/> Ang Lagos na pederal na kabisera ng Nigeria mula nang sinama nito noong 1914 ay naging kabisera ng [[Estado ng Lagos]] pagkaraan ng pagtatag nito. Ngunit ang pang-estadong kabisera ay inilipat sa [[Ikeja]] noong 1976, at sa [[Abuja]] naman ang pederal na kabisera noong 1991. Kahit na malawakang tinutukoy pa ring isang "lungsod" ang Lagos, ang kasalukuyang Lagos na kilala rin bilang "'''Kalakhang Lagos'''" at opisyal na "'''Kalakhang Pook ng Lagos'''" ({{lang-en|Lagos Metropolitan Area}})<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ng.boell.org/2014/07/29/flood-free-lagos-regional-imperative | title=A Flood-Free Lagos: The Regional Imperative | accessdate=27 Nobyembre 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://online.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/abs/10.3828/lhr.61.1.49 | title=The Travails of Migrant and Wage Labour in the Lagos Metropolitan Area in the Inter-War Years | publisher=Liverpool University Press | accessdate=27 Nobyembre 2015 | author=Olukoju, Ayodeji }}{{Dead link|date=Nobiyembre 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL1.12&d=HASH2fc4be0b5391fe0cf5027a.5.fc | title=Lagos Metropolitan Area: Scope and scale of the shelter problem | accessdate=27 Nobyembre 2015}}</ref> ay isang [[aglomerasyong urbano]] o ''[[conurbation]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url=http://goarticles.com/article/Lagos-is-wonderful-and-charming-conurbation-of-Nigeria-to-visit/6185807/ | title=Lagos is wonderful and charming conurbation of Nigeria to visit | publisher=Go Articles | date=6 Marso 2012 | accessdate=27 Nobyembre 2015 | author=Caprio, Charles | archive-date=24 Pebrero 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224195724/http://goarticles.com/article/Lagos-is-wonderful-and-charming-conurbation-of-Nigeria-to-visit/6185807/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> na binubuo ng 20 mga LGA, 32 mga LCDA kasama ang [[Ikeja]] na kabisera ng estado ng Lagos.<ref name="metropolitan Lagos"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nigeriacongress.org/FGN/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=lagos | title=Administrative Levels - Lagos State | publisher=Nigeria Congress | accessdate=27 Nobyembre 2015 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225234623/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/fgn/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=Lagos | archivedate=25 Disyembre 2005 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Bumubuo lamang ang ''conurbation'' sa 37% ng kabuuang lawak ng lupa ng estado, ngunit tinitirhan ng humigit-kumulang na 85% ng kabuuang populasyon ng [[estado]].<ref name="metropolitan Lagos"/><ref name="Lagos State Information">{{cite web | url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/information/details/Lagos | title=Lagos State Information | publisher=National Bureau of Statistics | accessdate=25 Oktubre 2015 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109140122/http://nigerianstat.gov.ng/information/details/Lagos | archivedate=9 Nobyembre 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |title=Population - Lagos State |publisher=Lagos State Government |accessdate=27 Nobyembre 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094514/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |archivedate=18 Oktubre 2015 |df= }}</ref> Pinagtatalunan ang eksaktong bilang ng populasyon ng Kalakhang Lagos. Ayon sa datos ng pederal na senso noong 2006, ang ''conurbation'' ay may kabuuang populasyon ng humigit-kumulang 8 milyong katao.<ref name=Metropolitan_Lagos_population>Summing the 16 LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos (Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Apapa, Eti-Osa, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Ojo, Oshodi-Isolo, Shomolu, Surulere) as per:<br/>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf |title=2006 Population Census |date=Mayo 2007 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of Nigeria |accessdate=14 Setyembre 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626113456/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf |archivedate=26 Hunyo 2011 |df= }}</ref> Subalit pinagtalunan ito ng [[Pamahalaang Estado ng Lagos]] na naglabas ng sarili nitong datos ng populasyon paglaon. Ayon dito, nasa humigit-kumulang 16 milyong katao ang populasyon ng Lagos.{{refn|group=note|Ang Kalakhang Lagos ay binubuo ng 16 sa 20 LGA ng Estado ng Lagos, na hindi kinabibilangan ng [[Badagry]], [[Epe, Estado ng Lagos|Epe]], [[Ibeju-Lekki]] at [[Ikorodu]].<ref name="metrolagospop"/><ref name="Lagos State Government">{{cite web|url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |title=Population-Lagos State |publisher=Lagos State Government |accessdate=21 February 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094514/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |archivedate=18 Oktubre 2015 |df= }}</ref>}} Magmula noong 2015, inilalagay ng hindi opisyal na mga bilang ang populasyon ng "'''Malawakang Kalakhang Lagos'''" ({{lang-en|Greater Metropolitan Lagos}}), na kinabibilangan ng Lagos at nakapalibot nitong kalakhang pook na umaabot sa malayong dako sa [[Estado ng Ogun]], sa humigit-kumulang 21 milyong katao.<ref name="metrolagospop"/><ref name="Lagos State Information"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |publisher=Lagos State Government |title=Population |year=2011 |accessdate=3 Nobyembre 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094514/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |archivedate=18 Oktubre 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref name="The sustainable city">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=wmk3mCrMDTQC&pg=PA160&lpg=PA160&dq=153,540+hectares&source=bl&ots=YvhP_gLLtJ&sig=pahpYsMVHv76v0sodUok-_mrPh4&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=153%2C540%20hectares&f=false | title=The Sustainable City VII: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability | year=2012}}</ref> ==Mga pandaigdigang ugnayan== ===Mga kambal at kapatid na lungsod=== {{See also|Talaan ng mga kambal at kapatid na lungsod sa Aprika#Nigeria|l1=Talaan ng mga kambal at kapatid na lungsod sa Nigeria}} [[Mga kambal at kapatid na lungsod|Magkakambal]] ang Lagos sa:<ref name=SC>{{cite web |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Lagos,%20Nigeria |publisher=SisterCities International |title=Lagos, Nigeria |location=Washington DC, USA |accessdate=2015-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171311/http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Lagos,%20Nigeria |archive-date=14 Hulyo 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Gary, Indiana]], Estados Unidos, mula noong 1991<ref name=SC/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/19703233/ |date=25 Nobyembre 1991 |title=The Kokomo Tribune from Kokomo, Indiana · Page 21 |journal=The Kokomo Tribune |location=Kokomo, Indiana |page=21 |format=PDF |accessdate=2015-03-28 |via=Newspapers.com (Lindon, UT, USA)}}</ref> *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Atlanta, Georgia]], Estados Unidos, mula noong 1974<ref name=SC/> ==Talababa== {{Reflist|group=note}} ==Mga sanggunian== {{Reflist|30em}} 149. ^http://www.faan.gov.ng/mmia/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623050548/http://www.faan.gov.ng/mmia/ |date=2017-06-23 }} ==Mga karagdagang babasahin== * [[Alastair Leithead|Leithead, Alastair]] (Agosto 2017). ''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/lagos The city that won't stop growing: How can Lagos cope with its spiralling population?],'' BBC ==Mga kawing panlabas== {{commonscat|Lagos, Nigeria}} {{wikivoyage|Lagos}} * [http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/ Opisyal na websayt ng Lagos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215013033/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/ |date=2008-02-15 }} * [http://www.lagosjudiciary.gov.ng/ Hudikatura ng Estado] {{Largest_cities_of_Nigeria}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorya:Mga lungsod sa Nigeria]] raditdhmhbzza0adtap6qb1p4gc72d2 0 289065 2204300 2124972 2026-04-22T23:46:49Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204300 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''mga sumpong ng pagkataranta''', '''mga sumpong ng pagkasindak''' o '''mga pag-atake ng pagkataranta''' ({{lang-en|panic attacks}}) ay dalusong ng matinding [[takot]] na maaaring may kasamang mabilis na tibok ng puso, labis na pagpapawis, panginginig, igsi ng paghinga, pamamanhid, o pakiramdam na may isang masamang bagay na mangyayari.<ref>"[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml Anxiety Disorders]". ''NIMH''. March 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160929085938/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml Archived] from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</ref><ref name=":0">American Psychiatric Association (2013), ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)'', Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, pp. 214–217, ISBN 978-0890425558</ref> Ang pinakamataas na antas ng mga sintomas ay nangyayari sa loob ng ilang minuto.<ref name=":0" /> Kadalasan tumatagal ang mga ito ng tatlumpung minuto ngunit maaaring magtagal ng mga ilan lamang na segundo hanggang ilang oras.<ref>Bandelow, Borwin; Domschke, Katharina; Baldwin, David (2013). ''[https://books.google.ca/books?id=T4RnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT9#v=onepage&q&f=false Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia]''. OUP Oxford. p. Chapter 1. ISBN <bdi>9780191004261</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094616/https://books.google.ca/books?id=T4RnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT9#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on 20 December 2016.</ref> Maaaring magkaroon ng pangamba na mawalan ng kontrol o magkaroon ng sakit sa dibdib.<ref name=":0" /> Ang panic attack ay hindi karaniwang pisikal na mapanganib.<ref name=":1">Craske, MG; Stein, MB (24 June 2016). "Anxiety". ''Lancet''. '''388''' (10063): 3048–3059. doi:[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30381-6/fulltext 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30381-6]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27349358 27349358].</ref><ref>"[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms/index.shtml Panic Disorder: When Fear Overwhelms]". ''NIMH''. 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161004191711/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms/index.shtml Archived] from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</ref> Maaaring mangyari ang mga panic attack dahil sa maraming karamdaman na kabilang ang panic disorder, disorder ng pagkabalisa sa lipunan, post traumatic stress disorder, disorder sa paggamit ng droga, depression, at mga problemang pang medikal.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Geddes, John; Price, Jonathan; McKnight, Rebecca (2012). ''Psychiatry''. OUP Oxford. p. 298. ISBN <bdi>9780199233960</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161004230957/https://books.google.ca/books?id=F4THKWvbAPEC&pg=PA298#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on 4 October 2016.</ref> Maaari silang ma-trigger o mangyari nang hindi inaasahan.<ref name=":0" /> Ang paninigarilyo, [[kapeina]], at sikolohikal na stress ay nagdaragdag ng panganib na magkaroon ng panic attack.<ref name=":0" /> Bago ang diagnosis, ang mga kondisyon na may mga katulad na sintomas ay dapat na ipasiyang pawiin, tulad ng hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, sakit sa puso, sakit sa baga, at paggamit ng droga.<ref name=":0" /> Ang pag-gamot ng mga panic attack ay dapat na itutungo sa pinagbabatayan dahilan.<ref name=":1" /> Sa mga madalas na pag-atake, ang pagpapayo o mga gamot ay maaaring gamitin.<ref>Ghadri, Jelena-Rima; et al. (June 7, 2018). "International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part I): Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Criteria, and Pathophysiology". ''European Heart Journal''. '''39''' (22): 2032–2046. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/22/2032/5025412 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy076.]</ref> Ang pagsasanay sa paghinga at mga diskarte sa relaxation ng kalamnan ay maaari ring makatulong.<ref>Roth, WT (2010). "Diversity of effective treatments of panic attacks: what do they have in common?". ''Depression and Anxiety''. '''27''' (1): 5–11. doi:[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/da.20601 10.1002/da.20601]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20049938 20049938].</ref> Ang mga apektado ay nasa mas mataas na panganib na magpakamatay.<ref name=":0" /> Sa Europa mga 3% ng populasyon ay may panic attack sa isang naibigay na taon habang sa Estados Unidos ay nakakaapekto sila sa 11%.<ref name=":0" /> Ang mga ito ay mas karaniwan sa mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki.<ref name=":0" /> Sila ay madalas na magsisimula sa panahon ng pagdadalaga o maagang pag-adulto.<ref name=":0" /> Ang mga bata at mas lumang mga tao ay hindi gaanong apektado.<ref name=":0" /> == Mga tanda at sintomas == Ang mga taong may mga panic attack ay kadalasang nag-uulat ng takot sa pagkamatay o pag-atake sa puso, paningin na pangitain, pagkahilo o pagkahilo, pamamanhid sa buong katawan, mabigat na paghinga at pagpapakamatay, o kawalan ng kontrol sa katawan. Ang ilang mga tao din ay nagdusa mula sa paningin ng tunel, karamihan dahil sa daloy ng dugo umaalis sa ulo sa mas kritikal na bahagi ng katawan sa pagtatanggol. Ang mga damdaming ito ay maaaring makapukaw ng isang malakas na pagnanasa upang makatakas o tumakas sa lugar kung saan nagsimula ang pag-atake (isang resulta ng "tugon ng paglaban-o-flight", kung saan ang hormon na nagiging sanhi ng tugon na ito ay inilabas sa mga mahahalagang halaga). Ang pagtugon na ito ay nagbaha sa katawan na may mga hormone, partikular na epinephrine (adrenaline), na tumutulong sa pagtatanggol laban sa pinsala.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Edmund_Bourne|Bourne, E.]] (2005). ''The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook'', 4th Edition: [[:en:New_Harbinger_Publications|New Harbinger Press]].^{[''page needed'']}</ref>Ang panic attack ay isang tugon ng sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Ang pinaka-karaniwang sintomas ay kinabibilangan ng panginginig, dyspnea (igsi ng hininga), palpitations ng puso, sakit sa dibdib (o paghigpit ng dibdib), mainit na flashes, malamig na flashes, nasusunog na sensations (lalo na sa facial o leeg area), sweating, pagduduwal, pagkahilo (o bahagyang pagkahilo), pagkahilo, hyperventilation, paresthesias (pangingilabot ng tingling), sensations ng choking o smothering, kahirapan sa paglipat, at derealization. Ang mga pisikal na sintomas ay binibigyang-kahulugan na may alarma sa mga taong madaling kapitan ng sindak atake. Nagreresulta ito sa pagtaas ng pagkabalisa at bumubuo ng isang positibong feedback loop.<ref>Klerman, Gerald L.; Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.; Weissman, Myrna M. (1993). ''Panic Anxiety and Its Treatments: Report of the World Psychiatric Association Presidential Educational Program Task Force''. American Psychiatric Association. p. 44. ISBN <bdi>978-0-88048-684-2</bdi>.</ref> Ang paghinga ng paghinga at sakit sa dibdib ay ang mga nangingibabaw na sintomas. Ang mga taong nakakaranas ng isang panic attack ay maaaring hindi tama na ipatungkol ang mga ito sa isang atake sa puso at sa gayon ay humingi ng paggamot sa isang emergency room. Dahil ang sakit sa dibdib at kakulangan ng paghinga ay mga sintomas ng mga sakit sa cardiovascular, kabilang ang hindi matatag na angina at myocardial infarction (atake sa puso), isang diagnosis ng pagbubukod (namumuno sa iba pang mga kondisyon) ay dapat isagawa bago pag-diagnose ng panic attack. Mahalaga na gawin ito para sa mga tao na hindi alam ang katayuan ng kalusugan ng isip at puso. Magagawa ito gamit ang electrocardiogram at mga pagtasa sa kalusugan ng isip. Ang mga panic attack ay nakikilala mula sa iba pang mga anyo ng pagkabalisa sa pamamagitan ng kanilang intensity at ang kanilang biglaang, episodikong kalikasan.<ref name=":2" /> Kadalasan ay nakaranas sila ng kasabay ng mga problema sa pagkabalisa at iba pang mga sikolohikal na kalagayan, bagaman ang mga pag-atake ng panikil ay hindi pangkaraniwang nagpapahiwatig ng sakit sa isip. == Mga dahilan == May mga pang-matagalang, biological, kapaligiran, at panlipunang mga sanhi ng mga panic attacks. Noong 1993, ang Fava et al. nagpanukala ng isang paraan ng pagtatanghal ng dula ng pag-unawa sa mga pinagmulan ng mga karamdaman. Ang unang yugto sa pagbuo ng isang disorder ay nagsasangkot ng mga predisposing mga kadahilanan, tulad ng genetika, pagkatao, at kawalan ng kasiyahan.<ref>Cosci, Fiammetta. [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-44462012000500003 "The psychological development of panic disorder: implications for neurobiology and treatment".] ''SciELO''. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. Retrieved 11 March 2018.</ref> Ang panic disorder ay madalas na nangyayari sa unang bahagi ng adulthood, bagaman maaaring lumitaw ito sa anumang edad. Ito ay madalas na nangyayari sa mga kababaihan at mas madalas sa mga taong may katamtamang katalinuhan. Ang pag-aaral tunkol sa mga kambal kung saan ang isang magkaparehong kambal ay may isang pagkabalisa disorder na iniulat ng isang 31-88% saklaw ng iba pang mga twin din sa pagkakaroon ng isang diagnosis pagkabalisa disorder.<ref name=":3">[citation needed]</ref>Maaaring kabilang sa biological causes ang obsessive compulsive disorder, Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome, post traumatic stress disorder, hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism, Wilson's disease, mitral valve prolapse, pheochromocytoma, at panloob na disturbance sa tainga (labyrinthitis). Ang dysregulation ng norepinephrine system sa locus ceruleus, isang lugar ng utak stem, ay naka-link sa mga panic attacks.<ref>Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan (2013). ''(Ab)normal Psychology'' (6th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN <bdi>9780078035388</bdi>.</ref> Ang mga pag-atake ng sindak ay maaaring mangyari din dahil sa mga short-term stressors. Ang kapansin-pansing personal na pagkawala, kabilang ang isang emosyonal na attachment sa isang romantikong kasosyo, mga paglilipat ng buhay, at mga makabuluhang pagbabago sa buhay ay maaaring makapag-trigger ng isang panic attack. Ang isang tao na may balisa, sobrang pangangailangan para sa muling pagtiyak, hypochondriacal fears,<ref name=":7">Taylor, Barr (2006). [). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1444 "Panic disorder".] ''BMJ''. '''332''' (7547): 951–955. doi:[oi:[https://www.bmj.com/content/332/7547 10.1136/bmj.332.7547.951.] PMC [MC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1444 1444835]. PMID [ID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1662 16627512.]</ref> overcautious na pagtingin sa mundo,<ref name=":2" /> at ang pinagsama-samang pagkapagod ay nauugnay sa mga panic attacks. Sa mga kabataan, ang mga social transitions ay maaaring maging sanhi din.<ref>William T. O‘Donohue,· Lorraine T. Benuto, Lauren Woodward Tolle (eds, 2013). Handbook of Adolescent Health Psychology, Springer, New York. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4614-6632-1</nowiki>. Page 511</ref> Ang mga tao ay kadalasang nakakaranas ng mga panic attacks bilang isang direktang resulta ng pagkakalantad sa isang bagay o sitwasyon na mayroon silang isang takot para doon. Ang mga panic attacks ay maaari ring maging sitwasyon kapag ang ilang mga sitwasyon ay nauugnay sa takot dahil sa dati na nakakaranas ng pag-atake sa partikular na sitwasyon. Ang mga tao ay maaaring magkaroon ng isang cognitive o pang-asal na predisposition sa pagkakaroon ng sindak-atake sa ilang mga sitwasyon. Ang ilang pagpapanatili ng mga dahilan ay kinabibilangan ng pag-iwas sa mga sitwasyon na nakakagulat sa paninigarilyo o kapaligiran, pagkabalisa / negatibong pagsasalita sa sarili ("pag-iisip ng what-if"), maling mga paniniwala ("ang mga sintomas na ito ay mapanganib"), at hindi pinigilan ang mga damdamin. Ang hyperventilation syndrome ay maaaring mangyari kapag ang isang tao ay humihinga mula sa dibdib, na maaaring humantong sa overbreathing (exhaling labis na carbon dioxide na may kaugnayan sa dami ng oxygen sa dugo ng isa). Ang hyperventilation syndrome ay maaaring maging sanhi ng respiratory alkalosis at hypocapnia. Ang sindrom na ito ay kadalasang nagsasangkot din ng mga kilalang bibig na humihinga. Ito ay nagiging sanhi ng isang kumpol ng mga sintomas, kabilang ang mabilis na matalo ng puso, pagkahilo, at pagkakasakit ng ulo, na maaaring mag-trigger ng mga panic attacks.<ref name=":3" /> Ang mga panic attacks ay maaaring sanhi din ng mga sangkap. Ang pagpapihit o minarkahang pagbabawas sa dosis ng isang sangkap tulad ng isang gamot (withdrawal ng gamot), halimbawa isang antidepressant (antidepressant discontinuation syndrome), ay maaaring maging sanhi ng isang panic attack. Ayon sa Harvard Mental Health Letter, "ang pinaka-karaniwang naiulat na mga epekto ng paninigarilyo ng marihuwana ay ang pagkabalisa at panic attack. Sinasabi ng mga pag-aaral na mga 20% hanggang 30% ng mga gumagamit ng libangan ay nakakaranas ng mga problema pagkatapos ng marijuana."<ref>[https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/medical-marijuana-2018011513085 "Archived copy".] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160821162716/http://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/medical-marijuana-and-the-mind Archived] from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-14.</ref> Ang isang pangkaraniwang denamineytor ng kasalukuyang psychiatric approach sa panic disorder ay walang tunay na panganib na umiiral, at ang pagkabalisa ng tao ay hindi nararapat.<ref>Gorman, JM; Kent, JM; Sullivan, GM; Coplan, JD (April 2000). "Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised". ''The American Journal of Psychiatry''. '''157''' (4): 493–505. doi:[https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=174050& 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.493.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814151932/https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=174050& |date=2019-08-14 }} PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10739407 10739407].</ref> === Panic disorder (pagkabalisa ng panic) === {{Main|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder Panic disorder]}}Ang mga taong na may paulit-ulit na pag-atake o nadarama ang malubhang pagkabalisa tungkol sa pagkakaroon ng isa pang pag-atake ay sinasabing may panic disorder. Ang kaguluhan ng takot ay kapansin-pansing naiiba mula sa iba pang mga uri ng mga sakit sa pagkabalisa sa mga panic attacks na kadalasan ay bigla at hindi pinagtutuunan.<ref>[https://familydoctor.org/condition/panic-disorder/ Panic Disorder – familydoctor.org] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203235458/http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/panic-disorder.html Archived] 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Gayunpaman, ang mga panic attacks na naranasan ng mga may panic disorder ay maaari ding maiugnay o palakasin ng ilang mga lugar o sitwasyon, na ginagawang mahirap ang pang-araw-araw na buhay.<ref>"[https://www.nami.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Inform_Yourself/About_Mental_Illness/By_Illness/Anxiety_Disorders.htm Anxiety Disorders]" [https://web.archive.org/web/20140412144344/http://www.nami.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Inform_Yourself/About_Mental_Illness/By_Illness/Anxiety_Disorders.htm Archived] 12 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine</ref> === Agorapobya (takot sa kalawakan) === {{Main|Agorapobya}} Ang agorapobya ay isang pagkabalisa disorder na una ay binubuo ng takot sa nakakaranas ng isang mahirap o nakakahiya sitwasyon mula sa kung saan ang sufferer ay hindi maaaring makatakas. Ang mga pag-atake ng sindak ay karaniwang nakaugnay sa agorapobya at ang takot na hindi makatakas sa isang masamang sitwasyon.<ref>''The Cochrane Library: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews''. 1996. doi:[https://cochrane/doi/book/10.1002/14651858 10.1002/14651858.]{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bilang resulta, ang mga malubhang sufferers ng agoraphobia ay maaaring nakakulong sa kanilang mga tahanan, nakakaranas ng kahirapan sa paglalakbay mula sa "safe place".<ref>"[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/agoraphobia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355987 Agoraphobia]". MayoClinic.com. 21 April 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120624042624/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/agoraphobia/DS00894 Archived] from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-15.</ref> Ang salitang agorapobya ay isang Ingles na bersyon ng mga salitang Griyego na agora (αγορά) at phobos (φόβος). Ang terminong "agora" ay tumutukoy sa lugar kung saan ang mga sinaunang Greeks ay ginagamit upang tipunin at pag-usapan ang mga isyu ng lungsod, kaya karaniwang naaangkop sa anumang o lahat ng mga pampublikong lugar; gayunpaman ang kakanyahan ng agorapobya ay isang takot sa mga pag-atake ng sindak lalo na kung nagaganap ito sa publiko bilang ang biktima ay maaaring makaramdam na parang hindi siya makatakas. Sa kaso ng agorapobya na dulot ng panlipunang pagkakatulog o pagkabalisa sa panlipunan, ang mga nagdurusa ay maaaring napahiya sa pamamagitan ng pagkakaroon ng sumpong ng pagkataranta sa publiko sa unang lugar. Ang salin na ito ang dahilan ng karaniwang maling kuru-kuro na ang agorapobya ay isang takot sa mga bukas na puwang, at hindi tumpak na klinikal. Ang agorapobya, tulad ng inilarawan sa ganitong paraan, ay talagang isang sintomas ng mga propesyonal na suriin para sa kapag gumagawa ng isang diagnosis ng panic disorder. Ang mga tao na nagkaroon ng sumpong ng pagkataranta sa ilang mga sitwasyon ay maaaring bumuo ng hindi makatwiran takot, na tinatawag na mga [[pobya]], sa mga sitwasyong ito at simulan upang maiwasan ang mga ito. Sa huli, ang pattern ng pag-iwas at antas ng pagkabalisa tungkol sa isa pang pag-atake ay maaaring maabot ang punto kung saan ang mga indibidwal na may panic disorder ay hindi makapag-drive o kahit na lumabas sa bahay. Sa yugtong ito, ang tao ay sinasabing may panic disorder na may agorapobya. === Experimentally induced (eksperimento na sapilitan) === Ang mga sintomas ng panic attack ay maaaring eksperimento na nakatuon sa laboratoryo sa pamamagitan ng iba't ibang paraan. Kabilang sa mga ito, para sa mga layuning pananaliksik, sa pamamagitan ng pangangasiwa ng bolus na iniksyon ng neuropeptide cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4).<ref>Leicht, Gregor; Mulert, Christoph; Eser, Daniela; Sämann, Philipp G.; Ertl, Matthias; Laenger, Anna; Karch, Susanne; Pogarell, Oliver; Meindl, Thomas; Czisch, Michael; Rupprecht, Rainer (2013). "Benzodiazepines Counteract Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activation Induced by Cholecystokinin-Tetrapeptide in Humans". ''Biological Psychiatry''. '''73''' (4): 337–44. doi:[https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(12)00775-5/fulltext 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.004.] PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23059050 23059050.]</ref> Ang iba't ibang mga modelo ng hayop ng mga panic attacks ay pinag-aralan nang eksperimento.<ref>Moreira, Fabrício A.; Gobira, Pedro H.; Viana, Thércia G.; Vicente, Maria A.; Zangrossi, Hélio; Graeff, Frederico G. (2013). "Modeling panic disorder in rodents". ''Cell and Tissue Research''. '''354''' (1): 119–25. doi:[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00441-013-1610-1 10.1007/s00441-013-1610-1]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23584609 23584609.]</ref> === Neurotransmitter imbalances === Maraming mga neurotransmitters ang apektado kapag ang katawan ay nasa ilalim ng nadagdagan na stress at pagkabalisa na kasama ng isang panic attack. Kabilang ang serotonin, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), dopamine, norepinephrine at glutamate. Gayunpaman, higit pang mas maraming pananaliksik ang kinakailangan sa kung paano ang mga neurotransmitters na ito ay nakikipag-ugnayan sa isa't isa sa panahon ng isang panic attack upang gumawa ng anumang matatag na konklusyon. Ang pagtaas ng serotonin sa ilang mga daanan ng utak ay tila nauugnay sa nabawasan na pagkabalisa. And ibang mga katibayan ay nagpapahiwatig ng serotonin ay gumaganap ng isang tungkulin sa pagkabalisa ay na ang mga taong gumagamit ng SSRIs ay madalas na pakiramdam ng pagbawas ng pagkabalisa kapag ang kanilang utak ay mayroon mas maraming serotonin na magagamit.<ref name=":4">Bystritsky, Alexander (2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3628173/ "Current Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders"]. ''P & T : A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management''. '''38''' (1): 30–57. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3628173/ 3628173]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599668 23599668.]</ref>Ang pangunahing inhibitory neurotransmitter sa central nervous system (CNS) ay GABA. Karamihan sa mga pathway na gumagamit ng GABA ay madalas na mabawasan ang pagkabalisa kaagad.<ref name=":4" /> Ang tungkulin ni Dopamine sa pagkabalisa ay hindi nauunawaan. Ang ilang mga antipsychotic na gamot na nakakaapekto sa produksyon ng dopamine ay napatunayan na gamutin ang pagkabalisa. Gayunpaman, maaaring maiugnay ito sa pagkahilig ng dopamine upang madagdagan ang damdamin ng pagiging epektibo at pagtitiwala sa sarili, na nagbabawas ng pagkabalisa sa isang di-tuwirang paraan.<ref name=":4" /> Maraming mga pisikal na sintomas ng pagkabalisa, tulad ng mabilis na rate ng puso at tremors ng kamay, ay kinokontrol ng norepinephrine. Ang mga gamot na humadlang sa epekto ng norepinephrine ay maaaring maging mabisa sa pagbawas ng mga pisikal na sintomas ng panic attack.<ref name=":4" /> Dahil glutamate ang pangunahing excitatory neurotransmitter na kasangkot sa central nervous system (CNS), ito ay matatagpuan sa halos lahat ng neural pathway sa katawan. Ang glutamate ay malamang na kasangkot sa conditioning, na kung saan ay isang proseso na ang ilang mga takot ay nabuo, at pagkalipol, na kung saan ay ang pag-aalis ng mga takot.<ref name=":4" /> == Pathophysiology == Ang mga sintomas ng isang pag-atake ng sindak ay maaaring maging sanhi ng pakiramdam ng isang tao na ang kanilang katawan ay nanghihina. Ang mga sintomas ay maaaring maunawaan gaya ng mga sumusunod: Una, madalas na ang biglaang pagsisimula ng takot na may kaunting pagpukaw ng pampasigla. Ito ay humahantong sa pagpapalabas ng adrenaline (epinephrine) na nagdudulot ng tugon sa paglaban-o-paglipad kapag ang katawan ay naghahanda para sa matinding pisikal na aktibidad. Ito ay humantong sa isang mas mataas na rate ng puso (tachycardia), mabilis na paghinga (hyperventilation) na maaaring perceived bilang igsi ng paghinga (dyspnea), at pagpapawis. Dahil ang mabigat na aktibidad ay bihira, ang hyperventilation ay humahantong sa isang drop sa mga antas ng carbon dioxide sa mga baga at pagkatapos ay sa dugo. Ito ay humahantong sa paglilipat sa pH ng dugo (respiratory alkalosis o hypocapnia), na nagiging dahilan ng kapalit na metabolic acidosis na nagpapalakas ng mga mekanismo ng chemosensing na isinasalin ang pH shift na ito sa autonomic at respiratory responses.<ref>Vollmer, L. L.; Strawn, J. R.; Sah, R. (2015-05-26). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4471296/ Acid–base dysregulation and chemosensory mechanisms in panic disorder: a translational update]". ''Translational Psychiatry''. '''5''' (5): e572. doi:[https://www.nature.com/articles/tp201567 10.1038/tp.2015.67]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4471296/ 4471296.] PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26080089 26080089].</ref><ref>Ueda, Yoshiyasu; Aizawa, Masayo; Takahashi, Atsushi; Fujii, Masamitsu; Isaka, Yoshitaka (2009-03-01). "Exaggerated compensatory response to acute respiratory alkalosis in panic disorder is induced by increased lactic acid production". ''Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation''. '''24''' (3): 825–828. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/24/3/825/1814583 10.1093/ndt/gfn585]. ISSN [https://www.worldcat.org/title/ndt-nephrology-dialysis-transplantation/oclc/1008639226 0931-0509]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18940883 18940883].</ref> Ang tao ay maaaring hindi makaligtaan sa hyperventilation, na naging abala sa mga kaugnay na sintomas ng somatic.<ref>Tavel, ME (28 July 2016). "[https://www.jscimedcentral.com/Anxiety/anxiety-1-1016.pdf Panic Attacks: Concealed Hyperventilation Usually Overlooked"] (PDF). ''JSciMedCentral''. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</ref> Bukod dito, ang hypocapnia at pagpapalabas ng adrenaline sa panahon ng isang panic attack ay nagiging dahilan ng vasoconstriction na nagreresulta sa bahagyang mas mababa hugos ng dugo sa ulo na nagiging sanhi ng pagkahilo at lightheadedness.<ref>Cipolla, Marilyn J. (2009). ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53082/ Control of Cerebral Blood Flow]''. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences.</ref><ref>Nardi, Antonio Egidio; Freire, Rafael Christophe R. (2016-05-25). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JWNBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=vasoconstriction+panic+attack+Co2&hl=en#v=onepage&q=vasoconstriction%20panic%20attack%20Co2&f=false ''Panic Disorder: Neurobiological and Treatment Aspects''.] Springer. ISBN <bdi>9783319125381</bdi>.</ref> Ang isang panic attack ay maaaring maging dahilan ng asukal sa dugo na maalis mula sa utak at patungo sa mga pangunahing kalamnan. Ang neuroimaging ay nagpapahiwatig ng mataas na aktibidad sa amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, at brainstem regions kasama ang periaqueductal gray, parabrachial nucleus, at Locus coeruleus.<ref>Shin, Lisa M; Liberzon, Israel (January 2010). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3055419/ The Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders"]. ''Neuropsychopharmacology''. '''35''' (1): 169–191. doi:[https://www.nature.com/articles/npp200983 10.1038/npp.2009.83]. ISSN [https://www.worldcat.org/title/neuropsychopharmacology-new-york/oclc/936514642 0893-133X]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3055419/ 3055419]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19625997 19625997].</ref> Sa partikular, ang amygdala ay iminungkahi na mayroon isang kritikal na tungkulin.<ref>Maren, Stephen (2009-11-25). "An Acid-Sensing Channel Sows Fear and Panic". ''Cell''. '''139''' (5): 867–869. doi:[https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(09)01420-2?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867409014202%3Fshowall%3Dtrue 10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.008.] ISSN [https://www.worldcat.org/title/cell-cambridge/oclc/299393721 0092-8674]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945375 19945375].</ref> Ang kombinasyon ng mataas na pagpukaw sa amygdala at brainstem kasama ang pagbaba ng hugos ng dugo at asukal sa dugo sa utak ay maaaring humantong sa kapansin-pansing nabawasan na aktibidad sa rehiyon ng prefrontal cortex ng utak.<ref>PhD, Andrew M. Leeds (2016-02-03). [https://books.google.com/books?id=EhCDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273&dq=A+panic+attack+can+cause+blood+sugar+to+be+drawn+away+from+the+brain+and+toward+the+major+muscles.&hl=en#v=onepage&q=A%20panic%20attack%20can%20cause%20blood%20sugar%20to%20be%20drawn%20away%20fro ''A Guide to the Standard EMDR Therapy Protocols for Clinicians, Supervisors, and Consultants, Second Edition''.] Springer Publishing Company. ISBN <bdi>9780826131171</bdi>.</ref> May katibayan na ang pagkakaroon ng isang pagkabalisa disorder ay nagdaragdag ng panganib ng cardiovascular disease (CVD).<ref name=":5">Chalmers, John A.; Quintana, Daniel S.; Abbott, Maree J.-Anne; Kemp, Andrew H. (2014). "Anxiety Disorders are Associated with Reduced Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 5. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00080. ISSN 1664-0640.</ref> Ang mga naapektuhan ay may pagbawas din sa heart rate variability.<ref name=":5" /> === Cardiovascular disease === Ang mga taong na-diagnosed na may panic disorder ay halos doble ang panganib ng coronary heart disease.<ref name=":6">Soares-Filho, Gastão L. F.; Arias-Carrión, Oscar; Santulli, Gaetano; Silva, Adriana C.; Machado, Sergio; Valenca, Alexandre M.; Nardi, Antonio E. (2014). "Chest pain, panic disorder and coronary artery disease: a systematic review". ''CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets''. '''13''' (6): 992–1001. ISSN [https://www.worldcat.org/title/cns-and-neurological-disorders-drug-targets/oclc/488560542 1996-3181]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24923348 24923348].</ref> Ang ilang mga tugon sa stress sa depresyon ay ipinapakita din upang madagdagan ang panganib at ang mga diagnosed na may parehong depression at panic disorder ay halos tatlong beses na higit pa sa panganib.<ref name=":6" /> == Pag-diagnose == Ang pamantayan ng diagnostic ng DSM-5 para sa isang panic attack ay may kasamang discrete period ng matinding takot o kahirapan, kung saan ang apat (o higit pa) ng mga sumusunod na sintomas ay lumaki nang mabilis at umabot sa isang rurok sa loob ng ilang minuto: {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} *Palpitations, at/o pinabilis na rate ng puso *Pagpapawis *Nanginginig o pagkakalog *Sensations ng igsi ng paghinga o pagiging smothered *Pakiramdam ng choking *Sakit ng dibdib o kakulangan sa ginhawa *Pagduduwal o pagkabalisa ng tiyan {{Col-2}} *Pakiramdam na nahihilo, nabalibutan, nanghihina, o nawawalan *Derealization (mga damdamin ng hindi katuturan) o depersonalization (pagiging hiwalay mula sa sarili) *Takot na mawalan ng kontrol o nababaliw *Kahulugan ng nadarating ang tadhana *Paresthesias (pamamanhid o pamamaga ng sensations) *Mga pagtinig o mainit na flash {{Col-end}} Sa DSM-5, ang mga sintomas na partikular sa kultura (hal., tinnitus, sakit ng leeg, sakit ng ulo, at hindi mapigilan na magaralgal o umiiyak) ay makikita. Ang mga sintomas ay hindi dapat mabilang bilang isa sa apat na kinakailangang mga sintomas. Ang ilan o lahat ng mga sintomas na ito ay matatagpuan sa pagkakaroon ng pheochromocytoma. Ang mga tool sa pag-screen tulad ng Panic Disorder Severity Scale ay maaaring gamitin upang makita ang posibleng mga kaso ng disorder at imungkahi ang pangangailangan para sa isang pormal na pagtatasa ng diagnostic.<ref>Houck, P. R.; Spiegel, D. A.; Shear, M. K.; Rucci, P. (2002). "Reliability of the self-report version of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale". ''Depression and Anxiety''. '''15''' (4): 183–185. doi:[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/da.10049 10.1002/da.10049]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12112724 12112724].</ref><ref>Shear, M. K.; Rucci, P.; Williams, J.; Frank, E.; Grochocinski, V.; Vander Bilt, J.; Houck, P.; Wang, T. (2001). "Reliability and validity of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale: Replication and extension". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 35 (5): 293–296. doi:[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022395601000280?via%3Dihub 10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00028-0.] PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11591432 11591432].</ref> == Paggamot == Ang panic disorder ay maaaring epektibong gamutin sa iba't ibang mga interbensyon, kabilang ang mga sikolohikal na therapy at gamot<ref name=":2" /> na may pinakamatibay at pinaka-pare-pareho na katibayan na nagpapahiwatig na ang cognitive behavioral therapy ay ang pinaka-kumpletong at pinakamahabang tagal ng epekto, na sinusundan ng mga tiyak na selektibong serotonin reuptake inhibitors.<ref>Anxiety: management of anxiety (panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, and generalised anxiety disorder) in adults in primary, secondary and community care. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical Guideline 22. Issue date: April 2007 "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090824022903/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG022quickrefguideamended.pdf Archived copy]" (PDF). Archived from the [https://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG022quickrefguideamended.pdf original] (PDF) on 24 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-21. ISBN 1-84629-400-2</ref> Ang kasunod na pananaliksik ni Barbara Milrod at ng kanyang mga kasamahan<ref>Milrod, B.; Leon, A. C.; et al. (2007). "A randomized controlled clinical trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy for panic disorder". ''American Journal of Psychiatry''. '''164''' (2): 265–272. doi:[https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.265 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.265]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17267789 17267789].</ref> ay nagpapahiwatig na ang psychoanalytic psychotherapy ay maaaring maging epektibo sa pag-alis ng mga panic attacks, gayunpaman, ang mga resulta na nag-iisa ay kailangang itanim sa pangangalaga. Habang ang mga resulta na nakuha sa mga pinagsamang paggamot na kinabibilangan ng cognitive behavioral therapy at selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ay corroborated sa pamamagitan ng maraming mga pag-aaral at meta-analysis, ang mga nakuha sa pamamagitan ng Barbara Milrod ay hindi. Ang siyentipikong pagiging maaasahan ng psychoanalytic psychotherapy para sa pagpapagamot ng panic disorder ay hindi pa natutugunan. Sa partikular, ang mga mekanismo na kung saan ang psychoanalysis ay binabawasan ang panic ay hindi pa naiintindihan; samantalang ang cognitive-behavioral therapy ay may isang malinaw na conceptual basis na maaaring ilapat sa panic. Ang terminong anxiolytic ay halos magkasingkahulugan sa benzodiazepines dahil ang mga compound na ito ay, sa halos 40 taon, ang mga droga na pinili para sa stress-related anxiety. Ang isang pagsusuri ng 2009 ay natagpuan positibong resulta mula sa therapy at gamot at isang mas mahusay na resulta kapag ang dalawa ay pinagsama.<ref>Bandelow, Borwin; Seidler-Brandler, Ulrich; Becker, Andreas; Wedekind, Dirk; Ruther, Eckart (July 2009). "Meta-analysis of randomized controlled comparisons of psychopharmacological and psychological treatments for anxiety disorders". ''The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry''. '''8''' (3): 175–187. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15622970601110273?journalCode=iwbp20 10.1080/15622970601110273.]</ref> === Mga pagbabago sa pamumuhay === Ang caffeine ay maaaring magdulot o magpalala ng pagkabalisa ng panic. Maaaring pansamantalang tumaas ang pagkabalisa sa panahon ng pag-withdraw mula sa caffeine at iba't ibang mga gamot.<ref>American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev., p. 479). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.</ref> Ang nadagdagan at regimented aerobic ehersisyo tulad ng pagpapatakbo ay ipinapakita na magkaroon ng isang positibong epekto sa paglaban ng panic anxiety. May katibayan na ang epekto na ito ay may kaugnayan sa pagpapalabas ng mga endorphin na isinusuot ng ehersisyo at ang kasunod na pagbawas ng stress hormone cortisol.<ref>"[https://psychcentral.com/blog/3-tips-for-using-exercise-to-shrink-anxiety/ Archived copy]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20150420020719/http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2013/07/17/3-tips-for-using-exercise-to-shrink-anxiety/ Archived] from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-14.[full citation needed]</ref>Mayroong nananatiling posibilidad ng mga sintomas ng pagkasindak na ma-trigger o mas malala dahil sa mas mataas na antas ng respirasyon na nangyayari sa panahon ng aerobic exercise. Ang mas mataas na antas ng respirasyon ay maaaring humantong sa hyperventilation at hyperventilation syndrome, na ginagaya ang sintomas ng atake sa puso, kaya inducing isang panic attack.<ref>''MedlinePlus Encyclopedia'' [https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003071.htm Hyperventilation]</ref> Ang mga benepisyo ng pagsasama ng isang ehersisyo rehimyento ay nagpakita ng pinakamahusay na mga resulta kapag paced accordingly.<ref>"[https://www.sportsrec.com/103790-cardio-exercise-beginners.html Archived copy]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20150423164013/http://www.livestrong.com/article/103790-cardio-exercise-beginners/ Archived] from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-14.[full citation needed]</ref> Ang mga muscle relaxation techniques ay kapaki-pakinabang sa ilang mga indibidwal. Ang mga ito ay maaaring natutunan sa gamit ng mga recordings, videos, o mga aklat. Habang ang muscle relaxation ay pinatunayan na maging mas epektibo kaysa sa nagbibigay-malay na mga therapist sa pag-uugali sa mga controlled trials, maraming mga tao ay nahahanap pa rin ang pansamantalang kaluwagan mula sa muscle relaxation.<ref name=":7" /> === Pagsasanay ng paghinga === Sa karamihan ng mga kaso hyperventilation ay kasangkot, exacerbating ang mga epekto ng panic attack. Ang pag-ehersisyo ng breathing na pagsasanay ay nakakatulong na i-rebalance ang mga antas ng oxygen at CO2 sa dugo.<ref>"[https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/807277-overview#a6 Hyperventilation Syndrome]". 28 November 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170713055956/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/807277-overview Archived] from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-18.</ref> Inirerekomenda ni David D. Burns ang mga ehersisyo sa paghinga para sa mga naghihirap mula sa pagkabalisa. Ang isang tulad ng ehersisyo sa paghinga ay 5-2-5 count. Gamitin ang tiyan (o diaphragm) --at hindi ang chest--inhale (pakiramdam ang tiyan ay lumalabas, bilang laban sa dibdib pagpapalawak) para sa 5 segundo. Bilang ang pinakamataas na punto sa paglanghap ay naabot, ipigil nang matagal ang hininga sa loob ng 2 segundo. Pagkatapos ay dahan-dahang huminga nang palabas, mahigit sa 5 segundo. Ulitin ang cycle na ito nang dalawang beses at pagkatapos ay humingang 'karaniwan' para sa 5 cycles (1 cycle = 1 inhale + 1 exhale). Ang punto ay mag-focus sa paghinga at mamahinga ang heart rate. Ang regular na diaphragmatic na paghinga ay maaaring makamit sa pamamagitan ng pagpapalawak ng outbreath sa pagbibilang o sa humming. Bagama't ang paghinga sa isang bag na papel ay isang pangkaraniwang rekomendasyon para sa panandaliang paggagamot ng mga sintomas ng isang matinding panic attack,<ref>[https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/conditions/ Breathing in and out of a paper bag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021032153/http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/ate/mentalhealth/205625.html |date=2007-10-21 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071021032153/http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/ate/mentalhealth/205625.html Archived] 21 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.</ref> ito ay sinaway bilang mas mababa sa sinusukat na paghinga, potensyal na lumala ang panic attack at posibleng pagbabawas ng kinakailangang blood oxygen.<ref>Bergeron, J. David; Le Baudour, Chris (2009). "Chapter 9: Caring for Medical Emergencies". First Responder (8 ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 262. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-13-614059-7</nowiki>. Do not use a paper bag in an attempt to treat hyperventilation. These patients can often be cared for with low-flow oxygen and lots of reassurance</ref><ref>[https://www.verywellhealth.com/treating-hyperventilation-by-breathing-into-a-paper-bag-1298885 Hyperventilation Syndrome – Can I treat hyperventilation syndrome by breathing into a paper bag?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120102140/http://firstaid.about.com/od/shortnessofbreat1/f/07_paper_bags.htm |date=2013-01-20 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130120102140/http://firstaid.about.com/od/shortnessofbreat1/f/07_paper_bags.htm Archived] 20 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Bagaman ang pagtaas ng pamamaraan sa bag na papel ay nangangailangan ng increase ng carbon dioxide at kaya binabawasan ang mga sintomas, maaari itong makabuluhang mas mababaang antas ng oxygen sa hugos ng dugo.Ang capnometry, na nagbibigay ng exhaled CO2 levels, ay maaaring makatulong sa gabay na paghinga.<ref>Craske, Michelle (30 September 2011). [http://cursoenarm.net/UPTODATE/contents/mobipreview.htm?10/7/10353/ "Psychotherapy for panic disorder".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014035243/http://cursoenarm.net/UPTODATE/contents/mobipreview.htm?10%2F7%2F10353%2F |date=2017-10-14 }}</ref><ref>Meuret, AE; Ritz, T (October 2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937087/ "Hyperventilation in panic disorder and asthma: empirical evidence and clinical strategies"]. ''International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology''. '''78''' (1): 68–79. doi:[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167876010001388?via%3Dihub 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.05.006]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937087/ 2937087]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20685222 20685222].</ref> === Therapy === Ayon sa American Psychological Association, "ang karamihan sa mga espesyalista ay sumasang-ayon na ang isang kumbinasyon ng mga cognitive at behavioral therapies ay ang pinakamahusay na paggamot para sa panic disorder. Maaaring angkop din ang gamot sa ilang mga kaso."<ref>"[https://www.apa.org/topics/anxietyqanda.html Archived copy]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20090707013922/http://www.apa.org/topics/anxietyqanda.html Archived] from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-24.</ref> Ang unang bahagi ng therapy ay higit sa lahat ng impormasyon; maraming mga tao ay lubhang natutulungan sa pamamagitan lamang ng pag-unawa kung ano mismo ang panic disorder at kung ilang iba pa ang nagdurusa dito. Maraming tao na nagdurusa dahil sa panic disorder ay nag-aalala na ang kanilang mga panic attack ay ibig sabihin na sila ay "nababaliw" o ang panic ay maaaring magbuod ng atake sa puso. Ang cognitive restructuring ay tumutulong sa mga tao na palitan ang mga saloobin na may mas makatotohanang, positibong paraan ng pagtingin sa mga pag-atake.<ref>Cramer, K., Post, T., & Behr, M. (January 1989). "[http://wayback.archive-it.org/org-121/20190122152857/http://www.cehd.umn.edu/ci/rationalnumberproject/ Cognitive Restructuring Ability, Teacher Guidance and Perceptual Distracter Tasks: An Aptitude Treatment Interaction Study]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20101222180132/http://www.cehd.umn.edu/rationalnumberproject/89_2.html Archived] from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-19.</ref> Ang pag-iwas sa pag-uugali ay isa sa mga pangunahing aspeto na pumipigil sa mga taong may madalas na panic attacks mula sa pagpapagana nang mabuti.<ref name=":7" /> Ang exposure therapy,<ref>Abramowitz, Jonathan S.; Deacon, Brett J.; Whiteside, Stephen P. H. (17 December 2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7RAsnO1vU0UC Exposure Therapy for Anxiety: Principles and Practice]. Guilford Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9781462509690</nowiki>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160520171142/https://books.google.com/books?id=7RAsnO1vU0UC Archived] from the original on 20 May 2016.</ref> na kinabibilangan ng paulit-ulit at matagal na paghaharap sa mga sitwasyon na nakakatakot at mga sensation ng katawan, ay tumutulong sa pagpapahina ng mga sagot sa pagkabalisa sa external at internal na stimuli at pagpapalakas ng makatotohanang mga paraan ng pagtingin sa mga sintomas ng panic. Sa mas malalim na antas ng psychoanalytic approaches, sa partikular na object relations theory, ang mga panic attacks ay madalas na nauugnay sa paghahati (sikolohiya), paranoid-schizoid at depressive positions, at paranoid anxiety. Madalas silang natagpuan comorbid na may borderline personality disorder at child sexual abuse. Ang paranoid anxiety ay maaaring maabot ang antas ng isang persecutory anxiety state.<ref>Waska, Robert (2010). ''Treating Severe Depressive and Persecutory Anxiety States: To Transform the Unbearable''. Karnac Books. ISBN <bdi>978-1855757202</bdi>.</ref> Ang [[meditasyon]] ay maaari ding maging kapaki-pakinabang sa paggamot ng mga panic disorders.<ref>Kabat-Zinn J, Massion AO, Kristeller J, et al. (7 July 1992). "Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders]". ''American Journal of Psychiatry''. '''149''' (7): 936–43. CiteSeerX [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.474.4968 10.1.1.474.4968]. doi:[https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.149.7.936 10.1176/ajp.149.7.936]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1609875 1609875].</ref> Nagkaroon ng isang meta-analysis ng comorbidity ng panic disorder at agoraphobia. Ginamit nito ang exposure therapy upang gamutin ang mga pasyente sa loob ng isang panahon. Daan-daang pasyente ang ginamit sa mga pag-aaral na ito at lahat sila ay nakilala ang pamantayan ng DSM-IV para sa parehong mga disorders.<ref name=":8">Fava, G. A.; Rafanelli, C.; Grandi, S.; Conti, S.; Ruini, C.; Mangelli, L.; Belluardo, P. (July 2001). "Long-term outcome of panic disorder with agoraphobia treated by exposure". ''Psychological Medicine''. '''31''' (5): 891–898. doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/longterm-outcome-of-panic-disorder-with-agoraphobia-treated-by-exposure/0070A3CCC6427F60DE2765CBEA5CBB1F 10.1017/s0033291701003592]. ISSN [https://www.worldcat.org/title/psychological-medicine-a-journal-for-research-in-psychiatry-and-the-allied-science/oclc/231795242 1469-8978].</ref> Ang resulta ay ang tatlumpu't dalawang porsiyento ng mga pasyente ay nagkaroon ng panic episode pagkatapos ng paggamot. Napagpasyahan nila na ang paggamit ng exposure therapy ay may panghabang-buhay na epekto para sa isang client na nakatira kasamang panic disorder at agoraphobia.<ref name=":8" /> Ang pagiging epektibo ng group therapy treatment sa paglipas ng conventional individual therapy para sa mga taong may panic disorder na may o walang agoraphobia ay lumilitaw na katulad.<ref>Schwartze, Dominique; Barkowski, Sarah; Strauss, Bernhard; Burlingame, Gary M.; Barth, Jürgen; Rosendahl, Jenny (2017). "Efficacy of group psychotherapy for panic disorder: Meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials". Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice. 21 (2): 77–93. doi:[[10.1037/gdn0000064.]]</ref> === Gamot === Ang mga opsyon sa paggamot para sa mga panic attacks ay kadalasang kinabibilangan ng benzodiazepines at antidepressants. Ang mga benzodiazepines ay hindi madalas na inireseta dahil sa kanilang mga potensyal na epekto, tulad ng pagpapakandili, pagkapagod, nabubulol na salita, at pagkawala ng memorya.<ref>Neeltje, Batelaan. "[https://academic.oup.com/ijnp/article/15/3/403/721159 Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of panic disorder: an update]". ''Oxford University Press''. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. Retrieved 11 March 2018.</ref> Ang mga antidepressant na paggamot para sa mga panic attack ay kinabibilangan ng mga selective  serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), at MAO inhibitors (MAOIs). Ang mga SSRI sa partikular ay madalas na ang unang gamot na paggamot na ginagamit upang gamutin ang mga panic attacks. Ang selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) at tricyclic antidepressants ay katulad para sa panandaliang pagka-epektibo.<ref>Bakker, A.; Van Balkom, A. J. L. M.; Spinhoven, P. (September 1, 2002). "SSRIs vs. TCAs in the treatment of panic disorder: a meta-analysis". ''Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica''. '''106''' (3): 163–167. doi:[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.02255.x 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.02255.x]. ISSN [https://www.worldcat.org/title/acta-psychiatrica-scandinavica-supplementum/oclc/942036768 1600-0447.]</ref> Ang mga SSRI ay nagdadala ng isang medyo mababa ang panganib dahil sa ang katunayan na ang mga ito ay hindi nauugnay sa magkano ng isang pagpapaubaya o pagtitiwala, at mahirap na mag-overdose. Ang mga TCAs ay katulad ng mga SSRI sa kanilang maraming pakinabang, ngunit may mas karaniwang mga epekto tulad ng nakuha ng timbang at mga cognitive disturbances. Mas madali din silang mag-overdose. Ang mga MAOI ay karaniwang iminungkahing para sa mga pasyente na hindi tumugon sa ibang mga paraan ng paggamot.<ref name=":9">Marchesi, Carlo (2008). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515914/ Pharmacological management of panic disorder]". ''Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment''. '''4''' (1): 93–106. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515914/ 2515914]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18728820 18728820].</ref> Habang ang paggamit ng mga gamot sa pagpapagamot ng mga panic attacks ay maaaring maging matagumpay, sa pangkalahatan ay inirerekomenda na ang mga tao ay sa ilang uri ng therapy, tulad ng cognitive behavioral therapy. Ang paggagamot sa droga ay kadalasang ginagamit sa buong tagal ng mga sintomas ng panic attacks, at hindi na ipagpatuloy matapos ang pasyente ay walang sintomas sa mga anim na buwan. Ang pinakaligtas na paraan na mag-withdraw sa mga gamot na ito ay paunti-unti habang mayroong therapy.<ref name=":7" /> Habang ang paggamot sa droga ay parang promising para sa mga bata at kabataan, ang mga ito ay nasa mas mataas na panganib na magpakamatay habang ang pagkuha ng mga gamot at kanilang kapakanan ay dapat na masubaybayan nang mabuti.<ref name=":9" /> == Pagbabala == Halos isang-ikatlo ay treatment-resistant.<ref name=":10">Freire, Rafael C.; Zugliani, Morena M.; Garcia, Rafael F.; Nardi, Antonio E. (2016). "Treatment-resistant panic disorder: a systematic review". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 17 (2): 159–168. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1517/14656566.2016.1109628?journalCode=ieop20 10.1517/14656566.2016.1109628]. ISSN [https://www.worldcat.org/title/expert-opinion-on-pharmacotherapy-eop/oclc/705258982 1744-7666]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26635099 26635099].</ref> Ang mga taong ito ay patuloy na may mga panic attacks at iba't ibang sintomas ng panic disorder pagkatapos matanggap ang paggamot.<ref name=":10" /> Maraming mga tao na ginagamot para sa mga panic attacks ay nagsimulang maranasan ang limitadong atake sa sintomas. Ang mga panic attacks ay mas kumpletong, na may mas kaunti sa apat na mga sintomas ng katawan na nakaranas.<ref name=":2" /> Hindi karaniwan na makaranas lamang ng isa o dalawang sintomas sa isang panahon, tulad ng mga vibrations sa kanilang mga binti, igsi ng hininga, o isang matinding [[alon ng init]] na naglalakbay sa kanilang mga katawan, na hindi katulad ng mainit na flashes dahil sa kakulangan ng estrogen. Ang ilang mga sintomas, tulad ng mga vibrations sa mga binti, ay sapat na naiiba mula sa anumang normal na pang-amoy na malinaw na ipinapahiwatig nila ang panic disorder. Ang iba pang mga sintomas sa listahan ay maaaring mangyari sa mga tao na maaaring o hindi maaaring magkaroon ng panic disorder. Ang panic disorder ay hindi nangangailangan ng apat o higit pang mga sintomas sa lahat ng naroroon sa parehong oras. Ang walang kapararakan na panic at karamdaman ng puso ay sapat upang ipahiwatig ang isang panic attack.<ref name=":2" /> == Epidemiology == Sa Europa mga 3% ng populasyon ay may panic attack sa isang naibigay na taon habang sa Estados Unidos ay nakakaapekto sila sa mga 11%.<ref name=":0" /> Ang mga ito ay mas karaniwan sa mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki.<ref name=":0" /> Sila ay madalas na nagsisimula sa panahon ng pagbibinata o maagang pagkabata.<ref name=":0" /> Ang mga bata at mas lumang mga tao ay hindi gaanong naapektuhan.<ref name=":0" /> Ang isang meta-analysis ay isinasagawa sa data na nakolekta tungkol sa twin studies at pag-aaral ng pamilya sa link sa pagitan ng mga gene at panic disorder. Sinusuri din ng mga mananaliksik ang posibilidad ng isang link sa phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), at generalized anxiety disorder. Ang mga mananaliksik ay gumagamit ng isang database na tinatawag na MEDLINE upang maipon ang kanilang data.<ref name=":11">Hettema, John M.; Neale, Michael C.; Kendler, Kenneth S. (2001-10-01). "A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Genetic Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders". ''American Journal of Psychiatry''. '''158''' (10): 1568–1578. doi:[https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1568 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1568]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11578982 11578982].</ref> Napagpasyahan ng mga resulta na ang nabanggit na mga karamdaman ay may genetic component at minana o ipinasa sa pamamagitan ng mga genes. Para sa mga di-phobias, ang posibilidad ng pagmamana ay 30% -40% at para sa mga phobias, ito ay 50% -60%.<ref name=":11" /> == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} [[Kategorya:Sikolohiya]] htajd9ahi3w48v4l9q5dx6wcylk8sj0 0 289781 2204317 2195659 2026-04-23T01:33:38Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Colorado in United States.svg|thumb|right|250px|Mapa ng Estados Unidos na nagpapakita ng kinaroroonan ng Colorado]] Ang [[Colorado]] ay isang [[Estado ng Estados Unidos|estado]] na matatagpuan sa [[Kanlurang Estados Unidos|Kanlurang]] [[Estados Unidos]]. Kasalukuyang mayroong 271 nasaping munisipalidad ang estado, na binubuo ng '''196 na mga bayan, 73 mga lungsod, at two pinagsamang mga pamahalaang lungsod-kondado.'''<ref name=COmuniStatus>{{cite web |url=http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/municipalities.html |title=Active Colorado Municipalities |publisher=[[Colorado|State of Colorado]], Department of Local Affairs |accessdate=May 11, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202163712/http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/municipalities.html |archivedate=February 2, 2007 |df= }}</ref><ref name=COgovTypes>{{cite web | url = http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/lgtypes.html | title = Colorado Local Government by Type | publisher = [[Colorado|State of Colorado]], Department of Local Affairs | date = February 27, 2007 | accessdate = May 11, 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070202163726/http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/lgtypes.html | archivedate = February 2, 2007 | df = }}</ref> __TOC__ {{clear}} ==Mga uri ng pamahalaang pangmunisipalidad== Nagpapatakbo ang mga munisipalidad ng Colorado sa ilalim ng isa sa limang mga uri ng pangasiwaan sa pamamahala ng munisipalidad.<ref name=Constitution>[[:en:Constitution of the State of Colorado]]</ref><ref name=CRS>[[:en:Colorado Revised Statutes]]</ref> ;Pinagsamang pamahalaan ng lungsod-kondado (''Consolidated city-county government'') Sa estado ng Colorado, tanging [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]] at [[Broomfield, Colorado|Broomfield]] lamang ang may [[Pinagsamang lungsod-kondado|pinagsamang pamahalaan ng lungsod at kondado]]. <gallery mode="packed" caption="Mga lungsod na pinamamahalaan sa ilalim ng pinagsanib na pamahalaang lungsod-kondado"> 2006-07-14-Denver Skyline Midnight.jpg|[[Denver, Colorado|Lungsod ng Denver]], ang kabisera at pinakamataong lungsod ng estado. Broomfield colorado interlocken offices.jpg|[[Broomfield, Colorado|Lungsod ng Broomfield]] </gallery> ;''Home rule municipality'' [[Talaksan:Downtown Colorado Springs by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Lungsod ng Colorado Springs]], ang pangalawang pinakamataong lungsod ng estado ay ang pinakamataong ''home rule municipality'' sa estado.]] Ang Colorado ay may 61 mga lungsod at 35 mga bayan na may katayuang ''[[home rule municipality]]'' {{clear}} ;Itinakdang lungsod (''Statutory city'') [[Talaksan:Leadville & the Hotel Vendome , Colorado , 1950s , Kodachrome by Chalmers Butterfield.jpg|thumb|Ang makasaysayang [[Leadville, Colorado|Lungsod ng Leadville]] ay isang itinakdang lungsod.]] Ang Colorado ay may 12 mga [[Itinakdang munisipalidad|itinakdang lungsod]]. {{clear}} ;Itinakdang bayan (''Statutory town'') [[Talaksan:Paonia.JPG|thumb|Ang nagsasakang [[Paonia, Colorado|Bayan ng Paonia]] ay isang itinakdang bayan.]] Ang Colorado ay may 160 mga [[Itinakdang munisipalidad|itinakdang bayan]]: {{clear}} ;Munisipalidad na ikinarta ng teritoryo (''Territorial charter municipality'') [[Talaksan:DSCN2128 georgetownsixthstreet e 600.jpg|thumb|Ang makasaysayang [[Georgetown, Colorado|Bayan ng Georgetown]] ay ang tanging munisipalidad na may katayuang nakartahan ng teritoryo.]] Ang [[Georgetown, Colorado|Bayan ng Georgetown]] ay ang tanging nasaping pamayanan at munisipalidad sa estado na pinapatakbo sa ilalim ng isang kartang (''charter'') iginawad ng naunang [[Teritoryo ng Colorado]]: {{clear}} ==Pagkakaiba sa kontekstong ligal== Kaunti lamang ang mga pagkakaiba sa pagitan ng isang bayan at isang lungsod sa ilalim ng batas ng Colorado<ref name=Constitution/><ref name=CRS/> Isang ''home rule municipality'' ay maaaring magdeklara ng sarili bilang isang lungsod o bayan. Pangkalahatang mas-matao ang mga lungsod kaysa mga bayan, bagamat ang mga lungsod ng [[Castle Rock, Colorado|Castle Rock]] at [[Parker, Colorado|Parker]] ay may higit sa 49,000 residente, habang ang [[Black Hawk, Colorado|lungsod ng Black Hawk]] ay may mas-kaunti sa 130 residente. Ang [[Central City, Colorado|Lungsod ng Central]] ay ang tanging munisipalidad sa Colorado na hindi naglalagay ng buong pangalang pook sa dulo ng pangalang munisipalidad nito. Ang mga bayan ng [[Garden City, Colorado|Garden City]], [[Lake City, Colorado|Lake City]], [[Orchard City, Colorado|Orchard City]], and [[Sugar City, Colorado|Sugar City]] ay [[#Itinakdang bayan (Statutory town)|mga itinakdang bayan]] sa kabila ng pagkakaroon ng salitang "''city''" sa dulo ng kanilang pangalan. Ang munisipalidad ng [[Creede, Colorado|Creede]] ay gumagamit ng opisyal na titulong "''City of Creede''" sa kabila ng katayuan nitong [[#Itinakdang bayan (Statutory town)|itinakdang bayan]]. Ni hindi [[nayon]] o [[sibil township]] man ay isang uri ng dibisyong sibil sa Estado ng Colorado, bagamat ang mga lungsod ng [[Cherry Hills Village, Colorado|Cherry Hills Village]] at [[Greenwood Village, Colorado|Greenwood Village]] at mga bayan ng [[Log Lane Village, Colorado|Log Lane Village]], [[Mountain Village, Colorado|Mountain Village]], at [[Snowmass Village, Colorado|Snowmass Village]] ay may salitang "''village''" sa dulo ng kanilang mga pangalan. Ilang mga pamayanang liwaliwan ay gumagamit ng salitang "''village''" upang matukoy ang kanilang [[sentral na distritong pangnegosyo]]. Sa Colorado, maaaring umabot ang isang munisipalidad sa maraming [[Kondado (Estados Unidos)|mga kondado]]. {{clear}} ==Talahanayan== Ang talahanayang maaaring i-ayos ay nagtatala ng bawat isa sa 271 aktibong mga sinaping munisipalidad ng estado kalakip ng mga sumusunod na kabatiran: #Ang pangalang pook ng munisipalidad<ref name=COmuniStatus/><ref name=AF>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/|title=American Factfinder|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=September 14, 2015|archive-date=February 26, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65jESGrbU?url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> #Ang opisyal na pangalan ng munisipalidad<ref name=COmuniStatus/> #Ang unang petsa ng pagsasapi bilang munisipalidad<ref name=MuniIncCO>{{cite web | url = http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/muninc.html | title = Colorado Municipal Incorporations | publisher = [[Colorado|State of Colorado]], Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives | date = December 1, 2004 | accessdate = February 27, 2007 | archive-date = Disyembre 2, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101202030057/http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/muninc.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> #Ang kasalukuyang uri ng pamahalaang pangmunisipalidad<ref name=COmuniStatus/><ref name=COgovTypes/> #Ang mga kondadong kinaroroonan ng munisipalidad<ref name=COmuniStatus/><ref name=AF/> #Isnag kawing sa detalyadong mapang transportasyon ng munisipalidad<ref name=map>{{cite web|url=http://apps.coloradodot.info/dataaccess/Maps/index.cfm?fuseaction=MapsMain&MenuType=Maps|title=Colorado Department of Transportation Maps|publisher=[[State of Colorado]], [[Colorado Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]]|accessdate=May 7, 2011|archive-date=June 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612224329/http://apps.coloradodot.info/dataaccess/Maps/index.cfm?fuseaction=MapsMain&MenuType=Maps|url-status=dead}}</ref> #Ang ranggo ayon sa populasyon magmula noong Hulyo 1, 2014, na tinukoy ng [[Kawanihan ng Senso ng Estados Unidos]]<ref name=AF/> #Ang populasyon ng munisipalidad noong Hulyo 1, 2014, na tinaya ng [[Kawanihan ng Senso ng Estados Unidos]]<ref name=AF/> #Ang populasyon ng munisipalidad noong Abril 1, 2010, sang-ayon sa mga bilang ng [[Senso ng Estados Unidos (2010)]] ng [[Kawanihan ng Senso ng Estados Unidos]]<ref name=AF/> #Ang bahagdan ng pagbabago ng populasyon mula Abril 1, 2010, hanggang Hulyo 1, 2014<ref name=AF/> and #Ang karaniwang kapal ng populasyon magmula noong Hulyo 1, 2014, na tinukoy ng Kawanihan ng Senso ng Estados Unidos<ref name=AF/> #Ang lawak ng lupa magmula noong Hulyo 1, 2014, na tinukoy ng Kawanihan ng Senso ng Estados Unidos<ref name=AF/> #Ang lawak ng katubigan magmula noong Hulyo 1, 2014, na tinukoy ng Kawanihan ng Senso ng Estados Unidos<ref name=AF/> #Ang kabuuang lawak ng lupa magmula noong Hulyo 1, 2014, na tinukoy ng Kawanihan ng Senso ng Estados Unidos<ref name=AF/> #Ang kodigong lugar ng [[International Committee for Information Technology Standards]] (INCITS).<ref name=AF/> #Ang koordinado ng lokasyon ng [[World Geodetic System 1984]] (WGS84) magmula noong Hulyo 1, 2014, na tinukoy ng Kawanihan ng Senso ng Estados Unidos<ref name=AF/> {{clear}} <!-- THE FOLLOWING TABLE CONTAINS DATA FROM THE UNITED STATES CENSUS BUREAU. DO NOT ALTER U.S. CENSUS DATA. --> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+<big>'''The 271 Municipalities of the State of Colorado'''</big><br/><br/> !Pangalan ng pook !Munisipalidad !Petsa ng pagsasapi !Pamahalaan !Kondado !class=unsortable|Mapa !Ranggo<br> ng pop. !Pagtataya 2014 !Senso 2010 !% ng pagbago !Kapal ng<br>populasyon !Lawak ng lupa !Lawak ng katubigan !Kabuuang lawak !INCITS !WGS84 |- |[[Aguilar, Colorado|Aguilar]] |[http://www.aguilarco.us/ Town of Aguilar] |{{sort|1894-01-10|January 10, 1894}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Las Animas County, Colorado|Las Animas County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Aguilar.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083515/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Aguilar.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center| {{nts|197}} | {{change|invert=on|495|538}} |align=right|{{ntsh|112}}1262&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>487&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|218}}0.3923&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0161&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|218}}0.3923&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0161&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0800760 |align=right|{{coord|37.403626|-104.655036|format=dms}} |- |[[Akron, Colorado|Akron]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093316/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=1 Town of Akron] |{{sort|1887-09-22|September 22, 1887}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Washington County, Colorado|Washington County]]<ref name=County_Seat>[[County seat|Seat]] of [[County (United States)|county]] government.</ref> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Akron.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022907/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Akron.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|121}} |{{change|invert=on|1694|1702}} |align=right|{{ntsh|190}}649&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>251&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|104}}2.6244&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.7973&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|104}}2.6244&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.7973&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0800925 |align=right|{{coord|40.164382|-103.220685|format=dms}} |- |[[Alamosa, Colorado|Alamosa]] |[http://www.cityofalamosa.org/ City of Alamosa] |{{sort|1878-08-12|August 12, 1878}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Alamosa County, Colorado|Alamosa County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Alamosa.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041550/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Alamosa.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|48}} |{{change|invert=on|9531|8780}} |align=right|{{ntsh|104}}1298&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>501&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|57}}7.3663&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>19.0788&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|32}}0.1244&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.3222&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|57}}7.4908&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>19.4010&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0801090 |align=right|{{coord|37.475041|-105.875314|format=dms}} |- |[[Alma, Colorado|Alma]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080131135043/http://www.almafoundation.com/town.htm Town of Alma] |{{sort|1873-12-02|December 2, 1873}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Park County, Colorado|Park County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Alma.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083417/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Alma.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|221}} |{{change|invert=on|275|270}} |align=right|{{ntsh|182}}742&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>286&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|223}}0.3600&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9325&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|110}}0.0019&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0049&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|223}}0.3619&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9374&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0801530 |align=right|{{coord|39.285942|-106.066319|format=dms}} |- |[[Antonito, Colorado|Antonito]] |[http://www.colorado.com/Antonito.aspx Town of Antonito] |{{sort|1889-12-29|December 29, 1889}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Conejos County, Colorado|Conejos County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Antonito.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000148/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Antonito.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|163}} |{{change|invert=on|775|781}} |align=right|{{ntsh|52}}1927&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>744&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|214}}0.4033&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0446&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|214}}0.4033&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0446&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0802355 |align=right|{{coord|37.076605|-106.010222|format=dms}} |- |[[Arriba, Colorado|Arriba]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20100610144319/http://www.lincolncountyco.us/town_of_arriba.htm Town of Arriba] |{{sort|1918-08-29|August 29, 1918}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Lincoln County, Colorado|Lincoln County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Arriba.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041602/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Arriba.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|237}} |{{change|invert=on|194|193}} |align=right|{{ntsh|221}}427&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>165&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|210}}0.4401&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.1398&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|210}}0.4401&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.1398&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0803235 |align=right|{{coord|39.284058|-103.273902|format=dms}} |- |[[Arvada, Colorado|Arvada]] |[http://arvada.org/ City of Arvada] |{{sort|1904-08-24|August 24, 1904}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]]<br/>[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Arvada.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041752/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Arvada.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|7}} |{{change|invert=on|113574|106433}} |align=right|{{ntsh|19}}2914&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1125&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|9}}38.3316&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>99.2785&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|13}}0.6235&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.6149&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|9}}38.9551&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>100.8933&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0803455 |align=right|{{coord|39.833728|-105.150306|format=dms}} |- |[[Aspen, Colorado|Aspen]] |[http://www.aspenpitkin.com/ City of Aspen] |{{sort|1881-04-01|April 1, 1881}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Pitkin County, Colorado|Pitkin County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Aspen.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041653/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Aspen.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|59}} |{{change|invert=on|6805|6658}} |align=right|{{ntsh|64}}1734&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>670&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|84}}3.8796&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>10.0481&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|84}}3.8796&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>10.0481&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0803620 |align=right|{{coord|39.194951|-106.837002|format=dms}} |- |[[Ault, Colorado|Ault]] |[http://www.townofault.org/ Town of Ault] |{{sort|1904-04-11|April 11, 1904}}<ref name=Bergdorf>[[Ault, Colorado|Ault]] was incorporated in 1904 as [[Ault, Colorado|Bergdorf]].</ref> |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ault.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224416/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ault.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|123}} |{{change|invert=on|1603|1519}} |align=right|{{ntsh|46}}1996&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>771&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|179}}0.7886&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.0426&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|180}}0.7886&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.0426&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0803950 |align=right|{{coord|40.583454|-104.733962|format=dms}} |- |[[Aurora, Colorado|Aurora]] |[http://www.auroragov.org/ City of Aurora] |{{sort|1903-05-05|May 5, 1903}}<ref name=Fletcher>[[Aurora, Colorado|Aurora]] was incorporated in 1903 as [[Fletcher, Colorado|Fletcher]].</ref> |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]]<br/>[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]]<br/>[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Aurora.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903150030/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Aurora.pdf |date=2014-09-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|3}} |{{change|invert=on|353108|325078}} |align=right|{{ntsh|35}}2248&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>868&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|2}}153.8290&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>398.4152&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|12}}0.6784&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.7570&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|3}}154.5074&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>400.1722&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0804000 |align=right|{{coord|39.688002|-104.689740|format=dms}} |- |[[Avon, Colorado|Avon]] |[http://www.avon.org/ Town of Avon] |{{sort|1978-02-24|February 24, 1978}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Eagle County, Colorado|Eagle County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Avon.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225053/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Avon.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|63}} |{{change|invert=on|6447|6447}} |align=right|{{ntsh|169}}798&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>308&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|51}}8.0338&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>20.8075&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|48}}0.0720&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1866&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|51}}8.1059&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>20.9941&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0804110 |align=right|{{coord|39.641797|-106.515877|format=dms}} |- |[[Basalt, Colorado|Basalt]] |[http://www.basalt.net/ Town of Basalt] |{{sort|1901-08-26|August 26, 1901}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Eagle County, Colorado|Eagle County]]<br/>[[Pitkin County, Colorado|Pitkin County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Basalt.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045207/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Basalt.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|86}} |{{change|invert=on|3919|3857}} |align=right|{{ntsh|51}}1929&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>745&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|122}}1.9990&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.1774&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|92}}0.0078&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0203&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|123}}2.0068&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.1977&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0804935 |align=right|{{coord|39.358174|-107.018557|format=dms}} |- |[[Bayfield, Colorado|Bayfield]] |[http://www.bayfieldgov.org/ Town of Bayfield] |{{sort|1906-08-18|August 18, 1906}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[La Plata County, Colorado|La Plata County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Bayfield.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044126/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Bayfield.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|102}} |{{change|invert=on|2533|2333}} |align=right|{{ntsh|66}}1729&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>668&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|140}}1.4415&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.7335&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|140}}1.4415&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.7335&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0805265 |align=right|{{coord|37.235248|-107.594814|format=dms}} |- |[[Bennett, Colorado|Bennett]] |[http://www.townofbennett.org/ Town of Bennett] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020185300/http://www.townofbennett.org/ |date=2011-10-20 }} |{{sort|1930-01-22|January 22, 1930}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]]<br/>[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Bennett.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130194015/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Bennett.pdf |date=2018-01-30 }} |align=center|{{nts|103}} |{{change|invert=on|2443|2308}} |align=right|{{ntsh|223}}416&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>161&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|68}}5.7934&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>15.0049&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|95}}0.0060&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0156&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|68}}5.7994&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>15.0205&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0806090 |align=right|{{coord|39.745990|-104.442841|format=dms}} |- |[[Berthoud, Colorado|Berthoud]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110430082948/http://berthoud.org/ Town of Berthoud] |{{sort|1888-08-28|August 28, 1888}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]]<br/>[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Berthoud.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041612/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Berthoud.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|70}} |{{change|invert=on|5807|5105}} |align=right|{{ntsh|218}}448&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>173&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|35}}12.0289&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>31.1547&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|30}}0.1264&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.3275&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|35}}12.1553&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>31.4822&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0806255 |align=right|{{coord|40.284667|-104.965504|format=dms}} |- |[[Bethune, Colorado|Bethune]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418095448/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=76 Town of Bethune] |{{sort|1926-06-10|June 10, 1926}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Kit Carson County, Colorado|Kit Carson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Bethune.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042029/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Bethune.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|232}} |{{change|invert=on|240|237}} |align=right|{{ntsh|88}}1438&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>555&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|261}}0.1620&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4196&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|261}}0.1620&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4196&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0806530 |align=right|{{coord|39.303822|-102.423414|format=dms}} |- |[[Black Hawk, Colorado|Black Hawk]] |[http://www.cityofblackhawk.org/ City of Black Hawk] |{{sort|1886-06-12|June 12, 1886}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Gilpin County, Colorado|Gilpin County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Black%20Hawk.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234554/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Black%20Hawk.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|250}} |{{change|invert=on|126|118}} |align=right|{{ntsh|267}}62&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>24&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|124}}1.9449&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.0372&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|125}}1.9449&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.0372&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0807025 |align=right|{{coord|39.801069|-105.489224|format=dms}} |- |[[Blanca, Colorado|Blanca]] |[http://blancaco.com/ Town of Blanca]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |{{sort|1910-05-18|May 18, 1910}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Costilla County, Colorado|Costilla County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Blanca.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083343/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Blanca.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|211}} |{{change|invert=on|372|385}} |align=right|{{ntsh|251}}208&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>80&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|126}}1.7857&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.6250&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|128}}1.7857&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.6250&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0807190 |align=right|{{coord|37.439281|-105.513526|format=dms}} |- |[[Blue River, Colorado|Blue River]]<ref name=Blue_River>[[Blue River, Colorado|Blue River]] is served by the [[Breckenridge, Colorado|Breckenridge]] [[United States Postal Service|Post Office]].</ref> |[http://www.townofblueriver.com/ Town of Blue River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711200755/http://townofblueriver.com/ |date=2012-07-11 }} |{{sort|1964-99-99|1964}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Summit County, Colorado|Summit County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Blue%20River.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022911/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Blue%20River.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|155}} |{{change|invert=on|882|849}} |align=right|{{ntsh|233}}345&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>133&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|108}}2.5149&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.5136&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|37}}0.0996&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2579&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|105}}2.6145&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.7715&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0807410 |align=right|{{coord|39.448494|-106.036774|format=dms}} |- |[[Bonanza, Colorado|Bonanza]]<ref name=Bonanza>[[Bonanza, Colorado|Bonanza]] is served by the [[Villa Grove, Colorado|Villa Grove]] [[United States Postal Service|Post Office]].</ref> |[http://www.sangres.com/colorado/saguache/bonanza.htm Town of Bonanza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902204654/http://www.sangres.com/colorado/saguache/bonanza.htm |date=2016-09-02 }} |{{sort|1881-01-13|January 13, 1881}}<ref name=Bonanza_City>[[Bonanza, Colorado|Bonanza]] was incorporated in 1881 as [[Bonanza, Colorado|Bonanza City]].</ref> |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Saguache County, Colorado|Saguache County]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224030/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Bonanza.pdf map] |align=center|{{nts|270}} |{{change|invert=on|16|16}} |align=right|{{ntsh|271}}37&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>14&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|211}}0.4365&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.1306&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|211}}0.4365&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.1306&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0807571 |align=right|{{coord|38.296607|-106.141873|format=dms}} |- |[[Boone, Colorado|Boone]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090923225150/http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/lgov_pueblo.html Town of Boone] |{{sort|1956-09-22|September 22, 1956}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Pueblo County, Colorado|Pueblo County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Boone.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041741/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Boone.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|213}} |{{change|invert=on|342|339}} |align=right|{{ntsh|152}}932&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>360&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|222}}0.3616&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9365&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|86}}0.0098&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0253&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|222}}0.3713&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9618&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0807795 |align=right|{{coord|38.250445|-104.260792|format=dms}} |- |[[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] |[http://www.bouldercolorado.gov/ City of Boulder] |{{sort|1871-11-04|November 4, 1871}}<ref name=Boulder_City>[[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] was incorporated in 1871 as [[Boulder, Colorado#History|Boulder City]].</ref> |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Boulder.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304004127/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Boulder.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|11}} |{{change|invert=on|105112|97385}} |align=right|{{ntsh|8}}4152&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1603&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|19}}24.8478&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>64.3556&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|9}}1.0187&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.6384&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|19}}25.8665&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>66.9940&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0807850 |align=right|{{coord|40.027435|-105.251945|format=dms}} |- |[[Bow Mar, Colorado|Bow Mar]] |[http://www.bowmar.gov/ Town of Bow Mar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021230455/http://www.bowmar.gov/ |date=2012-10-21 }} |{{sort|1958-08-99|August 1958}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]]<br/>[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Bow%20Mar.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041638/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Bow%20Mar.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|151}} |{{change|invert=on|921|866}} |align=right|{{ntsh|102}}1322&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>510&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|191}}0.6846&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.7732&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|27}}0.1511&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.3913&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|177}}0.8357&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.1645&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0808070 |align=right|{{coord|39.626594|-105.050914|format=dms}} |- |[[Branson, Colorado|Branson]] |[http://www.sangres.com/colorado/lasanimas/branson.htm Town of Branson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329033915/http://www.sangres.com/colorado/lasanimas/branson.htm |date=2016-03-29 }} |{{sort|1921-03-26|March 26, 1921}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Las Animas County, Colorado|Las Animas County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Branson.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233536/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Branson.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|262}} |{{change|invert=on|67|74}} |align=right|{{ntsh|239}}282&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>109&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|244}}0.2448&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6340&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|246}}0.2448&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6340&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0808345 |align=right|{{coord|37.015493|-103.883777|format=dms}} |- |[[Breckenridge, Colorado|Breckenridge]] |[http://www.townofbreckenridge.com/ Town of Breckenridge] |{{sort|1880-03-03|March 3, 1880}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Summit County, Colorado|Summit County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Breckenridge.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040659/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Breckenridge.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|79}} |{{change|invert=on|4749|4540}} |align=right|{{ntsh|172}}775&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>299&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|67}}5.9946&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>15.5259&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|67}}5.9946&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>15.5259&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0808400 |align=right|{{coord|39.499619|-106.043292|format=dms}} |- |[[Brighton, Colorado|Brighton]] |[http://brightonco.gov/ City of Brighton] |{{sort|1887-09-01|September 1, 1887}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]]<ref name=County_Seat/><br/>[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Brighton.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224423/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Brighton.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|22}} |{{change|invert=on|36765|33352}} |align=right|{{ntsh|69}}1720&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>664&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|23}}20.7614&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>53.7719&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|20}}0.3013&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7803&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|23}}21.0627&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>54.5522&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0808675 |align=right|{{coord|39.964790|-104.796581|format=dms}} |- |[[Brookside, Colorado|Brookside]]<ref name=Brookside>[[Brookside, Colorado|Brookside]] is served by the [[Cañon City, Colorado|Cañon City]] [[United States Postal Service|Post Office]].</ref> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090924004034/http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/lgov_fremont.html Town of Brookside] |{{sort|1913-99-99|1913}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Fremont County, Colorado|Fremont County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Brookside.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903145933/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Brookside.pdf |date=2014-09-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|231}} |{{change|invert=on|243|233}} |align=right|{{ntsh|211}}512&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>198&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|208}}0.4649&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.2041&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|208}}0.4649&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.2041&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0809115 |align=right|{{coord|38.413543|-105.191060|format=dms}} |- |[[Broomfield, Colorado|Broomfield]] |[http://www.broomfield.org/ City and County of Broomfield] |{{sort|1961-06-06|June 6, 1961}}<ref name=Broomfield>The [[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield]] was [[consolidated city-county|consolidated]] on November 15, 2001.</ref> |[[#Consolidated city and county|consolidated city and county]] |[[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield]]<ref name=Broomfield2>As a [[#Consolidated city and county|consolidated city and county]], the [[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield]] is its own [[county seat]].</ref> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Broomfield.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235315/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Broomfield.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|15}} |{{change|invert=on|62138|55889}} |align=right|{{ntsh|57}}1802&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>696&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|14}}33.0031&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>85.4775&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|14}}0.5455&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.4127&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|15}}33.5485&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>86.8903&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0809280 |align=right|{{coord|39.953302|-105.052038|format=dms}} |- |[[Brush, Colorado|Brush]] |[http://www.brushcolo.com/ City of Brush] |{{sort|1884-11-24|November 24, 1884}} |[[#Statutory city|statutory city]] |[[Morgan County, Colorado|Morgan County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Brush.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052948/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Brush.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|71}} |{{change|invert=on|5466|5463}} |align=right|{{ntsh|38}}2159&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>834&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|107}}2.5474&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.5978&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|108}}2.5474&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.5978&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0809555 |align=right|{{coord|40.258136|-103.632160|format=dms}} |- |[[Buena Vista, Colorado|Buena Vista]] |[http://www.buenavistaco.gov/ Town of Buena Vista] |{{sort|1879-11-08|November 8, 1879}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Chaffee County, Colorado|Chaffee County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Buena%20Vista.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041535/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Buena%20Vista.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|96}} |{{change|invert=on|2734|2617}} |align=right|{{ntsh|171}}792&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>306&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|89}}3.4544&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.9469&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|117}}0.0008&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0022&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|89}}3.4553&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.9491&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0810105 |align=right|{{coord|38.829332|-106.139515|format=dms}} |- |[[Burlington, Colorado|Burlington]] |[http://www.burlingtoncolo.com/ City of Burlington] |{{sort|1888-01-12|January 12, 1888}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Kit Carson County, Colorado|Kit Carson County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Burlington.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221635/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Burlington.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|85}} |{{change|invert=on|4014|4254}} |align=right|{{ntsh|54}}1917&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>740&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|120}}2.0878&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.4073&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|121}}2.0878&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.4073&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0810600 |align=right|{{coord|39.304491|-102.271463|format=dms}} |- |[[Calhan, Colorado|Calhan]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418095508/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=81 Town of Calhan] |{{sort|1919-05-10|May 10, 1919}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Calhan.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041448/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Calhan.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|162}} |{{change|invert=on|797|780}} |align=right|{{ntsh|155}}912&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>352&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|170}}0.8710&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.2559&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|170}}0.8710&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.2559&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0811260 |align=right|{{coord|39.034438|-104.299139|format=dms}} |- |[[Campo, Colorado|Campo]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090921144557/http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/lgov_baca.html Town of Campo] |{{sort|1950-03-06|March 6, 1950}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Baca County, Colorado|Baca County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Campo.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224419/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Campo.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|256}} |{{change|invert=on|105|109}} |align=right|{{ntsh|181}}742&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>286&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|263}}0.1443&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.3737&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|263}}0.1443&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.3737&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0811645 |align=right|{{coord|37.104711|-102.578798|format=dms}} |- |[[Cañon City, Colorado|Cañon City]] |[http://www.canoncity.org/ City of Cañon City] |{{sort|1872-04-03|April 3, 1872}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Fremont County, Colorado|Fremont County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cañon%20City.pdf map]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |align=center|{{nts|34}} |{{change|invert=on|16337|16400}} |align=right|{{ntsh|103}}1304&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>504&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|34}}12.5117&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>32.4051&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|84}}0.0122&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0315&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|34}}12.5238&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>32.4366&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0811810 |align=right|{{coord|38.441889|-105.220891|format=dms}} |- |[[Carbondale, Colorado|Carbondale]] |[http://www.carbondalegov.org/ Town of Carbondale] |{{sort|1888-04-26|April 26, 1888}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Garfield County, Colorado|Garfield County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Carbondale.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045331/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Carbondale.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|61}} |{{change|invert=on|6574|6427}} |align=right|{{ntsh|17}}3205&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1238&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|121}}2.0443&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.2947&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|122}}2.0443&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.2947&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0812045 |align=right|{{coord|39.394616|-107.214475|format=dms}} |- |[[Castle Pines, Colorado|Castle Pines]] |[http://www.castlepinesgov.com/ City of Castle Pines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406084318/http://www.castlepinesgov.com/ |date=2016-04-06 }} |{{sort|2007-11-06|November 6, 2007}}<ref name=Castle_Pines_North>The [[Castle Pines, Colorado|City of Castle Pines North]] was incorporated on November 6, 2007. An election on November 2, 2010, changed the name to the [[Castle Pines, Colorado|City of Castle Pines]].</ref> |[[#Statutory city|statutory city]] |[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Castle%20Pines.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104212518/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Castle%20Pines.pdf |date=2013-11-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|46}} |{{change|invert=on|10796|NA}} |align=right|{{ntsh|127}}1121&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>433&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|44}}9.5674&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>24.7793&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|45}}9.5674&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>24.7793&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0812387 |align=right|{{coord|39.462512|-104.870620|format=dms}} |- |[[Castle Rock, Colorado|Castle Rock]] |[http://www.townofcastlerock.org/ Town of Castle Rock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111060615/http://www.townofcastlerock.org/ |date=2008-01-11 }} |{{sort|1881-05-17|May 17, 1881}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Castle%20Rock.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050124/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Castle%20Rock.pdf |date=2018-04-30 }} |align=center|{{nts|17}} |{{change|invert=on|55747|48231}} |align=right|{{ntsh|82}}1567&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>605&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|13}}33.8639&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>87.7070&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|14}}33.8639&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>87.7070&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0812415 |align=right|{{coord|39.376089|-104.853487|format=dms}} |- |[[Cedaredge, Colorado|Cedaredge]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812145207/http://www.cedaredgecolorado.com/town/ Town of Cedaredge] |{{sort|1907-05-02|May 2, 1907}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Delta County, Colorado|Delta County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cedaredge.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041930/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cedaredge.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|111}} |{{change|invert=on|2187|2253}} |align=right|{{ntsh|125}}1136&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>438&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|123}}1.9556&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.0650&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|124}}1.9556&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.0650&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0812635 |align=right|{{coord|38.894137|-107.925498|format=dms}} |- |[[Centennial, Colorado|Centennial]] |[http://www.centennialcolorado.com/ City of Centennial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213080920/http://www.centennialcolorado.com/ |date=2014-02-13 }} |{{sort|2001-02-07|February 7, 2001}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Centennial.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224433/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Centennial.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|10}} |{{change|invert=on|107201|100377}} |align=right|{{ntsh|9}}3672&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1418&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|16}}28.9014&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>74.8543&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|28}}0.1472&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.3813&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|16}}29.0486&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>75.2356&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0812815 |align=right|{{coord|39.590568|-104.869118|format=dms}} |- |[[Center, Colorado|Center]] |[http://www.townofcenter.org/ Town of Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323161653/http://www.townofcenter.org/ |date=2012-03-23 }} |{{sort|1907-01-18|January 18, 1907}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Rio Grande County, Colorado|Rio Grande County]]<br/>[[Saguache County, Colorado|Saguache County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Center.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041635/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Center.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|109}} |{{change|invert=on|2199|2230}} |align=right|{{ntsh|22}}2694&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1040&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|177}}0.8260&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.1392&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|178}}0.8260&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.1392&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0812855 |align=right|{{coord|37.751351|-106.110195|format=dms}} |- |[[Central City, Colorado|Central City]] |[http://www.centralcitycolorado.us/ City of Central] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018115739/http://centralcitycolorado.us/ |date=2015-10-18 }} |{{sort|1886-06-12|June 12, 1886}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Gilpin County, Colorado|Gilpin County]]<ref name=County_Seat/><br/>[[Clear Creek County, Colorado|Clear Creek County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Central%20City.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041512/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Central%20City.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|170}} |{{change|invert=on|724|663}} |align=right|{{ntsh|241}}280&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>108&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|110}}2.4493&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.3438&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|122}}0.0000&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0000&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|110}}2.4494&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.3438&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0812910 |align=right|{{coord|39.795790|-105.514835|format=dms}} |- |[[Cheraw, Colorado|Cheraw]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090921113635/http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/lgov_otero.html Town of Cheraw] |{{sort|1917-04-17|April 17, 1917}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Otero County, Colorado|Otero County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cheraw.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041612/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cheraw.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|230}} |{{change|invert=on|249|252}} |align=right|{{ntsh|83}}1567&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>605&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|262}}0.1583&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4100&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|262}}0.1583&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4100&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0813460 |align=right|{{coord|38.108104|-103.510926|format=dms}} |- |[[Cherry Hills Village, Colorado|Cherry Hills Village]] |[http://www.cherryhillsvillage.com/ City of Cherry Hills Village] |{{sort|1945-07-19|July 19, 1945}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cherry%20Hills%20Village.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083408/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cherry%20Hills%20Village.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|64}} |{{change|invert=on|6423|5987}} |align=right|{{ntsh|142}}1018&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>393&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|65}}6.2038&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>16.0678&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|49}}0.0715&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1853&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|64}}6.2753&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>16.2531&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0813845 |align=right|{{coord|39.637418|-104.947470|format=dms}} |- |[[Cheyenne Wells, Colorado|Cheyenne Wells]] |[http://www.townofcheyennewells.com/ Town of Cheyenne Wells] |{{sort|1890-05-14|May 14, 1890}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Cheyenne County, Colorado|Cheyenne County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cheyenne%20Wells.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000144/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cheyenne%20Wells.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|159}} |{{change|invert=on|860|846}} |align=right|{{ntsh|168}}814&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>314&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|157}}1.0696&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.7702&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|158}}1.0696&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.7702&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0814175 |align=right|{{coord|38.819202|-102.352030|format=dms}} |- |[[Coal Creek, Fremont County, Colorado|Coal Creek]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090827075915/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=306 Town of Coal Creek] |{{sort|1882-02-11|February 11, 1882}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Fremont County, Colorado|Fremont County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Coal%20Creek.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222242/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Coal%20Creek.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|214}} |{{change|invert=on|339|343}} |align=right|{{ntsh|245}}266&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>103&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|147}}1.2719&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.2942&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|147}}1.2719&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.2942&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0815330 |align=right|{{coord|38.362038|-105.141782|format=dms}} |- |[[Cokedale, Colorado|Cokedale]] |[http://www.sangres.com/colorado/lasanimas/cokedale.htm Town of Cokedale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329053150/http://www.sangres.com/colorado/lasanimas/cokedale.htm |date=2016-03-29 }} |{{sort|1948-03-15|March 15, 1948}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Las Animas County, Colorado|Las Animas County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cokedale.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035511/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cokedale.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|251}} |{{change|invert=on|119|129}} |align=right|{{ntsh|201}}581&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>224&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|254}}0.2049&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.5308&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|255}}0.2049&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.5308&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0815550 |align=right|{{coord|37.144223|-104.621590|format=dms}} |- |[[Collbran, Colorado|Collbran]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418095538/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=87 Town of Collbran] |{{sort|1908-07-22|July 22, 1908}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Mesa County, Colorado|Mesa County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Collbran.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083413/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Collbran.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|172}} |{{change|invert=on|706|708}} |align=right|{{ntsh|118}}1184&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>457&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|195}}0.5912&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.5312&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|195}}0.5912&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.5312&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0815605 |align=right|{{coord|39.240016|-107.963956|format=dms}} |- |[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] |[http://www.springsgov.com/ City of Colorado Springs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002012442/http://www.springsgov.com/ |date=2003-10-02 }} |{{sort|1886-06-19|June 19, 1886}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Colorado%20Springs.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235547/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Colorado%20Springs.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|2}} |{{change|invert=on|445830|416427}} |align=right|{{ntsh|34}}2257&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>872&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|1}}194.8701&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>504.7114&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|16}}0.3657&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9472&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|1}}195.2359&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>505.6585&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0816000 |align=right|{{coord|38.867255|-104.760749|format=dms}} |- |[[Columbine Valley, Colorado|Columbine Valley]]<ref name=Columbine_Valley>[[Columbine Valley, Colorado|Columbine Valley]] is served by the [[Littleton, Colorado|Littleton]] [[United States Postal Service|Post Office]].</ref> |[http://www.columbinevalley.org/ Town of Columbine Valley] |{{sort|1959-07-02|July 2, 1959}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Columbine%20Valley.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022923/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Columbine%20Valley.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|133}} |{{change|invert=on|1328|1256}} |align=right|{{ntsh|110}}1287&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>497&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|160}}1.0245&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.6534&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|80}}0.0144&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0372&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|161}}1.0388&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.6906&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0816385 |align=right|{{coord|39.599580|-105.030771|format=dms}} |- |[[Commerce City, Colorado|Commerce City]] |[http://www.c3gov.com/ City of Commerce City] |{{sort|1952-12-18|December 18, 1952}}<ref name=Commerce_Town>[[Commerce City, Colorado|Commerce City]] was incorporated in 1952 as [[Commerce City, Colorado#History|Commerce Town]].</ref> |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Commerce%20City.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151321/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Commerce%20City.pdf |date=2014-09-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|18}} |{{change|invert=on|51762|45913}} |align=right|{{ntsh|89}}1426&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>551&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|11}}34.9113&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>90.4199&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|15}}0.4119&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0669&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|12}}35.3233&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>91.4868&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0816495 |align=right|{{coord|39.882968|-104.795452|format=dms}} |- |[[Cortez, Colorado|Cortez]] |[http://www.cityofcortez.com/ City of Cortez] |{{sort|1902-11-10|November 10, 1902}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Montezuma County, Colorado|Montezuma County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cortez.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022930/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cortez.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|52}} |{{change|invert=on|8602|8482}} |align=right|{{ntsh|94}}1379&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>532&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|64}}6.2130&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>16.0916&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|69}}0.0272&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0704&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|65}}6.2402&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>16.1620&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0817375 |align=right|{{coord|37.349783|-108.576687|format=dms}} |- |[[Craig, Colorado|Craig]] |[http://www.ci.craig.co.us/ City of Craig] |{{sort|1908-07-15|July 15, 1908}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Moffat County, Colorado|Moffat County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Craig.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041652/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Craig.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|50}} |{{change|invert=on|8846|9464}} |align=right|{{ntsh|62}}1749&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>675&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|70}}5.1354&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>13.3007&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|70}}5.1354&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>13.3007&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0817760 |align=right|{{coord|40.517034|-107.555674|format=dms}} |- |[[Crawford, Colorado|Crawford]] |[http://www.colorado.com/Crawford.aspx Town of Crawford] |{{sort|1910-12-19|December 19, 1910}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Delta County, Colorado|Delta County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Crawford.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022935/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Crawford.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|205}} |{{change|invert=on|411|431}} |align=right|{{ntsh|63}}1736&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>670&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|246}}0.2431&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6296&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|247}}0.2431&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6296&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0817925 |align=right|{{coord|38.705183|-107.610061|format=dms}} |- |[[Creede, Colorado|Creede]] |[http://www.creede.com/ City of Creede]<ref name=Creede>The municipality of [[Creede, Colorado|Creede]] uses the official title [[Creede, Colorado|City of Creede]] despite its status as a [[#Statutory town|Colorado statutory town]].</ref> |{{sort|1892-05-19|May 19, 1892}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Mineral County, Colorado|Mineral County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Creede.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131607/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Creede.pdf |date=2018-02-06 }} |align=center|{{nts|219}} |{{change|invert=on|282|290}} |align=right|{{ntsh|237}}319&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>123&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|165}}0.9161&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.3727&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|165}}0.9161&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.3727&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0814765 |align=right|{{coord|37.849102|-106.925415|format=dms}} |- |[[Crested Butte, Colorado|Crested Butte]] |[http://www.crestedbutte-co.gov/ Town of Crested Butte] |{{sort|1880-07-15|July 15, 1880}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Gunnison County, Colorado|Gunnison County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Crested%20Butte.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234746/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Crested%20Butte.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|125}} |{{change|invert=on|1541|1487}} |align=right|{{ntsh|56}}1805&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>697&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|174}}0.8417&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.1800&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|175}}0.8417&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.1800&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0818310 |align=right|{{coord|38.867736|-106.977266|format=dms}} |- |[[Crestone, Colorado|Crestone]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080117131337/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=225 Town of Crestone] |{{sort|1902-01-24|January 24, 1902}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Saguache County, Colorado|Saguache County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Crestone.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221040/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Crestone.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|246}} |{{change|invert=on|137|127}} |align=right|{{ntsh|231}}350&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>135&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|221}}0.3772&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9771&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|221}}0.3772&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9771&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0818420 |align=right|{{coord|37.994497|-105.696273|format=dms}} |- |[[Cripple Creek, Colorado|Cripple Creek]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013114502/http://cripplecreekgov.com/ City of Cripple Creek] |{{sort|1892-06-09|June 9, 1892}} |[[#Statutory city|statutory city]] |[[Teller County, Colorado|Teller County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cripple%20Creek.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083426/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Cripple%20Creek.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|136}} |{{change|invert=on|1172|1189}} |align=right|{{ntsh|177}}763&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>294&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|135}}1.5328&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.9699&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|136}}1.5328&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.9699&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0818530 |align=right|{{coord|38.746149|-105.184042|format=dms}} |- |[[Crook, Colorado|Crook]] |[http://www.colorado.com/Crook.aspx Town of Crook] |{{sort|1918-09-23|September 23, 1918}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Logan County, Colorado|Logan County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Crook.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045118/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Crook.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|254}} |{{change|invert=on|109|110}} |align=right|{{ntsh|167}}815&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>315&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|264}}0.1338&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.3464&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|264}}0.1338&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.3464&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0818640 |align=right|{{coord|40.858752|-102.801392|format=dms}} |- |[[Crowley, Colorado|Crowley]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20101028140857/http://www.colorado.com/Crowley.aspx Town of Crowley] |{{sort|1921-10-10|October 10, 1921}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Crowley County, Colorado|Crowley County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Crowley.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232515/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Crowley.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|238}} |{{change|invert=on|175|176}} |align=right|{{ntsh|179}}754&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>291&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|252}}0.2255&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.5840&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|253}}0.2255&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.5840&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0818750 |align=right|{{coord|38.193506|-103.859744|format=dms}} |- |[[Dacono, Colorado|Dacono]] |[http://www.ci.dacono.co.us/ City of Dacono] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331122516/http://www.ci.dacono.co.us/ |date=2016-03-31 }} |{{sort|1908-09-23|September 23, 1908}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Dacono.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151326/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Dacono.pdf |date=2014-09-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|81}} |{{change|invert=on|4544|4152}} |align=right|{{ntsh|206}}539&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>208&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|50}}8.1208&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>21.0328&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|89}}0.0091&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0235&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|50}}8.1299&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>21.0563&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0819080 |align=right|{{coord|40.063521|-104.946804|format=dms}} |- |[[De Beque, Colorado|De Beque]] |[http://www.debeque.org/ Town of De Beque] |{{sort|1890-01-18|January 18, 1890}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Mesa County, Colorado|Mesa County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/De%20Beque.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001405/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/De%20Beque.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|195}} |{{change|invert=on|496|504}} |align=right|{{ntsh|262}}115&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>45&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|78}}4.3012&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>11.1401&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|71}}0.0256&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0664&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|78}}4.3269&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>11.2065&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0819355 |align=right|{{coord|39.275733|-108.193405|format=dms}} |- |[[Deer Trail, Colorado|Deer Trail]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071223025552/http://www.deertrailcolorado.org/ Town of Deer Trail] |{{sort|1920-02-03|February 3, 1920}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Deer%20Trail.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151101/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Deer%20Trail.pdf |date=2014-09-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|187}} |{{change|invert=on|576|546}} |align=right|{{ntsh|208}}525&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>203&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|156}}1.0714&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.7748&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|101}}0.0043&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0111&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|156}}1.0757&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.7859&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0819630 |align=right|{{coord|39.615892|-104.043007|format=dms}} |- |[[Del Norte, Colorado|Del Norte]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418095558/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=91 Town of Del Norte] |{{sort|1895-11-15|November 15, 1895}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Rio Grande County, Colorado|Rio Grande County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Del%20Norte.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022946/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Del%20Norte.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|122}} |{{change|invert=on|1629|1686}} |align=right|{{ntsh|79}}1643&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>634&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|161}}1.0075&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.6093&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|162}}1.0075&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.6093&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0819795 |align=right|{{coord|37.678447|-106.353931|format=dms}} |- |[[Delta, Colorado|Delta]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013152055/http://www.delta-co.gov/ City of Delta] |{{sort|1882-10-24|October 24, 1882}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Delta County, Colorado|Delta County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Delta.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001344/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Delta.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|51}} |{{change|invert=on|8720|8915}} |align=right|{{ntsh|189}}664&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>256&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|30}}13.3451&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>34.5635&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|21}}0.2813&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7286&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|31}}13.6264&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>35.2922&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0819850 |align=right|{{coord|38.757372|-108.087959|format=dms}} |- |[[Denver]] |[http://www.denvergov.org/ City and County of Denver] |{{sort|1859-12-03|December 3, 1859}}<ref name=Denver_1st>The [[Jefferson Territory|Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson]] granted a charter to the consolidated [[History of Denver|City of Denver, Auraria, and Highland]] on December 3, 1859. The [[Territory of Colorado]] reincorporated the city as [[History of Denver|Denver City]] on November 7, 1861. Later, the city's common name was shortened to [[History of Denver|Denver]].</ref><ref name=Denver>The [[History of Denver|City and County of Denver]] was [[consolidated city-county|consolidated]] on November 15, 1902.</ref> |[[#Consolidated city and county|consolidated city and county]] |[[Denver|City and County of Denver]]<ref name=Denver1>The [[Denver|City and County of Denver]] is the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of the [[state of Colorado]].</ref><ref name=Denver2>As a [[#Consolidated city and county|consolidated city and county]], the [[Denver|City and County of Denver]] is its own [[county seat]].</ref> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Denver.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807155729/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/DENVER.pdf |date=2018-08-07 }} |align=center|{{nts|1}} |{{change|invert=on|663862|600158}} |align=right|{{ntsh|7}}4244&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1639&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|3}}153.0374&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>396.3650&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|2}}1.6249&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.2086&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|2}}154.6623&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>400.5735&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0820000 |align=right|{{coord|39.761850|-104.881105|format=dms}} |- |[[Dillon, Colorado|Dillon]] |[http://www.townofdillon.com/ Town of Dillon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903044644/http://www.townofdillon.com/ |date=2011-09-03 }} |{{sort|1883-01-26|January 26, 1883}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Summit County, Colorado|Summit County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Dillon.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224427/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Dillon.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|149}} |{{change|invert=on|937|904}} |align=right|{{ntsh|199}}586&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>226&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|133}}1.5694&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.0648&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|10}}0.8587&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.2241&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|111}}2.4281&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.2889&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0820440 |align=right|{{coord|39.625881|-106.043728|format=dms}} |- |[[Dinosaur, Colorado|Dinosaur]] |[http://www.colorado.com/Dinosaur.aspx Town of Dinosaur] |{{sort|1947-12-18|December 18, 1947}}<ref name=Artesia>[[Dinosaur, Colorado|Dinosaur]] was incorporated in 1947 as [[Dinosaur, Colorado|Artesia]].</ref> |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Moffat County, Colorado|Moffat County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Dinosaur.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222017/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Dinosaur.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|216}} |{{change|invert=on|312|339}} |align=right|{{ntsh|225}}407&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>157&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|180}}0.7847&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.0324&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|181}}0.7847&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.0324&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0820495 |align=right|{{coord|40.240551|-109.008590|format=dms}} |- |[[Dolores, Colorado|Dolores]] |[http://www.townofdolores.com/ Town of Dolores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401235730/http://www.townofdolores.com/ |date=2016-04-01 }} |{{sort|1900-07-19|July 19, 1900}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Montezuma County, Colorado|Montezuma County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Dolores.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041730/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Dolores.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|148}} |{{change|invert=on|948|936}} |align=right|{{ntsh|107}}1296&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>500&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|184}}0.7279&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.8852&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|185}}0.7279&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.8852&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0820770 |align=right|{{coord|37.473990|-108.499824|format=dms}} |- |[[Dove Creek, Colorado|Dove Creek]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418095609/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=94 Town of Dove Creek] |{{sort|1939-06-15|June 15, 1939}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Dolores County, Colorado|Dolores County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Dove%20Creek.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131023610/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Dove%20Creek.pdf |date=2018-01-31 }} |align=center|{{nts|174}} |{{change|invert=on|703|735}} |align=right|{{ntsh|99}}1342&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>518&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|202}}0.5373&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.3916&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|202}}0.5373&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.3916&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0821265 |align=right|{{coord|37.766665|-108.906297|format=dms}} |- |[[Durango, Colorado|Durango]] |[http://www.durangogov.org/ City of Durango] |{{sort|1881-04-27|April 27, 1881}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[La Plata County, Colorado|La Plata County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Durango.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041745/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Durango.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|33}} |{{change|invert=on|17834|16887}} |align=right|{{ntsh|81}}1586&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>612&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|38}}11.0712&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>28.6743&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|65}}0.0330&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0854&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|38}}11.1042&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>28.7597&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0822035 |align=right|{{coord|37.273267|-107.871692|format=dms}} |- |[[Eads, Colorado|Eads]] |[http://www.kcedfonline.org/eads.htm Town of Eads] |{{sort|1916-01-29|January 29, 1916}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Kiowa County, Colorado|Kiowa County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Eads.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151121/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Eads.pdf |date=2014-09-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|185}} |{{change|invert=on|599|609}} |align=right|{{ntsh|106}}1296&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>501&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|207}}0.4698&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.2167&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|207}}0.4698&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.2167&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0822145 |align=right|{{coord|38.481346|-102.779776|format=dms}} |- |[[Eagle, Colorado|Eagle]] |[http://www.townofeagle.org/ Town of Eagle] |{{sort|1905-04-05|April 5, 1905}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Eagle County, Colorado|Eagle County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Eagle.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022952/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Eagle.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|62}} |{{change|invert=on|6572|6508}} |align=right|{{ntsh|90}}1420&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>548&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|76}}4.5927&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>11.8949&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|74}}0.0201&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0520&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|76}}4.6127&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>11.9469&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0822200 |align=right|{{coord|39.634496|-106.816402|format=dms}} |- |[[Eaton, Colorado|Eaton]] |[http://www.eatonco.org/ Town of Eaton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316071202/http://www.eatonco.org/ |date=2016-03-16 }} |{{sort|1892-12-05|December 5, 1892}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Eaton.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235844/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Eaton.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|78}} |{{change|invert=on|4815|4365}} |align=right|{{ntsh|47}}1967&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>760&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|112}}2.3620&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.1177&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|113}}2.3620&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.1177&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0822860 |align=right|{{coord|40.525181|-104.713308|format=dms}} |- |[[Eckley, Colorado|Eckley]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090921145036/http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/lgov_yuma.html Town of Eckley] |{{sort|1920-06-16|June 16, 1920}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Yuma County, Colorado|Yuma County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Eckley.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221734/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Eckley.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|227}} |{{change|invert=on|255|257}} |align=right|{{ntsh|205}}539&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>208&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|206}}0.4767&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.2346&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|206}}0.4767&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.2346&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0823025 |align=right|{{coord|40.112467|-102.488545|format=dms}} |- |[[Edgewater, Colorado|Edgewater]] |[http://www.edgewaterco.com/ City of Edgewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406164433/http://www.edgewaterco.com/ |date=2016-04-06 }} |{{sort|1904-11-05|November 5, 1904}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Edgewater.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041416/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Edgewater.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|76}} |{{change|invert=on|5289|5170}} |align=right|{{ntsh|3}}7531&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2908&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|189}}0.6978&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.8072&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|190}}0.6978&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.8072&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0823135 |align=right|{{coord|39.750820|-105.062615|format=dms}} |- |[[Elizabeth, Colorado|Elizabeth]] |[http://www.townofelizabeth.org/ Town of Elizabeth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920154608/http://www.townofelizabeth.org/ |date=2007-09-20 }} |{{sort|1890-10-09|October 9, 1890}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Elbert County, Colorado|Elbert County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Elizabeth.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234143/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Elizabeth.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|130}} |{{change|invert=on|1395|1358}} |align=right|{{ntsh|131}}1099&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>424&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|148}}1.2489&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.2348&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|149}}1.2489&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.2348&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0823740 |align=right|{{coord|39.361015|-104.606172|format=dms}} |- |[[Empire, Colorado|Empire]] |[http://www.empirecoloradogov.com/ Town of Empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005012514/http://empirecoloradogov.com/ |date=2016-10-05 }} |{{sort|1882-04-12|April 12, 1882}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Clear Creek County, Colorado|Clear Creek County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Empire.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041531/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Empire.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|218}} |{{change|invert=on|283|282}} |align=right|{{ntsh|126}}1128&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>436&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|245}}0.2446&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6335&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|106}}0.0022&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0058&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|244}}0.2468&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6393&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0824620 |align=right|{{coord|39.759710|-105.682813|format=dms}} |- |[[Englewood, Colorado|Englewood]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080111060613/http://www.ci.englewood.co.us/ City of Englewood] |{{sort|1903-05-09|May 9, 1903}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Englewood.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041659/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Englewood.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|23}} |{{change|invert=on|32480|30255}} |align=right|{{ntsh|6}}4810&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1857&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|63}}6.5515&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>16.9684&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|41}}0.0878&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2274&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|62}}6.6393&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>17.1958&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0824785 |align=right|{{coord|39.646505|-104.994001|format=dms}} |- |[[Erie, Colorado|Erie]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090323033446/http://www.erieco.gov/index.cfm Town of Erie] |{{sort|1885-11-15|November 15, 1885}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]]<br/>[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Erie.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224459/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Erie.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|28}} |{{change|invert=on|20493|18135}} |align=right|{{ntsh|123}}1142&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>441&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|25}}17.2659&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>44.7185&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|31}}0.1263&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.3271&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|25}}17.3922&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>45.0457&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0824950 |align=right|{{coord|40.040351|-105.039365|format=dms}} |- |[[Estes Park, Colorado|Estes Park]] |[http://www.estesnet.com/ Town of Estes Park] |{{sort|1917-04-17|April 17, 1917}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Estes%20Park.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022958/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Estes%20Park.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|66}} |{{change|invert=on|6165|5858}} |align=right|{{ntsh|156}}908&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>351&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|61}}6.6998&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>17.3525&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|42}}0.0864&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2238&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|61}}6.7863&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>17.5764&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0825115 |align=right|{{coord|40.377117|-105.525514|format=dms}} |- |[[Evans, Colorado|Evans]] |[http://www.cityofevans.org/ City of Evans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823200705/http://www.cityofevans.org/ |date=2013-08-23 }} |{{sort|1885-11-15|November 15, 1885}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Evans.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043213/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Evans.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|29}} |{{change|invert=on|20473|18537}} |align=right|{{ntsh|48}}1964&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>758&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|40}}10.1524&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>26.2946&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|18}}0.3438&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.8906&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|40}}10.4962&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>27.1851&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0825280 |align=right|{{coord|40.350168|-104.748388|format=dms}} |- |[[Fairplay, Colorado|Fairplay]] |[http://fairplayco.us/ Town of Fairplay] |{{sort|1872-11-15|November 15, 1872}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Park County, Colorado|Park County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fairplay.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042218/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fairplay.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|175}} |{{change|invert=on|679|679}} |align=right|{{ntsh|198}}587&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>227&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|152}}1.1445&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.9642&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|88}}0.0095&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0247&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|152}}1.1540&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.9889&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0825610 |align=right|{{coord|39.223780|-105.994005|format=dms}} |- |[[Federal Heights, Colorado|Federal Heights]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071231102953/http://www.ci.federal-heights.co.us/ City of Federal Heights] |{{sort|1940-05-19|May 19, 1940}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Federal%20Heights.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041829/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Federal%20Heights.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|42}} |{{change|invert=on|12178|11467}} |align=right|{{ntsh|4}}6742&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2603&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|127}}1.7759&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.5995&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|108}}0.0021&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0055&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|129}}1.7780&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.6049&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0826270 |align=right|{{coord|39.864590|-105.016341|format=dms}} |- |[[Firestone, Colorado|Firestone]] |[http://www.ci.firestone.co.us/ Town of Firestone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319115536/http://www.ci.firestone.co.us/ |date=2015-03-19 }} |{{sort|1908-10-08|October 8, 1908}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Firestone.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151146/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Firestone.pdf |date=2014-09-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|43}} |{{change|invert=on|11537|10147}} |align=right|{{ntsh|147}}979&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>378&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|36}}11.4095&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>29.5504&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|26}}0.1784&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4622&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|36}}11.5879&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>30.0126&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0826600 |align=right|{{coord|40.149261|-104.961932|format=dms}} |- |[[Flagler, Colorado|Flagler]] |[http://www.flaglercolorado.com/ Town of Flagler] |{{sort|1916-11-02|November 2, 1916}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Kit Carson County, Colorado|Kit Carson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Flagler.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083347/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Flagler.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|189}} |{{change|invert=on|561|561}} |align=right|{{ntsh|219}}444&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>171&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|146}}1.2768&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.3070&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|146}}1.2768&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.3070&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0826765 |align=right|{{coord|39.295491|-103.076707|format=dms}} |- |[[Fleming, Colorado|Fleming]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418100331/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=99 Town of Fleming] |{{sort|1917-05-05|May 5, 1917}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Logan County, Colorado|Logan County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fleming.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151126/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fleming.pdf |date=2014-09-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|207}} |{{change|invert=on|399|408}} |align=right|{{ntsh|175}}768&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>297&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|204}}0.5205&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.3482&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|204}}0.5205&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.3482&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0826875 |align=right|{{coord|40.681771|-102.839443|format=dms}} |- |[[Florence, Colorado|Florence]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090821193729/http://www.florenceco.govoffice2.com/ City of Florence] |{{sort|1887-09-13|September 13, 1887}} |[[#Statutory city|statutory city]] |[[Fremont County, Colorado|Fremont County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Florence.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003418/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Florence.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|88}} |{{change|invert=on|3852|3881}} |align=right|{{ntsh|153}}923&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>356&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|79}}4.1695&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>10.7990&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|102}}0.0037&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0097&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|79}}4.1732&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>10.8087&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0827040 |align=right|{{coord|38.379826|-105.098107|format=dms}} |- |[[Fort Collins, Colorado|Fort Collins]] |[http://www.fcgov.com/ City of Fort Collins] |{{sort|1883-02-12|February 12, 1883}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fort%20Collins.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002325/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fort%20Collins.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|4}} |{{change|invert=on|156480|143986}} |align=right|{{ntsh|21}}2784&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1075&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|4}}54.6183&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>141.4607&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|5}}1.2242&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.1707&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|4}}55.8425&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>144.6314&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0827425 |align=right|{{coord|40.548216|-105.064833|format=dms}} |- |[[Fort Lupton, Colorado|Fort Lupton]] |[http://www.fortlupton.org/ City of Fort Lupton] |{{sort|1890-01-15|January 15, 1890}} |[[#Statutory city|statutory city]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fort%20Lupton.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041815/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fort%20Lupton.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|54}} |{{change|invert=on|7783|7377}} |align=right|{{ntsh|146}}997&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>385&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|53}}7.7156&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>19.9833&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|62}}0.0373&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0965&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|55}}7.7529&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>20.0799&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0827700 |align=right|{{coord|40.081503|-104.798544|format=dms}} |- |[[Fort Morgan, Colorado|Fort Morgan]] |[http://www.cityoffortmorgan.com/ City of Fort Morgan] |{{sort|1887-06-15|June 15, 1887}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Morgan County, Colorado|Morgan County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fort%20Morgan.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042210/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fort%20Morgan.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|44}} |{{change|invert=on|11329|11315}} |align=right|{{ntsh|24}}2591&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1000&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|77}}4.4027&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>11.4030&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|51}}0.0689&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1785&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|77}}4.4716&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>11.5815&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0827810 |align=right|{{coord|40.256029|-103.791319|format=dms}} |- |[[Fountain, Colorado|Fountain]] |[http://www.ci.fountain.co.us/ City of Fountain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517092747/http://www.ci.fountain.co.us/ |date=2012-05-17 }} |{{sort|1903-04-23|April 23, 1903}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fountain.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041422/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fountain.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|25}} |{{change|invert=on|27631|25846}} |align=right|{{ntsh|129}}1113&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>430&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|20}}24.5017&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>63.4592&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|63}}0.0361&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0935&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|21}}24.5378&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>63.5527&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0827865 |align=right|{{coord|38.699580|-104.699758|format=dms}} |- |[[Fowler, Colorado|Fowler]] |[http://www.fowlercolorado.com/ Town of Fowler] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202013610/http://www.fowlercolorado.com/ |date=2008-12-02 }} |{{sort|1900-08-25|August 25, 1900}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Otero County, Colorado|Otero County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fowler.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041617/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fowler.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|138}} |{{change|invert=on|1155|1182}} |align=right|{{ntsh|36}}2233&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>862&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|203}}0.5236&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.3560&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|203}}0.5236&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.3560&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0827975 |align=right|{{coord|38.129631|-104.025673|format=dms}} |- |[[Foxfield, Colorado|Foxfield]] |[http://www.foxfieldco.us/ Town of Foxfield] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201045110/http://www.foxfieldco.us/ |date=2007-12-01 }} |{{sort|1994-12-15|December 15, 1994}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Foxfield.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041844/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Foxfield.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|168}} |{{change|invert=on|741|685}} |align=right|{{ntsh|202}}573&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>221&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|145}}1.2775&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.3087&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|145}}1.2775&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.3087&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0828105 |align=right|{{coord|39.588405|-104.785823|format=dms}} |- |[[Fraser, Colorado|Fraser]] |[http://www.frasercolorado.com/ Town of Fraser] |{{sort|1953-06-15|June 15, 1953}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Grand County, Colorado|Grand County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fraser.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221742/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fraser.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|137}} |{{change|invert=on|1165|1224}} |align=right|{{ntsh|235}}329&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>127&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|87}}3.5064&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>9.0815&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|98}}0.0050&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0129&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|87}}3.5114&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>9.0944&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0828305 |align=right|{{coord|39.923324|-105.805286|format=dms}} |- |[[Frederick, Colorado|Frederick]] |[http://www.frederickco.gov/ Town of Frederick] |{{sort|1908-09-09|September 9, 1908}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Frederick.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224122/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Frederick.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|45}} |{{change|invert=on|10927|8679}} |align=right|{{ntsh|183}}733&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>283&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|28}}13.9101&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>36.0270&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|29}}0.1333&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.3453&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|28}}14.0434&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>36.3723&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0828360 |align=right|{{coord|40.109362|-104.965251|format=dms}} |- |[[Frisco, Colorado|Frisco]] |[http://www.townoffrisco.com/ Town of Frisco] |{{sort|1880-12-03|December 3, 1880}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Summit County, Colorado|Summit County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Frisco.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083404/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Frisco.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|93}} |{{change|invert=on|2914|2683}} |align=right|{{ntsh|74}}1674&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>646&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|129}}1.6851&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.3645&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|35}}0.1022&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2648&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|127}}1.7874&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.6293&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0828690 |align=right|{{coord|39.578482|-106.090973|format=dms}} |- |[[Fruita, Colorado|Fruita]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090406040926/http://www.fruita.org/cityhome.htm City of Fruita] |{{sort|1894-04-18|April 18, 1894}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Mesa County, Colorado|Mesa County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fruita.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002055/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Fruita.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|40}} |{{change|invert=on|12761|12646}} |align=right|{{ntsh|76}}1669&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>644&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|55}}7.6236&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>19.7450&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|24}}0.1859&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4814&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|54}}7.8094&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>20.2264&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0828745 |align=right|{{coord|39.153960|-108.728196|format=dms}} |- |[[Garden City, Colorado|Garden City]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094250/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=23 Town of Garden City] |{{sort|1936-09-14|September 14, 1936}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Garden%20City.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222238/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Garden%20City.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|223}} |{{change|invert=on|264|234}} |align=right|{{ntsh|31}}2321&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>896&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|266}}0.1129&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2924&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|266}}0.1129&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2924&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0829185 |align=right|{{coord|40.394591|-104.689494|format=dms}} |- |[[Genoa, Colorado|Genoa]] |[http://www.genoacolorado.com/ Town of Genoa] |{{sort|1905-07-27|July 27, 1905}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Lincoln County, Colorado|Lincoln County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Genoa.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041557/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Genoa.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|245}} |{{change|invert=on|140|139}} |align=right|{{ntsh|228}}386&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>149&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|224}}0.3576&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9262&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|224}}0.3576&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9262&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0829680 |align=right|{{coord|39.278330|-103.498786|format=dms}} |- |[[Georgetown, Colorado|Georgetown]] |[http://www.town.georgetown.co.us/ Town of Georgetown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531032750/http://www.town.georgetown.co.us/ |date=2012-05-31 }} |{{sort|1868-01-10|January 10, 1868}} |[[#Territorial charter municipality|territorial charter municipality]] |[[Clear Creek County, Colorado|Clear Creek County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Georgetown.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221101/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Georgetown.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|142}} |{{change|invert=on|1038|1034}} |align=right|{{ntsh|137}}1061&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>410&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|162}}0.9689&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.5094&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|36}}0.1013&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2624&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|157}}1.0702&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.7718&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0829735 |align=right|{{coord|39.721298|-105.694029|format=dms}} |- |[[Gilcrest, Colorado|Gilcrest]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093336/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=104 Town of Gilcrest] |{{sort|1912-03-18|March 18, 1912}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Gilcrest.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042054/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Gilcrest.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|140}} |{{change|invert=on|1080|1034}} |align=right|{{ntsh|101}}1323&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>511&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|178}}0.8110&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.1004&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|179}}0.8110&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.1004&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0829955 |align=right|{{coord|40.284156|-104.782024|format=dms}} |- |[[Glendale, Colorado|Glendale]] |[http://www.glendale.co.us/ City of Glendale] |{{sort|1952-05-19|May 19, 1952}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Glendale.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041925/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Glendale.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|77}} |{{change|invert=on|5115|4184}} |align=right|{{ntsh|2}}7821&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3020&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|197}}0.5769&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.4943&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|107}}0.0022&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0057&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|197}}0.5792&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.5000&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0830340 |align=right|{{coord|39.702917|-104.936069|format=dms}} |- |[[Glenwood Springs, Colorado|Glenwood Springs]] |[http://www.ci.glenwood-springs.co.us/ City of Glenwood Springs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728090112/http://www.ci.glenwood-springs.co.us/ |date=2016-07-28 }} |{{sort|1885-09-04|September 4, 1885}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Garfield County, Colorado|Garfield County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Glenwood%20Springs.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083431/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Glenwood%20Springs.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|47}} |{{change|invert=on|9840|9614}} |align=right|{{ntsh|65}}1731&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>668&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|69}}5.6828&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>14.7184&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|90}}0.0089&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0231&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|69}}5.6917&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>14.7415&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0830780 |align=right|{{coord|39.550626|-107.324308|format=dms}} |- |[[Golden, Colorado|Golden]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511225541/http://www.ci.golden.co.us/ City of Golden] |{{sort|1871-01-02|January 2, 1871}}<ref name=Golden_City>[[Golden, Colorado|Golden]] was incorporated in 1871 as [[Golden, Colorado#History|Golden City]].</ref> |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Golden.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053854/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Golden.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|30}} |{{change|invert=on|20201|18867}} |align=right|{{ntsh|49}}1948&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>752&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|42}}9.9557&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>25.7852&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|38}}0.0968&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2507&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|42}}10.0525&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>26.0359&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0830835 |align=right|{{coord|39.742483|-105.210561|format=dms}} |- |[[Granada, Colorado|Granada]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094551/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=281 Town of Granada] |{{sort|1887-07-25|July 25, 1887}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Prowers County, Colorado|Prowers County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Granada.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222948/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Granada.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|196}} |{{change|invert=on|490|517}} |align=right|{{ntsh|185}}710&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>274&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|188}}0.7053&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.8268&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|189}}0.7053&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.8268&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0831550 |align=right|{{coord|38.062975|-102.311707|format=dms}} |- |[[Granby, Colorado|Granby]] |[http://www.townofgranby.com/ Town of Granby] |{{sort|1905-12-11|December 11, 1905}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Grand County, Colorado|Grand County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Granby.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023003/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Granby.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|117}} |{{change|invert=on|1808|1864}} |align=right|{{ntsh|259}}138&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>53&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|31}}12.9832&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>33.6263&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|32}}12.9832&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>33.6263&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0831605 |align=right|{{coord|40.036989|-105.900174|format=dms}} |- |[[Grand Junction, Colorado|Grand Junction]] |[http://www.gjcity.org/ City of Grand Junction] |{{sort|1882-07-22|July 22, 1882}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Mesa County, Colorado|Mesa County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Grand%20Junction.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042023/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Grand%20Junction.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|16}} |{{change|invert=on|60210|58566}} |align=right|{{ntsh|86}}1535&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>593&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|8}}38.9379&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>100.8486&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|17}}0.3545&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9181&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|8}}39.2924&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>101.7667&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0831660 |align=right|{{coord|39.089062|-108.567452|format=dms}} |- |[[Grand Lake, Colorado|Grand Lake]] |[http://www.townofgrandlake.com/ Town of Grand Lake] |{{sort|1944-06-23|June 23, 1944}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Grand County, Colorado|Grand County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Grand%20Lake.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235326/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Grand%20Lake.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|200}} |{{change|invert=on|466|471}} |align=right|{{ntsh|220}}435&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>168&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|159}}1.0490&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.7170&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|118}}0.0005&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0013&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|160}}1.0495&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.7183&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0831715 |align=right|{{coord|40.246652|-105.825629|format=dms}} |- |[[Greeley, Colorado|Greeley]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20141217084943/http://greeleygov.com/ City of Greeley] |{{sort|1885-11-15|November 15, 1885}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Greeley.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234208/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Greeley.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|12}} |{{change|invert=on|98596|92889}} |align=right|{{ntsh|43}}2049&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>791&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|6}}47.1215&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>122.0442&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|33}}0.1225&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.3172&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|6}}47.2440&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>122.3614&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0832155 |align=right|{{coord|40.414034|-104.771043|format=dms}} |- |[[Green Mountain Falls, Colorado|Green Mountain Falls]] |[http://www.greenmountainfalls.org/towninfo.htm Town of Green Mountain Falls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204130005/http://www.greenmountainfalls.org/towninfo.htm |date=2020-02-04 }} |{{sort|1880-08-19|August 19, 1880}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]]<br/>[[Teller County, Colorado|Teller County]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20180810175629/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/GREEN%20MOUNTAIN%20FALLS.pdf map] |align=center|{{nts|176}} |{{change|invert=on|676|640}} |align=right|{{ntsh|193}}627&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>242&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|158}}1.0673&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.7642&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|113}}0.0016&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0041&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|159}}1.0688&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.7683&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0832650 |align=right|{{coord|38.934954|-105.019713|format=dms}} |- |[[Greenwood Village, Colorado|Greenwood Village]] |[http://www.greenwoodvillage.com/ City of Greenwood Village] |{{sort|1950-09-19|September 19, 1950}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Greenwood%20Village.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083519/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Greenwood%20Village.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|35}} |{{change|invert=on|15385|13925}} |align=right|{{ntsh|59}}1775&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>685&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|49}}8.2539&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>21.3776&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|83}}0.0124&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0321&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|49}}8.2663&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>21.4097&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0833035 |align=right|{{coord|39.615934|-104.911688|format=dms}} |- |[[Grover, Colorado|Grover]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094642/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=290 Town of Grover] |{{sort|1916-10-06|October 6, 1916}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Grover.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221312/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Grover.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|243}} |{{change|invert=on|145|137}} |align=right|{{ntsh|250}}233&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>90&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|194}}0.5954&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.5422&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|194}}0.5954&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.5422&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0833310 |align=right|{{coord|40.869111|-104.225932|format=dms}} |- |[[Gunnison, Colorado|Gunnison]] |[http://www.cityofgunnison-co.gov/ City of Gunnison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312101449/http://www.cityofgunnison-co.gov/ |date=2016-03-12 }} |{{sort|1880-03-01|March 1, 1880}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Gunnison County, Colorado|Gunnison County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Gunnison.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221700/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Gunnison.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|68}} |{{change|invert=on|5973|5854}} |align=right|{{ntsh|91}}1413&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>545&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|80}}4.1570&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>10.7667&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|80}}4.1570&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>10.7667&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0833640 |align=right|{{coord|38.545479|-106.922551|format=dms}} |- |[[Gypsum, Colorado|Gypsum]] |[http://www.townofgypsum.com/ Town of Gypsum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322005311/http://www.townofgypsum.com/ |date=2016-03-22 }} |{{sort|1911-11-25|November 25, 1911}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Eagle County, Colorado|Eagle County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Gypsum.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225216/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Gypsum.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|60}} |{{change|invert=on|6797|6477}} |align=right|{{ntsh|173}}771&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>298&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|48}}8.6514&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>22.4069&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|44}}0.0850&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2200&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|48}}8.7363&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>22.6270&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0833695 |align=right|{{coord|39.639971|-106.911471|format=dms}} |- |[[Hartman, Colorado|Hartman]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090921145613/http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/lgov_prowers.html Town of Hartman] |{{sort|1910-05-14|May 14, 1910}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Prowers County, Colorado|Prowers County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hartman.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043948/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hartman.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|260}} |{{change|invert=on|73|81}} |align=right|{{ntsh|242}}275&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>106&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|235}}0.2725&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7059&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|235}}0.2725&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7059&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0834520 |align=right|{{coord|38.121118|-102.221652|format=dms}} |- |[[Haswell, Colorado|Haswell]] |[http://www.kcedfonline.org/haswell.htm Town of Haswell] |{{sort|1920-09-02|September 2, 1920}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Kiowa County, Colorado|Kiowa County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Haswell.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041656/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Haswell.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|261}} |{{change|invert=on|68|68}} |align=right|{{ntsh|266}}81&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>31&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|172}}0.8520&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.2067&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|172}}0.8520&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.2067&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0834740 |align=right|{{coord|38.452451|-103.164896|format=dms}} |- |[[Haxtun, Colorado|Haxtun]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093402/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=110 Town of Haxtun] |{{sort|1909-07-30|July 30, 1909}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Phillips County, Colorado|Phillips County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Haxtun.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223234/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Haxtun.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|150}} |{{change|invert=on|933|946}} |align=right|{{ntsh|67}}1728&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>667&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|201}}0.5375&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.3920&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|201}}0.5375&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.3920&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0834960 |align=right|{{coord|40.641520|-102.629539|format=dms}} |- |[[Hayden, Colorado|Hayden]] |[http://www.townofhayden.org/ Town of Hayden] |{{sort|1906-05-05|May 5, 1906}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Routt County, Colorado|Routt County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hayden.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083436/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hayden.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|116}} |{{change|invert=on|1837|1810}} |align=right|{{ntsh|195}}599&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>231&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|99}}3.0047&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>7.7821&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|99}}3.0047&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>7.7821&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0835070 |align=right|{{coord|40.485241|-107.242311|format=dms}} |- |[[Hillrose, Colorado|Hillrose]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093412/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=112 Town of Hillrose] |{{sort|1919-05-20|May 20, 1919}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Morgan County, Colorado|Morgan County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hillrose.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023008/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hillrose.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|229}} |{{change|invert=on|250|264}} |align=right|{{ntsh|109}}1290&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>498&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|255}}0.1939&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.5021&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|256}}0.1939&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.5021&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0836610 |align=right|{{coord|40.324654|-103.522175|format=dms}} |- |[[Holly, Colorado|Holly]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093417/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=113 Town of Holly] |{{sort|1903-09-04|September 4, 1903}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Prowers County, Colorado|Prowers County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Holly.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023014/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Holly.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|164}} |{{change|invert=on|766|802}} |align=right|{{ntsh|135}}1075&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>415&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|185}}0.7252&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.8784&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|115}}0.0010&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0026&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|186}}0.7263&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.8810&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0837215 |align=right|{{coord|38.055639|-102.124589|format=dms}} |- |[[Holyoke, Colorado|Holyoke]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093422/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=114 City of Holyoke] |{{sort|1888-05-31|May 31, 1888}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Phillips County, Colorado|Phillips County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Holyoke.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041942/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Holyoke.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|108}} |{{change|invert=on|2263|2313}} |align=right|{{ntsh|150}}957&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>369&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|111}}2.3657&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.1272&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|94}}0.0070&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0180&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|112}}2.3727&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.1452&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0837270 |align=right|{{coord|40.582094|-102.298414|format=dms}} |- |[[Hooper, Colorado|Hooper]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094412/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=254 Town of Hooper] |{{sort|1898-05-20|May 20, 1898}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Alamosa County, Colorado|Alamosa County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hooper.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041722/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hooper.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|257}} |{{change|invert=on|103|103}} |align=right|{{ntsh|226}}401&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>155&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|241}}0.2520&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6527&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|241}}0.2520&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6527&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0837380 |align=right|{{coord|37.745976|-105.877735|format=dms}} |- |[[Hot Sulphur Springs, Colorado|Hot Sulphur Springs]] |[http://www.HotSulphurSpringsCO.com Town of Hot Sulphur Springs] |{{sort|1903-04-01|April 1, 1903}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Grand County, Colorado|Grand County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hot%20Sulphur%20Springs.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230119/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hot%20Sulphur%20Springs.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|178}} |{{change|invert=on|656|663}} |align=right|{{ntsh|161}}842&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>325&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|182}}0.7592&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.9664&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|183}}0.7592&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.9664&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0837600 |align=right|{{coord|40.074834|-106.102486|format=dms}} |- |[[Hotchkiss, Colorado|Hotchkiss]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093433/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=116 Town of Hotchkiss] |{{sort|1901-03-14|March 14, 1901}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Delta County, Colorado|Delta County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hotchkiss.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041627/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hotchkiss.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|152}} |{{change|invert=on|907|944}} |align=right|{{ntsh|145}}1007&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>389&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|166}}0.9125&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.3635&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|166}}0.9125&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.3635&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0837545 |align=right|{{coord|38.799065|-107.713633|format=dms}} |- |[[Hudson, Colorado|Hudson]] |[http://www.hudsoncolorado.org/ Town of Hudson] |{{sort|1914-04-02|April 2, 1914}} |home rule municipality |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hudson.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041645/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hudson.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|101}} |{{change|invert=on|2569|2356}} |align=right|{{ntsh|212}}502&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>194&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|74}}4.7874&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>12.3994&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|75}}0.0200&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0519&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|74}}4.8075&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>12.4513&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0837820 |align=right|{{coord|40.078388|-104.641005|format=dms}} |- |[[Hugo, Colorado|Hugo]] |[http://www.cityofhugoco.org/ Town of Hugo] |{{sort|1909-06-21|June 21, 1909}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Lincoln County, Colorado|Lincoln County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hugo.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222536/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Hugo.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|169}} |{{change|invert=on|731|730}} |align=right|{{ntsh|174}}769&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>297&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|163}}0.9390&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.4319&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|163}}0.9390&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.4319&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0837875 |align=right|{{coord|39.135962|-103.473373|format=dms}} |- |[[Idaho Springs, Colorado|Idaho Springs]] |[http://www.idahospringsco.com/ City of Idaho Springs] |{{sort|1885-11-15|November 15, 1885}} |[[#Statutory city|statutory city]] |[[Clear Creek County, Colorado|Clear Creek County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Idaho%20Springs.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041824/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Idaho%20Springs.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|120}} |{{change|invert=on|1710|1717}} |align=right|{{ntsh|170}}795&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>307&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|119}}2.1198&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.4902&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|64}}0.0334&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0864&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|120}}2.1532&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.5767&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0838370 |align=right|{{coord|39.748923|-105.504759|format=dms}} |- |[[Ignacio, Colorado|Ignacio]] |[http://www.townofignacio.com/ Town of Ignacio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227061226/http://www.townofignacio.com/ |date=2011-12-27 }} |{{sort|1913-07-07|July 7, 1913}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[La Plata County, Colorado|La Plata County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ignacio.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234547/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ignacio.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|171}} |{{change|invert=on|721|697}} |align=right|{{ntsh|71}}1709&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>660&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|212}}0.4155&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0762&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|212}}0.4155&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0762&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0838535 |align=right|{{coord|37.117729|-107.637460|format=dms}} |- |[[Iliff, Colorado|Iliff]] |[http://www.dola.colorado.gov/dlg/local_governments/lgov_logan.html Town of Iliff]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |{{sort|1906-02-20|February 20, 1906}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Logan County, Colorado|Logan County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Iliff.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023019/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Iliff.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|225}} |{{change|invert=on|258|266}} |align=right|{{ntsh|141}}1018&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>393&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|240}}0.2524&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6537&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|240}}0.2524&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6537&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0838590 |align=right|{{coord|40.758333|-103.066128|format=dms}} |- |[[Jamestown, Colorado|Jamestown]] |[http://www.colorado.com/Jamestown.aspx Town of Jamestown] |{{sort|1883-06-22|June 22, 1883}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Jamestown.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225452/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Jamestown.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|224}} |{{change|invert=on|262|274}} |align=right|{{ntsh|217}}454&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>175&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|193}}0.6236&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.6151&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|120}}0.0004&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0010&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|193}}0.6240&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.6161&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0839195 |align=right|{{coord|40.117078|-105.389048|format=dms}} |- |[[Johnstown, Colorado|Johnstown]] |[http://www.townofjohnstown.com/ Town of Johnstown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327142757/http://www.townofjohnstown.com/ |date=2016-03-27 }} |{{sort|1907-05-13|May 13, 1907}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]]<br/>[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Johnstown.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023023/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Johnstown.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|38}} |{{change|invert=on|13306|9887}} |align=right|{{ntsh|158}}876&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>338&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|29}}13.8030&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>35.7496&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|43}}0.0853&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2209&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|29}}13.8883&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>35.9705&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0839855 |align=right|{{coord|40.389789|-104.969443|format=dms}} |- |[[Julesburg, Colorado|Julesburg]] |[http://www.townofjulesburg.com/ Town of Julesburg] |{{sort|1886-11-18|November 18, 1886}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Sedgwick County, Colorado|Sedgwick County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Julesburg.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222231/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Julesburg.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|134}} |{{change|invert=on|1211|1225}} |align=right|{{ntsh|165}}821&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>317&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|136}}1.4839&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.8432&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|137}}1.4839&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.8432&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0839965 |align=right|{{coord|40.984988|-102.262580|format=dms}} |- |[[Keenesburg, Colorado|Keenesburg]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222094252/http://www.keenesburgco.org/whatsnewin.html Town of Keenesburg] |{{sort|1919-06-04|June 4, 1919}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Keenesburg.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225319/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Keenesburg.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|135}} |{{change|invert=on|1191|1127}} |align=right|{{ntsh|207}}529&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>204&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|114}}2.2341&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.7862&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|68}}0.0279&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0724&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|116}}2.2620&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.8586&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0840185 |align=right|{{coord|40.112932|-104.489163|format=dms}} |- |[[Kersey, Colorado|Kersey]] |[http://www.townofkersey.com/ Town of Kersey] |{{sort|1908-12-03|December 3, 1908}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Kersey.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041824/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Kersey.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|124}} |{{change|invert=on|1560|1454}} |align=right|{{ntsh|111}}1266&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>489&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|151}}1.2082&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.1291&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|151}}1.2082&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.1291&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0840515 |align=right|{{coord|40.387430|-104.565866|format=dms}} |- |[[Kim, Colorado|Kim]] |[http://www.colorado.com/Kim.aspx Town of Kim] |{{sort|1910-99-99|1910}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Las Animas County, Colorado|Las Animas County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Kim.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000948/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Kim.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|262}} |{{change|invert=on|67|74}} |align=right|{{ntsh|253}}182&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>70&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|220}}0.3787&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9809&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|220}}0.3787&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9809&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0840570 |align=right|{{coord|37.247062|-103.353411|format=dms}} |- |[[Kiowa, Colorado|Kiowa]] |[http://www.townofkiowa.com/ Town of Kiowa] |{{sort|1912-12-30|December 30, 1912}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Elbert County, Colorado|Elbert County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Kiowa.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224134/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Kiowa.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|167}} |{{change|invert=on|742|723}} |align=right|{{ntsh|164}}824&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>318&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|168}}0.8845&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.2908&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|109}}0.0021&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0054&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|168}}0.8866&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.2963&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0840790 |align=right|{{coord|39.343530|-104.457176|format=dms}} |- |[[Kit Carson, Colorado|Kit Carson]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094652/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=294 Town of Kit Carson] |{{sort|1931-07-13|July 13, 1931}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Cheyenne County, Colorado|Cheyenne County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Kit%20Carson.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221020/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Kit%20Carson.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|234}} |{{change|invert=on|235|233}} |align=right|{{ntsh|224}}407&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>157&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|196}}0.5841&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.5128&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|196}}0.5841&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.5128&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0841010 |align=right|{{coord|38.762823|-102.795366|format=dms}} |- |[[Kremmling, Colorado|Kremmling]] |[http://www.townofkremmling.org/ Town of Kremmling] |{{sort|1904-05-14|May 14, 1904}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Grand County, Colorado|Grand County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Kremmling.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040047/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Kremmling.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|129}} |{{change|invert=on|1404|1444}} |align=right|{{ntsh|139}}1051&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>406&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|144}}1.3231&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.4269&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|144}}1.3231&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.4269&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0841560 |align=right|{{coord|40.056543|-106.378160|format=dms}} |- |[[La Jara, Colorado|La Jara]] |[http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=298 Town of La Jara]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |{{sort|1910-11-11|November 11, 1910}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Conejos County, Colorado|Conejos County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/La%20Jara.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225745/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/La%20Jara.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|160}} |{{change|invert=on|817|818}} |align=right|{{ntsh|42}}2071&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>800&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|216}}0.3955&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0244&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|216}}0.3955&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0244&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0842055 |align=right|{{coord|37.273562|-105.959821|format=dms}} |- |[[La Junta, Colorado|La Junta]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050612074142/http://www.ci.la-junta.co.us/ City of La Junta] |{{sort|1881-04-23|April 23, 1881}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Otero County, Colorado|Otero County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/La%20Junta.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903150830/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/La%20Junta.pdf |date=2014-09-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|58}} |{{change|invert=on|6964|7077}} |align=right|{{ntsh|29}}2347&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>906&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|98}}3.0159&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>7.8112&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|96}}0.0059&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0152&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|98}}3.0218&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>7.8265&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0842110 |align=right|{{coord|37.979414|-103.547336|format=dms}} |- |[[La Veta, Colorado|La Veta]] |[http://www.townoflaveta-co.gov/ Town of La Veta] |{{sort|1886-06-16|June 16, 1886}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Huerfano County, Colorado|Huerfano County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/La%20Veta.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023029/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/La%20Veta.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|166}} |{{change|invert=on|758|800}} |align=right|{{ntsh|203}}560&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>216&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|142}}1.3665&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.5392&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|142}}1.3665&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.5392&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0844100 |align=right|{{coord|37.508562|-105.008487|format=dms}} |- |[[Lafayette, Colorado|Lafayette]] |[http://www.cityoflafayette.com/ City of Lafayette] |{{sort|1890-01-06|January 6, 1890}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lafayette.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041829/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lafayette.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|26}} |{{change|invert=on|27081|24453}} |align=right|{{ntsh|20}}2874&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1110&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|46}}9.3201&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>24.1389&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|23}}0.2028&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.5253&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|46}}9.5229&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>24.6642&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0841835 |align=right|{{coord|39.995268|-105.099620|format=dms}} |- |[[Lake City, Colorado|Lake City]] |[http://www.townoflakecity.us/ Town of Lake City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818182003/http://www.townoflakecity.us/ |date=2016-08-18 }} |{{sort|1884-09-19|September 19, 1884}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Hinsdale County, Colorado|Hinsdale County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lake%20City.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041735/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lake%20City.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|210}} |{{change|invert=on|378|408}} |align=right|{{ntsh|214}}471&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>182&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|176}}0.8321&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.1551&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|87}}0.0097&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0250&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|174}}0.8417&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.1801&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0842330 |align=right|{{coord|38.030504|-107.310176|format=dms}} |- |[[Lakeside, Colorado|Lakeside]]<ref name=Lakeside>[[Lakeside, Colorado|Lakeside]] is served by the [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]] [[United States Postal Service|Post Office]].</ref> |[http://www.dola.colorado.gov/dlg/local_governments/lgov_jefferson.html Town of Lakeside]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |{{sort|1907-11-25|November 25, 1907}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lakeside.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043106/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lakeside.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|271}} |{{change|invert=on|8|8}} |align=right|{{ntsh|269}}43&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>16&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|257}}0.1876&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4860&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|55}}0.0607&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1573&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|242}}0.2484&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6432&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0842495 |align=right|{{coord|39.779075|-105.057825|format=dms}} |- |[[Lakewood, Colorado|Lakewood]] |[http://www.ci.lakewood.co.us/ City of Lakewood] |{{sort|1969-06-24|June 24, 1969}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lakewood.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041710/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lakewood.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|5}} |{{change|invert=on|149643|142980}} |align=right|{{ntsh|13}}3434&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1326&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|7}}42.8725&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>111.0391&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|6}}1.1800&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.0563&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|7}}44.0525&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>114.0954&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0843000 |align=right|{{coord|39.698942|-105.117551|format=dms}} |- |[[Lamar, Colorado|Lamar]] |[http://www.ci.lamar.co.us/ City of Lamar] |{{sort|1886-12-05|December 5, 1886}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Prowers County, Colorado|Prowers County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lamar.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023615/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lamar.pdf |date=2018-02-15 }} |align=center|{{nts|55}} |{{change|invert=on|7608|7804}} |align=right|{{ntsh|85}}1546&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>597&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|71}}5.0305&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>13.0288&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|121}}0.0002&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0006&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|71}}5.0307&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>13.0294&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0843110 |align=right|{{coord|38.074729|-102.616682|format=dms}} |- |[[Larkspur, Colorado|Larkspur]] |[http://www.townoflarkspur.org/ Town of Larkspur] |{{sort|1979-99-99|1979}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Larkspur.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232457/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Larkspur.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|236}} |{{change|invert=on|198|183}} |align=right|{{ntsh|261}}124&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>48&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|134}}1.5609&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.0426&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|134}}1.5609&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.0426&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0843550 |align=right|{{coord|39.229776|-104.885758|format=dms}} |- |[[Las Animas, Colorado|Las Animas]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110502071348/http://bentcounty.org/las-animas-about/ City of Las Animas] |{{sort|1886-05-15|May 15, 1886}} |[[#Statutory city|statutory city]] |[[Bent County, Colorado|Bent County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Las%20Animas.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041726/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Las%20Animas.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|110}} |{{change|invert=on|2198|2410}} |align=right|{{ntsh|93}}1390&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>537&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|131}}1.6200&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.1957&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|58}}0.0459&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1188&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|133}}1.6658&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.3145&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0843660 |align=right|{{coord|38.069668|-103.223229|format=dms}} |- |[[LaSalle, Colorado|LaSalle]] |[http://www.lasalletown.com/ Town of LaSalle] |{{sort|1910-99-99|1910}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/LaSalle.pdf map]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |align=center|{{nts|113}} |{{change|invert=on|2047|1955}} |align=right|{{ntsh|37}}2231&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>861&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|167}}0.9101&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.3572&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|167}}0.9101&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.3572&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0843605 |align=right|{{coord|40.348525|-104.705927|format=dms}} |- |[[Leadville, Colorado|Leadville]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094526/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=275 City of Leadville] |{{sort|1878-02-18|February 18, 1878}} |[[#Statutory city|statutory city]] |[[Lake County, Colorado|Lake County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Leadville.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221051/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Leadville.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|99}} |{{change|invert=on|2595|2602}} |align=right|{{ntsh|30}}2339&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>903&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|154}}1.1029&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.8565&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|154}}1.1029&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.8565&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0844320 |align=right|{{coord|39.246693|-106.293509|format=dms}} |- |[[Limon, Colorado|Limon]] |[http://www.townoflimon.com/ Town of Limon] |{{sort|1909-11-18|November 18, 1909}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Lincoln County, Colorado|Lincoln County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Limon.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003752/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Limon.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|115}} |{{change|invert=on|1887|1880}} |align=right|{{ntsh|194}}609&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>235&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|97}}3.0516&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>7.9037&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|67}}0.0317&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0821&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|97}}3.0833&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>7.9858&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0844980 |align=right|{{coord|39.264844|-103.683757|format=dms}} |- |[[Littleton, Colorado|Littleton]] |[http://www.littletongov.org/ City of Littleton] |{{sort|1890-03-13|March 13, 1890}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]]<ref name=County_Seat/><br/>[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]]<br/>[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Littleton.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003618/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Littleton.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|20}} |{{change|invert=on|44669|41737}} |align=right|{{ntsh|12}}3476&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1342&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|32}}12.7355&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>32.9849&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|7}}1.1279&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.9212&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|30}}13.8634&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>35.9061&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0845255 |align=right|{{coord|39.590375|-105.020084|format=dms}} |- |[[Lochbuie, Colorado|Lochbuie]] |[http://www.lochbuie.org/ Town of Lochbuie] |{{sort|1974-05-99|May 1974}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]]<br/>[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lochbuie.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233944/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lochbuie.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|75}} |{{change|invert=on|5302|4726}} |align=right|{{ntsh|92}}1396&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>539&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|85}}3.7191&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>9.6325&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|72}}0.0230&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0595&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|85}}3.7421&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>9.6920&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0845530 |align=right|{{coord|40.010496|-104.724484|format=dms}} |- |[[Log Lane Village, Colorado|Log Lane Village]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094321/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=239 Town of Log Lane Village] |{{sort|1956-06-12|June 12, 1956}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Morgan County, Colorado|Morgan County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Log%20Lane%20Village.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083457/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Log%20Lane%20Village.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|156}} |{{change|invert=on|872|873}} |align=right|{{ntsh|18}}3173&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1225&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|234}}0.2739&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7093&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|234}}0.2739&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7093&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0845695 |align=right|{{coord|40.270230|-103.829382|format=dms}} |- |[[Lone Tree, Colorado|Lone Tree]] |[http://www.cityoflonetree.com/ City of Lone Tree] |{{sort|1995-11-99|November 1995}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lone%20Tree.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083510/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lone%20Tree.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|37}} |{{change|invert=on|13545|10218}} |align=right|{{ntsh|95}}1371&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>529&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|43}}9.6759&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>25.0604&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|43}}9.6759&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>25.0604&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0845955 |align=right|{{coord|39.530744|-104.871031|format=dms}} |- |[[Longmont, Colorado|Longmont]] |[http://www.ci.longmont.co.us/ City of Longmont] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501122528/http://www.ci.longmont.co.us/ |date=2011-05-01 }} |{{sort|1885-11-15|November 15, 1885}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]]<br/>[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Longmont.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019072747/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Longmont.pdf |date=2019-10-19 }} |align=center|{{nts|13}} |{{change|invert=on|90237|86270}} |align=right|{{ntsh|15}}3299&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1274&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|18}}27.2550&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>70.5901&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|3}}1.4700&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.8074&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|17}}28.7250&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>74.3974&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0845970 |align=right|{{coord|40.169842|-105.099006|format=dms}} |- |[[Louisville, Colorado|Louisville]] |[http://www.ci.louisville.co.us/ City of Louisville] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616105028/http://www.ci.louisville.co.us/ |date=2019-06-16 }} |{{sort|1882-06-03|June 3, 1882}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Louisville.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041951/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Louisville.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|31}} |{{change|invert=on|20112|18376}} |align=right|{{ntsh|26}}2461&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>950&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|52}}7.9598&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>20.6158&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|34}}0.1140&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2952&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|52}}8.0738&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>20.9110&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0846355 |align=right|{{coord|39.969532|-105.143215|format=dms}} |- |[[Loveland, Colorado|Loveland]] |[http://www.ci.loveland.co.us/ City of Loveland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514103507/http://www.ci.loveland.co.us/ |date=2012-05-14 }} |{{sort|1881-04-30|April 30, 1881}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Loveland.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232433/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Loveland.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|14}} |{{change|invert=on|72651|66859}} |align=right|{{ntsh|40}}2102&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>812&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|12}}33.9341&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>87.8889&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|4}}1.4678&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.8017&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|11}}35.4019&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>91.6906&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0846465 |align=right|{{coord|40.416905|-105.063111|format=dms}} |- |[[Lyons, Colorado|Lyons]] |[http://www.townoflyons.com/ Town of Lyons] |{{sort|1891-04-10|April 10, 1891}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lyons.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042041/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Lyons.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|112}} |{{change|invert=on|2108|2033}} |align=right|{{ntsh|72}}1697&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>655&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|149}}1.2390&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.2090&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|78}}0.0163&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0423&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|148}}1.2554&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.2514&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0847070 |align=right|{{coord|40.223050|-105.268665|format=dms}} |- |[[Manassa, Colorado|Manassa]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094155/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=217 Town of Manassa] |{{sort|1889-06-06|June 6, 1889}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Conejos County, Colorado|Conejos County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Manassa.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223513/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Manassa.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|145}} |{{change|invert=on|978|991}} |align=right|{{ntsh|138}}1052&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>406&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|164}}0.9312&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.4118&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|164}}0.9312&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.4118&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0848060 |align=right|{{coord|37.173841|-105.937275|format=dms}} |- |[[Mancos, Colorado|Mancos]] |[http://www.mancoscolorado.com/ Town of Mancos] |{{sort|1894-11-30|November 30, 1894}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Montezuma County, Colorado|Montezuma County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Mancos.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225927/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Mancos.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|132}} |{{change|invert=on|1377|1336}} |align=right|{{ntsh|39}}2132&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>823&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|192}}0.6383&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.6532&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|192}}0.6383&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.6532&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0848115 |align=right|{{coord|37.346597|-108.293856|format=dms}} |- |[[Manitou Springs, Colorado|Manitou Springs]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071211055908/http://www.manitousprings-co.gov/ City of Manitou Springs] |{{sort|1888-01-25|January 25, 1888}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Manitou%20Springs.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043039/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Manitou%20Springs.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|74}} |{{change|invert=on|5314|4992}} |align=right|{{ntsh|77}}1662&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>642&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|93}}3.1565&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.1753&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|94}}3.1565&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.1753&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0848445 |align=right|{{coord|38.857602|-104.912429|format=dms}} |- |[[Manzanola, Colorado|Manzanola]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094351/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=245 Town of Manzanola] |{{sort|1900-07-09|July 9, 1900}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Otero County, Colorado|Otero County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Manzanola.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041807/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Manzanola.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|204}} |{{change|invert=on|425|434}} |align=right|{{ntsh|84}}1556&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>601&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|233}}0.2764&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7158&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|233}}0.2764&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7158&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0848500 |align=right|{{coord|38.108825|-103.866778|format=dms}} |- |[[Marble, Colorado|Marble]] |[http://www.townofmarble.org/ Town of Marble] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323161657/http://www.townofmarble.org/ |date=2012-03-23 }} |{{sort|1899-99-99|1899}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Gunnison County, Colorado|Gunnison County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Marble.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041402/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Marble.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|248}} |{{change|invert=on|131|131}} |align=right|{{ntsh|234}}330&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>127&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|217}}0.3945&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0218&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|217}}0.3945&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0218&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0848555 |align=right|{{coord|39.071817|-107.190467|format=dms}} |- |[[Mead, Colorado|Mead]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080213205920/http://mead-co.gov/ Town of Mead] |{{sort|1908-03-17|March 17, 1908}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Mead.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045419/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Mead.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|84}} |{{change|invert=on|4104|3405}} |align=right|{{ntsh|229}}369&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>142&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|39}}10.8107&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>27.9996&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|45}}0.0847&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2194&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|39}}10.8954&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>28.2191&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0849600 |align=right|{{coord|40.226983|-104.988312|format=dms}} |- |[[Meeker, Colorado|Meeker]] |[http://www.townofmeeker.org/ Town of Meeker] |{{sort|1885-11-10|November 10, 1885}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Rio Blanco County, Colorado|Rio Blanco County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Meeker.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040054/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Meeker.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|105}} |{{change|invert=on|2429|2475}} |align=right|{{ntsh|184}}711&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>275&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|88}}3.5052&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>9.0785&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|88}}3.5052&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>9.0785&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0849875 |align=right|{{coord|40.049800|-107.895355|format=dms}} |- |[[Merino, Colorado|Merino]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094632/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=289 Town of Merino] |{{sort|1917-01-04|January 4, 1917}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Logan County, Colorado|Logan County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Merino.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002145/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Merino.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|219}} |{{change|invert=on|282|284}} |align=right|{{ntsh|78}}1650&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>637&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|259}}0.1673&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4332&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|259}}0.1673&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4332&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0850040 |align=right|{{coord|40.484825|-103.353616|format=dms}} |- |[[Milliken, Colorado|Milliken]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071224052759/http://town.milliken.co.us/ Town of Milliken] |{{sort|1910-10-01|October 1, 1910}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Milliken.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224034/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Milliken.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|67}} |{{change|invert=on|6091|5610}} |align=right|{{ntsh|215}}471&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>182&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|33}}12.5898&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>32.6074&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|46}}0.0844&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2187&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|33}}12.6742&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>32.8261&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0850480 |align=right|{{coord|40.310502|-104.858384|format=dms}} |- |[[Minturn, Colorado|Minturn]] |[http://www.minturn.org/ Town of Minturn] |{{sort|1904-11-23|November 23, 1904}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Eagle County, Colorado|Eagle County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Minturn.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043612/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Minturn.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|143}} |{{change|invert=on|1035|1027}} |align=right|{{ntsh|260}}134&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>52&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|54}}7.6599&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>19.8389&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|25}}0.1804&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4672&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|53}}7.8402&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>20.3061&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0850920 |align=right|{{coord|39.535508|-106.381727|format=dms}} |- |[[Moffat, Colorado|Moffat]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090831090346/http://www.moffatcolorado.org/index.html Town of Moffat] |{{sort|1911-04-20|April 20, 1911}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Saguache County, Colorado|Saguache County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Moffat.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023035/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Moffat.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|252}} |{{change|invert=on|116|116}} |align=right|{{ntsh|265}}83&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>32&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|141}}1.4014&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.6296&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|141}}1.4014&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.6296&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0851250 |align=right|{{coord|38.001997|-105.905455|format=dms}} |- |[[Monte Vista, Colorado|Monte Vista]] |[http://www.ci.monte-vista.co.us/ City of Monte Vista] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124121400/http://www.ci.monte-vista.co.us/ |date=2008-01-24 }} |{{sort|1886-09-27|September 27, 1886}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Rio Grande County, Colorado|Rio Grande County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Monte%20Vista.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041938/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Monte%20Vista.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|82}} |{{change|invert=on|4311|4444}} |align=right|{{ntsh|73}}1692&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>653&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|105}}2.5927&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.7150&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|76}}0.0179&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0465&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|106}}2.6106&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.7614&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0851635 |align=right|{{coord|37.578541|-106.150630|format=dms}} |- |[[Montezuma, Colorado|Montezuma]] |[http://www.dola.colorado.gov/dlg/local_governments/lgov_summit.html Town of Montezuma]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |{{sort|1882-99-99|1882}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Summit County, Colorado|Summit County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Montezuma.pdf map]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |align=center|{{nts|262}} |{{change|invert=on|67|65}} |align=right|{{ntsh|163}}833&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>321&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|269}}0.0793&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2053&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|269}}0.0793&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2053&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0851690 |align=right|{{coord|39.581706|-105.868071|format=dms}} |- |[[Montrose, Colorado|Montrose]] |[http://www.cityofmontrose.org/ City of Montrose] |{{sort|1882-05-01|May 1, 1882}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Montrose County, Colorado|Montrose County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Montrose.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054332/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Montrose.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|32}} |{{change|invert=on|19045|19132}} |align=right|{{ntsh|134}}1080&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>417&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|24}}17.6085&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>45.6058&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|24}}17.6085&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>45.6058&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0851745 |align=right|{{coord|38.469173|-107.860682|format=dms}} |- |[[Monument, Colorado|Monument]] |[http://www.townofmonument.net/ Town of Monument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309125420/http://www.townofmonument.net/ |date=2016-03-09 }} |{{sort|1881-05-14|May 14, 1881}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Monument.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903145831/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Monument.pdf |date=2014-09-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|65}} |{{change|invert=on|6391|5530}} |align=right|{{ntsh|160}}861&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>333&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|60}}6.7534&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>17.4913&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|57}}0.0497&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1288&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|60}}6.8031&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>17.6200&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0851800 |align=right|{{coord|39.074698|-104.843906|format=dms}} |- |[[Morrison, Colorado|Morrison]] |[http://town.morrison.co.us/ Town of Morrison] |{{sort|1906-01-29|January 29, 1906}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Morrison.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050250/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Morrison.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|203}} |{{change|invert=on|431|428}} |align=right|{{ntsh|252}}197&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>76&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|117}}2.1886&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.6683&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|103}}0.0035&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0089&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|118}}2.1920&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.6773&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0852075 |align=right|{{coord|39.625613|-105.207919|format=dms}} |- |[[Mount Crested Butte, Colorado|Mount Crested Butte]]<ref name=Mount_Crested_Butte>[[Mount Crested Butte, Colorado|Mount Crested Butte]] is served by the [[Crested Butte, Colorado|Crested Butte]] [[United States Postal Service|Post Office]].</ref> |[http://www.mtcrestedbuttecolorado.us/ Town of Mount Crested Butte] |{{sort|1973-99-99|1973}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Gunnison County, Colorado|Gunnison County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Mount%20Crested%20Butte.pdf map]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |align=center|{{nts|193}} |{{change|invert=on|522|507}} |align=right|{{ntsh|249}}233&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>90&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|116}}2.2187&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.7463&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|117}}2.2187&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.7463&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0852570 |align=right|{{coord|38.908453|-106.958673|format=dms}} |- |[[Mountain View, Colorado|Mountain View]]<ref name=Mountain_View>[[Mountain View, Colorado|Mountain View]] is served by the [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]] [[United States Postal Service|Post Office]].</ref> |[http://www.mountainviewco.org/ Town of Mountain View] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110143822/http://www.mountainviewco.org/ |date=2016-01-10 }} |{{sort|1904-10-11|October 11, 1904}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Mountain%20View.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043208/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Mountain%20View.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|131}} |{{change|invert=on|1387|1320}} |align=right|{{ntsh|1}}14702&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5677&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|268}}0.0930&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2408&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|268}}0.0930&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2408&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0852350 |align=right|{{coord|39.774776|-105.056711|format=dms}} |- |[[Mountain Village, Colorado|Mountain Village]] |[http://www.mountain-village.co.us/ Town of Mountain Village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119143154/http://www.mountain-village.co.us/ |date=2008-01-19 }} |{{sort|1995-03-10|March 10, 1995}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[San Miguel County, Colorado|San Miguel County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Mountain%20Village.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001329/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Mountain%20Village.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|161}} |{{change|invert=on|809|801}} |align=right|{{ntsh|248}}238&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>92&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|91}}3.3783&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.7498&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|91}}3.3783&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.7498&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0852550 |align=right|{{coord|37.932377|-107.857854|format=dms}} |- |[[Naturita, Colorado|Naturita]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094612/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=285 Town of Naturita] |{{sort|1951-11-30|November 30, 1951}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Montrose County, Colorado|Montrose County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Naturita.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041454/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Naturita.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|191}} |{{change|invert=on|530|546}} |align=right|{{ntsh|176}}764&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>295&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|190}}0.6872&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.7798&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|191}}0.6872&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.7798&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0853120 |align=right|{{coord|38.218554|-108.568286|format=dms}} |- |[[Nederland, Colorado|Nederland]] |[http://www.town.nederland.co.us/ Town of Nederland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315020318/http://town.nederland.co.us/ |date=2016-03-15 }} |{{sort|1885-11-15|November 15, 1885}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Nederland.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041518/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Nederland.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|126}} |{{change|invert=on|1504|1445}} |align=right|{{ntsh|144}}1009&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>389&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|137}}1.4781&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.8283&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|50}}0.0694&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1797&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|135}}1.5475&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.0080&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0853175 |align=right|{{coord|39.963815|-105.505864|format=dms}} |- |[[New Castle, Colorado|New Castle]] |[http://www.newcastlecolorado.org/ Town of New Castle] |{{sort|1890-03-27|March 27, 1890}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Garfield County, Colorado|Garfield County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/New%20Castle.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041731/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/New%20Castle.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|80}} |{{change|invert=on|4608|4518}} |align=right|{{ntsh|68}}1721&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>665&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|103}}2.6574&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.8826&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|66}}0.0325&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0842&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|103}}2.6899&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.9669&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0853395 |align=right|{{coord|39.578289|-107.526243|format=dms}} |- |[[Northglenn, Colorado|Northglenn]] |[http://www.northglenn.org/ City of Northglenn] |{{sort|1969-04-19|April 19, 1969}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]]<br/>[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Northglenn.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002200/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Northglenn.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|21}} |{{change|invert=on|38596|35789}} |align=right|{{ntsh|5}}5098&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1968&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|58}}7.3558&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>19.0514&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|40}}0.0923&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2391&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|58}}7.4481&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>19.2905&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0854330 |align=right|{{coord|39.911166|-104.978840|format=dms}} |- |[[Norwood, Colorado|Norwood]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093625/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=140 Town of Norwood] |{{sort|1903-08-20|August 20, 1903}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[San Miguel County, Colorado|San Miguel County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Norwood.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023047/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Norwood.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|190}} |{{change|invert=on|554|518}} |align=right|{{ntsh|55}}1869&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>722&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|232}}0.2900&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7511&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|232}}0.2900&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7511&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0854880 |align=right|{{coord|38.128846|-108.291711|format=dms}} |- |[[Nucla, Colorado|Nucla]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094024/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=190 Town of Nucla] |{{sort|1915-03-14|March 14, 1915}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Montrose County, Colorado|Montrose County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Nucla.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041717/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Nucla.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|173}} |{{change|invert=on|704|711}} |align=right|{{ntsh|149}}963&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>372&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|186}}0.7195&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.8634&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|187}}0.7195&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.8634&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0854935 |align=right|{{coord|38.266534|-108.548716|format=dms}} |- |[[Nunn, Colorado|Nunn]] |[http://www.nunncolorado.com/ Town of Nunn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801212112/http://nunncolorado.com/ |date=2015-08-01 }} |{{sort|1908-03-28|March 28, 1908}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Nunn.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000137/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Nunn.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|201}} |{{change|invert=on|440|416}} |align=right|{{ntsh|257}}140&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>54&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|95}}3.1165&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.0717&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|95}}3.1165&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.0717&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0855045 |align=right|{{coord|40.711917|-104.789804|format=dms}} |- |[[Oak Creek, Colorado|Oak Creek]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094341/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=243 Town of Oak Creek] |{{sort|1907-12-26|December 26, 1907}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Routt County, Colorado|Routt County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Oak%20Creek.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041634/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Oak%20Creek.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|154}} |{{change|invert=on|892|884}} |align=right|{{ntsh|25}}2545&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>983&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|225}}0.3442&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.8916&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|225}}0.3442&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.8916&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0855155 |align=right|{{coord|40.273991|-106.957083|format=dms}} |- |[[Olathe, Colorado|Olathe]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110813145317/http://ci.olathe.co.us/ Town of Olathe] |{{sort|1907-10-16|October 16, 1907}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Montrose County, Colorado|Montrose County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Olathe.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001908/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Olathe.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|118}} |{{change|invert=on|1804|1849}} |align=right|{{ntsh|114}}1247&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>482&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|139}}1.4509&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.7579&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|139}}1.4509&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.7579&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0855540 |align=right|{{coord|38.608319|-107.982841|format=dms}} |- |[[Olney Springs, Colorado|Olney Springs]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418095203/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=40 Town of Olney Springs] |{{sort|1912-05-27|May 27, 1912}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Crowley County, Colorado|Crowley County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Olney%20Springs.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041607/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Olney%20Springs.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|215}} |{{change|invert=on|334|345}} |align=right|{{ntsh|97}}1363&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>526&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|248}}0.2406&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6231&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|249}}0.2406&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6231&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0855705 |align=right|{{coord|38.166274|-103.944491|format=dms}} |- |[[Ophir, Colorado|Ophir]] |[http://www.town-ophir.co.gov/ Town of Ophir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513061640/http://www.town-ophir.co.gov/ |date=2008-05-13 }} |{{sort|1881-99-99|1881}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[San Miguel County, Colorado|San Miguel County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ophir.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041859/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ophir.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|240}} |{{change|invert=on|167|159}} |align=right|{{ntsh|151}}932&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>360&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|258}}0.1759&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4555&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|258}}0.1759&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4555&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0855870 |align=right|{{coord|37.856840|-107.829023|format=dms}} |- |[[Orchard City, Colorado|Orchard City]] |[http://www.orchardcityco.org/ Town of Orchard City] |{{sort|1912-05-25|May 25, 1912}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Delta County, Colorado|Delta County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Orchard%20City.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221338/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Orchard%20City.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|91}} |{{change|invert=on|3025|3119}} |align=right|{{ntsh|244}}268&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>104&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|37}}11.4068&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>29.5435&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|93}}0.0072&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0186&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|37}}11.4140&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>29.5621&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0855980 |align=right|{{coord|38.814059|-107.967542|format=dms}} |- |[[Ordway, Colorado|Ordway]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094130/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=206 Town of Ordway] |{{sort|1900-09-04|September 4, 1900}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Crowley County, Colorado|Crowley County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ordway.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041644/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ordway.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|141}} |{{change|invert=on|1059|1080}} |align=right|{{ntsh|98}}1346&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>520&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|181}}0.7714&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.9980&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|182}}0.7714&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.9980&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0856145 |align=right|{{coord|38.220898|-103.756679|format=dms}} |- |[[Otis, Colorado|Otis]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093636/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=143 Town of Otis] |{{sort|1917-03-27|March 27, 1917}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Washington County, Colorado|Washington County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Otis.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042007/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Otis.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|199}} |{{change|invert=on|468|475}} |align=right|{{ntsh|122}}1145&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>442&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|213}}0.4130&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0697&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|213}}0.4130&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0697&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0856365 |align=right|{{coord|40.150129|-102.962138|format=dms}} |- |[[Ouray, Colorado|Ouray]] |[http://www.ci.ouray.co.us/ City of Ouray] |{{sort|1884-03-24|March 24, 1884}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Ouray County, Colorado|Ouray County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ouray.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041639/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ouray.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|144}} |{{change|invert=on|1021|1000}} |align=right|{{ntsh|120}}1150&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>444&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|169}}0.8809&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.2816&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|169}}0.8809&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.2816&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0856420 |align=right|{{coord|38.027430|-107.673580|format=dms}} |- |[[Ovid, Colorado|Ovid]] |[http://www.ovidcolorado.com/ Town of Ovid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929012129/http://www.ovidcolorado.com/ |date=2007-09-29 }} |{{sort|1925-12-21|December 21, 1925}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Sedgwick County, Colorado|Sedgwick County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ovid.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045323/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ovid.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|217}} |{{change|invert=on|308|318}} |align=right|{{ntsh|50}}1938&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>748&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|260}}0.1620&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4197&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|260}}0.1620&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4197&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0856475 |align=right|{{coord|40.960564|-102.388352|format=dms}} |- |[[Pagosa Springs, Colorado|Pagosa Springs]] |[http://www.townofpagosasprings.com/ Town of Pagosa Springs] |{{sort|1891-03-18|March 18, 1891}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Archuleta County, Colorado|Archuleta County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Pagosa%20Springs.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041706/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Pagosa%20Springs.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|119}} |{{change|invert=on|1743|1727}} |align=right|{{ntsh|230}}353&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>136&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|72}}4.8708&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>12.6154&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|70}}0.0261&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0675&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|72}}4.8969&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>12.6829&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0856860 |align=right|{{coord|37.263604|-107.003530|format=dms}} |- |[[Palisade, Colorado|Palisade]] |[http://www.townofpalisade.org/ Town of Palisade] |{{sort|1904-04-04|April 4, 1904}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Mesa County, Colorado|Mesa County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Palisade.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042011/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Palisade.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|97}} |{{change|invert=on|2645|2692}} |align=right|{{ntsh|27}}2436&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>941&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|155}}1.0807&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.7991&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|97}}0.0055&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0143&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|155}}1.0863&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.8134&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0856970 |align=right|{{coord|39.107404|-108.359087|format=dms}} |- |[[Palmer Lake, Colorado|Palmer Lake]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050607075623/http://www.ci.palmer-lake.co.us/ Town of Palmer Lake] |{{sort|1889-03-12|March 12, 1889}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Palmer%20Lake.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222842/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Palmer%20Lake.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|100}} |{{change|invert=on|2579|2420}} |align=right|{{ntsh|166}}821&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>317&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|96}}3.0922&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.0088&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|73}}0.0216&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0560&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|96}}3.1138&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.0647&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0857025 |align=right|{{coord|39.113465|-104.899806|format=dms}} |- |[[Paoli, Colorado|Paoli]] |[http://www.dola.colorado.gov/dlg/local_governments/lgov_phillips.html Town of Paoli]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |{{sort|1930-08-06|August 6, 1930}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Phillips County, Colorado|Phillips County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Paoli.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023052/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Paoli.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|269}} |{{change|invert=on|33|34}} |align=right|{{ntsh|263}}111&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>43&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|230}}0.3052&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7905&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|230}}0.3052&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7905&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0857245 |align=right|{{coord|40.612871|-102.472061|format=dms}} |- |[[Paonia, Colorado|Paonia]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418095213/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=42 Town of Paonia] |{{sort|1902-09-03|September 3, 1902}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Delta County, Colorado|Delta County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Paonia.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042257/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Paonia.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|127}} |{{change|invert=on|1413|1451}} |align=right|{{ntsh|75}}1671&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>645&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|171}}0.8584&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.2231&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|171}}0.8584&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.2231&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0857300 |align=right|{{coord|38.869824|-107.591433|format=dms}} |- |[[Parachute, Colorado|Parachute]] |[http://www.parachutecolorado.com/ Town of Parachute] |{{sort|1908-04-01|April 1, 1908}}<ref name=Grand_Valley>[[Parachute, Colorado|Parachute]] was incorporated in 1908 as [[Parachute, Colorado|Grand Valley]].</ref> |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Garfield County, Colorado|Garfield County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Parachute.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042626/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Parachute.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|139}} |{{change|invert=on|1098|1085}} |align=right|{{ntsh|187}}682&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>263&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|132}}1.6081&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.1649&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|54}}0.0618&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1601&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|132}}1.6699&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.3250&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0857400 |align=right|{{coord|39.450047|-108.055481|format=dms}} |- |[[Parker, Colorado|Parker]] |[http://www.parkeronline.org/ Town of Parker] |{{sort|1981-05-99|May 1981}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Parker.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072357/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Parker.pdf |date=2016-03-12 }} |align=center|{{nts|19}} |{{change|invert=on|49857|45297}} |align=right|{{ntsh|33}}2295&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>886&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|22}}21.1821&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>54.8613&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|91}}0.0080&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0208&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|22}}21.1901&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>54.8821&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0857630 |align=right|{{coord|39.504167|-104.773173|format=dms}} |- |[[Peetz, Colorado|Peetz]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093652/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=148 Town of Peetz] |{{sort|1917-05-17|May 17, 1917}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Logan County, Colorado|Logan County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Peetz.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903150510/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Peetz.pdf |date=2014-09-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|233}} |{{change|invert=on|237|238}} |align=right|{{ntsh|116}}1196&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>462&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|256}}0.1914&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4958&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|257}}0.1914&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.4958&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0858235 |align=right|{{coord|40.962046|-103.114231|format=dms}} |- |[[Pierce, Colorado|Pierce]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093657/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=149 Town of Pierce] |{{sort|1918-08-30|August 30, 1918}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Pierce.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041622/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Pierce.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|157}} |{{change|invert=on|871|834}} |align=right|{{ntsh|140}}1031&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>398&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|175}}0.8390&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.1730&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|176}}0.8390&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.1730&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0859005 |align=right|{{coord|40.633499|-104.755178|format=dms}} |- |[[Pitkin, Colorado|Pitkin]] |[http://www.pitkincolorado.com/ Town of Pitkin] |{{sort|1880-04-05|April 5, 1880}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Gunnison County, Colorado|Gunnison County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Pitkin.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043943/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Pitkin.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|262}} |{{change|invert=on|67|66}} |align=right|{{ntsh|247}}248&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>96&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|237}}0.2700&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6992&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|237}}0.2700&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6992&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0859830 |align=right|{{coord|38.608612|-106.516466|format=dms}} |- |[[Platteville, Colorado|Platteville]] |[http://www.plattevillegov.org/ Town of Platteville] |{{sort|1887-01-01|January 1, 1887}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Platteville.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053034/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Platteville.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|98}} |{{change|invert=on|2608|2485}} |align=right|{{ntsh|157}}894&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>345&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|101}}2.8731&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>7.4413&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|85}}0.0103&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0266&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|101}}2.8834&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>7.4680&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0860160 |align=right|{{coord|40.216683|-104.824077|format=dms}} |- |[[Poncha Springs, Colorado|Poncha Springs]] |[http://www.ponchaspringscolorado.us/ Town of Poncha Springs] |{{sort|1880-12-16|December 16, 1880}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Chaffee County, Colorado|Chaffee County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Poncha%20Springs.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050925/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Poncha%20Springs.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|165}} |{{change|invert=on|764|737}} |align=right|{{ntsh|240}}281&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>109&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|102}}2.7146&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>7.0307&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|102}}2.7146&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>7.0307&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0860600 |align=right|{{coord|38.518844|-106.072576|format=dms}} |- |[[Pritchett, Colorado|Pritchett]] |[http://www.sangres.com/colorado/baca/pritchett.htm Town of Pritchett] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094027/http://www.sangres.com/colorado/baca/pritchett.htm |date=2015-09-24 }} |{{sort|1923-99-99|1923}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Baca County, Colorado|Baca County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Pritchett.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235719/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Pritchett.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|247}} |{{change|invert=on|136|140}} |align=right|{{ntsh|197}}588&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>227&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|251}}0.2330&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6036&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|252}}0.2330&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6036&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0861315 |align=right|{{coord|37.370009|-102.858749|format=dms}} |- |[[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]] |[http://www.pueblo.us/ City of Pueblo] |{{sort|1885-11-15|November 15, 1885}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Pueblo County, Colorado|Pueblo County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Pueblo.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312121456/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Pueblo.pdf |date=2016-03-12 }} |align=center|{{nts|9}} |{{change|invert=on|108423|106595}} |align=right|{{ntsh|44}}2020&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>780&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|5}}53.5917&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>138.8020&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|11}}0.7852&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.0337&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|5}}54.3770&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>140.8357&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0862000 |align=right|{{coord|38.269934|-104.612294|format=dms}} |- |[[Ramah, Colorado|Ramah]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094235/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=227 Town of Ramah] |{{sort|1927-07-18|July 18, 1927}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ramah.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001059/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ramah.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|249}} |{{change|invert=on|127|123}} |align=right|{{ntsh|210}}517&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>200&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|243}}0.2454&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6356&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|245}}0.2454&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6356&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0862660 |align=right|{{coord|39.122238|-104.167334|format=dms}} |- |[[Rangely, Colorado|Rangely]] |[http://www.rangely.com/ Town of Rangely] |{{sort|1946-08-27|August 27, 1946}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Rio Blanco County, Colorado|Rio Blanco County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Rangely.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041603/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Rangely.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|104}} |{{change|invert=on|2430|2365}} |align=right|{{ntsh|200}}586&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>226&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|81}}4.1505&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>10.7496&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|81}}4.1505&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>10.7496&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0862880 |align=right|{{coord|40.095177|-108.756740|format=dms}} |- |[[Raymer, Colorado|Raymer]]<ref name=Raymer>[[Raymer, Colorado|Raymer]] is served by the [[New Raymer, Colorado|New Raymer]] [[United States Postal Service|Post Office]].</ref> |[http://www.dola.colorado.gov/dlg/local_governments/lgov_weld.html Town of Raymer]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |{{sort|1919-99-99|1919}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Raymer.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041810/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Raymer.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|258}} |{{change|invert=on|102|96}} |align=right|{{ntsh|258}}139&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>54&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|187}}0.7188&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.8616&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|188}}0.7188&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.8616&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0863045 |align=right|{{coord|40.607758|-103.844329|format=dms}} |- |[[Red Cliff, Colorado|Red Cliff]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094602/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=283 Town of Red Cliff] |{{sort|1880-12-18|December 18, 1880}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Eagle County, Colorado|Eagle County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Red%20Cliff.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041934/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Red%20Cliff.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|222}} |{{change|invert=on|270|267}} |align=right|{{ntsh|128}}1120&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>433&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|249}}0.2348&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6080&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|250}}0.2348&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6080&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0863265 |align=right|{{coord|39.509143|-106.370030|format=dms}} |- |[[Rico, Colorado|Rico]] |[http://www.ricocolorado.org/gov/frame_gov.html Town of Rico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308195759/http://www.ricocolorado.org/gov/frame_gov.html |date=2016-03-08 }} |{{sort|1880-02-25|February 25, 1880}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Dolores County, Colorado|Dolores County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Rico.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041524/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Rico.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|226}} |{{change|invert=on|256|265}} |align=right|{{ntsh|232}}346&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>134&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|183}}0.7567&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.9599&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|184}}0.7567&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.9599&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0864090 |align=right|{{coord|37.688569|-108.031434|format=dms}} |- |[[Ridgway, Colorado|Ridgway]] |[http://www.town.ridgway.co.us/ Town of Ridgway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402215702/http://www.town.ridgway.co.us/ |date=2016-04-02 }} |{{sort|1891-04-02|April 2, 1891}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Ouray County, Colorado|Ouray County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ridgway.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083338/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ridgway.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|147}} |{{change|invert=on|953|924}} |align=right|{{ntsh|227}}399&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>154&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|113}}2.3350&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.0475&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|114}}2.3350&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.0475&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0864200 |align=right|{{coord|38.159128|-107.753111|format=dms}} |- |[[Rifle, Colorado|Rifle]] |[http://www.rifleco.org/ City of Rifle] |{{sort|1905-08-18|August 18, 1905}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Garfield County, Colorado|Garfield County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Rifle.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041819/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Rifle.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|49}} |{{change|invert=on|9488|9172}} |align=right|{{ntsh|96}}1367&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>528&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|59}}6.9404&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>17.9755&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|53}}0.0629&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1628&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|59}}7.0033&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>18.1384&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0864255 |align=right|{{coord|39.537565|-107.770345|format=dms}} |- |[[Rockvale, Colorado|Rockvale]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093738/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=156 Town of Rockvale] |{{sort|1886-09-30|September 30, 1886}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Fremont County, Colorado|Fremont County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Rockvale.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233239/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Rockvale.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|194}} |{{change|invert=on|498|487}} |align=right|{{ntsh|246}}260&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>101&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|125}}1.9169&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.9648&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|126}}1.9169&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.9648&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0864970 |align=right|{{coord|38.364713|-105.164779|format=dms}} |- |[[Rocky Ford, Colorado|Rocky Ford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20081021033923/http://www.rockyfordcolo.com/ City of Rocky Ford] |{{sort|1887-08-19|August 19, 1887}} |[[#Statutory city|statutory city]] |[[Otero County, Colorado|Otero County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Rocky%20Ford.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002734/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Rocky%20Ford.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|87}} |{{change|invert=on|3873|3957}} |align=right|{{ntsh|28}}2355&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>909&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|130}}1.6608&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.3014&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|81}}0.0140&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0362&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|131}}1.6748&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.3376&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0865190 |align=right|{{coord|38.050212|-103.722672|format=dms}} |- |[[Romeo, Colorado|Romeo]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094210/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=222 Town of Romeo] |{{sort|1923-09-04|September 4, 1923}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Conejos County, Colorado|Conejos County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Romeo.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041440/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Romeo.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|208}} |{{change|invert=on|394|404}} |align=right|{{ntsh|70}}1715&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>662&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|250}}0.2332&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6041&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|251}}0.2332&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6041&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0865740 |align=right|{{coord|37.171819|-105.985414|format=dms}} |- |[[Rye, Colorado|Rye]] |[http://www.colorado.com/Rye.aspx Town of Rye] |{{sort|1937-11-22|November 22, 1937}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Pueblo County, Colorado|Pueblo County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Rye.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000652/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Rye.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|241}} |{{change|invert=on|154|153}} |align=right|{{ntsh|80}}1588&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>613&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|267}}0.0951&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2462&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|267}}0.0951&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2462&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0866895 |align=right|{{coord|37.921281|-104.932135|format=dms}} |- |[[Saguache, Colorado|Saguache]]<ref name=Saguache>Saguache is {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|w|ɒ|tʃ}}. This name comes from a [[Ute language]] word meaning "sand dunes". The [[Spanish language]] version of this name is usually spelled ''Saguache'', while the [[English language]] version is usually spelled ''Sawatch''.</ref> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093749/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=158 Town of Saguache]<ref name=Saguache/> |{{sort|1891-08-13|August 13, 1891}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Saguache County, Colorado|Saguache County]]<ref name=County_Seat/><ref name=Saguache/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Saguache.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233743/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Saguache.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|197}} |{{change|invert=on|480|485}} |align=right|{{ntsh|115}}1215&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>469&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|215}}0.3985&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0321&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|215}}0.3985&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.0321&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0867005 |align=right|{{coord|38.086247|-106.140876|format=dms}} |- |[[Salida, Colorado|Salida]] |[http://www.cityofsalida.com/ City of Salida] |{{sort|1891-03-23|March 23, 1891}} |[[#Statutory city|statutory city]] |[[Chaffee County, Colorado|Chaffee County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Salida.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042811/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Salida.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|72}} |{{change|invert=on|5406|5236}} |align=right|{{ntsh|41}}2094&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>809&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|106}}2.5829&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.6896&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|107}}2.5829&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.6896&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0867280 |align=right|{{coord|38.530275|-105.998784|format=dms}} |- |[[San Luis, Colorado|San Luis]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093804/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=160 Town of San Luis] |{{sort|1885-99-99|1885}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Costilla County, Colorado|Costilla County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/San%20Luis.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003217/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/San%20Luis.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|182}} |{{change|invert=on|622|629}} |align=right|{{ntsh|130}}1108&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>428&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|200}}0.5595&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.4490&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|200}}0.5595&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.4490&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0868105 |align=right|{{coord|37.202341|-105.422469|format=dms}} |- |[[Sanford, Colorado|Sanford]] |[http://www.dola.colorado.gov/dlg/local_governments/lgov_conejos.html Town of Sanford]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |{{sort|1907-04-09|April 9, 1907}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Conejos County, Colorado|Conejos County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sanford.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042955/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sanford.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|158}} |{{change|invert=on|870|879}} |align=right|{{ntsh|196}}594&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>229&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|138}}1.4645&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.7931&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|138}}1.4645&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.7931&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0867830 |align=right|{{coord|37.257425|-105.900741|format=dms}} |- |[[Sawpit, Colorado|Sawpit]]<ref name=Sawpit>[[Sawpit, Colorado|Sawpit]] is served by the [[Placerville, Colorado|Placerville]] [[United States Postal Service|Post Office]].</ref> |[http://www.dola.colorado.gov/dlg/local_governments/lgov_san_miguel.html Town of Sawpit]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |{{sort|1896-99-99|1896}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[San Miguel County, Colorado|San Miguel County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sawpit.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042940/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sawpit.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|267}} |{{change|invert=on|42|40}} |align=right|{{ntsh|100}}1333&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>515&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|271}}0.0307&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0796&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|271}}0.0307&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0796&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0868655 |align=right|{{coord|37.994621|-108.001189|format=dms}} |- |[[Sedgwick, Colorado|Sedgwick]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094505/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=271 Town of Sedgwick] |{{sort|1918-01-28|January 28, 1918}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Sedgwick County, Colorado|Sedgwick County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sedgwick.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042920/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sedgwick.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|243}} |{{change|invert=on|145|146}} |align=right|{{ntsh|222}}425&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>164&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|228}}0.3338&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.8647&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|228}}0.3338&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.8647&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0868930 |align=right|{{coord|40.935068|-102.525674|format=dms}} |- |[[Seibert, Colorado|Seibert]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418093809/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=161 Town of Seibert] |{{sort|1917-06-21|June 21, 1917}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Kit Carson County, Colorado|Kit Carson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Seibert.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222953/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Seibert.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|235}} |{{change|invert=on|218|181}} |align=right|{{ntsh|209}}525&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>203&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|226}}0.3428&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.8880&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|226}}0.3428&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.8880&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0869040 |align=right|{{coord|39.297967|-102.869524|format=dms}} |- |[[Severance, Colorado|Severance]] |[http://www.townofseverance.org/ Town of Severance] |{{sort|1920-11-20|November 20, 1920}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Severance.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003406/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Severance.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|90}} |{{change|invert=on|3525|3165}} |align=right|{{ntsh|204}}555&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>214&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|66}}6.1160&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>15.8404&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|39}}0.0963&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2495&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|66}}6.2123&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>16.0899&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0869150 |align=right|{{coord|40.539441|-104.870121|format=dms}} |- |[[Sheridan, Colorado|Sheridan]] |[http://www.ci.sheridan.co.us/ City of Sheridan] |{{sort|1890-04-01|April 1, 1890}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sheridan.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041727/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sheridan.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|69}} |{{change|invert=on|5949|5664}} |align=right|{{ntsh|23}}2644&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1021&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|115}}2.2220&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.7549&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|52}}0.0665&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1723&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|115}}2.2885&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.9273&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0869700 |align=right|{{coord|39.647757|-105.017457|format=dms}} |- |[[Sheridan Lake, Colorado|Sheridan Lake]] |[http://www.kcedfonline.org/sheridanlake.htm Town of Sheridan Lake] |{{sort|1951-06-11|June 11, 1951}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Kiowa County, Colorado|Kiowa County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sheridan%20Lake.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041711/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sheridan%20Lake.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|259}} |{{change|invert=on|88|88}} |align=right|{{ntsh|238}}284&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>110&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|229}}0.3171&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.8212&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|229}}0.3171&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.8212&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0869645 |align=right|{{coord|38.466677|-102.294142|format=dms}} |- |[[Silt, Colorado|Silt]] |[http://www.townofsilt.org/ Town of Silt] |{{sort|1915-05-19|May 19, 1915}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Garfield County, Colorado|Garfield County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Silt.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000728/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Silt.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|92}} |{{change|invert=on|3007|2930}} |align=right|{{ntsh|60}}1762&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>680&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|128}}1.6915&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.3809&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|59}}0.0456&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1181&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|130}}1.7371&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>4.4990&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0870195 |align=right|{{coord|39.547648|-107.654073|format=dms}} |- |[[Silver Cliff, Colorado|Silver Cliff]] |[http://silvercliffco.com/ Town of Silver Cliff] |{{sort|1879-02-10|February 10, 1879}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Custer County, Colorado|Custer County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Silver%20Cliff.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041508/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Silver%20Cliff.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|186}} |{{change|invert=on|584|587}} |align=right|{{ntsh|270}}37&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>14&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|27}}15.4639&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>40.0514&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|111}}0.0017&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0044&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|27}}15.4656&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>40.0558&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0870250 |align=right|{{coord|38.129203|-105.399189|format=dms}} |- |[[Silver Plume, Colorado|Silver Plume]] |[http://www.townofsilverplume.org/ Town of Silver Plume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615180352/http://www.townofsilverplume.org/ |date=2012-06-15 }} |{{sort|1880-09-24|September 24, 1880}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Clear Creek County, Colorado|Clear Creek County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Silver%20Plume.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041648/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Silver%20Plume.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|239}} |{{change|invert=on|172|170}} |align=right|{{ntsh|191}}642&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>248&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|239}}0.2586&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6697&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|105}}0.0026&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0068&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|239}}0.2612&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6765&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0870360 |align=right|{{coord|39.695445|-105.726666|format=dms}} |- |[[Silverthorne, Colorado|Silverthorne]] |[http://www.silverthorne.org/ Town of Silverthorne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129154446/http://www.silverthorne.org/ |date=2016-01-29 }} |{{sort|1967-09-05|September 5, 1967}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Summit County, Colorado|Summit County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Silverthorne.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023103/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Silverthorne.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|83}} |{{change|invert=on|4271|3887}} |align=right|{{ntsh|143}}1012&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>391&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|82}}3.9738&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>10.2920&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|56}}0.0568&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1472&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|82}}4.0306&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>10.4392&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0870525 |align=right|{{coord|39.654012|-106.092443|format=dms}} |- |[[Silverton, Colorado|Silverton]] |[http://www.silverton.co.us/ Town of Silverton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913023446/http://www.silverton.co.us/ |date=2020-09-13 }} |{{sort|1885-11-15|November 15, 1885}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[San Juan County, Colorado|San Juan County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Silverton.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041411/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Silverton.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|179}} |{{change|invert=on|655|637}} |align=right|{{ntsh|180}}742&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>287&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|173}}0.8474&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.1947&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|173}}0.8474&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.1947&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0870580 |align=right|{{coord|37.811092|-107.664643|format=dms}} |- |[[Simla, Colorado|Simla]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418095236/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=46 Town of Simla] |{{sort|1913-01-15|January 15, 1913}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Elbert County, Colorado|Elbert County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Simla.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903150547/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Simla.pdf |date=2014-09-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|181}} |{{change|invert=on|627|618}} |align=right|{{ntsh|132}}1099&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>424&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|199}}0.5677&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.4703&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|199}}0.5677&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.4703&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0870635 |align=right|{{coord|39.141051|-104.081754|format=dms}} |- |[[Snowmass Village, Colorado|Snowmass Village]] |[http://www.tosv.com/ Town of Snowmass Village] |{{sort|1977-99-99|1977}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Pitkin County, Colorado|Pitkin County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Snowmass%20Village.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223837/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Snowmass%20Village.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|94}} |{{change|invert=on|2898|2826}} |align=right|{{ntsh|264}}105&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>40&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|17}}27.3167&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>70.7498&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|47}}0.0820&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.2123&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|18}}27.3986&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>70.9621&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0871755 |align=right|{{coord|39.216872|-106.943974|format=dms}} |- |[[South Fork, Colorado|South Fork]] |[http://www.southfork.org/community/government.php Town of South Fork] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803042517/http://www.southfork.org/community/government.php |date=2010-08-03 }} |{{sort|1992-05-19|May 19, 1992}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Rio Grande County, Colorado|Rio Grande County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/South%20Fork.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083357/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/South%20Fork.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|212}} |{{change|invert=on|364|386}} |align=right|{{ntsh|256}}150&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>58&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|109}}2.4754&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.4112&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|116}}0.0009&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0023&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|109}}2.4763&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>6.4136&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0872395 |align=right|{{coord|37.669186|-106.642851|format=dms}} |- |[[Springfield, Colorado|Springfield]] |[http://www.springfieldcolorado.com/ Town of Springfield] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406224452/http://www.springfieldcolorado.com/ |date=2016-04-06 }} |{{sort|1889-01-16|January 16, 1889}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Baca County, Colorado|Baca County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Springfield.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000336/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Springfield.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|128}} |{{change|invert=on|1405|1451}} |align=right|{{ntsh|113}}1260&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>486&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|153}}1.1263&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.9172&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|153}}1.1263&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.9172&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0873330 |align=right|{{coord|37.404915|-102.618898|format=dms}} |- |[[Starkville, Colorado|Starkville]] |[http://www.dola.colorado.gov/dlg/local_governments/lgov_las_animas.html Town of Starkville]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |{{sort|1954-03-02|March 2, 1954}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Las Animas County, Colorado|Las Animas County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Starkville.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035958/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Starkville.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|266}} |{{change|invert=on|53|59}} |align=right|{{ntsh|178}}755&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>291&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|270}}0.0729&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1888&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|270}}0.0729&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1888&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0873715 |align=right|{{coord|37.116820|-104.523298|format=dms}} |- |[[Steamboat Springs, Colorado|Steamboat Springs]] |[http://steamboatsprings.net/ City of Steamboat Springs] |{{sort|1900-07-19|July 19, 1900}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Routt County, Colorado|Routt County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Steamboat%20Springs.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041638/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Steamboat%20Springs.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|41}} |{{change|invert=on|12260|12088}} |align=right|{{ntsh|117}}1192&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>460&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|41}}10.1468&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>26.2800&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|82}}0.0129&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0334&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|41}}10.1597&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>26.3134&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0873825 |align=right|{{coord|40.475587|-106.822935|format=dms}} |- |[[Sterling, Colorado|Sterling]] |[http://www.sterlingcolo.com/ City of Sterling] |{{sort|1884-12-03|December 3, 1884}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Logan County, Colorado|Logan County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sterling.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041622/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sterling.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|36}} |{{change|invert=on|14629|14777}} |align=right|{{ntsh|53}}1923&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>743&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|56}}7.6098&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>19.7092&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|56}}7.6098&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>19.7092&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0873935 |align=right|{{coord|40.620706|-103.191867|format=dms}} |- |[[Stratton, Colorado|Stratton]] |[http://www.strattoncolorado.com/ Town of Stratton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010720092629/http://www.strattoncolorado.com/ |date=2001-07-20 }} |{{sort|1917-04-15|April 15, 1917}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Kit Carson County, Colorado|Kit Carson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Stratton.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041810/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Stratton.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|177}} |{{change|invert=on|663|658}} |align=right|{{ntsh|108}}1293&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>499&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|205}}0.5137&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.3305&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|205}}0.5137&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.3305&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0874485 |align=right|{{coord|39.302883|-102.603473|format=dms}} |- |[[Sugar City, Colorado|Sugar City]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090827083950/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=297 Town of Sugar City] |{{sort|1900-07-02|July 2, 1900}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Crowley County, Colorado|Crowley County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sugar%20City.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045510/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Sugar%20City.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|228}} |{{change|invert=on|253|258}} |align=right|{{ntsh|192}}637&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>246&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|219}}0.3849&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9968&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|219}}0.3849&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.9968&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0874815 |align=right|{{coord|38.232773|-103.663312|format=dms}} |- |[[Superior, Colorado|Superior]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080111060617/http://www.townofsuperior.com/ Town of Superior] |{{sort|1904-06-10|June 10, 1904}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]]<br/>[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Superior.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023107/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Superior.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|39}} |{{change|invert=on|12855|12483}} |align=right|{{ntsh|16}}3240&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1251&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|83}}3.9705&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>10.2835&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|60}}0.0406&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1052&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|83}}4.0111&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>10.3887&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0875640 |align=right|{{coord|39.931190|-105.159085|format=dms}} |- |[[Swink, Colorado|Swink]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090529053023/http://www.swinkcolorado.com/ Town of Swink] |{{sort|1906-06-06|June 6, 1906}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Otero County, Colorado|Otero County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Swink.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041755/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Swink.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|183}} |{{change|invert=on|602|617}} |align=right|{{ntsh|32}}2307&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>891&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|238}}0.2644&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6847&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|238}}0.2644&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6847&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0875970 |align=right|{{coord|38.014148|-103.628163|format=dms}} |- |[[Telluride, Colorado|Telluride]] |[http://www.telluride-co.gov/ Town of Telluride] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403080857/http://www.telluride-co.gov/ |date=2016-04-03 }} |{{sort|1887-02-10|February 10, 1887}}<ref name=Columbia>[[Telluride, Colorado|Telluride]] was incorporated in 1887 as [[Telluride, Colorado#History|Columbia]].</ref> |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[San Miguel County, Colorado|San Miguel County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Telluride.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042033/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Telluride.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|107}} |{{change|invert=on|2369|2325}} |align=right|{{ntsh|136}}1062&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>410&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|118}}2.1832&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.6545&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|119}}2.1832&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.6545&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0876795 |align=right|{{coord|37.939664|-107.817888|format=dms}} |- |[[Thornton, Colorado|Thornton]] |[http://www.cityofthornton.net/ City of Thornton] |{{sort|1956-06-12|June 12, 1956}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]]<br/>[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Thornton.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224119/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Thornton.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|6}} |{{change|invert=on|130307|118772}} |align=right|{{ntsh|10}}3628&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1401&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|10}}35.1056&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>90.9232&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|8}}1.0541&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>2.7300&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|10}}36.1597&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>93.6532&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0877290 |align=right|{{coord|39.919420|-104.942808|format=dms}} |- |[[Timnath, Colorado|Timnath]] |[http://www.timnathcolorado.org/ Town of Timnath] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021024093514/http://www.timnathcolorado.org/ |date=2002-10-24 }} |{{sort|1920-07-06|July 6, 1920}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Timnath.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041947/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Timnath.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|114}} |{{change|invert=on|1983|625}} |align=right|{{ntsh|236}}320&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>124&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|73}}4.8220&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>12.4890&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|77}}0.0168&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0435&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|73}}4.8388&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>12.5325&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0877510 |align=right|{{coord|40.533090|-104.961193|format=dms}} |- |[[Trinidad, Colorado|Trinidad]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20111002155601/http://www.historictrinidad.com/city/ City of Trinidad] |{{sort|1879-12-30|December 30, 1879}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Las Animas County, Colorado|Las Animas County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Trinidad.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054527/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Trinidad.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|53}} |{{change|invert=on|8193|9096}} |align=right|{{ntsh|154}}913&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>352&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|47}}9.2756&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>24.0238&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|119}}0.0004&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0010&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|47}}9.2760&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>24.0248&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0878610 |align=right|{{coord|37.173157|-104.490326|format=dms}} |- |[[Two Buttes, Colorado|Two Buttes]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110928100005/http://www.colorado.com/TwoButtes.aspx Town of Two Buttes] |{{sort|1911-10-19|October 19, 1911}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Baca County, Colorado|Baca County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Two%20Buttes.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041803/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Two%20Buttes.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|267}} |{{change|invert=on|42|43}} |align=right|{{ntsh|255}}169&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>65&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|242}}0.2480&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6422&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|243}}0.2480&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6422&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0879270 |align=right|{{coord|37.560664|-102.396556|format=dms}} |- |[[Vail, Colorado|Vail]] |[http://www.vailgov.com/ Town of Vail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026064921/http://www.vailgov.com/ |date=2011-10-26 }} |{{sort|1966-99-99|1966}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Eagle County, Colorado|Eagle County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Vail.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041627/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Vail.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|73}} |{{change|invert=on|5328|5305}} |align=right|{{ntsh|124}}1137&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>439&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|75}}4.6711&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>12.0981&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|79}}0.0154&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0400&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|75}}4.6865&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>12.1381&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0880040 |align=right|{{coord|39.637527|-106.364526|format=dms}} |- |[[Victor, Colorado|Victor]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030091929/http://www.victorcolorado.com/cityofvictor.htm City of Victor] |{{sort|1894-07-16|July 16, 1894}} |[[#Statutory city|statutory city]] |[[Teller County, Colorado|Teller County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Victor.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035256/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Victor.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|206}} |{{change|invert=on|400|397}} |align=right|{{ntsh|87}}1458&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>563&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|236}}0.2701&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6997&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|236}}0.2701&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6997&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0880865 |align=right|{{coord|38.709004|-105.141855|format=dms}} |- |[[Vilas, Colorado|Vilas]] |[http://www.dola.colorado.gov/dlg/local_governments/lgov_baca.html Town of Vilas]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |{{sort|1888-06-25|June 25, 1888}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Baca County, Colorado|Baca County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Vilas.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041854/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Vilas.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|253}} |{{change|invert=on|110|114}} |align=right|{{ntsh|159}}876&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>338&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|265}}0.1278&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.3311&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|265}}0.1278&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.3311&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0881030 |align=right|{{coord|37.373664|-102.447416|format=dms}} |- |[[Vona, Colorado|Vona]] |[http://www.dola.colorado.gov/dlg/local_governments/lgov_kit_carson.html Town of Vona]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |{{sort|1919-08-09|August 9, 1919}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Kit Carson County, Colorado|Kit Carson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Vona.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042639/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Vona.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|255}} |{{change|invert=on|107|106}} |align=right|{{ntsh|213}}488&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>188&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|253}}0.2213&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.5732&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|254}}0.2213&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.5732&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0881690 |align=right|{{coord|39.302119|-102.743352|format=dms}} |- |[[Walden, Colorado|Walden]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094255/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=230 Town of Walden] |{{sort|1890-12-02|December 2, 1890}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Jackson County, Colorado|Jackson County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Walden.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041649/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Walden.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|184}} |{{change|invert=on|601|608}} |align=right|{{ntsh|61}}1760&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>680&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|227}}0.3352&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.8683&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|227}}0.3352&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.8683&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0882130 |align=right|{{coord|40.731584|-106.281336|format=dms}} |- |[[Walsenburg, Colorado|Walsenburg]] |[http://www.cityofwalsenburg.net/ City of Walsenburg] |{{sort|1873-06-16|June 16, 1873}} |[[#Statutory city|statutory city]] |[[Huerfano County, Colorado|Huerfano County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Walsenburg.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023113/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Walsenburg.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|95}} |{{change|invert=on|2896|3068}} |align=right|{{ntsh|148}}979&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>378&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|100}}2.9898&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>7.7435&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|100}}2.9898&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>7.7435&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0882350 |align=right|{{coord|37.630598|-104.781719|format=dms}} |- |[[Walsh, Colorado|Walsh]] |[http://www.dola.colorado.gov/dlg/local_governments/lgov_baca.html Town of Walsh]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |{{sort|1928-07-19|July 19, 1928}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Baca County, Colorado|Baca County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Walsh.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224446/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Walsh.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|192}} |{{change|invert=on|524|546}} |align=right|{{ntsh|119}}1178&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>455&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|209}}0.4473&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.1584&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|209}}0.4473&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.1584&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0882460 |align=right|{{coord|37.386107|-102.279933|format=dms}} |- |[[Ward, Colorado|Ward]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094230/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=226 Town of Ward] |{{sort|1896-06-09|June 9, 1896}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ward.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223013/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Ward.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|241}} |{{change|invert=on|154|150}} |align=right|{{ntsh|243}}270&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>104&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|198}}0.5731&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.4844&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|114}}0.0014&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0035&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|198}}0.5745&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1.4879&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0882735 |align=right|{{coord|40.073201|-105.515621|format=dms}} |- |[[Wellington, Colorado|Wellington]] |[http://www.townofwellington.com/ Town of Wellington] |{{sort|1905-11-10|November 10, 1905}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Wellington.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221706/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Wellington.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|57}} |{{change|invert=on|7185|6289}} |align=right|{{ntsh|45}}1999&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>772&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|92}}3.3645&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.7140&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|99}}0.0047&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0123&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|92}}3.3693&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.7263&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0883230 |align=right|{{coord|40.699366|-105.005825|format=dms}} |- |[[Westcliffe, Colorado|Westcliffe]] |[http://www.townofwestcliffe.com/ Town of Westcliffe] |{{sort|1887-11-21|November 21, 1887}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Custer County, Colorado|Custer County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Westcliffe.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043406/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Westcliffe.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|188}} |{{change|invert=on|572|568}} |align=right|{{ntsh|216}}457&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>177&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|150}}1.2351&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.1990&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|112}}0.0016&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0042&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|150}}1.2367&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.2032&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0883450 |align=right|{{coord|38.134203|-105.465306|format=dms}} |- |[[Westminster, Colorado|Westminster]] |[http://www.ci.westminster.co.us/ City of Westminster] |{{sort|1911-05-24|May 24, 1911}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]]<br/>[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Westminster.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041909/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Westminster.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|8}} |{{change|invert=on|112090|106114}} |align=right|{{ntsh|11}}3502&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1352&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|15}}31.6761&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>82.0407&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|1}}2.2765&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>5.8961&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|13}}33.9526&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>87.9368&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0883835 |align=right|{{coord|39.882190|-105.064426|format=dms}} |- |[[Wheat Ridge, Colorado|Wheat Ridge]] |[http://www.ci.wheatridge.co.us/ City of Wheat Ridge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331050102/http://www.ci.wheatridge.co.us/ |date=2016-03-31 }} |{{sort|1969-08-20|August 20, 1969}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Wheat%20Ridge.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223849/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Wheat%20Ridge.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|24}} |{{change|invert=on|31034|30166}} |align=right|{{ntsh|14}}3301&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>1274&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|45}}9.3671&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>24.2606&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|22}}0.2458&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6367&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|44}}9.6129&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>24.8974&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0884440 |align=right|{{coord|39.772675|-105.104801|format=dms}} |- |[[Wiggins, Colorado|Wiggins]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418095402/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=64 Town of Wiggins] |{{sort|1974-10-11|October 11, 1974}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Morgan County, Colorado|Morgan County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Wiggins.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045424/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Wiggins.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|153}} |{{change|invert=on|895|893}} |align=right|{{ntsh|188}}678&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>262&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|143}}1.3265&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.4355&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|100}}0.0044&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0113&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|143}}1.3308&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>3.4468&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0884770 |align=right|{{coord|40.226588|-104.073498|format=dms}} |- |[[Wiley, Colorado|Wiley]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094336/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=242 Town of Wiley] |{{sort|1909-01-28|January 28, 1909}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Prowers County, Colorado|Prowers County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Wiley.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903150627/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Wiley.pdf |date=2014-09-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|209}} |{{change|invert=on|387|405}} |align=right|{{ntsh|105}}1298&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>501&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|231}}0.3051&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7902&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|231}}0.3051&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.7902&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0885045 |align=right|{{coord|38.155356|-102.719248|format=dms}} |- |[[Williamsburg, Colorado|Williamsburg]]<ref name=Williamsburg>[[Williamsburg, Colorado|Williamsburg]] is served by the [[Florence, Colorado|Florence]] [[United States Postal Service|Post Office]].</ref> |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094546/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=280 Town of Williamsburg] |{{sort|1888-04-07|April 7, 1888}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Fremont County, Colorado|Fremont County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Williamsburg.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224452/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Williamsburg.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |align=center|{{nts|180}} |{{change|invert=on|653|662}} |align=right|{{ntsh|254}}181&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>70&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|86}}3.5678&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>9.2405&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|86}}3.5678&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>9.2405&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0885155 |align=right|{{coord|38.383984|-105.171179|format=dms}} |- |[[Windsor, Colorado|Windsor]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080114103943/http://www.ci.windsor.co.us/ Town of Windsor] |{{sort|1890-04-15|April 15, 1890}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]]<br/>[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Windsor.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083352/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Windsor.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|27}} |{{change|invert=on|21106|18644}} |align=right|{{ntsh|162}}836&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>323&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|21}}24.4316&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>63.2776&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|19}}0.3185&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.8248&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|20}}24.7501&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>64.1025&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0885485 |align=right|{{coord|40.477555|-104.916800|format=dms}} |- |[[Winter Park, Colorado|Winter Park]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050513194906/http://www.winterparkgov.com/ Town of Winter Park] |{{sort|1979-09-01|September 1, 1979}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Grand County, Colorado|Grand County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Winter%20Park.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000941/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Winter%20Park.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|146}} |{{change|invert=on|955|999}} |align=right|{{ntsh|268}}57&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>22&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|26}}16.5337&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>42.8221&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|26}}16.5337&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>42.8221&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0885705 |align=right|{{coord|39.877821|-105.782813|format=dms}} |- |[[Woodland Park, Colorado|Woodland Park]] |[http://www.city-woodlandpark.org/ City of Woodland Park] |{{sort|1891-06-06|June 6, 1891}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Teller County, Colorado|Teller County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Woodland%20Park.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002801/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Woodland%20Park.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|56}} |{{change|invert=on|7194|7200}} |align=right|{{ntsh|133}}1083&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>418&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|62}}6.6065&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>17.1108&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|63}}6.6065&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>17.1108&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0886090 |align=right|{{coord|38.998706|-105.059533|format=dms}} |- |[[Wray, Colorado|Wray]] |[http://www.wrayco.net/ City of Wray] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419220115/http://www.wrayco.net/ |date=2012-04-19 }} |{{sort|1906-06-22|June 22, 1906}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Yuma County, Colorado|Yuma County]]<ref name=County_Seat/> |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Wray.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050245/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Wray.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|106}} |{{change|invert=on|2400|2342}} |align=right|{{ntsh|186}}695&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>268&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|90}}3.4376&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.9034&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|104}}0.0029&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.0075&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|90}}3.4405&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.9109&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0886310 |align=right|{{coord|40.079953|-102.228622|format=dms}} |- |[[Yampa, Colorado|Yampa]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418095417/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=68 Town of Yampa] |{{sort|1907-02-25|February 25, 1907}} |[[#Statutory town|statutory town]] |[[Routt County, Colorado|Routt County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Yampa.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002105/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Yampa.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|202}} |{{change|invert=on|436|429}} |align=right|{{ntsh|58}}1782&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>688&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|247}}0.2408&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6235&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|{{ntsh|123}}none |align=right|{{ntsh|248}}0.2408&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.6235&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0886475 |align=right|{{coord|40.152996|-106.908496|format=dms}} |- |[[Yuma, Colorado|Yuma]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094205/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/Municipality.cfm?MunicipalityID=220 City of Yuma] |{{sort|1887-03-24|March 24, 1887}} |[[#Home rule municipality|home rule municipality]] |[[Yuma County, Colorado|Yuma County]] |[http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Yuma.pdf map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083447/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/staticdata/Downloads/CityMaps/Yuma.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |align=center|{{nts|89}} |{{change|invert=on|3606|3524}} |align=right|{{ntsh|121}}1147&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>443&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|94}}3.1181&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.0760&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|61}}0.0387&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>0.1002&nbsp;km⁻² |align=right|{{ntsh|93}}3.1568&nbsp;mi⁻²&nbsp;<br/>8.1761&nbsp;km⁻² |align=center|0886750 |align=right|{{coord|40.124400|-102.717612|format=dms}} |} <!-- THE PRECEDING TABLE CONTAINS DATA FROM THE UNITED STATES CENSUS BUREAU. DO NOT ALTER U.S. CENSUS DATA. --> ==Mga kaibhan ng munisipalidad== *Ang [[Denver, Colorado|Lungsod at Kondado ng Denver]] ay ang pinakamatanda at pinakamataong munisipalidad, gayon din kabisera ng estado. *Ang [[Castle Pines, Colorado|Lungsod ng Castle Pines]] ay ang pinakabatang munisipalidad sa Colorado. *Ag [[Georgetown, Colorado|Bayan ng Georgetown]] ay pinamamahalaan ng pinakamatandang karta ng munisipyo sa Colorado. *Ang [[Lakeside, Colorado|Bayan ng Lakeside]] ay ang pinakakaunti na taong munisipalidad sa Colorado. Kakatuwang nasa tabi ito ng Denver. *Ang [[Castle Rock, Colorado|Bayan ng Castle Rock]] ay ang pinakamataong bayan sa Colorado. *Ang [[Black Hawk, Colorado|Lungsod ng Blackhawk]] ay ang pinakakaunting taong lungsod at ''home rule municipality'' sa Colorado. *Ang [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Lungsod ng Colorado Springs]] ay ang pinakamalawak na munisipalidad At binubuo ito ng malalawak na mga munisipalidad at pinakamataong ''home rule municipality'' sa Colorado. *Ang [[Sawpit, Colorado|Bayan ng Sawpit]] ay ang pang-apat na pinakakaunting taong munisipalidad sa Colorado. *Ang [[Mountain View, Colorado|Bayan ng Mountain View]] ay ang pinakamakapal na tinitirhang munisipalidad sa Colorado. *Ang [[Bonanza, Colorado|Town of Bonanza]] ay ang pinakakaunting taong lungsod at pangalawang pinakakaunting tao na munisipalidad sa [[Retasyon]]. *Ang mga lungsod ng [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]], [[Broomfield, Colorado|Broomfield]], at [[Leadville, Colorado|Leadville]] at mga bayan ng [[Pagosa Springs, Colorado|Pagosa Springs]], [[Silverton, Colorado|Silverton]], [[Walden, Colorado|Walden]], [[Lake City, Colorado|Lake City]], and [[Creede, Colorado|Creede]] ay mga tanging munisipaidad sa kani-kanilang mga kondado. ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist|2}} ==Mga kawing panlabas== {{sister project links}} *[http://www.colorado.gov/ State of Colorado] **[http://www.dola.state.co.us/ Colorado Department of Local Affairs] ***[https://web.archive.org/web/20091212060308/http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/municipalities.html Active Colorado municipalities] ***[http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/muninc.html Colorado municipal incorporations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202030057/http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/muninc.html |date=2010-12-02 }} **{{Cite web |url=http://www.dot.state.co.us/ |title=Colorado Department of Transportation |access-date=2008-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612125743/http://www.dot.state.co.us/ |archive-date=2007-06-12 |dead-url=yes |df= }} ***{{Cite web |url=http://www.dot.state.co.us/App_DTD_DataAccess/Maps/index.cfm?fuseaction=MapsMain&MenuType=Maps |title=CDOT maps |access-date=2008-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701073723/http://www.dot.state.co.us/App_DTD_DataAccess/Maps/index.cfm?fuseaction=MapsMain&MenuType=Maps |archive-date=2007-07-01 |dead-url=yes |df= }} *[http://www.cml.org/ Colorado Municipal League] *[http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/ Colorado Municipal Clerks Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903203052/http://www.cmca.gen.co.us/ |date=2014-09-03 }} *[http://www.usa.gov/ United States Government] **[https://www.census.gov/ United States Census Bureau] ***{{Cite web |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/ |title=United States Census 2010 |access-date=2010-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100320084325/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/ |archive-date=2010-03-20 |dead-url=yes |df= }} ***{{Cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/estimates.php |title=United States population estimates |access-date=2010-01-07 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061206215954/http://www.census.gov/popest/estimates.php |archive-date=2006-12-06 |dead-url=bot: unknown |df= }} ***[http://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftigerweb.geo.census.gov%2Farcgis%2Frest%2Fservices%2FCensus2010%2FState_County%2FMapServer&source=sd ArcGIS Map with main cities and counties] ***{{Cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/gazetteer |title=U.S. Gazetteer |access-date=2008-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970101144813/http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/gazetteer |archive-date=1997-01-01 |dead-url=yes |df= }} ***[http://factfinder.census.gov/ American Factfinder]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521160844/http://factfinder.census.gov./ |date=2008-05-21 }} **[http://www.doi.gov/ U.S. Department of the Interior] ***[http://www.usgs.gov/ U.S. Geological Survey] ****[http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/ Geographic Names Information System query] ***{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationalatlas.gov/ |title=National Atlas of the United States of America |access-date=2008-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205020547/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/ |archive-date=2008-12-05 |dead-url=yes |df= }} *[http://www.usps.com/ U.S. Postal Service] **{{Cite web |url=http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |title=ZIP Code lookup |access-date=2006-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040927025424/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |archive-date=2004-09-27 |dead-url=no |df= }} *[http://wikimapia.org/#lat=39.05&lon=-105.53&z=7&l=0&m=a Wikimapia map of Colorado] {{Colorado}} {{Mga talaan ng mga lungsod sa Estados Unidos}} [[Kategorya:Mga talaan ng mga lungsod sa Estados Unidos ayon sa estado|Colorado]] nd2jlxtvz7qn9edt9zoal32j4zm1u2h 0 291151 2204433 1722890 2026-04-23T09:20:07Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204433 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''Pamantasang Cayetano Heredia''' ([[Wikang Ingles|Ingles]]: ''Cayetano Heredia University'', {{Lang-es|Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia}}, '''UPCH''' ; o simpleng ''Cayetano Heredia'') ay isang pribadong [[Pamantasan|unibersidad]] na matatagpuan sa [[Lungsod ng Lima|Lima]], [[Peru]]. Ipinangalan ito kay Cayetano Heredia, isa sa mga kilalang manggagamot ng Peru noong ika-19 siglo. Ang unibersidad ay tinitingnan ng isang lupong tagapangalaga (''patronato'') at hindi pag-aari ng anumang entidad na pribado o estado. Ito ay itinuturing na isa sa mga nangungunang paaralang medikal sa Peru, kasama ang [[:es:Facultad de Medicina Humana "San Fernando" (UNMSM)|Fakultad ng Medisina "San Fernando"]] ng [[Pambansang Unibersidad ng San Marcos]], at kasalukuyang isa sa mga pangunahing prodyuser at tagapaglimbag ng siyentipikong pananaliksik sa bansa. Nagsimula ang mga unang klase noong Abril 1962, sa lumang punong-tanggapan ng Colegio Sagrados Corazones Belén del Jirón de la Unión, at pagkatapos ng pagbubukas ng Cayetano Heredia National Hospital noong 1967, lumipat sila sa bagong punong-tanggapan ng San Martín de Porres noong 1968. {{Stub|Edukasyon}} [[Kategorya:Mga pamantasan]] [[Kategorya:Mga institusyong pang-edukasyon na naitatag noong 1961]] o3gr9wr5h6mqxld2bdi0oeb11hbw16t 0 295350 2204399 2087962 2026-04-23T08:34:28Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Current event|2=pandemya|date=Marso 2020}} {{Infobox pandemic | name = [[Pandemya ng COVID-19]] sa [[Asya]] | map1 = COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Asia.svg | legend1 = Mapa ng mga bansang apektado ng COVID-19 nang sumiklab sa Asya simula noong 10 Marso 2020 {{legend|#710000|Higit 1000 kumpirmadong kaso}} {{legend|#c80604|100–999 kumpirmadong kaso}} {{legend|#ee7070|10–99 kumpirmadong kaso}} {{legend|#ffC0C0|1–9 kumpirmadong kaso}} | map2 = COVID-19 Death Cases in Asia.svg | legend2 = Mapa ng mga bansang apektado ng COVID-19 nang sumiklab sa Asya simula noong 17 Mayo 2020 {{legend|#fcf5e3|suspected or no confirmed cases}} {{legend|#ffaacc|0}} {{legend|#eeaaff|1+}} {{legend|#e580ff|5+}} {{legend|#dd55ff|10+}} {{legend|#d022ff|50+}} {{legend|#c000ff|100+}} {{legend|#aa00ff|500+}} {{legend|#8800aa|1000+}} {{legend|#440055|5000+}} {{legend|#22002b|10000+}} | map2 = | legend2 = | map3 = | legend3 = | disease = [[COVID-19]] | virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]] | first_case = 1 Disyembre 2019 | location = [[Asya]] | arrival_date = | origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[Tsina]]<ref name="20200130cdc">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/summary.html |title=2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Summary |date=30 January 2020 |website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126210549/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/summary.html |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> | recovery_cases = 2,913,831<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/02/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/|title=Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline|website=BNO News|access-date=2020-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207094017/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/02/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/|archive-date=7 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> | deaths =92,030 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/02/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/|title=Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline|website=BNO News|access-date=2020-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207094017/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/02/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/|archive-date=7 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> | confirmed_cases =4,023,872 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/02/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/|title=Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline|website=BNO News|access-date=2020-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207094017/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/02/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/|archive-date=7 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> | reinfections = | suspected_cases = | territories = 49 | total_ili = | website = }} Ito ang talaan ng mga bansa sa Asya na apektado at di-apektado ng COVID-19. Ang [[Imbestigasyon sa pinagmulan ng COVID-19|pinagmulan ng epidemyang ito]] ay sa lungsod ng Wuhan sa lalawigan ng Hubei sa Tsina. Sa ''[[Pandemya ng coronavirus ng 2019–20|pagsiklab ng koronabirus mula 2019 hanggang 2020]]'', maraming karatig bansa ang nahawaan ng nasabing [[birus]] sa loob lang ng 2 buwan. Noong Hulyo 2021, ang pinakamataas na bilang ng mga namamatay ay naitala sa India, Indonesia, Iran, at Turkey, bawat isa ay may higit sa 90,000 pagkamatay at higit sa 900,000 pagkamatay na pinagsama-sama. ==Kumpirmadong kaso== ===[[Asya]]=== * [[Afghanistan]] * [[Armenia]] * [[Azerbaijan]] * [[Bahrain]] * [[Bangladesh]] * [[Bhutan]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Cambodia]] * [[Cyprus]] * [[Hong Kong]] * [[Georgia (bansa)|Georgia]] * [[India]] * [[Indonesia]] * [[Iran]] * [[Iraq]] * [[Israel]] * [[Japan]] * [[Jordan]] * [[Kazakhstan]] * [[Kuwait]] * [[Kyrgyzstan]] * [[Lebanon]] * [[Macau]] * [[Malaysia]] * [[Maldives]] * [[Mongolia]] * [[Nepal]] * [[Oman]] * [[Pakistan]] * [[Palestine]] * [[Pilipinas]] * [[Qatar]] * [[Russia]] * [[Saudi Arabia]] * [[Singapore]] * [[Sri Lanka]] * [[Taiwan]] * [[Thailand]] * ''[[Tsina]]'' * [[Turkey]] * [[United Arab Emirates]] * [[Vietnam]] ==Pinaghinalaang may kaso== * [[Laos]] * [[Hilagang Korea]] * [[Yemen]] ==Prebensyon sa ibang bansa== * [[Syria]] * [[West Bank]] * [[Yemen]] ===Tingnan rin=== * [[Pandemya ng coronavirus sa Europa noong 2020]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Pandemya ng COVID-19 sa Asya| ]] [[Kategorya:2020 sa Asya|Coronavirus]] [[Kategorya:Pandemya ng COVID-19 ayon sa kontinente|Asya]] 0ji94cqaz2yh6ztuu8b1nlxnvwft67f 0 296231 2204318 2177507 2026-04-23T01:42:45Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple issues| {{cleanup|date=Marso 2024|reason=Kailangang ayusin ang balarila, pagkakasulat ng artikulo, at isalin ang mga bahaging hindi pa naisasalin tulod ng mga nasa pananda.}}}} [[ Mga taong barbalia|Ang Barbadian]] singer at songwriter na si [[Rihanna]] ay nakatanggap ng maraming mga parangal at nominasyon para sa kanyang trabaho sa musika, pelikula, at fashion. Ang kanyang mga parangal ay higit sa lahat sa mga pop, R&B, at mga kategorya ng hip-hop. Ang unang solong Rihanna na " [[ Pon de Replay|Pon de Replay]] " ay humantong sa kanya upang manalo ng limang parangal, kasunod ng pagkamit niya ng karagdagang mga pag-accolade para sa kanyang sarili at sa kanyang debut album, ''[[ Music ng Araw|Music of the Sun]]'' (2005). Ang kanyang pangalawang album na ''[[ Isang Batang Babae na Tulad Ko (Rihanna album)|A Girl Like Me]]'' (2006), ay nakakuha ng mas maraming mga parangal at nominasyon sa mang-aawit. Ang ikatlong studio album ni Rihanna, ''[[ Mabait na babae na naging masama|Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007), ay naging breakout album ni Rihanna, kasama ang mang-aawit na tumatanggap ng isang string ng mga parangal at nominasyon sa mga mas bagong kategorya tulad ng mga pop at R&B genre. Ang lead single, " [[ Umbrella (kanta)|Umbrella]] " ay nakakuha ng Rihanna ang kanyang unang [[Gawad Grammy|Grammy Award]] noong 2008, habang ang mga nag-iisa ng album at DVD ay nakakuha ng karagdagang walong mga nominasyon sa buong 2008 at 2009. Pinangalanan itong 'Song of the Decade' sa Barbados Music Awards noong 2010. ''[[ Na-rate na R (Rihanna album)|Ang Rated R]]'' (2009), ang pang-apat na pagsisikap sa studio ni Rihanna, ay nagawa ang nag-iisang " [[Rude Boy (awit)|Rude Boy]] " na naging pangunahing tagapagbigay ng mga parangal at nominasyon mula sa album. Ito ay hinirang para sa 'Song ng Taon' sa [[ MTV Europe Music Awards|MTV Europe Music Awards]] . Noong 2010, ang pakikipagtulungan ni Rihanna kay [[ Jay-Z|Jay-Z]] at [[Kanye West]], ang " [[ Patakbuhin ang Bayang Ito|Run This Town]] " ay nanalo kay Rihanna ang kanyang pangalawa at pangatlong Grammy Awards para sa [[ Pinakamahusay na Rap Song|Pinakamahusay na Rap Song]] at [[ Pinakamahusay na Rap / Sung Kolaborasyon|Pinakamahusay na Pakikipagtulungan ng Rap / Sung]] . Inilabas ni Rihanna ang kanyang ikalimang studio album, ''[[ Loud (Rihanna album)|Loud]]'' noong 2010. Nakatanggap ito ng maraming mga nominasyon kabilang ang dalawang Grammys para sa Album ng Taon at Pinakamahusay na Pop Vocal Album. Bukod dito, ang lead single nito, " [[Only Girl (in the World)|Tanging Babae (Sa Mundo)]] " ay nanalo ng [[ Pinakamahusay na Pag-record ng Sayaw|Best Dance Recording]], habang ang pangalawang solong " [https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%20Ano%20ang%20Aking%20Pangalan?%20(Rihanna%20song) Ano ang Aking Pangalan?]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} " Ay tumanggap ng isang nominasyon sa parehong kategorya. Gayundin noong 2011, si Rihanna ay nakipagtulungan sa buong mundo na hit single na " [[ Gustung-gusto ang Way na Magsinungaling|Love the Way You Lie]] " kasama si [[Eminem]] . Ang kanta ay nakakuha ng isang string ng mga nominasyon at mga parangal kabilang ang pagiging hinirang para sa anim na [[ Mga parangal Music Music|Billboard Music Awards]] at tatlong Grammy Awards. Ang solong Kanye West na " [[ Lahat ng ilaw|All of the Lights]] ", na inilabas noong 2011 at nagtatampok ng Rihanna bilang isang kredensyal na artista, ay hinirang para sa tatlong mga parangal sa [[ 2012 Grammy Awards|2012 Grammy Awards]], na sa huli ay nanalo ng Best Rap Song at Best Rap / Sung Collaboration. Inilabas ni Rihanna ang kanyang ika-anim na album sa studio, ang ''[[ Talk That Talk (Rihanna album)|Talk That Talk]]'' noong 2011, na nakakuha ng mang-aawit ng [[ American Music Awards|American Music Award]] . Ang namumuno na single, " [[We Found Love|Natagpuan namin ang Pag-ibig]] " ay hinirang para sa maraming mga parangal, higit sa lahat na nanalo sa [[ MTV Video Music Award para sa Video ng Taon|MTV Video Music Award para sa Video ng Taon]] noong 2012 at [[ Pinakamahusay na Maikling Form ng Music Video|Pinakamagandang Maikling Form ng Music Video]] sa [[ 55th Grammy Awards|55th Grammy Awards]] noong 2013. Dalawang karagdagang paglabas mula sa album, ang [[ Makipag-usap sa Iyon (Rihanna song)|pamagat ng track na]] nagtatampok ng Jay-Z at " [[ Saan ka nanggaling|Where Have You Been]] " ay nakatanggap din ng mga nominasyon ng Grammy. ''[[ Unapologetic|Unapologetic]]'' (2012), ang ikapitong studio album ni Rihanna, ay gumawa ng lead single na " [[ Mga diamante (Rihanna song)|diamante]] " na nakakuha ng mga parangal at nominasyon ng mang-aawit. ==American Music Awards== <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |[[American Music Awards of 2007|2007]]<ref>{{cite news|title=2007 American Music Awards Nominees and Winners|url=https://www.latimes.com/env-ama-nom9oct09,0,7891403.htmlstory|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 12, 2012}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Rihanna |Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist |{{Won}} |- |rowspan=2|[[American Music Awards of 2008|2008]]<ref>{{cite news|title=2008 American Music Awards Winners|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/2008-american-music-awards-winners-article-1.338264|work=New York Daily News|date=November 24, 2008}}</ref> |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |{{won}} |- |rowspan=2|Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist |{{won}} |- |rowpsan=1|[[American Music Awards of 2010|2010]]<ref>{{cite web|title=In Full: American Music Awards - Winners|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a289062/in-full-american-music-awards-winners.html|work=Digital Spy|date=November 22, 2010}}</ref> |{{Won}} |- |rowspan=3|[[American Music Awards of 2011|2011]]<ref>{{cite web|title=American Music Awards 2011 - Full list of winners|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a351879/american-music-awards-2011-full-list-of-winners.html|work=Digital Spy|date=November 21, 2011}}</ref> |rowspan=2|''Loud'' |Favorite Pop/Rock Album |{{nom}} |- |Favorite Soul/R&B Album |{{won}} |- | rowspan="4"|Rihanna |Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist |{{nom}} |- |rowspan=4|[[American Music Awards of 2012|2012]]<ref>{{cite web|title=American Music Awards 2012 - The winners and nominees in full|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a437355/american-music-awards-2012-the-winners-and-nominees-in-full.html|work=Digital Spy|date=November 19, 2012}}</ref> |Artist ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist |{{nom}} |- |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |{{nom}} |- |rowspan=1|''Talk That Talk'' |Favorite Soul/R&B Album |{{won}} |- |rowspan=5|[[American Music Awards of 2013|2013]]<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5755250/american-music-awards-2013-full-nominations-list http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/american-music-awards-2013-nominations-announced-list-of-nominees-20131010</ref> |rowspan="4"|Rihanna |Icon Award |{{won}} |- |Artist ng Taon |{{nominated}} |- |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |{{nominated}} |- |Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist |{{won}} |- |''Unapologetic'' |Favorite Soul/R&B Album |{{nominated}} |- |rowspan=2|[[American Music Awards of 2015|2015]]<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/amas/6770317/american-music-awards-2015-winners-list-amas AMAs Winners</ref> |rowspan="1"|Rihanna |Favorite Female Artist - Soul/R&B |{{won}} |- |rowspan="1"|"[[FourFiveSeconds]]" |Collaboration ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |rowspan=7|[[American Music Awards of 2016|2016]]<ref>http://www.theamas.com/nominees/2016-nominees/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109150740/http://www.theamas.com/nominees/2016-nominees/ |date=2016-11-09 }} 2016 Nominees</ref> |rowspan="3"|Rihanna |Artist ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |Favorite Female Artist - Pop/Rock |{{nom}} |- |Favorite Female Artist - Soul/R&B |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|"[[Work (Rihanna song)|Work]]"<small> (with [[Drake (musician)|Drake]])</small> |Collaboration ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |Video ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |Favorite Song - Soul/R&B |{{won}} |- |rowspan="1"|''[[Anti (album)|ANTI]]'' |Favorite Album - Soul/R&B |{{won}} |- |rowspan=2|[[American Music Awards of 2017|2017]]<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/amas/7997612/ama-nominations-2017-full-list</ref> |rowspan="3"|Rihanna |Favorite Female Artist - Pop/Rock |{{nom}} |- |Favorite Female Artist - Soul/R&B |{{nom}} |- |[[American Music Awards of 2018|2018]]<ref>https://www.eonline.com/news/967603/american-music-awards-2018-see-the-complete-list-of-nominations</ref> |Favorite Female Artist - Soul/R&B |{{won}} |- |} ==ARIA Music Awards == {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |[[ARIA Music Awards of 2011|2011]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ARIA Awards 2011: Nominees and early winners|url=http://www.novafm.com.au/article/aria-awards-2011-nominees-and-early-winners|work=Nova FM|date=December 12, 2012|access-date=December 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163307/http://www.novafm.com.au/article/aria-awards-2011-nominees-and-early-winners|archive-date=October 20, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Most Popular International Artist | {{nom}} |} ==BET Awards== <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |2006<ref>{{cite web|title=BET Awards 2006 - Winners and Nominees|url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/BETAwards2006.htm|work=About.com|date=May 28, 2013|access-date=Abril 8, 2020|archive-date=Mayo 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515200808/http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/BETAwards2006.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Rihanna |[[BET Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]] | {{nom}} |- |2008<ref>{{cite web|title=BET Awards Nominees and Winners 2008|url=http://www.musicloversgroup.com/bet-awards-nominees-and-winners-2008/|work=Music Lovers Group|date=May 28, 2013}}</ref> |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B Artist]] | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|2009<ref>{{cite web|title=2009 BET Awards|url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2009BETAwards.htm|work=About.com|date=May 28, 2013|access-date=Abril 8, 2020|archive-date=Septiyembre 12, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.ph/20140912071724/http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2009BETAwards.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|"Live Your Life" <small>(w/ [[T.I.]])</small> |[[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]] | {{nom}} |- |[[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]] | {{nom}} |- |[[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewer's Choice Award]] | {{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|2010<ref>{{cite web|title=BET Awards 2010 Winners, Nominations List: Red Carpet Photos, Video|url=http://www.shallownation.com/2010/06/26/bet-awards-2010-winners-nominations-list-red-carpet-photos-video/|work=Shallow Nation|date=May 28, 2013|access-date=Abril 8, 2020|archive-date=Oktubre 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012031728/http://www.shallownation.com/2010/06/26/bet-awards-2010-winners-nominations-list-red-carpet-photos-video/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||"Run This Town" <small>(w/ [[Jay-Z]] & [[Kanye West]])</small> |Video ng Taon | {{nom}} |- ||Rihanna |Best Female R&B Artist | {{nom}} |- ||"Hard" <small>(feat. [[Young Jeezy]])</small> |Viewer's Choice Award |{{won}} |- |rowspan="4"|2011<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 BET Awards|url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2011-Bet-Awards.htm|work=About.com|date=May 28, 2013|access-date=Abril 8, 2020|archive-date=Marso 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092837/http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2011-Bet-Awards.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Best Female R&B Artist |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|"What's My Name?" <small>(feat. [[Drake (Canadian rapper)|Drake]])</small> |Viewer's Choice Award |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|Best Collaboration |{{nom}} |- ||"All of the Lights" <small>(w/ Kanye West)</small> |{{nom}} |- |2012<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 BET Awards|url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2012-Bet-Awards-Winners.htm|work=About.com|date=May 28, 2013|access-date=April 8, 2020|archive-date=November 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119035854/http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2012-Bet-Awards-Winners.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Best Female R&B Artist |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|2013<ref>{{cite web|title=BET Awards 2013 Nominations: The Complete List|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1707339/bet-awards-2013-nominations.jhtml|work=MTV|date=May 28, 2013|access-date=Abril 8, 2020|archive-date=Hunyo 7, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607073814/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1707339/bet-awards-2013-nominations.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"Diamonds" |Video ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |Coca-Cola Viewers Choice Award |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|Rihanna |rowspan="3"|Best Female R&B Artist |{{won}} |- |2014<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/6084917/beyonce-jay-z-lead-2014-bet-awards |title=Beyonce & Jay Z Lead 2014 BET Awards |magazine=Billboard |date=2014-01-26 |accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref> |{{nom}} |- |2015<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Female R&B/Pop Artist|url=http://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2015/bet-awards-international/nominees/best-female-r-b-pop-artist.html|website=BET Awards 2015|publisher=BET Networks|accessdate=June 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622110742/http://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2015/bet-awards-international/nominees/best-female-r-b-pop-artist.html|archive-date=June 22, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="5"|2016<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 BET Awards Nominations|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2016/05/20/bet-awards-2016-nominations/|work=Rap-Up.com|date=May 20, 2016}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Best Female R&B/Pop Artist |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|"Work" <small>(feat. Drake)</small> |Viewer's Choice Award |{{nom}} |- |Best Collaboration |{{won}} |- |Video ng Taon |{{nom}} |- ||"Bitch Better Have My Money" |Centric Award |{{nom}} |- |2017<ref>{{cite web|title=2017 BET Awards|url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2017-Bet-Awards-Winners.htm|work=About.com|date=May 18, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Rihanna |rowspan="2"|Best Female R&B/Pop Artist |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="5"|2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2018/nominees/album-of-the-year.html|title=BET Awards 2018 Nominations |publisher=bet.com |accessdate=May 17, 2018}}</ref> |{{nominated}} |- |rowspan="3"|"Wild Thoughts" <small>(w/ DJ Khaled & Bryson Tiller)</small> |Video ng Taon |{{nominated}} |- |Viewer's Choice |{{nominated}} |- |rowspan="2"|Best Collaboration |{{won}} |- |rowspan="1"|"Loyalty" <small>(w/ Kendrick Lamar)</small> |{{nominated}} |- |} ===BET Hip-Hop Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="3"|[[2009 BET Hip Hop Awards|2009]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2009 BET Hip Hop Awards Winners|url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/BETHipHopAwards09.htm|work=About.com|date=May 28, 2013|access-date=Abril 8, 2020|archive-date=Marso 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000433/http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/BETHipHopAwards09.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|"Live Your Life" <small>(w/ [[T.I.]])</small> |Track ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |Best Hip-Hop Collaboration |{{won}} |- |rowspan="4"|Best Hip-Hop Video |{{won}} |- ||[[2010 BET Hip Hop Awards|2010]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 BET Hip Hop Awards Complete Winners List|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1649842/2010-bet-hip-hop-awards-complete-winners-list.jhtml|work=MTV|date=May 28, 2013|access-date=Abril 8, 2020|archive-date=Pebrero 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213043138/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1649842/2010-bet-hip-hop-awards-complete-winners-list.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||"Run This Town" <small>(w/ [[Jay-Z]] & [[Kanye West]])</small> | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|[[2011 BET Hip Hop Awards|2011]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations and winners for the BET Hip Hop Awards 2011 have been revealed!|url=http://www.madetobenow.com/2011/09/nominees-winners-bet-hip-hop-awards.html|work=Made To Be Now|date=May 28, 2013|access-date=May 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531190929/http://www.madetobenow.com/2011/09/nominees-winners-bet-hip-hop-awards.html|archive-date=May 31, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||"All of the Lights" <small>(w/ [[Kanye West]])</small> | {{nom}} |- ||"Love the Way You Lie" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> | {{nom}} |- ||"All of the Lights" <small>(w/ [[Kanye West]])</small> |Verizon People's Champ Award (Viewers' Choice) | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|[[2017 BET Hip Hop Awards|2017]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations and winners for the BET Hip Hop Awards 2017 |url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/09/jay-z-kendrick-lamar-more-nominated-2017-bet-hip-hop-awards/|work=Jay-Z, Kendrick Lamar and More Nominated for 2017 BET Hip Hop Awards|date=September 14, 2017}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|"[[Wild Thoughts]]" <small>(w/ [[DJ Khaled]] & [[Bryson Tiller]])</small> | Single ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |Best Hip-Hop Video | {{nom}} |- |Best Collabo, Duo or Group | {{won}} |- |rowspan="1"|[[2018 BET Hip Hop Awards|2018]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bet.com/shows/hip-hop-awards/2018/photos/nominees/hip-hop-awards-18-nominees.html|title=Hip Hop Awards 2018 Nominees|work=BET.com|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref> |rowspan="1"|"[[Loyalty (Kendrick Lamar song)|Loyalty]]" <small>(w/ [[Kendrick Lamar ]])</small> | Best Hip Hop Video | {{nom}} |} ==Billboard Awards== ===Billboard Music Awards=== <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="3"|2006<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2006 Billboard Music Award Winners|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/56513/the-2006-billboard-music-award-winners|work=Billboard}}</ref> |rowspan="13"|Rihanna |Female Artist ng Taon |{{won}} |- |Pop 100 Artist ng Taon |{{won}} |- |Female Hot 100 Artist ng Taon |{{won}} |- |rowspan="18"|[[2011 Billboard Music Awards|2011]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Billboard Music Awards Winners [Full List]|url=http://www.inquisitr.com/107858/2011-billboard-music-awards-winners-full-list/|work=Inquisitr|date=May 22, 2011}}</ref> |Top Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Female Artist |{{won}} |- |Top R&B Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Hot 100 Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Dance Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Social Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Digital Songs Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Radio Songs Artist |{{won}} |- |Top Streaming Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Digital Media Artist |{{nom}} |- ||''Loud'' |Top R&B Album |{{nom}} |- ||"What's My Name?" <small>(feat. [[Drake (Canadian rapper)|Drake]])</small> |Top R&B Song |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="6"|"Love the Way You Lie" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |Top Hot 100 Song |{{nom}} |- |Top Rap Song |{{won}} |- |Top Digital Song |{{nom}} |- |Top Radio Song |{{nom}} |- |Top Streaming Song (Audio) |{{nom}} |- |Top Streaming Song (Video) |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="14"|[[2012 Billboard Music Awards|2012]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 BBMA WINNERS|url=https://www.billboard.com/bbma/winners|work=Billboard|date=December 12, 2012}}</ref> |rowspan="12"|Rihanna |- |Top Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Female Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top R&B Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Pop Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Hot 100 Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Dance Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Social Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Digital Songs Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Radio Songs Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Streaming Artist |{{won}} |- |Top Digital Media Artist |{{nom}} |- |''Talk That Talk'' |Top R&B Album |{{nom}} |- |"We Found Love" <small>(feat. [[Calvin Harris]])</small> |Top Radio Song |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="11"|[[2013 Billboard Music Awards|2013]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Grossberg|first=Josh|title=Nominees for 2013 Billboard Music Awards|url=http://uk.eonline.com/news/410381/taylor-swift-maroon-5-fun-lead-nominees-for-2013-billboard-music-awards|work=E! Online|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref> |rowspan="8"|Rihanna |- |Top Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Female Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top R&B Artist |{{won}} |- |Top Hot 100 Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Social Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Radio Songs Artist |{{won}} |- |Top Streaming Artist |{{nom}} |- |''Unapologetic'' |Top R&B Album |{{won}} |- |"Diamonds" |Top R&B Song |{{won}} |- |"Where Have You Been" |Top Dance Song |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="6"|2014<ref>{{cite web|last=Staff|first=Billboard|title=Imagine Dragons, Lorde, Justin Timberlake Lead 2014 Billboard Music Awards Finalists|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/bbma-2014/6042208/billboard-music-awards-finalists-2014-bbmas|work=Billboard|accessdate=9 April 2014}}</ref> |rowspan="5"|Rihanna |- |Top Female Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Touring Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top R&B Artist |{{nom}} |- |Top Social Artist |{{nom}} |- |"The Monster" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |Top Rap Song |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="4"|2016<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Finalists|url=http://www.billboardmusicawards.com/2016-finalists/|work=Billboard|accessdate=11 April 2016|archive-date=25 Hulyo 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111001/https://www.billboardmusicawards.com/2016-finalists/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|Rihanna |Top Female Artist |{{nominated}} |- |Top R&B Artist |{{nominated}} |- |Billboard Chart Achievement Award |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|''[[Anti (album)|Anti]]'' |Top R&B Album |{{nominated}} |- | rowspan="13" |2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.billboardmusicawards.com/nominees/ |access-date=2020-04-08 |archive-date=2018-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415203738/https://www.billboardmusicawards.com/nominees/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Top Billboard 200 Album |{{nominated}} |- |Top R&B Album |{{nominated}} |- |rowspan="7"|Rihanna |Top Artist |{{nominated}} |- |Top Female Artist |{{nominated}} |- |Top Hot 100 Artist |{{nominated}} |- |Top Radio Songs Artist |{{nominated}} |- |Top Streaming Songs Artist |{{nominated}} |- |Top R&B Artist |{{nominated}} |- |Top R&B Tour |{{nominated}} |- |rowspan="2"|"Needed Me" |Top Streaming Song (Audio) |{{nominated}} |- |Top R&B Song |{{nominated}} |- |"Work" <small>(feat. [[Drake (musician)|Drake]])</small> |Top R&B Collaboration |{{nominated}} |- |"This Is What You Came For" <small>(feat. [[Calvin Harris]])</small> |Top Dance/Electronic Song |{{nominated}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2018 Billboard Music Awards|2018]] |Rihanna |Top R&B Female Artist |{{nom}} |- |Wild Thoughts |Top R&B Song |{{nom}} |} ===Billboard Latin Music Awards=== <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Enrique Iglesias, Shakira Lead Billboard Latin Music Award Nominations|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/473130/enrique-iglesias-shakira-lead-billboard-latin-music-award-nominations|work=Billboard|accessdate=February 10, 2011}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Rihanna |rowspan="4"|Crossover Artist ng Taon | {{nom}} |- ||[[2012 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2012]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Billboard Latin Music Award Nominations|url=http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/11642816-2012-billboard-latin-music-award-nominations|work=All Voices|accessdate=March 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402214436/http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/11642816-2012-billboard-latin-music-award-nominations|archive-date=April 2, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nom}} |- ||2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Billboard Latin Music Awards 2013: Winners List|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin-notas/1559645/billboard-latin-music-awards-2013-winners-list|work=Billboard|accessdate=April 25, 2013}}</ref> | {{won}} |- ||2016 | {{nom}} |} ===Billboard Touring Awards=== .<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.wnew.com/2008/11/am-nuggets-allm.html | title=A.M. Nuggets: Allman Brothers Honored at Billboard Touring Awards | author=Simpson, Matt | publisher=[[WNEW-FM|wnew.com]] | date=November 18, 2008 | accessdate=2009-10-11}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2011<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Billboard Touring Awards: U2, Bon Jovi, Take That Are Top Finalists|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/photos/live/465316/billboard-touring-awards-u2-bon-jovi-take-that-are-top-finalists|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Breakthrough | {{nom}} |} ==BMI Awards== <!--Only writers/producers and publishers receive ASCAP awards, not the singers. On BMI Rihanna is only credited on "Break It Off", "Run This Town" and "Rude Boy"<<< --> ===BMI London Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- |rowspan="1"|2007 |"Break It Off" <small>(feat. [[Sean Paul]])</small> |rowspan="3"|Award-Winning Songs | {{won}} |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/peter_gabriel_receives_top_honor_at_bmi_london_awards|title=Peter Gabriel Receives Top Honor at BMI London Awards|publisher=BMI| accessdate=October 16, 2007}}</ref> |- |rowspan="1"|2010 ||"Run This Town" <small>(w/ [[Jay-Z]] & [[Kanye West]])</small> | {{won}} |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/2010_bmi_london_award_winners|title=2010 BMI London Award Winners|publisher=BMI| accessdate=October 5, 2010}}</ref> |} ===BMI Pop Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- |rowspan="1"|2008 ||"Break It Off" <small>(feat. [[Sean Paul]])</small> |rowspan="3"|Award-Winning Songs | {{won}} |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/2008_bmi_pop_awards_award_winning_songs|title=2008 BMI Pop Awards - Award Winning Songs|publisher=BMI| accessdate=May 20, 2008}}</ref> |- |rowspan="1"|2012 ||"Rude Boy" | {{won}} |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/557040|title=Carole King Named BMI Icon at 60th Annual BMI Pop Awards| publisher=BMI| accessdate=May 16, 2012}}</ref> |- |2018 |"Love On The Brain" |{{won}} | |} ===BMI R&B/Hip-Hop Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- |rowspan=2|2014 |"The Monster" |rowspan=4|R&B/Hip-Hop Award Songs | {{won}} |rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/christopher_ludacris_bridges_and_top_songwriters_honored_at_the_2014_bmi_rb|title=Christopher 'Ludacris' Bridges and Top Songwriters Honored at the 2014 BMI R&B/Hip-Hop Awards| publisher=BMI| accessdate=September 6, 2017}}</ref> |- | "Pour It Up" | {{won}} |- |rowspan=2|2016 |"Bitch Better Have My Money" | {{won}} |rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/2016_bmi_rb_hip_hop_awards|title=BMI Honors Toni Braxton With President's Award at 2016 BMI R&B/Hip-Hop Awards| publisher=BMI| accessdate=September 6, 2017}}</ref> |- | "FourFiveSeconds" | {{won}} |- |rowspan="5"|2017 |Rihanna |Songwriter ng Taon‡ | {{won}} |rowspan="5"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/2017-rb-hip-hop-awards|title=Patti LaBelle Named BMI Icon at the 2017 BMI R&B/Hip-Hop Awards| publisher=BMI| accessdate=September 6, 2017}}</ref> |- |"[[Needed Me]]" |rowspan="5"|Most Performed R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | {{won}} |- |"[[Love On The Brain]]" | {{won}} |- |"[[Work (Rihanna song)|Work]]" | {{won}} |- |"[[Too Good]]" | {{won}} |- |2019 |"Lemon" | {{won}} |<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/2019-bmi-rb-hip-hop-awards|title=Brandy Honored with the BMI President’s Award at the 2019 BMI R&B/Hip-Hop Awards| publisher=BMI| accessdate=September 4, 2019}}</ref> |} {{small|‡ Note: Tied with [[DJ Khaled]] and [[Future (rapper)|Future]].}} ===BMI Urban Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- |2010 |"Run This Town" <small>(w/ [[Jay-Z]] & [[Kanye West]])</small> |rowspan="2"|Award-Winning Songs | {{won}} |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/2010_bmi_urban_music_awards_winners|title=2010 BMI Urban Music Awards Winners| publisher=BMI| accessdate=September 11, 2010}}</ref> |- | 2011 ||"Rude Boy" | {{won}} |<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.urbanhotradio.com/2011/08/29/snoop-dog-honored-at-bmi-urban-awards/| title=Snoop Dog Honored At BMI Urban Awards| publisher=Urban Hot Radio| accessdate=August 29, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621235157/http://www.urbanhotradio.com/2011/08/29/snoop-dog-honored-at-bmi-urban-awards/| archive-date=June 21, 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ==Bravo Otto Awards== <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |2011 |Rihanna |Super Singer - Female |{{won}} |- |2012 |Rihanna |Super Singer - Female |{{won}} |- |2013 |Rihanna |Rapporteur ng Taon - Foreign Woman |{{won}} |- |} ==BRIT Awards== The [[BRIT Awards]] are the [[British Phonographic Industry]]'s annual [[pop music]] awards. Rihanna has won two awards from eight nominations. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- ||[[2008 BRIT Awards|2008]] |rowspan="5"|Rihanna |rowspan="5"|[[Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist|International Female Solo Artist]] | {{nom}} |rowspan="4"| <ref name="Brits">{{cite web|title=RIHANNA WINS BRITS 2012 INTERNATIONAL FEMALE ARTIST |url=http://www.brits.co.uk/news/2012/rihanna-wins-brits-2012-international-female-artist |work=Brits |date=December 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422180938/http://www.brits.co.uk/news/2012/rihanna-wins-brits-2012-international-female-artist |archivedate=April 22, 2012 }}</ref> |- ||[[2010 BRIT Awards|2010]] | {{nom}} |- ||[[2011 BRIT Awards|2011]] | {{won}} |- ||[[2012 BRIT Awards|2012]] | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|[[2013 BRIT Awards|2013]] | {{nom}} |rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Brit Awards 2013: Nominations in full|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/brit-awards-2013-nominations-in-full-8502661.html|work=The Independent|accessdate=17 April 2013|location=London|first=Daisy|last=Wyatt|date=February 20, 2013|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312210652/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/brit-awards-2013-nominations-in-full-8502661.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |"[[Princess of China]]" <small>(w/ [[Coldplay]])</small> |British Single ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|[[2017 BRIT Awards|2017]] |Rihanna |International Female Solo Artist | {{nom}} |rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/who-nominated-2017-brit-awards-9623810 |title=Who is nominated for Brit Awards 2017? Full nominations list as Little Mix and Rihanna score most nods |last=Haigh |first=Joshua |date=February 22, 2017}}</ref> |- |"[[This Is What You Came For]]" <small>(w/ [[Calvin Harris]])</small> |British Single ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |} ==BT Digital Music Awards== The [[BT Digital Music Awards]] (DMA) were created in the UK in 2001 and are held annually. Rihanna has earned one award from three nominations. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- |rowspan="2"|2010 |rowspan="3"|Rihanna |Best Event/Nokia Present Rihanna Live | {{won}} |rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|title=BT Digital Music Awards winners|url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/bt-digital-music-awards-winners/043757|work=Musicweek|date=October 1, 2010}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|Best International Artist | {{nom}} |- |2011 | {{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|title=BT Digital Music Awards 2011: Nominees in full|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a338046/bt-digital-music-awards-2011-nominees-in-full.html|work=[[Digital Spy]]|date=August 31, 2011}}</ref> |} ==Canadian Radio Music Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- |2013 |Rihanna |International Solo Artist ng Taon | {{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|title=Carly Rae Jepsen, Marianas Trench nab Canadian Radio Music Awards|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2013/03/20/carly-rae-jepsen-marianas-trench-nab-canadian-radio-music-awards|work=Toronto Sun|date=March 20, 2013}}</ref> |} ==CFDA Fashion Awards== The [[Council of Fashion Designers of America]] (CFDA), often called "the Oscars of fashion", is an annual award ceremony, which honors excellence in fashion design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cfda.com/cfda-fashion-awards#about-the-awards|title=About the Awards|accessdate=August 20, 2015|publisher=[[Council of Fashion Designers of America]]}}</ref> Rihanna received the Fashion Icon Award in 2014. {{awards table}} !{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- !scope="row"|2014 |Rihanna |Fashion Icon Award |{{won}} |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Rihanna Wore a Naked Dress to the CFDA Fashion Awards (NSFW)|url=http://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a14944/rihanna-naked-fashion-speech-cfda/|accessdate=4 November 2016}}</ref> {{end}} ==Clio Awards== <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- |rowspan="2"|2016 |rowspan="2"|ANTIdiaRy |Best commercial |{{nom}} |rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Rihanna ANTIdiaRy / Album Partnership Launch|url=http://clios.com/music/winner/12703|accessdate=26 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rihanna ANTIdiaRY / Album Partnership Launch|url=http://clios.com/music/winner/12654|accessdate=26 September 2016}}</ref> |- |Best partnership |{{nom}} |} ==[[Danish Music Awards]]== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- |rowspan="2"|[[Danish Music Awards|2011]] |rowspan="1"|"Only Girl (In The World)" |rowspan="3"|International Hit ng Taon |{{won}} |rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.musikeren.dk/nyheder/nyhed/artikel/se_alle_nominerede_til_dma_2011/|title=Se alle nominerede til DMA 2011|work=MUSIKEREN|access-date=2018-10-01|language=da|archive-date=2018-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001104134/http://www.musikeren.dk/nyheder/nyhed/artikel/se_alle_nominerede_til_dma_2011/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |rowspan="1"|"Love The Way You Lie" {{small|(ft. Eminem)}} |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|[[Danish Music Awards|2012]] |rowspan="1"|"We Found Love" {{small|(ft. Calvin Harris)}} |{{nom}} |rowspan="1"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://digitalt.tv/danish-music-awards-2012-de-nominerede-er/|title=Danish Music Awards 2012 - De nominerede er|date=2012-10-02|work=DIGITALT.TV|access-date=2018-10-01|language=da-DK}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|[[Danish Music Awards|2013]] |rowspan="1"|"Unapologetic" |International Album ng Taon |{{won}} |rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gaffa.dk/nyhed/76413/her-er-de-nominerede-til-danish-music-awards|title=Her er de nominerede til Danish Music Awards|work=gaffa.dk|access-date=2018-10-01|language=da}}</ref> |- |rowspan="1"|"Diamonds" |rowspan="2"|International Hit ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|[[Danish Music Awards|2014]] |rowspan="1"|"The Monster" {{small|(ft. Eminem)}} |{{nom}} |rowspan="1"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bt.dk/musik/danish-music-awards-og-de-nominerede-er|title=Danish Music Awards: Og de nominerede er...|work=www.bt.dk|access-date=2018-10-01|language=da}}</ref> |- |} ==ECHO Awards== <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="2"|2008 ||"Umbrella" <small>(feat. [[Jay-Z]])</small> |Hit ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|Rihanna |rowspan="2"|International Female Artist ng Taon | {{nom}} |- ||2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Adele, Bruno Mars, Black Eyed Peas Among Nominees for Germany's Echo Awards|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/1178902/adele-bruno-mars-black-eyed-peas-among-nominees-for-germanys-echo|work=Billboard}}</ref> | {{nom}} |- |[[2013 Echo Awards|2013]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Die Nominees |url=http://www.echopop.de/fileadmin/pop/upload/presse-news/downloads/2013/ECHO_2013_Nominee_Liste_FINAL.pdf |work=Echo Pop |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424125708/http://www.echopop.de/fileadmin/pop/upload/presse-news/downloads/2013/ECHO_2013_Nominee_Liste_FINAL.pdf |archivedate=2013-04-24 |access-date=2013-05-29 }}</ref> ||"Diamonds" |Hit ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |} ==The Fashion Awards== <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |2017 |Fenty x Puma by Rihanna | Urban Luxe |{{nom}} |- |2019 |[[Fenty (fashion house)|Fenty]] | Urban Luxe |{{won}} |} ==FiFi Awards== <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- |2014 |Nude by Rihanna |Best Celebrity Fragrance |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|title=Rihanna's Nude By Rihanna Wins Best Celebrity Fragrance At FIFI Awards|url=http://styleblazer.com/282179/nude-by-rihanna-wins/|accessdate=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127154229/http://styleblazer.com/282179/nude-by-rihanna-wins/|archive-date=27 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ==Footwear News Achievement Awards== <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- |2016 |Fenty Puma Creeper |Shoe ng Taon |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|title=Rihanna Dethrones Kanye West to Become 'Queen of Shoes'|url=http://footwearnews.com/2016/fashion/designers/rihanna-wins-shoe-of-the-year-fenty-puma-creepers-footwear-news-achievement-awards-fnaa-2016-272599/|accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref> |- |} ==''GAFFA'' Awards == === ''GAFFA'' Awards (Denmark) === <ref>http://gaffa.dk/priset{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |2011 |''[[We Found Love (music video)|We Found Love]]'' | International Video ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |2015 |"[[FourFiveSeconds]]" <small>(featuring [[Kanye West]] & [[Paul McCartney]])</small> | International Hit ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |2016 |Rihanna | International Female Artist ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |2018 |"[[Wild Thoughts]]" <small>(w/ [[DJ Khaled]] & [[Bryson Tiller]])</small> | International Hit ng Taon |{{nom}} |} === ''GAFFA'' Awards (Sweden) === <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gaffa.se/priset |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127071940/http://gaffa.se/priset |archive-date=2018-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |2010 |"Love the Way You Lie" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |rowspan="2" | International Hit ng Taon |{{won}} |- |2015 |"Bitch Better Have My Money" |{{won}} |} ==Gaygalan Awards == <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qx.se/noje/gaygala/153771/dags-att-nominera-till-qx-gaygala-2018/|title=Dags att nominera till QX Gaygala 2018! – QX|work=QX|date=1 December 2017}}</ref> || "[[Wild Thoughts]]" <small>(featuring [[DJ Khaled]])</small> | International Song ng Taon |{{nom}} |} ==Glamour Magazine Women ng Taon Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2009<ref>{{cite news|title=Emotional Rihanna is the belle of the ball in a mermaid gown as she accepts Woman of the Year award|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1226563/Emotional-Rihanna-belle-ball-mermaid-gown-accepts-Woman-Year-award.html|newspaper=Daily Mail|accessdate=November 10, 2009|location=London|first=Emily|last=Sheridan}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Woman ng Taon |{{won}} |} ==Golden Raspberry Award== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="2"|2013<ref>{{cite web|last=Daniels|first=Colin|title=Twilight Breaking Dawn - Part 2, Kristen Stewart, Rihanna win Razzies|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a461205/twilight-breaking-dawn-part-2-kristen-stewart-rihanna-win-razzies.html|work=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=February 24, 2013|date=February 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bibbiani|first=William|title=The 33rd Annual Razzies (Dis)-Honor Twilight: Breaking Dawn: Part 2|url=http://www.craveonline.com/film/articles/202737-the-33rd-annual-razzie-nominations-dishonors-twilight-saga-breaking-dawn-part-2|publisher=CraveOnline.com|accessdate=January 9, 2013|date=January 8, 2013}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|''[[Battleship (film)|Battleship]]'' |[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress|Worst Supporting Actress]] |{{won}} |- |[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple/Ensemble|Worst Screen Ensemble]] |{{nom}} |} ==Grammy Awards== <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/rihanna |title=Rihanna |work=The Grammys}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[50th Grammy Awards|2008]] || rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |"[[Umbrella (song)|Umbrella]]" <small>(feat. [[Jay-Z]])</small> || [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record ng Taon]] || {{nom}} |- | [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] || {{won}} |- | "[[Don't Stop the Music (Rihanna song)|Don't Stop the Music]]" || [[Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording|Best Dance Recording]] || {{nom}} |- | "[[Hate That I Love You]]" <small>(feat. [[Ne-Yo]])</small> || [[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals]] || {{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[51st Grammy Awards|2009]] || "[[If I Never See Your Face Again]]" <small>(w/ [[Maroon 5]])</small> || [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals|Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals]] || {{nom}} |- | "[[Disturbia (song)|Disturbia]]" || Best Dance Recording || {{nom}} |- | ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad Live]]'' || [[Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video|Best Long Form Music Video]] || {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[52nd Grammy Awards|2010]] || rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |"[[Run This Town]]" <small>(w/ [[Jay-Z]] & [[Kanye West]])</small> || [[Grammy Award for Best Rap Song|Best Rap Song]] || {{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration || {{won}} |- | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | [[53rd Grammy Awards|2011]] || rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;" |"[[Love the Way You Lie]]" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> ||{{nom}} |- |Record ng Taon||{{nom}} |- | [[Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video|Best Short Form Music Video]] || {{nom}} |- | "[[Only Girl (In the World)]]" || Best Dance Recording || {{won}} |- | ''[[Recovery (Eminem album)|Recovery]]'' <small>(as featured artist)</small> || rowspan="2" | [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album ng Taon]] || {{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[54th Grammy Awards|2012]] || rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |''[[Loud (Rihanna album)|Loud]]'' || {{nom}} |- | [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album|Best Pop Vocal Album]] || {{nom}} |- | "[[What's My Name? (Rihanna song)|What's My Name?]]" <small>(feat. [[Drake (entertainer)|Drake]])</small> || rowspan="3" |Best Rap/Sung Collaboration || {{nom}} |- | "[[All of the Lights]]" <small>(w/ [[Kanye West]], [[Kid Cudi]] & [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]])</small>|| {{won}} |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[55th Grammy Awards|2013]] || "[[Talk That Talk (Rihanna song)|Talk That Talk]]" <small>(feat. [[Jay-Z]])</small> || {{nom}} |- | "[[Where Have You Been]]" || [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance|Best Pop Solo Performance]] || {{nom}} |- | "[[We Found Love (music video)|We Found Love]]" <small>(feat. [[Calvin Harris]])</small>|| Best Short Form Music Video || {{won}} |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[56th Grammy Awards|2014]] || "[[Stay (Rihanna song)|Stay]]" <small>(feat. [[Mikky Ekko]])</small> || [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance|Best Pop Duo/Group Performance]] || {{nom}} |- | ''[[Unapologetic]] '' || [[Grammy Award for Best Urban Contemporary Album|Best Urban Contemporary Album]] || {{won}} |- | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | [[57th Grammy Awards|2015]] || "[[The Monster (song)|The Monster]]" <small> (w/ [[Eminem]])</small> || Best Rap/Sung Collaboration || {{won}} |- | rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | [[59th Annual Grammy Awards|2017]] | rowspan="2" |"[[Work (Rihanna song)|Work]]" <small>(feat. [[Drake (musician)|Drake]])</small> | Record ng Taon | {{Nom}} |- | Best Pop Duo/Group Performance | {{Nom}} |- | "[[Needed Me]]" | [[Best R&B Performance]] | {{Nom}} |- | "[[Kiss It Better (Rihanna song)|Kiss It Better]]" | [[Best R&B Song]] | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Anti (album)|Anti]]'' | Best Urban Contemporary Album|| {{nom}} |- | [[Grammy Award for Best Recording Package|Best Recording Package]] | {{Nom}} |- | ''[[Views (album)|Views]]'' <small> (as featured artist) </small> | Album ng Taon | {{Nom}} |- | "[[Famous (Kanye West song)|Famous]]" <small> (w/ [[Kanye West]] & [[Swizz Beatz]])</small> | rowspan="2" | Best Rap/Sung Performance | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | [[60th Annual Grammy Awards|2018]] | "[[Loyalty (Kendrick Lamar song)|Loyalty]]" <small> (w/ [[Kendrick Lamar]])</small> | {{won}} |} ==Guinness World Records == {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Taon ! style="width:23%;"| Nominated work ! style="width:45%;"| Award ! style="width:10%;"| Resulta !Ref. |- |2010 |rowspan="6"|Rihanna |Female artist with the most U.S. number-one singles in a Taon |{{Won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/female-artist-with-the-most-us-no1-singles-in-a-year|title=Female artist with the most US no.1 singles in a year|publisher=|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref> |- |2010 |Most digital number-one singles in the US |{{Won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-digital-no1-singles-in-the-us|title=Most digital no.1 singles in the US|publisher=|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref> |- |2011 |Most consecutive Taons of UK No.1 singles |{{Won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-female-artist-to-have-uk-no1-singles-in-five-consecutive-years|title=Most consecutive years of UK No.1 singles|publisher=|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref> |- |2012 |The Best Selling Digital Artist (U.S.) |{{Won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2012/9/rihanna-lady-gaga-and-adele-break-world-records-with-digital-music-sales-44685|title=Rihanna, Lady Gaga and Adele break World Records with digital music sales|date=7 September 2012|publisher=|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref> |- |2013 |Most consecutive weeks on UK singles chart (multiple singles) |{{Won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-consecutive-weeks-on-uk-singles-chart-(multiple-singles)|title=Most consecutive weeks on UK singles chart (multiple singles)|publisher=|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref> |- |2014 |Most “Liked” Person on Facebook |{{Won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gobarbados.org/list-of-rihanna-guinness-world-records/|title=List of Rihanna's Guinness world records|publisher=|accessdate=23 June 2017|archive-date=13 Hulyo 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713051008/https://www.gobarbados.org/list-of-rihanna-guinness-world-records/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ==Harvard Foundation for Interracial and Cultural Relations== {{awards table}} !{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |2017 |Rihanna |Humanitarian of the Year |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spin.com/2017/02/rihanna-harvard-university-humanitarian-year-award-video/|title=Watch Rihanna Accept Her Harvard University Humanitarian of the Year Award|website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|accessdate=April 6, 2017|date=2017-02-28|archive-date=2017-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053610/http://www.spin.com/2017/02/rihanna-harvard-university-humanitarian-year-award-video/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ==Hollywood Music in Media Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmmawards.com/2015-hmma-winners/|title= 2015 HMMA WINNERS|publisher=[[HMMA]]}}</ref> ||"[[Dancing in the Dark (Rihanna song)|Dancing in the Dark]]" ||Best Song - Animated Film | {{won}} |- |2016 |[[Sledgehammer (Rihanna song)|Sledgehammer]] |Best Song - SciFi/Fantasy Film |{{Nominated}} |} ==IFPI Hong Kong Top Sales Music Award== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- ||2006 ||''A Girl Like Me'' ||Ten Best Sales Releases, Foreign | {{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpihk.org/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented-01-11/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented/2006|title=List of Ten Best Sales Releases, Foreign|publisher=[[IFPI]]|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2016-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121183050/http://www.ifpihk.org/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented-01-11/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented/2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ==iHeartRadio Music Awards== <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="8"| 2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Justin Timberlake, Rihanna, Imagine Dragons Lead iHeartRadio Music Awards Nominations|url=https://www.thewrap.com/iheartradio-music-awards-justin-timberlake-rihanna-imagine-dragons|accessdate=5 April 2014|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102410/http://www.thewrap.com/iheartradio-music-awards-justin-timberlake-rihanna-imagine-dragons|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="2"| Rihanna | Artist ng Taon | {{Won}} |- | Instagram Award | {{nom}} |- | "Stay" <small>(feat. [[Mikky Ekko]])</small> |rowspan="2"| Song ng Taon | {{won}} |- | "The Monster" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> | {{nominated}} |- | "Stay" <small>(feat. [[Mikky Ekko]])</small> |rowspan="2"| Best Collaboration | {{nominated}} |- | "The Monster" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> | {{nominated}} |- | "Pour It Up" | Hip Hop/R&B Song ng Taon | {{won}} |- | Rihanna | Best Fan Army | {{won}} |- |rowspan="1"| 2016 |"[[Bitch Better Have My Money]]" |R&B Song ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="11"| [[2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards|2017]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/819406/2017-iheartradio-music-awards-complete-list-of-nominations|work=E! Online |title=2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards: Complete List of Nominations |date=January 3, 2017}}</ref> |rowspan="3"| Rihanna | Female Artist ng Taon | {{nom}} |- | R&B Artist ng Taon | {{nom}} |- | Best Fan Army | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"| ''[[Anti (album)|Anti]]'' | R&B Album ng Taon |{{won}} |- | "Too Good" <small>(w/ [[Drake (musician)|Drake]])</small> | Best Lyrics | {{nom}} |- | "Needed Me" |rowspan="2"| R&B Song ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"| "[[Work (Rihanna song)|Work]] <small>(feat. [[Drake (musician)|Drake]])</small> | {{won}} |- | Best Collaboration | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2"| Best Music Video | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"| "[[This Is What You Came For]] <small>(w/ [[Calvin Harris]])</small> | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"|Collaboration ng Taon | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="5"| 2018<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/8093669/iheartradio-music-awards-2018-nominees-full-list</ref> | rowspan="3"| [[Wild Thoughts]] Rihanna (w/ [[DJ Khaled]] & [[Bryson Tiller]]) | {{nominated}} |- | Song ng Taon | {{nominated}} |- | Hip-Hop Song ng Taon | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2"| Rihanna | Female Artist ng Taon | {{nominated}} |- | R&B Artist ng Taon | {{nominated}} |} ==Japan Gold Disc Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2006<ref>{{cite web|title=The 20th Japan Gold Disc Music Awards 2006|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/data/gdisc/2006.html|work=RIAJ|accessdate=17 April 2013|archive-date=17 Abril 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417220138/http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/data/gdisc/2006.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||Rihanna |International Best New Artist |{{won}} |} ==Juno Awards== <br /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universalmusic.ca/press-releases/rihanna-announces-7th-studio-album-unapologetic-released-mon-nov-19/|title=RIHANNA ANNOUNCES 7TH STUDIO ALBUM UNAPOLOGETIC RELEASED MONDAY, NOVEMBER 19|publisher=Universal Music}}</ref> ||''Good Girl Gone Bad'' |rowspan="3"|[[Juno Award for International Album of the Year|International Album ng Taon]] | {{won}} |- ||2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://junoawards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2012-JUNO-Awards-Nominees-List.pdf|title=2012 Juno Awards Nominees|publisher=Juno Awards|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2014-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210356/http://junoawards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2012-JUNO-Awards-Nominees-List.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||''Loud'' | {{nom}} |- ||2017 ||''ANTI'' | {{nom}} |} ==La Chanson de l'année== La Chanson de l'année (translated to ''Song ng Taon'' in English) is a ceremony of awards which takes place every Taon in France. Rihanna has received one nomination. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meltybuzz.fr/la-chanson-de-l-annee-2012-garou-bat-rihanna-alicia-keys-ou-m-pokora-twitter-se-revolte-a147994.html|title=SLa Chanson de l'année 2012 : Garou bat Rihanna, Alicia Keys ou M. Pokora, Twitter se révolte !|work=Melty Buzz|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2013-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215194359/http://www.meltybuzz.fr/la-chanson-de-l-annee-2012-garou-bat-rihanna-alicia-keys-ou-m-pokora-twitter-se-revolte-a147994.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |"Diamonds" |Song ng Taon |{{nom}} |} ==Latin American Music Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |2016<ref>{{cite web|title=Latin American Music Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/799813/latin-american-music-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners|accessdate=7 October 2016}}</ref> |"This Is What You Came For" (w/ Calvin Harris) |Favorite Dance Song |{{won}} |} ==Los Premios 40 Principales== [[Los Premios 40 Principales]] is an award show by the musical radio station Los 40 Principales. Rihanna has earned one award from seven nominations. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2007<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.los40.com/premios-40-principales/ediciones-anteriores/| title=Ediciones anteriores| publisher=Premios 40| access-date=2020-04-08| archive-date=2013-07-15| archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6I7sJjAkE?url=http://www.los40.com/premios-40-principales/ediciones-anteriores/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |"Umbrella" <small>(feat. [[Jay-Z]])</small> |Best International Song | {{won}} |- ||2010<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lahiguera.net/musicalia/notidesc.php?noticia=18588| title=NOMINACIONES A LOS PREMIOS 40 PRINCIPALES 2010| publisher=LaHiguera}}</ref> |Rihanna |Best International Artist | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2011<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.tvyespectaculos.com/2011/10/13/lista-de-nominados-a-los-premios-40-principales-2011/| title=Lista de nominados a los Premios 40 Principales 2011| publisher=Los40| access-date=2013-05-29| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318100111/http://www.tvyespectaculos.com/2011/10/13/lista-de-nominados-a-los-premios-40-principales-2011/| archive-date=2016-03-18| url-status=dead}}</ref> | Rihanna | Best International Artist | {{nom}} |- |"S&M" |Best International Song | {{nom}} |- |2012<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.los40.com/premios-40-principales/nominados/| title=Categoría nacional españa| publisher=Los40| access-date=2020-04-08| archive-date=2012-12-05| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205210328/http://www.los40.com/premios-40-principales/nominados/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |"Talk That Talk" |Best International Album | {{nom}} |- |rowspan=2|2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Pablo Alborán lidera las nominaciones a los Premios 40 Principales 2013|url=http://www.cadenaser.com/cultura/articulo/pablo-alboran-lidera-nominaciones-premios-principales-2013/csrcsrpor/20131010csrcsrcul_2/Tes|publisher=Cadena SER|accessdate=22 July 2014|archive-date=11 Agosto 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811194014/http://www.cadenaser.com/cultura/articulo/pablo-alboran-lidera-nominaciones-premios-principales-2013/csrcsrpor/20131010csrcsrcul_2/Tes|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Rihanna |Best International Artist |{{nom}} |- |"Unapologetic" |Best International Album |{{nom}} |- |} ==Meteor Ireland Music Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2008 |rowspan="2"|Rihanna |rowspan="2"|Best International Female | {{nom}} |- ||2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Meteor Awards 2009 Nominees Revealed|url=http://www.goldenplec.com/meteor-awards-2009-nominees-revealed/|work=Goldenplec|access-date=2013-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723125152/http://www.goldenplec.com/meteor-awards-2009-nominees-revealed/|archive-date=2012-07-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nom}} |} ==MOBO Awards== The Music of Black Origin, [[MOBO Awards]], were established in 1995 by Kanya King MBE and Andy Ruffell. They are held annually in the [[United Kingdom]] to recognize artists of any race or nationality performing black music. Rihanna has received three awards from seven nominations. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2006<ref>{{cite web|title=2006 MOBO Awards - Winners|url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2006MOBOAwards.htm|work=About.com|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2013-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515160854/http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2006MOBOAwards.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Rihanna |Best R&B Artist | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2007<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobo Awards 2007: Winners in full |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7003572.stm|work=BBC | date=September 19, 2007}}</ref> |Best International Act | {{won}} |- ||"Umbrella" <small>(feat. [[Jay-Z]])</small> |Best Video | {{nom}} |- ||2008<ref>{{cite web|title=The MOBO Awards 2008|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/events/mobos08.shtml|work=BBC}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Rihanna |rowspan="4"|Best International Act | {{nom}} |- ||2010<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations Announced for the MOBO Awards 2010!|url=http://www.mobo.com/news-blogs/nominations-announced-for-the-mobo-awards-2010|work=MOBO|access-date=2013-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714110633/http://www.mobo.com/news-blogs/nominations-announced-for-the-mobo-awards-2010|archive-date=2011-07-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nom}} |- ||2011<ref>{{cite web|title=MOBO Awards 2011: Winners List In Full|url=http://www.gigwise.com/news/67643/MOBO-Awards-2011-Winners-List-In-full|work=Gigwise}}</ref> | {{Won}} |- ||2012<ref>{{cite web|title=MOBO Awards 2012 - who might win?|url=http://www.mobo.com/news-blogs/mobo-awards-2012-nominees-shortlist-revealed|work=MOBO|access-date=2013-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806100337/http://www.mobo.com/news-blogs/mobo-awards-2012-nominees-shortlist-revealed|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nom}} |} ==MP3 Music Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2010<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.music-news.com/shownews.asp?nItemID=34972|title=MP3 Awards 2010 Nominations| publisher=Music News}}</ref> ||"Russian Roulette" |The BFV Award | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2011<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.craveonline.com/music/articles/179607-kanye-adele-lead-2011-mp3-music-awards-winners| title=Kanye, Adele Lead 2011 MP3 Music Awards Winners| publisher=Crave Online| access-date=2013-05-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122050718/http://www.craveonline.com/music/articles/179607-kanye-adele-lead-2011-mp3-music-awards-winners| archive-date=2012-01-22| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/2011-mp3-music-awards.html| title=2011 MP3 Music Awards| publisher=Metro Lyrics| access-date=2020-04-08| archive-date=2013-05-24| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524171312/http://www.metrolyrics.com/2011-mp3-music-awards.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="1"|"All of the Lights" <small>(w/ [[Kanye West]])</small> |The HRR Award | {{won}} |- |rowspan="1"|"Cheers (Drink to That)" |The BFV Award | {{nom}} |- |} ==MTV Awards== === MTV Movie Awards === The [[MTV Movie Awards]] were established in 1992 and is a film awards show presented annually on [[MTV]]. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Nominated work !Award !Resulta |- |2014<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mtv-movie-awards-2014-winners-list-in-full-as-hunger-games-catching-fire-sweeps-the-board-9258401.html|title=MTV Movie Awards 2014: Winners list in full as Hunger Games Catching Fire sweeps the board|date=14 April 2014|work=The Independent |accessdate=15 April 2014}}</ref> |''[[This Is The End]]'' | [[MTV Movie Award for Best Cameo|Best Cameo]] |{{Won}} |} ===MTV Video Music Awards=== The [[MTV Video Music Awards]], also called the VMAs and debuted in 1984, is an award show by the cable network [[MTV]] to celebrate the top music videos ng Taon. Rihanna has seven awards (including the [[Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award]]). She is the youngest artist to win the Video ng Taon Award twice. <!-- MTV ONLY COUNTS LEAD ARTISTS --> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="2"|2006<ref>{{cite web|title=2006 MTV Video Music Awards Winners|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2006/categories.jhtml|work=MTV|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2020-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620090659/http://www.mtv.com/vma|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"SOS" |[[MTV Video Music Award – Viewer's Choice|Viewer's Choice]] | {{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist in a Video]] | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="4"|2007<ref>{{cite web|title=2007 MTV Video Music Awards Winners|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/categories.jhtml|work=MTV|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2020-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620090659/http://www.mtv.com/vma|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Herself |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Female Artist ng Taon]] |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|"Umbrella" <small>(feat. [[Jay-Z]])</small> |[[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]] | {{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Monster Single of the Year|Monster Single ng Taon]] | {{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction|Best Director]] | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2008<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 MTV Video Music Awards Winners|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2008/categories.jhtml|work=MTV|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2012-09-06|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2008/categories.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"Take a Bow" |Best Female Video | {{nom}} |- |Best Direction | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|2009 |rowspan="1"|"Live Your Life" <small>(w/ [[T.I.]])</small> |Best Male Video | {{won}} |- |2010<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 MTV Video Music Awards Winners|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2010/categories.jhtml|work=MTV|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2010-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805164045/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2010/categories.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> |"Rude Boy" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="8"|2011 |rowspan="4"|"Love the Way You Lie"<small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |Best Male Video |{{nom}} |- |Best Cinematography |{{nom}} |- |Best Direction |{{nom}} |- |Best Video with a Message |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="4=|"All of the Lights" <small>(w/ [[Kanye West]] & Kid Cudi)</small> |Best Collaboration |{{nom}} |- |Best Editing |{{nom}} |- |Best Hip-Hop Video |{{nom}} |- |Best Male Video |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="11"|2012<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 MTV Video Music Awards Winners|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2012/categories.jhtml|work=MTV|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2013-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328110059/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2012/categories.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"Princess of China" <small>(w/ [[Coldplay]])</small> |Best Editing | {{nom}} |- |Best Direction | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="4"|"Take Care" <small>(w/ Drake)</small> | Best Male Video | {{nom}} |- | Best Art Direction | {{nom}} |- | Best Cinematography | {{nom}} |- | Video ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|"Where Have You Been" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] | {{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]] | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|"We Found Love" <small>(feat. [[Calvin Harris]])</small> |Video ng Taon |{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video|Best Pop Video]] |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|Best Female Video |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|2013<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 MTV Video Music Awards Nominations|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2013/categories.jhtml|work=MTV|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2013-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719014700/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2013/categories.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="1"|"Stay" <small>(feat. [[Mikky Ekko]])</small> |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|2014 |rowspan="3"|"The Monster" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |Best Collaboration |{{nom}} |- |Best Direction |{{nom}} |- |Best Male Video |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|2015<ref>{{cite web|title=2015 MTV Video Music Awards Nominations|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2015|work=MTV|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2016-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608234905/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2015/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="1"|"American Oxygen" |Best Video With A Social Message |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |2016 |rowspan='2'|"[[Work (Rihanna song)|Work]]" <small>(feat. [[Drake (musician)|Drake]])</small> | Best Female Video | {{nom}} |- |rowspan='2'| Best Collaboration |{{nom}} |- |rowspan='2'| "This Is What You Came For" <small> (w/ [[Calvin Harris]])</small> | {{nom}} |- | Best Male Video | {{won}} |- | Herself | [[Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award]] | {{won}} |- |rowspan="4" |2017 | rowspan="4" |"[[Wild Thoughts]]" <small>(w/ [[DJ Khaled]] & [[Bryson Tiller]])</small> |Best Collaboration | {{nom}} |- |Video ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |Best Art Direction |{{nom}} |- |Song of the Summer |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="2" |2018 |rowspan="2" |"[[Lemon (N.E.R.D and Rihanna song)|Lemon]]" <small>(w/ [[N.E.R.D.]])</small> |Best Collaboration |{{nom}} |- |Best Editing |{{won}} |} ===MTV Video Music Awards Japan=== The [[MTV Video Music Awards Japan]] are the [[Japan]]ese version of the [[MTV Video Music Awards]]. Rihanna has received 2 awards (Best New Artist in a Video for "Pon De Replay" in 2006<ref>{{cite web|title=VMAJ 2006|url=http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj/2007/videos/2006.html|work=MTV|access-date=2017-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324223346/http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj/2007/videos/2006.html|archive-date=2016-03-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Best R&B video for "Only Girl (In the World)" in 2011. Nominations from shows before 2009 are not listed. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="2"|2009<ref>{{cite web|title=NeYo, Beyonce Earn MTV Video Music Awards Japan Nominations|url=http://singersroom.com/content/2009-03-19/neyo-beyonce-earn-mtv-video-music-awards-japan-nominations/amp/}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"Live Your Life" <small>(with [[T.I.]])</small> |Best Hip-Hop Video | {{nom}} |- |Best Collaboration | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|2010<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV World Stage VMAJ 2010|url=http://ohnotheydidnt.livejournal.com/45512340.html}}</ref> |"Russian Roulette" |Best Female Video | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|2011<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV reveals nominees for "MTV VIDEO MUSIC AID JAPAN"|url=http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2011/04/mtv-reveals-nominees-for-mtv-video-music-aid-japan/|work=Tokyohive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ANNOUNCING THE WINNERS OF THIS YEAR'S MTV VMAJs|url=http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj2011/en/blog/|work=MTV|access-date=2017-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118013826/http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj2011/en/blog/|archive-date=2015-01-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"Only Girl (In The World)" |Best Female Video | {{nom}} |- |Best R&B Video | {{won}} |- |"Love The Way You Lie" <small>(feat. [[Eminem]])</small> |Best Collaboration Video | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2012<ref>{{cite web|title=Award show to be held on Saturday June 23, 2012 at Makuhari Messe in Chiba Prefecture, Japan|url=http://www.mtvasia.com/news/vmaj-2012-nominees-announced|work=MTV|access-date=Abril 8, 2020|archive-date=Enero 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121183050/http://www.mtvasia.com/news/vmaj-2012-nominees-announced|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"We Found Love" <small>(feat. [[Calvin Harris]])</small> |Best Female Video - International | {{nom}} |- |Best Pop Video | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Bruno Mars, FUN., One Direction, Taylor Swift and Kana Nishino lead with three nominations each|url=http://www.mtvasia.com/news/mtv-japan-unveils-mtv-vmaj-2013-nominations|work=MTV|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2017-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221030512/http://www.mtvasia.com/news/mtv-japan-unveils-mtv-vmaj-2013-nominations|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"Diamonds" |Best Female Video - International | {{nom}} |- |Best R&B Video | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|2016<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominees Announced for the MTV Video Music Awards Japan 2016|url=http://aramajapan.com/news/tvmovie/musicaward-show/nominees-announced-for-the-mtv-video-music-awards-japan-2016/63199/|accessdate=7 October 2016}}</ref> |Work <small>(feat. [[Drake (entertainer)|Drake]]) |Best Female Video - International | {{nom}} |- |ANTI |Album ng Taon - International | {{nom}} |- |This Is What You Came For <small>(w/ Calvin Harris) |Best Dance Video | {{nom}} |} ===MTV Europe Music Awards=== The [[MTV Europe Music Awards]] "(EMA)" were established in 1994 by [[MTV Networks Europe]] to celebrate the most popular music videos in Europe. Originally beginning as an alternative to the American [[MTV Video Music Awards]], the MTV Europe Music Awards is today a popular celebration of what MTV viewers consider the best in music. Rihanna has won 5 awards from 30 nominations. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="1"|2005<ref>{{cite web|title=Madonna and Robbie sing for stars at MTV Awards|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-367456/Madonna-Robbie-sing-stars-MTV-Awards.html|work=Dailymail}}</ref> |Rihanna |Best New Act |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2006<ref>{{cite web|title=Red Hot Chili Peppers Lead MTV Europe Awards Nominations|url=http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/22479/red-hot-chili-peppers-lead-mtv-europe-awards-nominations|work=Entertainmentwise|access-date=2015-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610120153/http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/22479/Red-Hot-Chili-Peppers-Lead-MTV-Europe-Awards-Nominations|archive-date=2012-06-10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kanye West sore loser at MTV Europe Awards|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2006-11-02-europe-mtv-awards_x.htm|work=USA Today}}</ref> |Rihanna |Best R&B |{{won}} |- |"SOS" |Best Song |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|2007<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV EMA nominations revealed.|url=http://ohnotheydidnt.livejournal.com/15761839.html|work=ONTD}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amy Winehouse wins at the MTV Europe Music Awards|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3668974/Amy-Winehouse-wins-at-the-MTV-Europe-Music-Awards.html|work=Telegraph}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Rihanna |Ultimate Urban |{{won}} |- |Best Solo |{{nom}} |- |"Umbrella"<small>(w/ [[Jay-Z]])</small> |Most Addictive Track |{{nom}} |- ||2008<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV Europe Music Awards 2008 Nominees|url=http://www.musicloversgroup.com/mtv-europe-music-awards-2008-nominees/|work=Music Lovers Group}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Act of 2008 | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="5"|2010<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 MTV Europe Music Awards Winners|url=http://www.musicloversgroup.com/2010-mtv-europe-music-awards-winners/|work=Music Lovers Group}}</ref> ||"Rude Boy" |rowspan="2"|Song ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|"Love the Way You Lie" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> | {{nom}} |- |Video ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|Rihanna |Best Female Artist | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|Best Pop Artist | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="1"|2011<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV EMAs - winners in full|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a349429/mtv-emas-winners-in-full.html|work=[[Digital Spy]]|date=November 6, 2011}}</ref> | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="8"|2012<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV Europe Music Awards 2012 - the winners in full|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a437333/mtv-europe-music-awards-2012-the-winners-in-full.html|work=[[Digital Spy]]|date=November 11, 2012}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"We Found Love" <small>(feat. [[Calvin Harris]])</small> |Best Video | {{nom}} |- |Best Song | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="6"|Rihanna |Best Female Artist | {{nom}} |- |Best Pop Artist | {{nom}} |- |Best Look | {{nom}} |- |Biggest Fans | {{nom}} |- |Worldwide Act | {{nom}} |- |Best North American Act | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2013<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV EMAs 2013: Nominations List|url=http://www.capitalfm.com/music-news/mtv-emas-2013-nominations-list/|work=Capital FM}}</ref> | rowspan="1"| "Diamonds" | Best Song | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="1"| Rihanna |Best Look | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Madonna and Robbie sing for stars at MTV Awards|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1931931/2014-mtv-ema-nominations/|work=MTV|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2014-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919002215/http://www.mtv.com/news/1931931/2014-mtv-ema-nominations/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |"The Monster" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |Best Song |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|2015<ref>{{cite web |title=MTV EMA 2015 Winners |url=http://tv.mtvema.com/winners |work=MTV |access-date=2020-04-08 |archive-date=2014-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716104709/http://tv.mtvema.com/winners |url-status=dead }}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Rihanna |rowspan="2"|Best Female |{{won}} |- |rowspan="4"|2016 |{{nom}} |- |Best Pop |{{nom}} |- |Best Look |{{nom}} |- |"[[Work (Rihanna song)|Work]]"<small> (w/ [[Drake (musician)|Drake]])</small> |Best Song |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="1" |2017 | rowspan="1" |"[[Wild Thoughts]]" (with [[DJ Khaled]] & [[Bryson Tiller]]) |Best Song | {{nom}} |} ===MTV Africa Music Awards=== The [[MTV Africa Music Awards]] (also known as the MAMAs) were established in 2008 by MTV Networks Africa as the [[Africa]]n version of the [[Video Music Awards]] and to celebrate the most popular music in Africa. Rihanna has received four nominations. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2008{{cn|date=September 2019}} |rowspan="4"|Rihanna |Best R&B Artist | {{nom}} |- ||2010<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV Africa Music Awards nominations announced - Vote now|url=http://www.thisisafrica.me/music/detail/1128/mtv-africa-music-awards-nominations-announced-vote-now|work=This Is Africa|accessdate=November 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109154000/http://www.thisisafrica.me/music/detail/1128/mtv-africa-music-awards-nominations-announced-vote-now|archive-date=November 9, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|Best International Artist | {{nom}} |- ||[[MTV Africa Music Awards 2014|2014]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mtvbase.com/news/2014-mama-best-international-nominees-revealed/ | title=MTV News - 2014 MAMA Best International Nominees Revealed! | publisher=[[MTV Base]] | date=28 May 2014 | accessdate=28 May 2014 | archive-date=15 Nobiyembre 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115111819/http://www.mtvbase.com/news/2014-mama-best-international-nominees-revealed/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{nom}} |- ||[[MTV Africa Music Awards 2016|2016]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.okayafrica.com/in-brief/mtv-africa-music-awards-2016-nominees-mtvmama2016/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-04-08 |archive-date=2017-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824092500/http://www.okayafrica.com/in-brief/mtv-africa-music-awards-2016-nominees-mtvmama2016/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{nom}} |} ===MTV Video Music Brasil=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |2012 |Rihanna |Best International Artist |{{Nom}} |} ===MTV Platinum Video Plays Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- | rowspan="3" align:center;"| 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Rihanna and Lady Gaga Lead 2010 MTV Video Play Awards|url=http://www.antimusic.com/news/11/feb/02Rihanna_and_Lady_Gaga_Lead_2010_MTV_Video_Play_Awards.shtml|work=Anti Music|accessdate=February 2, 2011}}</ref> | "Rude Boy" | Double Platinum | {{won}} |- | "Russian Roulette" | Platinum | {{won}} |- | "Love the Way You Lie" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> | Double Platinum | {{won}} |- | rowspan="2" align:center;"| 2012<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV Video Play Awards: Check Out Which Artist is Most Played|url=http://www.beirutnightlife.com/music/artists/mtv-video-play-awards-check-artist-played/|work=Beirut Night Life|accessdate=February 13, 2012}}</ref> | "What's My Name?" <small>(feat. [[Drake (Canadian rapper)|Drake]])</small> |Double Platinum | {{won}} |- | "Who's That Chick?" <small>(w/ [[David Guetta]])</small> |rowspan="2"|Platinum | {{won}} |- | rowspan="3" align:center;"| 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV honours most-played music videos of 2012|url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/mtv-honours-most-played-music-videos-of-2012/053570|work=Musicweek|accessdate=February 13, 2013}}</ref> |"Princess of China" <small>(w/ [[Coldplay]])</small> | {{won}} |- | "We Found Love" <small>(feat. [[Calvin Harris]])</small> |rowspan="2"|Double Platinum | {{won}} |- | "Where Have You Been" | {{won}} |} ===MTV O Music Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="4"|2011 |Rihanna Navy |Fan Army FTW | {{nom}} |- |"Shy Ronnie 2: Ronnie & Clyde" <small> (with [[The Lonely Island]]) </small> |Funniest Music Short | {{nom}} |- |"F**K Yeah Rihanna" |F**K Yeah Tumblr | {{nom}} |- |"Catfight" <small> (shared with [[Katy Perry]]) </small> |Favorite Animated GIF | {{nom}} |- |} ===mtvU Woodie Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2012<ref>{{cite web|title=mtvU Woodie Awards - 2012|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/woodieawards/2012/|work=MTV|accessdate=March 18, 2013|archive-date=Marso 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304225113/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/woodieawards/2012/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||"We Found Love" <small>(feat. [[Calvin Harris]])</small> |EDM Effect Woodie | {{won}} |} ===MTV Millennial Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |2014 |Rihanna |Celebrity without filter on Instagrammer | {{nom}} |- |2016 |"Work" (ft. Drake) |International Hit ng Taon | {{won}} |- |2017 |"This is What You Came From" (ft. Calvin Harris) |Collaboration ng Taon | {{nom}} |- ||2018<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvla.com/mx/mtv-miaw/noticias/flor-vigna-mica-viciconte-mica-suarez-lali-y-mas-argentinos-nominados-a-los-premios-mtv-miaw-2018|title=MTV Millennial 2018: nominations|date=18 April 2018|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-date=20 Oktubre 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020103318/http://www.mtvla.com/mx/mtv-miaw/noticias/flor-vigna-mica-viciconte-mica-suarez-lali-y-mas-argentinos-nominados-a-los-premios-mtv-miaw-2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Global Instagrammer | {{nom}} |} ===MTV Italian Music Awards=== Firstly called [[TRL Awards]], since 2012 it is presented by [[MTV Italy]] changing the name in [[MTV Italian Music Awards]]. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- | rowspan="2"| 2007 | rowspan="1" | Rihanna |First Lady |{{nom}} |- | "[[Umbrella (song)|Umbrella]]" | Best Number One ng Taon | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="3"| 2011 | rowspan="8" | Rihanna |Hot&Sexy Awards |{{nom}} |- | Too Much Awards |{{nom}} |- |Wonder Woman |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="1"| 2012 |Wonder Woman |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| 2013 |Wonder Woman |{{nom}} |- |Instavip |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3"| 2014 |Best Look |{{nom}} |- |Artist Saga |{{nom}} |- | Can't Remember To Forget You ft [[Shakira]] | Best Video |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3"| 2015 | rowspan="9" | Rihanna |Best Look |{{won}} |- |Artist Saga |{{nom}} |- |#MTVAwardsStar |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" | 2016 |Best International Female |{{nom}} |- |Artist Saga |{{nom}} |- |#MTVAwardsStar |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" | 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori-2017}}</ref> |Best Look and Smile | {{won}} |- | Artist Saga |{{nom}} |- |#MTVAwardsStar |{{nom}} |- |} ==MuchMusic Video Awards== The [[MuchMusic Video Awards]] (MMVAs) is an annual award show presented by the Canadian music video channel [[MuchMusic]] to honour the Taon's best music videos. Rihanna has earned three awards from 18 nominations. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="2"|2006<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/2006-muchmusic-video-awards.html| title=2006 MuchMusic Video Awards| publisher=Metro Lyrics| access-date=2020-04-08| archive-date=2013-06-16| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616023219/http://www.metrolyrics.com/2006-muchmusic-video-awards.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"SOS" |International Video ng Taon - Artist | {{won}} |- |UR Fave International Artist/Group | {{nom}} |- ||2007<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/2007-muchmusic-video-awards.html| title=2007 MuchMusic Video Awards| publisher=Metro Lyrics| access-date=2020-04-08| archive-date=2013-06-02| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602150233/http://www.metrolyrics.com/2007-muchmusic-video-awards.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> ||"Umbrella" <small>(feat. [[Jay-Z]])</small> |rowspan="2"|International Video ng Taon - Artist | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|2008<ref>{{cite web | url=http://singersroom.com/content/2008-06-17/Is-Rihannas-Umbrella-2007s-Most-Watched-Video/|title=Is Rihanna's Umbrella 2007's Most Watched Video?| publisher=Singersroom}}</ref> ||"Don't Stop the Music" | {{won}} |- ||"Umbrella" <small>(feat. [[Jay-Z]])</small> |Most Watched Video | {{won}} |- ||"Don't Stop The Music" |UR Fave International Artist/Group | {{nom}} |- ||2009 ||"Live Your Life" <small>(w/ [[T.I.]])</small> |rowspan="2"|International Video ng Taon - Artist | {{nom}} |- ||2010<ref>{{cite web| url=http://oceanup.com/2010/05/18/much-music-video-awards-2010-nominees| title=Much Music Video Awards 2010 Nominees| publisher=Ocean Up| access-date=2013-05-29| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014233232/http://oceanup.com/2010/05/18/much-music-video-awards-2010-nominees| archive-date=2013-10-14| url-status=dead}}</ref> ||"Rude Boy" | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="6"|2011<ref>{{cite web| url=http://entertainment.ca.msn.com/music/features/2011-muchmusic-video-awards-nominees-revealed| title=2011 MuchMusic Video Awards nominees revealed| publisher=MSN| access-date=2013-05-29| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109211608/http://entertainment.ca.msn.com/music/features/2011-muchmusic-video-awards-nominees-revealed| archive-date=2013-11-09| url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|"Love the Way You Lie" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |Most Watched Video ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |International Video ng Taon - Artist | {{nom}} |- |UR Fave International Artist | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|"Only Girl (In the World)" |International Video ng Taon - Artist | {{nom}} |- |Most Watched Video ng Taon | {{nom}} |- ||"Who's That Chick?" <small>(w/ [[David Guetta]])</small> |rowspan="2"|International Video ng Taon - Artist | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|2012<ref>{{cite web | url=http://singersroom.com/content/2012-05-16/Chris-Brown-Nicki-Minaj-Rihanna-among-2012-Much-Music-Nominees/#ixzz1v8DNrR26|title=Chris Brown, Nicki Minaj, Rihanna Among 2012 Much Music Nominees| publisher=Singersroom}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"We Found Love" <small>(feat. [[Calvin Harris]])</small> | {{nom}} |- |UR Fave International Artist/Group | {{nom}} |- ||"Take Care" <small>(w/ [[Drake (Canadian rapper)|Drake]])</small> |International Video ng Taon by a Canadian | {{nom}} |- |2013<ref>{{cite web| url=http://oceanup.com/2013/may/22/muchmusic-video-awards-2013-nominees| title=MuchMusic Video Awards 2013 Nominees| publisher=Ocean Up| access-date=2013-05-29| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623113201/http://oceanup.com/2013/may/22/muchmusic-video-awards-2013-nominees| archive-date=2013-06-23| url-status=dead}}</ref> |"Diamonds" |International Video ng Taon - Artist | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2016 |rowspan="2"|"[[Work (Rihanna song)|Work]]" |iHeartRadio International Artist ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |Most Buzzworthy International Artist or Group |{{nom}} |} ==MYX Music Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myxph.com/features/1782/myx-music-awards-2011-winners/ |title=MYX Music Awards 2011 Winners |publisher=MyX Music Awards |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306034711/http://myxph.com/features/1782/myx-music-awards-2011-winners |archivedate=2016-03-06 }}</ref> ||"Love the Way You Lie" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |Favorite International Video | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2013 ||"Right Now" <small>(ft. David Guetta)</small> |Favorite International Video | {{nom}} |- ||"Diamonds" |Favorite R&B Video | {{won}} |} ==NAACP Image Awards== The [[NAACP Image Awards]] are awards presented annually by the American [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] to honor outstanding people of color in [[film]], [[television]], [[music]], and [[literature]]. Rihanna has received six nominations. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2008<ref>{{cite web|title=39th NAACP Image Awards Show 2008|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/39th-naacp-image-awards-show-2008-906733.html?cat=7|work=Yahoo!|accessdate=February 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223070935/http://voices.yahoo.com/39th-naacp-image-awards-show-2008-906733.html?cat=7|archive-date=December 23, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||"Umbrella" <small>(feat. [[Jay-Z]])</small> |Outstanding Song | {{nom}} |- ||2009<ref>{{cite news|title=Chris Brown and Rihanna both up for NAACP Image Awards|url=http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/02/chris-brown-and.html|work=LA Times|accessdate=February 10, 2009|date=February 10, 2009|archive-date=March 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312194640/http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/02/chris-brown-and.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Rihanna |rowspan="2"| Outstanding Female Artist | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2010<ref>{{cite web|title='Precious,' Jay-Z, Rihanna and Sandra Bullock headline NAACP Image Awards nods|url=http://www.hitfix.com/articles/precious-jay-z-alicia-keys-and-sandra-bullock-headline-naacp-image-awards-nods|work=Hit Fix|accessdate=January 6, 2010|archive-date=Enero 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121183050/http://www.hitfix.com/articles/precious-jay-z-alicia-keys-and-sandra-bullock-headline-naacp-image-awards-nods|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nom}} |- | "[[Run This Town]]"<small>(w/ [[Jay-Z]] & [[Kanye West]])</small> | Outstanding Duo or Group | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Rihanna, Kanye West Nominated for 42nd NAACP Image Awards|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/01/12/rihanna-kanye-west-nominated-for-42nd-naacp-image-awards/|work=Rap-Up}}</ref> ||Rihanna | Outstanding Female Artist | {{nom}} |- ||"Love the Way You Lie" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |Outstanding Duo, Group or Collaboration | {{nom}} |- |2018 | "[[Loyalty (Kendrick Lamar song)|LOYALTY.]]"<small>(w/ [[Kendrick Lamar]])</small> |Outstanding Duo, Group or Collaboration |{{won}} |- |2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Rihanna Pleads for Equality at NAACP Image Awards: ‘Tell Your Friends to Pull Up’|url=http://www.https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rihanna-pleads-for-equality-at-naacp-image-awards-tell-your-friends-to-pull-up-1203511949/|work=Variety|accessdate=February 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819141428/http://https/|archive-date=August 19, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Rihanna | "[[NAACP Image Award – President's Award|President's Award]]" | {{won}} |- |} ==NME Awards== The [[NME Awards]] is an annual music awards show in the United Kingdom, founded by the music magazine, ''[[NME]]'' (New Musical Express). The first awards show was held in 1953 as the NME Poll Winners Concerts, shortly after the founding of the magazine. Though the accolades given are entirely genuine, the ceremony itself is usually carried out in a humorous and jovial manner. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2008<ref>{{cite web|title=Shockwaves NME Awards 2008: Kylie Minogue voted Sexiest Woman|url=https://www.nme.com/news/nme-awards/34782|work=NME|accessdate=February 28, 2008}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Sexiest Woman | {{nom}} |} ==NRJ Music Awards== The [[NRJ Music Awards]], created in 2000 by the French radio station [[NRJ]], give out awards to popular musicians by different categories. Rihanna has six awards and sixteen nominations. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="2"|2007<ref>{{cite web|title=Nommés des NRJ Music Awards 2007|url=http://www.toutelatele.com/nommes-des-nrj-music-awards-2007-5106|work=toutelatele|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2020-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620090713/https://www.toutelatele.com/nommes-des-nrj-music-awards-2007-5106|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Palmarès des NRJ Music Awards 2007|url=http://www.toutelatele.com/palmares-des-nrj-music-awards-2007-6006|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2020-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204143402/https://www.toutelatele.com/palmares-des-nrj-music-awards-2007-6006|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||Rihanna |International Revelation ng Taon | {{nom}} |- ||"Unfaithful" |rowspan="2"|Best International Song | {{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|2008<ref>{{cite web|title=NRJ Music Awards 2008 : tous les nommés|url=http://www.toutelatele.com/nrj-music-awards-2008-tous-les-nommes-8694}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Palmarès des NRJ Music Awards 2008 : Christophe Maé et Christophe Willem, grands vainqueurs !|url=http://teemix.aufeminin.com/news-musique/palmares-des-nrj-music-awards-2008-christophe-mae-et-christophe-willem-grands-vainqueurs-s933462.html}}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ||"Don't Stop the Music" | {{won}} |- ||''Good Girl Gone Bad'' |Best International Album | {{nom}} |- ||Rihanna |Best International Female | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2009<ref>{{cite web|title=NRJ music awards 2009: mistake on the winner name!|url=http://www.citizenside.com/en/photos/people/2009-01-17/12234/nrj-music-awards-2009-mistake-on-the-winner-name.html#f=0/63728|work=Citizen Side|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2016-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121183050/http://www.citizenside.com/en/photos/people/2009-01-17/12234/nrj-music-awards-2009-mistake-on-the-winner-name.html#f=0/63728|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||"Disturbia" |Best International Song | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|Rihanna |rowspan="2"|Best International Female | {{nom}} |- ||2010<ref>{{cite web|title=Rihanna, Beyonce Top NRJ Music Award Winners|url=http://singersroom.com/content/2010-01-25/Rihanna-Beyonce-Top-NRJ-Music-Award-Winners/|work=Singersroom}}</ref> | {{won}} |- |rowspan="4"|2011<ref>{{cite web|title=NRJ Music Awards 2011 : les nominations, Lady Gaga déjà favorite|url=http://www.staragora.com/news/nrj-music-awards-2011-les-nominations-lady-gaga-deja-favorite/409758|work=Staragora}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"Love the Way You Lie" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |Best International Song | {{nom}} |- |Video ng Taon | {{nom}} |- ||Rihanna |Best International Female | {{nom}} |- ||Rihanna & Eminem |Best International Duo | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2012<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 NRJ Music Awards|url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/2012-nrj-music-awards.html|work=Metro Lyrics|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2013-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717015351/http://www.metrolyrics.com/2012-nrj-music-awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Best International Female | {{won}} |- ||"We Found Love" <small>(feat. [[Calvin Harris]])</small> |Best International Song | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|2013 (14th Edition)<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 NRJ Music Awards|url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/2013-nrj-music-awards.html|work=Metro Lyrics|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2013-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629235328/http://www.metrolyrics.com/2013-nrj-music-awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Best International Female | {{won}} |- ||"Diamonds" |Best International Song | {{nom}} |- ||"Where Have You Been" |Video ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|2013 (15th Edition)<ref>{{cite web|title=Katy Perry et Maître Gims : la star américaine et le Wati-boy confirment leur présence à la 15e édition des NRJ Music Awards !|url=http://www.public.fr/News/Katy-Perry-et-Maitre-Gims-la-star-americaine-et-le-Wati-boy-confirment-leur-presence-a-la-15e-edition-des-NRJ-Music-Awards-459383.amp|work=Public|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2020-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620090715/https://amp.public.fr/News/Katy-Perry-et-Maitre-Gims-la-star-americaine-et-le-Wati-boy-confirment-leur-presence-a-la-15e-edition-des-NRJ-Music-Awards-459383|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Best International Female | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|2015 ||Rihanna |Best International Female | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|2016<ref>{{cite web|title=NRJ Music Awards 2016 : La liste des nommés|url=http://www.ozap.com/actu/nrj-music-awards-2016-la-liste-des-nommes/508061|work=Ozap}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Best International Female | {{nom}} |- ||Rihanna & Calvin Harris |Best International Duo | {{nom}} |- ||"Work" <small>(feat. [[Drake (musician)|Drake]])</small> |Video ng Taon | {{nom}} |} ==Nickelodeon Awards== ===Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards=== The [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]] is an annual awards show, that honors the Taon's biggest television, movie, and music acts, as voted by the people. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="2"|2009<ref>{{cite web|title=2009 Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Nominees List Released; Fans Will Vote on Finalists|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/2009-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-nominees-list-2622794.html?cat=33|work=Yahoo!|accessdate=February 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529191346/http://voices.yahoo.com/2009-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-nominees-list-2622794.html?cat=33|archive-date=May 29, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Favorite Female Singer | {{nom}} |- ||"Don't Stop the Music" |Favorite Song | {{nom}} |- |2017 ||Rihanna |Favorite Female Singer | {{nom}} |- | 2019 || Rihanna |Best Movie Actress for Nine Ball in [[Oceans 8]] | {{nom}} |} ===Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards=== The [[Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards]] is an annual awards show which awards entertainers with a blimp trophy, as voted by kids. The ceremony was discontinued after 2011 and replaced with the SlimeFest from 2012. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2006<ref>{{cite web|title=Prepare To Be Slimed…As The Australian Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Nominees Are Announced!|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=85242&p=irol-newsArticle_pf&ID=1014006&highlight=|work=Viacom|access-date=2013-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121183050/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=85242&p=irol-newsArticle_pf&ID=1014006&highlight=|archive-date=2016-01-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Favorite International Artist | {{nom}} |- ||2007<ref>{{cite web|title=Voting Open for Nickelodeon's Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2007|url=http://www.nickkcapress.com/2007KCA/aus/Voting%20Open%20140807.pdf|work=Nickk Capress|accessdate=August 14, 2007|archive-date=Pebrero 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220235956/http://www.nickkcapress.com/2007KCA/aus/Voting%20Open%20140807.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||"Umbrella" <small>(feat. [[Jay-Z]])</small> |Favorite Song | {{nom}} |- ||2008 ||Rihanna |Favorite International Artist | {{nom}} |} ===Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards UK=== The [[Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards|Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards UK]], also known as the KCAs, is an annual awards show, similar to the American and Australian versions. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2007<ref>{{cite web|title=In full: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards UK nominees|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a68524/in-full-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-uk-nominees.html|work=Digital Spy|accessdate=July 30, 2007}}</ref> ||"Umbrella" <small>(feat. [[Jay-Z]])</small> |MTV Hits Best Music Video | {{nom}} |} ==Premios Oye!== [[Premios Oye!]] is an annual awards ceremony that award outstanding achievements in the Mexican record industry. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2013<ref name="Oye!">{{cite web|url=http://musica.terra.com.mx/lista-completa-de-los-ganadores-de-premios-oye-2013,f6081cb49b2be310VgnVCM5000009ccceb0aRCRD.html|title=Lista completa de los ganadores de Premios Oye! 2013|access-date=10 April 2014|last=Rojas|first=Miriam|date=17 May 2013|work=Terra.com.mx|publisher=Telefónica S.A.}}</ref> ||"Diamonds" |English Song ng Taon | {{won}} |- |} ==People's Choice Awards== The [[People's Choice Awards]] is an awards show recognizing the people and the work of popular culture. Rihanna has 8 awards from 14 nominations. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||[[34th People's Choice Awards|2008]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 People's Choice Awards Goes on in Spite of the Writer's Strike|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/2008-peoples-choice-awards-goes-spite-the-791257.html?cat=33|work=Yahoo!|access-date=2013-05-29|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615214912/http://voices.yahoo.com/2008-peoples-choice-awards-goes-spite-the-791257.html?cat=33|archive-date=2013-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||"Shut Up and Drive" |Favorite R&B Song | {{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|[[35th People's Choice Awards|2009]]<ref>{{cite web|title=People's Choice Awards 2009 Nominees|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2009|work=Digital Spy|access-date=2013-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330232911/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2009|archive-date=2016-03-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Favorite Female Singer | {{nom}} |- ||"Disturbia" |Favorite Pop Song | {{nom}} |- ||"Take a Bow" |Favorite R&B Song | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|[[36th People's Choice Awards|2010]]<ref>{{cite web|title=People's Choice Awards 2010: The Winners|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a194568/peoples-choice-awards-2010-the-winners.html|work=Digital Spy|accessdate=January 7, 2010}}</ref> ||"Run This Town" <small>(w/ [[Jay-Z]] & [[Kanye West]])</small> |rowspan="2"|Favorite Music Collaboration | {{won}} |- ||"Live Your Life" <small>(w/ [[T.I.]])</small> | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|[[37th People's Choice Awards|2011]]<ref>{{cite web|title=People's People's Choice Awards 2011: The Winners|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a296264/peoples-choice-awards-2011-the-winners.html|work=Digital Spy|accessdate=January 6, 2011}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Favorite Pop Artist | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|"Love the Way You Lie" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |Favorite Music Video | {{won}} |- |Favorite Song | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|[[38th People's Choice Awards|2012]]<ref>{{cite web|title=People's Choice Awards 2012: The winners in full|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a359235/peoples-choice-awards-2012-the-winners-in-full.html|work=Digital Spy|accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> |rowspan="7"|Rihanna |Favorite Pop Artist | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|Favorite R&B Artist | {{won}} |- |[[39th People's Choice Awards|2013]]<ref>{{cite web|title=People's Choice Awards 2013: The winners and nominees in full|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a448890/peoples-choice-awards-2013-the-winners-and-nominees-in-full.html|work=Digital Spy|accessdate=January 10, 2013}}</ref> | {{won}} |- |[[40th People's Choice Awards|2014]] | {{nom}} |- |[[42nd People's Choice Awards|2015]] | Favorite Animated Movie Voice | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="4"|[[43rd People's Choice Awards|2017]] | Favorite Female Singer | {{nom}} |- | Favorite R&B Artist | {{won}} |- | "[[Work (Rihanna song)|Work]]" | Favorite Song | {{nom}} |- | ''[[Anti (album)|Anti]]'' | Favorite Album | {{nom}} |} ==Radio Disney Music Awards== The [[Radio Disney Music Awards]] is an annual awards show by Radio Disney. The awards honor the Taon's biggest achievements in music, voted by teen viewers. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="2"|2006<ref>{{cite web|title=Vote for the Radio Disney Awards!!!|url=http://www.shineon-media.com/2006/11/16/vote-for-the-radio-disney-awards|work=shine on media|date=April 21, 2014}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Best Female Singer | {{nom}} |- ||"SOS" |Best Song | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|[[2017 Radio Disney Music Awards|2017]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio disney music awards 2017 nominations|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/833663/radio-disney-music-awards-2017-complete-list-of-nominations/|work=e online|date= March 21, 2017}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|"[[Work (Rihanna song)|Work]]"<small> (with [[Drake (musician)|Drake]])</small> | Best Song to Lip Sync to | {{won}} |} ==Soul Train Music Awards== The [[Soul Train Music Awards]] is an annual award show which previously aired in national television syndication, and honors the best in Black music and entertainment. It is produced by the makers of Soul Train, the program from which it takes its name. Rihanna has earned three awards from 19 nominations. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="2"|[[2010 Soul Train Music Awards|2010]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 Soul Train Awards|url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2010-Soul-Train-Awards.htm|work=About.com|accessdate=November 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809212430/http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2010-Soul-Train-Awards.htm|archive-date=August 9, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |"Love the Way You Lie" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |Best Hip-Hop Song ng Taon | {{won}} |- |"Rude Boy" |Best R&B Song | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|2011<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Soul Train Awards|url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2011-Soul-Train-Awards.htm|work=About.com|access-date=2013-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093627/http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2011-Soul-Train-Awards.htm|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> |"Man Down" |Best Caribbean Performance | {{won}} |- |"Only Girl (In the World)"/"What's My Name?" |Best Dance Performance | {{nom}} |- |"All of the Lights" <small>(w/ [[Kanye West]])</small> |Best Hip-Hop Song ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |[[2012 Soul Train Music Awards|2012]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Soul Train Awards|url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2012-Soul-Train-Awards.htm|work=About.com|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2016-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121183050/http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2012-Soul-Train-Awards.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |"Where Have You Been" |Best Dance Performance | {{nom}} |- | 2015<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kennedy|first1=Gerrick D.|title=The Weeknd, Bruno Mars lead Soul Train Awards nominations|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-the-weeknd-bruno-mars-lead-soul-train-awards-nominations-20151016-story.html|website=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref> | "[[Bitch Better Have My Money]]" | Song ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="7"|2016<ref>{{cite web|title=Drake leads Soul Train Awards 2016 nominations|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2016/10/12/drake-leads-soul-train-awards-2016-nominations/|website=Rap-Up.com}}</ref> |Rihanna |Best R&B/Soul Female Artist |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="4"|"[[Work (Rihanna song)|Work]]"<small> (with [[Drake (musician)|Drake]])</small> |Best Collaboration |{{nom}} |- |Best Dance Performance |{{nom}} |- |Song ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |Video ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|"[[Needed Me]]" |The Ashford & Simpson's Songwriting Award |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|''[[Anti (album)|Anti]]'' |Album/Mixtape ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="5"|2017<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8005601/soul-train-awards-2017-nominees-solange-bruno-mars-bet|title=Soul Train Music Awards 2017 - Nominees|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> |rowspan="5"|"[[Wild Thoughts]]"<small> (with [[DJ Khaled]] & [[Bryson Tiller]])</small> |Video ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |Best Hip-Hop Song ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |Song ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |Best Dance Performance |{{nom}} |- |Best Collaboration |{{won}} |- |} ==Swiss Music Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |2008<ref>{{cite web|title=2009 "Swiss Grammys" spotlight local musicians|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/archive/Swiss_Grammys_spotlight_local_musicians.html?cid=6467566|work=Swiss Info|accessdate=February 28, 2008|archive-date=Disyembre 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224173002/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/archive/Swiss_Grammys_spotlight_local_musicians.html?cid=6467566|url-status=dead}}</ref> |"Umbrella" <small>(feat. [[Jay-Z]])</small> |International Song | {{won}} |- |} ==Teen Choice Awards== The [[Teen Choice Awards]] is a teen awards show presented annually by [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]. The program honors the Taon's biggest achievements in music, movies, sports, television, fashion and more, as voted on by teens aged 13–19. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |2005<ref>{{cite news|title=Teen Choice Awards |url=http://www.fox.com/tca2005/nominees.htm |work=Fox |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060108193620/http://www.fox.com/tca2005/nominees.htm |archivedate=2006-01-08 }}</ref> |Pon De Replay |Choice: Summer Song | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="7"|2006<ref>{{cite news|title=List of Teen Choice Awards winners|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2006-08-20-teen-choice-winners_x.htm|work=USA Today|accessdate=March 30, 2015}}</ref> |rowspan="5"|Rihanna |Choice Music: R&B Artist | {{won}} |- |Choice Music: Breakout Artist Female | {{won}} |- |Choice Miscellaneous: Female Hottie | {{nom}} |- |Choice: Female Artist | {{nom}} |- |Choice: V Cast Artist | {{nom}} |- |SOS |Choice: Music Single | {{nom}} |- |Unfaithful |Choice: Summer Song | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="6"|2007<ref>{{cite news|title=Teen Choice Awards Pirates|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Teen-Choice-Awards-Pirates-6194.html|work=Cinema Blend|accessdate=March 30, 2015}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Rihanna |Choice Music: R&B Artist | {{won}} |- |Choice Female Hottie | {{nom}} |- |Choice Music: Female Artist | {{nom}} |- |Choice Music: Summer Artist | {{nom}} |- ||"Umbrella" <small>(w/ [[Jay-Z]])</small> |Choice Music: Single | {{nom}} |- ||"Shut Up And Drive" |Choice Music: Song of the Summer | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="4"|2008<ref>{{cite news|title=2008 Teen Choice Awards winners and nominees|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/env-2008-teen-choice-awards-scorecard17jun17,0,2603341.htmlstory|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=June 16, 2012|date=June 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912051322/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/env-2008-teen-choice-awards-scorecard17jun17%2C0%2C2603341.htmlstory|archive-date=September 12, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|Rihanna |Choice Music: R&B Artist | {{nom}} |- |Choice Female Hottie | {{nom}} |- |Choice Music: Female Artist | {{nom}} |- ||"Don't Stop the Music" |Choice Music: Single | {{nom}} |- ||2009<ref>{{cite news|title=Teen Choice Awards 2009 nominees|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2009/06/teen-choice-awards-2009-nominees.html|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=June 25, 2009|date=June 15, 2009}}</ref> ||"Live Your Life" <small>(w/ [[T.I.]])</small> |Choice Music: Hook Up | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="4"|2010<ref>14 June 2010. [http://hollywoodcrush.mtv.com/2010/06/14/teen-choice-awards-2010-nominees/ Teen Choice Awards 2010: First Round Of Nominees Announced] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714130058/http://hollywoodcrush.mtv.com/2010/06/14/teen-choice-awards-2010-nominees/ |date=2011-07-14 }}</ref><ref>28 June 2010. [http://hollywoodcrush.mtv.com/2010/06/28/teen-choice-2010-nominees/ Teen Choice Awards 2010: Second (Giant) Wave Of Nominees Announced!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003013/http://hollywoodcrush.mtv.com/2010/06/28/teen-choice-2010-nominees/ |date=2012-09-18 }}</ref> ||Rihanna |Choice Music: R&B Artist | {{nom}} |- ||''Rated R'' |Choice Album R&B | {{nom}} |- ||"Love the Way You Lie" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |Choice Music: Rap/Hip-Hop Track | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|Rihanna |Choice Summer: Summer Music Star - Female | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Teen Choice Awards 2011 Winners, Nominations List|url=http://www.shallownation.com/2011/08/04/teen-choice-awards-2011-winners-nominations-list/|work=Shallow Nation|accessdate=August 4, 2011|archive-date=Hulyo 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730210719/http://www.shallownation.com/2011/08/04/teen-choice-awards-2011-winners-nominations-list/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Choice Music: Female Artist | {{nom}} |- ||"All of The Lights" <small>(w/ [[Kanye West]])</small> |Choice Music: R&B/Hip-Hop Track | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="6"|2012<ref>{{cite web|title=Teen Choice Awards 2012: First wave nominees in full|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a382471/teen-choice-awards-2012-first-wave-nominees-in-full.html|work=Digital Spy|accessdate=May 18, 2012|date=2012-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Teen Choice Awards 2012: Second wave nominations in full|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a387458/teen-choice-awards-2012-second-wave-nominations-in-full.html|work=Digital Spy|accessdate=June 15, 2012|date=2012-06-15}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Rihanna |Choice Music: Female Artist | {{nom}} |- |Choice Fashion: Female Hottie | {{nom}} |- |Choice Music: Summer Music Star: Female | {{nom}} |- |Choice Movie: Breakout Female {{small|(for ''[[Battleship (film)|Battleship]]'')}} | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|"Take Care" <small>(w/ [[Drake (Canadian rapper)|Drake]])</small> |Choice Music: Male Single | {{nom}} |- |Choice Music: R&B/Hip-Hop Track | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="5"|2013<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Teen Choice Award Nominations: Twilight and Vampire Diaries Are Tops, Taylor Swift and Harry Styles Square Off|url=http://uk.eonline.com/news/422134/2013-teen-choice-award-nominations-twilight-and-vampire-diaries-are-tops-taylor-swift-and-harry-styles-square-off|work=E! Online|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|Rihanna |Choice Music: Female Artist |{{nom}} |- |Choice Music: Summer Music Star Female | {{nom}} |- |Choice Other: Twitter Personality | {{nom}} |- |"Stay" |Choice Music: Break-Up Song |{{nom}} |- |"Diamonds" |Choice Music: R&B/Hip- Hop Song |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Teen Choice Awards: The Complete Winners List|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/teen-choice-awards-2014-winners-724423|work=Hollywoodreporter|accessdate=March 30, 2015}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|Rihanna | Choice Fashion: Female Hottie | {{nom}} |- | Choice Web: Social Media Queen | {{nom}} |- | Choice Web: Instagrammer | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="7"|2015<ref>{{cite web|last=Coggan|first=Devan|title=Teen Choice Award nominations pit Zayn Malik against One Direction|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/09/teen-choice-award-nominations-2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|date=June 9, 2015|accessdate=July 12, 2015|archive-date=Hunyo 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626173322/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/09/teen-choice-award-nominations-2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ca.eonline.com/news/674216/teen-choice-awards-2015-nominees-wave-2-revealed|last=Johnson|first=Zach|title=Teen Choice Awards 2015 Nominees: Wave 2 Revealed!|publisher=[[E! Online]]|date=July 8, 2015|accessdate=July 12, 2015}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Rihanna |Choice Music: Female Artist |{{nom}} |- |Choice Fashion: Female Hottie |{{nom}} |- |Choice Music: Summer Star: Female |{{nom}} |- |Choice Other: Selfie Taker |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|"[[Bitch Better Have My Money]]" |Choice Music: R&B/Hip-Hop Song |{{nom}} |- |Choice Music: Party Song |{{nom}} |- |"[[FourFiveSeconds]]" |Choice Music: R&B/Hip-Hop Song |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="5"|2016<ref>{{cite web|title=Teen Choice Awards: Complete List of Nominees|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/teen-choice-awards-2016-nominees-915639/item/tca-summer-star1-915707|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Rihanna |Choice Music: Female Artist |{{nom}} |- |Choice Summer Music Star: Female |{{nom}} |- |"[[Work (Rihanna song)|Work]]" |Choice Music: R&B/Hip-Hop Song |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|"[[This Is What You Came For]]" |Choice Music: Party Song |{{nom}} |- |Choice Music: Summer Song |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="5" | 2018 | rowspan="5" | Rihanna | Choice Music: R&B/Hip-Hop Artist | {{nom}} |- | Choice Music: Best Female Artist | {{nom}} |- |Choice Music: Best Fandom RihannaNavy | {{nom}} |- |Choice Fashion: Female Hottie | {{nom}} |- |Choice Fashion: Choice Style Icon | {{nom}} |- |} ==[[Telehit Awards]] == {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="2"|2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvyespectaculos.mx/2012/10/25/niminados-a-los-premios-telehit-2012/|title=Nominados de los Premios Telehit 2012|publisher=TVyEspectaculos.mx|accessdate=February 23, 2017|date=November 23, 2012|language=Spanish}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|''We Found Love'' |Song ng Taon |{{won}} |- |Video ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2016<ref>{{cite web|title=¡Ellos son los ganadores de los Premios Telehit 2016!|url=http://www.tvynovelas.com/mx/noticias/16/11/10/ganadores-premios-telehit-2016-musica/|publisher=TVyNovelas.com|accessdate=February 23, 2017|date=November 11, 2016|language=Spanish|archive-date=Hulyo 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731191110/http://www.tvynovelas.com/mx/noticias/16/11/10/ganadores-premios-telehit-2016-musica/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="1"|Rihanna |Best Female Solo Artist |{{won}} |- |rowspan="1"|''Work'' (ft. Drake) |Song ng Taon |{{nom}} |- |} == The Radio Academy Awards == [[The Radio Academy]] awards a number of honors each Taon, including induction into its UK Radio Hall of Fame, Fellowships, The John Peel Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music Radio, The PPL Lifetime Achievement Award, The Local and Regional Lifetime Achievement Award and The Most Played Artist on British Radio. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2008 |rowspan="2"|Rihanna |rowspan="2"|Most Played Artist on British Radio<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioacademy.org/about/honours/ |title=Radio Academy Honours |publisher=The Radio Academy |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901030000/http://www.radioacademy.org/about/honours/ |archivedate=2015-09-01 }}</ref> |{{won}} |- ||2012 |{{won}} |} ==4Music Video Honours== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="4"|2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.4music.com/news/news/2097/4Music-Video-Honours-2011-The-Results|title=news: 4Music Video Honours 2011 - The Results |date=November 21, 2011|publisher=[[4Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.4music.com/news/news/1786/4Music-Video-Honours-2011-Best-Video-Nomineests|title=news: 4Music Video Honours 2011 - Best Video Nominees|date=October 21, 2011|publisher=[[4Music]]}}</ref> ||Rihanna |Best Girl | {{Won}} |- ||"California King Bed" |rowspan="3"|Best Video | {{nom}} |- ||"What's My Name?" <small>(w/ [[Drake (Canadian rapper)|Drake]])</small> | {{nom}} |- ||"Who's That Chick?" <small>(w/ [[David Guetta]])</small> | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="4"|2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.4music.com/shows/592/4Music-Video-Honours-2012-Best-Girl|title=show: 4Music Video Honours 2012 Best Girl|publisher=[[4Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.4music.com/shows/590/4Music-Video-Honours-2012-Best-Video-of-2012 |title=show: 4Music Video Honours 2012 Best Video of 2012 |publisher=[[4Music]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030065333/http://www.4music.com/shows/590/4Music-Video-Honours-2012-Best-Video-of-2012 |archivedate=2012-10-30 }}</ref> ||Rihanna |Best Girl | {{nom}} |- ||"Princess of China"<small>(w/ [[Coldplay]])</small> |rowspan="3"|Best Video | {{nom}} |- |- ||"Take Care"<small>(w/ Drake)</small> | {{nom}} |- ||"Where Have You Been"<small>(w/ [[Calvin Harris]])</small> | {{nom}} |- |} ==Urban Music Awards== The [[Urban Music Awards]] is a hip-hop, R&B, dance and soul music awards ceremony launched in 2003 and now held in six countries annually. Rihanna has earned three awards from seven nominations. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="2"|2007<ref>{{cite web|title=NOMINATIONS FOR THE URBAN MUSIC AWARDS USA ANNOUNCED!!|url=http://urbanmusicawards.net/2011/07/l-16/|work=Urban Music Awards|date=March 18, 2007|access-date=Abril 8, 2020|archive-date=Hulyo 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714125836/http://urbanmusicawards.net/2011/07/l-16/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||"Unfaithful" |Best Music Video | {{nom}} |- ||Rihanna |Best R&B Act | {{won}} |- |rowspan="4"|2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Rihanna scoops two Urban Music wins|url=http://metro.co.uk/2009/07/20/rihanna-scoops-two-urban-music-wins-283196/|work=Metro|date=July 20, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=URBAN MUSIC AWARDS USA REVEALS NOMINATIONS!!|url=http://urbanmusicawards.net/2011/07/urban-music-awards-usa-reveals-nominations/|work=Urban Music Awards|date=July 12, 2009|access-date=May 28, 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/663JvxLPl?url=http://urbanmusicawards.net/2011/07/urban-music-awards-usa-reveals-nominations/|archive-date=March 10, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||"Rehab" |Best Music Video | {{won}} |- |rowspan="4"|Rihanna |Best Female Act | {{won}} |- |Best R&B Act | {{nom}} |- |Artist ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |2010<ref>{{cite web|title=The Urban Music Awards 2010 annonunces UK nominees|url=http://urbanmusicawards.net/2011/07/a-15/|work=Urban Music Awards|date=July 11, 2011|access-date=Abril 8, 2020|archive-date=Hulyo 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722152809/http://urbanmusicawards.net/2011/07/a-15/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Best International Artist | {{Nom}} |- |2012 |Unapologetic |Album ng Taon | {{won}} |} ==UK Festival Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |2016 |Rihanna (''[[V Festival]]'') |Best Headline Performance |{{nom}} |- |} ==UK Music Video Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="1"|2011<ref>{{cite web|title=UK Music Video Awards 2011: here are the nominations!|url=http://www.promonews.tv/2011/10/12/uk-music-video-awards-2011-here-are-the-nominations/|work=Promo News|date=October 12, 2011|access-date=December 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013035216/http://www.promonews.tv/2011/10/12/uk-music-video-awards-2011-here-are-the-nominations/|archive-date=October 13, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> |"Love the Way You Lie" <small>(w/ [[Eminem]])</small> |Best Urban Video – International |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|2012<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Genre Categories|url=http://www.ukmva.com/content/nominations/music-genre-categories|work=UKMVA|date=December 12, 2012|access-date=December 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012234840/http://www.ukmva.com/content/nominations/music-genre-categories|archive-date=October 12, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> |"We Found Love" <small>(feat. [[Calvin Harris]])</small> |Best Pop Video - International |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"|2015<ref>{{cite web|title=UK Video Music Awards 2015 - All the winners|url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/uk-music-video-awards-2015-all-the-winners-2/063333|work=UKMVA|date=November 7, 2015}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"Bitch Better Have My Money" |Best Pop Video - International |{{won}} |- |Best Styling in a Video |{{won}} |- |rowspan="1"|2016<ref>{{cite web|title=UK Music Video Awards 2016: here are the nominations|url=http://www.promonews.tv/news/2016/09/21/uk-music-video-awards-2016-here-are-nominations|work=promonews|date=October 7, 2017|access-date=Abril 8, 2020|archive-date=Oktubre 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007171101/http://www.promonews.tv/news/2016/09/21/uk-music-video-awards-2016-here-are-nominations|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="1"|"This Is What You Came For" <small>(feat. [[Calvin Harris]])</small> |Best Dance Video – UK |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="1"|[[2018 UK Music Video Awards |2018]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukmva.com/Pages/Detail/103-craft-and-techincal-categories|title=craft and technical - ukmva 2018|website=www.ukmva.com|access-date=2018-10-06|archive-date=2018-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006234820/https://www.ukmva.com/Pages/Detail/103-craft-and-techincal-categories|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="1"|"Lemon" <small>(feat. [[N.E.R.D.]])</small> |Best Choreography in a Video |{{nom}} |- |} ==VH1 Soul VIBE Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- ||2007<ref>{{cite web|title=2007 VH1 Soul VIBE Award Nominees and Winners|url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2007VibeAwards.htm|work=About.com|date=November 7, 2007|access-date=Abril 8, 2020|archive-date=Mayo 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509104156/http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2007VibeAwards.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||"Umbrella" <small>(feat. [[Jay-Z]])</small> |Video ng Taon | {{won}} |} ==WDM Radio Awards== The '''WDM Radio Awards''' is an award ceremony created in 2017 by [[Los 40]] under their ''World Dance Music'' brand, billed as "the first radio awards to electronic music". It is meant to be a global event, promoted by the twelve Los 40 stations in Spain and Latin America.<ref name="wdmra1">{{cite web|title=WDM Radio Awards|url=http://los40.com.mx/especiales/wdm-Radio-Awards/index.html|website=LOS40|accessdate=21 February 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- |rowspan="2"|2017 |rowspan="2"| "[[This Is What You Came For]]" ft. [[Calvin Harris]] |Best Global Track |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominados a los WDM Radio Awards|url=http://los40.com.mx/especiales/wdm-Radio-Awards/nominados-wdm.html?int=news-wdm-40mexico|website=LOS40|accessdate=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307162620/http://los40.com.mx/especiales/wdm-Radio-Awards/nominados-wdm.html?int=news-wdm-40mexico|archive-date=7 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |} ==Webby Award== The [[Webby Award]] is an award for excellence on the Internet presented annually by The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences. Categories include websites, interactive advertising, online film and video, and mobile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webbyawards.com/about/|title=About|accessdate=August 22, 2015|publisher=[[Webby Award]]}}</ref> Rihanna received two awards. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta !Ref. |- |rowspan="2"|2016 |rowspan="2"|ANTIdiaRy |Mobile Campaign |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Webby Awards Winners for Mobile Campaigns|url=http://webbyawards.com/winners/2016/advertising-media/campaigns/mobile-campaigns/|accessdate=4 November 2016|archive-date=4 Nobiyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104141934/http://webbyawards.com/winners/2016/advertising-media/campaigns/mobile-campaigns/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Best Use of Video or Moving Image |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Webby Awards Winners for Best Use of Video or Moving Image|url=http://webbyawards.com/winners/2016/advertising-media/features/best-use-of-video-or-moving-image/|accessdate=4 November 2016|archive-date=4 Nobiyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142014/http://webbyawards.com/winners/2016/advertising-media/features/best-use-of-video-or-moving-image/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |} ==World Music Awards== The [[World Music Awards]] is an international awards show founded in 1989 that annually honors recording artists based on worldwide sales figures provided by the [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] (IFPI). Rihanna has earned three awards. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- |rowspan="2"|2006 |rowspan="14"|Rihanna |World's Best-Selling Barbadian Artist | {{won}} |- |World's Best Selling R&B Artist | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|2007 |World's Best Entertainer ng Taon | {{won}} |- |World's Best-Selling Pop Female Artist | {{won}} |- |World's Best-Selling R&B Female Artist | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2" |2008 |World's Best-Selling R&B Female Artist | {{nom}} |- |World's Best-Selling Barbadian Artist | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2" |2010 |World's Best Pop/Rock Artist | {{nom}} |- |World's Best song |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="5"|2014 |World's Best Female Artist | {{nom}} |- |World's Best Live Act | {{nom}} |- |World's Best Entertainer ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |World's song ng Taon | {{nom}} |- |World's best video | {{nom}} |- |} ==YouTube Music Awards== The [[YouTube Music Awards]], abbreviated as the YTMA, was the inaugural music award show presented by YouTube. {| class="wikitable" |- !Taon !Tagapagtanggap !Award !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" | 2013<ref>{{cite web|last=Michalski|first=Jennifer|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/youtubes-music-awards-nominations-complete-list-2013-10|title=Here Are The Nominations For YouTube's First Music Awards|website=Business Insider|date=October 22, 2013|accessdate=November 3, 2013}}</ref> | Rihanna | Artist ng Taon | {{nom}} |- | "Diamonds" | YouTube Phenomenon | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2015<ref>{{cite magazine|last=McIntyre|first=Hugh|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2015/03/03/here-are-the-winners-of-the-2015-youtube-music-awards/|title=Here Are The Winners Of The 2015 YouTube Music Awards|magazine=Forbes|date=March 3, 2015|accessdate=March 30, 2015}}</ref> | Rihanna | 50 artists to watch | {{won}} |} ==Tala== {{notelist}} ==Mga sanggunian== {{Reflist|20em}} l2cs83rvvekimk7z7i91s8x0lz5fka3 0 298105 2204243 2172940 2026-04-22T18:10:11Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple issues| {{refimprove|date=Abril 2024}} {{MOS|date=Abril 2024}} {{cleanup|date=Abril 2024|reason=Kailangan ayusin ang pagkakasulat at balarila. Kailangan din isalin ang mga banyagang salita.}} }} {{Infobox brand |name = Easy TV |logo = |caption = |producttype = [[Digital terrestrial television|Digital]] [[Set-Top Box]] |currentowner = [[Solar Entertainment Corporation]] |producedby = |country = Philippines |introduced = 2018 (test trial) |related = |markets = Philippines |ambassadors = |tagline = |website = {{URL|https://www.easytv.ph}} }} Ang '''Easy TV '''ay isang [[digital terrestrial telebisyon]] produkto at serbisyo na pag-aari at pinamamahalaan ng [[Solar Entertainment Corporation]]. Orihinal na bilang isang serbisyo ng mobile TV dongle, ang serbisyo ay namamahagi ngayon [[Digital adapter telebisyon|digital set-top box]], pati na rin [[freemium]] mga digital TV channel. Sa ngayon, ang Madaling TV ay natatanggap sa mga napiling lugar sa [[Metro Manila]].<ref>http://www.ronnotthedj.com/2017/12/easy-tv.html</ref> Ang Easy TV ay matatanggap sa mga piling lugar sa Metro Manila at ilang bahagi ng mga kalapit na probinsya. ==Channel lineup== <!-- PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE INFORMATION BEYOND THIS AREA.--> {| class="wikitable" |-SOLAR ! Digital frequency ! [[Virtual channel|Channel]] ! [[Video coding format|Format]] ! [[Aspect ratio (image)|Ratio]] ! [[Program and System Information Protocol|PSIP Short Name]] ! Programming |- | rowspan=8|UHF 22 (521.143 MHz) || 22.02 || rowspan=8|[[480i]] || rowspan=8|[[4:3]] || ETC || [[ETC (kalambatang pantelebisyon sa pilipinas)|ETC]] |- | 22.03 || JackTV || [[Jack TV]] |- | 22.04 || Solar Sports || [[Solar Sports]] |- | 22.05 || MTVph || [[MTVph]] |- | 22.06 || Gone Viral || [[Gone Viral TV]] |- | 22.07 || Zee Sine || [[Zee Sine]] |- | 22.08 || Outdoor || [[Outdoor Channel]] |- | 22.09 || Shop TV || [[Shop TV]] |- | rowspan=8|UHF 30 (569.143 MHz) || 30.01 || rowspan=8|[[480i]] || rowspan=8|[[4:3]] || ZooMoo || [[ZooMoo]] |- | 30.02 || AniPlus || [[Aniplus Asia|Aniplus]] |- | 30.03 || K Plus || [[K-Plus]] |- | 30.04 || History || [[History (Asia)|History]] |- | 30.05 || BTV || [[Basketball TV]] |- | 30.06 || NBA Premium || [[NBA Premium TV]] |- | 30.07 || Boo || Boo |- | 30.08 || Reserved || [[2nd Avenue (kalambatang telebisyon)|2nd Avenue]] {{small|(until June 30, 2018)}} |} Ang lahat ng mga channel na ibinigay ng Solar (maliban sa ETC at Shop TV, na libre-to-air sa lahat ng mga digital platform) ay naka-encrypt at pinapaglitan ng [[MULTI2|Multi2]] - batay sa pag-encrypt, dahil dito, sa gayon ay nangangailangan ng activation sa pamamagitan ng hotline o sa pamamagitan ng kanilang website upang maisalba ang mga channel na ito. Bilang karagdagan, ang lahat ng mga hindi naka-encrypt na digital terrestrial TV channel na nai-broadcast sa loob ng lugar ng sambahayan ay dinadala. == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist|30em}} == Mga panlabas na link == * {{url|https://www.easytv.ph|Official website}} <!-- Per [[WP:ELMINOFFICIAL]], choose one official website only. --> <!-- Do NOT list online stores here. --> [[Kategorya:Solar Entertainment Corporation]] [[Kategorya:Dihital na telebisyon sa Pilipinas]] d269dgczvzuhlgi3wm8ia0nqd1nn0bf 0 298517 2204246 2172930 2026-04-22T18:14:33Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the television network|its parent company|Progressive Broadcasting Corporation|the AM radio station|DZUN|the FM radio station|DWUN|the network callsign in Metro Manila|DWAO-TV}} {{redirect|UNTV 37|other uses|UNTV (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox broadcasting network | network_name = UNTV | network_logo = UNTV-Logo-2016.png | logo_size = 250px | caption = Logo Used since 2016 | network_type = [[Broadcasting|Broadcast]] [[Television broadcasting|television network]] | branding = The ''Kasangbahay'' Network (''Kasangbahay'' is a Filipino term for "household".) | country = [[Pilipinas]] | available = Nationwide | motto = Your Public Service Channel | founded = {{start date|2001|7|16}} | founder = Alfredo L. Henares | tvstations = [[#Television stations|List of TV stations]] | headquarters = La Verdad Christian College Building, Bagong Barrio, EDSA, Caloocan | owner = [[Progressive Broadcasting Corporation]] | key_people = {{plainlist| *Alfredo "Atom" L. Henares (Chairman, President of PBC) *Daniel S. Razon (Chairman, CEO of BMPI) *Jay Eusebio (Vice President for TV, UNTV-BMPI) }} | launch_date = Hulyo 16, 2001 | former_names = NUTV (1999-2001)<br>UNTV Life (2015-2016) | Picture format = [[480i]] [[SDTV]]<br>[[1080p]] [[HDTV]] {{small|(downscaled to [[720p]] locally in some markets)}} | website = {{url|untvweb.com}} }} Ang '''UNTV Integrated News and Rescue''' ay ang punong istasyon ng telebisyon ng telebisyon ng Pilipinas ng [[Progressive Broadcasting Corporation]] (PBC), kasama ang Breakthrough and Milestones Productions International, Inc. (BMPI), ang tagabigay ng nilalaman ng network at braso sa pagmemerkado. Ang DWAO-TV ay isa sa napakakaunting mga istasyon ng NTSC-System M sa buong mundo na nagpo-broadcast sa Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Channel 37. Ang mga studio ay matatagpuan sa UNTV Building, 907 Brgy. Philam, EDSA Quezon City at transmitter na matatagpuan sa Emerald Hills, Sumulong Highway, Antipolo City. Ang 16-palapag na UNTV Broadcast Center sa kahabaan ng EDSA Philam ay kasalukuyang itinatayo upang magsilbing bagong punong tanggapan nitong 2018. Kilala ito sa pagsasahimpapawid ng [[Ang Dating Daan]] '''''(ADD)''''', ang pinakahihintay na programa ng relihiyon sa Pilipinas, na pinamamahalaan ng ebanghelista sa radio at TV na si Bro. Si Eli Soriano, ang Pangkalahatang Lingkod sa Members Church of God International (MCGI). Ang mga programang pampublikong serbisyo ng UNTV at mga libreng serbisyo ay pinamamahalaan ng chairman at CEO ng BMPI na "Kuya" (Ingles: Kapatid) na si [[Daniel Razon]]. Si Razon ay Katulong sa Pangkalahatang Lingkod sa MCGI. Ang UNTV ay tinukoy bilang '''"Ang Kasangbahay Network"''',<ref name="kasangbahay">{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2015/03/24/1436813/what-lured-edu-back-teleserye&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwiaytrNxfLMAhWLhRoKHdVGBjUQqQIIFCgAMAE&usg=AFQjCNHtcTQ0woZgbuIwp_rQmvgJn5Q12g|title=What lured Edu back to teleserye |publisher=''philstar.com''}}</ref><ref name="kasangbahay2">{{cite web|url=https://www.untvradio.com/hosts/angelo-diego-castro-iii/|title=Angelo Diego Castro III|publisher=''untvradio.com''|access-date=2020-06-25|archive-date=2017-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628030200/https://www.untvradio.com/hosts/angelo-diego-castro-iii/|url-status=dead}}</ref> isang salitang [[Pilipinas|Pilipino]] na nangangahulugang "sambahayan", isang pangkat ng mga tao, madalas na isang pamilya, na magkasama. Ipinakilala ito noong 2007. ==Kasaysayan== {{main|Progressive Broadcasting Corporation}} ===Mga unang taon (2001 hanggang 2004)=== <!-- [[File:Untvoldlogo.jpg|150px|Old UNTV logo used from 2002 to 2006.|right]] --> Noong Hulyo 2001, ang [[Progressive Broadcasting Corporation]] (PBC) na pag-aari ng negosyante na si Alfredo "Atom" Henares ay sumali sa telebisyon ng UHF sa pamamagitan ng UNTV 37. [3] Matapos ang halos isang taon ng pag-broadcast ng pagsubok, ang UNTV (binibigkas bilang "un-tee-vee") ay inilunsad noong Mayo 2002 bilang isang counterpart ng telebisyon sa istasyon ng FM ng FM ng PBC na NU 107 (DWNU 107.5 FM), ang airing rock at mga alternatibong video sa musika ng rock. Ang NU 107 ay isang utak ng Henares at beterano ng radyo na si Mike N. Pedero. Ito ay nakaukit ng isang angkop na lugar sa kasaysayan ng pag-broadcast sa radyo bilang isa sa pinakaunang alternatibong istasyon ng radyo na gumaganap ng mga artista na sumisira sa bagong batayan sa musika. Sa mga unang taon nito sa telebisyon, nagkamit ang UNTV ng isang kulto na sumusunod sa pamamagitan ng komedya at reality show na Strangebrew na kilala bilang "Ang show na may tama" at "Sa Raw." ===UN Television (2004 hanggang ngayon)=== Noong 2004, unti-unting nabawasan ang UNTV at sa huli ay tumigil sa pag-airing ng mga music music rock matapos ang mga blocktime slot na nakuha ng Tapatan, Inc., isang firm ng multimedia at consultancy na pinamumunuan ng beterano na broadcaster na si Jay Sonza bilang chairman at CEO. [4] Nang maglaon, ipinakilala ang mga programa sa balita at pampublikong at ang Sonza ay naging manager ng istasyon ng UNTV. [5] Si Henares ay nakipag-ugnayan din sa MCGI para sa relihiyosong programa sa gabi. [6] Simula noon, nagsimulang mag-airing ang UNTV at kalaunan ay naging permanenteng tahanan ng programang pangrelihiyon Ang Dating Daan (The Old Path) matapos iwanang UHF TV network na pag-aari ng GemHom Holdings na SBH 21. Nang maglaon, ang istasyon ay muling naitala bilang "UN Television (UNTV)" (binibigkas bilang "you-en-tee-vee."). Ang muling pagsasama ay naglalayong ipakilala ang istasyon sa isang mas malaking hanay ng madla ng madla. Ito ay kasama ng isang bagong Station ID, sariling website, at bagong tagline na "In Service to Humanity. Wordwide." Nagsimula ang UNTV mula sa simula ng isang one-room broadcast studio na matatagpuan sa AIC Gold Tower sa Ortigas Center, Pasig City. [7] 2004 minarkahan ang pagpasok ng UNTV sa satellite broadcasting gamit ang Agila 2 satellite at ang pagsisimula ng 24/7 broadcast sa pamamagitan ng opisyal na website. Noong Nobyembre 2005, naging sikat ang istasyon matapos makuha ng isa sa cameraman nito ang eksklusibong apat na minuto na raw na footage ng isang insidente ng pagbaril mismo sa harap ng studio nito sa Ortigas na naipalabas sa TV Patrol, ang nangungunang rating ng primetime newscast ng [[ABS-CBN]]. [9] Dahil nangangailangan ito ng mas malaking puwang para sa lumalagong mga inisyatibo ng publiko sa serbisyo, ang istasyon ay inilipat sa Brgy. Damayang Lagi New Manila, Quezon City noong 2006 at kalaunan sa sarili nitong gusali sa 907 Philam Homes kasama ang EDSA Quezon City noong 2008. Mula noon, ang UNTV ay naging isang 24/7 na libreng istasyon ng TV na naglalathala ng 24 na oras sa isang araw, 7 araw sa isang linggo (maliban sa Lunes ng umaga mula 12mn hanggang 3:00 para sa regular na pagpapanatili ng transmiter) sa libreng-to-air TV airing hindi lamang mga relihiyosong programa ng ADD, ngunit din sa mga balita at kasalukuyang mga gawain, pampublikong serbisyo, impormasyon sa programa at libangan. Noong 2007, nakuha ng BMPI ni Kuya Daniel Razon ang pangunahing teknikal at operasyon ng produksiyon sa TV ng UNTV at inilunsad bilang isang public service channel, una sa kasaysayan ng TV sa Pilipinas. Noong 2013, minarkahan ng UNTV ang isa pang una sa tanawin ng balita sa TV ng TV habang nakuha ng network ang DJI Phantom aerial drones para sa kanilang live na pag-uulat ng balita. Ang mga drone na ito ay ginamit sa saklaw nito ng Bagyong Haiyan [10] pagkatapos. Noong 2013, tumigil ang UNTV gamit ang dati nitong analog transmitter tower sa Crestview Heights Subdivision, Brgy. Ang San Roque, Antipolo City, Rizal at nagsimulang gamitin ang bagong itinayo na tore na matatagpuan malapit sa Emerald Hills sa Sumulong Highway, Antipolo City, Rizal para sa isang mas malinaw at mas mahusay na pagtanggap ng signal at ginamit upang i-broadcast ang UNTV kapwa sa analog at digital at 107.5 Wish FM.   Noong nakaraang Hunyo 25–26, 2014, ang network ay nagmarka ng ika-10 anibersaryo sa broadcast industry na may dalawang araw na UNTV Elderpowerment Expo at UNTV Rescue Summit na ginanap sa Philippine Trade Training Center (PTTC) at World Trade Center (WTC) kapwa sa Pasay City at ang malambot na paglulunsad ng "107.5" isang bagong istasyon ng radyo ng FM sa ilalim ng pamamahala ng UNTV-BMPI. Gayundin noong 26 Hunyo 2014, ginanap ng UNTV ang groundbreaking seremonya para sa pagtatayo ng [[UNTV Broadcast Center]], isang 16-palapag na iconic na gusali na magsisilbing bagong punong punong-istratehikong ito na matatagpuan sa kahabaan ng EDSA, sa harap ng Ayala Land's Vertis North project at TriNoma mall at ilang metro lamang ang layo mula sa kasalukuyang gusali nito, ang maraming dating sinakop ng Transient Home Home ng Kamanggagawa Foundation. Noong 14 Hulyo 2014, ang UNTV ay naging isang top trending topic sa Twitter matapos ipahayag ng mga netizen ang kanilang mga damdamin pagkatapos mismo ng UNTV-BMPI Chairman at CEO na si Daniel Razon, sa kanyang morning show na "Magandang Umaga si Kuya", ay nagdulot ng pagkadismaya sa isang isyu ng diskriminasyon ng media kapag Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila, isa sa mga mamahaling hotel sa Metro Manila na tinanggal ang UNTV sa kanilang line TV line-up nang walang paunawa. Sinabi ng hotel na ito ay isang limitasyon ng system sa bahagi nito habang ang mga komento mula sa ilan sa mga netizens ay nag-uugnay sa pangyayaring ito sa 27 Hulyo 2014 na sentenario (100-taon) pagdiriwang ng Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC), isang mayaman at pampulitika na maimpluwensyang simbahan sa Pilipinas. Pinahihintulutan, ang ilang mga myembro ng INC na nananatili sa Sofitel ay humiling ng pag-alis ng UNTV na tinanggihan ng INC, isang kilalang doktrinal na kalaban ng ADD, isang programa na naisahimpapawid sa UNTV. Noong 10 Agosto 2014, pormal na muling binuhay ng UNTV-BMPI ang 107.5 bilang 107.5 Nais ng FM ang isang libreng konsiyerto na nagtatampok ng mga mag-aawit ng OPM sa WTC at pinakabagong tema ng UNTV na pinamagatang "Maaasahan Mo" na inaawit ni Shane Velasco at Beverly Caimen. Noong Agosto 25-26, 2015, bilang bahagi ng pagdiriwang ng anibersaryo ng UNTV, isang dalawang (2) araw na kaganapan ang ginanap kasama ang pagbubukas ng basketball liga ng mga ahensya ng gobyerno ng Pilipinas, ang UNTV Cup Season 4 sa SM Mall of Asia Arena, Public Service Expo at ang 2nd UNTV Rescue Summit sa SMX Convention Center. Noong Agosto 26, ang pag-unve ng bagong UNTV ay ginanap sa MOA Arena at opisyal itong na-rebranded bilang UNTV Life kasama ang paparating na mga palabas at isang bagong makulay na 3D cube logo ay ipinakilala na sinundan ng isang libreng konsiyerto ng kagandahang-loob ng Wish 1075. Nang sumunod na araw, nagsimula ang UNTV na maipakita ang bago at naka-refresh na hitsura. Noong 18 Mayo 2016, pinirmahan ni Pangulong [[Benigno Aquino III|Benigno S. Aquino III]] ang Republic Act No. 10820 na nag-renew ng lisensya ng PBC sa loob ng isa pang 25 taon. Binibigyan ng batas ang PBC ng prangkisa upang magtayo, mag-install, magpapatakbo, at mapanatili, para sa mga komersyal na layunin, mga radio broadcasting station at mga istasyon ng telebisyon, kasama ang digital na sistema ng telebisyon, kasama ang mga kaukulang pasilidad tulad ng mga istasyon ng relay, sa buong Pilipinas. [11] [12]   Noong 18 Hulyo 2016, ang UNTV Life ay sumasailalim sa isang pangunahing muling pag-aalaga sa isang pandaigdigang balita at kumpanya ng pagsagip at opisyal na naging UNTV News and Rescue. Samantala, pinanatili ng istasyon ang pangmatagalang slogan na ito, "Your Public Service Channel". Matapos ang pag-refresh, ang mga programa nito ay inuri sa dalawang mga bloke ng programming, UNTV News and Rescue at UNTV Public Service. Ang News and Rescue block ay binubuo ng mga newscast tulad ng [[Ito ang Balita]], Hataw Balita, UNTV Central News (C-News) at [[Why News]]. Ang blangko ng Public Service ay binubuo ng mga pampublikong serbisyo at programang pang-impormasyon, kabilang ang pinakabagong programa ng serbisyo sa publiko na Serbisyo Kasangbahay, [13] mga programang pangrelihiyon tulad ng [[Ang Dating Daan]] at [[Itanong Mo Kay Soriano]] at mga palabas sa entertainment at sports-oriented tulad ng [[ASOP Music Festival]] at [[UNTV Cup]]. [14]   ==Digital transition== ===Digital terrestrial television=== Kasalukuyang sinusubukan ng UNTV ang [[Integrated Service Digital Broadcasting-Terrestrial]] (ISDB-T) ng Japan, ang nag-iisang [[digital na telebisyon]] (DTV) sa Pilipinas para sa paglipat nito mula sa analog hanggang digital broadcast. [15] Sa pagdiriwang ng ika-9 na pagdiriwang nito noong 2013, inihayag ni Daniel Razon ang patuloy na paglipat ng network mula sa analog hanggang digital broadcast. Ang aktibidad ay may kasamang pag-upgrade ng mga kagamitang pang-teknikal at mga pasilidad sa studio. [16] Matapos ang isang taon, sinimulan ng UNTV ang test broadcast sa Metro Manila gamit ang bago nitong digital transmitter sa Antipolo. [17] Noong 2 Oktubre 2014, sinimulan ng UNTV ang simulcast test broadcast sa UHF channel 38 (617.143&nbsp;MHz) kasama ang analog broadcast nito sa UHF channel 37. Mayroon itong dalawang (2) standard na kahulugan (SD) na mga channel at isang 1seg o "oneseg" channel . Ang 1seg ay ang karaniwang pangalan ng serbisyo ng DTV partikular para sa mga aparatong mobile phone. Kasama rin sa UNTV multi-channel line-up ang isang (1) mataas na kahulugan (HD) na channel na tinatawag na "ADDTV" o Ang Dating Daan TV na nagpapakita ng mga programang panrelihiyon. Ang digital broadcast nito ay maaaring matanggap sa Metro Manila at kalapit na mga lalawigan tulad ng Bulacan, Pampanga, Cavite at Rizal, gamit ang ISDB-T set top box kasama ang mga LED TV set at mga mobile device na may built-in na ISDB-T tunada. [18] Sa isang pagsubok na signal ng DTV na isinagawa ng tatak ng mobile phone ng Pilipinas na Starmobile noong Abril 2015, ang UNTV ay naroroon sa walo sa 14 na lokasyon sa Metro Manila na may disenteng lakas ng signal na tatlo hanggang sa maximum ng apat na signal bar. [19] Noong Abril 2016, inihayag ng Anywave Communication Technologies Co Ltd na tinapik ng UNTV ang Anywave para sa pagpapatupad nito ng mga analog at digital transmitters. [20] Ang Anywave ay isang tagagawa ng mga kagamitan sa paghahatid ng telebisyon at radyo na may punong tanggapan sa Illinois, Estados Unidos. Noong 13 Agosto 2016, inihayag ni Daniel Razon na ang UNTV ay nakatakdang ilunsad ang kanilang digital terrestrial television (DTT) serbisyo sa pagtatapos ng 2016. [21] Ang pag-upgrade ng umiiral na mga istasyon ng analog relay sa Davao City at Cebu ay unahin. [22] ==News and current affairs== UNTV News and Current Affairs (kilala rin bilang UNTV News) ay ang news division ng UNTV News and Rescue. Ang samahan ay responsable para sa pang-araw-araw na balita at pangangalap ng impormasyon para sa mga programa ng balita. Naghahatid ito ng UNTV, [[DZUN|UNTV Radio La Verdad 1350 kHz]] at [http://www.untvweb.com/news UNTV News website]. Ang dibisyon ay nagpapatakbo sa UNTV Building sa Quezon City at may mga news bureaus sa iba't ibang lalawigan at sa ibang bansa. Mayroon itong mga koresponder sa balita at stringer sa North America, South America, Europe, Asia Oceania at Middle East. [23] Sa kasalukuyan, pinamumunuan ito ni Lorenzo Tañada III, dating kongresista mula sa lalawigan ng Quezon. North America News Bureau Chief ay si Joselito Mallari. [23] Ang UNTV Radio La Verdad 1350&nbsp;kHz, ang punong-himpilan ng estasyon ng radio sa AMTV ay pinamumunuan ng station manager na si Annie Rentoy. [24] ===News and rescue team=== Noong 18 Hulyo 2010, inilunsad ni Daniel Razon ang isang adbokasiyang "Tulong Muna Bago Balita" (Ingles: Rescue Una, Mag-ulat Mamaya). Ang mga kinatawan ng UNTV ay hindi pinipilit na masira o maiulat ang mga eksklusibo ng balita ngunit hinihikayat ang mga media practitioner na unahin ang pag-save ng mga buhay bilang bahagi ng kanilang propesyon. Ang mga kinatawan ng UNTV News ay ipinadala sa isang kurso sa pagsasanay sa emerhensiyang pagtugon (ERT). Sinanay sila ng Search and Rescue Unit Foundation, Inc. (SARUF), isang kinikilala na rescue unit sa Pilipinas, na maging mga tagapagligtas, mula sa mga aplikasyon ng first-aid hanggang sa mga operasyon sa paghahanap at pagsagip. Matapos maipasa ang ERT, pinalitan ng koponan ng balita ang UNTV News at Rescue Team. Noong 28 Nobyembre 2010, inilunsad ng network ang 15 na mga balita at mga rescue mobile unit at kalaunan, isang News and Rescue Command Center sa UNTV Building. [25] [26] Ang koponan ay nilagyan ng all-terrain / amphibian na sasakyan at mga rescue truck para sa kanilang operasyon. Inilunsad din ng istasyon ang UNTV Fire Brigade matapos makuha ang mga bagong firetruck. [27] ===Drone journalism=== Noong 2013, minarkahan ng UNTV ang isa pang una sa tanawin ng balita sa TV sa TV habang nakuha ng network ang mga drone ng aerial drone ng DJI Phantom para sa kanilang live na pag-uulat ng balita. [30] Noong Nobyembre 2013, ang mga drone ay ginamit ng UNTV para sa saklaw nito ng Bagyong Haiyan pagkatapos ng Tacloban, Leyte. Sa kasalukuyan, ang mga drone ay ginamit ng network sa pag-uulat ng sitwasyon ng trapiko. [31] ==Public Service== Ang lahat ng mga serbisyong pampublikong ito ay matatagpuan sa kanilang studio sa [[EDSA]]-Philam. Ang pang-araw-araw na libreng konsultasyong medikal ay ginawa sa 164 Congressional Avenue, Barangay Bahay-Toro, Quezon City. *911-UNTV (8688): News and Rescue in Metro Manila and in key cities around the Philippines *Cleanup Drives *Clinic ni Kuya (Free Clinic) *Job Fair ni Kuya *Law Center ni Kuya (Free Legal Counseling) *Libreng Sakay (Free One-Ride Bus Ride) *Manibela Academy *Munting Pangarap TV program (Simple Wish) *Transient Home *Tulong Muna Bago Balita *UNTV Fire Brigade *UNTV Mobile Radio Booth *Wish 1075 Bus ==Awards and recognitions== *Anak TV Seal Awardee for different UNTV shows (16 in 2016) *Best Website Award, Media Category (10th Philippine Web Awards, 2007) *People's Choice Award, Media Category (10th Philippine Web Awards, 2007) *People's Choice Award, News and Media Category (9th Philippine Web Awards, 2006) *People's Choice Award, Media and Entertainment Category (8th Philippine Web Awards, 2005) *Nominated, Best TV Station (PMPC Star Awards for TV 2006-2011) *Nominated, Best TV Station in Metro Manila (KBP Golden Dove Awards 2005-2011) *Best Male Newscaster -> [[Daniel Razon]] (PMPC Star Awards for TV, 2010) *Best Morning Show -> [[Good Morning Kuya]] (PMPC Star Awards for TV, 2010) *Best Public Service Program -> [[Bitag|Bitag LIVE!]] (PMPC Star Awards for TV, 2010) *Best TV Public Service Announcement -> "Isang Araw Lang (Drugs infomercial)" (19th KBP Golden Dove Awards, 2010) *Best Public Service Television Station (1st PUP Mabini Media Awards, 2014) *Maalaga Award -> UNTV (Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) - Golden Reception and Action Center for the Elderly and Other Special Cases (GRACES), 2014) <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyZOkJdtbs0</ref> *Best TV Public Service Announcement -> "Caring for the Elderly" (22nd KBP Golden Dove Awards, 2014)<ref>http://www.mb.com.ph/joel-torre-boots-anson-roa-win-big-at-golden-dove-awards/</ref> *Best TV Children's Program -> The KNC Show (22nd KBP Golden Dove Awards, 2014) *Most Promising News Personality -> William Thio for Why News (2015 Gawad Amerika Awards) *Lifetime Achievement Award -> PBC Chairman Emeritus Hilarion "Larry" Henares (23rd KBP Golden Dove Awards, 2015) <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.untvweb.com/videos/larry-henares-receives-lifetime-achievement-award-at-23rd-kbp-golden-dove-awards/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627071918/https://www.untvweb.com/videos/larry-henares-receives-lifetime-achievement-award-at-23rd-kbp-golden-dove-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Pagpapahalaga Award -> UNTV Life (Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) - Golden Reception and Action Center for the Elderly and Other Special Cases (GRACES), 2015) <ref>https://kuyadanielrazon.wordpress.com/2015/10/26/dswd-honors-untv-life-with-pagpapahalaga-award/</ref> *Best Talent Search Program -> A Song of Praise (ASOP) Music Festival (29th PMPC Star Awards for TV, 2015) <ref>http://www.untvweb.com/news/asop-knc-show-at-hosts-pinarangalan-sa-29th-pmpc-star-awards-for-tv/</ref> *Best Children Show -> The KNC Show (29th PMPC Star Awards for TV, 2015) *Best Children Show Hosts -> Eric Cabobos, Bency Vallo, Moonlight Alarcon, Cid Capulong, Cedie Isip, Kim Enriquez, Tim Argallon, Angelica Tejana, Leanne Manalanzan at Kyla Manalang for The KNC Show (29th PMPC Star Awards for TV, 2015) ==Mga Programa== {{main|Talaan ng mga palabas ng UNTV}} Kasama sa lineup ng programa ng UNTV ang mga programa sa balita at pampublikong serbisyo, mga programa sa relihiyon, dokumentaryo, komentaryo, musika ng ebanghelyo, mga video ng musika at mga infomercial. Inilunsad din nito ang isang regular na panalangin sa pamayanan na naglalayong dalhin ang madasalin na pamumuhay gamit ang broadcast media. [28] Ang mga programa na ipinakita sa network ay ginawa ng Breakthrough at Milestones Productions International, Inc. (BMPI). Samantala, ang mga relihiyosong programa ay ginawa ng Members Church of God International. ==Mga istasyon ng telebisyon== Sa kasalukuyan, mayroong higit sa sampung istasyon sa iba't ibang bahagi ng Pilipinas. Plano ng UNTV Management na sakupin ang nakararami ng mga lalawigan sa Pilipinas bilang bahagi ng pagpapalawak ng programa sa malapit na hinaharap. ===Analog stations=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Ch. # ! Power (kW) ! Station Type ! Location |- | UNTV 37 Manila | DWAO-TV | TV-37 | 60&nbsp;kW | Originating | [[Metro Manila]] |- | UNTV 42 Baguio | DZNU-TV | TV-42 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Baguio]] |- | UNTV 48 Batangas | DZNY-TV | TV-48 | 10&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Batangas City]] |- | UNTV 39 Laoag | DZNV-TV | TV-39 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Laoag]] |- | UNTV 37 Palawan | DZAO-TV | TV-37 | 60&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Puerto Princesa City|Palawan]] |- | UNTV 28 Tarlac | DZXT-TV | TV-28 | 1&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Tarlac City|Tarlac]] |- | UNTV 44 Naga | DZTR-TV | TV-44 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Naga City, Camarines Sur|Naga]] |- | UNTV 42 Iloilo | [[DYNY-TV]] | TV-42 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Iloilo City|Iloilo]] |- | UNTV 28 Bacolod | DYNA-TV | TV-28 | 10&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Bacolod City|Bacolod]] |- | UNTV 39 Cebu | DYNU-TV | TV-39 | 10&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Cebu City|Cebu]] |- | UNTV 39 Tacloban | DYNV-TV | TV-39 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Tacloban City|Tacloban]] |- | UNTV 41 Cagayan de Oro | [[DXNY-TV]] | TV-41 | 10&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Cagayan de Oro City|Cagayan De Oro]] |- | UNTV 41 Davao | [[DXNU-TV]] | TV-41 | 10&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Davao City|Davao]] |- | UNTV 48 General Santos | DXNV-TV | TV-48 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[General Santos City|General Santos]] |- | UNTV 37 Surigao | DXNT-TV | TV-37 | 5&nbsp;kW | Relay | [[Surigao City|Surigao]] |} ===Digital stations=== {| class="wikitable" |- |- style="font-size:90%" ! Branding ! Callsign ! Ch. # ! Frequency ! Power (kW) ! Station Type ! Transmitter Location ! Coverage Area ! Status |- |- style="font-size:90%" | UNTV | DWAO-TV | TV-38 | 617.143 | (TBA) | Originating | [http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=14.607635&lon=121.164599&z=20&m=b&show=/31495746/New-UNTV-Digital-Transmitter-DWNU-FM-Wish-107-5&search=untv%20digital Metro Manila (Antipolo, Rizal)] | Metro Manila, Rizal, Bulacan, Pampanga, Laguna, Cavite | Free-to-air test broadcast |} ===Digital channel line-up=== <!-- PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE INFORMATION BEYOND THIS AREA.--> {| class="wikitable" |-ABS |- style="font-size:80%" ! [[Display resolution|Stream]] ! [[Program and System Information Protocol#What PSIP does|PSIP Short Name]] ! [[Logical channel number|LCN]] ! [[Aspect ratio (image)|Aspect<br /> Ratio]] ! [[Video file format|Video<br /> Format]] ! [[Display resolution|Resolution]] ! [[Frame rate|FPS]] ! [[Progressive scan|Scan]] ! [[Audio coding format|Audio<br /> Format]] ! [[Electronic program guide|EPG]] ! [[Broadcast Markup Language|BML]] ! Programming |- |- style="font-size:80%" | SD 1 || UNTV-1 || 09.01 || [[16:9]] || [[H.264]] || 1920x1080p || 29.97 || Interlace || [[HE-AAC]] || None || None || UNTV |- |- style="font-size:80%" | SD 2 || UNTV-2 || 09.02 || [[16:9]] || [[H.264]] || 1920x1080p || 29.97 || Interlace || [[HE-AAC]] || None || None || UNTV (mirror feed) |- |- style="font-size:80%" | HD 3 || ADDTV || 09.03 || [[16:9]] || [[H.264]] || 1920x1080p [[Video scaler|Upscaled]] || 29.97 || Interlace || [[HE-AAC]] || None || None || [[Ang Dating Daan|ADD]] video library |- |- style="font-size:80%" | [[1seg|1SEG]] || UNTV 1SEG || 09.31 || [[4:3]] || [[H.264]] || 320x240p || (No Data) || Progressive || [[HE-AAC]] || None || None || UNTV (mirror feed) |} ==Satellite broadcast== UNTV can be received via satellite in the Philippines and other countries in Asia, Australia, Middle East, Europe and Africa. {| class="wikitable" |- |- style="font-size:80%" ! Type ! Satellite ! Band ! Position ! Beam ! Frequency ! Polarity ! System ! SR FEC ! Encryption ! Coverage |- |- style="font-size:80%" | Free-to-air (FTA)<ref>http://www.lyngsat.com/Measat-3a.html</ref> | [[MEASAT-3a|Measat 3A]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.measat.com/support_video_measat3.html |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-date=2016-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613072245/http://measat.com/support_video_measat3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | [[C band|C Band]] | 91.5° East | Global<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.measat.com/satellite_91e_measat3a.html |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-date=2014-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016035406/http://www.measat.com/satellite_91e_measat3a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 3705 | Horizontal | [[DVB-S]] [[MPEG-2]] | 4290 3/4 | None | Asia, Australia, Middle East, South Eastern Europe and Eastern Africa |} ==Pay television== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Pay TV Provider ! Type ! Ch. # ! class="unsortable"|Coverage |- | [[SkyCable]] | Analog | 33 | [[Metro Manila]], [[Rizal]], [[Cavite]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] and [[Bulacan]] |- | [[SkyCable]] | Digital | 58 | [[Metro Manila]], [[Rizal]], [[Cavite]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] and [[Bulacan]] |- | [[Destiny Cable]] | Analog | 9 | [[Metro Manila]] |- | [[Destiny Cable]] | Digital | 58 | [[Metro Manila]] |- | [[Cablelink]] | Analog & Digital | 99 | [[Metro Manila]] |- | [[Cignal]] | Satellite (Digital) | 92 | Nationwide |- | [[Sky Direct]] | Satellite (Digital) | 40<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lyngsat.com/packages/Sky-Direct.html|title=Sky Direct on SES 9 at 108.2°E|publisher=www.lyngsat.com|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref> | Nationwide |- | Other cable/satellite providers | N/A | N/A | check with local operators |} ==Internet streaming== Matatanggap ang UNTV sa pamamagitan ng online streaming sa pamamagitan ng pag-encode ng streaming link ng [[URL]] sa [[VLC media player|VLC Media Player]] na naka-install sa mga personal na computer at mobile device. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Links ! Network Streaming URL |- | Primary | http://livestream01.untvweb.com:1935/public/untvwebstream/playlist.m3u8 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319120908/http://livestream01.untvweb.com:1935/public/untvwebstream/playlist.m3u8 |date=2018-03-19 }} |- | Alternate | http://untv.vo.llnwd.net/e1/hls/untv/index.m3u8{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |} ==Mobile application== Noong 2013, inilunsad ng BMPI ang UNTV Mobile App para sa [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iOS]] at [[Google]] [[Android (operating system)|Android]] mga aparatong mobile at tablet. Noong 2016, ito ay magagamit para sa mga Windows Mobile phone. Sa pamamagitan ng pag-download ng [[mobile app]] lication, ang mga gumagamit na may matatag na koneksyon sa internet ay mapapanood ang broadcast feed ng UNTV News and Rescue at makinig sa UNTV Radio La Verdad 1350&nbsp;kHz nang libre. {| class="wikitable float center" style="=width:300px; |- |- style="font-size:100%" ! Application ! Platform ! Download Link |- |- style="font-size:100%" | rowspan=3 | UNTV Mobile App | Apple iOS | [https://itunes.apple.com/ph/app/untv/id598724077?mt=8 Apple iTunes Store] |- |- style="font-size:100%" | Google Android | [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.untvweb.untvapp Google Play Store] |- |- style="font-size:100%" | Microsoft Windows Mobile | [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/p/untv/9nblggh4rckc Microsoft Store] |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} ==Mga Kawing Panlabas== *{{Official website|http://www.untvweb.com/}} *[http://www.bmpicorp.com Breakthrough and Milestones Productions International] {{Dating Daan}} {{Telebisyon sa Pilipinas}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Untv}} [[Kategorya:Mga network pantelebisyon]] [[Kategorya:Mga dihital na himpilang pantelebisyon sa Pilipinas]] 3osz28k585aa219pz7hocyfszfqdy8i 0 298604 2204245 2172942 2026-04-22T18:12:50Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox brand |name = GMA Affordabox |logo = |caption = |producttype = [[Digital terrestrial television|DTT]] [[Set-top box]] |currentowner = [[GMA Network Inc.]] |producedby = QiSheng Electronics Company Ltd. |country = [[Philippines]] |introduced = June 26, 2020 |related = |markets = [[Philippines]] |ambassadors = |tagline = "''Malinaw na, affordable pa!''" <br> "''Tunay na malinaw!''" |website = {{URL|https://www.gmanetwork.com/affordabox}} }} Ang '''GMA Affordabox''' ay isang [[digital terrestrial television]] na nagmamay-ari at pinamamahalaan ng [[GMA Network]]. Ang serbisyo ay namamahagi ng Multimedia Player, Personal Video Recorder, Nationwide Emergency Warning Broadcast System, Functional Auto-on Alert, Digital Display, at Impormasyon ng Mga Pagpapakita ng Impormasyon upang piliin ang mga lugar sa [[Pilipinas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/hobbiesandactivities/744351/gma-network-unveils-gma-affordabox-on-its-70th-anniversary/story/|title="GMA Network unveils 'GMA Affordabox' on its 70th anniversary"|website=GMA News Online|date=June 26, 2020|access-date=June 27, 2020}}</ref> ==Pangkalahatang-ideya== Noong Mayo 15, 2019, ang digital broadcast ng GMA ay inilipat sa permanenteng frequency nito sa Channel 15, dahil sa dati nitong frequency, ang Channel 27 na ginagamit ng GMA News TV noong Hunyo 4, 2019, bilang isang deal sa pagitan ng GMA at ZOE Broadcasting Network, na nagresulta sa dating frequency ng channel na Channel 11 ay naging tahimik noong Hunyo 5, 20 noong Oktubre 20 (na naging tahimik noong Oktubre 20, 20). 2020).<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=JON VIKTOR D. CABUENAS, GMA |date=2019-05-15 |title=GMA Network starts digital TV transmission using permanent frequency |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/694513/gma-network-starts-digital-tv-transmission-using-permanent-frequency/story/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> Noong kalagitnaan ng Hunyo 2020, isang teaser ang ipinahayag at inilunsad noong Hunyo 26, 2020 habang ang [[Wowowin]]. ==Mga dagdag na himpilan== === [[DZBB-TV|UHF Channel 15 (479.143&nbsp;MHz)]]^'''1''' === {| class="wikitable" ! Channel ! [[Display resolution|Video]] ! [[Aspect ratio (image)|Aspect]] ! Short name ! Programming ! Note |- | 7.01 | rowspan="6" | [[480i]] | rowspan="8" | [[16:9]] | '''GMA''' | [[GMA Network|GMA]] <small>(Main [[DZBB-TV]] programming)</small> | rowspan="4" | [[Commercial broadcasting|Commercial broadcast]] (10&nbsp;kW) |- | 7.02 | '''GTV''' | [[GTV (Philippine TV network)|GTV]] |- | 7.03 | '''HEART OF ASIA''' | [[Heart of Asia Channel|Heart of Asia]] |- | 7.07 | '''I HEART MOVIES''' | [[I Heart Movies]] |- | 7.09 | '''KIDS AT HEART''' | [[Kids At Heart]] (TBA) | TBA |- |7.10 |'''GMA INTEGRATED NEWS''' |GMA Integrated News |TBA |- |7.11 | |'''(UNNAMED)''' |Test feed |Black screen |- | 7.21 | [[240p]] | '''GMA 1-Seg''' | [[GMA Network|GMA]] | [[1seg]] broadcast |} ^'''1''' For [[Mega Manila]] only, channel and frequency varies on regional stations. ==Channel and Frequency== {{For|the full list of digital television stations channel and frequencies|Listahan ng mga digital na istasyon ng telebisyon sa Pilipinas}} ==Tingnan din== *[[ABS-CBN TV Plus]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} ==Mga kawing panlabas== *{{Official website|name=GMA Affordabox}} *{{Facebook|gmaaffordabox}} *{{Instagram|gmaaffordabox}} *{{Twitter|GMAaffordabox}} {{GMA Network}} [[Kategorya:GMA Network]] [[Kategorya:Dihital na telebisyon sa Pilipinas]] 6h96pf2qj1st6j646xt5143dzappf7m 0 298754 2204292 1960218 2026-04-22T23:11:08Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unreferenced|date=Hulyo 2022}} {{Infobox video game|title=Sonic Forces|developer=[[Sonic Team]]|publisher=[[Sega]]|designer={{unbulleted list|Morio Kishimoto<!--lead game designer-->|Jyunpei Ootsu<!--lead level designer-->|Takayuki Okada<!--lead planner-->}}}} Ang '''''Sonic Forces''''' ay isang laro ng platform na binuo ng Sonic Team at nai-publish sa pamamagitan ng [[Sega]]. Nagawa sa paggunita sa ika-25 anibersaryo ng ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' franchise, inilabas ito para sa [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Nintendo Switch]], [[PlayStation 4]], at [[Xbox One]] noong Nobyembre 2017. Nakikita ng kuwento ang Sonic the Hedgehog na sumali sa isang puwersa ng paglaban upang ihinto ang Doctor Eggman. Nagtatampok ito ng tatlong mga mode ng gameplay: "Klasiko", side-scroll gameplay na katulad ng orihinal na mga laro ng Sega Genesis Sonic; "Modern", 3D gameplay na katulad sa ''[[Sonic Unleashed]]'' at ''[[Sonic Colors]]''; at isang mode na nagtatampok ng "Avatar", pasadyang karakter ng player. Ang ''Sonic Forces'' ay nakatanggap ng halo-halong mga pagsusuri mula sa mga kritiko. Pinuri nila ang pagtatanghal nito, musika, kumikilos ng boses, sistema ng paglikha ng character, at gameplay ng Modern Sonic, ngunit pinuna ang disenyo ng antas, balangkas, maikling haba, pagkakaroon ng Classic Sonic, at nabanggit na mga problema sa teknikal. Maraming mga kritiko ang nadama na ang laro ay kulang sa ambisyon, at tinawag itong isang pagkabigo sa pag-angat ng positibong natanggap na ''[[Sonic Mania]]'', na inilabas mas maaga sa taong iyon. == Mga Sanggunian == <references /> == Mga panlabas na link == * [http://www.sonicthehedgehog.com/sonic-forces Opisyal na website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826024032/http://www.sonicthehedgehog.com/sonic-forces |date=2017-08-26 }} [[Kategorya:Larong bidyo noong 2017]] [[Kategorya:Mga laro ng Nintendo Switch]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sonic Forces}} bc19ued2rjxwag1ef9vm171atnf3der 0 298775 2204307 2197091 2026-04-23T00:21:37Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Take Me Out | version = | cover = | cover_size = | alt = | border = | caption = | type = | artist = [[Franz Ferdinand (banda)|Franz Ferdinand]] | album = [[Franz Ferdinand (album)|Franz Ferdinand]] | EP = | language = | English_title = | A-side = | B-side = {{flatlist| * "Truck Stop" * "All for You, Sophia" * "Words So Leisured" * Remixes }} | written = | published = | released = {{Start date|2004|01|12}} | recorded = | studio = | venue = | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Post-punk revival]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/travel/features/winter/2005/14792/index1.html |title=The Follow-Your-Bliss List |date=14 October 2005 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2017/03/01/scottish-rockers-franz-ferdinand-to-play-house-of-blues-in-may |title=Scottish Rockers Franz Ferdinand to Play House of Blues in May |last=Niesel |first=Jeff |date=1 March 2017 |website=[[Cleveland Scene]] |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> * [[indie rock]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.columbusunderground.com/photos-franz-ferdinand-at-the-newport-music-hall-me1|title=Photos: Franz Ferdinand at The Newport Music Hall|last=Ellis|first=Matt|date=29 May 2017|website=[[Columbus, Ohio#Media|Columbus Underground]]|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> * [[dance-rock]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spin.com/2013/09/daft-punk-franz-ferdinand-take-me-out-remix/|title=Daft Punk Flatter Franz Ferdinand With Hands-Off ‘Take Me Out’ Remix|last=McGovern|first=Kyle|date=20 September 2013|website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=7 Oktubre 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007163914/https://www.spin.com/2013/09/daft-punk-franz-ferdinand-take-me-out-remix/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[garage rock]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gq.com/story/franz-ferdinand-nearly-called-it-quits-and-came-back-brasher-and-gutsier-than-ever|title=Franz Ferdinand Nearly Called It Quits—and Came Back Brasher and Gutsier Than Ever|last=Barlow|first=Eve|date=6 February 2018|website=[[GQ]]|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> }} | length = {{duration|m=3|s=57}} | label = [[Domino Records|Domino]] | writer = {{flatlist| * [[Alex Kapranos]] * [[Nick McCarthy]] }} | composer = | lyricist = | producer = Tore Johansson | chronology = | prev_title = [[Darts of Pleasure]] | prev_year = 2003 | prev_version = | next_title = [[The Dark of the Matinée]] | next_year = 2004 | next_version = | tracks = | misc = }} Ang "'''Take Me Out'''" ay isang kanta ni Scottish [[indie rock]] band ng [[Franz Ferdinand (banda)|Franz Ferdinand]]. Ito ay pinakawalan bilang pangalawang solong mula sa [[Franz Ferdinand (album)|kanilang eponymous na debut studio album]] sa United Kingdom noong 12 Enero 2004 at sa Estados Unidos noong 9 Pebrero, kapwa sa pamamagitan ng [[Domino Records]]. Ito ay pinakawalan bilang 7" vinyl, isang CD single, at isang DVD single na may music video at isang maikling pakikipanayam sa banda. Ang nag-iisang naabot na numero ng tatlo sa [[UK Singles Chart]]. Sa US, naabot nito ang numero ng tatlo sa tsart ng Modern Rock Tracks at numero 66 sa ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Ito ay isang bilang-pitong hit sa Canadian Singles Chart, at naabot din ang numero uno sa UK Indie Chart. Noong Nobyembre 2004, ang nag-iisang sertipikadong Ginto ng [[Recording Industry Association of America]].<ref>[http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Franz%20Ferdinand&format=SINGLE&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=& RIAA Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - Franz Ferdinand Singles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1|date=24 September 2015}}, Retrieved 20 July 2009</ref> Ang kanta ay binoto ang pinakamahusay na sensilyo ng 2004 sa pamamagitan ng ''[[The Village Voice]]'' Pazz & Jop poll, at numero uno sa network ng radio ng kabataan ng Australia na Triple J's Hottest 100&nbsp;ng parehong taon.<ref name="triplej2">[http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100/history/2004.htm Triple J hottest 100 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224003051/http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100/history/2004.htm |date=24 Disyembre 2012 }}, Retrieved 22 July 2009</ref> Noong Hulyo 2009, binoto ang numero 100 sa Pinakamabentang 100&nbsp;ng Triple J's sa lahat ng oras. == Music video == Ang music video para sa kanta ay pinamunuan ni Jonas Odell. Kasama dito ang band sa gitna ng isang [[Dadaismo|Dadaist]] animation na kinasasangkutan ng quirky vintage figure at makinarya na nakapagpapaalaala sa mga segment ng cartoon ni Terry Gilliam para sa [[Monty Python]]. Ang video ay isang timpla ng live na band ng aksyon na superimposed sa isang 3D na kapaligiran na may animated na mga elemento ng 2D. Inilarawan ni Franz Ferdinand frontman [[Alex Kapranos]] ang mga impluwensya ng video bilang Dada, ang mga pelikula ng Busby Berkeley, at propaganda ng Sobyet, at pinuri ang direksyon ni Odell. Nagkomento si Kapranos: <blockquote> Karaniwang ito ay isang pop video at dapat itong aliwin, ngunit hindi lamang isang beses - may ilang mga bagay na tinitigan mo sa buhay na kamangha-manghang hitsura tulad ng isang tangke ng isda o isang bukas na sunog, talagang mga simpleng bagay lang sila ngunit mayroong isang bagay na nakakaakit sa kanila. At sa palagay ko ay dapat maging katulad din ang mga pop video. Dapat mayroong isang bagay doon na ginagawang gusto mong bumalik at tingnan ito.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xfm.co.uk/Article.asp?id=16427|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203040546/http://www.xfm.co.uk/Article.asp?id=16427|archivedate=3 February 2004|accessdate=21 September 2014|publisher=[[XFM]]|title=Franz Ferdinand "Take Me Out"}}</ref> </blockquote> == Pagtanggap == Noong Marso 2005, inilagay ng ''Q'' magazine na "Take Me Out" sa bilang na 41 sa listahan nito ng 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. Noong Setyembre 2005, pinangalanan ng parehong magazine na ito ang ika-34 pinakadakilang track na nagawa ng isang British band. Gumawa ang ''Q ng'' isa pang listahan para sa channel sa telebisyon nito, na pinangalanan din Q, ng 100 pinakadakilang Indie Anthems, kung saan itinampok ang "Take Me Out" sa numero 6. Noong Mayo 2007, inilagay ng magazine na ''NME'' ang "Take Me Out" sa numero 16 sa listahan nito ng 50 Pinakadakilang Indie Anthems Kailanman, samantalang inilagay ito ng [[MTV2]] sa numero 7 sa bersyon nito ng 50 Pinakadakilang Indie Anthems Ever, na maluwag batay sa ''NME'' listahan ' Noong Oktubre 2011, inilagay ito ng ''NME'' sa numero 27 sa listahan nito ng 150 Pinakamahusay na Tracks ng Nakaraang 15 Taon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/list/150-best-tracks-of-the-past-15-years/248648/page/13|title=150 Best Tracks Of The Past 15 Years - NME.COM|first=|last=NME.COM|publisher=}}</ref> ''Nag-''ranggo ng ''[[Pitchfork]]'' sa numero ng kanta 44&nbsp;ng nangungunang 500 na mga track ng 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/7693-the-top-500-tracks-of-the-2000s-20-1/?page=9|title=Pitchfork Media Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s: 50-21|work=Pitchfork.com|date=20 August 2009|accessdate=14 May 2011}}</ref> Ang ranggo ng ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' na nagraranggo ng numero na "Take Me Out" 327 sa bersyon ng 2010&nbsp;ng listahan nito ng "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/franz-ferdinand-take-me-out-20110527|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=7 April 2011|accessdate=1 October 2015|archive-date=12 Disyembre 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212102231/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/franz-ferdinand-take-me-out-20110527|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Paggamit sa media == Ang "Take Me Out" ay itinampok sa trailer para sa 2008 film na ''Hancock''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkX1VuXLRSc|title=Hancock - Official® Trailer 1 [HD]|publisher=YouTube|date=16 July 2013|accessdate=25 January 2015}}</ref> at sa mga soundtrack ng mga video game na ''[[Madden NFL 2005]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/ea-announces-madden-2005-soundtrack/1100-6101752/|title=EA announces Madden 2005 soundtrack|date=1 July 2004|accessdate=21 September 2014|work=[[GameSpot]]|first=Benjamin|last=Golze}}</ref> ''[[NHL 2005]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/News/Story/200410/N04.1001.1047.06031.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112054844/http://www.gameinformer.com/News/Story/200410/N04.1001.1047.06031.htm|title=New NBS Live 2005/NHL 2005 Soundtrack Details|date=1 October 2004|accessdate=21 September 2014|archivedate=12 November 2004|first=Chris|last=Cook|work=[[Game Informer]]}}</ref> at ''[[Shaun White Skateboarding]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vapormusic.wordpress.com/2010/10/21/shaun-white-skateboarding/|title=Shaun White Skateboarding|date=21 October 2010|publisher=}}</ref> na mai-play sa ''[[Guitar Hero (larong bidyo)|Guitar Hero]]'', ''[[Guitar Hero: Smash Hits]]'', ang US bersyon ng ''SingStar Pop'', ''[[Just Dance 2]]'', ''[[Dance Dance Revolution Universe 2]]'' at ''[[Rocksmith]]''.<ref name="official2">{{cite web|title=Rocksmith Track List|url=http://rocksmith.ubi.com/rocksmith/en-US/tracklist/index.aspx|publisher=Ubisoft|accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref> Ang kanta ay isang nai-download din na nilalaman para sa serye ng ''[[Rock Band]]''. Noong 2017, ang kanta ay ginamit sa isang patalastas para sa [[Ralph Lauren]]'s Polo Red na samyo.<ref>https://www.ispot.tv/ad/wZUM/ralph-lauren-polo-red-extreme-motocross-song-by-franz-ferdinand</ref> Noong 2018/19 sa UK, ang pigilan ng "Take Me Out" ay ginamit sa isang ad ng video para sa [[Kia Sportage]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-24 |title=laion/OIG · Datasets at Hugging Face |url=https://huggingface.co/datasets/laion/OIG |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=huggingface.co}}</ref> == Iba pang mga bersyon == Noong 2006, isang acoustic na bersyon ng "Take Me Out" ang naitala sa [[Benton Harbour, Michigan|Benton Harbour]], [[Misigan|Michigan]], [[Estados Unidos]]. Ang bersyon ng kanta na ito ay lumitaw bilang isang B-side sa eksklusibong paglabas ng fan club ng "[[Swallow, Smile]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Franz-Ferdinand-Swallow-Smile/release/1833057|title=Franz Ferdinand - Swallow Smile|publisher=}}</ref> Ang kanta ay sakop ng [[Scissor Sisters]] noong 2004 sa B-side sa kanilang nag-iisang "Mary" at "Filthy/Gorgeous". Sa Australia, ang kanta ay nakatanggap ng malaking airplay at na-ranggo ang bilang 44 sa Triple J's Hottest 100&nbsp;ng 2004 habang ang orihinal na bersyon ay niraranggo bilang numero uno.<ref name="triplej2" /> Parehong sakop ng Magic Numers at Guillemots ang kanta para sa BBC Radio 1 na ''The Jo Whiley Show''. Naitala din ni Biffy Clyro ang ibang kakaibang pag-take para sa palabas ni Zane Lowe. Ang Finger Eleven ay kilala sa paglalaro ng "Take Me Out" live, karaniwang sa isang medley ng kanilang "Paralyzer", [[Led Zepellin|Led Zeppelin]]'s "Trampled Under Foot" at [[Pink Floyd]]'s "[[Another Brick in the Wall|Another Brick in the Wall Part 2]]". Ang [["Weird Al" Yankovic]] ay gumagamit ng isang bahagi ng kanta para sa polka medley na "Polkarama!", Mula sa kanyang 2006 na album na ''[[Straight Outta Lynwood]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JCAt9WcCFbM|title=Weird Al Yankovic Polkarama!|publisher=YouTube|date=15 September 2006|accessdate=25 January 2015}}</ref> Noong 2008, gumawa si Ryan Lewis ng isang mash-up, na pinagsama ang "Take Me Out" kasama ang 2Pac's "Crooked Nigga Too".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ryan Lewis – "Pac' Vs. Ferdinand"|url=http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/04/ryan-lewis-pac-vs-ferdinand.html|first=Noah|last=Buckley|work=That's That...|accessdate=21 September 2014}}{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Noong 2019, tinakpan ng [[Young Summer]] ang "Take Me Out". Ang bersyon ay lilitaw sa soundtrack para sa serye ng Hulu TV na ''Looking for Alaska'', na batay sa 2005 na nobela ni John Green. == Mga format at track list == {{Col-begin}} {{col-2}} ;UK 7" single<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.discogs.com/Franz-Ferdinand-Take-Me-Out/release/338649 | title=Franz Ferdinand - Take Me Out (Vinyl) | publisher=[[Discogs]] | accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> # "Take Me Out" # "Truck Stop" ;UK 12" single<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.discogs.com/Franz-Ferdinand-Take-Me-Out-Morgan-Geist-Remix/release/229126 | title=Franz Ferdinand - Take Me Out (Morgan Geist Remix) (Vinyl) | publisher=[[Discogs]] | accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> # "Take Me Out" # "Take Me Out" (Morgan Geist Re-Version) ;UK CD single<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.discogs.com/Franz-Ferdinand-Take-Me-Out/release/600236 | title=Franz Ferdinand - Take Me Out (CD) | publisher=[[Discogs]] | accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> # "Take Me Out" # "All for You, Sophia" # "Words So Leisured" ;UK DVD single<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.discogs.com/Franz-Ferdinand-Take-Me-Out/release/381165 | title=Franz Ferdinand - Take Me Out (DVD) | publisher=[[Discogs]] | accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> # "Take Me Out" (video) # "Take Me Out" (live video) # "Band Interview" (video) # Gallery with Shopping for Blood live audio {{col-2}} ;US 12" single<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.discogs.com/Franz-Ferdinand-Take-Me-Out/release/296294 | title=Franz Ferdinand - Take Me Out (Vinyl) | publisher=[[Discogs]] | accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> # "Take Me Out" # "Take Me Out" (Morgan Geist Re-Version) # "Take Me Out" (Naoum Gabo Re-Version) # "Take Me Out" (instrumental) ;Australian CD single<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.discogs.com/Franz-Ferdinand-Take-Me-Out/release/964036 | title=Franz Ferdinand - Take Me Out (CD) | publisher=[[Discogs]] | accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> # "Take Me Out" # "Shopping for Blood" # "Truck Stop (Auf Asche)" # "Take Me Out" (Naoum Gabo Re-version) ;French 12" and CD single<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.discogs.com/Franz-Ferdinand-Take-Me-Out-Daft-Punk-Remix/release/299110 | title=Franz Ferdinand - Take Me Out (Daft Punk Remix) (Vinyl) | publisher=[[Discogs]] | accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.discogs.com/Franz-Ferdinand-Take-Me-Out-Daft-Punk-Remix/release/951127 | title=Franz Ferdinand - Take Me Out (Daft Punk Remix) (CD) | publisher=[[Discogs]] | accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> # "Take Me Out" ([[Daft Punk]] remix) # "Take Me Out" (album version) # "Take Me Out" (Naoum Gabo remix) ;2013 digital reissue {{small|DOMDIG128}} # "Take Me Out" (Daft Punk remix) – 4:33 # "Take Me Out" (Naoum Gabo remix) – 5:04 {{Col-end}} == Mga Sanggunian == {{Reflist|30em}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/feb/16/popandrock The School of Roch, John Sutherland] Isang interpretasyon ng kanta sa Tagapangalaga. [[Kategorya:Mga awitin noong 2004]] [[Kategorya:Mga sensilyo noong 2004]] [[Kategorya:Mga awitin ng Franz Ferdinand]] [[Kategorya:Mga sensilyo ng Domino Records]] [[Kategorya:Mga awit]] gn6y76m7dggb4o1367nylsdx8rr8aqz 0 299180 2204199 1773740 2026-04-22T12:31:33Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Collab Edition]] 2204199 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Collab Edition]] ld50hcy5516up5m3lvx1jyk3i7e9qxu 0 300086 2204296 2044966 2026-04-22T23:16:51Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|name=James Murphy|background=solo_singer|image=James Murphy performing in 2016.jpg|image_size=255px|caption=Si Murphy performing as part of [[LCD Soundsystem]] noong Hunyo 2016.|birth_name=James Jeremiah Murphy|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1970|2|4}}|birth_place=[[Princeton Junction, New Jersey]], United States<ref>[http://www.fabriclondon.com/press/beta/archives/698-Biography-James-Murphy-Pat-Mahoney.html Biography: James Murphy & Pat Mahoney&nbsp;– Fabric London Press Website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126064752/http://www.fabriclondon.com/press/beta/archives/698-Biography-James-Murphy-Pat-Mahoney.html |date=November 26, 2007 }}</ref>|genre={{hlist|[[Dance-punk]]|[[electronica]]|[[post-punk revival]]|{{nowrap|[[alternative dance]]}}|[[indie rock]]}}|occupation={{hlist|Musician|DJ|singer|songwriter|record producer}}|years_active=1988–present|label=[[DFA Records|DFA]]|associated_acts={{hlist|[[LCD Soundsystem]]|[[Soulwax]]|Falling Man|Pony|Speedking|[[The Juan MacLean]]|[[Six Finger Satellite]]|[[The Rapture]]|[[!!!]]|[[Out Hud]]|[[Yeah Yeah Yeahs]]|[[Pulp]]|[[Arcade Fire]]|[[David Bowie]]|[[Hot Chip]]|[[Gorillaz]]}}|website={{unbulleted list|[http://www.dfarecords.com DFA Records]|[http://www.lcdsoundsystem.com LCD Soundsystem]}}|instruments={{hlist|Vocals|bass guitar|drums|percussion|guitar|keyboards|piano}}}} Si '''James Jeremiah Murphy'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/ace/#ace/writer/458340938/MURPHY%20JAMES%20JEREMIAH|title=ASCAP Ace Search|last=Murphy|first=James Jeremiah|publisher=[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]] (ASCAP)|accessdate=May 17, 2017}}</ref> (ipinanganak noong 4 Pebrero 1970) ay isang Amerikanong musikero, DJ, mang-aawit, manunulat ng kanta, at tagagawa ng record. Ang kanyang kilalang musikal na proyekto ng musikal ay ang [[LCD Soundsystem]], na unang nakakuha ng atensyon kasama ang nag-iisang "[[Losing My Edge]]" noong 2002 bago ilabas ang [[LCD Soundsystem (album)|eponymous debut album]] noong Pebrero 2005 sa kritikal na pag-akit at nangungunang 20 tagumpay sa UK. Ang ikalawa at pangatlong studio ng LCD Soundsystem, ang ''[[Sound of Silver]]'' (2007) at ''[[This Is Happening]]'' (2010) ayon sa pagkakabanggit, ay sinalubong ng universal acclaim mula sa ilang mga pagsusuri sa musika.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/14257-this-is-happening/|title=LCD Soundsystem Pitchfork Review|date=May 17, 2010|accessdate=|website=pitchfork.com|publisher=|last=|first=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/this-is-happening-20100517|title=This Is Happening Rolling Stone Review|date=|accessdate=|website=rollingstone.com|publisher=|last=|first=|archive-date=2017-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919095341/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/this-is-happening-20100517|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/sound-of-silver-20070309|title=Sound of Silver Rolling Stone Review|date=|accessdate=|website=rollingstone.com|publisher=|last=|first=|archive-date=2013-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310041401/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/sound-of-silver-20070309|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/10017-sound-of-silver/|title=Sound of Silver Pitchfork Review|date=|accessdate=|website=pitchfork.com|publisher=|last=|first=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/sound-of-silver/lcd-soundsystem|title=Sound of Silver Metacritic Review|date=|accessdate=|website=metacritic.com|publisher=|last=|first=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/this-is-happening/lcd-soundsystem|title=This Is Happening Metacritic Review|date=|accessdate=|website=metacritic.com|publisher=|last=|first=}}</ref> Ang parehong mga album ay umabot din sa tuktok 50 sa [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/276744/lcd-soundsystem/chart|title=LCD Soundsystem Billboard listing|date=|accessdate=|website=billboard.com|publisher=|last=|first=}}</ref> Ang LCD Soundsystem ay pinangalanang isa sa Mga Bagong Immortal ng ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' - "currently active (or relatively recently defunct) artists who [they] think will stand the test of time." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-new-immortals-20130305|title=The New Immortals|date=March 5, 2013|accessdate=|website=rollingstone.com|publisher=|last=|first=|archive-date=19 Agosto 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819125509/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-new-immortals-20130305|url-status=dead}}</ref> Noong 2011, inihayag na ang LCD Soundsystem ay mag-disband sa isang pangwakas na palabas sa 11 Abril 2011 sa Madison Square Garden. Sa mga sumusunod na taon, si Murphy ay nagpatuloy sa pagtuloy sa iba pang mga proyekto ng artistikong: ang ilang mga kaugnay na musika, ang iba ay hindi. Noong unang bahagi ng 2016, inihayag ng banda ang isang muling pagsasama pati na rin ang isang hitsura sa 2016 [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival|Coachella Festival]], kasama ang kanilang ika-apat na album na ''[[American Dream]]'' at kani-kanilang paglilibot kasunod pagkatapos ng 2017. Noong Mayo 2018 LCD soundsystem ay headliners sa All Points East festival sa Victoria Park [[Lungsod ng Londres|London]]. == Maagang mga proyekto sa musikal == Si Murphy ay ipinanganak at lumaki sa [[Princeton Junction, New Jersey]]<ref>[http://nymag.com/arts/popmusic/profiles/29425/ "LCD Soundsystem's James Murphy on Bringing Back New York's Disco Days -- New York Magazine"] "Murphy grew up a suburban punk-rocker in Princeton Junction, New Jersey, where he stayed for a year after high school to train as a competitive kickboxer".</ref> at nagtapos mula sa [[West Windsor-Plainsboro High School South]] noong 1988.<ref>Miller, Lynn. [https://communitynews.org/2006/12/15/where-have-you-gone-ww-p-class-of-1987/ "Where Have You Gone, WW-P Class of 1987?"], ''Community News'', December 15, 2006. Accessed January 26, 2020. "Grammy-nominated James Murphy who records as 'LCD Soundsystem' is a classmate from the Class of 1988."</ref> Nabanggit niya ang kanyang mga impluwensya bilang [[Liquid Liquid]], [[The B-52's|B52's]], [[Talking Heads]], [[The Fall (banda)|The Fall]], [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]], [[The Velvet Underground]], [[Yes (banda)|Yes]], [[David Bowie]], [[Daft Punk]] at [[Can]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heyreverb.com/blog/2013/05/30/james-murphy-talks-influences-and-favorite-songs-releases-dj-set/69719/|title=James Murphy talks influences and favorite songs, releases DJ set|website=Reverb|last=Owens|first=Dylan|date=30 May 2013|accessdate=2013-10-02|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927005325/http://www.heyreverb.com/blog/2013/05/30/james-murphy-talks-influences-and-favorite-songs-releases-dj-set/69719/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Si Murphy ay isang miyembro ng Falling Man mula 1988 hanggang 1989, ang Pony mula 1992 hanggang 1994, at ang Speedking mula 1995 hanggang 1997. Siya rin ang tunog engineer para sa [[Sub Pop]] band na [[Six Finger Satellite]]. (Ang Dating Six Finger Satellite member na si John Maclean ay nasa record label ni Murphy bilang [[The Juan MacLean]].) Nag-aral si Murphy sa [[Unibersidad ng New York|New York University]], kung saan siya ay isang pangunahing pangunahing Ingles ngunit bumaba ito.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/lectures/james-murphy|title=James Murphy|publisher=[[Red Bull Music Academy]]|date=2013|accessdate=2016-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/05/10/lets-dance|title=Let's Dance|publisher=[[The New Yorker]]|first=Sasha|last=Frere-Jones|date=2010-05-10|accessdate=2016-04-02}}</ref> Sa edad na 22, si Murphy ay inaalok ng isang pagsusulat ng trabaho para sa sitcom ''[[Seinfeld]]'' na noon ay hindi gaanong kilala. Hindi niya inaasahan na matagumpay ang palabas at pinili niyang magpatuloy sa musika sa halip.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/fridayreview/story/0,,1337870,00.html|title='I speak as a lifetime failure' &#124; &#124; Guardian Unlimited Arts|publisher=Arts.guardian.co.uk|date=|accessdate=|location=London}}</ref> === DFA Records === Simula noong 1993, ginamit ni Murphy ang pangalang Kamatayan mula sa Itaas kapag ang DJing, isang palayaw na ibinigay sa kanyang pirma sa pag-setup ng PA habang siya ang tunog ng pag-setup para sa [[Six Finger Satellite]]. Ginawa ni Murphy ang album ng Northern Irish na si [[David Holmes]] na ''[[Bow Down to the Exit Sign]]'' at ipinakilala sa co-prodyuser ng record na si [[Tim Goldsworthy]] (dating ng [[Unkle|UNKLE]]). Sina Goldsworthy at Murphy ay magkakasama sa DJ sa [[Lower East Side]], na ginagawa ito sa magkakaibang mga genre ng musika. Nagpunta sila upang matagpuan ang DFA Records kasama si [[Jonathan Galkin]] noong 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/7947-you-were-there-the-complete-lcd-soundsystem/|title=You Were There: The Complete LCD Soundsystem|date=March 28, 2011|accessdate=|website=pitchfork.com|publisher=|last=|first=|archive-date=Marso 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309162622/http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/7947-you-were-there-the-complete-lcd-soundsystem/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang pangalang "Death from Above" ay humantong sa isang pagtatalo sa isang dalawang-tao na banda ng Canada na gumagamit din ng parehong pangalan. Bilang tugon sa isang ligal na banta, binago ng pangkat ng Canada ang kanilang pangalan sa [[Death from Above 1979]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/6036-jukebox-james-murphy|title=Pitchfork Feature: Jukebox: James Murphy|publisher=Pitchfork.com|date=2005-05-09|accessdate=|archive-date=2016-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307223656/http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/6036-jukebox-james-murphy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Discography == === Sa LCD Soundsystem === * ''[[LCD Soundsystem (album)|LCD Soundsystem]]'' (2005) * ''[[Sound of Silver]]'' (2007) * ''[[This Is Happening]]'' (2010) * ''[[American Dream]]'' (2017) === With Falling Man === * ''A Christening'' (1988) === With Pony === * ''Cosmovalidator'' (1994) === With Speedking === * ''The Fist and the Laurels'' (2002) === Solo === * ''Remixes Made with Tennis Data'' (2014) == Mga Sanggunian == <references /> == Mga panlabas na link == * [https://www.npr.org/2010/06/21/127745800/james-murphy-the-man-behind-lcd-soundsystem In-depth radio interview] with James Murphy on ''Fresh Air'' (38 mins; 2010) {{DEFAULTSORT:Murphy, James}} [[Kategorya:Ipinanganak noong 1970]] [[Kategorya:Nabubuhay na mga tao]] [[Kategorya:Mga mang-aawit mula sa Estados Unidos]] [[Kategorya:Mga musiko mula sa Estados Unidos]] [[Kategorya:Musika ng New Jersey]] i6y6bmvoh3vwjkwgd0wxqcbh67p49gs 1 300932 2204389 1783314 2026-04-23T07:54:59Z Jojit fb 38 Inilipat ni Jojit fb ang pahinang [[Usapan:Moro (Pilipinas)]] sa [[Usapan:Mga Moro]] 1783314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Isinalinwikang pahina|en|Moro (people)}} njn6afomv1i7sv49luwrx26nff2utgu 0 301487 2204339 2183250 2026-04-23T05:27:46Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* Buod ng bagyo */ 2204339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==A== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==B== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==C== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==D== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong (paglilinaw)|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==E== * [[Bagyong Egay (paglilinaw)|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * Emil * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * [[Bagyong Enteng (paglilinaw)|Enteng]] * Etang * Eteng ==F== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==G== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * [[Bagyong Goring (paglilinaw)|Goring]] ==H== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==I== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} me5cgqa5ut0vavxm30z8ha7m8wntwe4 2204362 2204339 2026-04-23T05:41:54Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 2204362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==A== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==B== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==C== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==D== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong (paglilinaw)|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==E== * [[Bagyong Egay (paglilinaw)|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * Emil * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * [[Bagyong Enteng (paglilinaw)|Enteng]] * Etang * Eteng ==F== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==G== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * [[Bagyong Goring (paglilinaw)|Goring]] ==H== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==I== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising ==J== * [[Bagyong Jacinto|Jacinto]] * [[Bagyong Jenny|Jenny]] * [[Bagyong Jolina|Jolina]] * Jose * {{tcname unused|Josefa}} * Josie * Juaning * [[Bagyong Julian (paglilinaw)|Julian]] ==K== * [[Bagyong Kabayan|Kabayan]] * Karen * Karing * {{tcname unused|Kidul}} * [[Bagyong Kiko|Kiko]] * {{tcname unused|Kiyapo}} * Klaring * Konsing * Kristine * Kuring ==L== * Labuyo * Lando * [[Bagyong Lannie|Lannie]] * {{tcname unused|Lekep}} * Liwayway * Loleng * Luding * [[Bagyong Luis|Luis]] * Luming * Lusing ==M== * Mameng * [[Bagyong Marce|Marce]] * Marilyn * Maymay * Maring * Mario * Miding * Milenyo * Miling * Mina * Mirasol ==N== * [[Bagyong Nando|Nando]] * {{tcname unused|Nanolay}} * Nanang * Narsing * Neneng * Nika * Nimfa * Nina * Ningning * Nona * Nonoy * Norming == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} 0rb1he5bje2y2dq3d85hgvlhb6jlaf7 2204364 2204362 2026-04-23T06:16:43Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 2204364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==A== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==B== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==C== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==D== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * Diding * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong (paglilinaw)|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==E== * [[Bagyong Egay (paglilinaw)|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * Emil * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * [[Bagyong Enteng (paglilinaw)|Enteng]] * Etang * Eteng ==F== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==G== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * [[Bagyong Goring (paglilinaw)|Goring]] ==H== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==I== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising ==J== * [[Bagyong Jacinto|Jacinto]] * [[Bagyong Jenny|Jenny]] * [[Bagyong Jolina|Jolina]] * Jose * {{tcname unused|Josefa}} * Josie * Juaning * [[Bagyong Julian (paglilinaw)|Julian]] ==K== * [[Bagyong Kabayan|Kabayan]] * Karen * Karing * {{tcname unused|Kidul}} * [[Bagyong Kiko|Kiko]] * {{tcname unused|Kiyapo}} * Klaring * Konsing * Kristine * Kuring ==L== * Labuyo * Lando * [[Bagyong Lannie|Lannie]] * {{tcname unused|Lekep}} * Liwayway * Loleng * Luding * [[Bagyong Luis|Luis]] * Luming * Lusing ==M== * Mameng * [[Bagyong Marce|Marce]] * Marilyn * Maymay * Maring * Mario * Miding * Milenyo * Miling * Mina * Mirasol ==N== * [[Bagyong Nando|Nando]] * {{tcname unused|Nanolay}} * Nanang * Narsing * Neneng * Nika * Nimfa * Nina * Ningning * Nona * Nonoy * Norming ==O== * Obet * Odette * Ofel * Ondoy * {{tcname unused|Omar}} * {{tcname unused|Onos}} * Onyang * [[Bagyong Onyok|Onyok]] * Osang * Openg * Oyang ==P== * Pablo * {{tcname unused|Paloma}} * [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] * Paring * Pasing * [[Bagyong Perla|Perla]] * Pening * Pepang * Pepeng * {{tcname unused|Pilandok}} * {{tcname unused|Puwok}} ==Q== * {{tcname unused|Quadro}} * [[Bagyong Quedan|Quedan]] * [[Bagyong Queenie|Queenie]] * Querubin * Quiel * Quinta ==R== * [[Bagyong Ramil|Ramil]] * [[Bagyomg Ramon|Ramon]] * {{tcname unused|Rapido}} * Reming * Ritang * [[Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] * Romina * [[Bagyong Rosal|Rosal]] * Rosing * {{tcname unused|Roskas}} * Rubing * Ruby * Ruping ==S== * Saling * [[Bagyong Salome|Salome]] * [[Bagyong Samuel|Samuel]] * Santi * [[Bagyong Sarah|Sarah]] * Sendang * Sendong * Sening * Seniang * {{tcname unused|Sibasib}} * Sikat * [[Bagyong Siony|Siony]] * Susang ==T== * {{tcname unused|Tagbanwa}} * {{tcname unused|Tala}} * {{tcname unused|Tamaraw}} * Tasing * Tering * [[Bagyong Tino|Tino]] * Tisoy * Trining * [[Bagyong Tomas|Tomas]] * [[Bagyong Tonyo|Tonyo]] * Toyang ==U== {{tcname unused|Ubbeng}} * {{tcname unused|Ugong}} * [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] * {{tcname unused|Umberto}} * Undang * Unding * {{tcname unused|Urbano}} * {{tcname unused|Upang}} * Upeng * Urduja * Ursula * Uwan == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} bfsxo7hp1vvkj6u8dxkwzrlkjc30jbt 2204369 2204364 2026-04-23T06:29:37Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 2204369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==A== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==B== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==C== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==D== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * Diding * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong (paglilinaw)|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==E== * [[Bagyong Egay (paglilinaw)|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * Emil * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * [[Bagyong Enteng (paglilinaw)|Enteng]] * Etang * Eteng ==F== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==G== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * [[Bagyong Goring (paglilinaw)|Goring]] ==H== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==I== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising ==J== * [[Bagyong Jacinto|Jacinto]] * [[Bagyong Jenny|Jenny]] * [[Bagyong Jolina|Jolina]] * Jose * {{tcname unused|Josefa}} * Josie * Juaning * [[Bagyong Julian (paglilinaw)|Julian]] ==K== * [[Bagyong Kabayan|Kabayan]] * Karen * Karing * {{tcname unused|Kidul}} * [[Bagyong Kiko|Kiko]] * {{tcname unused|Kiyapo}} * Klaring * Konsing * Kristine * Kuring ==L== * Labuyo * Lando * [[Bagyong Lannie|Lannie]] * {{tcname unused|Lekep}} * Liwayway * Loleng * Luding * [[Bagyong Luis|Luis]] * Luming * Lusing ==M== * Mameng * [[Bagyong Marce|Marce]] * Marilyn * Maymay * Maring * Mario * Miding * Milenyo * Miling * Mina * Mirasol ==N== * [[Bagyong Nando|Nando]] * {{tcname unused|Nanolay}} * Nanang * Narsing * Neneng * Nika * Nimfa * Nina * Ningning * Nona * Nonoy * Norming ==O== * Obet * Odette * Ofel * Ondoy * {{tcname unused|Omar}} * {{tcname unused|Onos}} * Onyang * [[Bagyong Onyok|Onyok]] * Osang * Openg * Oyang ==P== * Pablo * {{tcname unused|Paloma}} * [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] * Paring * Pasing * [[Bagyong Perla|Perla]] * Pening * Pepang * Pepeng * {{tcname unused|Pilandok}} * {{tcname unused|Puwok}} ==Q== * {{tcname unused|Quadro}} * [[Bagyong Quedan|Quedan]] * [[Bagyong Queenie|Queenie]] * Querubin * Quiel * Quinta ==R== * [[Bagyong Ramil|Ramil]] * [[Bagyomg Ramon|Ramon]] * {{tcname unused|Rapido}} * Reming * Ritang * {{tcname unused|Roleta} * [[Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] * Romina * [[Bagyong Rosal|Rosal]] * Rosing * {{tcname unused|Roskas}} * Rubing * Ruby * Ruping ==S== * Saling * [[Bagyong Salome|Salome]] * [[Bagyong Samuel|Samuel]] * Santi * [[Bagyong Sarah|Sarah]] * Sendang * Sendong * Sening * Seniang * {{tcname unused|Sibasib}} * Sikat * [[Bagyong Siony|Siony]] * Susang ==T== * {{tcname unused|Tagbanwa}} * {{tcname unused|Tala}} * {{tcname unused|Talahib}} * {{tcname unused|Tamaraw}} * Tasing * Tering * [[Bagyong Tino|Tino]] * Tisoy * Trining * [[Bagyong Tomas|Tomas]] * [[Bagyong Tonyo (paglilinaw)|Tonyo]] * Toyang ==U== * {{tcname unused|Ubbeng}} * {{tcname unused|Ugong}} * [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] * {{tcname unused|Umberto}} * Undang * Unding * {{tcname unused|Urbano}} * {{tcname unused|Upang}} * Upeng * Urduja * Ursula * Uwan ==V== * {{tcname unused|Venus}} * [[Bagyong Verbena|Verbena]] * [[Bagyong Vicky (paglilinaw)|Vicky]] * [[Bagyong Vinta (paglilinaw)|Vinta]] * Violeta * [[Bagyong Viring|Viring]] ==W== * {{tcname unused|Walding}} * {{tcname unused|Waldo}} * Warling * {{tcname unused|Warren}} * Weling * {{tcname unused|Welpring}} * [[Bagyong Weng|Weng]] * [[Bagyong Wilma|Wilma]] * Winnie * {{tcname unused|Wisik}} ==Y== * {{tcname unused|Yasmin}} * {{tcname unused|Yaning}} * [[Bagyong Yayang|Yayang]] * {{tcname unused|Yerling}} * {{tcname unused|Yeyeng}} * Yoning * Yoling * Yolanda * [[Bagyong Yoyong|Yoyong]] * [[Bagyong Yoyoy|Yoyoy]] ==Z== {{tcname unused|Zeny}} * [[Bagyong Zigzag|Zigzag]] * [[Bagyong Zoraida|Zoriada]] * [[Bagyong Zosimo|Zosimo]] * {{tcname unused|Zuma}} == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} jhz5a6zij9j8alhoafg682ekr2g2tir 2204371 2204369 2026-04-23T06:30:45Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* Z */ 2204371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==A== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==B== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==C== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==D== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * Diding * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong (paglilinaw)|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==E== * [[Bagyong Egay (paglilinaw)|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * Emil * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * [[Bagyong Enteng (paglilinaw)|Enteng]] * Etang * Eteng ==F== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==G== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * [[Bagyong Goring (paglilinaw)|Goring]] ==H== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==I== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising ==J== * [[Bagyong Jacinto|Jacinto]] * [[Bagyong Jenny|Jenny]] * [[Bagyong Jolina|Jolina]] * Jose * {{tcname unused|Josefa}} * Josie * Juaning * [[Bagyong Julian (paglilinaw)|Julian]] ==K== * [[Bagyong Kabayan|Kabayan]] * Karen * Karing * {{tcname unused|Kidul}} * [[Bagyong Kiko|Kiko]] * {{tcname unused|Kiyapo}} * Klaring * Konsing * Kristine * Kuring ==L== * Labuyo * Lando * [[Bagyong Lannie|Lannie]] * {{tcname unused|Lekep}} * Liwayway * Loleng * Luding * [[Bagyong Luis|Luis]] * Luming * Lusing ==M== * Mameng * [[Bagyong Marce|Marce]] * Marilyn * Maymay * Maring * Mario * Miding * Milenyo * Miling * Mina * Mirasol ==N== * [[Bagyong Nando|Nando]] * {{tcname unused|Nanolay}} * Nanang * Narsing * Neneng * Nika * Nimfa * Nina * Ningning * Nona * Nonoy * Norming ==O== * Obet * Odette * Ofel * Ondoy * {{tcname unused|Omar}} * {{tcname unused|Onos}} * Onyang * [[Bagyong Onyok|Onyok]] * Osang * Openg * Oyang ==P== * Pablo * {{tcname unused|Paloma}} * [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] * Paring * Pasing * [[Bagyong Perla|Perla]] * Pening * Pepang * Pepeng * {{tcname unused|Pilandok}} * {{tcname unused|Puwok}} ==Q== * {{tcname unused|Quadro}} * [[Bagyong Quedan|Quedan]] * [[Bagyong Queenie|Queenie]] * Querubin * Quiel * Quinta ==R== * [[Bagyong Ramil|Ramil]] * [[Bagyomg Ramon|Ramon]] * {{tcname unused|Rapido}} * Reming * Ritang * {{tcname unused|Roleta} * [[Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] * Romina * [[Bagyong Rosal|Rosal]] * Rosing * {{tcname unused|Roskas}} * Rubing * Ruby * Ruping ==S== * Saling * [[Bagyong Salome|Salome]] * [[Bagyong Samuel|Samuel]] * Santi * [[Bagyong Sarah|Sarah]] * Sendang * Sendong * Sening * Seniang * {{tcname unused|Sibasib}} * Sikat * [[Bagyong Siony|Siony]] * Susang ==T== * {{tcname unused|Tagbanwa}} * {{tcname unused|Tala}} * {{tcname unused|Talahib}} * {{tcname unused|Tamaraw}} * Tasing * Tering * [[Bagyong Tino|Tino]] * Tisoy * Trining * [[Bagyong Tomas|Tomas]] * [[Bagyong Tonyo (paglilinaw)|Tonyo]] * Toyang ==U== * {{tcname unused|Ubbeng}} * {{tcname unused|Ugong}} * [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] * {{tcname unused|Umberto}} * Undang * Unding * {{tcname unused|Urbano}} * {{tcname unused|Upang}} * Upeng * Urduja * Ursula * Uwan ==V== * {{tcname unused|Venus}} * [[Bagyong Verbena|Verbena]] * [[Bagyong Vicky (paglilinaw)|Vicky]] * [[Bagyong Vinta (paglilinaw)|Vinta]] * Violeta * [[Bagyong Viring|Viring]] ==W== * {{tcname unused|Walding}} * {{tcname unused|Waldo}} * Warling * {{tcname unused|Warren}} * Weling * {{tcname unused|Welpring}} * [[Bagyong Weng|Weng]] * [[Bagyong Wilma|Wilma]] * Winnie * {{tcname unused|Wisik}} ==Y== * {{tcname unused|Yasmin}} * {{tcname unused|Yaning}} * [[Bagyong Yayang|Yayang]] * {{tcname unused|Yerling}} * {{tcname unused|Yeyeng}} * Yoning * Yoling * Yolanda * [[Bagyong Yoyong|Yoyong]] * [[Bagyong Yoyoy|Yoyoy]] ==Z== * {{tcname unused|Zeny}} * [[Bagyong Zigzag|Zigzag]] * [[Bagyong Zoraida|Zoriada]] * [[Bagyong Zosimo|Zosimo]] * {{tcname unused|Zuma}} == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} 4pk5pfaszzmzb4oi2t68yql0nt0lse3 2204372 2204371 2026-04-23T06:31:25Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* R */ 2204372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==A== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==B== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==C== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==D== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * Diding * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong (paglilinaw)|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==E== * [[Bagyong Egay (paglilinaw)|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * Emil * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * [[Bagyong Enteng (paglilinaw)|Enteng]] * Etang * Eteng ==F== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==G== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * [[Bagyong Goring (paglilinaw)|Goring]] ==H== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==I== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising ==J== * [[Bagyong Jacinto|Jacinto]] * [[Bagyong Jenny|Jenny]] * [[Bagyong Jolina|Jolina]] * Jose * {{tcname unused|Josefa}} * Josie * Juaning * [[Bagyong Julian (paglilinaw)|Julian]] ==K== * [[Bagyong Kabayan|Kabayan]] * Karen * Karing * {{tcname unused|Kidul}} * [[Bagyong Kiko|Kiko]] * {{tcname unused|Kiyapo}} * Klaring * Konsing * Kristine * Kuring ==L== * Labuyo * Lando * [[Bagyong Lannie|Lannie]] * {{tcname unused|Lekep}} * Liwayway * Loleng * Luding * [[Bagyong Luis|Luis]] * Luming * Lusing ==M== * Mameng * [[Bagyong Marce|Marce]] * Marilyn * Maymay * Maring * Mario * Miding * Milenyo * Miling * Mina * Mirasol ==N== * [[Bagyong Nando|Nando]] * {{tcname unused|Nanolay}} * Nanang * Narsing * Neneng * Nika * Nimfa * Nina * Ningning * Nona * Nonoy * Norming ==O== * Obet * Odette * Ofel * Ondoy * {{tcname unused|Omar}} * {{tcname unused|Onos}} * Onyang * [[Bagyong Onyok|Onyok]] * Osang * Openg * Oyang ==P== * Pablo * {{tcname unused|Paloma}} * [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] * Paring * Pasing * [[Bagyong Perla|Perla]] * Pening * Pepang * Pepeng * {{tcname unused|Pilandok}} * {{tcname unused|Puwok}} ==Q== * {{tcname unused|Quadro}} * [[Bagyong Quedan|Quedan]] * [[Bagyong Queenie|Queenie]] * Querubin * Quiel * Quinta ==R== * [[Bagyong Ramil|Ramil]] * [[Bagyomg Ramon|Ramon]] * {{tcname unused|Rapido}} * Reming * Ritang * {{tcname unused|Roleta}} * [[Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] * Romina * [[Bagyong Rosal|Rosal]] * Rosing * {{tcname unused|Roskas}} * Rubing * Ruby * Ruping ==S== * Saling * [[Bagyong Salome|Salome]] * [[Bagyong Samuel|Samuel]] * Santi * [[Bagyong Sarah|Sarah]] * Sendang * Sendong * Sening * Seniang * {{tcname unused|Sibasib}} * Sikat * [[Bagyong Siony|Siony]] * Susang ==T== * {{tcname unused|Tagbanwa}} * {{tcname unused|Tala}} * {{tcname unused|Talahib}} * {{tcname unused|Tamaraw}} * Tasing * Tering * [[Bagyong Tino|Tino]] * Tisoy * Trining * [[Bagyong Tomas|Tomas]] * [[Bagyong Tonyo (paglilinaw)|Tonyo]] * Toyang ==U== * {{tcname unused|Ubbeng}} * {{tcname unused|Ugong}} * [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] * {{tcname unused|Umberto}} * Undang * Unding * {{tcname unused|Urbano}} * {{tcname unused|Upang}} * Upeng * Urduja * Ursula * Uwan ==V== * {{tcname unused|Venus}} * [[Bagyong Verbena|Verbena]] * [[Bagyong Vicky (paglilinaw)|Vicky]] * [[Bagyong Vinta (paglilinaw)|Vinta]] * Violeta * [[Bagyong Viring|Viring]] ==W== * {{tcname unused|Walding}} * {{tcname unused|Waldo}} * Warling * {{tcname unused|Warren}} * Weling * {{tcname unused|Welpring}} * [[Bagyong Weng|Weng]] * [[Bagyong Wilma|Wilma]] * Winnie * {{tcname unused|Wisik}} ==Y== * {{tcname unused|Yasmin}} * {{tcname unused|Yaning}} * [[Bagyong Yayang|Yayang]] * {{tcname unused|Yerling}} * {{tcname unused|Yeyeng}} * Yoning * Yoling * Yolanda * [[Bagyong Yoyong|Yoyong]] * [[Bagyong Yoyoy|Yoyoy]] ==Z== * {{tcname unused|Zeny}} * [[Bagyong Zigzag|Zigzag]] * [[Bagyong Zoraida|Zoriada]] * [[Bagyong Zosimo|Zosimo]] * {{tcname unused|Zuma}} == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} daohedk1eecpfc3lyhl771h34g34173 2204373 2204372 2026-04-23T06:32:41Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 2204373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==A== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==B== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==C== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==D== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * Diding * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong (paglilinaw)|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==E== * [[Bagyong Egay (paglilinaw)|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * Emil * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * [[Bagyong Enteng (paglilinaw)|Enteng]] * Etang * Eteng ==F== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==G== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * [[Bagyong Goring (paglilinaw)|Goring]] ==H== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==I== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising ==J== * [[Bagyong Jacinto|Jacinto]] * [[Bagyong Jenny|Jenny]] * [[Bagyong Jolina|Jolina]] * Jose * {{tcname unused|Josefa}} * Josie * Juaning * [[Bagyong Julian (paglilinaw)|Julian]] ==K== * [[Bagyong Kabayan|Kabayan]] * Karen * Karing * {{tcname unused|Kidul}} * [[Bagyong Kiko|Kiko]] * {{tcname unused|Kiyapo}} * Klaring * Konsing * Kristine * Kuring ==L== * Labuyo * Lando * [[Bagyong Lannie|Lannie]] * {{tcname unused|Lekep}} * Liwayway * Loleng * Luding * [[Bagyong Luis|Luis]] * Luming * Lusing ==M== * Mameng * [[Bagyong Marce|Marce]] * Marilyn * Maymay * Maring * Mario * Miding * Milenyo * Miling * Mina * Mirasol ==N== * [[Bagyong Nando|Nando]] * {{tcname unused|Nanolay}} * Nanang * Narsing * Neneng * Nika * Nimfa * Nina * Ningning * Nona * Nonoy * Norming ==O== * Obet * Odette * Ofel * Ondoy * {{tcname unused|Omar}} * {{tcname unused|Onos}} * Onyang * [[Bagyong Onyok|Onyok]] * Osang * Openg * Oyang ==P== * Pablo * {{tcname unused|Paloma}} * [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] * Paring * Pasing * [[Bagyong Perla|Perla]] * Pening * Pepang * Pepeng * {{tcname unused|Pilandok}} * {{tcname unused|Puwok}} ==Q== * {{tcname unused|Quadro}} * [[Bagyong Quedan|Quedan]] * [[Bagyong Queenie|Queenie]] * Querubin * Quiel * Quinta ==R== * [[Bagyong Ramil|Ramil]] * [[Bagyomg Ramon|Ramon]] * {{tcname unused|Rapido}} * Reming * Ritang * {{tcname unused|Roleta}} * [[Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] * Romina * [[Bagyong Rosal|Rosal]] * Rosing * {{tcname unused|Roskas}} * Rubing * Ruby * Ruping ==S== * Saling * [[Bagyong Salome|Salome]] * [[Bagyong Samuel|Samuel]] * Santi * [[Bagyong Sarah|Sarah]] * Sendang * Sendong * Sening * Seniang * {{tcname unused|Sibasib}} * Sikat * [[Bagyong Siony|Siony]] * Susang ==T== * {{tcname unused|Tagbanwa}} * {{tcname unused|Tala}} * {{tcname unused|Talahib}} * {{tcname unused|Tamaraw}} * Tasing * Tering * [[Bagyong Tino|Tino]] * Tisoy * Trining * [[Bagyong Tomas|Tomas]] * [[Bagyong Tonyo (paglilinaw)|Tonyo]] * Toyang ==U== * {{tcname unused|Ubbeng}} * {{tcname unused|Ugong}} * [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] * {{tcname unused|Umberto}} * Undang * Unding * {{tcname unused|Urbano}} * {{tcname unused|Upang}} * Upeng * Urduja * Ursula * Uwan ==V== * {{tcname unused|Venus}} * [[Bagyong Verbena|Verbena]] * [[Bagyong Vicky (paglilinaw)|Vicky]] * [[Bagyong Vinta (paglilinaw)|Vinta]] * Violeta * [[Bagyong Viring|Viring]] ==W== * {{tcname unused|Walding}} * {{tcname unused|Waldo}} * Warling * {{tcname unused|Warren}} * Weling * {{tcname unused|Welpring}} * [[Bagyong Weng|Weng]] * [[Bagyong Wilma|Wilma]] * Winnie * {{tcname unused|Wisik}} =={{tcname unused|X}}== ==Y== * {{tcname unused|Yasmin}} * {{tcname unused|Yaning}} * [[Bagyong Yayang|Yayang]] * {{tcname unused|Yerling}} * {{tcname unused|Yeyeng}} * Yoning * Yoling * Yolanda * [[Bagyong Yoyong|Yoyong]] * [[Bagyong Yoyoy|Yoyoy]] ==Z== * {{tcname unused|Zeny}} * [[Bagyong Zigzag|Zigzag]] * [[Bagyong Zoraida|Zoriada]] * [[Bagyong Zosimo|Zosimo]] * {{tcname unused|Zuma}} == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} bmxaoeqhfv7k08aicgs1rqapyog5j8n 2204374 2204373 2026-04-23T06:33:15Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* {{tcname unused|X}} */ 2204374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==A== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==B== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==C== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==D== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * Diding * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong (paglilinaw)|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==E== * [[Bagyong Egay (paglilinaw)|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * Emil * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * [[Bagyong Enteng (paglilinaw)|Enteng]] * Etang * Eteng ==F== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==G== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * [[Bagyong Goring (paglilinaw)|Goring]] ==H== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==I== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising ==J== * [[Bagyong Jacinto|Jacinto]] * [[Bagyong Jenny|Jenny]] * [[Bagyong Jolina|Jolina]] * Jose * {{tcname unused|Josefa}} * Josie * Juaning * [[Bagyong Julian (paglilinaw)|Julian]] ==K== * [[Bagyong Kabayan|Kabayan]] * Karen * Karing * {{tcname unused|Kidul}} * [[Bagyong Kiko|Kiko]] * {{tcname unused|Kiyapo}} * Klaring * Konsing * Kristine * Kuring ==L== * Labuyo * Lando * [[Bagyong Lannie|Lannie]] * {{tcname unused|Lekep}} * Liwayway * Loleng * Luding * [[Bagyong Luis|Luis]] * Luming * Lusing ==M== * Mameng * [[Bagyong Marce|Marce]] * Marilyn * Maymay * Maring * Mario * Miding * Milenyo * Miling * Mina * Mirasol ==N== * [[Bagyong Nando|Nando]] * {{tcname unused|Nanolay}} * Nanang * Narsing * Neneng * Nika * Nimfa * Nina * Ningning * Nona * Nonoy * Norming ==O== * Obet * Odette * Ofel * Ondoy * {{tcname unused|Omar}} * {{tcname unused|Onos}} * Onyang * [[Bagyong Onyok|Onyok]] * Osang * Openg * Oyang ==P== * Pablo * {{tcname unused|Paloma}} * [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] * Paring * Pasing * [[Bagyong Perla|Perla]] * Pening * Pepang * Pepeng * {{tcname unused|Pilandok}} * {{tcname unused|Puwok}} ==Q== * {{tcname unused|Quadro}} * [[Bagyong Quedan|Quedan]] * [[Bagyong Queenie|Queenie]] * Querubin * Quiel * Quinta ==R== * [[Bagyong Ramil|Ramil]] * [[Bagyomg Ramon|Ramon]] * {{tcname unused|Rapido}} * Reming * Ritang * {{tcname unused|Roleta}} * [[Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] * Romina * [[Bagyong Rosal|Rosal]] * Rosing * {{tcname unused|Roskas}} * Rubing * Ruby * Ruping ==S== * Saling * [[Bagyong Salome|Salome]] * [[Bagyong Samuel|Samuel]] * Santi * [[Bagyong Sarah|Sarah]] * Sendang * Sendong * Sening * Seniang * {{tcname unused|Sibasib}} * Sikat * [[Bagyong Siony|Siony]] * Susang ==T== * {{tcname unused|Tagbanwa}} * {{tcname unused|Tala}} * {{tcname unused|Talahib}} * {{tcname unused|Tamaraw}} * Tasing * Tering * [[Bagyong Tino|Tino]] * Tisoy * Trining * [[Bagyong Tomas|Tomas]] * [[Bagyong Tonyo (paglilinaw)|Tonyo]] * Toyang ==U== * {{tcname unused|Ubbeng}} * {{tcname unused|Ugong}} * [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] * {{tcname unused|Umberto}} * Undang * Unding * {{tcname unused|Urbano}} * {{tcname unused|Upang}} * Upeng * Urduja * Ursula * Uwan ==V== * {{tcname unused|Venus}} * [[Bagyong Verbena|Verbena]] * [[Bagyong Vicky (paglilinaw)|Vicky]] * [[Bagyong Vinta (paglilinaw)|Vinta]] * Violeta * [[Bagyong Viring|Viring]] ==W== * {{tcname unused|Walding}} * {{tcname unused|Waldo}} * Warling * {{tcname unused|Warren}} * Weling * {{tcname unused|Welpring}} * [[Bagyong Weng|Weng]] * [[Bagyong Wilma|Wilma]] * Winnie * {{tcname unused|Wisik}} =={{tcname unused|''X''}}== ==Y== * {{tcname unused|Yasmin}} * {{tcname unused|Yaning}} * [[Bagyong Yayang|Yayang]] * {{tcname unused|Yerling}} * {{tcname unused|Yeyeng}} * Yoning * Yoling * Yolanda * [[Bagyong Yoyong|Yoyong]] * [[Bagyong Yoyoy|Yoyoy]] ==Z== * {{tcname unused|Zeny}} * [[Bagyong Zigzag|Zigzag]] * [[Bagyong Zoraida|Zoriada]] * [[Bagyong Zosimo|Zosimo]] * {{tcname unused|Zuma}} == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} 5omcvrz1kk3rs0xquhlgvc7wohdtkmv 2204375 2204374 2026-04-23T06:36:06Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* E */ 2204375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==A== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==B== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==C== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==D== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * Diding * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong (paglilinaw)|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==E== * {{tcname unused|Edring}} * [[Bagyong Egay (paglilinaw)|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * {{tcname unused|Emil}} * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * [[Bagyong Enteng (paglilinaw)|Enteng]] * Etang * Eteng ==F== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==G== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * [[Bagyong Goring (paglilinaw)|Goring]] ==H== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==I== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising ==J== * [[Bagyong Jacinto|Jacinto]] * [[Bagyong Jenny|Jenny]] * [[Bagyong Jolina|Jolina]] * Jose * {{tcname unused|Josefa}} * Josie * Juaning * [[Bagyong Julian (paglilinaw)|Julian]] ==K== * [[Bagyong Kabayan|Kabayan]] * Karen * Karing * {{tcname unused|Kidul}} * [[Bagyong Kiko|Kiko]] * {{tcname unused|Kiyapo}} * Klaring * Konsing * Kristine * Kuring ==L== * Labuyo * Lando * [[Bagyong Lannie|Lannie]] * {{tcname unused|Lekep}} * Liwayway * Loleng * Luding * [[Bagyong Luis|Luis]] * Luming * Lusing ==M== * Mameng * [[Bagyong Marce|Marce]] * Marilyn * Maymay * Maring * Mario * Miding * Milenyo * Miling * Mina * Mirasol ==N== * [[Bagyong Nando|Nando]] * {{tcname unused|Nanolay}} * Nanang * Narsing * Neneng * Nika * Nimfa * Nina * Ningning * Nona * Nonoy * Norming ==O== * Obet * Odette * Ofel * Ondoy * {{tcname unused|Omar}} * {{tcname unused|Onos}} * Onyang * [[Bagyong Onyok|Onyok]] * Osang * Openg * Oyang ==P== * Pablo * {{tcname unused|Paloma}} * [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] * Paring * Pasing * [[Bagyong Perla|Perla]] * Pening * Pepang * Pepeng * {{tcname unused|Pilandok}} * {{tcname unused|Puwok}} ==Q== * {{tcname unused|Quadro}} * [[Bagyong Quedan|Quedan]] * [[Bagyong Queenie|Queenie]] * Querubin * Quiel * Quinta ==R== * [[Bagyong Ramil|Ramil]] * [[Bagyomg Ramon|Ramon]] * {{tcname unused|Rapido}} * Reming * Ritang * {{tcname unused|Roleta}} * [[Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] * Romina * [[Bagyong Rosal|Rosal]] * Rosing * {{tcname unused|Roskas}} * Rubing * Ruby * Ruping ==S== * Saling * [[Bagyong Salome|Salome]] * [[Bagyong Samuel|Samuel]] * Santi * [[Bagyong Sarah|Sarah]] * Sendang * Sendong * Sening * Seniang * {{tcname unused|Sibasib}} * Sikat * [[Bagyong Siony|Siony]] * Susang ==T== * {{tcname unused|Tagbanwa}} * {{tcname unused|Tala}} * {{tcname unused|Talahib}} * {{tcname unused|Tamaraw}} * Tasing * Tering * [[Bagyong Tino|Tino]] * Tisoy * Trining * [[Bagyong Tomas|Tomas]] * [[Bagyong Tonyo (paglilinaw)|Tonyo]] * Toyang ==U== * {{tcname unused|Ubbeng}} * {{tcname unused|Ugong}} * [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] * {{tcname unused|Umberto}} * Undang * Unding * {{tcname unused|Urbano}} * {{tcname unused|Upang}} * Upeng * Urduja * Ursula * Uwan ==V== * {{tcname unused|Venus}} * [[Bagyong Verbena|Verbena]] * [[Bagyong Vicky (paglilinaw)|Vicky]] * [[Bagyong Vinta (paglilinaw)|Vinta]] * Violeta * [[Bagyong Viring|Viring]] ==W== * {{tcname unused|Walding}} * {{tcname unused|Waldo}} * Warling * {{tcname unused|Warren}} * Weling * {{tcname unused|Welpring}} * [[Bagyong Weng|Weng]] * [[Bagyong Wilma|Wilma]] * Winnie * {{tcname unused|Wisik}} =={{tcname unused|''X''}}== ==Y== * {{tcname unused|Yasmin}} * {{tcname unused|Yaning}} * [[Bagyong Yayang|Yayang]] * {{tcname unused|Yerling}} * {{tcname unused|Yeyeng}} * Yoning * Yoling * Yolanda * [[Bagyong Yoyong|Yoyong]] * [[Bagyong Yoyoy|Yoyoy]] ==Z== * {{tcname unused|Zeny}} * [[Bagyong Zigzag|Zigzag]] * [[Bagyong Zoraida|Zoriada]] * [[Bagyong Zosimo|Zosimo]] * {{tcname unused|Zuma}} == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} q7d1isubvst4atmxb61qzm5yy9ocl3r 2204376 2204375 2026-04-23T06:43:20Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 2204376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==A== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==B== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==C== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==D== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * Diding * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==E== * {{tcname unused|Edring}} * [[Bagyong Egay|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * {{tcname unused|Emil}} * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * Enteng * Etang * Eteng ==F== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==G== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * Goring ==H== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==I== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday (paglilinaw)|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising ==J== * [[Bagyong Jacinto|Jacinto]] * [[Bagyong Jenny|Jenny]] * [[Bagyong Jolina|Jolina]] * Jose * {{tcname unused|Josefa}} * Josie * Juaning * Julian ==K== * [[Bagyong Kabayan (paglilinaw)|Kabayan]] * Karen * Karing * {{tcname unused|Kidul}} * [[Bagyong Kiko|Kiko]] * {{tcname unused|Kiyapo}} * Klaring * Konsing * Kristine * Kuring ==L== * Labuyo * Lando * [[Bagyong Lannie|Lannie]] * {{tcname unused|Lekep}} * Liwayway * Loleng * Luding * [[Bagyong Luis|Luis]] * Luming * Lusing ==M== * Mameng * [[Bagyong Marce|Marce]] * Marilyn * Maymay * Maring * Mario * Miding * Milenyo * Miling * Mina * Mirasol ==N== * [[Bagyong Nando|Nando]] * {{tcname unused|Nanolay}} * Nanang * Narsing * Neneng * Nika * Nimfa * Nina * Ningning * Nona * Nonoy * Norming ==O== * Obet * Odette * Ofel * Ondoy * {{tcname unused|Omar}} * {{tcname unused|Onos}} * Onyang * [[Bagyong Onyok|Onyok]] * Osang * Openg * Oyang ==P== * Pablo * {{tcname unused|Paloma}} * [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] * Paring * Pasing * [[Bagyong Perla (paglilinaw)|Perla]] * Pening * Pepang * Pepeng * {{tcname unused|Pilandok}} * {{tcname unused|Puwok}} ==Q== * {{tcname unused|Quadro}} * [[Bagyong Quedan|Quedan]] * [[Bagyong Queenie|Queenie]] * Querubin * Quiel * Quinta ==R== * [[Bagyong Ramil|Ramil]] * [[Bagyong Ramon|Ramon]] * {{tcname unused|Rapido}} * Reming * Ritang * {{tcname unused|Roleta}} * [[Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] * Romina * [[Bagyong Rosal|Rosal]] * Rosing * {{tcname unused|Roskas}} * Rubing * Ruby * Ruping ==S== * Saling * [[Bagyong Salome|Salome]] * [[Bagyong Samuel|Samuel]] * Santi * [[Bagyong Sarah (paglilinaw)|Sarah]] * Sendang * Sendong * Sening * Seniang * {{tcname unused|Sibasib}} * Sikat * [[Bagyong Siony|Siony]] * Susang ==T== * {{tcname unused|Tagbanwa}} * {{tcname unused|Tala}} * {{tcname unused|Talahib}} * {{tcname unused|Tamaraw}} * Tasing * Tering * [[Bagyong Tino|Tino]] * Tisoy * Trining * [[Bagyong Tomas|Tomas]] * [[Bagyong Tonyo (paglilinaw)|Tonyo]] * Toyang ==U== * {{tcname unused|Ubbeng}} * {{tcname unused|Ugong}} * [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] * {{tcname unused|Umberto}} * Undang * Unding * {{tcname unused|Urbano}} * {{tcname unused|Upang}} * Upeng * Urduja * Ursula * Uwan ==V== * {{tcname unused|Venus}} * [[Bagyong Verbena|Verbena]] * [[Bagyong Vicky (paglilinaw)|Vicky]] * [[Bagyong Vinta (paglilinaw)|Vinta]] * Violeta * [[Bagyong Viring|Viring]] ==W== * {{tcname unused|Walding}} * {{tcname unused|Waldo}} * Warling * {{tcname unused|Warren}} * Weling * {{tcname unused|Welpring}} * [[Bagyong Weng|Weng]] * [[Bagyong Wilma|Wilma]] * Winnie * {{tcname unused|Wisik}} =={{tcname unused|''X''}}== ==Y== * {{tcname unused|Yasmin}} * {{tcname unused|Yaning}} * Yayang * {{tcname unused|Yerling}} * {{tcname unused|Yeyeng}} * Yoning * Yoling * Yolanda * [[Bagyong Yoyong|Yoyong]] * [[Bagyong Yoyoy|Yoyoy]] ==Z== * {{tcname unused|Zeny}} * Zigzag * [[Bagyong Zoraida|Zoriada]] * Zosimo * {{tcname unused|Zuma}} == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} 2d2avgaze8lzjtw1gqdj98ob3etwynh 2204377 2204376 2026-04-23T06:44:10Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* U */ 2204377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==A== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==B== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==C== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==D== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * Diding * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==E== * {{tcname unused|Edring}} * [[Bagyong Egay|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * {{tcname unused|Emil}} * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * Enteng * Etang * Eteng ==F== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==G== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * Goring ==H== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==I== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday (paglilinaw)|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising ==J== * [[Bagyong Jacinto|Jacinto]] * [[Bagyong Jenny|Jenny]] * [[Bagyong Jolina|Jolina]] * Jose * {{tcname unused|Josefa}} * Josie * Juaning * Julian ==K== * [[Bagyong Kabayan (paglilinaw)|Kabayan]] * Karen * Karing * {{tcname unused|Kidul}} * [[Bagyong Kiko|Kiko]] * {{tcname unused|Kiyapo}} * Klaring * Konsing * Kristine * Kuring ==L== * Labuyo * Lando * [[Bagyong Lannie|Lannie]] * {{tcname unused|Lekep}} * Liwayway * Loleng * Luding * [[Bagyong Luis|Luis]] * Luming * Lusing ==M== * Mameng * [[Bagyong Marce|Marce]] * Marilyn * Maymay * Maring * Mario * Miding * Milenyo * Miling * Mina * Mirasol ==N== * [[Bagyong Nando|Nando]] * {{tcname unused|Nanolay}} * Nanang * Narsing * Neneng * Nika * Nimfa * Nina * Ningning * Nona * Nonoy * Norming ==O== * Obet * Odette * Ofel * Ondoy * {{tcname unused|Omar}} * {{tcname unused|Onos}} * Onyang * [[Bagyong Onyok|Onyok]] * Osang * Openg * Oyang ==P== * Pablo * {{tcname unused|Paloma}} * [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] * Paring * Pasing * [[Bagyong Perla (paglilinaw)|Perla]] * Pening * Pepang * Pepeng * {{tcname unused|Pilandok}} * {{tcname unused|Puwok}} ==Q== * {{tcname unused|Quadro}} * [[Bagyong Quedan|Quedan]] * [[Bagyong Queenie|Queenie]] * Querubin * Quiel * Quinta ==R== * [[Bagyong Ramil|Ramil]] * [[Bagyong Ramon|Ramon]] * {{tcname unused|Rapido}} * Reming * Ritang * {{tcname unused|Roleta}} * [[Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] * Romina * [[Bagyong Rosal|Rosal]] * Rosing * {{tcname unused|Roskas}} * Rubing * Ruby * Ruping ==S== * Saling * [[Bagyong Salome|Salome]] * [[Bagyong Samuel|Samuel]] * Santi * [[Bagyong Sarah (paglilinaw)|Sarah]] * Sendang * Sendong * Sening * Seniang * {{tcname unused|Sibasib}} * Sikat * [[Bagyong Siony|Siony]] * Susang ==T== * {{tcname unused|Tagbanwa}} * {{tcname unused|Tala}} * {{tcname unused|Talahib}} * {{tcname unused|Tamaraw}} * Tasing * Tering * [[Bagyong Tino|Tino]] * Tisoy * Trining * [[Bagyong Tomas|Tomas]] * [[Bagyong Tonyo (paglilinaw)|Tonyo]] * Toyang ==U== * {{tcname unused|Ubbeng}} * {{tcname unused|Ugong}} * [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] * {{tcname unused|Umberto}} * Undang * Unding * {{tcname unused|Upang}} * {{tcname unused|Urbano}} * Usman * Upeng * Urduja * Ursula * Uwan ==V== * {{tcname unused|Venus}} * [[Bagyong Verbena|Verbena]] * [[Bagyong Vicky (paglilinaw)|Vicky]] * [[Bagyong Vinta (paglilinaw)|Vinta]] * Violeta * [[Bagyong Viring|Viring]] ==W== * {{tcname unused|Walding}} * {{tcname unused|Waldo}} * Warling * {{tcname unused|Warren}} * Weling * {{tcname unused|Welpring}} * [[Bagyong Weng|Weng]] * [[Bagyong Wilma|Wilma]] * Winnie * {{tcname unused|Wisik}} =={{tcname unused|''X''}}== ==Y== * {{tcname unused|Yasmin}} * {{tcname unused|Yaning}} * Yayang * {{tcname unused|Yerling}} * {{tcname unused|Yeyeng}} * Yoning * Yoling * Yolanda * [[Bagyong Yoyong|Yoyong]] * [[Bagyong Yoyoy|Yoyoy]] ==Z== * {{tcname unused|Zeny}} * Zigzag * [[Bagyong Zoraida|Zoriada]] * Zosimo * {{tcname unused|Zuma}} == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} 4qx0qk8gv7nstrhxwbf1vit3xzsnap4 2204378 2204377 2026-04-23T06:48:04Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 2204378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==[[A]]== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==[[B]]== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==[[C]]== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==[[D]]== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * Diding * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==[[E]]== * {{tcname unused|Edring}} * [[Bagyong Egay|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * {{tcname unused|Emil}} * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * Enteng * Etang * Eteng ==[[F]]== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==[[G]]== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * Goring ==[[H]]== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==[[I]]== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday (paglilinaw)|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising ==[[J]]== * [[Bagyong Jacinto|Jacinto]] * [[Bagyong Jenny|Jenny]] * [[Bagyong Jolina|Jolina]] * Jose * {{tcname unused|Josefa}} * Josie * Juaning * Julian ==[[K]]== * [[Bagyong Kabayan (paglilinaw)|Kabayan]] * Karen * Karing * {{tcname unused|Kidul}} * [[Bagyong Kiko|Kiko]] * {{tcname unused|Kiyapo}} * Klaring * Konsing * Kristine * Kuring ==[[L]]== * Labuyo * Lando * [[Bagyong Lannie|Lannie]] * {{tcname unused|Lekep}} * Liwayway * Loleng * Luding * [[Bagyong Luis|Luis]] * Luming * Lusing ==[[M]]== * Mameng * [[Bagyong Marce|Marce]] * Marilyn * Maymay * Maring * Mario * Miding * Milenyo * Miling * Mina * Mirasol ==[[N]]== * [[Bagyong Nando|Nando]] * {{tcname unused|Nanolay}} * Nanang * Narsing * Neneng * Nika * Nimfa * Nina * Ningning * Nona * Nonoy * Norming ==[[O]]== * Obet * Odette * Ofel * Ondoy * {{tcname unused|Omar}} * {{tcname unused|Onos}} * Onyang * [[Bagyong Onyok|Onyok]] * Osang * Openg * Oyang ==[[P]]== * Pablo * Paeng * {{tcname unused|Paloma}} * [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] * Paring * Pasing * [[Bagyong Perla (paglilinaw)|Perla]] * Pening * Pepang * Pepeng * {{tcname unused|Pilandok}} * {{tcname unused|Puwok}} ==[[Q]]== * {{tcname unused|Quadro}} * [[Bagyong Quedan|Quedan]] * [[Bagyong Queenie|Queenie]] * Querubin * Quiel * Quinta ==[[R]]== * [[Bagyong Ramil|Ramil]] * [[Bagyong Ramon|Ramon]] * {{tcname unused|Rapido}} * Reming * Ritang * {{tcname unused|Roleta}} * [[Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] * Romina * [[Bagyong Rosal|Rosal]] * Rosing * {{tcname unused|Roskas}} * Rubing * Ruby * Ruping ==[[S]]== * Saling * [[Bagyong Salome|Salome]] * [[Bagyong Samuel|Samuel]] * Santi * [[Bagyong Sarah (paglilinaw)|Sarah]] * Sendang * Sendong * Sening * Seniang * {{tcname unused|Sibasib}} * Sikat * [[Bagyong Siony|Siony]] * Susang ==[[T]]== * {{tcname unused|Tagbanwa}} * {{tcname unused|Tala}} * {{tcname unused|Talahib}} * {{tcname unused|Tamaraw}} * Tasing * Tering * [[Bagyong Tino|Tino]] * Tisoy * Trining * [[Bagyong Tomas|Tomas]] * [[Bagyong Tonyo (paglilinaw)|Tonyo]] * Toyang ==[[U]]== * {{tcname unused|Ubbeng}} * {{tcname unused|Ugong}} * [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] * {{tcname unused|Umberto}} * Undang * Unding * {{tcname unused|Upang}} * {{tcname unused|Urbano}} * Usman * Upeng * Urduja * Ursula * Uwan ==[[V]]== * {{tcname unused|Venus}} * [[Bagyong Verbena|Verbena]] * [[Bagyong Vicky (paglilinaw)|Vicky]] * [[Bagyong Vinta (paglilinaw)|Vinta]] * Violeta * [[Bagyong Viring|Viring]] ==[[W]]== * {{tcname unused|Walding}} * {{tcname unused|Waldo}} * Warling * {{tcname unused|Warren}} * Weling * {{tcname unused|Welpring}} * [[Bagyong Weng|Weng]] * [[Bagyong Wilma|Wilma]] * Winnie * {{tcname unused|Wisik}} =={{tcname unused|''X''}}== ==[[Y]]== * {{tcname unused|Yasmin}} * {{tcname unused|Yaning}} * Yayang * {{tcname unused|Yerling}} * {{tcname unused|Yeyeng}} * Yoning * Yoling * Yolanda * [[Bagyong Yoyong|Yoyong]] * [[Bagyong Yoyoy|Yoyoy]] ==[[Z]]== * {{tcname unused|Zeny}} * Zigzag * [[Bagyong Zoraida|Zoriada]] * Zosimo * {{tcname unused|Zuma}} == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} 4d6cfsflgv80h41ms6sj9svlaevc3ec 2204379 2204378 2026-04-23T06:57:43Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* G */ 2204379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==[[A]]== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==[[B]]== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==[[C]]== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==[[D]]== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * Diding * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==[[E]]== * {{tcname unused|Edring}} * [[Bagyong Egay|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * {{tcname unused|Emil}} * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * Enteng * Etang * Eteng ==[[F]]== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==[[G]]== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * [[Bagyong Gener (paglilinaw)|Gener]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * Goring * [[Bagyong Gorio|Gorio]] ==[[H]]== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==[[I]]== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday (paglilinaw)|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising ==[[J]]== * [[Bagyong Jacinto|Jacinto]] * [[Bagyong Jenny|Jenny]] * [[Bagyong Jolina|Jolina]] * Jose * {{tcname unused|Josefa}} * Josie * Juaning * Julian ==[[K]]== * [[Bagyong Kabayan (paglilinaw)|Kabayan]] * Karen * Karing * {{tcname unused|Kidul}} * [[Bagyong Kiko|Kiko]] * {{tcname unused|Kiyapo}} * Klaring * Konsing * Kristine * Kuring ==[[L]]== * Labuyo * Lando * [[Bagyong Lannie|Lannie]] * {{tcname unused|Lekep}} * Liwayway * Loleng * Luding * [[Bagyong Luis|Luis]] * Luming * Lusing ==[[M]]== * Mameng * [[Bagyong Marce|Marce]] * Marilyn * Maymay * Maring * Mario * Miding * Milenyo * Miling * Mina * Mirasol ==[[N]]== * [[Bagyong Nando|Nando]] * {{tcname unused|Nanolay}} * Nanang * Narsing * Neneng * Nika * Nimfa * Nina * Ningning * Nona * Nonoy * Norming ==[[O]]== * Obet * Odette * Ofel * Ondoy * {{tcname unused|Omar}} * {{tcname unused|Onos}} * Onyang * [[Bagyong Onyok|Onyok]] * Osang * Openg * Oyang ==[[P]]== * Pablo * Paeng * {{tcname unused|Paloma}} * [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] * Paring * Pasing * [[Bagyong Perla (paglilinaw)|Perla]] * Pening * Pepang * Pepeng * {{tcname unused|Pilandok}} * {{tcname unused|Puwok}} ==[[Q]]== * {{tcname unused|Quadro}} * [[Bagyong Quedan|Quedan]] * [[Bagyong Queenie|Queenie]] * Querubin * Quiel * Quinta ==[[R]]== * [[Bagyong Ramil|Ramil]] * [[Bagyong Ramon|Ramon]] * {{tcname unused|Rapido}} * Reming * Ritang * {{tcname unused|Roleta}} * [[Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] * Romina * [[Bagyong Rosal|Rosal]] * Rosing * {{tcname unused|Roskas}} * Rubing * Ruby * Ruping ==[[S]]== * Saling * [[Bagyong Salome|Salome]] * [[Bagyong Samuel|Samuel]] * Santi * [[Bagyong Sarah (paglilinaw)|Sarah]] * Sendang * Sendong * Sening * Seniang * {{tcname unused|Sibasib}} * Sikat * [[Bagyong Siony|Siony]] * Susang ==[[T]]== * {{tcname unused|Tagbanwa}} * {{tcname unused|Tala}} * {{tcname unused|Talahib}} * {{tcname unused|Tamaraw}} * Tasing * Tering * [[Bagyong Tino|Tino]] * Tisoy * Trining * [[Bagyong Tomas|Tomas]] * [[Bagyong Tonyo (paglilinaw)|Tonyo]] * Toyang ==[[U]]== * {{tcname unused|Ubbeng}} * {{tcname unused|Ugong}} * [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] * {{tcname unused|Umberto}} * Undang * Unding * {{tcname unused|Upang}} * {{tcname unused|Urbano}} * Usman * Upeng * Urduja * Ursula * Uwan ==[[V]]== * {{tcname unused|Venus}} * [[Bagyong Verbena|Verbena]] * [[Bagyong Vicky (paglilinaw)|Vicky]] * [[Bagyong Vinta (paglilinaw)|Vinta]] * Violeta * [[Bagyong Viring|Viring]] ==[[W]]== * {{tcname unused|Walding}} * {{tcname unused|Waldo}} * Warling * {{tcname unused|Warren}} * Weling * {{tcname unused|Welpring}} * [[Bagyong Weng|Weng]] * [[Bagyong Wilma|Wilma]] * Winnie * {{tcname unused|Wisik}} =={{tcname unused|''X''}}== ==[[Y]]== * {{tcname unused|Yasmin}} * {{tcname unused|Yaning}} * Yayang * {{tcname unused|Yerling}} * {{tcname unused|Yeyeng}} * Yoning * Yoling * Yolanda * [[Bagyong Yoyong|Yoyong]] * [[Bagyong Yoyoy|Yoyoy]] ==[[Z]]== * {{tcname unused|Zeny}} * Zigzag * [[Bagyong Zoraida|Zoriada]] * Zosimo * {{tcname unused|Zuma}} == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} 5z2v2f4ckiwbbkowbbujzbp47rowfo0 2204380 2204379 2026-04-23T07:03:33Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 2204380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|kasalukuyang bagyo|Panahon ng bagyo sa Pasipiko ng 2025}} {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Super Bagyong Rolly (Goni) | Basin = WPac | Formed = Oktubre 26, 2020 | Dissipated = Nobyembre 6, 2020 | image = Goni 2020-10-31 1745Z.jpg | caption = Ang Bagyong Rolly na nananalasa sa [[Bicol]] noong ika-31 ng Oktubre | track = | 10-min winds = 145 | 1-min winds = 172.5 | Pressure = 884 | Fatalities = 32 nasawi | Damages = 492 milyon }} Ang '''talaan ng mga bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ay naka hanay na alpabeto sa '''Bagyo sa Pilipinas''' ito ay sumusunod sa bawat patlang ng [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] o (PAR) taong 1997 na likhain ang "Panahon ng bagyo sa hilagang-kanlurang Pasipiko".<ref>http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211617/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tropical-cyclone/tropical-cyclone-summary |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneymax.ph/lifestyle/articles/philippine-typhoon-names</ref> == Mga bagyong nag-landfall sa Pilipinas == {{See|Talaan ng mga rinetirong pangalan ng bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {|class="collapsible collapsed wikitable toccolours" width=60% |- !style="background: white" colspan=4 align="center" |Talaan ng mga tinangal na pangalan bagyo sa Pilipinas |- ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Local na pangalan (Luzon)''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:gold"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Cosme|Cosme]] || 2008 || Rehiyon ng Ilocos |- | Crising || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Emong (2009)|Emong]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Emong|Emong]] || 2025 || Ilokos |- | [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda]] || 2014 || Bicol, Calabarzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Gorio (2017)|Gorio]] || 2017 || Luzon |- |Iliang || 1998 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Jenny (2019)|Jenny]] || 2019 || Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2017)|Jolina]] || 2017 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Juan (2010)|Juan]] || 2010 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Julian|Julian]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Karding (2022)|Karding]] || 2022 || Gitnang Luzon/Quezon |- | [[Bagyong Karen|Karen]] || 2016 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Kristine|Kristine]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo]] || 2013 || Gitna/Hilaga Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lando|Lando]] || 2015 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin]] || 2016 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Leon|Leon]] || 2024 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Loleng|Loleng]] || 1998 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Maring (2017)|Maring]] || 2017 || Calabarzon |- | ''Maring'' || 2021 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo]] || 2006 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Mina|Mina]] || 2011 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Nando|Nando]] || 2025 || Batanes |- | [[Bagyong Nona|Nona]] || 2015 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Nika|Nika]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina]] || 2016 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Odette (2017)|Odette]] || 2017 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ofel|Ofel]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Ondoy]] || 2009 || Gitnang Luzon, Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Paeng (2022)|Paeng]] || 2022 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] || 2025 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring]] || 2011 || Kalakhang Maynila |- | [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng]] || 2009 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Pepito (2020)|Pepito]] || 2020 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito]] || 2024 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | Queenie || 2006 || Aurora, Isabela |- | [[Bagyong Quinta|Quinta]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ramon (2019)|Ramon]] || 2019 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] || 2020 || Rehiyon ng Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Romina (2024)|Romina]] || 2024 || Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing]] || 1995 || Timog Luzon, Camarines Norte |- | [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita]] || 2018 || Hilagang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby]] || 2014 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Santi|Santi]] || 2013 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Tino (2017)|Tino]] || 2017 || Palawan |- | [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy]] || 2019 || rowspan="3"| Timog Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Unding|Unding]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Vinta (2013)|Vinta]] || 2013 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Violeta|Violeta]] || 2004 || Gitnang Luzon |- | [[Bagyong Viring (2003)|Viring]] || 2003 || Lambak ng Cagayan |- | [[Bagyong Winnie|Winnie]] || rowspan="2"| 2004 || Bicol, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong]] || Gitnang Luzon |- ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Local na pangalan (Bisayas)''' ! style="background-color:silvar"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:silver"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] || 2022 || Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Ambo (2020)|Ambo]] || 2020 || Silangang Bisayas, Calabarzon |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2009)|Auring]] || 2009 || N/A |- | [[Bagyong Frank|Frank]] || 2008 || Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Jolina (2021)|Jolina]] || rowspan="3"| 2021 || [[Kabisayaan]], [[Timog Luzon]] |- | [[Bagyong Lannie (2021)|Lannie]] || Kabisayaan, Palawan |- | [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette]] || Caraga, Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ofel (2020)|Ofel]] || 2020 || Timog Luzon, Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Opong|Opong]] || 2025 || Silangang Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Ruping|Ruping]] || 1990 || Caraga, Kanlurang Bisayas |- | Salome || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Seniang (2014)|Seniang]] || 2014 |- | Undang || 1984 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | Unsang || 1988 |- | [[Bagyong Urduja|Urduja]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Silangang Bisayas |- | [[Bagyong Uring|Uring]] || 1991 |- | [[Bagyong Ursula|Ursula]] || 2019 || Kabisayaan, Mimaropa |- | [[Bagyong Usman|Usman]] || 2018 || Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Weng (2003)|Weng]] || 2003 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan |- | [[Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda]] || 2013 |- ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Local na pangalan (Mindanao)''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:lightyellow"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | [[Bagyong Auring (2021)|Auring]] || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="4"| Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Crising (2021)|Crising]] |- | [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo]] || 2012 |- | [[Bagyong Sendong|Sendong]] || 2011 |- | Seniang || 2006 || Silangang Bisayas |- | Querubin || 2024 || Davao Region, Caraga, N Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vinta|Vinta]] || 2017 || rowspan="2"| Kabisayaan, Mindanao |- | [[Bagyong Vicky (2020)|Vicky]] || 2020 |- ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Local na pangalan (Dagat Pilipinas)''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Taon''' ! style="background-color:skyblue"| '''Rehiyon''' |- | Bising || rowspan="2"| 2021 || rowspan="18"| {{center|[[Karagatang Pasipiko]]}} |- |Dante |- | [[Bagyong Dindo (2020)|Dindo]] || 2020 |- | Emong || rowspan="2"| 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Fabian (2021)|Fabian]] |- | [[Bagyong Ferdie (2020)|Ferdie]] || 2020 |- | Hanna || rowspan="2"| 2019 |- | Isang |- | [[Bagyong Julian (2020)|Julian]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Kiko (2021)|Kiko]] || 2021 |- | [[Bagyong Kristine (2020)|Kristine]] || rowspan="2"| 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Leon (2020)|Leon]] |- | [[Bagyong Liwayway (2019)|Liwayway]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Nika (2020)|Nika]] || 2020 |- | [[Bagyong Quiel (2019)|Quiel]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Rolly (2004)|Rolly]] || 2004 |- | [[Bagyong Sarah (2019)|Sarah]] || 2019 |- | [[Bagyong Yoyoy (2003)|Yoyoy]] || 2003 |} ==Listahan ng mga mga bagyo sa bawat letra== {{See|Bagyo sa Pilipinas}} {{Warning|'''[[Bagyo]]'''}} ==[[A]]== * Ada * [[Bagyong Agaton|Agaton]] * [[Bagyong Aghon|Aghon]] * Akang * [[Bagyong Amang|Amang]] * [[Bagyong Ambo|Ambo]] * Asiang * Atring * [[Bagyong Auring|Auring]] ==[[B]]== * Bebeng * [[Bagyong Betty|Betty]] * Bining * Biring * [[Bagyong Bising|Bising]] * [[Bagyong Butchoy|Butchoy]] ==[[C]]== * [[Bagyong Caloy|Caloy]] * [[Bagyong Carina (paglilinaw)|Carina]] * [[Bagyong Chedeng|Chedeng]] * {{tcname unused|Chico}} * [[Bagyong Crising (paglilinaw)|Crising]] ==[[D]]== * Dading * Daling * [[Bagyong Dante|Dante]] * Deling * Didang * Diding * [[Bagyong Dindo|Dindo]] * Ditang * [[Bagyong Dodong|Dodong]] * [[Bagyong Domeng|Domeng]] ==[[E]]== * {{tcname unused|Edring}} * [[Bagyong Egay|Egay]] * Elang * {{tcname unused|Elias}} * Emang * {{tcname unused|Emil}} * [[Bagyong Emong (paglilinaw)|Emong]] * Enteng * Etang * Eteng ==[[F]]== * [[Bagyong Fabian|Fabian]] * [[Bagyong Falcon|Falcon]] * [[Bagyong Ferdie|Ferdie]] * Feria * [[Bagyong Florita|Florita]] * Frank ==[[G]]== * Gading * {{tcname unused|Gavino}} * [[Bagyong Gardo (paglilinaw)|Gardo]] * [[Bagyong Gener (paglilinaw)|Gener]] * Gening * [[Bagyong Glenda (paglilinaw)|Glenda]] * Gloring * Goring * [[Bagyong Gorio|Gorio]] ==[[H]]== * [[Bagyong Hanna|Hanna]] * [[Bagyong Helen (paglilinaw)|Helen]] * Heling * Helming * [[Bagyong Henry|Henry]] * [[Bagyong Huaning|Huaning]] ==[[I]]== * Ibiang * [[Bagyong Igme (paglilinaw)|Igme]] * Iliang * [[Bagyong Inday (paglilinaw)|Inday]] * [[Bagyong Ineng|Ineng]] * [[Bagyong Isang|Isang]] * Ising ==[[J]]== * [[Bagyong Jacinto|Jacinto]] * [[Bagyong Jenny|Jenny]] * [[Bagyong Jolina|Jolina]] * Jose * {{tcname unused|Josefa}} * Josie * Juaning * Julian ==[[K]]== * [[Bagyong Kabayan (paglilinaw)|Kabayan]] * Karen * Karing * {{tcname unused|Kidul}} * [[Bagyong Kiko|Kiko]] * {{tcname unused|Kiyapo}} * Klaring * Konsing * Kristine * Kuring ==[[L]]== * Labuyo * Lando * [[Bagyong Lannie|Lannie]] * {{tcname unused|Lekep}} * Liwayway * Loleng * Luding * [[Bagyong Luis|Luis]] * Luming * Lusing ==[[M]]== * {{tcname unused|Magyawan}} * Mameng * [[Bagyong Marce|Marce]] * Marilyn * Maymay * Maring * Mario * Miding * Milenyo * Miling * Mina * Mirasol ==[[N]]== * [[Bagyong Nando|Nando]] * {{tcname unused|Nanolay}} * Nanang * Narsing * Neneng * Nika * {{tcname unused|Nilad}} * Nimfa * Nina * Ningning * Nona * Nonoy * Norming ==[[O]]== * Obet * Odette * Ofel * Ondoy * {{tcname unused|Omar}} * {{tcname unused|Onos}} * Onyang * [[Bagyong Onyok|Onyok]] * Osang * Openg * Oyang ==[[P]]== * Pablo * Paeng * {{tcname unused|Paloma}} * [[Bagyong Paolo|Paolo]] * Paring * Pasing * [[Bagyong Perla (paglilinaw)|Perla]] * Pening * Pepang * Pepeng * {{tcname unused|Pilandok}} * {{tcname unused|Puwok}} ==[[Q]]== * {{tcname unused|Quadro}} * [[Bagyong Quedan|Quedan]] * [[Bagyong Queenie|Queenie]] * Querubin * Quiel * Quinta ==[[R]]== * [[Bagyong Ramil|Ramil]] * [[Bagyong Ramon|Ramon]] * {{tcname unused|Rapido}} * Reming * Ritang * {{tcname unused|Roleta}} * [[Bagyong Rolly|Rolly]] * Romina * [[Bagyong Rosal|Rosal]] * Rosing * {{tcname unused|Roskas}} * Rubing * Ruby * Ruping ==[[S]]== * Saling * [[Bagyong Salome|Salome]] * [[Bagyong Samuel|Samuel]] * Santi * [[Bagyong Sarah (paglilinaw)|Sarah]] * Sendang * Sendong * Sening * Seniang * {{tcname unused|Sibasib}} * Sikat * [[Bagyong Siony|Siony]] * Susang ==[[T]]== * {{tcname unused|Tagbanwa}} * {{tcname unused|Tala}} * {{tcname unused|Talahib}} * {{tcname unused|Tamaraw}} * Tasing * Tering * [[Bagyong Tino|Tino]] * Tisoy * Trining * [[Bagyong Tomas|Tomas]] * [[Bagyong Tonyo (paglilinaw)|Tonyo]] * Toyang ==[[U]]== * {{tcname unused|Ubbeng}} * {{tcname unused|Ugong}} * [[Bagyong Ulysses|Ulysses]] * {{tcname unused|Umberto}} * Undang * Unding * {{tcname unused|Upang}} * {{tcname unused|Urbano}} * Usman * Upeng * Urduja * Ursula * Uwan ==[[V]]== * {{tcname unused|Venus}} * [[Bagyong Verbena|Verbena]] * [[Bagyong Vicky (paglilinaw)|Vicky]] * [[Bagyong Vinta (paglilinaw)|Vinta]] * Violeta * [[Bagyong Viring|Viring]] ==[[W]]== * {{tcname unused|Walding}} * {{tcname unused|Waldo}} * Warling * {{tcname unused|Warren}} * Weling * {{tcname unused|Welpring}} * [[Bagyong Weng|Weng]] * [[Bagyong Wilma|Wilma]] * Winnie * {{tcname unused|Wisik}} =={{tcname unused|''X''}}== ==[[Y]]== * {{tcname unused|Yasmin}} * {{tcname unused|Yaning}} * Yayang * {{tcname unused|Yerling}} * {{tcname unused|Yeyeng}} * Yoning * Yoling * Yolanda * [[Bagyong Yoyong|Yoyong]] * [[Bagyong Yoyoy|Yoyoy]] ==[[Z]]== * {{tcname unused|Zeny}} * Zigzag * [[Bagyong Zoraida|Zoriada]] * Zosimo * {{tcname unused|Zuma}} == Mga Super Bagyo (2010s at 2020s) == {{unbulleted list | {{Color box|blueviolet|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 5 | {{Color box|crimson|border=darkgray}} Kategorya 4 }} ===Kategoryang umabot sa (5, 4)=== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Rango''' |'''Bagyo''' |'''Petsa''' |'''Lakas ng hangin (''10 minuto'')''' |'''Presyon''' |'''Signal''' |'''Nasawi''' |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 1 || '''[[Super Bagyong Rolly|Rolly (Goni)]]''' || Oktubre 26 - Nobyembre 6, 2020 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 905 hPa (23.72 inHg) || Signals 1-5 || 32 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 2 || ''[[Super Bagyong Yolanda|Yolanda (Haiyan)]]'' || Nobyembre 6 - 9, 2013 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 895 hPa (26.43 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 6, 300 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 3 || [[Bagyong Ferdie (2016)|Ferdie (Meranti)]] || Setyembre 4 - Setyembre 17, 2016 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26 inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 47 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 4 || [[Bagyong Bising (2021)|Bising (Surigae)]] || Abril 12 - Abril 25, 2021 || 220 km/h (140 mph) || 895 hPa (26.03inHg) || Signals 1-3 || 10 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 5 || [[Super Bagyong Warling|Warling (Tip)]] || Oktubre 4 – Oktubre 24, 1979 || 260 km/h (185 mph) || 875 hPa (23.72 inHg) || N/A || 99 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 6 || [[Bagyong Juan|Juan (Megi)]] || Oktubre 15 - 20, 2010 || 230 km/h (145 mph) || 885 hPa (26.13 inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 33 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 7 || [[Super Bagyong Rosing|Rosing (Angela)]] || Oktubre 25 - Nobyembre 7, 1995 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 910 hPa (inHG) || Signals 1-4 || 936 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 8 || [[Bagyong Lawin|Lawin (Haima)]] || Oktubre 16 - 21, 2016 || 215 km/h (130mph) || 900 hPa (26.58 inHG) || Signals 1-5 || 20 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 9 || [[Bagyong Ruby|Ruby (Hagupit)]] || Disyembre 7-14, 2014 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 22 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 10 || [[Bagyong Rosita|Rosita (Yutu)]] || Oktubre 21-Nobyembre 2, 2018 || 215 km/h (130 mph) || 900 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 29 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 11 || [[Super Bagyong Ompong|Ompong (Mangkut)]] || Setyembre 7-17, 2018 || 205 km/h (125 mph) || 905 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 134 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 12 || [[Super Bagyong Pepito|Pepito (Man-yi)]] || Nobyembre 9-kasalukuyan || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-5 || 1+ |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 13 || [[Super Bagyong Odette|Odette (Rai)]] || Disyembre 16-20, 2021 || 195 km/h (260 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 408 |- | style="background-color:blueviolet"| 14 || [[Bagyong Nina (2016)|Nina (Nock-ten)]] || Disyembre 22-28, 2016 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 8 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 15 || [[Bagyong Pablo|Pablo (Bopha)]] || Disyembre 4 - 9, 2012 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 930 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 16 || [[Super Bagyong Ruping|Ruping (Mike)]] || Nobyembre 8 - 18, 1990 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 1, 069 |- | style="background-color:purple"| 17 || [[Bagyong Mina|Mina (Nanmadol)]] || Agosto 21-31, 2011 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 38 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 18 || [[Bagyong Reming|Reming (Durian)]] || Nobyembre 25 - Disyembre 6, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 915 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1, 500 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 19 || [[Bagyong Labuyo|Labuyo (Utor)]] || Agosto 8 - 18, 2013 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 925 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 97 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 20 || [[Bagyong Pepeng|Pepeng (Parma)]] || Setyembre 27 - Oktubre 14, 2009 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 465 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 21 || Queenie (Chebi) || Nobyembre 8 - 14, 2006 || 195 km/h (120 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 1 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 22 || [[Bagyong Lando|Lando (Koppu)]] || Oktubre 11 - 24, 2015 || 185 km/h (115 mph) || 920 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 2 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 23 || [[Bagyong Nona|Nona (Melor)]] || Disyembre 9 - 17, 2015 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 42 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 24 || [[Bagyong Karen|Karen (Sarika)]] || Oktubre 13 - 19, 2016 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 936 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 36 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 25 || [[Bagyong Quiel (2011)|Quiel (Nalgae)]] || Setyembre 26 - Oktubre 11, 2011 || 175 km/h (110 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 18 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 26 || [[Bagyong Yoyong (2004)|Yoyong (Nanmadol)]] || Nobyembre 28 - Disyembre 4, 2004 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-4 || 77 |- | style="background-color:violet"| 27 || [[Bagyong Glenda|Glenda (Rammasun)]] || Hulyo 9-20, 2014 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 935 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 225 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 28 || [[Bagyong Tisoy|Tisoy (Kammuri)]] || Nobyembre 23 - Disyembre 6, 2019 || 165 km/h (105 mph) || 955 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 17 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 29 || [[Bagyong Milenyo|Milenyo (Xangsane)]] || Setyembre 25 - Oktubre 2, 2006 || 155 km/h (100 mph) || 940 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 312 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 30 || [[Bagyong Pedring|Pedring (Nesat)]] || Setyembre 23 - 30, 2011 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 950 hPa (mbar) || Signals 1-3 || 98 |- | style="background-color:crimson"| 31 || [[Bagyong Unding|Unding (Muifa)]] || Nobyembre 14 - 26, 2004 || 150 km/h (90 mph) || 215 km/h (130 mph) || Signals 1-3 || 180 |} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] {{usbong|Panahon|Kalikasan}} id9nojvuhb3besl491cq2elqobx36t2 0 301837 2204258 2087583 2026-04-22T21:05:14Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsourced|date=Pebrero 2021}} {{Infobox religious building |building_name=Basilika ng San Esteban ng Bilog sa Burol Celio<br/> <small>Basilica di Santo Stefano al Monte Celio {{in lang|it}}<br/> Basilica S. Stephani in Caelio Monte {{in lang|la}}</small> |architecture_type=[[Simbahan (gusali)|Simbahan]] |height_max= |width_nave={{convert|20|m|ft}} |width={{convert|45|m|ft}} |length={{convert|80|m|ft}} |capacity= |construction_cost= |year_completed= |groundbreaking=Ika-5 siglo |facade_direction=[[North]] |architecture_style=[[Arkitekturang Romano|Romano]] |architect= |image=SantoStefanoRotondoByRoeslerFranz.jpg |website=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222635/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Ente.asp?ID=955 Official Website] |leadership=[[Friedrich Wetter]] |status=[[Basilika menor]], [[titulus (Roman Catholic)|titulo]], Simbahang rektoryo, [[Mga pambansang simbahan sa Roma|Pambansang simbahan]] ng [[Hungary]] sa Roma |consecration_year=ca. 470 |district= |province= |rite= |religious_affiliation=[[Katoliko Romano]] |geo={{coord|41|53|04|N|12|29|48|E|region:IT-RM_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} |location=[[Roma]], Italya |caption=Santo Stefano Rotondo sa pinta ni [[Ettore Roesler Franz]] noong ika-19 na siglo. |materials= }} [[Talaksan:Santo Stefano Rotondo - interno.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Tanaw ng loob ng simbahan]] Ang '''Basilika ng San Esteban ng Bilog sa Burol Celio''' ({{Lang-it|Basilica di Santo Stefano al Monte Celio}}, {{Lang-la|Basilica S. Stephani in Caelio Monte}}) ay isang sinaunang [[basilika]] at [[simbahang titulo]] sa [[Roma]], Italya. Karaniwang tinatawag na '''Santo Stefano Rotondo''', ang simbahan ay [[Mga pambansang simbahan sa Roma|"pambansang simbahan"]] ng [[Hungary]] sa Roma, na alay kapuwa kapwa [[San Esteban (martir)|San Esteban]], ang unang Kristiyanong martir, at si [[Esteban I ng Unggarya|Esteban I]], ang pinabanal na unang [[hari ng Hungary]] na nagpataw ng Kristiyanismo sa kanyang mga nasasakupan. Ang [[Mga basilika sa Simbahang Katolika|basilika menor]] ay siyang rektoryong simbahan ng Pontipikal na [[Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum|Collegian Germanicum et Hungaricum]] . {{Magmula noong|2005}}, ang [[Kardinal (Katolisismo)|Kardinal Pari]] o [[Titular tingnan|titular]] S. Stephano ay si [[Friedrich Wetter]]. [[Talaksan:Santo Stefano Rotondo - esterno.jpg|thumb|Ang Santo Stefano Rotondo ay ang pinakalumang halimbawa ng isang sentral na nakaplanong simbahan sa Roma.]] == Mga sanggunian == == Karagdagang pagbabasa == * Macadam, Alta. ''Blue Guide Rome'' . A & C Black, London (1994),{{ISBN|0713639393}} * Federico Gizzi, ''Le chiese medievali di Roma'' (Roma, Newton Compton, 1998). * H. Brandenburg und J. Pál (edd), ''Santo Stefano Rotondo sa Roma.'' ''Archeologia, storia dell'arte, restauro.'' ''Archäologie, Bauforschung, Geschichte.'' ''Akten der internationalen Tagung (Rom 1996)'' (Wiesbaden, 2000). * Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., ''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533 Edad ng kabanalan: huli na antigong at unang bahagi ng sining ng Kristiyano, pangatlo hanggang ikapitong siglo]'', blg. 589, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York,{{ISBN|9780870991790}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [http://www.koh.hu/index.php?_mp=hirek&_amp=santo&_url=hirek.php Ang mga larawan ng natuklasang Roman floor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206045117/http://www.koh.hu/index.php?_mp=hirek&_amp=santo&_url=hirek.php |date=2012-02-06 }}, na may Hungarian text lamang * [http://www.santo-stefano-rotondo.it Opisyal na Homepage ng Simbahan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916232014/http://www.santo-stefano-rotondo.it/ |date=2018-09-16 }} 9agvoql0jol048m4d46wd0ytg9ejmiw 0 301938 2204315 2201618 2026-04-23T01:26:18Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204315 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang sumusunod ay talaan ng mga [[comune]] ng Lalawigan ng [[Lalawigan ng Ancona|Ancona]], [[Marche]], sa [[Italya]]. {{Wikidata list|sparql= SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q747074 . ?item wdt:P131 wd:Q16114 . } |columns=P635:ISTAT,label/it:Comune,P2046:Lawak,P1082:Populasyon |section= |min_section= |sort=P635 |links=text |thumb= |autolist= |references=all |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! ISTAT ! Comune ! Lawak ! Populasyon |- | 042001 | Agugliano | 21.89<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4799<ref name="ref_204c1ab4d1a0f46b14b968d13f576127fa86a9e41d1d0ba263037aad950e7ebb">{{Cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-10-03 |archive-date=2019-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630220127/http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | 042002 | Ancona | 124.84<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 98356<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042003 | Arcevia | 128.33<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4231<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042004 | Barbara | 11.04<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1271<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042005 | Belvedere Ostrense | 29.45<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2093<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042006 | Camerano | 20<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 7084<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042007 | Camerata Picena | 11.89<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2486<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042008 | Castelbellino | 6.05<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4919<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042010 | Castelfidardo | 33.39<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 18419<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042011 | Castelleone di Suasa | 15.92<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1552<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042012 | Castelplanio | 15.32<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3531<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042013 | Cerreto d'Esi | 16.91<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3374<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042014 | Chiaravalle | 17.6<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 14289<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042015 | Corinaldo | 49.28<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4767<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042016 | Cupramontana | 27.4<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4364<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042017 | Fabriano | 272.08<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 28918<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042018 | Falconara Marittima | 25.82<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 25530<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042019 | Filottrano | 71.2<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 8917<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042020 | Genga | 73.16<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1682<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042021 | Jesi | 108.9<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 39137<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042022 | Loreto | 17.9<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 12899<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042023 | Maiolati Spontini | 21.49<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 5986<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042024 | Mergo | 7.28<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5">https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224</ref> | 996<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042025 | Monsano | 14.66<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3289<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042026 | Montecarotto | 24.39<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1836<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042027 | Montemarciano | 22.31<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 9762<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042029 | Monte Roberto | 13.51<br/>13.57<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3027<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042030 | Monte San Vito | 21.81<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 6704<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042031 | Morro d'Alba | 19.46<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1798<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042032 | Numana | 10.94<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3741<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042033 | Offagna | 10.63<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2047<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042034 | Osimo | 106.74<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 34687<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042035 | Ostra | 47.25<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 6282<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042036 | Ostra Vetere | 30.02<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3110<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042037 | Poggio San Marcello | 13.36<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 672<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042038 | Polverigi | 24.98<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4582<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042040 | Rosora | 9.41<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1818<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042041 | San Marcello | 25.78<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1996<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042042 | San Paolo di Jesi | 10.11<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 894<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042043 | Santa Maria Nuova | 18.29<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3942<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042044 | Sassoferrato | 137.23<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 6841<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042045 | Senigallia | 117.77<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 44019<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042046 | Serra de' Conti | 24.54<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3559<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042047 | Serra San Quirico | 49.33<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2540<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042048 | Sirolo | 16.68<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4097<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 042049 | Staffolo | 27.5<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2087<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 042050 | Trecastelli | 38.66 | 7500<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |} ---- &sum; 47 items. {{Wikidata list end}} == Sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga lalawigan ng Italya|Ancona]] f9j2tz70qyq3vu42g8h8me1azyp0qu6 0 302249 2204316 2202885 2026-04-23T01:26:26Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204316 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang sumusunod ay talaan ng mga [[comune]] ng Lalawigan ng [[Lalawigan ng Catanzaro|Catanzaro]], [[Calabria]], sa [[Italya]]. {{Wikidata list|sparql= SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q747074 . ?item wdt:P131 wd:Q16159 . } |columns=P635:ISTAT,label/it:Comune,P2046:Lawak,P1082:Populasyon |section= |min_section= |sort=P635 |links=text |thumb= |autolist= |references=all |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! ISTAT ! Comune ! Lawak ! Populasyon |- | 079002 | Albi | 29.64<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 790<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079003 | Amaroni | 9.88<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1660<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079004 | Amato | 20.93<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 793<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079005 | Andali | 17.87<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 637<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079007 | Argusto | 6.88<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 444<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079008 | Badolato | 37.07<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2843<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079009 | Belcastro | 53.56<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1231<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079011 | Borgia | 42.38<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 7158<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079012 | Botricello | 15.48<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4993<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079017 | Caraffa di Catanzaro | 24<br/>25.05<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1743<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079018 | Cardinale | 30.12<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1829<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079020 | Carlopoli | 16.41<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1385<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079023 | Catanzaro | 112.72<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 84670<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079024 | Cenadi | 11.92<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 510<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079025 | Centrache | 7.96<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 342<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079027 | Cerva | 21.37<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1086<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079029 | Chiaravalle Centrale | 23.83<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 5098<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079030 | Cicala | 9.28<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 887<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079033 | Conflenti | 29.34<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1282<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079034 | Cortale | 30.01<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1866<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079036 | Cropani | 44.81<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4674<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079039 | Curinga | 52.53<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 6501<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079042 | Davoli | 25.03<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 5546<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079043 | Decollatura | 50.83<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2855<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079047 | Falerna | 24.04<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3786<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079048 | Feroleto Antico | 22.38<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1955<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079052 | Fossato Serralta | 11.85<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 558<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079055 | Gagliato | 7.04<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 432<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079056 | Gasperina | 6.78<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1884<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079058 | Gimigliano | 33.55<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2985<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079059 | Girifalco | 43.1<br/>43.08<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 5495<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079060 | Gizzeria | 37.19<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 5065<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079061 | Guardavalle | 60.27<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4117<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079063 | Isca sullo Ionio | 23.56<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1441<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079065 | Jacurso | 21<br/>21.2<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 549<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079068 | Magisano | 31.94<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1106<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079069 | Maida | 58.34<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4396<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079071 | Marcedusa | 15.68<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 380<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079072 | Marcellinara | 20.91<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2146<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079073 | Martirano | 14.9<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 840<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079074 | Martirano Lombardo | 19.84<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5">https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224</ref> | 952<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079077 | Miglierina | 13.94<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 722<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079080 | Montauro | 11.74<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1773<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079081 | Montepaone | 16.85<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 5656<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079083 | Motta Santa Lucia | 26.3<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 798<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079087 | Nocera Terinese | 46.58<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4715<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079088 | Olivadi | 7.17<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 488<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079089 | Palermiti | 18.38<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1057<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079092 | Pentone | 12.38<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1887<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079094 | Petrizzi | 21.9<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1010<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079095 | Petronà | 45.79<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2365<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 079096 | Pianopoli | 24.65<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2484<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079099 | Platania | 26.84<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1973<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079108 | San Floro | 18.32<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 670<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079110 | San Mango d'Aquino | 6.89<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1442<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079114 | San Pietro a Maida | 16.45<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3772<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079115 | San Pietro Apostolo | 11.72<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1520<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079116 | San Sostene | 32.49<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1401<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079117 | Santa Caterina dello Ionio | 40.69<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1923<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079118 | Sant'Andrea Apostolo dello Ionio | 21.43<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1900<ref name="ref_4101d67916181d7a61079c5a0a35c3ac045efad5d96c3748f8b41a6437aa90b9">''[[:d:Q214195|Istat]]''</ref><br/>1872<ref name="ref_204c1ab4d1a0f46b14b968d13f576127fa86a9e41d1d0ba263037aad950e7ebb">{{Cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-10-14 |archive-date=2019-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630220127/http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br/>1701<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/><br/>1691<ref name="ref_85c53fa19adf081b668ce0bbdf5b4eb33e4ec5822a89e5b2dd5b678fff435836"/><br/>1759<ref name="ref_85c53fa19adf081b668ce0bbdf5b4eb33e4ec5822a89e5b2dd5b678fff435836"/><br/>1809<ref name="ref_85c53fa19adf081b668ce0bbdf5b4eb33e4ec5822a89e5b2dd5b678fff435836">https://www.citypopulation.de/en/italy/calabria/079__catanzaro/</ref><br/>2072<ref name="ref_85c53fa19adf081b668ce0bbdf5b4eb33e4ec5822a89e5b2dd5b678fff435836"/><br/>2329<ref name="ref_85c53fa19adf081b668ce0bbdf5b4eb33e4ec5822a89e5b2dd5b678fff435836"/><br/>2836<ref name="ref_85c53fa19adf081b668ce0bbdf5b4eb33e4ec5822a89e5b2dd5b678fff435836"/><br/>3085<ref name="ref_85c53fa19adf081b668ce0bbdf5b4eb33e4ec5822a89e5b2dd5b678fff435836"/><br/>3324<br/>4016<br/>4912<br/>5170<br/>5497<br/>4868<br/>4594<br/>4011<br/>3360<br/>3539<br/>3211 |- | 079122 | San Vito sullo Ionio | 17.17<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1613<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079123 | Satriano | 21.16<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3364<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079126 | Sellia | 12.81<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 476<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079127 | Sellia Marina | 41.46<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 7615<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079129 | Serrastretta | 41.65<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2923<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079130 | Sersale | 53.3<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4250<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079131 | Settingiano | 14.35<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3260<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079133 | Simeri Crichi | 46.74<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 4722<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079134 | Sorbo San Basile | 59.28<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 754<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079137 | Soverato | 7.79<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 8618<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079138 | Soveria Mannelli | 20.5<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2835<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079139 | Soveria Simeri | 22.28<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1439<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079142 | Squillace | 34.33<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3511<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079143 | Stalettì | 12.11<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2353<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079146 | Taverna | 132.31<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 2522<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079147 | Tiriolo | 29.26<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 3581<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079148 | Torre di Ruggiero | 25.37<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 951<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079151 | Vallefiorita | 13.88<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1503<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079157 | Zagarise | 49.33<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 1425<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |- | 079160 | Lamezia Terme | 162.43<ref name="ref_9437f1d6c0387314824b069620917f9c3c0a7419ec1d92d4ba16f78323dd2dc5"/> | 67026<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427"/> |} ---- &sum; 80 items. {{Wikidata list end}} == Sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga lalawigan ng Italya|Catanzaro]] s1it3m7mlpusma5gbxlutgptkmc4rxg 0 302386 2204456 2198574 2026-04-23T11:29:18Z ListeriaBot 79921 Wikidata list updated [V2] 2204456 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang sumusunod ay talaan ng mga [[comune]] ng Lalawigan ng [[Lalawigan ng Carbonia-Iglesias|Carbonia-Iglesias]], [[Sardegna]], sa [[Italya]]. {{Wikidata list|sparql= SELECT ?item WHERE { wd:Q16152 wdt:P150 ?item . ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q747074 . } |columns=P635:ISTAT,label/it:Comune,P2046:Lawak,P1082:Populasyon |section= |min_section= |sort=P635 |links=text |thumb= |autolist= |references=all |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! ISTAT ! Comune ! Lawak ! Populasyon |- | 111006<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Buggerru | 48.33 | 1045<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111008<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Calasetta | 31.06 | 2775<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111009<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Carbonia | 145.54 | 26250<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111010<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Carloforte | 51.1 | 5925<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111016<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Domusnovas | 80.59 | 5865<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111021<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Fluminimaggiore | 108.18 | 2639<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111028<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Giba | 30.44 | 1916<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111030<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Gonnesa | 48.06 | 4617<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111040<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Masainas | 23.69 | 1226<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111043<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Musei | 20.27 | 1507<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111044<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Narcao | 85.88 | 3039<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111049<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Nuxis | 61.59 | 1436<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111054<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Perdaxius | 29.5 | 1306<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111056<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Piscinas | 16.89 | 793<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111057<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Portoscuso | 38.09 | 4835<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111063<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | San Giovanni Suergiu | 72.37 | 5630<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111070<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Sant'Anna Arresi | 36.68 | 2612<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111071 | Sant'Antioco | 87.9 | 10645<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111090<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Tratalias | 31 | 1020<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111098<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Villamassargia | 91.39 | 3370<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 111102<ref name="ref_f3fd531148586ca0fd5a5e14adcad8f6a99c0814782559baf6baae6a7fd5b188">https://www.istat.it/storage/codici-unita-amministrative/Nuovo-assetto-territoriale-della-Sardegna.zip</ref> | Villaperuccio | 36.43 | 995<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 119009 | Iglesias | 208.23 | 25093<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |- | 119018 | Santadi | 116.49 | 3163<ref name="ref_1b601241dd90af30ab3d4acde8c4e9b3a69aa82cd06985501807e9221d46f427">https://demo.istat.it/?l=it</ref> |} ---- &sum; 23 items. {{Wikidata list end}} == Sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga lalawigan ng Italya|Carbonia-Iglesias]] h1075sfnyau9qcq1911a2li1wqxglwy 0 305777 2204391 2005064 2026-04-23T08:10:00Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox table tennis player|name=Zhang Jike|highest_rank=1 (June to December 2012) <ref name="ITTF world ranking">{{cite web |url=http://www.ittf.com/ittf_ranking/world_ranking_per_name.asp?Player_ID=110553&U18=0&U21=0&Siniors=1& |title=ITTF world ranking |publisher=International Table Tennis Federation |accessdate=2010-08-07 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6B7DMTCVJ?url=http://www.ittf.com/ittf_ranking/world_ranking_per_name.asp?Player_ID=110553 |archivedate=2012-10-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>|medaltemplates={{MedalSport |[[table tennis|Men's table tennis]]}} {{MedalCountry |{{CHN}}}} {{MedalCount |[[Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]|3|1|0 |[[World Table Tennis Championships|World Championships]]|7|1|3 |[[Table Tennis World Cup|World Cup]]|6|1|0 |'''Total'''|'''16'''|'''3'''|'''3''' }} {{MedalCompetition | [[Table tennis at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]] | [[Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Singles]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]] | [[Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's team|Team]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]] | [[Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's team|Team]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]] | [[Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Singles]] }} {{MedalCompetition | [[World Table Tennis Championships|World Championships]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[2009 World Table Tennis Championships|2009 Yokohama]] | [[2009 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles|Doubles]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[2009 World Table Tennis Championships|2009 Yokohama]] | [[2009 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles|Mixed Doubles]] }} {{MedalGold | [[2010 World Team Table Tennis Championships|2010 Moscow]] |Team }} {{MedalGold | [[2011 World Table Tennis Championships|2011 Rotterdam]] | [[2011 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles|Singles]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[2011 World Table Tennis Championships|2011 Rotterdam]] | [[2011 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles|Doubles]] }} {{MedalGold | [[2012 World Team Table Tennis Championships|2012 Dortmund]] | [[2012 World Team Table Tennis Championships – Men's team|Team]] }} {{MedalGold | [[2013 World Table Tennis Championships|2013 Paris]] | [[2013 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles|Singles]] }} {{MedalGold | [[2014 World Team Table Tennis Championships|2014 Tokyo]] | [[2014 World Team Table Tennis Championships – Men's team|Team]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[2015 World Table Tennis Championships|2015 Suzhou]] | [[2015 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles|Singles]] }} {{MedalGold | [[2015 World Table Tennis Championships|2015 Suzhou]] | [[2015 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles|Doubles]] }} {{MedalGold | [[2016 World Team Table Tennis Championships|2016 Kuala Lumpur]] | [[2016 World Team Table Tennis Championships – Men's team|Team]] }} {{MedalCompetition | [[Table Tennis World Cup|World Cup]] }} {{MedalGold | 2009 Linz | Team }} {{MedalGold | 2010 Dubai | Team }} {{MedalSilver | 2010 Magdeburg | Singles }} {{MedalGold | 2011 Paris | Singles }} {{MedalGold | 2013 Guangzhou | Team }} {{MedalGold | 2014 Düsseldorf | Singles }} {{MedalGold | 2015 Dubai | Team }} {{MedalCompetition | [[Table tennis at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Table tennis at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]] | [[Table tennis at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's doubles|Doubles]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Table tennis at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]] | [[Table tennis at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's team|Team]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Table tennis at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]] | [[Table tennis at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's doubles|Doubles]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Table tennis at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]] | [[Table tennis at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's team|Team]] }} {{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Table Tennis Championships|Asian Championships]] }} {{MedalSilver | 2009 Lucknow|Singles }} {{MedalGold | 2009 Lucknow | Team }} {{MedalSilver | 2011 Macau|Singles }} {{MedalGold | 2011 Macau | Team }} {{MedalGold | 2013 Busan | Team }} {{MedalGold | 2015 Pattaya | Team }}|show-medals=yes|weight=73 kg<ref name="2014AG" />|height=1.78 m<ref name="2014AG">{{cite web |title=Athlete's Profile |url=http://www.incheon2014ag.org/Sports/Biographies/Athletes_Profile/?ParticCode=5107792&lang=en |work=2014 Incheon Asian Games Organizing Committee |accessdate=4 October 2014 |archive-date=3 Oktubre 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003030733/http://www.incheon2014ag.org/Sports/Biographies/Athletes_Profile/?ParticCode=5107792&lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref>|birth_place=[[Qingdao]], [[Shandong]], China|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1988|2|16}}<ref name="ITTF profiles" />|club=Shandong Luneng|equipment=Butterfly Viscaria FL, DHS Hurricane 3 National (FH-Black), Butterfly Tenergy 80 (BH-Red)|native_name=张继科|playingstyle=Right-handed, shakehand grip|residence=|nationality={{CHN}}|caption=2013 World Table Tennis Championships, Paris|image_size=|image=Mondial Ping - Men's Singles - Final - Zhang Jike vs Wang Hao - 40.jpg|native_name_lang=zh-hans-TR|current_rank=75 (March 2019){{citation needed|date=March 2019}}}}'''Zhang Jike''' ( ipinanganak noong 16 Pebrero 1988) ay isang manlalaro ng [[Pingpong|tennis sa]] [[Tsina]]. Si Zhang ay naging pang-apat na lalaking manlalaro sa kasaysayan ng table tennis na nakamit ang isang karera sa Grand Slam nang manalo siya ng ginto sa mga single na lalaki sa mga palarong Olimpiko sa London 2012. Ang unang tatlo ay sina Jan-Ove Waldner (noong 1992), Liu Guoliang (noong 1999), at Kong Linghui (noong 2000). Nanalo si Zhang ng Grand Slam sa loob lamang ng 445 araw. Nanalo siya, sunud-sunod, unang WTTC 2011, pagkatapos World Cup 2011, at pagkatapos ang London Olympics 2012, na siyang siyang pinakamabilis na manlalaro na nagwagi sa isang Grand Slam. Matapos ang unang Grand Slam, nanalo siya sa WTTC 2013 at World Cup 2014, na ginagawang player siya na pinakamalapit upang makamit ang pangalawang karera na Grand Slam. Siya ay isa sa tatlong lalaking manlalaro na nagtataglay ng pinaka-pangunahing pamagat sa kasaysayan ng table tennis, sa singko. Siya lang ang nagwagi ng 5 pangunahing pamagat sa magkakasunod na kasaysayan ng table tennis. == Maagang buhay == Noong Pebrero 16, 1988, ipinanganak si Zhang sa [[Qingdao]], Lalawigan ng [[Shandong]] kay Zhang Chuanming at Xu Xiying (徐锡英). Ang kanyang ama ay isang coach ng table-tennis. Pinangalanan siya pagkatpos ng coach ng [[Futbol|soccer]] sa [[Brazil|Brazil na si]] [[Zico]] . Ayon sa kanyang ama, ang unang pagkakataon na naglaro si Zhang ng table tennis ay noong Marso 5, 1992, sa edad na 4.<ref>[http://edu.sina.com.cn/zxx/2012-08-06/1502351564.shtml 张继科童年：昔日小不点如今大满贯] Retrieved 2016-09-06</ref> == Karera == Noong 2011, si Zhang ay unang naglaro sa kaganapan ng walang kapareha sa WTTC at nagwagi sa Gold Medal sa pamamagitan ng pagkatalo kina Joo-Se-hyuk, Wang Liqin, Timo Boll at Wang Hao, na gumawa ng isang epiko na pagdiriwang sa pamamagitan ng pag-rip ng kanyang shirt matapos magwagi sa pangwakas. Matapos ang ilang buwan, nagwagi siya sa 2011 World Cup sa Paris sa pamamagitan ng pagkatalo sa Joo Se-hyuk 4-1, Wang Hao 4-2 sa huling. Matapos ang huling punto, hinubad niya ang kanyang shirt at inihagis ito sa madla at pinasalamatan sila para sa kanilang suporta. Sa panahon ng Palarong Olimpiko sa London 2012, naglaro si Zhang ng isang kakila-kilabot na laban laban sa alamat ng Europa na si Vladimir Samsonov kung saan siya ay 2-3 na pabagsak, ngunit nagawa pa ring manalo sa laban. Sa semi-final, tinalo niya si Dimitrij Ovtcharov 4-1. Sa panghuling nakilala niya muli ang kanyang kasamang si Wang Hao. Ngunit sa pagkakataong ito ay pinatunayan ni Zhang na siya ay masyadong malakas at pinangungunahan si Wang Hao. Sa pamamagitan ng pagkatalo kay Wang Hao, nakamit niya ang isang karera sa Grand Slam . Nagwagi din si Zhang Jike ng Gold Medal sa team event ngunit patungo sa daan na natalo kay Timo Boll sa semi-final laban sa Alemanya. Sa paglaon ng taong iyon nanalo siya laban sa Ma Long 4–3 sa huling bahagi ng Slovakia Open. Noong 2013, nagkaroon siya ng hindi magandang pagsisimula matapos matalo sa Chen-Chien-an sa Asian Games. Mamaya sa WTTC, muli niyang pinatunayan na hindi siya matatalo. Nanalo siya sa Gold Medal na tinalo sina Fan Zhendong, Robert Gardos, Gustavo Tsuboi, Patrick Baum, Xu Xin at Wang Hao sa finals. Sa oras na ito tumalon si Zhang sa mga hadlang at tumakbo papunta sa kanyang mga magulang. Sa parehong taon, tinalo niya ang Ma Long 4–1 sa huling bahagi ng Kuwait Open. Noong 2014 napanalunan niya ang World Cup sa Düsseldorf / Germany sa pamamagitan ng pagkatalo kay Timo Boll sa semi-final at Ma Long sa huling 4-3. Pinasalamatan siya para sa kanyang kamangha-manghang backhand-banana sa 10-10 at kumuha ng isang service point upang manalo ng ginto. Sa 2015 WTTC, natalo siya sa Fang Bo 1-4, ngunit nakipagsosyo sa Xu Xin ay nanalo siya ng Gold Medal sa event na doble. Noong Agosto, nagalit siya ni Stefan Fegerl sa men, semi-final ng solong final ng Polish Open. Natalo siya kay Ma Long 3–4 sa huling bahagi ng German Open sa kabila ng pagkakaroon ng match point sa ika-6 na laro. Noong 2016, tinalo ng Zhang Jike ang Ma Long ng madali 4–1 sa huling bahagi ng Kuwait Open.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.ittf.com/_front_page/ittf_full_story1.asp?ID=43558&Competition_ID=2637& |access-date=2020-12-01 |archive-date=2016-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921085706/http://ittf.com/_front_page/ittf_full_story1.asp?ID=43558&Competition_ID=2637& |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sa panahon ng Rio Olympics, tinalo ni Zhang si [[Koki Niwa]] sa quarter-final at si [[Vladimir Samsonov]] sa semi-final. Sa pangwakas na talo siya sa kanyang kasamahan sa koponan na si Ma Long 0–4. Noong 2017 sa Asian Championships tinalo ni Zhang sina Yuya Oshima at Lin Gaoyuan bago kumuha ng Bronze Medal. Sa WTTC sa Düsseldorf / Germany, natalo si Zhang kay Lee Sang-su ng South-Korea 1-4. Hindi siya maaaring maglaro sa kanyang buong potensyal dahil noong nakaraang buwan lamang siya nasa ilalim ng paggamot para sa isang pinsala sa balakang. Sa susunod na buwan sa China Open, nag-concede siya sa laban niya laban kay Masaki Yoshida habang siya ay muling naghihirap mula sa pinsala sa balakang. Matapos ang 5 buwan na pag-absent, muling nagpakita si Zhang sa World Tour. Sumali siya sa German Open ngunit natalo kay Tiago Apolonia 1-4. Ang kanyang pagraranggo sa mundo ay bumaba sa 176 dahil sa kanyang pagkawala sa World Tour. Pagkalipas ng 6 na buwan ay sumali siya muli sa 2018 World Tour. Una siyang natalo kay Maharu Yoshimura, 3–4 sa Hong Kong Open dahil ito ang kanyang kauna-unahang laban matapos ang mahabang pahinga mula sa kompetisyon. Pagkaraan ng taong iyon sa China Open, madali niyang natalo ang Aruna Quadri ngunit hindi makaligtas sa bilis ng Tomokazu Harimoto . Sa Japan Open, muli siyang nakabalik sa porma at tinalo sina Lin-yu-Jun, Jonathan Groth, Liang Jiangkun at Jin Ueda . Ngunit sa kasamaang palad nasugatan niya ang kanyang likod habang naglalaro laban sa Harimoto sa pangwakas at natalo sa 3-4 sa isang makitid na laban. Gayunpaman, ang kanyang ranggo ay tumaas sa bilang 71 sa loob lamang ng isang buwan. Makalipas ang dalawang buwan sa Asia-Euro Championships ay tinalo niya sina Bastian Steger at Jonathan Groth at pinatunayan na nasa form pa rin siya. == Kagamitan at istilo ng paglalaro == Si Zhang Jike ay isang atleta na na-sponsor ng Butterfly . Gumagamit siya ng Butterfly Viscaria para sa kanyang talim, isang Butterfly Tenergy 80 (pula) sa kanyang backhand, at DHS Hurricane 3 neo National blue sponge (itim) sa kanyang forehand. Ang Zhang Jike ay isang two-winged shakehand attacker, na gumagamit ng isang kombinasyon ng mabilis na pag-atake ng mga topspin drive, counter, at mga loop. Gumagamit siya ng mas mahirap asul na espongha na Ne Neo para sa maximum drive. Nananatili siyang napakababa sa lupa at may kakaibang mabilis sa kanyang mga paa. Kabilang sa lahat ng mga manlalaro ng koponan ng Tsino Pambansa, siya ay kilala sa pagkakaroon ng pinakamahusay na diskarteng likuran, na kadalasang ginagamit ito sa sulok ng forehand, lalo na kapag nagbabalik ng mabibigat na under-spin serv at tinutulak. Ang kanyang backhand on-the-table flick ay malawak na itinuturing na isa sa pinakamahusay sa buong mundo. Nang una na sumali si Zhang Jike sa pambansang koponan, ang mga coach ay nag-alala tungkol sa kanyang forehand na pamamaraan at naisip na baguhin ito nang buo. Ngunit si Xiao Zhan, na noon ay personal na coach ng Zhang Jike, ay napansin ang paputok na pamamaraan ng kanyang forehand at backhand stroke at pinanatili ang mga ito. Ang diskarteng nakatuon sa pag-ikot ni Zhang Jike ay nagbibigay sa kanya ng madalas na may isang kalamang nangunguna laban sa mga kalaban. Ang paghahatid ni Zhang ay hindi mahuhulaan at medyo mapanlinlang. Ang kanyang pinakatanyag na paglilingkod ay marahil ang reverse-pendulum maikling paglilingkod sa magkabilang sulok ng talahanayan. Ang side-spin sa paghahatid, kasama ang kanyang backhand flicks, mas mataas sa average na gawa sa paa at pag-asa sa nangungunang klase ay napatunayan na isang perpektong kumbinasyon dahil may kakayahang "buksan" ang mga rally ng mga toppin sa kanyang kalamangan. Kapansin-pansin na maglalaro siya ng isang backhand oriented plan ng laro laban sa malalaking forehand loopers tulad ng Ma Long o Fan Zhendong . Itatago niya ang kanyang mga kalaban sa kanilang likurang sulok at pupunta para sa mga down-the-line na nag-block ng mga nagwagi habang ang oposisyon ay tumatakbo sa paligid upang gumamit ng isang forehand loop, o pile up lamang ng presyon, na nagreresulta sa hindi magagandang pagpipilian ng pagbaril at hindi pinipilitang mga pagkakamali ng kalaban. Ang isa sa pinakamahalagang pag-aari ng Zhang Jike ay ang kanyang lakas sa pag-iisip. Ang kanyang kakayahang manalo ng malalaking puntos sa mga pangunahing kumpetisyon sa ilalim ng presyon ay maliwanag sa mga nagmamasid. Noong 2014, ang pagraranggo ng mundo ni Zhang ay bumaba sa ika-5 bilang resulta ng magkasunod na maagang paglabas sa mundo at pagkauhaw sa pamagat. Pinuna siya ni Head coach Liu Guoliang dahil sa kawalan niya ng pagtuon at pag-unlad ng diskarte. Gayunpaman, pinangunahan ni Zhang ang koponan ng kanyang bayan na si Shandong, sa kampeonato ng Chinese Table Tennis Super League noong 2014, at nagwagi ulit siya sa World Cup noong Oktubre. Ang kanyang premyong pera, US $ 45,000, para sa pagkapanalo sa World Cup ay kinuha bilang multa habang nagmungkahi para sa pagwasak sa mga hadlang sa pagdiriwang. Gagamitin ang pondong ito upang mai-set up ang Fair Play Award. == Mga tala ng karera == ; Mga Singles <small>(hanggang Mayo 1, 2015)</small> * Mga Larong Olimpiko : Nagwagi (2012); Runner-up (2016). * World Championships : Nagwagi (2011, 13). * World Cup : Nagwagi (2011, 14); Runner-up (2010). * Nagwagi sa Pro Tour (6): Bukas ang Tsina, Suzhou (2010); German Open (2011); Korean Open (2012), Slovenian Open (2012), Kuwait Open (2013). Bukas ang Kuwait (2016) Runner-up (4): Qatar Open (2010); China Open, Suzhou (2011); Austrian Open (2011); Japan Open (2018) * Pro Tour Grand Finals : Runner-up (2011); SF (2009). * Mga kampeonato sa Asya : Runner-up (2009, 12). * Asian Cup : Nagwagi (2010). '''Mga Dobleng Lalaki''' * World Championship : Nagwagi (2015). * Nagwagi sa Pro Tour (6): Kuwait Open 2010; Slovenian, English, UAE, German, China (Suzhou) Open 2011.<br/> Runner-up (7): Kuwait, Qatar Open 2008; Tsina (Suzhou) Buksan ang 2009; German Open 2010; Qatar, China (Shenzen), Austrian Open 2011. * Pro Tour Grand Finals: Nagwagi (2011). * Mga Larong Asyano : Nagwagi (2010, 14). ; Halo-halong Mga Doble * World Championship: Runner-up (2009). * Mga Larong Asyano: QF (2010). * Mga kampeonato sa Asya: Runner-up (2009). == Mga Sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == {{commons category}} * {{Weibo|zhangjike1988}} * Zhang Jike ** Zhang Jike at old.ittf.com ** Zhang Jike at ittfranking.com * Jike Zhang * Zhang Jike * [https://tabletennis.guide/profile.php?name=jike-zhang-110553 Zhang Jike]{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} sa Gabay sa Tennis ng Talahanayan [[Kategorya:Ipinanganak noong 1988]] [[Kategorya:Nabubuhay na mga tao]] [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s1zxa88zdx5b2pxm6y3lefxaw9ghuct 0 305910 2204455 2199481 2026-04-23T11:11:11Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} {{Infobox person | name = Andrei King | image = | caption = | birth_name = Andrei King | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|5|22}} | birth_place = [[Taguig]], [[Pilipinas]] | nationality = [[Pilipino]]-[[Briton]] | other_names = Andre | known_for = | height = {{height|m=1.74}} | occupation = [[Modelo]], [[Aktor]] | years_active = 2017-kasalukuyan | website = {{Instagram|king.dreii}} }} '''Andrei King''', (isinilang noong 22 Mayo 1996 sa Pilipinas), ay isang Pilipinong modelo at Tiktoker influencer, siya ay gumanap sa [[Princess and I]] sa [[ABS-CBN]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idolbirthdays.net/andrei-king |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-12-03 |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605113512/https://www.idolbirthdays.net/andrei-king |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://allfamous.org/people/andrei-king-19960522.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-12-03 |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605113513/https://allfamous.org/people/andrei-king-19960522.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://findcelebritywiki.com/andrei-king-net-worth-bio-height-family-age-weight-wiki |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-12-03 |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605113515/https://findcelebritywiki.com/andrei-king-net-worth-bio-height-family-age-weight-wiki/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Si King ay isa sa mga kalahok sa edisyon ng [[Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10]]. ==Pilmograpiya== ===Telebisyon=== {| class = "wikitable" style = "font-size: 100%;" |- ! Taon !! Pamagat !! Ginampanan !! Himpilan |- | 2021-2022 || ''[[Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10]]'' || kontestant || [[A2Z]] |} ==Sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{BD|1996||King, Andrei}} [[Kategorya:Mga Pilipino]] [[Kategorya:Mga Breton]] [[Kategorya:Mga artista mula sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga TikToker sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga lalaking modelo sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga taga-Kalakhang Maynila]] {{stub|Artista|Pilipinas}} chzwbgic3weupffijibqcisazuerr2i 0 306672 2204190 2195347 2026-04-22T12:30:03Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasutsot]] 2204190 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasutsot]] f83e3cqz317a8mqs9khn8waj3ztq7y6 0 306673 2204192 2195348 2026-04-22T12:30:23Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasutsot]] 2204192 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasutsot]] f83e3cqz317a8mqs9khn8waj3ztq7y6 0 306674 2204198 2195349 2026-04-22T12:31:23Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasutsot]] 2204198 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasutsot]] f83e3cqz317a8mqs9khn8waj3ztq7y6 0 308382 2204299 1840165 2026-04-22T23:45:50Z Aubreyjanev 159817 Nagdagdag ng imposmasyon na may sangguniang sinipi. 2204299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove|date=Pebrero 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Tan Roncal | image = | caption = | birth_name = Tan Roncal | birth_date =  {{birth date and age|2004|4|6}} | birth_place = [[Lungsod ng Dabaw]], [[Pilipinas]] | other_names = KuliTisoy of Davao | nationality = [[Pilipino]] | occupation = Aktor | years_active = 2019&ndash;kasalukuyan | known_for = [[Pinoy Big Brother: Otso]]; Batch winner | height = | agent = | website = {{Instagram|}} }} Si '''Tan Roncal''', ay (ipinanganak noong Abril 6, 2004 sa Lungsod ng Dabaw, Mindanao) ay isang batang aktor sa Pilipinas, na kabilang ay isa sa mga housemates ng [[Pinoy Big Brother: Otso|Pinoy Big Brother: Otso, Batch 3]], siya ay nasa hanay ng ika-14 ng Pinoy Big Brother: Otso, Big Night. Siya ay napabilang sa Big Four at itinanghal na 3rd Big Placer sa kompetisyon<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saballa |first=Joe |date=2019-05-25 |title=Names of PBB Otso Batch 3 Teen Big 4 finally announced - KAMI.COM.PH |url=https://kami.com.ph/91531-names-pbb-otso-batch-3-teen-big-4-finally-announced.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=kami.com.ph |language=en}}</ref>. ==Pilmograpiya== ===Telebisyon=== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100% |'''Taon''' |'''Pamagat''' |'''Ginampanan''' |'''Himpilan''' |- | rowspan="2"| 2021 || ''[[Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya: (season 28)]]'' || || rowspan="2"| [[Kapamilya Channel]] |- | ''[[Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya: (season 27)]]'' || |- | 2019 || ''[[Pinoy Big Brother: Otso]]'' || kanyang sarili || [[ABS-CBN]] |} ==Tingnan rin== * [[Ashley del Mundo]] * [[Lance Carr]] * [[Mich Wunder]] ==Talababa== * {{IMDb name|10593034}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Roncal, Tan}} [[Kategorya:Ipinanganak noong 2004]] [[Kategorya:Mga Bisaya]] [[Kategorya:Mga batang artista mula sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga lalaking modelo sa Pilipinas]] {{usbong}} 3w3sbmqwrrlglayvs6f6c67q7czkvz3 0 315727 2204275 2203107 2026-04-22T22:33:24Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204275 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Dewan Hason Raja Chowdhury''', o simpleng kilala bilang '''Hason Raja''' ({{Langx|bn|হাসন রাজা}}; Disyembre 21, 1854 - Disyembre 6, 1922), ay isang [[Mga Bengali|Bengali]] na [[Mistisismo|mystikong]] [[makata]] at [[manunulat ng awitin]] mula sa [[Dibisyong Sylhet|Sylhet]], [[Panguluhan ng Bengal]] (ngayon ay [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name="Banglapedia2">{{cite Banglapedia|author=Tasiqul Islam|article=Hasan Raja}}</ref> Ang kaniyang kakaibang estilo ng musika ay nagtakda sa kaniya bilang isa sa mga pinakakilalang pigura sa kulturang katutubong Bengali. == Talambuhay == === Maagang buhay === Ipinanganak si Raja noong Disyembre 1854 sa Lakshmansree, ngayon ay [[Distrito ng Sunamganj|Sunamganj]] sa isang [[Mga Bengali Muslim|Bengali Muslim]] na [[zamindar]] na pamilya. Ang kaniyang ama ay si Dewan Ali Raja, ang apo ni Birendraram Singhdev. Nang maglaon, ang kaniyang lolo sa tuhod ay nagbalik-loob mula sa Hinduismo tungo sa Islam at pinalitan ang kaniyang pangalan ng Dewan Raja Babu Khan.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Hasan Raja - Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hasan_Raja|access-date=2020-11-08|website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref><ref>BanglaAcademy-Publication-Jan1998-/Prashanga-Hason-Raja/book/Moromio Kobi Hason Raja-ProvathKumarShorma</ref> Ang ina ni Hason Raja ay si Hurmat Jahan Bibi, ang huli at ikalimang asawa ni Dewan Ali Raja Chowdhury ng Kauriya. Si Hurmat ay dating balo pagkatapos ng kamatayan ng kaniyang dating asawa, si Muhammad Asim Chowdhury. Ginugol ni Hason Raja ang karamihan sa kaniyang pagkabata sa Lakshmansree kasama ang kaniyang ina habang ikinasal ang kaniyang ama sa balo ng kaniyang unang pinsan na yumaong si Amir Baksh Chowdhury na nakatira sa Lahshmansree (Sunamganj) ang pinaka hilagang-silangang bahagi ng Bangladesh ngayon. Ang kaniyang ama ay nagsimulang manirahan sa Lakshmanshree ng Sunamganj, 33 milya ang layo mula sa Rampasha, nang hindi bababa sa tatlo o apat na buwan ng taon. Pinangasiwaan at pinamahalaan ni Ali ang mga ari-arian ng kaniyang asawa sa Lakshmansree. Kaya naman si Lakshmansree ang kaniyang lugar ng kapanganakan ng makata.<ref>openlibrary.org/books/OL24244644M/Loker_Raja_Hason_Raja</ref> Ang pagkamatay ng nakatatandang kapatid sa ama ni Raja, si Ubaidur Raja, na sinundan ng pagkamatay ng kaniyang ama (sa halos 40 araw na agwat), ay naglagay ng kapangyarihan at responsibilidad ng buong pamilya kay Hason Raja sa murang edad.<ref name="multiply12">{{cite web|url=http://sylhoti.multiply.com/journal/item/7/Hason_Raja|title=Hason Raja|date=21 November 2007|publisher=Sylhoti.multiply.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714132136/http://sylhoti.multiply.com/journal/item/7/Hason_Raja|archive-date=14 July 2011|access-date=20 November 2010}}</ref> Ang kanyang kapatid na si Sahifa Bano ay magiging isang makata, ang unang babaeng makata mula sa Sylhet; sumulat siya sa wikang Urdu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AnchorBarta |title=Thikana News |url=https://thikananews.com/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=thikananews.com |language=en}}</ref> === Kalaunang buhay === Inugali ni Raja ang [[Sufismo]]<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|title=Hasan Raja - Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hasan_Raja|access-date=2020-11-08|website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> Nagtatag si Raja ng mga paaralan at mga sentrong panrelihiyon tulad ng mga masjid at sinasabing malawak siyang nakikibahagi sa mga kawanggawa sa loob ng kaniyang mga komunidad. Nagbigay siya ng malawak na pag-aari ng lupa para sa kapakanan ng mga tao. Interesado siya sa kapakanan at proteksiyon ng mga ibon at buhay ng hayop. Gumastos siya ng malaking halaga ng kaniyang pera sa mga buhay na iyon. Ang lindol noong Hunyo 12, 1897 sa [[1897 lindol sa Assam|Assam]] ay isa sa pinakamalaking lindol na nangyari sa lugar ng [[Assam]] at Sylhet. Ang pinakamalaking kilalang Indiyanong interpolar na lindo (na 8.0 sa moment magnitude scale) ay nagresulta sa pagkasira ng mga estruktura sa karamihan ng Talampas at mga nakapaligid na lugar, at nagdulot ng malawakang likwepaksiyon at pagbaha sa mga pampang ng [[Brahmaputra]] at Sylhet. Nalaman niyang marami sa kaniyang mga kamag-anak at kamag-anak pati na rin ang kanyang mga tao ang nasugatan at namatay. Ang kaniyang bahay na pawid ay ganap na nasira. Nawala sa kaniya ang marami sa kaniyang pinaamo na mga ibon at hayop.<ref name="ReferenceA">Khan Bahadur Dewan Ganiur Raja, "Din Panjika" Manuscript Diary, Sunamganj, 1932</ref> == Mga sanggunian == ov8movhoaiapj1zovsg9mg9moxzxcyd 0 316576 2204298 2061055 2026-04-22T23:39:39Z Aubreyjanev 159817 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|2|0 */ 2204298 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang "'''Anak ni Maria'''" (tinatawag din bilang "Our Lady's Child", "A Child of Saint Mary" o "The Virgin Mary's Child"; German: ''Marienkind'') ay isang Aleman na [[kuwentong bibit]] na nakolekta ng [[Magkapatid na Grimm]] sa ''[[Mga Fairy Tales ni Grimms|Grimm's Fairy Tales]]'' noong 1812 (KHM 3 ). Ito ay [[Talatuntunang Aarne–Thompson–Uther|Aarne-Thompson]] tipo 710.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Ashliman |first=D. L. |author-link=D. L. Ashliman |date=2002 |title=Mary's Child |url=https://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm003.html |website=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> Napansin ng [[Magkapatid na Grimm]] ang pagkakatulad nito sa Italyanong ''[[Ang Babaeng Mukha Kambing|The Goat-faced Girl]]'' at sa Noruwegong na ''[[Ang Lassie at ang Kanyang Ninang|The Lassie and Her Godmother]]''.<ref name="notes">Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. Hunt, M. (transl.) ''Household Tales'' "[[wikisource:Grimm's Household Tales, Volume 1/Notes#3|Notes: Our Lady's Child]]"</ref> Napansin din nila ang koneksiyon nito sa ipinagbabawal na pinto at masasabing mantsa ng ''[[Ibon ni Fitcher|Fitcher's Bird]]''.<ref name="notes" /> Ang iba pang mga kuwento na gumagamit ng mga elementong ito ay ang [[Bluebeard]] at "[[Sa Kastilyo ng Itim na Babae|In the Black Woman's Castle]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=von Franz|first=Marie-Louise|title=Archetypal Dimensions of the Psyche|url=https://archive.org/details/archetypaldimens0000mari|year=1999|publisher=Shambhala|location=Boston and London|isbn=1-57062-133-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/archetypaldimens0000mari/page/174 174]}}</ref> == Pinanggalingan == Ang kuwento ay inilathala ng [[Magkapatid na Grimm]] sa unang edisyon ng ''[[Mga Fairy Tales ni Grimms|Kinder- und Hausmärchen]]'' noong 1812, at bahagyang nabago lamang sa sunud-sunod na mga edisyon. Ang pinagmulan nito ay si Gretchen Wild (1787–1819).<ref name=":023">{{Cite web |last=Ashliman |first=D. L. |author-link=D. L. Ashliman |date=2002 |title=Mary's Child |url=https://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm003.html |website=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> Sa gilid ng isang malaking kagubatan nakatira ang isang mangangahoy kasama ang kanyang asawa at ang kanilang nag-iisang anak na babae, isang tatlong taong gulang na babae. Napakahirap nila na hindi man lang nila makuha ang kanilang pang-araw-araw na pagkain, at hindi nila alam kung ano ang ipapakain sa kanilang maliit na anak na babae. Isang umaga, ang mangangahoy ay nagtungo sa kagubatan, at habang siya ay naghahati ng kahoy, ang kanyang ulo ay puno ng pag-aalala, isang napakagandang babae ang biglang nagpakita sa kanya; sa kanyang ulo ay kumikinang ang isang korona ng matingkad na mga bituin. Sinabi niya sa kanya: - Ako ang [[Maria|Birheng Maria]], Ina ng Batang Hesus. Ikaw ay mahirap at nangangailangan, dalhin mo sa akin ang iyong maliit na babae; Isasama ko siya; Ako ang magiging nanay niya at mag-aalaga sa kanya. Sinunod ng mangangahoy; Hinanap niya ang kanyang anak na babae at ibinigay sa Birheng Maria, na bumalik sa langit kasama niya. Ang batang babae ay nagkaroon ng isang mahusay na oras: upang kumain, marzipan; uminom, matamis na gatas; ang kanyang mga damit ay ginto, at pinaglaruan siya ng maliliit na anghel. Noong siya ay labing-apat na taong gulang, tinawag siya ng Birhen isang araw at sinabi sa kanya: - Anak ko, kailangan kong maglakbay, isang napakahabang paglalakbay; doon ay nasa iyo ang mga susi ng labintatlong pintuan ng Langit; iingatan mo sila para sa akin Maaari mong buksan ang labindalawa at pagnilayan ang mga kababalaghan na nilalaman nito; ngunit ang pinto na numero labintatlo, na siyang may maliit na susi na ito, hindi mo dapat buksan ito. Mag-ingat sa paggawa nito, dahil ang kasawian ay babagsak sa iyo! Nangako ang dalaga na magiging masunurin, at nang umalis ang Birhen, sinimulan niyang bisitahin ang mga silid ng Kaharian ng Langit. Araw-araw ay nagbukas siya ng iba't ibang pinto, hanggang sa lumingon siya sa alas dose. Sa bawat silid ay may isang apostol na napapalibutan ng isang makinang na halo. Ang batang babae ay hindi kailanman nakakita ng isang kahanga-hanga at mahalagang bagay sa kanyang buhay. Tuwang-tuwa siya, at ang maliliit na anghel na laging kasama niya ay ibinahagi ang kanyang kasiyahan. Ngunit masdan, tanging ang ipinagbabawal na pinto ang natitira, at ang batang babae, na may galit na pagnanais na malaman kung ano ang nasa likod nito, ay nagsabi sa maliliit na anghel: - Hindi ko ito bubuksan nang malawak, at ayaw kong pumunta sa loob alinman; I'll just open it a crack para tingnan natin ang crack. - Oh hindi! bulalas ng mga anghel. Isa itong kasalanan. Ipinagbawal ito ng Birheng Maria, at maaaring mangyari ang isang kasawian. Ang maliit na batang babae ay nanatiling tahimik, ngunit sa kanyang puso ang kuryusidad na gumagapang sa kanya at nagpahirap sa kanya, nang hindi siya binigyan ng isang punto ng pahinga, ay hindi natahimik. Nang makaalis ang maliliit na anghel, naisip niya: Ngayong nag-iisa na ako, maaari akong tumingin ng kaunti; walang makakaalam." Pumunta siya upang hanapin ang susi; nung nasa kamay niya, nilagay niya sa keyhole at binaliktad. Biglang bumukas ang pinto at lumitaw ang Holy Trinity, nakaupo sa pagitan ng apoy at isang matingkad na liwanag. Ang batang babae ay nanatiling nabighani sa isang sandali, na pinag-iisipan ang kaluwalhatiang iyon na may pagkamangha; pagkatapos ay bahagya niyang hinawakan ang kinang gamit ang kanyang daliri, at lahat ito ay ginto. Pagkatapos ay naramdaman niyang lumubog ang kanyang puso, at padabog niyang isinara ang pinto at tumakbo palayo. Ngunit ang paghihirap na iyon ay hindi umalis sa kanya, at ang kanyang puso ay tumibok ng napakalakas, na parang ayaw nitong kumalma. Bukod dito, ang ginto ay dumikit sa kanyang daliri, at walang silbi ang paglaba at pagkuskos dito. Ilang sandali pa, bumalik ang Birheng Maria. Tinawag niya ang dalaga at hiniling sa kanya ang mga susi ng Langit. Habang ibinibigay sa kanya ng batang babae ang bungkos ng mga susi, tiningnan siya ng Birhen sa mata at nagtanong: - Hindi mo ba nabuksan ang numerong labintatlo? "Hindi," sagot ng dalaga. Inilagay ng Birhen ang kanyang kamay sa kanyang puso; naramdaman kung gaano kalakas ang pintig nito, at naunawaan niyang sinira ng dalaga ang kanyang mandato. Muli pa rin niyang tinanong siya: - Talaga, hindi mo pa nagawa? "Hindi," ulit ng dalaga. Nakita ng Birhen ang daliri, na naging ginto nang mahawakan ang makalangit na apoy, at hindi na nag-alinlangan na ang dalaga ay nagkasala; at tinanong siya sa ikatlong pagkakataon: - Hindi mo ba nagawa ito? “Hindi,” matigas na sabi ng dalaga. Pagkatapos ay sinabi ng Birheng Maria: - Hindi ka sumunod, at higit pa doon ay nagsinungaling ka: hindi ka karapat-dapat na mapunta sa Langit. Ang batang babae ay nahulog sa isang mahimbing na pagtulog, at nang siya ay nagising, natagpuan niya ang kanyang sarili sa Earth, sa gitna ng isang gubat. Gusto niyang sumigaw, ngunit hindi siya makagawa ng ingay. Siya ay tumalon sa kanyang mga paa at sinubukang tumakas; ngunit saan man siya lumiko ay nakatagpo siya ng makapal na bakod ng mga tinik, na humahadlang sa kanyang daan. Sa pag-iisa kung saan siya nakakulong, isang matandang puno ang tumayo: ang guwang na puno ng kahoy nito ang dapat na tirahan. Doon siya nagpunta sa gabi, at doon siya natulog; at doon din siya sumilong sa maulan o mabagyong panahon. Ngunit ito ay isang kahabag-habag na buhay, at sa tuwing naiisip niya kung gaano siya kahusay sa Langit, nakikipaglaro sa mga anghel, siya ay luluha ng mapait. Ang mga ugat at ligaw na prutas ang tanging pagkain nila; Hinanap niya ang mga ito sa abot ng kanyang makakaya. Sa taglagas ay tinipon niya ang mga mani mula sa mga nahulog na dahon ng puno, at dinala ang mga ito sa kanyang guwang na puno ng kahoy; Ang mga mani ang kanyang pagkain sa buong taglamig, at nang dumating ang niyebe at yelo, tinakpan niya ang kanyang sarili ng mga dahon, tulad ng isang maliit na hayop, upang hindi mamatay sa lamig. Hindi nagtagal ay napunit at nalaglag ang kanyang damit. Sa sandaling muling uminit ang araw, lumabas siya sa kanyang pinagtataguan at umupo sa paanan ng puno, at ang kanyang napakahabang buhok ay natatakpan ang lahat, na parang balabal. Sa ganitong paraan lumipas ang mga taon, sunod-sunod, at walang pait o paghihirap na hindi niya naramdaman. Isang araw ng tagsibol, nang ang mga puno ay naging berde muli, ang hari ng bansa ay nangaso sa kagubatan. Isang lalaking lalaki na humahabol ay sumilong sa mga halaman na nakapalibot sa lugar na kinaroroonan ng batang babae, at ang Hari ay bumaba sa kanyang kabayo at, kasama ang kanyang espada, ay dumaan sa mga tinik. Nang, sa wakas, ay nakatawid na siya sa mga briar, natuklasan niya, nakaupo sa ilalim ng puno, ang isang pinakamagandang dalaga, na ang buhok, na tila ginto, ay tumakip sa kanya hanggang sa dulo ng kanyang mga paa. Ang Hari ay tumigil, natulala, at, pagkaraan ng ilang sandali, ay nagsabi: - Sino ka? Kumusta ka sa isang malungkot na lugar? Ngunit wala siyang nakuhang sagot, dahil hindi maibuka ng dalaga ang kanyang mga labi. Ang hari ay patuloy na nagtanong: - Gusto mo bang sumama sa akin sa palasyo? -na sinagot niya ng bahagyang pagsang-ayon na tango ng ulo. Kinuha siya ng Hari sa kanyang mga bisig, isinakay sa kabayo at nagsimulang bumalik. Pagdating niya sa palasyo, pinabihisan niya siya ng pinakamagagandang damit, at ibinigay niya sa kanya ang lahat nang sagana. Bagama't hindi siya makapagsalita, siya ay napakaganda at napakaganda kaya't ang Hari ay umibig sa kanya at, hindi nagtagal, pinakasalan siya. Halos isang taon na sana ang lumipas nang manganak ang Reyna ng isang anak na lalaki. Ngunit masdan, sa gabi, habang ang ina ay nag-iisa sa kama kasama ang maliit, ang Birheng Maria ay nagpakita sa kanya at sinabi: - Nais mo bang aminin ang katotohanan at aminin na binuksan mo ang ipinagbabawal na pinto? Kung gagawin mo, ibubuka ko ang iyong bibig at isasagot ko ang iyong salita, ngunit kung magpapatuloy ka sa kasalanan at magpapatuloy sa pagtanggi, kukunin ko ang iyong anak. Nabawi ng reyna ang kanyang boses saglit; ngunit, matigas ang ulo na matigas ang ulo, sinabi niya: - Hindi, hindi ko binuksan ang ipinagbabawal na pinto. Pagkatapos ay hinawakan ng Birhen ang bagong panganak sa mga bisig at nawala kasama niya. Kinaumagahan, dahil hindi nagpakita ang maliit na bata kahit saan, kumalat ang bulung-bulungan sa mga tao na ang Reyna ay kumain ng laman ng tao at nilamon ang kanyang anak. Narinig niya siya nang hindi nabibigyang katwiran ang sarili; ngunit mahal na mahal siya ng Hari, na tumanggi siyang paniwalaan ito. Pagkaraan ng isang taon, nanganak ang Reyna ng isa pang anak na lalaki. Sa gabi ay muling nagpakita sa kanya ang Birhen at nagsabi: - Kung ipagtatapat mong binuksan mo ang ipinagbabawal na pinto, ibabalik ko ang iyong anak at kalasin ko ang iyong dila, ngunit kung patuloy kang magpumilit sa kasalanan at kasinungalingan, kukunin ko rin ang iyong pangalawang anak. .. At inulit ng Reyna: - Hindi, hindi ko binuksan ang ipinagbabawal na pinto. At kinuha ng Birhen ang bata mula sa kanyang mga bisig at bumalik sa Langit. Sa umaga, Nang makita ng mga tao na nawala na rin ang batang ito, hindi na nila napigilang sabihin nang malakas na nilamon na siya ng Reyna, at hiniling ng mga tagapayo ng Hari na siya ay ilagay sa paglilitis. Ngunit mahal na mahal siya ng Hari na ayaw niyang makinig sa sinuman, at inutusan ang kanyang mga tagapayo, sa ilalim ng parusang kamatayan, na huwag magsalita nang higit pa tungkol sa kaso. Lumipas ang isang taon, at nanganak ang Reyna ng isang magandang babae. Sa ikatlong pagkakataon ay nagpakita sa kanya ang Birheng Maria, at nagsabi: - Sumunod ka sa akin! At, hinawakan siya sa kamay, dinala siya sa Langit, kung saan ipinakita niya sa kanya ang kanyang dalawang panganay na anak na lalaki, na tumatawa at naglalaro ng bola ng mundo. Nang makita kung paano natuwa ang Reyna na makita silang napakasaya, sinabi ng Birhen sa kanya: - Hindi pa ba lumalambot ang iyong puso? Kung ipagtatapat mo na binuksan mo ang ipinagbabawal na pinto, ibabalik ko sa iyo ang iyong mga anak. Ngunit sumagot ang Reyna sa ikatlong pagkakataon: - Hindi, hindi ko binuksan ang ipinagbabawal na pinto. Pagkatapos ay pinabalik siya ng Birhen sa Earth at kinuha ang bagong panganak na batang babae mula sa kanya. Sa umaga ang buong bayan ay sumigaw: - Ang Reyna ay kumakain ng laman ng tao, dapat siyang hatulan ng kamatayan! Hindi na kayang patahimikin ng Hari ang kanyang mga tagapayo. Pinaharap nila siya sa korte, at, dahil hindi niya masagot o maipagtanggol ang sarili, hinatulan siya ng kamatayan sa taya. Isinalansan nila ang kahoy, at nang ito ay itali sa poste at ang apoy ay nagsimulang tumaas sa paligid nito, ang matigas na yelo ng pagmamataas ay natunaw, at ang panghihinayang ay pumasok sa kanyang puso; at naisip: - Kung bago lamang mamatay ay maipagtapat ko na binuksan ko ang pintong iyon! Sa sandaling iyon ay bumalik ang kanyang pananalita, at pagkatapos ay sumigaw siya nang buong lakas: - Oo, Maria, ginawa ko! At sa sandaling iyon, nagpaulan ang langit sa lupa at pinatay ang apoy; isang nagniningning na liwanag ang naging paligid niya, at nakitang bumababa ang Birheng Maria, bitbit ang dalawang bata, isa sa magkabilang gilid, at ang bagong silang na babae sa kanyang mga bisig. Sa pakikipag-usap sa ina nang may magiliw na accent, sinabi niya sa kanya: - Ang sinumang magsisi sa kanyang mga kasalanan at ipagtapat ang mga ito, ay pinatawad. Sa pagbabalik sa kanya ng kanyang tatlong anak, kinalas niya ang kanyang dila at binigyan siya ng kaligayahan sa buong buhay niya. TAPOS == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Kuwentong bibit]] 12xuo5e0v836uex5701wqh3jqnmbs48 0 318494 2204325 2028546 2026-04-23T03:04:33Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Tarangkahang Brandeburgo | native_name = Brandenburger Tor | image = Brandenburger Tor abends.jpg | caption = Ang Tarangkahang Brandenburgo, tanaw<br />mula sa [[Pariser Platz]] sa dakong silangan | building_type = Tarangkahan ng lungsod | architectural_style = [[Arkitekturang Neoklasiko|Neoklasiko]] | structural_system = | location = [[Berlin]], Alemanya | coordinates = {{coord|52.5163|13.3777|display=inline,title}} | start_date = 1788 | completion_date = 1791 | inauguration_date = | height = | other_dimensions = | architect = [[Carl Gotthard Langhans]] }} Ang '''Tarangkahang Brandeburgo''' ({{Lang-de|Brandenburger Tor}} {{IPA-de|ˈbʁandn̩ˌbʊʁɡɐ ˈtoːɐ̯||De-Brandenburger Tor.ogg}}) ay isang ika-18 siglong [[Arkitekturang Neoklasiko|neoklasikong]] monumento sa [[Berlin]], na itinayo sa utos ng haring [[Prusya|Pruso]] na si [[Federico Guillermo II ng Prusya|Frederick William II]] matapos [[Pagsalakay ng Prusya sa Olanda|ibalik]] ang kapangyarihan ng [[Orangismo (Republikang Olanda)|Orangista]] sa pamamagitan ng pagsugpo sa [[Patriottentijd|popular na pag-aalsang Olanda]].<ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/friedens-statt-triumph-symbol-das-brandenburger-tor-und-sein-geheimnis/10858278.html Das Brandenburger Tor und sein Geheimnis], ''Der Tagesspiegel''</ref> Isa sa mga pinakakilalang tanawin ng Alemanya, itinayo ito sa lugar ng dating [[tarangkahan ng lungsod]] na nagmarka ng pagsisimula ng kalsada mula Berlin hanggang sa bayan ng [[Brandenburg an der Havel]], na dating kabesera ng [[Margrabyato ng Brandeburgo]]. Ito ay matatagpuan sa kanlurang bahagi ng sentro ng lungsod ng Berlin sa loob ng [[Mitte]], sa salikop ng [[Unter den Linden]] at [[Ebertstraße]], kaagad sa kanluran ng [[Pariser Platz]]. Isang bloke sa hilaga ay nakatayo ang [[gusaling Reichstag]], na kinaroroonan ng parlyamentong Aleman (''[[Bundestag]]''). Ang tarangkahan ay ang monumental na pasukan sa Unter den Linden, isang bulebar ng mga punong [[Tilia|linden]] na direktang patungo sa maharlikang [[Palasyo ng Berlin|Palasyo ng Lungsod]] ng monarkang [[Prusya|Pruso]]. Sa buong pag-iral nito, ang Tarangkahang Brandeburgo ay madalas na isang lugar para sa mga pangunahing makasaysayang pangyayari at ngayon ay itinuturing na hindi lamang isang simbolo ng magulong kasaysayan ng [[Kasaysayan ng Alemanya|Alemanya]] at [[Kasaysayan ng Europa|Europa]], kundi pati na rin ng Europeong [[Pag-iisang Europeo|pagkakaisa]] at [[Mahabang Kapayapaaa|kapayapaan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandenburg Gate |url=https://www.berlin.de/en/attractions-and-sights/3560266-3104052-brandenburg-gate.en.html |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=berlin.de |language=en}}</ref> == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [http://www.brandenburg-gate.de/ Opisyal na website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201121648/http://www.brandenburg-gate.de/ |date=2020-12-01 }} * [https://brandenburger-tor-berlin.de/ Mga kaganapan sa Brandenburg Gate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065926/https://brandenburger-tor-berlin.de/ |date=2019-07-24 }} {{Visitor attractions in Berlin}} [[Kategorya:Berlin]] sq52o7pkcs3parik7nkdny3bpqrxstb 0 321586 2204228 2195338 2026-04-22T14:39:47Z Allyriana000 119761 2204228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant | image= Margaret Gardiner, Miss Universe 1978, TV Magazine.jpg | caption= Margaret Gardiner | winner= '''Margaret Gardiner''' <br /> '''{{flagicon|South Africa|1928}} [[Timog Aprika]]''' | date= 24 Hulyo 1978 | presenters= {{Hlist|Bob Barker|Helen O'Connell}} | venue= Convenciones de Acapulco, [[Acapulco]], [[Mehiko]] | broadcaster= <small>'''Internasyonal''':</small><br>{{Hlist|[[CBS]]}}<small>'''Opisyal''':</small><br>{{Hlist|[[Televisa]]}} | congeniality= Sophia Titus <br /> {{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Trinidad at Tobago]] | best national costume= Alamjeet Kaur Chauhan <br /> {{flagicon|India}} [[Indiya]] | photogenic= Maribel Fernández <br /> {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Kosta Rika]] | entrants= 75 | placements= 12 | debuts= {{Hlist|[[Vanuatu|Bagong Hebrides]]|[[Lesoto]]}} | withdraws= {{Hlist||[[Antigua at Barbuda|Antigua]]|[[French Guiana]]|[[Kapuluang Birheng Britaniko]]|[[Guadeloupe|Guadalupe]]|[[Hayti]]|[[Indonesya]]|[[Liberya]]|[[Mawrisyo]]|[[Saint Kitts and Nevis|San Cristobal]]|[[St. Lucia|Santa Lucia]]|[[Sint Maarten]]|[[Yugoslavia]]}} | returns= {{Hlist|[[Bonaire]]|[[Guwatemala]]|[[Maruekos]]|[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|San Vicente]]|[[Turkiya]]}} | before= [[Miss Universe 1977|1977]] | next= [[Miss Universe 1979|1979]] | entertainment= {{Hlist|Robert Goulet|Violines Mágicos de Villafontana}} }} Ang '''Miss Universe 1978''' ay ang ika-27 edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Centro de Convenciones de Acapulco, [[Acapulco]], [[Mehiko]] noong Hulyo 24, 1978. Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Janelle Commissiong]] ng Trinidad at Tobago si [[Margaret Gardiner]] ng Timog Aprika bilang Miss Universe 1978.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1978 |title=South African model wins crown |language=en |pages=15 |work=Vidette-Messenger of Porter County |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116493408/vidette-messenger-of-porter-county/ |access-date=15 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1978 |title=Miss Universe 1978 |language=en |pages=1 |work=Toledo Blade |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qhFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fQIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1400%2C6123482 |access-date=31 Enero 2023}}</ref> Ito ang kauna-unahang tagumpay ng Timog Aprika sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1978 |title=Miss S. Africa is crowned Miss Universe |language=en |pages=5 |work=The Greenville News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116626401/the-greenville-news/ |access-date=17 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Judi Andersen ng Estados Unidos, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Guillermina Ruiz ng Espanya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Green |first=Charles |date=25 Hulyo 1978 |title=Hawaii woman 2nd in Miss Universe pageant |language=en |pages=25 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116493460/honolulu-star-bulletin/ |access-date=15 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1978 |title=The crowning moment |language=en |pages=5 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3wtkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gOYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3487%2C7910546 |access-date=31 Enero 2023}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa pitumpu't-limang bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Bob Barker ang kompetisyon sa ikalabindalawang pagkakataon, samantalang si Helen O'Connell ang nagbigay ng komentaryo sa buong kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 Hunyo 1978 |title='Price is Right' host, genuine beauty expert |language=en |pages=20 |work=The Daily Chronicle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118189810/the-daily-chronicle/ |access-date=8 Pebrero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:S5001846.JPG|thumb|Centro de Convenciones de Acapulco, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1978|250x250px]] === Lokasyon at petsa ng kompetisyon === Sa isang pahayag ni Griff O'Neill ng Miss Universe Inc. noong Oktubre 1976, sinabi nito na isa ang bansang Singapura sa mga lokasyong isinaalang-alang para sa Miss Universe pageant sa taong 1978. Ayon sa Singapore Tourist Promotion Board, bagama't sila ay interesadong idaos ang Miss Universe o Miss World para sa publisidad ng Singapura, isinasaalang-alang din nila kung ang paggastos dito ay kasukat sa epektong promosyonal na kanilang makukuha, at ang importansya nito.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1976 |title=STPB WILL HOST CONTEST IF PRICE IS RIGHT |language=en |pages=17 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19760723-1.2.104 |access-date=7 Abril 2024 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> Dalawang buwan matapos ianunsyo na gaganapin sa Republikang Dominikano ang Miss Universe 1977, inanunsyo ng ''Minister of Tourism'' ng Mehiko na si Guillermo Rosell de La Lama noong Marso 11, 1977 na ang Miss Universe 1978 pageant ay gaganapin sa [[Acapulco]], [[Mehiko]] sa Hulyo 24, 1978 matapos tanggapin ng Miss Universe ang imbitasyon ng Mehiko.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Marso 1977 |title=Miss Universe keuze in Mexico |language=nl |trans-title=Miss Universe choice in Mexico |pages=6 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010639112:mpeg21:p006 |access-date=31 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Ito ang ikaapat na beses na ginanap ang Miss Universe sa [[Amerikang Latino]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Marso 1977 |title=Universe |language=en |pages=3 |work=Berita Harian |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/beritaharian19770311-1.1.3 |access-date=30 Enero 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa pitumpu't-limang bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon. Dalawang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kanilang bansa/teritoryo matapos ang pag-urong ng orihinal na kalahok. ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Iniluklok ang runner-up ng Miss Canada 1977 na si Andrea Eng upang kumatawan sa bansang [[Canada|Kanada]] matapos na bumitiw sa puwesto bilang Miss Canada 1977 si Catherine Swing upang ikasal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Nobyembre 1977 |title=Perennial problem |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Windsor Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107429960/the-windsor-star/ |access-date=31 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Iniluklok ang first runner-up ng Miss France 1978 na si Brigitte Konjovic bilang kandidata ng [[Pransiya]] matapos na piliin ni Miss France 1978 Pascale Taurua na bumalik sa kaniyang bayan ng [[New Caledonia|Bagong Caledonia]] imbis na manirahan sa Pransiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitote |first=Pascal |date=8 Marso 2015 |title=Pascale Taurua, Miss France 1978 |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/polynesie/tahiti/pascale-taurua-miss-france-1978-236573.html |access-date=30 Enero 2023 |website=Polynésie la 1ère |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gnipate |first=Steeven |date=5 Marso 2015 |title=Que devient la Calédonienne Pascale Taurua, Miss France 1978? |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/2015/03/05/que-devient-pascal-taurua-la-caledonienne-miss-france-1978-235719.html |access-date=31 Enero 2023 |website=Outre-mer la 1ère |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Bagong Hebrides at Lesoto, at bumalik ang mga bansang Bonaire, Guwatemala, Maruekos, San Vicente, at Turkiya. Huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1964|1964]] ang San Vicente, noong [[Miss Universe 1969|1969]] ang Bonaire, noong [[Miss Universe 1975|1975]] ang Maruekos, at noong [[Miss Universe 1976|1976]] ang Guwatemala at Turkiya. Hindi sumali ang mga bansang Antigua, French Guiana, Guadalupe, Hayti, Indonesya, Kapuluang Birheng Britaniko, Liberya, Mawrisyo, San Cristobal, Santa Lucia, Sint Maarten, at [[Yugoslavia]] sa edisyong ito. Hindi sumali sina Nadine Defraites ng Antigua, Mlue Debor ng Guadalupe, at Ingrid Desmarais ng Mawrisyo dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Hunyo 2004 |title=Maria Allard, Miss Mauritius d?un décevant concours |url=https://lexpress.mu/article/maria-allard-miss-mauritius-dun-d%C3%A9cevant-concours |access-date=1 Pebrero 2023 |website=L'Express |language=fr}}</ref> Hindi sumali ang mga bansang French Guiana, Hayti, Indonesya, Kapuluang Birheng Britaniko, Liberya, San Cristobal, Santa Lucia, Sint Maarten, at Yugoslavia matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. == Mga resulta == === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1978''' | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg}} [[South Africa|Timog Aprika]]''' – '''[[Margaret Gardiner]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1978 |title=Sudafricana electa Miss Universo |language=es |pages=1, 4A |work=La Nacion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2cA0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=_tAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1240%2C7333672 |access-date=31 Enero 2023}}</ref>''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Judi Andersen<ref name=":4" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1977–1981).svg}} [[Espanya]] – Guillermina Ruiz<ref name=":4" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] – Shirley Saenz<ref name=":4" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] – Cécilia Rodhe<ref name=":4" /> |- |Top 12 | * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] – Françoise Moens<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1978 |title=Miss S. Africa named Miss Universe |language=en |pages=4 |work=16 Abril 2023 |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110899267?browse=ndp%3Abrowse%2Ftitle%2FC%2Ftitle%2F11%2F1978%2F07%2F26%2Fpage%2F12381164%2Farticle%2F110899267 |access-date=16 Abril 2023}}</ref> * {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] – Lorraine Enriquez<ref name=":5" /> * {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] – Dorit Jellinek<ref name=":5" /> * {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] – Alba Cervera<ref name=":5" /> * {{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] – Karin Gustafsson<ref name=":5" /> * {{PER}} – Olga Zumaran<ref name=":5" /> * {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] – Marianne Müller<ref name=":5" /> |} {| class="toccolours" style="float:right" | style="background-color:#FADADD;width:25px;" | |Nagwagi |- | style="background-color:#eadafd;" | |1st runner-up |- | style="background-color:#ccff99;" | |2nd runner-up |- | style="background-color:#ffff99;" | |3rd runner-up |- | style="background-color:#d9eefb;" | |4th runner-up |- | style="background-color:#white;" | |Top 12 |} ==== Mga iskor sa kompetisyon ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Interbyu !Swimsuit !Evening Gown !Katampatan |- style="background-color:#FADADD;" |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg}} [[South Africa|Timog Aprika]]''' |'''6.791 (3)''' |'''6.590 (4)''' |'''6.373 (5)''' |'''6.584 (4)''' |- style="background-color:#eadafd;" |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |8.155 (1) |7.855 (1) |7.482 (2) |7.830 (1) |- style="background-color:#ccff99;" |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1977–1981).svg}} [[Espanya]] |6.500 (5) |6.870 (3) |7.545 (1) |6.971 (3) |- style="background-color:#d9eefb;" |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |6.645 (4) |6.282 (6) |6.545 (4) |6.490 (5) |- style="background-color:#ffff99;" |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |7.518 (2) |7.300 (2) |7.355 (3) |7.391 (2) |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |6.230 (6) |6.364 (5) |5.709 (6) |6.101 (6) |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |5.073 (9) |5.064 (7) |4.536 (9) |4.891 (7) |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |5.260 (8) |4.280 (8) |4.945 (7) |4.828 (8) |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |5.320 (7) |3.260 (11) |4.145 (10) |4.241 (9) |- |{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] |3.889 (12) |3.800 (9) |4.756 (8) |4.148 (10) |- |{{PER}} |4.422 (10) |3.718 (10) |3.573 (11) |3.904 (11) |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |3.911 (11) |2.890 (12) |3.573 (11) |3.458 (12) |} === '''Mga espesyal na parangal''' === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica|Kosta Rika]] – Maribel Fernández<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1978 |title=31 Enero 2023 |language=es |pages=1A, 2B |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nh8iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=630EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3829%2C2658666 |access-date=31 Enero 2023}}</ref> |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{flagicon|TTO}} [[Trinidad at Tobago]] – Sophia Titus |- |Miss Press | * {{flagicon|ABW}} [[Aruba]] – Margarita Tromp<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1978 |title=Zuidafrikaanse Miss Universe |language=nl |trans-title=South African Miss Universe |pages=1 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010639355:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=31 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |} ==== Best National Costume ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |Nagwagi | * {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] – Alamjeet Kaur Chauhan<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Mayo 2021 |title=Which Country Has Won the Most National Costume Titles at Miss Universe? |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/lifestyle/miss-universe-country-most-national-costume-titles-a00203-20210514 |access-date=14 Enero 2023 |website=Esquire |language=en}}</ref> |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] – Jung-eun Shon |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|MYS}} [[Malaysia]] – Yasmin Yusoff |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Tulad noong [[Miss Universe 1971|1971]], labindalawang ''semi-finalist'' ang napili sa pamamagitan ng paunang kompetisyon at ang mga ''closed-door interview''. Lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang labindalawang ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista na lumahok sa ''final interview.'' Sa edisyon ring ito unang ipinapalabas ang mga iskor na binibigay ng mga hurado sa telebisyon. === Komite sa pagpili === * Ursula Andress – Suwisang aktres''<ref name=":2" />'' * Roberto Cavalli – Taga-disenyong Italyano<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1978 |title=77 candidatas a Miss Universo |language=es |pages=2A |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NR8iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=630EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2809%2C2290682 |access-date=31 Enero 2023}}</ref> * Wilhelmina Cooper – Modelong Olandes at tagapagtatag ng Wilhelmina Models<ref name=":2" /> * Miloš Forman – Direktor mula sa [[Czechoslovakia]]<ref name=":3" /> * [[Christiane Martel]] – [[Miss Universe 1953]] mula sa [[Pransiya]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Laurent |first=Lawrence |date=24 Hulyo 1978 |title=A glimpse behind the scenes at Miss Universe pageant |language=en |pages=8D |work=St. Petersburg Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oJ5hAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a1oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6671%2C276650 |access-date=31 Enero 2023}}</ref> * Line Renaud – Mangaawit at aktres na Pranses<ref name=":2" /> * David Merrick – Amerikanong ''theatrical producer<ref name=":3" />'' * Anna Moffo – Amerikanang ''opera singer<ref name=":3" />'' * Melba Moore – Amerikanang mangaawit<ref name=":3" /> * Mario Moreno "Cantinflas" – Komedyanteng Mehikano<ref name=":2" /> * Dewi Sukarno – Sosyalidad na Hapones at dating Unang Ginang ng Indonesya<ref name=":2" /> == Mga kandidata == Pitumpu't-limang kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A|name=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |Delia Muñoz |17 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{flagicon|ABW}} [[Aruba]] |Margarita Tromp<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 Hunyo 1978 |title=Miss Aruba naar Mexico |language=nl |trans-title=Miss Aruba to Mexico |pages=5 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010639331:mpeg21:p005 |access-date=31 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |26 |Oranjestad |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] |Beverly Pinder<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Nobyembre 1978 |title=Choice of the week |language=en |pages=3 |work=Royal Australian Navy News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/267444569?searchTerm=%22Miss%20Universe%22 |access-date=29 Enero 2023}}</ref> |23 |[[Melbourne]] |- |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |Doris Anwander<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=5 Pebrero 2009 |title=Kniggetrainerin: Job mit Takt |url=https://www.vol.at/kniggetrainerin-job-mit-takt/2194012 |access-date=30 Enero 2023 |website=Vorarlberg Online |language=de}}</ref> |18 |Bregenz |- |{{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamas]] |Dulcie Millings<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whachell |first=Robbin |date=25 Nobyembre 2011 |title=Pageantry in The Bahamas: Does The Bahamas have too many pageants? |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/robbins-nest/Pageantry_in_The_Bahamas_Does_The_Bahamas_have_too_many_pageants17811.shtml |access-date=31 Enero 2023 |website=The Bahamas Weekly |language=en}}</ref> |18 |[[Nassau]] |- |{{flagicon|BAR}} [[Barbados]] |Judy Miller<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1978 |title=West Indian trio |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Virgin Islands Daily News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=82xOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L0cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3093%2C1745760 |access-date=1 Pebrero 2023}}</ref> |20 |Saint Michael |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |Françoise Moens<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Setyembre 1978 |title=Choice of the week |language=en |pages=3 |work=Royal Australian Navy News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/267443612?searchTerm=%22Miss%20Universe%22 |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |via=Trove}}</ref> |18 |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of British Honduras (1919–1981).svg}} [[Belize|Belis]] |Christina Ysaguirre<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 Hulyo 1978 |title=Beauties on the ruins... |language=en |pages=2 |work=Lakeland Ledger |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iZJNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4381%2C4541044 |access-date=3 Pebrero 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |[[Belmopan]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1954}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |Marisol Alfonzo<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garcés |first=Ever |date=16 Nobyembre 2022 |title=Miss Venezuela: Ni tan niñas, ni tan venezolanas… |url=https://diariodelosandes.com/miss-venezuela-ni-tan-ninas-ni-tan-venezolanas/ |access-date=19 Disyembre 2022 |website=Diario de Los Andes |language=es}}</ref> |21 |[[Caracas]] |- |{{flagicon|BMU}} [[Bermuda]] |Madeline Joell |19 |Smith's Parish |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1959–1986).svg}} [[Bonaire]] |Corinne Hernandez<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Abril 1978 |title=Bij verkiezing Miss Bonaire Programma uitgelopen |language=nl |trans-title=Election Miss Bonaire Program ended |pages=2 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010639269:mpeg21:p002 |access-date=31 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |19 |Kralendijk |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |Suzana Araújo<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=29 Setyembre 2022 |title=Conheça a história do Miss Brasil |url=https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/tv/miss-brasil/conheca-a-historia-do-miss-brasil,ae08a161bab6d310VgnCLD200000bbcceb0aRCRD.html |access-date=8 Disyembre 2022 |website=Terra |language=pt-BR}}</ref> |20 |Dionísio |- |{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivia|Bulibya]] |Raquel Roca<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 Hulyo 2017 |title=El título les dio alegrías, trabajo y fama que aún saborean |url=https://eldeber.com.bo/sociales/el-titulo-les-dio-alegrias-trabajo-y-fama-que-aun-saborean_32650 |access-date=19 Disyembre 2022 |website=El Deber |language=es-ES |archive-date=23 Oktubre 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023090330/https://eldeber.com.bo/sociales/el-titulo-les-dio-alegrias-trabajo-y-fama-que-aun-saborean_32650 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |18 |Guayaramerín |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1959–1986).svg}} [[Curaçao]] |Solange de Castro<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Oktubre 1978 |title=Choice of the week |language=en |pages=2 |work=Royal Australian Navy News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/267444431?searchTerm=%22Miss%20Universe%22 |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |via=Trove}}</ref> |20 |Willemstad |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |Anita Heske<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flyvbjerg |first=Kim |date=14 Disyembre 2014 |title=Han har skabt sin formue på at feste |url=https://www.bt.dk/content/item/711821 |access-date=31 Enero 2023 |website=B.T. |language=da}}</ref> |20 |[[Copenhague]] |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |Mabel Ceballos<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Nobyembre 2002 |title=Nueva reunión de ex misses Ecuador |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/2002/11/16/0001/18/384EAD2C10E34A8CA705C517F1BF9D32.html |access-date=31 Enero 2023 |website=El Universo |language=es}}</ref> |18 |Guayaquil |- |{{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] |Iris Mazorra<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1978 |title=Tiempo para cantar |language=es |pages=18A |work=La Nacion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=18A0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=_tAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6824%2C1424628 |access-date=31 Enero 2023}}</ref> |18 |[[San Salvador]] |- |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland|Eskosya]] |Angela McLeod<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hunyo 1978 |title=Miss Scotland is big loser |language=en |pages=3 |work=Evening Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8PBAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fKcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3567%2C2531064 |access-date=3 Pebrero 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |Fife |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1977–1981).svg}} [[Espanya]] |Guillermina Ruiz<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Hulyo 1978 |title=Guillermina Ruiz Domenech |language=es |work=El País |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1978/07/09/sociedad/268783204_850215.html |access-date=31 Enero 2023 |issn=1134-6582}}</ref> |21 |[[Lungsod ng Barcelona|Barcelona]] |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |Judi Andersen<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Abril 1978 |title=Judi Lois Andersen, Miss Hawaii, takes Miss USA title in Charleston |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103918081/hawaii-won-miss-usa-1978/ |access-date=17 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Honolulu]] |- |{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Wales|Gales]] |Elizabeth Ann Jones |20 |Welshpool |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |Marieta Kountouraki |21 |[[Tesalonica]] |- |{{flagicon|GUM}} [[Guam]] |Mary Lois Sampson<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1978 |title=Good form |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Virgin Islands Daily News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8GxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L0cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6348%2C1337798 |access-date=1 Pebrero 2023}}</ref> |22 |Mangilao |- |{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guwatemala]] |Claudia María Iriarte<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 Enero 2017 |title=Recuerdos y anécdotas de Miss Guatemala |url=https://www.prensalibre.com/hemeroteca/recuerdos-y-anecdotas-de-miss-guatemala/ |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |website=Prensa Libre |language=es-GT}}</ref> |20 |[[Lungsod ng Guatemala]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |Hisako Manda<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1978 |title=Watching body language |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Indianapolis News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30826352/the-indianapolis-news/ |access-date=3 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Prepektura ng Osaka|Osaka]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands (1976–1989).svg}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |Julias Concepción<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1978 |title=A beautiful bunch |language=en |pages=13 |work=The News-Dispatch |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=i0xVAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7&dq=%22Miss+Samoa%22&article_id=1475,1208202&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjyr_TDs6f_AhWZZt4KHaUPAYA4ChDoAXoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Samoa%22&f=false |access-date=3 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |17 |Saipan |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |Olimpia Velásquez<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gámez |first=Sabino |date=25 Abril 2008 |title=El Miss Honduras, una historia que contar |url=https://www.laprensa.hn/espectaculos/el-miss-honduras-una-historia-que-contar-ATLP695720 |access-date=8 Disyembre 2022 |website=La Prensa |language=es-HN}}</ref> |20 |[[Tegucigalpa]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |Winnie Chan<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 Hunyo 1978 |title=Winnie is Miss HK |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19780613-1.1.3 |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |22 |Kowloon |- |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] |Alamjeet Kaur Chauhan<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Marso 2013 |title=50 years of Miss India: Winners through the years |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/beauty-pageants/miss-india/50-years-of-miss-india-winners-through-the-years/winners-through-the-years/articleshow/19188085.cms |access-date=16 Disyembre 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> |23 |[[New Delhi]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |Beverly Isherwood |19 |Bolton |- |{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] |Lorraine Enriquez |19 |[[Dublin]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |Dorit Jellinek<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hunyo 1978 |title=Beauty queens all |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Australian Jewish Times |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/263309329?searchTerm=%22Miss%20Universe%22 |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |via=Trove}}</ref> |19 |[[Haifa]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |Andreina Mazzotti<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Hulyo 1978 |title=Rappresenta l'Italia |language=it |pages=19 |work=Stampa Sera |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,19/articleid,1469_02_1978_0150_0019_20653741/ |access-date=1 Pebrero 2023 |via=La Stampa}}</ref> |21 |[[Brescia]] |- |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |Andrea Eng<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=10 Mayo 1978 |title=World Chance |language=en |pages=25 |work=Times Colonist |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107430190/world-chance/ |access-date=17 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |22 |[[Vancouver]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |Eva-Marie Gottschalk<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 Hulyo 1978 |title=Natural beauty |language=en |pages=2 |work=The News-Dispatch |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gUxVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cT4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3359%2C310915 |access-date=3 Pebrero 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |26 |[[Berlin]] |- |{{flagicon|VIR}} [[US Virgin Islands|Kapuluang Birhen ng Estados Unidos]] |Barbara Henderson<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1978 |title=Barbara Henderson |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Virgin Islands Daily News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-mxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L0cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6355%2C2820674 |access-date=1 Pebrero 2023}}</ref> |23 |Christiansted |- |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |Shirley Sáenz<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rey |first=Gloria Elena |date=13 Nobyembre 1977 |title=Elegida Sta. Colombia |language=es |pages=1, 16A |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TTwgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=M2YEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432%2C2872616 |access-date=1 Pebrero 2023}}</ref> |18 |[[Bogotá]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica|Kosta Rika]] |Maribel Fernández<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Agosto 1978 |title=Choice of the week |language=en |pages=3 |work=Royal Australian Navy News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/267443796?searchTerm=%22Miss%20Universe%22 |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |via=Trove}}</ref> |19 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Lesotho (1966–1987).svg}} [[Lesotho|Lesoto]] |Joan Libuseng Khoali<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1978 |title=South African Miss Universe |language=en |pages=3 |work=Argus-Leader |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10863906/argus-leader/ |access-date=17 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Maseru]] |- |{{flagicon|LIB}} [[Lebanon|Libano]] |Reine Semaan |17 |[[Beirut]] |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] |Anna Björk Edwards<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Mayo 1977 |title=Sú fegursta á landinu reykvísk |language=is |pages=17 |work=Tíminn |url=https://timarit.is/page/3885245?iabr=on |access-date=31 Enero 2023 |via=Tímarit.is}}</ref> |19 |[[Reikiavik]] |- |{{flagicon|MYS}} [[Malaysia]] |Yasmin Yusoff<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Mayo 1978 |title=Yasmin beats them all |language=en |pages=21 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19780522-1.2.83.1 |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |22 |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |- |{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Malta]] |Pauline Farrugia |22 |Żebbuġ |- |{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Maruekos]] |Majida Tazi<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 Oktubre 1961 |title=Le Maroc sera représenté au concours Miss Univers prévu en Israël |url=https://article19.ma/accueil/archives/147163 |access-date=9 Disyembre 2022 |website=Article19 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> |18 |[[Rabat]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |Alba Cervera<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castillo |first=Arantxa |date=26 Enero 2015 |title=México luce su belleza |url=https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/2015/impreso/mexico-luce-su-belleza-136043.html |access-date=30 Enero 2023 |website=El Universal |language=es |archive-date=30 Enero 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130135624/https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/2015/impreso/mexico-luce-su-belleza-136043.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |19 |[[Yucatan]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of New Hebrides.svg}} [[Vanuatu|New Hebrides]] |Christine Spooner |18 |Luganville |- |{{flagicon|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |Claudia Herrera |19 |Masaya |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |Jeanette Aarum |19 |[[Oslo]] |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |Jane Simmonds<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 Hunyo 2021 |title=Jane Simmonds: The model who caused a sensation with you |url=https://www.you.co.uk/jane-simmonds-the-model-who-caused-a-sensation-with-you/ |access-date=31 Enero 2023 |website=YOU Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> |21 |[[Auckland]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |Karin Gustafsson |21 |[[Rotterdam]] |- |{{flagicon|PAN}} [[Panama]] |Diana Conte<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Enero 2015 |title=Estas son las panameñas que participaron de Miss Universo |url=https://www.telemetro.com/noticias/2015/01/07/panamenas-participaron-miss-universo/1656598.html |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |website=Telemetro |language=es-PA}}</ref> |20 |[[Lungsod ng Panama]] |- |{{flagicon2|Papua New Guinea}} [[Papua New Guinea|Papuwa Bagong Guniya]] |Angelyn Muta Tukana<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gavera |first=Mea |date=30 Hunyo 1978 |title=She'll dazzle the world |language=en |pages=37 |work=Papua New Guinea Post-Courier |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/250164538?searchTerm=%22Miss%20Universe%22 |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |via=Trove}}</ref> |21 |Bougainville |- |{{flagicon|PRY}} [[Paraguay|Paragway]] |Rosa María Duarte<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coronel |first=Raul |date=15 Oktubre 2021 |title=Te presentamos a todas nuestras representantes en Miss Universe |url=http://www.epa.com.py/2021/10/15/te-presentamos-a-todas-nuestras-representantes-en-miss-universe/ |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Epa! |language=es |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203234725/http://www.epa.com.py/2021/10/15/te-presentamos-a-todas-nuestras-representantes-en-miss-universe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |26 |[[Asuncion]] |- |{{PER}} |Olga Zumarán<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Disyembre 2021 |title=Olga Zumarán, la reina que se convirtió en actriz |url=https://peru21.pe/espectaculos/olga-zumaran-la-reina-que-se-convirtio-en-actriz-nnsp-concurso-de-belleza-miss-peru-al-fondo-hay-sitio-mil-oficios-asi-es-la-vida-noticia/ |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |website=Peru21 |language=es}}</ref> |19 |[[Lungsod ng Lima|Lima]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Binibining Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] |Jennifer Cortes<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=16 Marso 2016 |title=Whatever happened to Jennifer Cortes? |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2016/03/16/1563640/whatever-happened-jennifer-cortes |access-date=3 Enero 2023 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> |17 |[[Maynila]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |Seija Paakkola<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindfors |first=Jukka |date=28 Oktubre 2009 |title=Seija Paakkola, Miss Suomi 1978 |url=http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2009/10/28/seija-paakkola-miss-suomi-1978 |access-date=25 Disyembre 2022 |website=Yle |language=fi-FI}}</ref> |19 |Oulu |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] |Ada Perkins<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arraras |first=Maria Celeste |date=13 Mayo 2009 |title=‘Make Your Life Prime Time,’ TV host advises |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/make-your-life-prime-time-tv-host-advises-wbna30706581 |access-date=12 Pebrero 2023 |website=Today |language=en}}</ref> |18 |San Juan |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |Brigitte Konjovic<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lazaar |first=Liane |date=11 Disyembre 2021 |title=Miss France : Une reine de beauté est la mère d'un comédien de Scènes de ménages ! |url=https://www.purepeople.com/article/miss-france-une-reine-de-beaute-est-la-mere-d-un-comedien-de-scenes-de-menages_a467338/1 |access-date=9 Enero 2023 |website=Purepeople |language=fr}}</ref> |18 |[[Paris]] |- |{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |Raquel Jacobo |17 |San Cristóbal |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Réunion]] |Evelyn Pongérard<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Agosto 2019 |title=Vos 10 Miss Réunion préférées de tous les temps |url=https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/miss-reunion-histoire |access-date=27 Enero 2023 |website=Linfo.re |language=fr}}</ref> |19 |La Possession |- |{{flagicon|ASM}} [[Samoang Amerikano]] |Palepa Sio Tauliili<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1978 |title=Beauties all set for big contest |language=en |pages=13 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19780724-1.1.13 |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |21 |[[Pago Pago]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1907-1979).svg}} [[San Vicente at ang Granadinas|San Vicente]] |Gailene Collin<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Oktubre 2014 |title=Former Miss SVG now manager of Buccament Bay Resort |url=https://www.iwnsvg.com/2014/10/01/former-miss-svg-now-manager-of-buccament-bay-resort/ |access-date=30 Enero 2023 |website=iWitness News |language=en-GB}}</ref> |22 |[[Kingstown]] |- |{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |Annie Lee Mei Ling<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 Mayo 1978 |title=It's Annie's happy day |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19780507-1.1.1 |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |20 |Singapura |- |{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sri Lanka]] |Dlirukshi Wimalasooriya |27 |[[Colombo]] |- |{{flagicon|SUR}} [[Suriname]] |Garrance Rustwijk<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 Mayo 1978 |title=Garance Rustwijk Miss Sur. |language=nl |pages=1 |work=Vrije Stem |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011187647:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=31 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |18 |[[Paramaribo]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |Cécilia Rodhe<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Oktubre 1987 |title=Noah, wife to seperate, agree to seek divorce |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Kansas City Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72905584/noah-wife-to-seperate-agree-to-seek/ |access-date=25 Disyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |17 |Gothenburg |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |Sylvia von Arx<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1978 |title=Beauties in Acapulco |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19780717-1.1.3 |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |20 |Appenzell Innerrhoden |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[French Polynesia|Tahiti]] |Pascaline Teriireoo |19 |Papeete |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] |Pornpit Sakornvijit<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 Hulyo 1978 |title=In true Thai style... |language=en |pages=7 |work=New Nation |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/newnation19780704-1.1.7 |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |23 |[[Bangkok]] |- |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg}} [[South Africa|Timog Aprika]]''' |'''[[Margaret Gardiner]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morkel |first=Graye |date=15 Abril 2020 |title=Margaret Gardiner shares photos from her 1978 Miss Universe reign 42 years ago |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/the-juice/news/pageant/margaret-gardiner-shares-photos-from-her-1978-miss-universe-reign-42-years-ago-20200415 |access-date=31 Enero 2023 |website=News 24 |language=en-US}}</ref> |18 |[[Cape Town]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |Son Jung-eun<ref name=":0" /> |23 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|TTO}} [[Trinidad at Tobago]] |Sophia Titus<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1978 |title=West Indian beauty |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Virgin Islands Daily News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7mxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L0cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5414%2C1006592 |access-date=1 Pebrero 2023}}</ref> |18 |[[Port of Spain]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |Marianne Müller<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 Setyembre 2014 |title=La propuesta educativa de Mary Anne Müller |url=https://www.latercera.com/paula/la-propuesta-educativa-de-mary-anne-muller/ |access-date=29 Enero 2023 |website=La Tercera |language=es}}</ref> |18 |[[Santiago, Tsile|Santiago]] |- |{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |Billur Lutfiye Bingol<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1978 |title=Favorita |language=es |pages=6B |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Mx8iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=630EAAAAIBAJ&pg=1809%2C1163006 |access-date=31 Enero 2023}}</ref> |19 |[[Istanbul]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay|Urugway]] |María del Carmen da Rosa<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 Mayo 2017 |title=La belleza salteña coronada a nivel nacional e internacional |url=https://diarioelpueblo.com.uy/la-belleza-saltena-coronada-a-nivel-nacional-e-internacional/ |access-date=23 Enero 2023 |website=Diario El Pueblo |language=es |archive-date=22 Enero 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122230204/https://diarioelpueblo.com.uy/la-belleza-saltena-coronada-a-nivel-nacional-e-internacional/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |21 |Salto |} == Mga tala == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Mga sanggunian == <references responsive="1"></references> == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} [[Kategorya:1978]] 8a0jmmez0r5gc34kydfh3c0q71ae2iz 0 321637 2204229 2181925 2026-04-22T14:43:59Z Allyriana000 119761 2204229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant |photo=Irene Sáez portrait in 1997.jpg |congeniality=Linda Smith <br> {{flag|Bahamas}} |best national costume=Adriana Alves de Oliveira <br> {{flagicon|Brazil|1968}} [[Brasil]] |photogenic=Tina Brandstrup <br> {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Dinamarka]]|date=20 Hulyo 1981 |winner='''Irene Sáez <br> {{flagicon|Venezuela|1954}} [[Beneswela]]''' |presenters={{Hlist|Bob Barker|Elke Sommer}}|acts={{Hlist|Peter Allen|Cast ng 42nd Street|US Naval Choir}}|venue=Minskoff Theatre, [[New York City|Lungsod ng New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Estados Unidos]]|broadcaster=[[CBS]]|entrants=76|placements=12|debuts={{Hlist|[[Gibraltar|Hibraltar]]|[[Samoa|Kanlurang Samoa]]|[[Namibia|Namibya]]}}|withdraws={{Hlist|[[Indonesya]]|[[Papuwa Bagong Guniya]]|[[Sint Maarten]]}}|returns={{Hlist|[[Martinique|Martinika]]|[[Pidyi]]|[[Portugal]]|[[San Cristobal at Nieves|San Cristobal]]|[[Tsipre]]|[[Timog Aprika]]|Transkei}}|before=[[Miss Universe 1980|1980]]|next=[[Miss Universe 1982|1982]]|caption=Irene Sáez}}Ang '''Miss Universe 1981''' ay ang ika-30 edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Minskoff Theatre, Lungsod ng New York, New York, Estados Unidos noong 20 Hulyo 1981.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1981 |title=Miss Universe '81 via Tele-Curacao |language=nl |pages=2 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010640560:mpeg21:p002 |access-date=1 Hunyo 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Ito ang unang edisyon na ginanap sa [[Kalupaang Estados Unidos]] matapos ang sampung taon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Bill |date=19 Hulyo 1981 |title=It's New York's turn |language=en |pages=342 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94506089/its-new-yorks-turnbill-kaufman/ |access-date=4 Marso 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Shawn Weatherly]] ng Estados Unidos si [[Irene Sáez]] ng Beneswela bilang Miss Universe 1981.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melia |first=John |last2=La Rosa |first2=Paul |date=21 Hulyo 1981 |title=Miss Venezuela's the winner |language=en |pages=180 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116288272/daily-news/ |access-date=12 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1981 |title=Miss Universe |language=en |pages=1 |work=Toledo Blade |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kmcxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ogIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1033%2C1233595 |access-date=12 Enero 2023}}</ref> Ito ang pangalawang tagumpay ng Beneswela sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1981 |title=Miss Venezuela says her dream has come true |language=en |pages=33 |work=Reading Eagle |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Wd4hAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KqEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4901%2C377846 |access-date=21 Marso 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1981 |title=Venezolaanse Miss Heelal '81 |language=nl |pages=5 |work=Amigoe |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22Miss+Universe%22&facets%5Bperiode%5D%5B%5D=2%7C20e_eeuw%7C1980-1989%7C1981%7C&page=1&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010640562:mpeg21:a0063&resultsidentifier=ddd:010640562:mpeg21:a0063&rowid=3 |access-date=28 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Dominique Dufour ng Kanada, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Eva-Lena Lundgren ng Suwesya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1981 |title=Venezuelan wins title: Miss Universe |language=en |pages=20 |work=The Robesonian |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=baI_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=HlYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2963%2C2759000 |access-date=12 Enero 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1981 |title=Irene de mooiste |language=nl |trans-title=Irene the prettiest |pages=1 |work=De Telegraaf |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011205091:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=1 Hunyo 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa 76 na bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Bob Barker ang kompetisyon sa ikalabing-apat na pagkakataon, samantalang si Elke Sommer ang nagbigay ng komentaryo sa buong kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Hunyo 1981 |title=Glimpses |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/06/02/GLIMPSES/9027360302400/ |access-date=21 Marso 2023 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1981 |title=The 1981 Miss Universe pageant |language=en |pages=18 |work=The Lewiston Daily Sun |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=xfYpAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=%22Miss+Universe%22+%221981%22&article_id=4093,2087977&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiFvLfWs6f_AhUTPnAKHbOcDCwQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22%20%221981%22&f=false |access-date=3 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Nagtangahl si Peter Allen, ang ''cast'' ng ''42nd Street'' at ang ''US Naval Choir'' sa edisyong ito.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 Hunyo 1981 |title=People talk |language=en |volume=59 |pages=6 |work=Suffolk News-Herald |url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=SNH19810604.1.6&srpos=7&e=--1981---1981--en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22Miss+Universe%22------- |access-date=16 Abril 2023 |via=Virginia Chronicle}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:Minskoff Theater, Broadway (898226276).jpg|thumb|Minskoff Theatre, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1981|250x250px]] === Lokasyon at petsa ng kompetisyon === Noong 1980, nagpahayag ng pag-asa ang Miss Universe Inc. na maaaring maganap ang kompetisyon sa Taywan, ngunit walang negosasyon ang naganap.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Laura |date=Nobyembre 1987 |title=Beauty Contests--The Pros and Cons |url=http://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/Articles/Details?Guid=147466f1-4d7e-4247-95e7-7b15ac068c3c&CatId=9&postname=Beauty%20Contests--The%20Pros%20and%20Cons |access-date=13 Enero 2024 |website=Taiwan Panorama |language=zh-Hant-TW }}{{Dead link|date=Hulyo 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Noong 19 Enero 1981, inanunsyo ng Guwatemala na may balak itong idaos ang Miss Universe pageant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Enero 1981 |title=Guatemala quiere la sede de Miss Universo |language=es |trans-title=Guatemala wants to host Miss Universe |pages=7B |work=La Nacion |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=JJAtAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA45&dq=%22Miss+Universe%22+%22Guatemala%22+%221981%22&article_id=6866,5879582&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0oqqgt6f_AhVV-mEKHci4CcEQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22%20%22Guatemala%22%20%221981%22&f=false |access-date=3 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Gayunpaman, hindi natuloy ang mga negosasyon dahil sa mga dahilang pang-ekonomiko. Balak rin idaos sa Buenos Aires, Arhentina ang kompetisyon, ngunit hindi rin nagpatuloy ang mga negosasyon dahil sa kilmang pampulitika ng bansa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 Marso 1981 |title=S.L. refuses a date with the Miss Universe pageant |language=en |pages=A11 |work=The Deseret News |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=uUpTAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6&dq=%22Miss+Universe%22+%22Argentina%22&article_id=7038,1927016&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiS_dWmu7j_AhWmcGwGHROzD5g4WhDoAXoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22%20%22Argentina%22&f=false |access-date=10 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Noong 7 Abril 1981, inanusyo ng Deputy Mayor for Economic Development ng New York na si Karen Gerard, na gaganapin ang kompetisyon sa Lungsod ng New York, New York sa Estados Unidos sa 20 Hulyo 1981.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ivins |first=Molly |date=8 Abril 1981 |title=City gets Miss Universe event |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/08/nyregion/city-gets-miss-universe-event.html |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ito rin ang unang edisyon na ginanap sa Estados Unidos matapos ang sampung taon na ginanap ang kompetisyon sa iba't-ibang mga bansa sa mundo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 Abril 1981 |title=National News In Brief |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/04/07/National-News-In-Brief/7719355467600/ |access-date=27 Disyembre 2022 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa 76 na mga bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon. Isang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kaniyang bansa/teritoryo matapos ang pag-urong ng orihinal na kalahok. ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Iniluklok ang runner-up ng Miss Hong Kong 1981 na si Irene Lo upang kumatawan sa kaniyang bansa matapos mapatalsik sa pwesto ang orihinal na nagwagi na si Doris Loh dahil pinalsipika nito ang kaniyang edad. Binago ni Loh ang kaniyang edad na 25 sa 22 sa kaniyang pasaporte upang makapasok pa rin sa ''age requirement''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Hulyo 1981 |title=Hong Kong beauty stripped of her title |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19810706-1.2.16.12 |access-date=12 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 Hulyo 1981 |title=Miss Hong Kong is ousted by officials |language=en |pages=4 |work=The Galveston Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30580783/the-galveston-daily-news/ |access-date=12 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Hibraltar, Kanlurang Samoa, at Namibya, at bumalik ang mga bansang Martinika, Pidyi, Portugal, San Cristobal, Timog Aprika, Transkei, at Tsipre. Huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1957|1957]] ang Martinika, noong [[Miss Universe 1974|1974]] ang Tsipre, at noong [[Miss Universe 1979|1979]] ang Pidyi, Portugal, San Cristobal, Timog Aprika, at Transkei. Hindi sumali ang mga bansang Indonesya, Papuwa Bagong Guniya, at Sint Maarten sa edisyong ito. Hindi sumali si Rosje Soeratman ng Indonesya matapos maging biktima ng isang aksidente. Hindi sumali si Jennifer Abaijah ng Papuwa Bagong Guniya dahil pinili nito na sumali na lang sa Miss World 1981. Hindi sumali ang Sint Maarten matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. Dapat sanang kakalahok si Carole Fitzgerald ng [[Mauritius|Mawrisyo]], subalit bumitiw ito dahil ito ay nangungulila na sa kaniyang pamilya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1981 |title=Girl from Venezuela wins title |language=en |pages=9 |work=Asheville Citizen-Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116288304/asheville-citizen-times/ |access-date=12 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1981 |title=Venezuelan wins title: Miss Universe |language=en |pages=7B |work=The Robesonian |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=baI_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=HlYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2963%2C2759000 |access-date=21 Marso 2023}}</ref> Hindi sumali si Joan Boldewijn ng [[Suriname]] dahil pinili na lang nito na sumali sa Miss World 1981. Hindi sumali si Marcia-Ann Morris ng [[San Vicente at ang Granadinas]] dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 Oktubre 2022 |title=A history of pageantry in SVG 1951 to 2019 |url=https://onenewsstvincent.com/2022/10/09/one-news-svg-pageant-corner-a-history-of-pageantry-in-svg-1951-to-2019/ |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |website=One News St.Vincent |language=en}}</ref> == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1981 mapC.png|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1981 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1981''' | * '''{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]]''' – '''[[Irene Sáez]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=21 Hulyo 1981 |title=Student wins Miss Universe for Venezuela |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0aMyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5u4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2417%2C119073 |access-date=5 Marso 2023 |website=Ottawa Citizen |language=en}}</ref>''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] – Dominique Dufour<ref name=":5" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] – Eva-Lena Lundgren<ref name=":5" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Adriana Alves de Oliveira<ref name=":5" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] – Dominique van Eeckhoudt<ref name=":5" /> |- |Top 12 | * {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] – Lucía Vinueza<ref name=":5" /> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Kim Seelbrede<ref name=":5" /> * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]]– Marion Kurz<ref name=":5" /> * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] – Mona Olsen<ref name=":5" /> * {{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] – Donella Thomsen<ref name=":5" /> * {{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] – Ingrid Schouten<ref name=":5" /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[French Polynesia|Tahiti]] – Tatiana Teraiamano<ref name=":5" /> |} {| class="toccolours" style="float:right" | style="background-color:#FADADD;width:25px;" | |Nagwagi |- | style="background-color:#eadafd;" | |1st runner-up |- | style="background-color:#ccff99;" | |2nd runner-up |- | style="background-color:#d9eefb;" | |3rd runner-up |- | style="background-color:#ffff99;" | |4th runner-up |- | style="background-color:#white;" | |Top 12 |} ==== Mga iskor sa kompetisyon ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Interbyu !Swimsuit !Evening Gown !Katampatan |- style="background-color:#FADADD;" |'''{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]]''' |'''8.966 (1)''' |'''9.024 (1)''' |'''8.887 (1)''' |'''8.959 (1)''' |- style="background-color:#eadafd;" |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |8.167 (6) |8.133 (5) |8.508 (2) |8.269 (4) |- style="background-color:#ccff99;" |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |8.658 (2) |8.050 (6) |8.179 (4) |8.296 (3) |- style="background-color:#d9eefb;" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |8.191 (5) |8.416 (3) |7.824 (7) |8.144 (5) |- style="background-color:#ffff99;" |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |8.529 (3) |8.881 (2) |8.268 (3) |8.559 (2) |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[French Polynesia|Tahiti]] |8.149 (7) |8.137 (4) |7.962 (5) |8.082 (6) |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |8.435 (4) |7.717 (8) |7.838 (6) |7.997 (7) |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |7.875 (8) |8.041 (7) |7.442 (10) |7.786 (8) |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |7.590 (9) |7.633 (9) |7.625 (9) |7.616 (9) |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |7.427 (11) |7.617 (10) |7.653 (8) |7.565 (10) |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |7.442 (10) |7.300 (12) |7.317 (12) |7.353 (11) |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |6.950 (12) |7.492 (11) |7.350 (11) |7.264 (12) |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] – Tina Brandstrup<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=18 Hulyo 1981 |title=El lunes eligen a Miss Universo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AE0qAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wlAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6958,987874 |access-date=4 Marso 2023 |website=El Tiempo |language=es}}</ref> |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamas]] – Linda Smith<ref name=":2" /> |} ==== Best National Costume ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |Nagwagi | * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Adriana Alves<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Mayo 2021 |title=Which Country Has Won the Most National Costume Titles at Miss Universe? |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/lifestyle/miss-universe-country-most-national-costume-titles-a00203-20210514 |access-date=14 Enero 2023 |website=Esquire |language=en}}</ref> |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] – [[Irene Sáez]]<ref name=":2" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] – Lee Eun-jung<ref name=":2" /> |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Tulad noong [[Miss Universe 1971|1971]], 12 mga ''semifinalist'' ang napili sa pamamagitan ng paunang kompetisyon at ang mga ''closed-door interview''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1981 |title=Venezuelan beauty new Miss Universe |language=en |pages=32 |work=The Telegraph |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=DaorAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=%22Miss+Universe%22+%221981%22&article_id=3978,4188324&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLoufjtaf_AhXMP3AKHZGmCd04FBDoAXoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22%20%221981%22&f=false |access-date=3 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Kumalahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang 12 mga ''semifinalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista na sumabak sa ''final interview.'' === Komite sa pagpili === * Sammy Cahn – Amerikanong liriko at manunulat ng kanta * Chang Kang-jae – Tagapangulo ng Hankook Ilbo-Korea Times Group * [[Pelé]] – Brasilenyong manlalaro ng putbol<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Cates |first=Ellan |date=16 Hulyo 1981 |title=Celebrity judges said Thursday they will choose Miss Universe... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/07/16/Celebrity-judges-said-Thursday-they-will-choose-Miss-Universe/8288364104000/ |access-date=5 Marso 2023 |website=United Press International |language=en}}</ref> * [[Julio Iglesias]] – Kastilang mangaawit at manlalaro ng putbol<ref name=":4" /> * Itzik Kol – Israeling ''producer'' para sa telebisyon at pelikula * Lee Majors – Amerikanong aktor<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1981 |title=Venezuelan New Miss Universe, Says She'll Work For World Peace |language=en |pages=1 |work=Ocala Star-Banner |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=MsBPAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%22Miss+Universe%22+%221981%22&article_id=2460,2334840&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiFvLfWs6f_AhUTPnAKHbOcDCwQ6AF6BAgKEAI#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22%20%221981%22&f=false |access-date=3 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * Mary McFadden– Amerikanong taga-disenyo, patnugot at manunulat * David Merrick – Amerikanong ''producer'' para sa teatro * Anna Moffo – Amerikanong aktres at ''opera singer<ref name=":4" />'' * LeRoy Neiman – Amerikanong pintor * Lorin Netherlandser – * Francesco Scavullo – Amerikanong litratista<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1981 |title=Childhood dream comes true for beauty |language=en |pages=3A |work=St. Joseph News-Press |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=wrxbAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=%22Miss+Universe%22+%221981%22&article_id=1926,4250573&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiFvLfWs6f_AhUTPnAKHbOcDCwQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22%20%221981%22&f=false |access-date=3 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * Corinna Tsopei – [[Miss Universe 1964]] mula sa Gresya == Mga kandidata == Pitumpu't-anim na kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1981 |title=Venezolaanse Miss Heelal '81 |language=nl |trans-title=Venezuelan Miss Universe '81 |pages=5 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010640562:mpeg21:p005 |access-date=1 Hunyo 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A|name=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |Susana Reynoso<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1981 |title=Nos sentimos a gusto compitiendo en Miss Universo dicen las chicas |language=es |trans-title=We feel comfortable competing in Miss Universe says the girls |pages=7 |work=La Opinion |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=O3pEAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=%22Miss+Argentina%22&article_id=1315,2032133&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4yu3Guqj_AhWHQN4KHZQbASM4HhDoAXoECAsQAg#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Argentina%22&f=false |access-date=4 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |20 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{flagicon|ABW}} [[Aruba]] |Synia Reyes<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 Marso 1981 |title=Miss Aruba naar New York |language=nl |pages=5 |work=Amigoe |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22Miss+Universe%22&facets%5Bperiode%5D%5B%5D=2%7C20e_eeuw%7C1980-1989%7C1981%7C&page=1&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010640466:mpeg21:a0097&resultsidentifier=ddd:010640466:mpeg21:a0097&rowid=9 |access-date=28 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |18 |Brasil |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] |Karen Sang<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1981 |title=Highlights of the week |language=en |pages=161 |work=Australian Women's Weekly |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52262107 |access-date=26 Pebrero 2023 |via=Trove}}</ref> |21 |[[Sydney]] |- |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |Gudrun Gollop |21 |[[Viena]] |- |{{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamas]] |Linda Smith<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=15 Disyembre 2021 |title=The first Bahamian to be recognised by Miss Universe for her beauty was Miss Ava Marilyn Burke Thompson! |url=https://www.bahamaspress.com/the-first-bahamian-to-be-recognised-by-miss-bahamas-for-her-beauty-was-miss-ava-marilyn-burke-thompson/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209222226/https://www.bahamaspress.com/the-first-bahamian-to-be-recognised-by-miss-bahamas-for-her-beauty-was-miss-ava-marilyn-burke-thompson/ |archive-date=9 Disyembre 2023 |access-date=11 Pebrero 2023 |website=Bahamas Press |language=en-US}}</ref> |21 |[[Nassau]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |Dominique van Eeckhoudt<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pierre-Yves |first=Paque |date=7 Enero 2016 |title="Miss Belgiquete suit toute ta vie!" |trans-title=“Miss Belgiquete follows your whole life!” |url=https://www.dhnet.be/lifestyle/people/2016/01/07/miss-belgiquete-suit-toute-ta-vie-G2O7A4FY5BCBXCWR2UEXU7F6OA/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304032810/https://www.dhnet.be/lifestyle/people/2016/01/07/miss-belgiquete-suit-toute-ta-vie-G2O7A4FY5BCBXCWR2UEXU7F6OA/ |archive-date=4 Marso 2023 |access-date=4 Marso 2023 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> |20 |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of British Honduras (1919–1981).svg}} [[Belize|Belis]] |Ivette Zabaneh |18 |Independence |- |'''{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]]''' |'''[[Irene Sáez]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Bart |date=11 Pebrero 1996 |title=Miss Universe-Turned-Politician Wows Voters |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-02-11-mn-34693-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205012633/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-02-11-mn-34693-story.html |archive-date=5 Pebrero 2023 |access-date=5 Pebrero 2023 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |19 |[[Caracas]] |- |{{flagicon|BMU}} [[Bermuda]] |Cymone Tucker<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 Hulyo 1981 |title=Voorproefje voor missen |language=nl |pages=4 |work=Het vrije volk |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010960888:mpeg21:p004 |access-date=29 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |21 |Smith's Parish |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |Adriana Alves<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 Agosto 2008 |title=Adriana Alves |url=https://caras.uol.com.br/arquivo/adriana-alves.phtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206142922/https://caras.uol.com.br/arquivo/adriana-alves.phtml |archive-date=6 Pebrero 2023 |access-date=6 Pebrero 2023 |website=Revista Caras |language=pt-br}}</ref> |18 |[[Rio de Janeiro]] |- |{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivia|Bulibya]] |Maricruz Aponte<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 Hulyo 2017 |title=El título les dio alegrías, trabajo y fama que aún saborean |url=https://eldeber.com.bo/sociales/el-titulo-les-dio-alegrias-trabajo-y-fama-que-aun-saborean_32650 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023090330/https://eldeber.com.bo/sociales/el-titulo-les-dio-alegrias-trabajo-y-fama-que-aun-saborean_32650 |archive-date=23 Oktubre 2023 |access-date=19 Disyembre 2022 |website=El Deber |language=es-ES}}</ref> |18 |[[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1959–1986).svg}} [[Curaçao]] |Maria Maxima Croes<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Mayo 1981 |title=No title |language=nl |pages=3 |work=Amigoe |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22Miss+Universe%22&coll=ddd&page=1&facets%5Bperiode%5D%5B%5D=2%7C20e_eeuw%7C1980-1989%7C1981%7C&identifier=ddd:010640652:mpeg21:a0054&resultsidentifier=ddd:010640652:mpeg21:a0054&rowid=7 |access-date=28 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |22 |Willemstad |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |Tina Brandstrup<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Oktubre 1981 |title=Tina keppir i dag... |language=is |pages=39 |work=Morgunblaðið |url=https://timarit.is/page/1547398?iabr=on |access-date=5 Marso 2023 |via=Tímarit.is}}</ref> |20 |[[Copenhague]] |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |Lucía Isabel Vinueza<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Disyembre 2014 |title=Lucía Vinueza es una mujer descomplicada |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2014/12/04/nota/4301751/mujer-descomplicada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114040652/https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2014/12/04/nota/4301751/mujer-descomplicada/ |archive-date=14 Enero 2023 |access-date=14 Enero 2023 |website=El Universo |language=es}}</ref> |18 |Guayaquil |- |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland|Eskosya]] |Anne McFarlane |22 |[[Glasgow]] |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Espanya]] |Frances Ondiviela<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodarte |first=Jorge |date=23 Agosto 2021 |title=Así lucía Frances Ondiviela cuando fue Miss Universe 1981 |trans-title=This is what Frances Ondiviela looked like when she was Miss Universe 1981 |url=https://www.debate.com.mx/show/Asi-lucia-Frances-Ondiviela-cuando-fue-Miss-Universe-1981-20210823-0358.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112080525/https://www.debate.com.mx/show/Asi-lucia-Frances-Ondiviela-cuando-fue-Miss-Universe-1981-20210823-0358.html |archive-date=12 Enero 2023 |access-date=12 Enero 2023 |website=El Debate |language=es-MX}}</ref> |18 |Las Palmas |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |Kim Seelbrede<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Mayo 1981 |title=Ohioan now Miss USA |language=en |pages=1 |work=Toledo Blade |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iRNPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ngIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2197%2C5023981 |access-date=12 Enero 2023}}</ref> |20 |Germantown |- |{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Wales|Gales]] |Karen Stannard |22 |Newport |- |{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Gresya]] |Maria Nikouli<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gatzios |first=Akis |date=22 Nobyembre 2023 |title=Μαρία Νικούλη: Πού βρίσκεται σήμερα και τί κάνει η Σταρ Ελλάς του 1981 |trans-title=Interview with Maria Nikouli: Once a Star Hellas, always a Star Hellas – Where is she today and what is she doing? |url=https://www.anagnostis.org/2023/11/22/synentefxi-me-ti-maria-nikouli-mia-fora-star-hellas-panta-star-hellas-pou-vrisketai-simera-kai-ti-kanei/ |access-date=26 Setyembre 2025 |website=Anagnostis.org |language=el}}</ref> |18 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Guadalupe (Pransya)|Guadalupe]] |Rosette Bivuoac |17 |Basse-Terre |- |{{flagicon|GUM}} [[Guam]] |Bertha Harmon |17 |Agana |- |{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guwatemala]] |Yuma Rossana Lobos<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Hulyo 2017 |title=1981: bomba en aeropuerto La Aurora causa terror |url=https://www.prensalibre.com/hemeroteca/bomba-en-aeropuerto-la-aurora-causa-terror/ |access-date=4 Marso 2023 |website=Prensa Libre |language=es-GT}}</ref> |19 |[[Lungsod ng Guatemala]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |Mineko Orisaku<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1981 |title=Beauties eyeing a common goal |language=en |pages=4 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19810710-1.2.19.1 |access-date=12 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Kyoto]] |- |{{flagicon|GIB}} [[Gibraltar|Hibraltar]] |Yvette Dominguez |19 |[[Hibraltar]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands (1976–1989).svg}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |Juanita Mendiola<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 Oktubre 2000 |title=Mendiola off to Japan for cultural exchange |url=https://www.saipantribune.com/index.php/964d9622-1dfb-11e4-aedf-250bc8c9958e/ |access-date=4 Marso 2023 |website=Saipan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> |17 |Tinian |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |Leslie Sabillón<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gámez |first=Sabino |date=25 Abril 2008 |title=El Miss Honduras, una historia que contar |url=https://www.laprensa.hn/espectaculos/el-miss-honduras-una-historia-que-contar-ATLP695720 |access-date=8 Disyembre 2022 |website=La Prensa |language=es-HN}}</ref> |19 |Francisco Morazán |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |Irene Lo<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yuen |first=Norman |date=22 Nobyembre 2022 |title=10 Miss Hong Kong winners from the 1980s – what are they doing now? |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3200520/10-miss-hong-kongs-1980s-where-are-they-now-joyce-godenzi-marrying-martial-arts-master-sammo-hung |access-date=27 Disyembre 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> |21 |Hong Kong |- |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] |Rachita Kumar<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Marso 2013 |title=50 years of Miss India: Winners through the years |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/beauty-pageants/miss-india/50-years-of-miss-india-winners-through-the-years/winners-through-the-years/articleshow/19188085.cms |access-date=16 Disyembre 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> |19 |[[Mumbai|Bombay]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |Joanna Longley |25 |Windsor |- |{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] |Valerie Roe<ref>{{Cite web |last=Finn |first=Melanie |date=15 Hulyo 2016 |title=Irish PR boss Valerie Roe 'paralysed' by fear after she was caught up in Nice terror attacks |url=https://www.independent.ie/world-news/war-on-terror/irish-pr-boss-valerie-roe-paralysed-by-fear-after-she-was-caught-up-in-nice-terror-attacks-34886631.html |access-date=26 Pebrero 2023 |website=Irish Independent |language=en}}</ref> |21 |[[Dublin]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |Dana Wexler<ref>{{Cite news |last=Herschaft |first=Jean |date=31 Hulyo 1981 |title=Why Was Miss Israel Not Given A Chance? |language=en |pages=16 |work=The Indiana Jewish Post and Opinion |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/indianajpost/1981/07/31/01/page/16/?srpos=1&e=------198-en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxTI-%22Miss+Universe%22----1981---------1 |access-date=6 Marso 2023 |via=National Library of Israel |archive-date=6 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005513/https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/indianajpost/1981/07/31/01/page/16/?srpos=1&e=------198-en-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxTI-%22Miss+Universe%22----1981---------1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |17 |[[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Israel|Giv'atayim]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |Anna Kanakis<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 Oktubre 2022 |title=Anna Kanakis chi è: età, dove e quando è nata, Miss Italia, marito, figli, carriera, vita privata, libri |url=http://www.blitzquotidiano.it/tv/anna-kanakis-chi-e-eta-dove-e-quando-e-nata-miss-italia-marito-figli-carriera-vita-privata-libri-3498674/ |access-date=26 Pebrero 2023 |website=Blitz Quotidiano |language=it-IT}}</ref> |20 |[[Mesina]] |- |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |Dominique Dufour<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Enero 2019 |title=Farewell, Miss Canada: how the beauty pageant met its end |language=en |work=CBC |url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/farewell-miss-canada-how-the-beauty-pageant-met-its-end-1.4963150 |access-date=28 Pebrero 2023}}</ref> |22 |Laval |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |Marion Kurz<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rebman |first=Jonathan |date=14 Pebrero 2020 |title=Dieser Mann auf High Heels trainiert die Kandidatinnen für Miss Germany |url=https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/gallery.choreograf-aus-stuttgart-dieser-mann-auf-high-heels-trainiert-die-kandidatinnen-fuer-miss-germany.14255e58-bf0b-452a-9ae2-18830a5d025d.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919065745/https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/gallery.choreograf-aus-stuttgart-dieser-mann-auf-high-heels-trainiert-die-kandidatinnen-fuer-miss-germany.14255e58-bf0b-452a-9ae2-18830a5d025d.html |archive-date=19 Setyembre 2020 |access-date=4 Marso 2023 |website=Stuttgarter Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> |20 |[[Baviera]] |- |{{flagicon|WSM}} [[Samoa|Kanlurang Samoa]] |Lenita Schwalger |18 |[[Apia]] |- |{{flagicon|VGB}} [[Kapuluang Birheng Britaniko]] |Carmen Nibbs<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbotts |first=Lori |date=12 Pebrero 2021 |title=Designer sews clothes for fashion forward Black dolls |url=http://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/local/designer-sews-clothes-for-fashion-forward-black-dolls/article_db880370-0064-5ac8-841e-f859de6df46a.html |access-date=4 Marso 2023 |website=The Virgin Islands Daily News |language=en}}</ref> |18 |Tortola |- |{{flagicon|VIR}} [[Kapuluang Birhenes ng Estados Unidos]] |Marise James<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=20 Agosto 1981 |title=Blacks 'Whited' out of Miss Universe pageant |language=en |pages=7 |work=Jet |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=PEIDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA7&ots=5Zc39QVOKi&dq=Marva%20Warner%20miss%20saint%20kitts&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q=Marva%20Warner%20miss%20saint%20kitts&f=false |access-date=4 Marso 2023}}</ref> |23 |Saint Croix |- |{{flagicon|CYM|variant=old}} [[Kapuluang Kayman]] |Donna Myrie<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Disyembre 2019 |title=Le Classique opens new store at The Strand Shopping Centre! |url=https://www.caymaniantimes.ky/news/le-classique-opens-new-store-at-the-strand-shopping-centre |access-date=4 Marso 2023 |website=Caymanian Times |language=en}}</ref> |20 |George Town |- |{{flagicon|TCA}} [[Kapuluang Turks at Caicos]] |Frances Rigby |23 |Grand Turk |- |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |Ana Edilma Cano<ref>{{Cite news |last=Martinez Mahecha |first=Fernan |date=20 Hulyo 1981 |title=36 segundos definitivos para Colombia hoy en Miss Universo |language=es |pages=1A |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AU0qAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wlAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7100%2C1453283 |access-date=8 Pebrero 2023}}</ref> |18 |Medellín |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica|Kosta Rika]] |Rosa Inés Solís<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solano |first=Gabriela |date=28 Pebrero 2008 |title=Pelearán duro por la corona |url=http://wvw.aldia.cr/ad_ee/2008/febrero/28/farandula1440162.html |access-date=4 Marso 2023 |website=Al Día |language=es}}</ref> |19 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] |Elisabet Traustadóttir<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Mayo 1980 |title=Fyrst titraði ég í hnjánum |language=is |pages=1 |work=Dagblaðið |url=https://timarit.is/page/3093517?iabr=on |access-date=5 Marso 2023 |via=Tímarit.is}}</ref> |17 |[[Reikiavik]] |- |{{flagicon|MYS}} [[Malaysia]] |Audrey Loh |21 |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |- |{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Malta]] |Susanne Galea |19 |St Julian's |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Martinika]] |Ghislaine Jean-Louis |– |Fort-de-France |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |Judith González<ref name=":2" /> |18 |[[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Mehiko|Monterrey]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg}} [[Namibia|Namibya]] |Antoinette Knoetze<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mouton |first=Rinelda |date=18 Marso 2022 |title=Miss Namibia 1982 Recalls Reign Before Independence |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=6218874 |access-date=5 Marso 2023 |website=The Namibian |language=en |archive-date=5 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305044215/https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=6218874 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |22 |[[Windhoek]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |Mona Olsen |20 |[[Oslo]] |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |Donella Thomsen |21 |[[Auckland]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |Ingrid Schouten<ref>{{Cite news |last=Quindlen |first=Anna |date=8 Hulyo 1981 |title=About New York |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/08/nyregion/about-new-york.html |access-date=26 Pebrero 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |20 |[[Ang Haya]] |- |{{flagicon|PAN}} [[Panama]] |Ana María Henríquez<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Enero 2015 |title=Estas son las panameñas que participaron de Miss Universo |url=https://www.telemetro.com/noticias/2015/01/07/panamenas-participaron-miss-universo/1656598.html |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |website=Telemetro |language=es-PA}}</ref> |21 |[[Lungsod ng Panama]] |- |{{flagicon|PRY}} [[Paraguay|Paragway]] |María Isabel Urízar<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coronel |first=Raul |date=15 Oktubre 2021 |title=Te presentamos a todas nuestras representantes en Miss Universe |url=http://www.epa.com.py/2021/10/15/te-presentamos-a-todas-nuestras-representantes-en-miss-universe/ |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Epa! |language=es |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203234725/http://www.epa.com.py/2021/10/15/te-presentamos-a-todas-nuestras-representantes-en-miss-universe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |18 |[[Asuncion]] |- |{{PER}} |Gladys Silva<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 Nobyembre 2017 |title=Miss Perú: las peruanas más bellas de las últimas décadas |url=https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref> |20 |[[Lungsod ng Lima|Lima]] |- |{{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Fiji|Pidyi]] |Lynn McDonald<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratibha |first=Jyoti |date=3 Abril 2016 |title=Miss World Fiji Beauties Visit Toberua Island Resort |url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2016/04/03/miss-world-fiji-beauties-visit-toberua-island-resort/ |access-date=11 Pebrero 2023 |website=Fiji Sun |language=en-US |archive-date=9 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409212623/https://fijisun.com.fj/2016/04/03/miss-world-fiji-beauties-visit-toberua-island-resort/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |22 |[[Suva]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Binibining Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] |Maria Caroline Mendoza<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romulo |first=Mons |date=29 Enero 2017 |title=What was your most memorable moment competing in Miss Universe? |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/sunday-life/2017/01/29/1666397/what-was-your-most-memorable-moment-competing-miss-universe |access-date=12 Enero 2023 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> |18 |[[Maynila]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |Merja Varvikko<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tähtivaara |first=Sarianne |date=29 Mayo 2021 |title=Ex-missi Merja Varvikko lopetti julkiset työt 90-luvulla: näin hänellä menee nyt |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/a3a9e264-f3a2-4142-b442-99d8461d30c5 |access-date=4 Marso 2023 |website=Iltalehti |language=fi}}</ref> |20 |Forssa |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] |Carmen Lotti Rodríguez<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodríguez Caraballo |first=Harry |date=11 Agosto 2022 |title=Estos son los pueblos que más han ganado coronas en Miss Puerto Rico |trans-title=These are the towns that have won the most crowns in Miss Puerto Rico |url=https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2022/08/11/estos-son-los-pueblos-que-mas-han-ganado-coronas-en-miss-puerto-rico/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006101208/https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2022/08/11/estos-son-los-pueblos-que-mas-han-ganado-coronas-en-miss-puerto-rico/ |archive-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |access-date=13 Agosto 2022 |website=Metro Puerto Rico |language=es}}</ref> |20 |Guaynabo |- |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Portugal]] |Ana Paula Machado |24 |[[Lisboa]] |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |Isabelle Benard<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robert |first=Aurelie |date=17 Disyembre 2020 |title=Miss France 1981: Isabelle Benard |url=https://www.journaldesfemmes.fr/people/magazine/2683905-photos-miss-france-1920-a-2020-d-agnes-souret-a-clemence-botino/2684195-isabelle-benard |access-date=26 Pebrero 2023 |website=Journal Des Femmes |language=fr}}</ref> |23 |[[Normandiya]] |- |{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |Fausta Lucía Peña<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Agosto 2006 |title=1981-2006 Reinado de Reinas |trans-title=1981-2006 Reign of Queens |url=https://hoy.com.do/1981-2006-reinado-de-reinas/ |access-date=24 Abril 2023 |website=Hoy Digital |language=es}}</ref> |17 |Puerto Plata |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Réunion]] |Patricia Abadie |19 |Saint-Paul |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla.svg}} [[San Cristobal at Nieves|San Cristobal]] |Marva Warner<ref name=":3" /> |24 |Sandy Point |- |{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |Florence Tan<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Mayo 1981 |title=Part-time model Florence is Miss Singapore |language=en |pages=9 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19810510-1.2.52 |access-date=5 Marso 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |21 |Singapura |- |{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sri Lanka]] |Renuka Jesudhason |18 |Matale |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |Eva-Lena Lundgren<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Hunyo 2006 |title=25 years ago June 5,1981 |url=https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/7848638.25-years-ago-june-51981/ |access-date=4 Marso 2023 |website=Worcester News |language=en}}</ref> |19 |Piteå |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |Bridget Voss<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duvillard |first=Laureline |date=16 Abril 2012 |title=Miss Suisse coule |url=https://www.24heures.ch/miss-suisse-coule-733879715144 |access-date=4 Marso 2023 |website=24 Heures |language=fr}}</ref> |21 |[[Bern]] |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[French Polynesia|Tahiti]] |Tatiana Teraiamano<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Miss France 2013 : le compte à rebours est lancé |url=https://www.tahiti-infos.com/Miss-France-2013-le-compte-a-rebours-est-lance_a60668.html |access-date=4 Marso 2023 |website=Tahiti Infos |language=fr}}</ref> |18 |Papeete |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] |Massupha Karbprapun<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1981 |title=July 26 - August 1, 1981 |language=en |pages=17 |work=The Carolina Times |url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn83045120/1981-07-25/ed-1/seq-17/ |access-date=27 Abril 2023 |via=DigitalNC}}</ref> |21 |[[Bangkok]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg}} [[South Africa|Timog Aprika]] |Daniela di Paolo |19 |Durban |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |Lee Eun-jung<ref name=":0" /> |18 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Transkei.svg}} Transkei |Kedibone Letlaka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Koyana-Letlaka|first=Pamela Tumeka|date=7 Nobyembre 2014|title=This is My Life|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=fBmqBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA276&ots=XepGtItoHL&dq=kedibone%20letlaka%20miss%20transkei&pg=PA266#v=onepage&q=kedibone%20letlaka%20miss%20transkei&f=false|page=266|isbn=978-1-4990-6027-0|language=en|access-date=21 Marso 2023}}</ref> |19 |Tsolo |- |{{flagicon|TTO}} [[Trinidad at Tobago]] |Romini Samaroo |19 |San Fernando |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |Soledad Hurtado<ref name=":2" /> |19 |Valparaíso |- |{{flagicon|CYP}} [[Tsipre]] |Katia Angelidou |18 |Larnaca |- |{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |Şenay Unlu |21 |[[Ankara]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay|Urugway]] |Griselda Anchorena<ref name=":2" /> |20 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Mga sanggunian == <references responsive="1"></references> == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} [[Kategorya:1981]] qeaqygbl1u10am9i971k8ahlxy6u1td 0 321785 2204221 2188082 2026-04-22T14:33:24Z Allyriana000 119761 2204221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant|photo=Michelle MacLean Conservation Film Foundation.jpg|caption=Michelle McLean|winner='''Michelle McLean'''|congeniality=Barbara Johnson <br/> {{flagicon|TCA}} Kapuluang Turks at Caicos|photogenic=Soledad Diab <br/> {{Flagicon|Ecuador|1900}} Ekwador|best national costume=Pamela Zarza <br/> {{flagicon|Paraguay|1990}} Paragway|date=9 Mayo 1992|presenters={{Hlist|Dick Clark|Leeza Gibbons|Angela Visser}}|venue=Queen Sirikit National Convention Center, [[Bangkok]], [[Taylandiya]]|broadcaster=<small>'''Internasyonal''':</small><br>{{Hlist|[[CBS]]}}<small>'''Opisyal''':</small><br>{{Hlist|Channel 7}}|entrants=78|placements=10|debuts={{Hlist|Sampamahalaan ng mga Makasarinlang Estado|Unggarya}}|withdraws={{Hlist|Belis|Gana|Hong Kong|Italya|San Vicente at ang Granadinas|Trinidad at Tobago|Unyong Sobyetiko|Yugoslavia}}|returns={{Hlist|Aruba|Australya|Austrya|Nuweba Selandiya|Dinamarka|Ehipto|Honduras|Kenya|Portugal|Suwisa|Tsipre}}|before=[[Miss Universe 1991|1991]]|next=[[Miss Universe 1993|1993]]|represented='''{{flagicon|Namibia}} Namibya'''}} Ang '''Miss Universe 1992''' ay ang ika-41 edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Queen Sirikit National Convention Center in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] noong 9 Mayo 1992. Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Lupita Jones]] ng [[Mehiko]] si [[Michelle McLean]] ng [[Namibia|Namibya]] bilang Miss Universe 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 Mayo 1992 |title=Namibia Wins Miss Universe Pageant |url=https://apnews.com/article/dfa2f1fb90215ec1aa590f9744cf1c08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116062651/https://apnews.com/article/dfa2f1fb90215ec1aa590f9744cf1c08 |archive-date=16 Enero 2023 |access-date=16 Abril 2023 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Mayo 1992 |title=Namibia wins Miss Universe title |language=en |pages=A3 |work=Reading Eagle |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ILUxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OuIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4840%2C5914831 |access-date=10 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Ito ang kauna-unahang tagumpay ng Namibya sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Mayo 1992 |title=Namibian is Miss Universe |language=en |pages=1 |work=New Straits Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=r6FUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L5ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3741%2C3659484 |access-date=10 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Paola Turbay ng [[Colombia|Kolombya]], habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Madhushree Sapre ng [[Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Mayo 1992 |title=Miss Namibia named Miss Universe |language=en |pages=10 |work=Logansport Pharos-Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16875985/miss-universe-1992/ |access-date=8 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Peck |first=Grant |date=10 Mayo 1992 |title=Namibia wins Miss Universe; Colombia, India runners-up |language=en |pages=1 |work=Hudson Valley News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g-dFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bh8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=6043%2C1014987 |access-date=10 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa pitumpu't-walong bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Dick Clark ang kompetisyon, samantalang sina Leeza Gibbons at Miss Universe 1989 Angela Visser ang nagbigay ng komentaryo sa buong kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Mayo 1992 |title=Best bets |language=en |pages=12D |work=Eugene Register-Guard |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y0NWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=j-oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3949%2C2048969 |access-date=10 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Mayo 1992 |title=Namibia wins Miss Universe |language=en |pages=10A |work=The Mount Airy News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=130_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=AVUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6894%2C3747920 |access-date=10 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:Bkksirikitconvcentr0905a.jpg|thumb|245x245px|Queen Sirikit National Convention Center, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1992]] === Lokasyon at petsa ng kompetisyon === Simula noong Agosto 1991, inaasahan ng Taylandiya na magaganap sa bansa ang kompetisyon, nang pinaalis ang libu-libong mga naninirahan sa kaiskwateran upang mapabuti ang imahe ng lungsod ng Bangkok bago ang kumperensya ng World Bank na ginanap sa lungsod noong Oktubre 1991 at ang inaasahang Miss Universe pageant na gaganapin sa susunod na taon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shenon |first=Philip |date=21 Agosto 1991 |title=Bangkok's beautification plan turns poor into homeless |language=en |pages=29 |work=Record-Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3EJIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZAENAAAAIBAJ&pg=1362%2C3235505 |access-date=29 Agosto 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Oktubre 1991 |title=Something to smile about |language=en |pages=13 |work=The Business Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/biztimes19911010-1.2.33.2 |access-date=29 Agosto 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> Noong Disyembre 1991, opisyal na inanunsyo ng isang ''public relations official'' ng Thai Sky TV na gaganapin ang Miss Universe 1992 sa Queen Sirikit National Convention Center sa Bangkok, Taylandiya sa 16 Mayo 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Disyembre 1991 |title=Thailand to host Miss Universe next year |language=en |pages=17 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19911218-1.1.17 |access-date=16 Hunyo 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> Gayunpaman, inusog ang petsa ng kompetisyon sa 9 Mayo noong Marso 1992 upang hindi sumalungat sa Wisakha Bucha Day, isang ''holiday'' ng mga Budista.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Mayo 1992 |title=Protesters bring central Bangkok to a standstill |language=en |pages=17 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19920511-1.1.17 |access-date=19 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Lian Choo |date=19 Mayo 1992 |title=Big sigh of relief in Bangkok after Miss Universe pageant weathers political turmoil |language=en |pages=29 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19920519-1.2.40.6 |access-date=19 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Ginanap ang kompetisyon sa gitna ng isang politikal na krisis sa Taylandiya na siyang nagtapos noong 17 Mayo sa isang serye ng protesta na kung tawagin ay ang ''Black May protests,''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muntarbhorn |first=Vitit |date=18 Mayo 2022 |title=Remembering Bloody May 1992 |language=en |work=Bangkok Post |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/2311654/remembering-bloody-may-1992 |access-date=29 Agosto 2023}}</ref> laban sa pamahalaan ni Hen. Suchinda Kraprayoon. Isang araw bago ang kompetisyon, naghayag ang ''public relations director'' ng pangangamba ukol sa posibilidad na makansela ang kaganapan kung lumala ang sitwasyon sa Bangkok. Binalewala ng ibang opisyales ng kompetisyon ang banta, at nagpatuloy ang kompetisyon gaya ng nakatakda.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Mayo 1992 |title=Big sigh of relief in Bangkok after Miss Universe pageant weathers political turmoil |language=en |pages=29 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19920519-1.2.40.6 |access-date=29 Agosto 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa pitumpu't-walong bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon. Limang kandidata ang nailuklok matapos ang pag-urong ng orihinal na kalahok. Iniluklok ang first runner-up ng Miss España 1991 na si Virginia García upang kumatawan sa kanyang bansa dahil hindi umabot sa age requirement ang orihinal na nagwagi na si Sofia Mazagatos.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galvez |first=Martin Piqueras |date=15 Abril 2023 |title=Repasamos los momentos clave en la vida de Sofía Mazagatos: de Miss España a su segundo embarazo con 48 años |trans-title=We review the key moments in the life of Sofía Mazagatos: from Miss Spain to her second pregnancy at the age of 48 |url=https://www.hola.com/actualidad/galeria/20230415230131/sofia-mazagatos-vida-hijos-pareja/1/ |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |website=Hola |language=es}}</ref> Iniluklok ang first runner-up ng Miss CIS 1992 na si Lydia Kuborskaya dahil hindi umabot sa age requirement ang orihinal na nagwagi na si Yuliya Yetina.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Marso 1992 |title=„Mag ik nu bij Jeltsin op bezoek?" |language=nl |trans-title="Can I visit Yeltsin now?" |pages=5 |work=De Telegraaf |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010646770:mpeg21:p005 |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Brozan |first=Nadine |date=16 Abril 1992 |title=Chronicle |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/16/style/chronicle-826392.html |access-date=19 Hunyo 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Marso 1992 |title=World News |language=en |pages=14 |work=New Straits Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nZ1YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IJADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6736%2C463787 |access-date=17 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Iniluklok ang first runner-up ng Miss Israel 1992 na si Eynat Zmora matapos bumitiw ang orihinal na nagwagi na si Ravit Asaf dahil hindi ito nakaabot sa age requirement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 Abril 1992 |title=Miss Israel for pageant |language=en |pages=12 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19920407-1.1.12 |access-date=19 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Iniluklok ang second runner-up ng Miss Taiwan 1992 na si Vivian Shih matapos bumitiw ang orihinal na nagwagi na si Wu Pei Jun dahil hindi ito nakaabot sa age requirement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Marso 1992 |title=Student is Miss Taiwan |language=en |pages=11 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19920324-1.1.11 |access-date=19 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang Sampamahalaan ng mga Makasarinlang Estado, at ang bansang Unggarya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Abril 1992 |title=Beauty queen doesn't want the universe |language=en |pages=2A |work=Star-News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9lNIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nhQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3666%2C1850883 |access-date=10 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Bumalik sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Kenya at Tsipre na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1987|1987]], Nuweba Selandiya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1989|1989]], at Aruba, Australya, Dinamarka, Ehipto, Honduras, Portugal, at Suwisa na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1990|1990]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Abril 1991 |title=Miss Aruba pas in '92 naar Universe |language=nl |trans-title=Miss Aruba only in '92 to Universe |pages=5 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010644481:mpeg21:p005 |access-date=6 Hulyo 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Hindi sumali si Amy Kwok ng Hong Kong dahil sa problema sa pagkamamamayan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Abril 1992 |title=Miss Hongkong disqualified |language=en |pages=11 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19920422-1.1.11 |access-date=19 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Hindi sumali si Miss Italia 1992 Gloria Zanin upang ipagpatuloy ang karera sa pagiging isang aktres at modelo sa Italya. Hindi sumali si Miss USSR 1991 Ilmira Shamsutdinova matapos mabuwag ang Unyong Sobyetiko sa labinlimang bansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dowling |first=Amber |date=14 Disyembre 2021 |title=10 Things to Know About Julia Lemigova, the First Lesbian Real Housewife |url=https://www.slice.ca/10-things-to-know-about-the-first-lgbtq-real-housewife-julia-lemigova/ |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |website=Slice |language=en-CA |archive-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709014436/https://www.slice.ca/10-things-to-know-about-the-first-lgbtq-real-housewife-julia-lemigova/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ang labinlimang bansa ay kinakatawan ng Commonwealth of Independent States. Kalaunan, sumali si Shamsutdinova noong [[Miss Universe 1996|1996]] bilang kinatawan ng Rusya. Hindi sumali si Rachel Charles ng Trinidad at Tobago dahil hindi ito nakaabot sa age requirement. Hindi sumali ang Yugoslavia matapos mabuwag ang bansa sa limang bansa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |date=28 Abril 1992 |title=Confirming Split, Last 2 Republics Proclaim a Small New Yugoslavia |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/28/world/confirming-split-last-2-republics-proclaim-a-small-new-yugoslavia.html |access-date=29 Agosto 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Muling lumahok ang bansa noong [[Miss Universe 1998|1998]]. Hindi sumali ang mga bansang Belis, Gana, at San Vicente at ang Granadinas matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1992 map.png|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1992 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay ! Kandidata |- | '''Miss Universe 1992''' | * '''{{flagicon|NAM}} [[Namibia|Namibya]]''' '''– [[Michelle McLean]]<ref name=":4" />''' |- | 1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] – Paola Turbay<ref name=":4" /> |- | 2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] – Madhushree Sapre<ref name=":4" /> |- | Top 6 | * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] – Anke Van dermeersch * {{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] – Vivian Jansen * {{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] – Carolina Izsak |- | Top 10 | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] – Georgina Denahy * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Shannon Marketic * {{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] – Lisa de Montalk * {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] – Monica Brodd |} {| class="toccolours" style="float:right" | style="background-color:#FADADD;width:25px;" | |Nagwagi |- | style="background-color:#eadafd;" | |1st runner-up |- | style="background-color:#ccff99;" | |2nd runner-up |- | style="background-color:#d9eefb;" | |Top 6 |- | style="background-color:#white;" | |Top 10 |} ==== Mga iskor sa kompetisyon ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Interbyu !Swimsuit !Evening Gown !Katampatan !Top 6 Question |- style="background-color:#FADADD;" |'''{{flagicon|NAM}} [[Namibia|Namibya]]''' |'''9.529 (3)''' |'''9.243 (4)''' |'''9.614 (3)''' |'''9.462 (4)''' |'''9.643 (2)''' |- style="background-color:#eadafd;" |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |9.643 (1) |9.221 (5) |9.607 (4) |9.490 (2) |9.514 (3) |- style="background-color:#ccff99;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] |9.508 (5) |9.321 (2) |9.629 (2) |9.486 (3) |9.771 (1) |- style="background-color:#d9eefb;" |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |9.586 (2) |9.357 (1) |9.679 (1) |9.541 (1) |9.486 (4) |- style="background-color:#d9eefb;" |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |9.229 (9) |9.280 (3) |9.421 (5) |9.310 (5) |9.417 (5) |- style="background-color:#d9eefb;" |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |9.526 (4) |8.986 (6) |9.361 (6) |9.291 (6) |9.257 (6) |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] |9.242 (8) |8.857 (7) |9.327 (7) |9.142 (7) | rowspan="4" | |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |9.350 (6) |8.721 (9) |9.250 (8) |9.107 (8) |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |9.350 (6) |8.743 (8) |9.043 (9) |9.045 (9) |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |8.786 (10) |8.686 (10) |8.971 (10) |8.814 (10) |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Parangal ! Kandidata |- | Miss Photogenic | * {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] – Soledad Diab<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=5 Mayo 1992 |title=Paraguay takes dress award |language=en |pages=22 |work=New Straits Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rKFUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L5ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4624%2C1700651 |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |- | Miss Congeniality | * {{flagicon|TCA}} [[Kapuluang Turks at Caicos]] – Barbara Johnson<ref name=":1" /> |} ==== Best National Costume ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay ! Kandidata |- | Nagwagi | * {{flagicon|PRY}} [[Paraguay|Paragway]] – Pamela Zarza<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Mayo 1992 |title=Miss Paraguay clinches award for best costume |language=en |pages=15 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19920505-1.1.15 |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |- | 1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] – Ornanong Panyawong<ref name=":1" /> |- | 2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Espanya]] – Virginia García<ref name=":1" /> |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Tulad noong [[Miss Universe 1990|1990]], 10 ''semi-finalist'' ang napili sa pamamagitan ng paunang kompetisyon at ang mga ''closed-door interview''. Lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang 10 mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang anim na pinalista. Anim na pinalista ang sasabak sa paunang question-and-answer round, at tatlong pinalista naman ang sumabak sa final question at final walk. === Komite sa pagpili === * Kim Alexis – Amerikanang modelo * Robin Leach – Ingles na mamamahayag<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hunyo 1992 |title=Catwalk zarina |language=en |pages=5 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sGJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1045%2C1417098 |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> * Miriam Makeba – Timog-Aprikanang mangaawit at aktibista * Luis Enrique – Nikaraguwense mangaawit<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Miguel Angel |date=9 Mayo 1992 |title=Luis Enrique: ampliando horizontes |language=es |trans-title=Luis Enrique: expanding horizons |pages=1E |work=La Opinion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a5ZEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XLUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1835%2C2826496 |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023}}</ref> * Marion Dougherty – Amerikanang ''casting direktor'' * Ron Duguay – Kanadyanong manlalaro sa NHL * Vijay Amritraj – Indiyanong [[Tennis|tenista]] * Estelle Getty – Amerikanang aktres * Khunying Sasima Srivikorn – Taylandesang negosyante == Mga kandidata ==  Pitumpu't-walong kandidata ang kumalahok para sa titulo.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peck |first=Grant |date=11 Mayo 1992 |title=Miss Namibia is crowned Miss Universe |language=en |pages=2 |work=Point Pleasant Register |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s45DAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pqkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1919%2C2591063 |access-date=29 Agosto 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=|name=}} !Bayan |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Alemanya]] |Monika Resch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koenau |first=Janek |date=18 Pebrero 2022 |title=Das Gesetz des Miss-Erfolgs |trans-title=The law of failure |url=https://www.bild.de/regional/thueringen/thueringen-aktuell/miss-germany-nur-alle-zehn-jahre-kommt-sie-aus-thueringen-79199852.bild.html |access-date=19 Hunyo 2023 |website=Bild |language=de}}</ref> |25 |[[Turingia]] |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |Laura Rafael |19 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{flagicon|ABW}} [[Aruba]] |Yerusha Rasmijn<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Hunyo 1991 |title=Miss Aruba |language=nl |pages=5 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010644421:mpeg21:p005 |access-date=6 Hulyo 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |23 |Oranjestad |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] |Georgina Denahy<ref>{{Cite news |last=Restom |first=Donné |date=25 Nobyembre 2015 |title=Horrific news about Aussie mum on White Ribbon Day |language=en |work=News.com.au |url=https://www.kidspot.com.au/parenting/horrific-news-about-aussie-mum-on-white-ribbon-day/news-story/a92be1cfba3093110c37d69ba5473a6b |access-date=6 Hulyo 2023}}</ref> |20 |Gold Coast |- |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |Katrin Friedl |19 |Graz |- |{{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamas]] |Fontella Chipman<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Disyembre 2021 |title=A NIGHT WITH THE QUEENS: PM’s wife joins former pageant contestants in celebrating Chantel O’Brian |url=https://ewnews.com/a-night-with-the-queens-pms-wife-joins-former-pageant-contestants-in-celebrating-chantel-obrian |access-date=6 Hulyo 2023 |website=Eye Witness News |language=en-US}}</ref> | 24 |[[Nassau]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |Anke Van dermeersch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Sophie Jane |date=27 Setyembre 2013 |title=Louboutin shoe firm sues to stop far-right Flemish politician using their iconic red soles in her racy anti-Islam leaflet |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2435418/Far-right-Vlaams-Belang-campaigner-wears-Louboutins-court-fight-case-shoe-designer.html |access-date=6 Hulyo 2023 |website=Mail Online |language=en}}</ref> |19 |[[Amberes]] |- |{{flagicon|BMU}} [[Bermuda]] |Colita Joseph |20 |Devonshire |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |Carolina Izsak<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suárez |first=Orlando |date=15 Mayo 2021 |title=A Venezuela le ha ido fino en el Miss Universo |url=https://ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/chevere/a-venezuela-le-ha-ido-fino-en-el-miss-universo/ |access-date=8 Enero 2022 |website=Últimas Noticias |language=es}}</ref> |20 |[[Caracas]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |Maria Carolina Otto<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=29 Setyembre 2022 |title=Conheça a história do Miss Brasil |url=https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/tv/miss-brasil/conheca-a-historia-do-miss-brasil,ae08a161bab6d310VgnCLD200000bbcceb0aRCRD.html |access-date=8 Disyembre 2022 |website=Terra |language=pt-BR}}</ref> |18 |Curitiba |- |{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Bulgarya]] |Michaella Nikolova<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Abril 1992 |title=Mensen |language=nl |trans-title=People |pages=14 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010644029:mpeg21:p014 |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |19 |[[Sopiya]] |- |{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivia|Bulibya]] |Natasha Gabriel Arana<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 Hulyo 2017 |title=El título les dio alegrías, trabajo y fama que aún saborean |url=https://eldeber.com.bo/sociales/el-titulo-les-dio-alegrias-trabajo-y-fama-que-aun-saborean_32650 |access-date=19 Disyembre 2022 |website=El Deber |language=es-ES |archive-date=23 Oktubre 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023090330/https://eldeber.com.bo/sociales/el-titulo-les-dio-alegrias-trabajo-y-fama-que-aun-saborean_32650 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |21 |Tarija |- |{{flagicon|CUR}} [[Curaçao]] |Mijanou de Paula<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Abril 1992 |title=Miss Curaçao naar Bangkok |language=nl |trans-title=Miss Curaçao to Bangkok |pages=3 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010644024:mpeg21:p003 |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |19 |Willemstad |- |{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Czechoslovakia]] |Michaela Maláčová<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horáček |first=Filip |date=28 Agosto 2014 |title=Česká Miss mění majitele. Maláčová soutěž krásy prodává |trans-title=Czech Miss is changing hands. The Maláč beauty pageant sells |url=https://www.idnes.cz/ekonomika/podniky/ceska-miss-meni-majitele.A140828_155254_ekoakcie_fih |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |website=iDNES.cz |language=cs}}</ref> |20 |[[Brno]] |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |Anne Mette Voss |20 |[[Copenhague]] |- |{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Ehipto]] |Lamia Noshi |21 |[[Cairo]] |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |Soledad Diab<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Mayo 2021 |title=Soledad Diab es la ecuatoriana que cambió la pasarela por la palestra política: cómo de ser miss Ecuador se convirtió en asambleísta |trans-title=Soledad Diab is the Ecuadorian who changed the catwalk for the political arena: how from being Miss Ecuador she became an assembly member |url=https://quenoticias.com/entretenimiento/soledad-diab-miss-ecuador-asambleista/ |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |website=Qué Noticias |language=es}}</ref> |19 |Guayaquil |- |{{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] |Melissa Salazar |19 |[[San Salvador]] |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Espanya]] |Virginia García<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=20 Abril 1992 |title=Bellezas latinas |language=es |trans-title=Latin beauties |pages=4D |work=La Opinion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4o1EAAAAIBAJ&sjid=W7UMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3347%2C5696487 |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |22 |[[Madrid]] |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |Shannon Marketic<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bates |first=Michael |date=9 Pebrero 1992 |title=Miss USA had quit pageants after error |language=en |pages=15 |work=The San Bernardino County Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14554732/the-san-bernardino-county-sun/ |access-date=31 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Los Angeles]] |- |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[United Kingdom|Gran Britanya]] |Tiffany Stanford |22 |[[Birmingham]] |- |{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Gresya]] |Marina Tsintikidou<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 Mayo 1992 |title=Miss Universo esta caliente |trans-title=Miss Universe is hot |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-106812 |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |website=El Tiempo |language=es}}</ref> |21 |[[Tesalonica]] |- |{{flagicon|GUM}} [[Guam]] |Cheryl Debra Payne |24 |Agana |- |{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guwatemala]] |Narcy Perez |19 |Chiquimula |- |{{flagicon|JAM}} [[Jamaica|Hamayka]] |Bridgette Rhoden<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Enero 2015 |title=Those Who Went Before |url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/local-lifestyle/those-who-went-before/ |access-date=15 Hunyo 2023 |website=Jamaica Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> |19 |[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |Akiko Ando |19 |[[Prepektura ng Aichi|Ichinomiya]] |- |{{flagicon|MNP}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |Imelda Antonio |18 |Saipan |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |Monica Rapalo<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gámez |first=Sabino |date=25 Abril 2008 |title=El Miss Honduras, una historia que contar |url=https://www.laprensa.hn/espectaculos/el-miss-honduras-una-historia-que-contar-ATLP695720 |access-date=8 Disyembre 2022 |website=La Prensa |language=es-HN}}</ref> |18 |La Ceiba |- |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] |Madhushree Sapre<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Hulyo 2020 |title=#Throwback: When Madhu Sapre was crowned Miss India 1992 |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/Throwback-When-Madhu-Sapre-was-crowned-Miss-India-1992/eventshow/47538424.cms |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708135234/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/Throwback-When-Madhu-Sapre-was-crowned-Miss-India-1992/eventshow/47538424.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> |20 |[[Mumbai|Bombay]] |- |{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] |Jane Thompson<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 Hunyo 2017 |title=Miss Universe 1992 batch reunites in Spain after 25 years |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-universe/Miss-Universe-1992-batch-reunites-in-Spain-after-25-years/eventshow/59071156.cms |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709054642/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-universe/Miss-Universe-1992-batch-reunites-in-Spain-after-25-years/eventshow/59071156.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> |20 |[[Dublin]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |Eynat Zmora<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Abril 1992 |title=Look at me |pages=B8 |work=Hudson Valley News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4RlRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DSENAAAAIBAJ&pg=3788%2C2869042 |access-date=29 Agosto 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |[[Haifa]] |- |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |Nicole Dunsdon<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Enero 1992 |title=Poor economy may cause demise of Miss Canada contest |language=en |pages=100 |work=Bangor Daily News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MqtJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZA4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2550%2C939651 |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |21 |Summerland |- |{{flagicon|VGB}} [[Kapuluang Birheng Britaniko]] |Alicia Burke<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Virgin Islands Dictionary: A Collection of Words and Phrases so You Could Say It Like We|first=Kareem-Nelson|last=Hull|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=X8ZeDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT159&ots=-w90Fqlp6o&dq=Barbara%20Stevens%20miss%20british%20virgin%20islands&pg=PT159#v=onepage&q=Barbara%20Stevens%20miss%20british%20virgin%20islands&f=false|date=2018|location=Bloomington, Indiana|publisher=AuthorHouse}}</ref> |21 |Tortola |- |{{flagicon|VIR}} [[US Virgin Islands|Kapuluang Birhen ng Estados Unidos]] |Cathy-Mae Sitaram |22 |Saint Croix |- |{{flagicon|COK}} [[Kapuluang Cook]] |Jeannine Tuavera |18 |Rarotonga |- |{{flagicon|CYM|variant=old}} [[Kapuluang Kayman]] |Yvette Jordison |19 |Grand Cayman |- |{{flagicon|TCA}} [[Kapuluang Turks at Caicos]] |Barbara Johnson |21 |Blue Hills |- |{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya]] |Aisha Lieberg |20 |[[Nairobi]] |- |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |Paola Turbay<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 Nobyembre 1991 |title=La nueva soberana |language=es |trans-title=The new sovereign |pages=1A, 1C |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a-AeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fWUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6272%2C4491923 |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |21 |[[Bogotá]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica|Kosta Rika]] |Jessica Manley<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Abril 1992 |title=Putting their heads together |language=en |pages=2A |work=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=17gcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t3sEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6914%2C931777 |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |24 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{flagicon|LIB}} [[Lebanon|Libano]] |Abir El Sharrouf |18 |[[Beirut]] |- |{{flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] |Carole Reding |20 |[[Lungsod ng Luksemburgo]] |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] |Svava Haraldsdóttir<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Mayo 1991 |title=Líklegur arftaki Lindu Pétursdóttir |language=is |trans-title=A likely successor to Linda Pétursdóttir |pages=6 |work=Morgunblaðið |url=https://timarit.is/page/1743024?iabr=on |access-date=10 Hulyo 2023 |via=Timarit.is}}</ref> |19 |[[Reikiavik]] |- |{{flagicon|MYS}} [[Malaysia]] |Crystal Yong |20 |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |- |{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Malta]] |Julienne Camilleri |21 |Città Victoria |- |{{flagicon|MUS}} [[Mauritius|Mawrisyo]] |Stéphanie Raymond<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 Disyembre 2006 |title=Aller à? l?Essentielle |language=fr |trans-title=Go to? the Essential |work=L'Express |url=https://lexpress.mu/article/aller-%C3%A0-lessentielle |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023}}</ref> |18 |[[Port Louis]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |Monica Zuñiga<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Abril 1992 |title=Habra otra Miss Universo mexicana en 1992? |language=es |trans-title=Will there be another Mexican Miss Universe in 1992? |pages=1B |work=La Opinion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5I1EAAAAIBAJ&sjid=W7UMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2335%2C6083722 |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |[[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Mehiko|Pachuca]] |- |'''{{flagicon|NAM}} [[Namibia|Namibya]]''' |'''[[Michelle McLean]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Nikko |date=17 Disyembre 2018 |title=Catriona Gray shares parallel history with Miss Universe 1992 Michelle McLean |url=https://www.pep.ph/lifestyle/lifestyle/38661/catriona-gray-shares-parallel-history-with-miss-universe-1992-michelle-mclean |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |website=PEP.ph |language=en}}</ref> |19 |[[Windhoek]] |- |{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Nigeria|Niherya]] |Sandra Petgrave<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 Pebrero 2016 |title=MBGN ex-queen Sandra Petgrave, husband jailed in U.S. for $5.8m fraud |url=https://guardian.ng/news/mbgn-ex-queen-sandra-petgrave-husband-jailed-in-u-s-for-5-8m-fraud/ |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709060309/https://guardian.ng/news/mbgn-ex-queen-sandra-petgrave-husband-jailed-in-u-s-for-5-8m-fraud/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |19 |[[Lagos]] |- |{{flagicon|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |Ida Patricia Delaney<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=26 Pebrero 1992 |title=Was beauty contest rigged? |url=https://www.deseret.com/1992/2/26/18969907/was-beauty-contest-rigged |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}</ref> |19 |[[Managua]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |Sofie Galåen<ref name=":3" /> |21 |Hedmark |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |Lisa de Montalk<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 Oktubre 2017 |title=Former NZ rugby player embarrassed by her nineties beauty pageant days |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/tv-radio/97611747/former-nz-rugby-player-embarrassed-by-her-nineties-beauty-pageant-days |access-date=6 Hulyo 2023 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> |21 |[[Auckland]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |Vivian Jansen<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 Marso 1992 |title=Brabantse kandidate naar verkiezing Miss Universe |language=nl |trans-title=Brabant candidate for the Miss Universe election |pages=7 |work=Limburgsch dagblad |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010637272:mpeg21:p007 |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |19 |Hilagang Brabant |- |{{flagicon|PAN}} [[Panama]] |Ana Cecilia Orillac<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Enero 2015 |title=Estas son las panameñas que participaron de Miss Universo |url=https://www.telemetro.com/noticias/2015/01/07/panamenas-participaron-miss-universo/1656598.html |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |website=Telemetro |language=es-PA}}</ref> |21 |[[Lungsod ng Panama]] |- |{{flagicon|PRY}} [[Paraguay|Paragway]] |Pamela Zarza<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 Mayo 1992 |title=Now that's a costume |language=en |pages=2A |work=The News-Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rIwfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PdMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3987%2C1867853 |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |22 |[[Asuncion]] |- |{{PER}} |Aline Arce<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 Nobyembre 2017 |title=Miss Perú: las peruanas más bellas de las últimas décadas |url=https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref> |20 |Arequipa |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Binibining Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] |Elizabeth Berroya<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blacque |first=Iva Sylva |date=3 Marso 1992 |title=The frizz-haired commissioner wants to be a bum |language=en |pages=19 |work=Manila Standard |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s48VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PQsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6339%2C549828 |access-date=19 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod Quezon]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |Kirsi Syrjänen<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ylimutka |first=Leena |date=26 Mayo 2020 |title=Kirsi Syrjänen Iltalehdelle viimeisessä haastattelussaan: ”Elämä on opettanut nöyryyttä” |trans-title=Kirsi Syrjänen in her last interview with Iltalehti: "Life has taught me humility" |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/7faa6047-d90d-44ef-bb56-ef7f2fa296fb |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |website=Iltalehti |language=fi}}</ref> |22 |[[Helsinki]] |- |{{flagicon|POL}} [[Polonya]] |Izabela Filipowska<ref>{{Cite web |title=Izabela Filipowska, II wicemiss Polski z 1992 r. pielęgnowała urodę w Inowrocławiu |trans-title=Izabela Filipowska, 2nd runner-up of Miss Poland in 1992, nursed beauty in Inowrocław |url=https://pomorska.pl/piekna-izabela-filipowska-ii-wicemiss-polski-z-1992-r-pielegnowala-urode-w-inowroclawiu-zdjecia/ga/13397221/zd/30482473 |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |website=Gazeta Pomorska |language=pl-PL}}</ref> |22 |Lublin |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] |Daisy Garcia<ref name=":2" /> |21 |Bayamón |- |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Portugal]] |Maria Fernanda Silva |18 |[[Lisboa]] |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |Linda Hardy<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Hunyo 2023 |title=“Etre obligée de…”: ce que Linda Hardy n’a pas du tout supporté pendant son règne de Miss France |trans-title=“Being obliged to…”: what Linda Hardy did not support at all during her reign of Miss France |url=https://fr.news.yahoo.com/etre-oblig%C3%A9e-linda-hardy-n-102004150.html |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |website=Closer |language=fr-FR |via=Yahoo! News }}{{Dead link|date=Disyembre 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |18 |Nantes |- |{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |Ana Eliza González<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Agosto 2006 |title=1981-2006 Reinado de Reinas |trans-title=1981-2006 Reign of Queens |url=https://hoy.com.do/1981-2006-reinado-de-reinas/ |access-date=24 Abril 2023 |website=Hoy Digital |language=es}}</ref> |21 |Santiago |- |{{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taiwan|Republika ng Tsina]] |Vivian Shih |24 |[[Taipei]] |- |{{flagicon|ROM}} [[Romania|Rumanya]] |Corina Corduneanu<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voicu |first=Andreea |date=5 Pebrero 2020 |title=Poze inedite! Cum arătau primele Miss România! Mărioara a fost prima câștigătoare a concursului, în 1928 |trans-title=Unique pictures! What did the first Miss Romania look like! Mărioara was the first winner of the contest, in 1928 |url=https://ciao.ro/cum-aratau-primele-miss-romania-marioara-a-fost-prima-castigatoare-a-concursului-in-1928/ |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |website=Ciao.ro |language=ro}}</ref> |22 |[[Bucharest]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the CIS (UEFA Euro 1992).svg}} [[Sampamahalaan ng mga Makasarinlang Estado]] |Lidia Kuborskaya<ref name=":0" /> |19 |[[Mosku]] |- |{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |Cori Teo<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 Marso 1992 |title=Me? I won? |language=en |pages=14 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19920329-1.1.14 |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |22 |Singapura |- |{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sri Lanka]] |Hiranthi Divapriya<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=25 Abril 1992 |title=Miss Universe contestants |language=en |pages=6A |work=Star-News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-lNIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nhQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1693%2C3260982 |access-date=8 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |[[Colombo]] |- |{{flagicon|SUR}} [[Suriname]] |Nancy Kasanngaloewar |19 |[[Paramaribo]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |Monica Brodd<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 Marso 1992 |title=Miss Täby blev Fröken Sverige |trans-title=Miss Täby became Miss Sweden |url=https://www.dn.se/arkiv/inrikes/miss-taby-blev-froken-sverige/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |website=Dagens Nyheter |language=sv}}</ref> |18 |Täby |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |Sandra Aegerter<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 Marso 2018 |title=Beerbt Jastina heute Jennifer Ann und Mahara? – Das sind die Aargauer Ex-Schönheitsköniginnen |trans-title=Is Jastina inheriting Jennifer Ann and Mahara today? – These are the Aargau ex-beauty queens |url=https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/kanton-aargau/beerbt-jastina-heute-jennifer-ann-und-mahara-das-sind-die-aargauer-ex-schonheitskoniginnen-ld.1490132 |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |website=Aargauer Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> |20 |Aargau |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] |Orn-anong Panyawong<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 Oktubre 2020 |title=Thailand highlights traditional dress theme for Loy Krathong Oct 31 |url=https://www.pattayamail.com/thailandnews/thailand-highlights-traditional-dress-theme-for-loy-krathong-oct-31-330720 |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |website=Pattaya Mail |language=en-US}}</ref> |19 |[[Chiang Mai]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |Lee Young-hyun |20 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |Marcela Vacarezza<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Nobyembre 2022 |title=“Esto fue hace 30 años”: Marcela Vacarezza exhibió una postal de su paso por el Miss Universo |trans-title="This was 30 years ago": Marcela Vacarezza exhibited a postcard of her time at Miss Universe |url=https://www.lacuarta.com/espectaculos/noticia/esto-fue-hace-30-anos-marcela-vacarezza-exhibio-una-postal-de-su-paso-por-el-miss-universo/WCG3IL3MPJA5NLDRNSIWOH2WRQ/ |access-date=9 Hulyo 2023 |website=La Cuarta |language=es}}</ref> |21 |[[Santiago, Tsile|Santiago]] |- |{{flagicon|CYP}} [[Tsipre]] |Militsa Papadopolou |22 |[[Nicosia]] |- |{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |Elif Ilgaz |21 |[[Istanbul]] |- |{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Hungriya|Unggarya]] |Dora Patko<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanga |first=István |date=17 Abril 2022 |title=A Miss Universe Hungary első királynője egy egri szépség lett |url=https://egriugyek.hu/eger-ugye/a-miss-universe-hungary-elso-kiralynoje-egy-egri-szepseg-lett |access-date=8 Enero 2023 |website=Egri Ügyek |language=HU}}</ref> |19 |Eger |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay|Urugway]] |Gabriela Escobar |21 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * [http://www.missuniverse.com Opisyal na website] {{Miss Universe}} 9t821to7au63wq3znzy1ixvjg0mdl1f 0 323086 2204386 2022929 2026-04-23T07:54:43Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Japanese name|Aoi}} {{Infobox person |native_name=蒼井 優 |name=Yū Aoi |image=Aoi Yu at Opening Ceremony of the Tokyo International Film Festival 2017 (40203519371) (cropped).jpg |image size=230px |image caption=Si Aoi noong 2017 sa ''Tokyo International Film Festival'' |birth_date={{birth date and age|1985|8|17}} |birth_place=[[Lungsod ng Fukuoka]], [[Prepektura ng Fukuoka]], Hapon |native_name_lang=jp |birth_name=Yū Natsui |nationality={{JPN}} |other names=Yū Yamasato (Pangalan pagkasal)<br><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-06 |title=国分太一、結婚会見直前の蒼井優に「マジっすか」メール…返信は「山里優になりました」|url=https://hochi.news/articles/20190606-OHT1T50130.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.hochi.news}}</ref> |spouse={{marriage|[[Ryota Yamasato]]|2019}} |occupation={{hlist|[[aktor|Aktres]]|[[modelo|modelo]]}} |years active=1999–kasalukuyan |children=1| website=[http://www.itoh-c.com/artist/aoi/ Aoi Official profile] |height=160 cm |agent=Itoh Co. |module={{Infobox Chinese | kanji = 蒼井 優 | hiragana = あおい ゆう | romaji = Aoi Yū }} }} Si '''Yu Aoi''' ([[Hapones language|Hapon:]] 蒼井 優, [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn:]] ''Aoi Yū'', ipinanganak noong 17 Agosto 1985) ay isang Aktres at modelo sa Hapon. Nag-debut siya sa sining larangan pang pelikula bilang si Shiori Tsuda sa 2001 na pelikula ni [[Shunji Iwai]] na [[All About Lily Chou-Chou|''All About Lily Chou-Chou'']], at muli bilang si Tetsuko Arisugawa sa ''[[Hana and Alice]]'' (2004), sa direksyon din ni Iwai, at bilang si Kimiko Tanigawa sa hula dancing film na ''[[Hula Girls]]'' at bilang si Hagumi Hanamoto sa 2006 live-action adaptasyon ng [[Honey and Clover|''Honey and Clover'']] na [[manga]] series. Nanalo siya ng maraming parangal para sa kanyang mga pagtatanghal pelikula, kabilang ang [[Japan Academy Prize]] at [[Kinema Junpo Awards]] para sa pinakamahusay na sumusuporta na aktres noong 2007 para sa ''Hula Girls'' at Rookie of the Year para sa patuloy na pagtatanghal sa larangan ng mga Pelikula sa Medya at fine arts ng Ministri ng Edukasyon, Kultura, Palakasan, Agham at teknolohiya ng bansang Hapon noong 2009.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=平成20年度芸術選奨 受賞者及び贈賞理由 |url=http://www.bunka.go.jp/geijutsu_bunka/souzoukatsudou/sensho/20_geijutsu_sensho.html |language=jp |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2009-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310023535/http://www.bunka.go.jp/geijutsu_bunka/souzoukatsudou/sensho/20_geijutsu_sensho.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Talambuhay == Si Yu Aoi ay ipinanganak noong Agosto 17, 1985 sa Prepektura ng Fukuoka, Hapon. Lumipat siya sa [[Tokyo]] noong junior haiskul at nanirahan sa Kasai, [[Edogawa ward]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=蒼井優の、本気で買い物 in 福岡 {{!}} ブルータス |url=https://brutus.jp/aoiyu_fukuoka/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=BRUTUS.jp |language=ja}}</ref> == Karera == === Simula ng karera === Nag-debute si Yu Aoi sa intablado (sa Teatro) bilang si Polly, isang pagsasalin ng 1999 na pelikulang ''Annie'', na sinundan ng kanyang paglabas bilang regular sa [[TV Tokyo]] ''Oha Suta'' (The Super Kids Station) noong 2000. Makalipas nang isang taon, nag-debut siya sa [[All About Lily Chou-Chou|''All About Lily Chou-Chou'']] ni Direktor Shunji Iwai, bilang si Shiori Tsuda kasama sina [[Hayato Ichihara]], [[Shugo Oshinari]], [[Miwako Ichikawa]], at [[Ayumi Ito]]. Si Aoi ay kalaunan naka pagtatrabaho sa ''Ao kina Shiro de Mizuiro'' at ''Gaichu'' kasama ang kaibigan na si [[Aoi Miyazaki]]. Sa kanyang mga unang tungkulin sa maliit at malaking screen ay dumating ang mga patalastas sa telebisyon at pag-endorso para sa [[Sony]], [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]], [[NTT Docomo|DoCoMo]], [[Toshiba Cor|Toshiba]] at [[Coca-Cola]]. Noong 2003, bilang paggunita sa ika-30 anibersaryo ng [[Kit Kat]] sa Japan, nag-shoot si Shunji Iwai ng isang serye ng mga maiikling pelikula na pinagbibidahan nina Yu Aoi at [[Anne Suzuki]], na kalaunan ay pinalawak sa tampok na pelikulang tinatawag na ''Hana & Alice'', na nakakuha kay Aoi ng Best Actress award sa Japanese Professional Movie Award.<ref>{{Citation |title=Aoi ng Best Actress award sa Japanese Professional Movie Award |url=https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Japanese_Professional_Movie_Awards/2005 |language=jp |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> === 2005–2007 === Noong 2005, ginampanan ni Aoi ang pangunahing papel sa pelikulang ''Letters from Kanai Nirai'', na ibinebenta sa [[Timog Korea]] na may kahaliling pamagat na ''Aoi Yu's Letter'' dahil sa kanyang kasikatan doon. Nagkaroon din siya ng mga pansuportang papel sa pelikula ni Satoshi Miki na ''Turtles Swim Faster than Expected'' na pinagbibidahan ni [[Juri Ueno]], at ''Yamato'' kasama sina [[Shido Nakamura]] at [[Kenichi Matsuyama]], ang pansuportang papel sa ikalawang nabanggit na pelikula ay makakakuha sa kanya ng isa sa kanyang double-nomination bilang Mahusay na Sumusuportang Aktres sa 2007 Japanese Academy Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=日本アカデミー賞公式サイト |url=https://www.japan-academy-prize.jp/prizes/?t=30 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=www.japan-academy-prize.jp}}</ref> Nanalo siya laban sa kanyang sarili para sa kanyang pagganap bilang si Kimiko Tanikawa sa Japanese hit na ''Hula Girls'', na ipinadala sa Academy Awards bilang ang opisyal Japanese selection noong taong iyon. Hanggang ngayon, ang kanyang tungkulin bilang hula dancing girl mula sa maliit na bayan ng Iwaki ay nananatiling pinakamatagumpay niyang tungkulin, na nakakuha sa kanya ng isang dosenang mga parangal bilang Best Actress at Best Supporting Actress,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yû Aoi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1066974/awards |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=IMDb}}</ref> kasama ng iba pa niyang mas maliliit na tungkulin noong taong iyon bilang Hagu sa ''Honey & Clover'', at Kana Sato sa produksyon ni Shunji Iwai at idinerkta ni ''Nirai-Kanai'' na direktor ng ''Rainbow Song.'' Ipinahiramam din ni Aoi ang kanyang boses upang gumanap bilang Shiro sa animated na pelikulang ''Tekkon Kinkreet'', ang adaptasyon sa Taiyō Matsumoto na [[manga]], ''Black and White'', sa direksyon ni Michael Arias. Sa mga taong iyon, gumawa siya ng mga komersyal para sa [[Nintendo]], [[Canon Inc|Canon]], {{ill|Shiseido Cosmetics|en}}, {{ill|Shueisha Publishing|en}}, {{ill|Kirin Beverage|en}} at patuloy na nag-endorso sa DoCoMo. Naglabas din si Aoi ng dalawang ''photobook'' kasama si [[Yoko Takahashi]] bilang potograpo, at ipinamahagi ng Rockin'on: Travel Sand noong 2005 at Dandelion noong 2007. Noong 2007, lumahok siya sa live-action na adaptasyon ng manga series na ''Mushishi'' kasama si [[Joe Odagiri]], pati na rin ang WOWOW's [[Don't Laugh at My Romance|''Don't Laugh at My Romance'']], ''[[Welcome to the Quiet Room]]'' kasama si [[Yuki Uchida]], at bumalik sa entablado (Teatro) para gumanap bilang Desdemona sa pagsasalin ng drama na ''[[Othello]]'' ni [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]. Para sa dalawang panghuli na pelikula, nagbawas ng timbang si Aoi ng 7 kg para sa kanyang tungkulin bilang si Miki, isang may eating disorder na pasyente. === 2008–kasalukuyan === [[Talaksan:Yu_Aoi.jpg|thumb|Yu Aoi sa LG exhibition fair noong 2009]] Nagsimula si Aoi noong 2008 sa pagpapalabas ng ''Don't Laugh at My Romance'', na nakakuha sa kanya ng nominasyon bilang Best Supporting Actress sa [[Asian Film Awards]] noong 2009. Lumabas siya sa eksperimental na drama na ''Camouflage'' (aka. Aoi Yu x 4 Lies), kung saan nakipagtulungan siya sa apat na magkakaibang direktor na magsalikisik sa tema ng kasinungalingan. Ang serye ay tumagal ng 12 na kabanata, at kasama ang ibang aktor na sina [[Ryō Kase]], [[Yoichi Nukumizu]], [[Shoko Ikezu]], [[Nobuhiro Yamashita]], at [[Yuki Tanada]]. Makalipas ang ilang buwan, nilagdaan ng NTV si Aoi upang gumanap bilang bida na si Handa Sen sa live-action na adaptasyon ng manga series ni Shota Kikuchi na ''Osen,'' ito ang kanyang unang pang telebisyon na serye, na ipinalabas hanggang sa katapusan ng Hunyo na may sampung kabanata. Sumunod, bumida si Aoi sa ''One Million Yen Girl'' na isinulat at idinirek ni Yuki Tanada (direktor din ng ''Camouflage''), na inilabas din ng WOWOW. Ito ang kanyang pinakabagong nangungunang papel sa pelikula mula noong ''Nirai Kanai'' noong 2005. Saglit siyang lumahok sa Japanese World-War-II-jury-themed film na ''[[Best Wishes for Tomorrow]]'', gayundin ang internasyonal na ''[[Tokyo!]]'' - isang koleksyon ng tatlong maikling pelikula nina [[Michel Gondry]], [[Leos Carax]], at [[Bong Joon Ho]]. [[Talaksan:Yu_Aoi_20190312.jpg|thumb|302x302px|Si Aoi tumanggap ng Minister's award na ''Newcomer Award'' sa kategoryang Drama]] Noong 2009, pinangalanan ng Ministri ng Edukasyon, Kultura, Palakasan, Agham at Teknolohiya ng bansang Hapon si Yū Aoi bilang Rookie of the Year sa larangan ng Films in Media and Fine Arts, na binanggit ang kanyang trabaho sa kanyang debute sa pelikula na ''All About Lily Chou Chou'', hanggang ang kanyang trabaho sa ''One Million Yen Girl''. Sa huling bahagi ng taong iyon, ibinigay ni Aoi ang boses ni Ikechan sa pelikulang ''Ikechan and Me'', isang live-action adaptation ng larawan na libro may parehong pangalan ni Rieko Saibara, pati na rin ang pagganap ng mga sumusuportang papel sa ''Honokaa Boy'' at ''Ototo'' ni Yoji Yamada. Nang sumunod na taon, gumanap si Aoi sa pelikula ni Ryūichi Hiroki noong 2010 na ''The Lightning Tree''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schilling |first=Mark |date=2010-10-29 |title='Raiou (The Lightning Tree)' |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2010/10/29/films/film-reviews/raiou-the-lightning-tree/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Japan Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Nang maglaon ay lumabas siya sa ''Vampire'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. H. R. |date=2011-01-26 |title=SUNDANCE REVIEW: Vampire |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/sundance-review-vampire-76369/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Rurouni Kenshin'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Maggie |date=2012-10-30 |title=Rurouni Kenshin |url=https://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/rurouni-kenshin-1117948654/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> at ang 2012 telebisyon na drama ''[[Penance]]'' ni Kiyoshi Kurosawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fainaru2012-08-29T17:00:00+01:00 |first=Dan |title=Penance |url=https://www.screendaily.com/penance/5045813.article |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref> == Pansariling buhay == Ikinasal si Aoi sa komedyante na si [[Ryota Yamasato]] noong Hunyo 3, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=山里亮太と蒼井優３日に結婚 今夜ツーショット会見 - 結婚・熱愛 : 日刊スポーツ |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/201906050000114.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=nikkansports.com |language=ja}}</ref> Noong Pebrero 10, 2022, inanunsyo nila na siya ay buntis sa kanilang unang anak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=蒼井優、第1子妊娠「出産は夏頃を予定」 山里亮太と連名でコメント |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2221417/full/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> Noong Agosto 10, 2022, inihayag ni Yamasato na ipinanganak ni Aoi ang kanilang unang anak, isang babae.<ref>{{Cite web |title=蒼井優、第1子女児出産 山里亮太がラジオで生報告「かわいくて仕方ない」 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2240530/full/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> == Pilmograpiya == === Pelikula === {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0em 0em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; width:500px" |- bgcolor="#b0c4de" align="center" !width=10| Taon !Pamagat !Ginampanang Papel !Direktor !Mga tala !Sanggunian |- |2001 |''All about Lily Chou-Chou'' |Shiori Tsuda |Shunji Iwai | |<ref>{{Citation |title=All about Lily Chou-Chou |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0297721/ |language=en |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=リリイ・シュシュのすべて : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/31939/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2002 |''Kinema Tōri no Hitobito'' |Hikari |Mariko Yamauchi | | |- |''[[Harmful Insect]]'' |Natsuko |Akihiko Shiota | |<ref>{{Citation |title=Harmful Insect (2001) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0297905/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=害虫 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/40498/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Hashire! Kettamashin: Wedding Kyosō Kyoku'' |Bida |Katsuhiko Ishizuka |musikal |<ref>{{Cite web |title=走れ!ケッタマシン ウエディング狂騒曲 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/40539/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''[[Worst by Chance]]'' |Harada's girlfriend |Gu Su-yeon | |<ref>{{Citation |title=Worst by Chance (2003) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0468750/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=偶然にも最悪な少年 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/40777/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''1980'' |Rika Hashiba |Keralino Sandorovich | |<ref>{{Citation |title=1980 (2003) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0461893/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1980 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/40849/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2004 |''Hana and Alice'' |Tetsuko (Alice) Arisugawa |Shunji Iwae |Bida |<ref>{{Citation |title=Hana to Arisu (2004) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0407851/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=花とアリス : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/1416/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Mask de 41'' |Haruka Kuramochi |Taishi Muramoto | |<ref>{{Citation |title=Mask de 41 (2004) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0449613/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- |''Umineko (Sea Cat)'' |Miya Noda |Yoshimitsu Morita | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=海猫 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/5336/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="7" |2005 |''Tetsujin 28: The Movie'' |Mami Tachibana |Shin Togashi | |<ref>{{Citation |title=Tetsujin niju-hachigo (2005) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0371310/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- |''Turtles Swim Faster Than Expected'' |Kujaku Ogitani |Satoshi Miki | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turtles Swim Faster Than Expected |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1937605889/weekly/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Kame wa igai to hayaku oyogu (2005) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0455577/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- |''Letters from Nirai Kanai'' |Fuki Asato |Naoto Kumazawa |Bida |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Kanai Nirai (2005) |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-vwsic5/letters-from-kanai-nirai/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Radio Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Nirai kanai kara no tegami (2005) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0471282/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- |''[[Shining Boy & Little Randy]]'' |Emi Murakami |Shunsaku Kawake | |<ref>{{Citation |title=Hoshi ni natta shônen (2005) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0465499/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=星になった少年 Shining Boy and Little Randy : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/1645/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Shining Boy & Little Randy |url=https://www.amazon.com/Shining-Boy-Little-Randy/dp/B000BNFIEO |publisher=?? |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- |''Henshin'' |Kei Hamura |Tomoki Sano | |<ref>{{Citation |title=Henshin (2005) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0490970/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- |''Jukai'' |Harumi |Futoshi Jinno | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=呪戒 JUKAI : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/41426/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''[[Yamato]]'' |Taeko |Junya Sato | |<ref>{{Citation |title=Otoko-tachi no Yamato (2005) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0451845/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Yamato |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nakamura-Tetsuya-Tatsuya-Nakadai-Sorimachi/dp/B000ZLUWAM |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=男たちの大和 YAMATO : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/1426/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |2006 |''[[Honey and Clover]]'' |Hagumi Hanamoto |Masahiro Takata | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honey & Clover |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0810400/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Honey & Clover (2006) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0810400/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- |''Hula Girls'' |Kimiko Tanikawa |Lee Sang-il | |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seitz |first=Matt Zoller |date=2007-07-13 |title=Finding a New Calling in Grass Skirts |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/13/movies/13hula.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=フラガール : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/1435/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Hula Girls (2006) |date=2006 |url=http://archive.org/details/hula-girls-2006 |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- |''Tekkon Kinkreet'' |White (boses) |Michael Arias | |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dargis |first=Manohla |date=2007-07-13 |title=Orphan Superpower in the Realm of Anime |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/13/movies/13tekk.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |- |''Rainbow Song'' |Kana Sato |Naoto Kumazawa | |<ref>{{Citation |title=Niji no megami (2006) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0804513/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Matt |date=2020-03-01 |title=Rainbow Song (2006) by Naoto Kumazawa |url=https://www.nichi-eidomain.com/rainbow-song-2006-by-naoto-kumazawa/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Japanese Film Reviews |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''[[Sugar and Spice]]'' | |Isamu Nakae |Cameo |<ref>{{Citation |title=Sugar & Spice (2006) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0794373/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Mushishi'' |Tanyu |Katsuhiro Otomo | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schilling |first=Mark |date=2007-03-23 |title='Mushishi' |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2007/03/23/films/film-reviews/mushishi/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Japan Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Otomo |first=Katsuhiro |title=MUSHISHI |url=https://www.amazon.in/MUSHISHI/dp/B002BWD74G |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- |''[[Welcome to the Quiet Room]]'' |Miki |Suzuki Matsuo | |<ref>{{Citation |title=Quiet room ni yôkoso (2007) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0997174/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2008 |''[[Sex Is No Laughing Matter]]'' |En-Chan |Nami Iguchi | |<ref>{{Citation |title=Hito no sekkusu o warauna (2007) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0945550/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sex Is No Laughing Matter (Hito no Sex wo Warauna) [First Pressing Includes Poster] Japanese Movie DVD |url=https://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/BIBJ-7636 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=CDJapan |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Best Wishes for Tomorrow'' |Kazuko Moribe |Takashi Koizumi | |<ref>{{Citation |title=Best Wishes for Tomorrow (2007) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1052343/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- |''One Million Yen Girl'' |Suzuko Sato |Yuki Tanada |Bida |<ref>{{Citation |title=Hyakuman-en to nigamushi onna (2008) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1077094/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=One Million Yen Girl (2008) |url=https://www.blu-ray.com/One-Million-Yen-Girl/479385/ |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- |''[[Tokyo!]]'' |Pizza delivery girl |Bong Joon-ho |Segment ''Shaking Tokyo'' |<ref>{{Citation |last=Gondry |first=Michel |title=Tokyo! |url=https://www.amazon.com/Tokyo-Michel-Gondry-Carax-Joon-Ho/dp/B001V7RTAK |language=French |access-date=2023-04-07 |last2=Carax |first2=Leos}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Tokyo! (2008) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0976060/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''Honokaa Boy'' |Kaoru |Atsushi Sanada | |<ref>{{Citation |title=Honokaa bôi (2009) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1375730/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ホノカアボーイ : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/54241/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''[[Good Bye, My Secret Friend]]'' |Ikechan (boses) |Toshihiko Ōoka | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=이케와 나 |url=https://movie.daum.net/moviedb/main?movieId=52345 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=다음영화 |language=ko}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2010 |''[[About Her Brother]]'' |Koharu Takano |Yoji Yamada | |<ref>{{Citation |title=About Her Brother (2010) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1345834/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=About Her Brother |url=https://mubi.com/films/about-her-brother |language=en |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- |''Flowers'' |Rin |Norihiro Koizumi |Bida |<ref>{{Cite web |title=FLOWERS フラワーズ : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/55250/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''[[The Lightning Tree]]'' |Yū |Ryūichi Hiroki |Bida |<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=雷桜 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/55167/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''[[Redline]]'' |Sonoshee (boses) |Takeshi Koike | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=REDLINE : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/54769/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2011 |''Patisserie Coin de rue'' |Natsume Usuba |Yoshihiro Fukagawa |Bida |<ref>{{Cite web |title=洋菓子店コアンドル : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/55511/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Patisserie Coin De Rue (2011) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1653950/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- |''Vampire'' |Mina |Shunji Iwai | |<ref>{{Citation |last=Iwai |first=Shunji |title=Vampire |url=https://www.amazon.com/Vampire-Kevin-Zegers/dp/B00DCRE2IY |language=English |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ヴァンパイア : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/55961/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''By Chance'' |Manlalakbay |Mayumi Komatsu |Bida |<ref>{{Cite web |title=たまたま : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/57106/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-17 |title=Tamatama たまたま (By Chance) 2011 - video Dailymotion |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x7o3wzf |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Dailymotion |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |''[[Fukushima Hula Girls]]'' |Tagapagsalaysay |Masaki Kobayashi | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=がんばっぺ フラガール！ フクシマに生きる。彼女たちのいま : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/57220/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''[[Rurouni Kenshin]]'' |Megumi Takani |Keishi Ōtomo | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=るろうに剣心 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/56790/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Tokyo Family'' |Noriko Mamiya |Yoji Yamada | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=家族はつらいよ : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/81075/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''[[Space Pirate Captain Harlock]]'' |Miime (boses) |Shinji Aramaki | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=キャプテンハーロック : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/78149/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2014 |''[[Rurouni Kenshin: Kyoto Inferno]]'' |Megumi Takani |Keishi Ōtomo | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=るろうに剣心 京都大火編 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/78920/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''[[Rurouni Kenshin: The Legend Ends]]'' |Megumi Takani |Keishi Ōtomo | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=るろうに剣心 伝説の最期編 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/78921/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Climbing to Spring'' |Ai Takazawa |Daisaku Kimura | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=春を背負って : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/77919/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''[[The Case of Hana & Alice]]'' |Tetsuko "Alice" Arisugawa (boses) |Shunji Iwai |Bida, prequel ng ''Hana and Alice'' |<ref>{{Cite web |title=花とアリス殺人事件 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/81221/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Journey to the Shore'' |Tomoko |Kiyoshi Kurosawa | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=岸辺の旅 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/80556/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Over the Fence'' |Satoshi Tamura |Nobuhiro Yamashita | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=オーバー・フェンス : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/82216/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''[[Japanese Girls Never Die]]'' |Haruko Azumi |Daigo Matsui |Bida |<ref>{{Cite web |title=アズミ・ハルコは行方不明 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/83326/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |[[What a Wonderful Family!|''What a Wonderful Family!'']] |Noriko Mamiya |Yoji Yamada | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=家族はつらいよ : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/81075/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2017 |''[[What a Wonderful Family! 2]]'' |Noriko Hirata |Yoji Yamada | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=家族はつらいよ2 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/85423/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''[[Tokyo Ghoul]]'' |Rize Kamishiro |Kentarō Hagiwara | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=東京喰種 トーキョーグール : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/85143/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Mixed Doubles'' |Yo |Junichi Ishikawa | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ミックス。 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/86516/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''[[Birds Without Names]]'' |Towako |Kazuya Shiraishi |Bida |<ref>{{Cite web |title=彼女がその名を知らない鳥たち : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/86417/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''[[What a Wonderful Family! 3: My Wife, My Life]]'' |Noriko Hirata |Yoji Yamada | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=妻よ薔薇のように 家族はつらいよIII : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/87955/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Penguin Highway'' |Lady (boses) |Yasuhiro Ishida | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ペンギン・ハイウェイ : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/88780/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Killing'' |Yū |Shinya Tsukamoto | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=斬、 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/89402/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |''Miyamoto'' |Yasuko Nakano |Tetsuya Mariko | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=宮本から君へ : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/90564/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''[[A Long Goodbye]]'' |Fumi Higashi |Ryōta Nakano |Bida |<ref>{{Cite web |title=長いお別れ : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/89792/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''[[Children of the Sea]]'' |Ina ni Ruka (boses) |Ayumu Watanabe | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=海獣の子供 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/89501/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''[[They Say Nothing Stays the Same]]'' |Bilang isang [[Geisha]] |Joe Odagiri | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ある船頭の話 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/90700/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2020 |''Romance Doll'' |Sonoko |Yuki Tanada |Bida |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ロマンスドール : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/90692/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Ora, Ora Be Goin' Alone'' |bilang batang Momoko |Shūichi Okita | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=田中裕子と蒼井優が2人1役 若竹千佐子『おらおらでひとりいぐも』映画化 {{!}} CINRA |url=https://www.cinra.net/news/20200120-oraora |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=www.cinra.net |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Wife of a Spy'' |Satoko Fukuhara |Kiyoshi Kurosawa |Bida |<ref>{{Cite web |title=蒼井優×高橋一生×黒沢清監督『スパイの妻』劇場公開へ！予告編も到着 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2020/06/19/67655.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=cinemacafe.net |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=スパイの妻 劇場版 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/93378/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Rurouni Kenshin: The Final'' |Megumi Takani |Keishi Ōtomo | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=るろうに剣心 最終章 The Final : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/91092/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Dr. Coto's Clinic'' |Mina Nakai |Isamu Nakae |Cameo |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr.コトー診療所 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/97454/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |} === Telebisyon === {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0em 0em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; width:500px" |- bgcolor="#b0c4de" align="center" !width=10| Taon !Pamagat !Ginampanang Papel !Network !Mga tala !Sanggunian |- |2001 |''Ao to Shiro to Mizuiro'' |Kimiko Shiina |NTV |TV movie | |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Ukiwa - Shōnen-tachi no Natsu'' |Miyuki Yamashita |NHK |TV movie | |- |''Shin Zukkoke Sanningumi'' |Megumi |NHK | | |- | rowspan="3" |2003 |''High School Teacher'' |Mami Ezawa |TBS | | |- |''Engimono'' |Koyomi |Fuji TV |Mini-serye | |- |''14 Months'' |17-year-old Yūko Igarashi |NTV | | |- | rowspan="3" |2004 |''Ichiban Taisetsu na Dēto Tokyo no Sora- Shanghai no Yume'' |Kaori |TBS | | |- |''Yo ni mo Kimyō na Monogatari: Kako kara no Nikki'' |Yurie Kotajima |Fuji TV |Maikling Drama | |- |''Nanako and Nanao: The Day They Became Sister and Brother'' |Nanako |NHK |Bida,TV movie | |- | rowspan="2" |2005 |''Tiger & Dragon'' |Risa |TBS | | |- |''Twenty-Four Eyes'' |Kotoe Katagiri |NTV | | |- |2006 |''Dr. Coto's Clinic 2006'' |Mina Nakai |Fuji TV | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr.コトー診療所：映画版にドラマキャストが復帰 神木隆之介、伊藤歩、蒼井優、堺雅人出演 |url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20221013dog00m200002000c.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=MANTANWEB（まんたんウェブ） |language=ja-JP}}</ref> |- |2007 |''Miyori no Mori (Miyori's forest)'' |Miyori (boses) | |TV movie |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ミヨリの森 : 作品情報 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/85016/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Miyori's Forest (TV Movie 2007) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1092385/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |''Camouflage'' |Chika, Makoto, Umeko, at Suzuko |WOWOW |Bida | |- |''Osen'' |Sen Handa |NTV |Bida | |- |2010 |''Ryōmaden'' |Omoto |NHK |Taiga drama | |- |2012 |''Penance'' |Sae Kikuchi |WOWOW |Mini-serye | |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Galileo Season 2'' |Atsuko Kanbara |Fuji TV |episode 8 | |- |''Mottomo Tooi Ginga'' |Akane |TV Asahi |Mini-serye | |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Mozu Season 2'' |Shiori Nanami |WOWOW | | |- |''All About My Siblings'' |Azusa |Fuji TV | | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Dr. Rintarō'' |Yumeno |NTV | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=蒼井優、“芸者”役で堺雅人を翻ろう 新水10ドラマ豪華キャストが発表 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2049384/full/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- |''Hello, Detective Hedgehog'' |Setsuko Kawai |TBS | | |- |2018 |''Miyamoto kara Kimi e'' |Yasuko Nakano |TV Tokyo | | |- |2020 |''Wife of a Spy'' |Satoko Fukuhara |NHK |Bida, TV movie |<ref>{{Cite web |title=黒沢清×蒼井優の8Kドラマ「スパイの妻」20年春放送！ 脚本に濱口竜介＆野原位が参加 : 映画ニュース |url=https://eiga.com/news/20191025/4/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Shikatanakatta to Iute wa Ikan no desu'' |Fusako Torii |NHK |Bida, TV movie |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Natasha |title=妻夫木聡がNHKの終戦ドラマで死刑判決受ける医師に、妻役は蒼井優（コメントあり） |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/429803 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja}}</ref> |} === Stage === * ''Zipang Punk: Goemon Rock III (2014)'', Silver Cat Eyes == Mga Parangal == {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0em 0em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; width:500px" |- bgcolor="#b0c4de" align="center" !width=10| Taon !Award !Kategorya !Hinirang na Pelikula !Resulta |- |2005 |14th Japan Film Professional Awards |Best Actress |''Hana and Alice'' |{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |31st Hochi Film Awards |Best Supporting Actress |''Hula Girls, Honey and Clover'' |{{Won}} |- |19th Nikkan Sports Film Awards |Best Newcomer | rowspan="2" |''Hula girls'' |{{Won}} |- | rowspan="9" |2007 |26th Zenkoku Eiren Awards |Best Supporting Actress |{{Won}} |- |31st Elan d'or Awards |Newcomer of the Year |''Herself'' |{{Won}} |- |61st Mainichi Film Awards |Best Supporting Actress | rowspan="2" |''Hula Girls, Rainbow Song'', at ''Honey and Clover'' |{{Won}} |- |80th Kinema Junpo Awards |Best Supporting Actress |{{Won}} |- |49th Blue Ribbon Awards |Best Actress | rowspan="2" |''Hula Girls, Honey and Clover'' |{{Won}} |- |28th Yokohama Film Festival |Best Actress |{{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |30th Japan Academy Film Prize | rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actress |''Hula girls'' |{{Won}} |- |''Yamato'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Newcomer of the year |''Hula girls'' |{{Won}} |- |2009 |3rd Asian Film Awards |Best Supporting Actress |''Don't Laugh at My Romance'' |{{Nominated}} |- | rowspan="3" |2010 | rowspan="2" |35th Hochi Film Awards |Best Actress |''The Lightning Tree'' |{{Won}} |- |Best Supporting Actress | rowspan="4" |''About Her Brother'' |{{Nominated}} |- |23rd Nikkan Sports Film Awards |Best Supporting Actress |{{Nominated}} |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |34th Japan Academy Film Prize |Best Supporting Actress |{{Nominated}} |- |5th Asian Film Awards |Best Supporting Actress |{{Nominated}} |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |37th Japan Academy Film Prize |Best Supporting Actress | rowspan="2" |''Tokyo Family'' |{{Nominated}} |- |8th Asian Film Awards |Best Supporting Actress |{{Nominated}} |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |42nd Hochi Film Awards |Best Actress | rowspan="8" |''Birds Without Names'' |{{Won}} |- |30th Nikkan Sports Film Awards |Best Actress |{{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" |2018 |39th [[Yokohama Film Festival]] |Best Actress |{{Won}} |- |60th [[Blue Ribbon Awards]] |Best Actress |{{Nominated}} |- |41st Japan Academy Film Prize |Best Actress |{{Won}} |- |91st Kinema Junpo Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=映画鑑賞記録サービス KINENOTE｜キネマ旬報社 |url=http://www.kinenote.com/main/public/cinema/book.aspx?book_id=1835 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=www.kinenote.com}}</ref> |Best Actress |{{Won}} |- |12th Osaka Cinema Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=The list of award winners｜OAFF2018 |url=http://www.oaff.jp/2018/en/outline/prizes.html |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Osaka Asian Film Festival 2018 Official Site |language=en}}</ref> |Best Actress |{{Nominated}} |- |12th Asian Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web |last=Festival |first=Asian Film |date=2018-03-18 |title=12th Asian Film Awards – Awards 2018 |url=https://asianfilmfestivals.com/2018/03/17/12th-asian-film-awards-awards-2018/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Asian Film Festivals |language=en}}</ref> |Best Actress |{{Nominated}} |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |44th Hochi Film Awards |Best Actress |''A Long Goodbye'' |{{Nominated}} |- |32nd Nikkan Sports Film Awards |Best Actress |''A Long Goodbye,'' ''Miyamoto'' |{{Nominated}} |- | rowspan="5" |2020 | rowspan="2" |74th Mainichi Film Awards |Best Actress |''Miyamoto'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Kinuyo Tanaka Award |''Herself'' |{{Nominated}} |- |62nd Blue Ribbon Awards |Best Actress |''A Long Goodbye'' |{{Nominated}} |- |45th Hochi Film Awards |Best Actress | rowspan="6" |''Wife of a Spy'' |{{Nominated}} |- |33rd Nikkan Sports Film Awards |Best Actress |{{Nominated}} |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |40th Zenkoku Eiren Awards |Best Actress |{{Won}} |- |75th Mainichi Film Awards |Best Actress |{{Nominated}} |- |63rd Blue Ribbon Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=嵐・二宮和也主演の「浅田家!」が最多5部門でノミネート「第63回ブルーリボン賞」各部門候補を発表 ：中日スポーツ・東京中日スポーツ |url=https://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/179957 |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=中日スポーツ・東京中日スポーツ |language=ja}}</ref> |Best Actress |{{Nominated}} |- |15th Asian Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 – Asian Film Awards Academy |url=http://www.afa-academy.com/timeline/2021-2/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.afa-academy.com}}</ref> |Best Actress |{{Won}} |} == Sanggunian == <references /> == Mga panlabas na link == {{DEFAULTSORT:Yu Aoi}} {{Commonscat|Yu Aoi}} * [https://www.itoh-c.com/artist/aoi/ Agency Profile] * [[imdbname:1066974|Yū Aoi]] sa IMDb *[http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/person/p0874210.htm Yū Aoi]{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} sa Hapones na Movie Database [[Kategorya:Ipinanganak noong 1985]] [[Kategorya:Nabubuhay na mga tao]] [[Kategorya:Mga Artista mula sa Hapon]] qz4jcwn2fw8x3vkq4yj1251sg643e7i 10 323427 2204226 2016032 2026-04-22T14:36:40Z Sharktube2000 161034 2204226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |same as=Eukaryota |always_display=no }} hbr1t9fe5k42fmic429mlmdpz9q6xvq 0 323507 2204205 2194086 2026-04-22T12:32:33Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara]] 2204205 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara]] 4jhwammqklx6snhb0n8c4rzq344sh57 0 323510 2204203 2194084 2026-04-22T12:32:13Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara]] 2204203 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara]] 4jhwammqklx6snhb0n8c4rzq344sh57 0 323511 2204210 2195350 2026-04-22T12:33:13Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasutsot]] 2204210 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasutsot]] f83e3cqz317a8mqs9khn8waj3ztq7y6 0 324813 2204181 2198970 2026-04-22T12:28:42Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204181 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Frans_SNYDERS,_The_Pantry.JPG|right|thumb|400x400px| Frans Snyders, ''The Pantry'' (Ang Paminggalan)]] Ang '''pambansang putahe''' ay pagkain na may matinding kaugnayan sa isang partikular na bansa.<ref name="Natg">{{Cite web |date=13 Setyembre 2011 |title=Top Ten National Dishes |trans-title=Nangungunang Sampung Pambansang Pagkain |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/ |access-date=6 Marso 2013 |publisher=National Geographic Magazine (Travel section) |language=en}}</ref> Maraming dahilan kung bakit maituturing na pambansang putahe ang isang pagkain: * Isa itong [[Pagkaing isteypol|isteypol]], na gawa sa seleksyon ng mga pagkain na lagap sa lokalidad na maaaring ihanda sa katangi-tanging paraan, tulad ng ''fruits de mer'', na inihahain sa kanlurang baybayin ng [[Pransiya]].<ref name="Natg" /> * Naglalaman ito ng sangkap na yaring-lokal, tulad ng [[paprika]] na itinatanim sa [[Pirineos]] sa Europa. <ref name="Natg" /> * Inihahain ito bilang pestibong kulinaryong tradisyon na bahagi ng pamanang kultural&#x2014;halimbawa, [[Barbikyu|barbikyuhan]] sa tag-init na kamping o ''fondue'' sa mga [[Pagdiriwang|handaang-hapunan]] &#x2014; o bilang bahagi ng [[Relihiyon|gawaing panrelihiyon]], gaya ng mga selebrasyon ng Korban Pesach o Iftar. <ref name="Natg" /> * Itinaguyod ito bilang isang pambansang pagkain ng bansa mismo, tulad ng pagtaguyod sa ''fondue'' bilang pambansang pagkain ng [[Suwisa]] ng Suwisang Unyon ng Keso (''Schweizerische Käseunion'') noong dekada 1930. Bahagi ng pambansang identidad at pagtingin sa sariling bansa ang mga putaheng ito.<ref name="Janer2008">{{Cite book|title=Latino food culture|series=Food cultures in America|author=Zilkia Janer|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=9780313340277|pages=71–73|lang=en|trans-title=Kulturang pagkain ng mga Latino}}</ref> Noong panahon ng mga imperyo sa Europa, bumuo ang mga bansa ng pambansang putahe upang maiba sila sa kani-kanilang mga karibal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Howes |first1=David |last2=Lalonde |first2=Marc |date=Hunyo 1991 |title=The history of sensibilities: Of the standard of taste in mid-eighteenth century England and the circulation of smells in post-revolutionary France |trans-title=Ang kasaysayan ng mga sensibilidad: Ukol sa pamantayan ng lasa sa Inglatera noong gitna ng ikalabing walong siglo at sirkulasyon ng mga amoy sa post-rebolusyonaryong Pransiya |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=125–135 |doi=10.1007/BF00250241 |issn=0304-4092 |s2cid=143715189}}</ref> Sa ilang bansa, tulad ng [[Mehiko]], [[Tsina]] o [[Indiya]], wala ni isang mang pambansang putahe dahil sa pagkasari-saring ng kani-kanilang populasyong etniko, kultura, at lutuin.<ref name=Janer2008 /> Isa pa, dahil nakahabi ang mga pambansang putahe sa diwa ng identidad ng bansa, maaaring lumitaw ang mga matitinding emosyon at salungatan sa pagbili ng pambansang putahe. ==Ayon sa bansa== Hindi ito tiyak na talaan ng mga pambansang putahe, ngunit listahan ng ilang mga pagkain na iminumungkahi bilang mga pambansang putahe. ===A=== [[Talaksan:Empanadas argentinas fritas.jpg|thumb|[[empanada|Empanadang]] [[Argentina|Arhentino]]]] [[Talaksan:Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg|thumb|right|Wiener schnitzel]] * [[Albanya]]: tavë kosi,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stein |first1=Rick |title=Albanian baked lamb with rice (Tavë kosi) |trans-title=Albanes na hinurnong tupa at kanin (Tavë kosi) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/albanian_baked_lamb_with_92485 |access-date=24 Hunyo 2020 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> flia * [[Alemanya]]: schnitzel, schweinshaxe, bratwurst, sauerbraten,<ref>{{cite web |title=What's On The Menu?: Germany's Favorite Dishes |trans-title=Anong Nasa Menu?: Mga Paboritong Pagkain ng Alemanya |url=http://www.germanfoods.org/schools/delicious/traditionaldishes.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024527/http://www.germanfoods.org/schools/delicious/traditionaldishes.cfm |archive-date=7 Hulyo 2010 |access-date=8 Hulyo 2010 |publisher=German Foods |language=en}}</ref> [[Doner kebab|döner kebab]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Kinzer |first=Stephen |date=26 Hunyo 1996 |title=For Germans, a Kebab Filled With Social Significance |trans-title=Para sa Mga Aleman, isang Kebab na Nilalaman ng Kahalagahang Panlipunan |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/26/garden/for-germans-a-kebab-filled-with-social-significance.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 Agosto 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en}}</ref> [[currywurst]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Slackman |first=Michael |date=26 Enero 2011 |title=National Dish Comes Wrapped in Foreign Flavoring |trans-title=Pambansang Pagkain, Nakabalot sa Banyagang Lasa |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/27/world/europe/27berlin.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 Agosto 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en}}</ref> eisbein na may [[sauerkraut]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Pierce|first=Eleanor B.|title=Menu Translator: Pan Am's Guide to Food and Drink Specialties Abroad and at Home|url=https://archive.org/details/menutranslatorpa0000elea|year=1968|page=[https://archive.org/details/menutranslatorpa0000elea/page/76 76]|lang=en|trans-title=Tagasalinwika ng Menu: Gabay ni Pan Am sa Espesyal na Pagkain at Inumin sa Ibang Bansa at sa Inang Bayan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Fodor's 89 Germany |year=1989 |page=70}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Sinclair|first=Charles|title=Dictionary of Food: International Food and Cooking Terms from A to Z|publisher=A & C Black|page=324|lang=en|trans-title=Diksiyonaryo ng Pagkain: Pandaigdigang Pagkain at Salitang Panluto mula A hanggang Z}}</ref> * [[Alherya]]: [[couscous]],<ref name="Joe">{{Cite web |author=Knight |first=Ciara |date=9 Nobyembre 2017 |title=The national dish of every country at the World Cup, ranked from worst to best |trans-title=Ang pambansang pagkain ng mga bansa sa World Cup, niranggo mula pinakamasama hanggang pinakamahusay |url=https://www.joe.co.uk/food/the-national-dish-of-every-country-at-the-world-cup-ranked-from-worst-to-best-183729 |access-date=20 Agosto 2020 |website=JOE.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref> rechta * [[Andora]]: escudella i carn d'olla<ref>{{cite web |author=Fox |first=Esme |date=23 Agosto 2017 |title=The 10 Most Traditional Dishes From Andorra |trans-title=Ang 10 Pinakatradisyonal na Pagkain mula sa Andora |url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/andorra/articles/the-10-most-traditional-dishes-from-andorra/ |access-date=21 Agosto 2010 |publisher=Culture Trip |language=en |archive-date=27 Oktubre 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027125553/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/andorra/articles/the-10-most-traditional-dishes-from-andorra/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Angola]]: moamba de galinha<ref>Hamilton, Cherie (2001) ''Cuisines of Portuguese Encounters'' [Mga Lutuin ng Mga Engkuwentrong Portuges] (sa wikang Ingles)''.'' New York: Hippocrene Books. pa. 219</ref> * [[Apganistan]]: kabuli palaw<ref>{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Shoshanna |date=3 Nobyembre 2009 |title=Kabuli Pulao With Raisins And Carrots |trans-title=Kabuli Pulao na May Pasas at Karots |url=http://www.tastedefined.com/2009/11/kabuli-pulao-with-raisins-and-carrots.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903190418/http://www.tastedefined.com/2009/11/kabuli-pulao-with-raisins-and-carrots.html |archive-date=3 Setyembre 2010 |access-date=15 Agosto 2011 |language=en}}</ref> * [[Arhentina]]: asado,<ref>{{cite web |date=28 Abril 2010 |title=El asado |url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2013 |access-date=25 Pebrero 2012}}</ref><ref name="Joe" /> [[empanada]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Genova |first1=Facundo Di |date=5 Oktubre 2018 |title=El mapa definitivo de las empanadas argentinas con sus 14 versiones |language=es |newspaper=La Nación |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/lifestyle/el-mapa-definitivo-empanadas-argentinas-sus-14-nid2175466 |access-date=3 Agosto 2020}}</ref> matambre,<ref>{{cite book|author=Goyan Kittler|first1=Pamela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N78aCgAAQBAJ&q=national+dish|title=Food and Culture|last2=Sucher|first2=Kathryn P.|last3=Nelms|first3=Marcia|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2016|isbn=978-1-305-88687-2|page=307|access-date=23 Agosto 2020|trans-title=Pagkain at Kultura|lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Hibberd |first=Amy |date=19 Enero 2006 |title=World traveler offers tips for making Argentinian specialty |trans-title=Biyaherong makamundo, nagbigay ng mga tip sa paggawa ng Arhentinong espesyalidad |url=https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/2006/01/19/world-traveler-offers-tips-for-making-argentinian-specialty/28457449007/ |access-date=9 Oktubre 2022 |publisher=[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune|Herald Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 Abril 2020 |title=How Different Countries Use Beef |trans-title=Paano Ginagamit ng mga Iba't Ibang Bansa Ang Baka |url=https://alanitrading.com/2020/04/21/how-different-countries-use-beef |access-date=23 Agosto 2020 |work=Alani Trading |language=en |archive-date=3 Pebrero 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203082626/https://alanitrading.com/2020/04/21/how-different-countries-use-beef |url-status=dead }}</ref> locro<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 Hunyo 2008 |title=Gastronomia |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php |archive-date=27 Hulyo 2008 |access-date=25 Pebrero 2012 |website=Argentina |language=es}}</ref> * [[Armenya]]: khorovats, harisa<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite web |author=Gaedtke |first1=Felix |last2=Parameswaran |first2=Gayatri |date=8 Mayo 2013 |title=Food feuds continue to simmer in the Caucasus |trans-title=Labanan sa pagkain, kumukulo pa rin sa Kaukaso |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/05/201355102059629831.html |access-date=20 Agosto 2020 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> (hindi dapat ipagkamali sa harissa, masang [[Kampanang sili|kampana]] ng [[Hilagang Aprika]]) * [[Aserbayan]]: dolma<ref name="Al Jazeera" /> * [[Australya]]: litson tupa,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Marso 2013 |title=Roast Lamb crowned 'Australia's National Dish' |language=Liston Tupa, kinoronahang 'Pambansang Pagkain ng Australya' |trans-title=e |work=Sunshine Coast Daily |url=https://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/roast-lamb-crowned-australias-national-dish/1781137/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006180221/https://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/roast-lamb-crowned-australias-national-dish/1781137/ |archive-date=6 Oktubre 2013}}</ref> meat pie,<ref name="AU">{{cite news |date=1 Enero 2015 |title=The question that won't die: is the meat pie Australia's national dish? |language=en |trans-title=Ang tanong na hindi mawawala: pambansang pagkain ba ng Australya ang meat pie? |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/02/the-question-that-wont-die-is-the-meat-pie-australias-national-dish |access-date=21 Agosto 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=Emma |title=Our greatest Aussie recipes |trans-title=Ang aming mga pinakamahusay na resiping Australyano |url=http://www.weightwatchers.com.au/util/art/index_art.aspx?tabnum=1&art_id=42481 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127182253/http://www.weightwatchers.com.au/util/art/index_art.aspx?tabnum=1&art_id=42481 |archive-date=27 Enero 2010 |access-date=5 Hunyo 2011 |website=Weight Watcher, Australia and New Zealand |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Harland |first1=Robert |date=4 Oktubre 2016 |title=Aussie meat pies |trans-title=Mga meat pie ng Australya |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/13106/Local-News/Aussie-meat-pies |access-date=24 Hunyo 2020 |website=[[SunStar]] |language=en}}</ref> pavlova,<ref name="Pavlova">{{cite journal |last1=Symons |first1=Michael |date=15 Abril 2010 |title=The confection of a nation the social invention and social construction of the Pavlova |trans-title=Ang kumpites ng nasyon ang imbensyong panlipunan at pagbubuong panlipunan ng Pavlova |url=https://www.academia.edu/11401553 |journal=Social Semiotics |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2 |page=197 |doi=10.1080/10350330903566004 |access-date=25 Nobyembre 2019 |s2cid=144496353}}</ref> [[vegemite]] sa tinapay<ref>{{cite web |last=Marks |first=Kathy |date=14 Hunyo 2009 |title=Cautious change to Australia's 'national dish' |trans-title=Maingat na pagbabago sa 'pambansang pagkain' ng Australya |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/cautious-change-to-australias-national-dish-1705216.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/cautious-change-to-australias-national-dish-1705216.html |archive-date=18 Hunyo 2022 |access-date=23 Setyembre 2018 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |language=en}}</ref> * [[Austria|Austriya]]: wiener schnitzel<ref name="Geographic">{{cite web |date=13 Setyembre 2011 |title=Top 10 National Dishes |trans-title=Unang 10 Pambansang Pagkain |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/ |url-access=registration |access-date=20 Agosto 2020 |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |language=en}}</ref><br /> ===B=== * [[Bahamas]]: crack conch na may kani't gisantes<ref>{{cite web |title=National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean |trans-title=Mga Pambansang Pagkain & Lokal na Paborito mula sa mga Kapuluang Karibe |url=http://www.caribbeanamericanfoods.com/?page=island_dishes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622063510/http://www.caribbeanamericanfoods.com/?page=island_dishes |archive-date=22 Hunyo 2010 |access-date=4 Hulyo 2010 |publisher=Caribbeanamericanfoods.com |language=en}}</ref> * [[Bahreyn]]: kabsa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Killebrew |first=Kimberly |date=25 Marso 2013 |title=Chicken Machboos (Bahraini Chicken & Rice) |trans-title=Manok na Machboos (Bahraines na Kani't Manok) |url=https://www.daringgourmet.com/chicken-machboos-bahraini-chicken-rice/ |access-date=17 Setyembre 2020 |website=The Daring Gourmet |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[http://www.worldcuisine.org.uk/tag/bahrain-national-dish Bahrain's National Dish] [Pambansang Pagkain ng Bahreyn] (sa wikang Ingles). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610155501/http://www.worldcuisine.org.uk/tag/bahrain-national-dish|date=06-10-11}}</ref> * [[Banglades]]: kani't isda (lalo na ilish)<ref>{{cite web |author=Banerji |first=Chitrita |date=3 Hulyo 2007 |title=A Bengali bounty |trans-title=Saganang Bengali |url=http://www.salon.com/life/food/eat_drink/2007/07/03/eating_india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203204751/http://www.salon.com/life/food/eat_drink/2007/07/03/eating_india/ |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2010 |access-date=20 Agosto 2020 |work=Salon.com |language=en}}</ref> * [[Barbados]]: cou-cou at [[isdanlawin]]<ref name="Geographic"/> *[[Biyelorusya]]: draniki<ref>{{Cite web |last=Camilla |date=3 Hulyo 2014 |title=The national dish of Belarus is Draniki - See recipe |trans-title=Draniki ang pambansang ulam ng Belarus - Tingnan ang resipi |url=https://ingmar.app/blog/national-dish-of-belarus-draniki/ |access-date=19 Hulyo 2021 |website=Ingmar - Recipes with your ingredients |language=en}}</ref> * [[Belhika]]: frites<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Marso 2020 |title=Belgium's national dish, fried potato sticks, are spared effects of national coronavirus lockdown |language=en |trans-title=Pambansang pagkain ng Belhika, mga pritong istik na patatas, naligtas mula sa epekto ng pambansang coronavirus lockdown |newspaper=Gulf Today |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/lifestyle/2020/03/15/belgiums-national-dish-fried-potato-sticks-are-spared-from-the-national-coronavirus-lockdown |access-date=20 Agosto 2020}}</ref> (partikular ang pagpapares sa tahong<ref name="lonelypl">{{cite book|author=Masters|first=Tom|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741048551|title=Europe on a Shoestring|date=1 Oktubre 2009|publisher=Lonely planet|isbn=978-1-74104-855-1|access-date=15 Hulyo 2010|url-access=registration|trans-title=Europa habang nagtitipid}}</ref><ref name="Joe"/> o isteyk<ref name="SW158">{{cite book|last1=Schehr|first1=Lawrence R.|last2=Weiss|first2=Allen S.|title=French Food: On the Table On the Page and in French Culture|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|year=2001|page=158|isbn=0-415-93628-4|lang=en|trans-title=Pagkaing Pranses: Sa Lamesa Sa Pahina at sa Kulturang Pranses}}</ref>), carbonade flamande,<ref name="Belgian">{{Cite journal |last=Scholliers |first=Peter |date=1 May 2010 |title=Upgrading the Local: Belgian Cuisine in Global Waves |trans-title=Pag-upgrade sa Lokal: Lutuing Belhiko sa Mga Pandaigdigang Alon |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51094975 |journal=Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=51–52 |doi=10.1525/gfc.2010.10.2.49 |pmid=21539048 |access-date=25 Agosto 2010}}</ref> waterzooi,<ref name=Belgian/> chocolate mousse<ref>{{Cite web |title=Belgian Chocolate Mousse |trans-title=Belhikong Chocolate Mousse |url=https://www.visitflanders.com/en/themes/flemish-food/flemish-dishes-and-specialities/flemish-dishes/belgian-chocolate-mousse/#:~:text=Chocolate%20mousse%20is%20one%20of,one%20and%20only%20national%20dessert. |access-date=25 Agosto 2020 |work=Belgium Tourist Office |language=en}}</ref> * [[Butan]]: ema datshi<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Food |trans-title=Pagkain |url=https://www.bhutan.travel/page/food |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117233846/https://www.bhutan.travel/page/food |archive-date=17 Nobyembre 2018 |publisher=Tourism Council of Bhutan |language=en}}</ref> * [[Bolibya]]: salteñas<ref name="Herald">{{cite web |author=Groundwater |first=Ben |date=24 Setyembre 2014 |title=The world's 12 best national dishes |trans-title=12 primerang pambansang pagkain ng mundo |url=http://www.theherald.com.au/story/2581479/the-worlds-12-best-national-dishes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003014838/http://www.theherald.com.au/story/2581479/the-worlds-12-best-national-dishes/ |archive-date=3 October 2014 |access-date=17 Setyembre 2020 |publisher=The Herald |language=en}}</ref> * [[Bosniya at Hersegobina]]: bosanski ionac,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ackerson |first=Eric |date=14 Pebrero 2010 |title=Bosanksi Lonac – Bosnia & Herzegovina National Dish |trans-title=Bosanksi Lonac – Pambansang Ulam ng Bosniya & Hersegobina |url=http://myhungrytum.com/2010/02/14/bosanksi-lonac-bosnia-herzegovina-national-dish-day-38dish-21/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118053858/http://myhungrytum.com/2010/02/14/bosanksi-lonac-bosnia-herzegovina-national-dish-day-38dish-21/ |archive-date=18 Nobyembre 2010 |access-date=18 Setyembre 2010 |language=en}}</ref> ćevapi<ref>{{cite web |author=Bedford |first=Sam |date=14 Agosto 2018 |title=The 21 Best Dishes to Eat in Bosnia and Herzegovina |trans-title=21 Pinakamainam Kainin sa Bosniya at Hersegobina |url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bosnia-herzegovina/articles/the-21-best-dishes-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina/ |access-date=8 Setyembre 2020 |publisher=Culture Trip |language=en |archive-date=19 Enero 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119182350/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bosnia-herzegovina/articles/the-21-best-dishes-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Gamulin |first=Tamara |date=24 Marso 2018 |title=Ćevapi – the dish driving people crazy for decades |trans-title=Ćevapi – ulam na nakakabaliw sa mga tao nang ilang dekada na |url=https://www.croatiaweek.com/cevapi-the-dish-driving-people-crazy-for-decades/ |access-date=8 Setyembre 2020 |publisher=Croatia Week |language=en}}</ref> ===K=== * [[Cambodia|Kambodya]]: isdang amok,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Gillan|first=Audrey|title=Cambodia: the art of amok|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/2017/09/cambodia-art-amok|date=7 Setyembre 2017|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|access-date=4 Oktubre 2019|lang=en|trans-title=Kambodya: ang sining ng amok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dunston |first=Lara |date=23 Mayo 2017 |title=Cambodian Fish Amok Recipe – an Authentic Steamed Fish Curry in the Old Style |language=en |trans-title=Resipi ng Kamboyanong Isdang Amok – isang Tunay na Pinasingawang Isdang Kinari sa Lumang Istilo |website=Grantourismo Travels |url=https://grantourismotravels.com/cambodian-fish-amok-recipe/ |access-date=4 Oktubre 2019}}</ref> num banhchok,<ref>{{cite web |last=Dunston |first=Lara |date=7 Pebrero 2020 |title=Nom Banh Chok Fermented Rice Noodles Are Cambodia in a Bowl |trans-title=Nom Banh Chok Binurong Misua Ay Kambodya sa Mangkok |url=https://grantourismotravels.com/nom-banh-chok-fermented-rice-noodles-cambodia/ |access-date=7 Enero 2021 |website=Grantourismo Travels |language=en}}</ref> samlar kako<ref>{{cite web |title=Khmer Foods |trans-title=Mga Pagkaing Khmer |url=http://www.tourismcambodia.com/tripplanner/food-and-drink/khmer-foods.htm |access-date=8 Agosto 2014 |work=Tourism of Cambodia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dunston |first=Lara |date=26 Hunyo 2020 |title=Samlor Korko Recipe - How to Make Cambodian Stirring Pot Soup |trans-title=Resipi ng Samlor Korko - Paano Gumawa ng Kalderong Sabaw ng mga Kamboyano |url=https://grantourismotravels.com/samlor-korko-recipe-cambodian-soup/ |access-date=7 Enero 2021 |website=Grantourismo Travels |language=en}}</ref> * [[Kamerun]]: ndolé<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |last=Brady |first=Emily |date=5 Nobyembre 2008 |title=The Years of Living Nervously |language=en |trans-title=Ang Mga Taon ng Pamumuhay na Kinakabahan |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/thecity/07asyl.html?pagewanted=1&ref=thecity |access-date=7 Disyembre 2008}}</ref> * [[Korea (Hilaga)|Korea, Hilaga]]: [[Naengmyeon|raengmyŏn]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Yoon |first=Tae |date=25 Setyembre 2018 |title=A Chef's Quest to Bring North Korean Cold Noodles to America |trans-title=Hangarin ng Kusinero na Dalhin Ang Malamig na Pansit ng Hilagang Korea sa Amerika |url=https://www.eater.com/2018/9/25/17855140/pyongyang-naengmyeon-jungsik-yim-north-korea-cold-noodles |access-date=20 Agosto 2020 |publisher=Eater.com |language=en}}</ref> [[kimchi]]<ref name="Kimchi">{{cite web |author=Jeong |first=Sophie |date=2 Nobyembre 2018 |title=North Korea's latest peace offering: Kimchi |trans-title=Pinakabagong handog ng North Korea para sa kapayapaan: Kimchi sa Amerika |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/north-korea-kimchi-festival/index.html |access-date=21 Agosto 2020 |publisher=CNN Travel |language=en}}</ref> * [[Korea (Timog)|Korea, Timog]]: [[kimchi]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williamson |first=Lucy |date=4 Pebrero 2014 |title=Kimchi: South Korea's efforts to boost its national dish |language=en |trans-title=Kimchi: Ang pagsisikap ng Timog Korea na pasikatin ang pambansang pagkain nito |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25840493 |access-date=20 Mayo 2017}}<br />{{cite book |last=Ku |first=Robert Ji-Song |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nh_HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Dubious Gastronomy: The Cultural Politics of Eating Asian in the USA |date=31 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-3921-5 |page=6 |language=en |trans-title=Kahina-hinalang Gastronomiya: Ang Pulitikang Kultural ng Pagkaing Asyano sa Amerika}}</ref> [[bulgogi]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govender |first=Serusha |date=6 Mayo 2014 |title=10 National Dishes Around the World |language=en |trans-title=10 Pambansang Pagkain sa Buong Mundo |work=The Daily Meal |url=https://www.thedailymeal.com/10-national-dishes-around-world/6514 |access-date=20 Mayo 2017}}</ref> [[bibimbap]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeffery |first=Nicole |date=20 May 2017 |title=Pyeongchang Winter Olympics: the next cool spot |language=en |trans-title=Olimpikong Taglamig sa Pyeongchang: ang susunod na astig na lugar |work=The Australian |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/travel/pyeongchang-winter-olympics-the-next-cool-spot/news-story/4f5f9f25423111d937a01069722c0a37 |access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> [[jajangmyeon]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jajangmyun (Noodles With Black Bean Sauce) |language=en |trans-title=Jajangmyun (Pansit Na May Sarsang Itim na Balatong) |work=Scott Meola |publisher=James Beard Foundation |url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/recipes/jajangmyun-noodles-with-black-bean-sauce |access-date=21 Agosto 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Smith |first=K. Annabelle |date=13 Pebrero 2013 |title=Korea's Black Day: When Sad, Single People Get Together And Eat Black Food |trans-title=Itim na Araw ng Korea: Kapag Malungkot, Nagtitipun-tipon Ang Mga Nag-iisa at Kumakain ng Itim na Pagkain |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/koreas-black-day-when-sad-single-people-get-together-and-eat-black-food-16537918/?no-ist |access-date=21 Agosto 2020 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> [[bingsu]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Le |first=Joel |date=11 Hulyo 2017 |title=Beat the heat with bingsu, South Korea's national dessert of shaved ice, milk, condensed milk and toppings |language=en |trans-title=Magpalamig kasama ang bingsu, ang pambansang panghimagas ng Timog Korea na gawa sa ginadgad na yelo, gatas, kondensada at mga lahok |work=Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/food/beat-the-heat-with-bingsu-south-koreas-national-dessert-of-shaved-ice-milk-condensed |access-date=26 Agosto 2020 |archive-date=11 Hulyo 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711064518/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/food/beat-the-heat-with-bingsu-south-koreas-national-dessert-of-shaved-ice-milk-condensed |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[tteokbokki]] ===H=== * [[Hapon]]: [[sushi]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Ng |first=Karmun |date=30 May 2014 |title=10 things you need to know about sushi |url=https://my.asiatatler.com/dining/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-sushi#:~:text=Whether%20you're%20a%20sushi,you%20might%20not%20have%20known. |access-date=28 August 2020 |publisher=Malaysia Tatler |archive-date=21 Mayo 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521211100/https://my.asiatatler.com/dining/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-sushi#:~:text=Whether%20you're%20a%20sushi,you%20might%20not%20have%20known. |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Japanese curry|karing Hapones]],<ref name="curry rice research">{{cite web |script-title = ja:「カレーライス」に関するアンケート |publisher = ネットリサーチ ディムスドライブ |url = http://www.dims.ne.jp/timelyresearch/2008/081014/ |language = ja |access-date = 16 October 2008 |archive-date = 23 Oktubre 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211023222609/http://www.dims.ne.jp/timelyresearch/2008/081014/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[ramen]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/18/ramen-japan-national-dish|title=Ramen: Japan's super slurpy noodles|access-date=5 June 2011 | location=London|work=The Guardian|first=Justin|last=McCurry|date=18 June 2010}}</ref> [[tempura]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Amoroso |first=Phoebe |date=14 November 2016 |title=Tempura temptations: How deep-fried seafood seduced Japan |url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/dwc/food/articles/42.html |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[NHK]] |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521211058/https://www.nhk.or.jp/dwc/food/articles/42.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[wagashi]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/279145/sweet-treats-from-japan |title=Sweet treats from Japan |work=Bangkok Post |date= 10 February 2012|access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> [[sashimi]], [[sinabawang miso]] ===L=== * [[Laos]]: [[Laab|laab/larb]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrews |first=Mark |date=16 Enero 2020 |title=Is that Thai food, or Lao? 5 typical dishes from Laos that will help you see the difference |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/leisure/article/3046167/thai-food-or-lao-5-typical-dishes-laos-will-help-you-see |access-date=23 Agosto 2020 |publisher=South China Morning Post|language=en|trans-title=Pagkaing Taylandes ba iyan, o Lao? 5 tipikal na putahe mula sa Laos na makakatulong sa iyo na makita ang pagkakaiba}}</ref> [[Malagkit|malagkit na kanin]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Ives |first=Mike |date=1 Pebrero 2011 |title=A Taste of Sticky Rice, Laos' National Dish |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/a-taste-of-sticky-rice-laos-national-dish-136291/ |access-date=3 Oktubre 2013 |website=Smithsonianmag.com |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|trans-title=Isang Tikim ng Malagkit na Kanin, Pambansang Putahe ng Laos}}</ref> tam mak hoong<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Schulz |first1=Daniela |last2=Drescher |first2=Stephanie |date=24 Mayo 2017 |title=Papaya salad with shrimp, Laos |url=https://www.dw.com/en/papaya-salad-with-shrimp-laos/a-37837972 |access-date=30 Nobyembre 2020 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en-GB|trans-title=Ensaladang papaya na may hipon, Laos}}</ref> ===M=== [[Talaksan:Nasi Lemak, Mamak, Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[Nasi lemak]], isang pambansang putahe ng [[Malasya]].]] * [[Malasya]]: [[nasi lemak]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Rules |first=Dwayne A. |date=7 Abril 2011 |title=Nasi lemak, our 'national dish' |language=en |trans-title=Nasi lemak, aming 'pambansang putahe' |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Travel/Malaysia/2011/04/07/Nasi-lemak-our-national-dish.aspx |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702211527/http://www.thestar.com.my/Travel/Malaysia/2011/04/07/Nasi-lemak-our-national-dish.aspx/ |archive-date=2 Hulyo 2014}}</ref> [[Sate|satay]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Specter |first=Michael |date=2 Disyembre 1984 |title=In Malaysia, Spicy Satay |language=en |trans-title=Sa Malasya, Maanghang na Sate |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/02/travel/in-malaysia-spicy-satay.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eliot |first=Joshua |title=Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore Handbook |publisher=Trade & Travel Publications |year=1994 |place=New York |page=352 |language=en |trans-title=Hanbuk ng Indonesya, Malasya & Singapura}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Erickson|first=Joan|title=Southeast Asia Sunset travel guides|publisher=Lane Publishing Company |year=1982 |isbn=978-037-606-764-7 |page=78}}</ref> ===P=== [[Talaksan:Pork adobo with shallots.jpg|thumb|[[Adobo|Adobo,]] isang pambansang ulam ng [[Pilipinas]]]] * [[Pakistan]]: [[Biryani|bryani]], nihari, manok karahi, gulab jamun<ref>{{cite news |date=6 Enero 2019 |title=Gulab Jamun is now officially the national dessert of Pakistan |language=en |trans-title=Gulab Jamun, opisyal na pambansang panghimagas ng Pakistan ngayon |newspaper=Daily Times |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/341045/gulab-jamun-is-now-officially-the-national-dessert-of-pakistan/ |access-date=20 Agosto 2020 |archive-date=21 Mayo 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521211112/https://dailytimes.com.pk/341045/gulab-jamun-is-now-officially-the-national-dessert-of-pakistan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Palestina]]: maqluba,<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|date=15 Hulyo 2016|last=Long|first=Lucy|title=Ethnic American Cooking: Recipes for Living in a New World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTWNDAAAQBAJ&q=papua+new+guinea+%22national+dish%22&pg=PA226|isbn=978-144-226-734-3|page=226|lang=en|trans-title=Pagluluto ng Etnikong Amerikano: Mga Resipi para sa Pamumuhay sa Bagong Mundo}}</ref> musakhan,<ref>{{cite web |last=Salah |first=Maha |date=4 Marso 2018 |title=Musakhan |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180304-musakhan/ |access-date=20 Agosto 2020 |work=Memo Middle Earth Monitor |language=en}}</ref> falafel<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Emma|title=It's Easier to Reach Heaven than the End of the Street|year=2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=Great Britain|isbn=978-0-7475-8559-6|page=378|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yve-_E5VwGAC&q=falafel+national+dish+palestine&pg=PA378|lang=en|trans-title=Mas Madaling Makapunta sa Langit kaysa sa Dulo ng Kalye}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Karmi|first=Ghada|title=In Search of Fatima|year=2002|publisher=Verso New Left Books|location=U.S.|isbn=1-85984-561-4|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuiB5iJ26KcC&q=falafel+national+dish|lang=en|trans-title=Sa Paghahanap kay Fatima}}</ref> * [[Panama]]: sancocho<ref name="Joe"/> * [[Peru]]: [[ceviche]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ceviche – the Peruvian national dish |trans-title=Ceviche – ang pambansang pagkain ng Peru |url=http://www.perutravelguide.org/ceviche-the-peruvian-national-dish.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607073905/http://www.perutravelguide.org/ceviche-the-peruvian-national-dish.html |archive-date=7 Hunyo 2008 |access-date=11 Hulyo 2010 |publisher=Peru Travel Guide |language=en}}</ref> * [[Pidyi]]: fiji kokoda (ceviche ng Pidyi)<ref>{{cite web |date=2 Hulyo 2015 |title=Fiji Kokoda |url=https://www.internationalcuisine.com/fiji-kokoda/ |access-date=15 Disyembre 2021}}</ref> * [[Pilipinas]]: [[adobo]],<ref name="CNNP2017">{{cite news |last=Bueno |first=Anna |date=21 Hunyo 2017 |title=Adobo, sinigang, or sisig: What's your pick for the Philippines' national dish? |language=en |trans-title=Adobo, sinigang, o sisig: Ano ang pipiliin mo bilang pambansang pagkain ng Pilipinas? |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/life/leisure/food/2017/06/14/national-dish.html |access-date=26 Disyembre 2019 |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216023107/https://cnnphilippines.com/life/leisure/food/2017/06/14/national-dish.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="PhilStar2018">{{cite news |last=Gonzalez |first=Manny |date=12 Hulyo 2018 |title=Why don't we have official national dishes? |language=en |trans-title=Bakit wala tayong mga opisyal na pambansang pagkain? |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/food-and-leisure/2018/07/12/1832621/why-dont-we-have-official-national-dishes |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gapultos2013">{{cite book|last=Gapultos|first=Marvin|title=The Adobo Road Cookbook: A Filipino Food Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBTQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT210|date=23 Abril 2013|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-1169-1|page=210|lang=en|trans-title=Ang Aklat-luto ng Kalyeng Adobo: Isang Lakbay sa Pagkaing Pilipino}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=DeWitt, Dave|title=1,001 Best Hot and Spicy Recipes|publisher=[[Agate Publishing]]|year=2010|page=428|isbn=978-1-57284-113-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNLKs8LO35kC&q=Philippine+Adobo+variation&pg=PA428|lang=en|trans-title=1,001 Pinakamahusay na Mainit at Maanghang na Resipi}}<br />{{cite book|last=Deere|first=Kiki|title=Journey Through the Philippines: An Unforgettable Journey from Manila to Mindanao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgbiDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT43|date=20 Hunyo 2017|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-1886-7|page=43|lang=en|trans-title=Paglalakbay sa Pilipinas: Isang Di-malilimutang Biyahe mula Manila hanggang Mindanao}}<br />{{Cite news |last=Sifton |first=Sam |date=5 Enero 2011 |title=The Cheat: The Adobo Experiment |language=en |trans-title=The Cheat: Isang Eksperimento sa Adobo |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/magazine/09Food-t-000.html |access-date=5 Hunyo 2011}}<br />{{cite web |last=Dee |first=Ching |date=3 Setyembre 2019 |title=Your Foodie Guide To Manila |trans-title=Ang Gabay Foodie para sa Maynila |url=https://stories.forbestravelguide.com/your-foodie-guide-to-manila |access-date=26 Disyembre 2019 |website=Forbes Travel Guide |publisher=The Five Star Travel Corporation |language=en}}<br />{{cite news |last=Villafuerte |first=Sai |date=16 Setyembre 2019 |title=Filipino Chefs Are Taking Back Control of Their Cuisine |language=en |trans-title=Mga Kusinerong Pilipino, Sinusupilin Muli Ang Kanilang Lutuin |work=Vice |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wjwem4/filipino-chefs-are-taking-back-control-of-their-cuisine-v26n3 |access-date=26 Disyembre 2019}}</ref> [[sinigang]],<ref name=CNNP2017 /><ref name="Gapultos2013" /> [[sisig]],<ref name=CNNP2017 /><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=18 Setyembre 2018 |title=Try These Innovative Sisig Dishes That Might Just Win a National Competition |language=en |trans-title=Subukan Itong Mga Makabagong Sisig Na Posibleng Manalo sa Pambansang Paligsahan |work=Pepper |location=Philippines |url=https://www.pepper.ph/try-these-innovative-sisig-dishes-that-might-just-win-a-national-competition/ |access-date=26 Disyembre 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226152442/https://www.pepper.ph/try-these-innovative-sisig-dishes-that-might-just-win-a-national-competition/ |archive-date=26 Disyembre 2019}}<br />{{cite book|last1=Fecks|first1=Noah|last2=Wagtouicz|first2=Paul|title=The Way We Ate: 100 Chefs Celebrate a Century at the American Table|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edabAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA154|date=29 October 2013|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4767-3272-5|page=154}}</ref> [[pansit]],<ref name=CNNP2017 /><ref>{{cite book|last=McKinnon|first=Leila|title=Australia's Favourite Recipes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kWIR605IsEC&pg=PT76|date=1 Nobyembre 2012|publisher=Pan Macmillan Australia|isbn=978-1-74334-955-7|page=76|lang=en|trans-title=Mga Paboritong Resipi ng Australya}}<br />{{cite magazine|last=Stafford|first=Paul|date=20 Agosto 2018|title=Like A Local: 10 Of The Most Unique Foods Of The Philippines|url=https://www.travelmag.com/articles/unique-foods-philippines/5/|magazine=Travel Magazine|access-date=26 Disyembre 2019|lang=en|trans-title=Parang Isang Lokal: 10 Mga Pinakatangi-tanging Pagkain ng Pilipinas|archive-date=26 Disyembre 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226155519/https://www.travelmag.com/articles/unique-foods-philippines/5/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[halo-halo]]<ref name=PhilStar2018 /> * [[Pinlandiya]]: ruisleipä,<ref>{{cite web|title=The people have spoken - rye bread is the national food|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/the_people_have_spoken_-_rye_bread_is_the_national_food/9413195|website=yle.fi|publisher=Yle|access-date=8 February 2017|date=19 January 2017}}</ref> karjalanpaisti, lohikeitto * [[Polonya]]: bigos,<ref name="Joe"/> [[pierogi]],<ref>"Kapusta kiszona ([[sauerkraut]]) ang batayan ng pambansang pagkain ng Polonya, bigos (sauerkraut at samu't saring uri ng karne), kapuśniak (sabaw sa sauerkraut) (isinalin mula sa Ingles)" [sa:] Polish Holiday Cookery by Robert Strybel, 2003, p. 14; "Bigos, the national dish of Poland — a hunter's stew of mixed meats and vegetables" [in:] The food lover's companion to Portland by Lisa Shara Hall, Roger J. Porter, 1996</ref> kotlet schabowy,<ref>"Two national specialities you'll find everywhere are bigos (cabbage stewed with meat and spices) and pierogi" [in:] Poland: the rough guide, 1991 and kotlet schabowy is a close cousin of the Teutonic [[Wiener Schnitzel]]" [in:] Joey Porcelli, Clay Fong . The Gyros Journey: Affordable Ethnic Eateries Along the Front Range, 2006</ref> [[barszcz]], rosół * [[Portugal]]: bacalhau,<ref>{{cite news |title=PORTUGUESE CUISINE The Food of Portugal |language=en |trans-title=LUTUING PORTUGES Ang Pagkain ng Portugal |publisher=Go Lisbon |url=https://www.golisbon.com/food/food.html |access-date=20 Agosto 2020}}</ref> caldo verde,<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 foods to try in the Algarve |trans-title=Unang 10 pagkain na Susubukan sa Algarve |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/top-10-foods-try-algarve |access-date=20 Agosto 2020 |website=BBC Goodfood |publisher=BBC |language=en}}</ref> cozido à portuguesa,<ref name="Joe"/><ref name="Holland">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wm5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT71|title=The World on a Plate: 40 Cuisines, 100 Recipes, and the Stories Behind Them|last=Holland|first=Mina|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2015|isbn=978-0-14-312765-9|location=New York|page=78|language=en|orig-date=2014|trans-title=Ang Mundo sa Plato: 40 Lutuin, 100 Resipi, at ang Mga Kuwento sa Likod Nila}}</ref><ref name="Poelzl">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRqJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150|title=Culture Shock! Portugal: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette|last=Poelzl|first=Volker|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7614-5672-8|location=Tarrytown, NY|page=150|lang=en|trans-title=Gulat sa Kultura! Portugal: Gabay Pamuhay ukol sa Kaugalian at Etiketa}}</ref> pastel de belem, sardinha assada (Inihaw na sardinas)<ref>[https://wetravelportugal.com/national-dish-portugal/ National Dish of Portugal] [Pambansang Pagkain ng Portugal] (sa wikang Ingles). wetravelportugal.com. Retrieved 24 Abril 2021.</ref> * [[Pransiya]]: pot-au-feu,<ref>{{cite news |last=Apple Jr. |first=R. W. |date=18 Pebrero 2004 |title=Four Nations Where Forks Do Knives' Work |language=en |trans-title=Apat na Bansa Kung Saan Ipinangkukutsilyo Ang Tindor |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/18/dining/four-nations-where-forks-do-knives-work.html?pagewanted=2 |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 Hulyo 2011}}</ref><ref name="away.com">{{cite web |date=20 Oktubre 2009 |title=Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes |trans-title=Mga Panghabambuhay na Biyaheng Pagkain: Sampung Pinakadakilang Pambansang Pagkain |url=http://away.com/feature/excerpt/national-geographic/top-ten-great-national-dishes-1.html?page=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117110045/http://away.com/feature/excerpt/national-geographic/top-ten-great-national-dishes-1.html?page=1 |archive-date=17 Enero 2013 |access-date=3 Oktubre 2013 |publisher=Away.com |language=en}}</ref> bœuf bourguignon,<ref name="LP">{{cite web |author=Butler |first=Alex |date=20 Nobyembre 2017 |title=If you want to eat like the French, reach for some beef bourguignon |trans-title=Kung gusto mo kumain tulad ng mga Pranses, kumuha ng bakang bourguignon |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/beef-bourguignon-france |access-date=15 Nobyembre 2020 |work=[[Lonely Planet]] |language=en}}{{dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Cloake |first=Felicity |date=24 Agosto 2020 |others=Photographs by Ant Duncan |title=The story behind the classic French dish boeuf bourguignon |trans-title=Ang kwento sa klasikong pagkaing Pranses boeuf bourguignon |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2020/08/the-story-behind-the-classic-french-dish-boeuf-bourguignon |access-date=15 Nobyembre 2020 |publisher=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref> blanquette de veau,<ref name="LP"/> steak frites,<ref name="LP"/> baguette,<ref>{{cite news |author=Druckerman |first=Pamela |date=22 Enero 2019 |title=It's crunch-time for the baguette |language=en |trans-title=Crunch-time na para sa baguette |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/1843/2019/01/22/its-crunch-time-for-the-baguette |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 Agosto 2020}}</ref> [[crêpe]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Husain |first=Amna |date=8 Nobyembre 2012 |title=Sweet, savory concoctions whisk into city food scene |trans-title=Matamis, malinamnam na timpla, bumati sa eksena ng pagkaing lungsod |url=https://www.thesouthend.wayne.edu/article_6d0bd2f5-d2ce-5291-8a7b-980b948dc12e.html |access-date=21 Agosto 2020 |publisher=The South End |language=en}}</ref> crème caramel,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Potts|first=Olivia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4J6DwAAQBAJ&q=france+%22national+dessert%22&pg=PT91|title=A Half Baked Idea|date=25 July 2019|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-024-138-047-5|oclc=0241380472|access-date=25 August 2020|lang=en|trans-title=Isang Ideyang Hilaw}}</ref> poule au pot (makasaysayan) <ref>{{cite web |date=21 Nobyembre 2019 |title=Traditional recipe: Authentic poule au pot |trans-title=Tradisyonal na resipi: Awtentikong poule au pot |url=https://www.nouvelle-aquitaine-tourisme.com/en/news/traditional-recipe-authentic-poule-au-pot |access-date=23 Agosto 2020 |work=Nouvelle-Aquitaine Regional Tourism Board |language=en}}</ref> ===S=== * [[Singapura]]: [[alimango sa sili]],<ref>{{cite web |date=26 Enero 2010 |title=The quest for Singapore's next national dish |trans-title=Ang paghahanap para sa susunod na pambansang putahe ng Singapura |url=http://www.cnngo.com/singapore/none/hunt-singapores-next-national-dish-630473 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614233721/http://www.cnngo.com/singapore/none/hunt-singapores-next-national-dish-630473 |archive-date=14 Hunyo 2012 |access-date=7 Hulyo 2010 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref> kani't manok ng Hainan,<ref>{{cite news |last=Kugiya |first=Hugo |date=18 Marso 2010 |title=Singapore's national dish: Hainan chicken rice |language=en |trans-title=Pambansang ulam ng Singapura: kani't manok ng Hainan |work=Crosscut.com |url=http://crosscut.com/2010/03/18/food/19683/Singapore-s-national-dish:-Hainan-chicken-rice/ |access-date=3 Oktubre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831041040/http://crosscut.com/2010/03/18/food/19683/Singapore-s-national-dish%3A-Hainan-chicken-rice/ |archive-date=31 Agosto 2011}}</ref> Hokkien mee<ref>{{Cite book |author=Peter Turner |title=Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei: A Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit |url=https://archive.org/details/malaysiasingapor0000turn |author2=Chris Taylor |author3=Hugh Finlay |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=1996 |isbn=978-086-442-393-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/malaysiasingapor0000turn/page/78 78] |language=en |trans-title=Malaysia, Singapura & Brunay: Travel Survival Kit ng Lonely Planet}}</ref> ===T=== * [[Taylandiya]]: [[pad thai]], pad gaprao, [[tom yum|tom yum kung]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Typical Thai Meals & Eating Habits |trans-title=Mga Tipikal na Pagkain & Kaugalian sa Pagkain ng Mga Taylandes |url=http://www.bangkok.com/thai-food/typical-thai-meals-and-eating-habits.htm |access-date=7 Hulyo 2010 |publisher=Bangkok.com |language=en}}</ref> som tam<ref>{{cite web |author=Phavitch Theeraphong and Sopida Rodsom |date=21 Pebrero 2018 |title=Best places to eat somtum in Bangkok |trans-title=Pinakamagandang mga lugar para kumain ng somtum sa Bangkok |url=https://www.timeout.com/bangkok/restaurants/best-somtum-places-in-bangkok |access-date=20 August 2020 |publisher=Time Out |language=en}}</ref> == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga pambansang lutuin]] [[Kategorya:Lutuin]] c6pozdhbw0uppfrdupttuq8xnwmp99j 0 327960 2204382 2173181 2026-04-23T07:44:29Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple issues| {{MOS|date=Marso 2024}} {{cleanup|date=Marso 2024|reason=Kailangan ayusin ang pagkakasulat at balarila. Kailangan din isalin ang mga banyagang salita.}} }} {{Infobox person/Wikidata}} Si '''Yaroslav I Vladimirovich''' (c. 978–20 Pebrero 1054), <ref>''Olafr svænski gifti siðan Ingigierði dottor sina Iarizleifi kononge syni Valldamars konongs i Holmgarðe'' (''[[Fagrskinna]]'' ch. 27). Also known as Jarisleif I. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=bCTVLNFK4w4C&q=%22king+jarisleif+and+his+queen+ingegerd%22 Google books]</ref> na mas kilala bilang '''Yaroslav na Matalino'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revising Kyivan Rus' for the Twenty-First Century. Christian Raffensperger and Olenka Pevny |first=Christian |last1=Raffensperger |first2=Olenka |last2=Pevny |work=PostgraduateKMA |date=1 June 2021 |access-date=13 March 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekGIDYNdDu8&t=4393s&ab_channel=PostgraduateKMA}} {{rp|at=1:13:10}}</ref>, ay Grand Prince ng Kiev mula 1019 hanggang sa kanyang kamatayan noong 1054. Siya rin ay naunang Prinsipe ng Novgorod mula 1010 hanggang 1034 at Prinsipe ng Rostov mula 987 hanggang 1010, pinag-iisa ang mga pamunuan sa isang panahon. Ang pangalan ng binyag ni Yaroslav ay George pagkatapos ng Saint George.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/652106/Yaroslav-I |title=Yaroslav I (prince of Kiev) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2012-04-07}}</ref> Bilang Grand Prince ng Kiev, nakatuon si Yaroslav sa patakarang panlabas, na bumubuo ng mga alyansa sa mga bansang Scandinavia at nagpapahina sa impluwensya ng Byzantine sa Kiev. Matagumpay niyang nakuha ang lugar sa paligid ng kasalukuyang Tartu, Estonia, na nagtatag ng kuta ng Yuryev, at pinilit ang mga kalapit na rehiyon na magbigay pugay. Ipinagtanggol din ni Yaroslav ang kanyang estado laban sa mga nomadic na tribo tulad ng Pechenegs sa pamamagitan ng pagtatayo ng isang linya ng mga kuta. Siya ay isang patron ng kulturang pampanitikan, na nag-sponsor ng pagtatayo ng Saint Sophia Cathedral noong 1037 at nagtataguyod ng unang gawain ng Old East Slavic literature ni Hilarion ng Kiev. Ikinasal si Yaroslav kay Ingegerd Olofsdotter noong 1019 at nagkaroon ng ilang anak na ikinasal sa mga dayuhang maharlikang pamilya. Ang kanyang mga anak mula sa kanyang ikalawang kasal ay nagpatuloy upang mamuno sa iba't ibang bahagi ng [[Kievan Rus']]. Si Yaroslav ay kilala sa pagtataguyod ng pagkakaisa sa kanyang mga anak at pagbibigay-diin sa kahalagahan ng pamumuhay sa kapayapaan. Pagkatapos ng kanyang kamatayan, inilagay ang kanyang katawan sa isang sarcophagus sa loob ng Saint Sophia's Cathedral, ngunit kalaunan ay nawala o ninakaw ang kanyang mga labi. Kasama sa pamana ni Yaroslav ang pagtatatag ng ilang bayan at pagkakaroon ng maraming monumento at institusyon na ipinangalan sa kanya. == Pag-akyat sa trono == [[Talaksan:Yaroslav_I_of_Russia_(Granovitaya_palata,_1881-2).jpg|thumb| Isang paglalarawan ni Yaroslav the Wise mula sa Granovitaya Palata .]] Ang mga unang taon ng buhay ni Yaroslav ay halos hindi kilala. Isa siya sa maraming anak ni Vladimir the Great, marahil ang pangalawa niya kay Rogneda ng Polotsk, <ref>''Yaroslav the Wise in Norse Tradition'', Samuel Hazzard Cross, '''Speculum''', Vol. 4, No. 2 (Apr., 1929), 177.</ref> bagaman ang kanyang aktwal na edad (tulad ng nakasaad sa Primary Chronicle at pinatunayan ng pagsusuri sa kanyang balangkas noong 1930s) ay maglalagay sa kanya sa mga bunsong anak. ng Vladimir. Iminungkahi na siya ay isang anak na ipinanganak sa labas ng kasal pagkatapos ng diborsyo ni Vladimir kay Rogneda at kasal kay Anna Porphyrogenita, o kahit na siya ay anak ni Anna Porphyrogenita mismo. Ang Pranses na mananalaysay na si Jean-Pierre Arrignon ay nangangatuwiran na siya nga ay anak ni Anna, dahil ito ang magpapaliwanag sa kanyang pakikialam sa mga gawaing Byzantine noong 1043. Higit pa rito, ang pagiging ina ni Yaroslav ni Rogneda ng Polotsk ay kinuwestiyon ni Mykola Kostomarov noong ika-19 na siglo. Kilalang-kilala si Yaroslav sa mga alamat ng Norse sa ilalim ng pangalang Jarisleif the Lame; ang kanyang maalamat na pagkapilay (marahil ay nagreresulta mula sa isang sugat sa palaso) ay pinatunayan ng mga siyentipiko na nagsuri sa kanyang mga labi. [kailangan ng pagsipi] Sa kanyang kabataan, si Yaroslav ay ipinadala ng kanyang ama upang mamuno sa hilagang lupain sa paligid ng Rostov. Inilipat siya sa Veliky Novgorod, bilang nararapat sa isang senior na tagapagmana ng trono, noong 1010. Habang naninirahan doon, itinatag niya ang bayan ng Yaroslavl (sa literal, "Yaroslav's") sa Volga River. Ang kanyang mga relasyon sa kanyang ama ay tila nahirapan, at lumala lamang sa balita na ipinamana ni Vladimir ang trono ng Kievan sa kanyang nakababatang anak na lalaki, si Boris. Noong 1014, tumanggi si Yaroslav na magbigay pugay sa Kiev at ang pagkamatay lamang ni Vladimir, noong Hulyo 1015, ay pumigil sa isang digmaan. Sa sumunod na apat na taon, naglunsad si Yaroslav ng isang masalimuot at madugong digmaan para sa Kiev laban sa kanyang kapatid sa ama na si Sviatopolk I ng Kiev, na suportado ng kanyang biyenan, si Duke Bolesław I ang Matapang (Hari ng Poland mula 1025). Sa panahon ng pakikibaka na ito, maraming iba pang mga kapatid (Boris, Gleb, at Svyatoslav) ang brutal na pinaslang. Inakusahan ng Primary Chronicle si Sviatopolk na nagpaplano ng mga pagpatay na iyon. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-10-07|title=Princes Boris and Gleb|url=http://www.roca.org/OA/76-77/76s.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007191902/http://www.roca.org/OA/76-77/76s.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-10-07|access-date=2020-06-12}}</ref> Ang alamat na Eymundar þáttr hrings ay madalas na binibigyang kahulugan bilang pagsasalaysay ng kuwento ng pagpaslang kay Boris ng mga Varangian sa paglilingkod kay Yaroslav. Gayunpaman, ang pangalan ng biktima ay ibinigay doon bilang Burizaf, na isa ring pangalan ng Boleslaus I sa Scandinavian sources. Kaya posible na ang Saga ay nagsasabi sa kuwento ng pakikibaka ni Yaroslav laban kay Sviatopolk (na ang mga tropa ay inutusan ng duke ng Poland), at hindi laban kay Boris. [kailangan ng pagsipi] Tinalo ni Yaroslav si Sviatopolk sa kanilang unang labanan, noong 1016, at tumakas si Sviatopolk sa Poland. Bumalik si Sviatopolk noong 1018 kasama ang mga tropang Polish na inayos ng kanyang biyenan, sinakop ang Kiev, at itinulak si Yaroslav pabalik sa Novgorod. Nanaig si Yaroslav kay Sviatopolk, at noong 1019 ay matatag na itinatag ang kanyang pamamahala sa Kiev. Ang isa sa kanyang mga unang aksyon bilang isang dakilang prinsipe ay upang ibigay ang tapat na mga Novgorodian, na tumulong sa kanya upang makuha ang trono ng Kievan, maraming kalayaan at pribilehiyo. Kaya, ang pundasyon ng Novgorod Republic ay inilatag. Sa kanilang bahagi, iginagalang ng mga Novgorodian si Yaroslav nang higit kaysa sa iba pang mga prinsipe ng Kievan; at ang pangunahing tirahan sa kanilang lungsod, sa tabi ng palengke (at kung saan madalas na nagpupulong ang veche) ay pinangalanang Hukuman ni Yaroslav ayon sa kanya. Marahil sa panahong ito ay ipinahayag ni Yaroslav ang unang code ng mga batas sa mga lupain ng East Slavs, ang Russkaya Pravda. == Paghahari == === Labanan sa kapangyarihan sa pagitan ng magkakapatid === Isinasantabi ang pagiging lehitimo ng mga pag-angkin ni Yaroslav sa trono ng Kievan at ang kanyang ipinalalagay na pagkakasala sa pagpatay sa kanyang mga kapatid, si [[Nestor ang Kronista]] at kalaunan ay madalas na ipinakita sa kanya ng mga istoryador ng Russia bilang isang modelo ng kabutihan, na nag-istilo sa kanya bilang "ang Wise". [kailangan ng banggit] Ang isang hindi gaanong kaakit-akit na bahagi ng kanyang personalidad ay ipinahayag sa pamamagitan ng kanyang pagkakulong sa kanyang bunsong kapatid na si Sudislav habang buhay. Bilang tugon, ang isa pang kapatid na lalaki, si Mstislav ng Chernigov, na ang malayong kaharian ay hangganan ng North Caucasus at ang Black Sea, ay nagmadali sa Kiev. Sa kabila ng mga reinforcements na pinamunuan ng bayaw ni Yaroslav na si Hari Anund Jacob ng Sweden (bilang Yakun - "bulag at nakasuot ng gintong suit" o "gwapo at nakasuot ng gintong suit") Mstislav ay nagdulot ng matinding pagkatalo kay Yaroslav noong 1024. Yaroslav at pagkatapos ay hinati ni Mstislav ang Kievan Rus' sa pagitan nila: ang lugar na nakaunat sa silangan mula sa Dnieper River, kasama ang kabisera sa Chernigov, ay ibinigay kay Mstislav hanggang sa kanyang kamatayan noong 1036. === Mga kaalyado sa baybayin ng Baltic === Sa kanyang patakarang panlabas, umasa si Yaroslav sa isang alyansa ng Scandinavian at sinubukang pahinain ang impluwensya ng Byzantine sa Kiev. Ayon kay Heimskringla, si Olaf the Swede ay nakipag-alyansa kay Yaroslav, kahit na ang alyansa ay hindi nagustuhan sa Sweden, upang magdeklara ng digmaan laban kay Olaf II ng Norway. Ito ay tinatakan noong 1019 nang pinakasalan ni Haring Olof ng Sweden ang kanyang anak kay Yaroslav sa halip na ang haring Norwegian. Nagdulot iyon ng mga protesta sa Sweden dahil gusto ng mga Swedes na ibalik ang kontrol sa kanilang mga nawalang teritoryo sa silangan at magdala ng parangal mula kay Kievan Rus', tulad ng ginawa ng kanyang ama na si Eric the Victorious, ngunit pagkatapos ng mga taon ng digmaan laban sa Norway, wala nang kapangyarihan ang Sweden na mangolekta ng mga regular na pagkilala mula sa Kievan Rus', ayon kay Heimskringla. Noong 1022, pinatalsik si Olaf at pinilit na bigyan ng kapangyarihan ang kanyang anak na si Anund Jakob. Matapang niyang ipinagtanggol ang mga bansa sa Silangan mula sa mga mananakop, na tinitiyak ang mga interes ng militar ng Sweden. Sa isang matagumpay na pagsalakay ng militar noong 1030, nakuha niya ang Tartu, Estonia at pinangalanan itong Yuryev <ref>{{cite book|last1=Tvauri|first1=Andres|title=The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia|date=2012|pages=33, 59, 60|url=https://www.etis.ee/Portal/Publications/Display/b80b6f11-43ed-4b8c-b616-48ac53b70ec5?language=ENG|access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> (pinangalanan pagkatapos ng Yury, ang patron saint ni Yaroslav) at pinilit ang nakapalibot na County ng Ugandi na magbayad ng taunang pagkilala. Noong 1031, nasakop niya ang mga lungsod ng Cherven mula sa mga Polo na sinundan ng pagtatayo ng Sutiejsk upang bantayan ang mga bagong nakuhang lupain. Noong c.1034 si Yaroslav ay nagtapos ng isang alyansa sa Polish na si Haring Casimir I na Tagapagbalik, na tinatakan ng kasal ng huli sa kapatid ni Yaroslav, si Maria. Ang panganay na anak ni Yaroslav, si Vladimir, ay namuno sa Novgorod mula 1034 at pinangangasiwaan ang mga relasyon sa hilaga. Nang maglaon sa paghahari ni Yaroslav, mga c.1035, si Ingvar the Far-Travelled, Anund Jakob's jarl, ay nagpadala ng mga sundalong Swedish sa Kievan Rus dahil sa anak ni Olof na gustong tumulong sa kaalyado ng kanyang ama na si Yaroslav sa kanyang mga digmaan laban sa Pechenegs at Byzantines. Nang maglaon, noong c.1041 sinubukan ni Anund Jakob na muling itatag ang kontrol ng Swedish sa mga ruta ng kalakalan sa Silangan at muling buksan ang mga ito. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://viking-nevo.narod.ru/eng/expeditions/2004-vittfarne.html|title=Vittfarne expedition - Viking-Nevo}}</ref> Ang Georgian annals ay nag-uulat ng 1000 lalaki na papasok sa Georgia ngunit ang orihinal na puwersa ay malamang na mas malaki, humigit-kumulang 3,000 lalaki. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.georgianjournal.ge/discover-georgia/29710-vikings-in-georgia.html|title = Vikings… in Georgia?}}</ref> Ang kapalaran ni Ingvar ay hindi alam, ngunit malamang na siya ay nahuli sa labanan sa panahon ng mga kampanyang Byzantine o napatay, diumano noong 1041. Isang barko lamang ang bumalik sa Sweden, ayon sa alamat. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snerpa.is/net/forn/yngvar.htm|title=Yngvars saga víðförla|access-date=2024-03-24|archive-date=2025-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522123745/https://www.snerpa.is/net/forn/yngvar.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kampanya laban sa Byzantium === Iniharap ni Yaroslav ang kanyang pangalawang direktang hamon sa Constantinople noong 1043, nang ang isang flotilla ng Rus na pinamumunuan ng isa sa kanyang mga anak ay lumitaw malapit sa Constantinople at humingi ng pera, na nagbabanta na aatakehin ang lungsod kung hindi man. Anuman ang dahilan, tumanggi ang mga Griyego na magbayad at mas piniling lumaban. Natalo ng Rus' flotilla ang Byzantine fleet ngunit halos nawasak ng bagyo at bumalik sa Kiev na walang dala. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Plokhy |title=The gates of Europe : a history of Ukraine |date=December 2015 |isbn=978-0-465-05091-8 |pages=37–38|publisher=Basic Books }}</ref> [[Talaksan:Daughters_of_Yaroslav_the_Wise.jpg|right|thumb| 11th-century fresco ng [[Katedral ng Santa Sofia, Kyiv|Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kiev]], na kumakatawan sa mga anak na babae ni Yaroslav I, kung saan malamang si Anne ang bunso. Ang iba pang mga anak na babae ay sina Anastasia, asawa ni Andrew I ng Hungary ; Elizabeth, asawa ni [[Harald III ng Noruwega|Harald Hardrada]] ; at posibleng si Agatha, asawa ni Edward the Exile .]] === Pagprotekta sa mga naninirahan sa Dnieper mula sa Pechenegs === Upang ipagtanggol ang kanyang estado mula sa mga Pecheneg at iba pang mga nomadic na tribo na nagbabanta dito mula sa timog, nagtayo siya ng isang linya ng mga kuta, na binubuo ng Yuriev, Bohuslav, Kaniv, Korsun, at Pereyaslavl. Upang ipagdiwang ang kanyang mapagpasyang tagumpay laban sa Pechenegs noong 1036, na pagkatapos noon ay hindi naging banta sa Kiev, itinaguyod niya ang pagtatayo ng Saint Sophia Cathedral noong 1037. <ref>{{Citation | title=Saint Sophia's Cathedral: Sarcophagus of Prince Yaroslav the Wise | url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/sarcophagus-of-prince-yaroslav-the-wise-at-saint-sophias-cathedral |website=Atlas Obscura | access-date=10 December 2022}} </ref> Noong 1037, itinayo ang mga monasteryo ng Saint George at Saint Irene, na pinangalanan sa mga patron santo ni Yaroslav at ng kanyang asawa. Ang ilang nabanggit at iba pang mga bantog na monumento ng kanyang paghahari tulad ng Golden Gate ng Kiev ay nawasak sa panahon ng pagsalakay ng Mongol sa Rus', ngunit kalaunan ay naibalik. === Pagtatatag ng batas === Si Yaroslav ay isang kilalang patron ng kultura at pag-aaral ng panitikan. Noong 1051, mayroon siyang isang Slavic na monghe, si Hilarion ng Kiev, na nagpahayag ng metropolitan na obispo ng Kiev, kaya hinahamon ang tradisyon ng Byzantine ng paglalagay ng mga Griyego sa mga episcopal seees. Ang diskurso ni Hilarion kay Yaroslav at sa kanyang ama na si Vladimir ay madalas na binabanggit bilang ang unang akda ng panitikang Old East Slavic. == Buhay ng pamilya at angkan == Noong 1019, pinakasalan ni Yaroslav si Ingegerd Olofsdotter, anak ni Olof Skötkonung, ang hari ng Sweden. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Winroth |first=Anders |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919479468 |title=The age of the Vikings |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-691-16929-3 |location=Princeton |pages=50 |oclc=919479468}}</ref><ref name="Cross181"> Ibinigay niya sa kanya si Ladoga bilang regalo sa kasal. Ang Saint Sophia's Cathedral sa Kiev ay mayroong fresco na kumakatawan sa buong pamilya: Yaroslav, Irene (bilang Ingegerd ay kilala sa Rus'), kanilang apat na anak na babae at anim na anak na lalaki. Si Yaroslav ay may hindi bababa sa tatlo sa kanyang mga anak na babae na ikinasal sa mga dayuhang prinsipe na nanirahan sa pagkatapon sa kanyang korte: * Elisiv ng Kiev kay Harald Hardrada (na nakamit ang kanyang kamay sa pamamagitan ng kanyang mga pagsasamantalang militar sa Byzantine Empire); * Anastasia ng Kiev sa hinaharap na Andrew I ng Hungary; * Si Anne ng Kiev ay nagpakasal kay Henry I ng France at naging regent ng France noong minorya ng kanilang anak (siya ang pinakamamahal na anak na babae ni Yaroslav the Wise); * (posibleng) Agatha, asawa ni Edward the Exile, ng royal family ng England, ang ina ni Edgar the Ætheling at Saint Margaret ng Scotland. [[Talaksan:Отъезд_княжны_Анны_Ярославны.jpg|thumb| Anne ng Kiev]] Si Yaroslav ay may isang anak na lalaki mula sa unang kasal (ang kanyang Kristiyanong pangalan ay Ilya (?–1020)), at anim na anak na lalaki mula sa pangalawang kasal. Dahil sa pag-unawa sa panganib na maaaring dulot ng pagkakabaha-bahagi sa pagitan ng magkapatid, hinimok niya silang mamuhay nang payapa sa isa't isa. Ang pinakamatanda sa mga ito, si Vladimir ng Novgorod, ang pinakamahusay na naaalala para sa pagtatayo ng Katedral ng St. Sophia, Novgorod, ay nauna sa kanyang ama. Pinalitan ni Vladimir si Yaroslav bilang prinsipe ng Novgorod noong 1034. <ref name="martin">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Janet |title=Medieval Russia, 980-1584. |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521859165 |pages=50 |edition=2nd}}</ref> Tatlong iba pang anak na lalaki—sina Iziaslav I, Sviatoslav II, at Vsevolod I—ay sunod-sunod na naghari sa Kiev. Ang mga bunsong anak ni Yaroslav ay sina Igor Yaroslavich (1036–1060) ng Volhynia at Vyacheslav Yaroslavich (1036–1057) ng Principality of Smolensk. Halos walang impormasyon tungkol kay Vyacheslav. Ang ilang mga dokumento ay nagpapahiwatig ng katotohanan ng pagkakaroon niya ng isang anak na lalaki, si Boris Vyacheslavich, na hinamon ang Vsevolod I noong 1077–1078. == Libingan == [[Talaksan:Tomb_of_Yaroslav_I_the_Wise_drawing.jpg|thumb| Ang sarcophagus ni Yaroslav the Wise.]] Kasunod ng kanyang kamatayan, ang katawan ni Yaroslav the Wise ay inilibing sa isang puting marmol na sarcophagus sa loob ng Saint Sophia's Cathedral. Noong 1936, binuksan ang sarcophagus at natagpuang naglalaman ng mga labi ng kalansay ng dalawang indibidwal, isang lalaki at isang babae. Ang lalaki ay determinado na maging Yaroslav. Ang pagkakakilanlan ng babae ay hindi kailanman naitatag. Ang sarcophagus ay muling binuksan noong 1939 at ang mga labi ay inalis para sa pagsasaliksik, na hindi naidokumento bilang ibinalik hanggang 1964.<ref name="istpravda.com.ua">{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2013/09/30/137267/|title=Таємниці саркофагу Ярослава Мудрого|website=istpravda.com.ua|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":gates1">{{cite book | vauthors=((Plokhy, S.)) | date=30 May 2017 | title=The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine | publisher=Basic Books | chapter=Chapter 5: Keys to Kyiv}} </ref> Noong 2009, ang sarcophagus ay binuksan at nakakagulat na natagpuan na naglalaman lamang ng isang balangkas, iyon ng isang babae. Tila ang mga dokumento na nagdedetalye ng 1964 reinterment ng mga labi ay huwad para itago ang katotohanan na ang mga labi ni Yaroslav ay nawala. Ang kasunod na pagtatanong sa mga indibidwal na kasangkot sa pagsasaliksik at muling pagkulong ng mga labi ay tila tumutukoy sa ideya na ang mga labi ni Yaroslav ay sadyang itinago bago ang pananakop ng mga Aleman sa Ukraine at pagkatapos ay tuluyang nawala o ninakaw at dinala sa Estados Unidos, kung saan maraming sinaunang relihiyon. Ang mga artifact ay inilagay upang maiwasan ang "maltrato" ng mga komunista. == Legasiya == Apat na bayan sa apat na bansa ang ipinangalan kay Yaroslav, tatlo sa mga ito ay itinatag din niya: Yaroslavl (sa Russia ngayon), Jarosław sa Poland, Yuryev (ngayon Bila Tserkva, Ukraine), at isa pang Yuryev kapalit ng nasakop na Tarbatu (ngayon ay Tartu) sa pagitan 1030 at 1061 sa Estonia. Kasunod ng kaugaliang Ruso sa pagbibigay ng pangalan sa mga bagay na militar tulad ng mga tangke at eroplano ayon sa mga makasaysayang numero, ang helmet na isinusuot ng maraming sundalong Ruso noong Digmaang Crimean ay tinawag na "Helmet of Yaroslav the Wise". Ito ang kauna-unahang pointed helmet na ginamit ng modernong hukbo, bago pa man magsuot ng pointed helmet ang mga tropang Aleman. Noong 2008, nauna si Yaroslav (na may 40% ng mga boto) sa kanilang pagraranggo ng "aming pinakadakilang mga kababayan" ng mga manonood ng palabas sa TV na Velyki Ukraintsi. Pagkatapos, sinabi ng isa sa mga producer ng The Greatest Ukrainians na nanalo lamang si Yaroslav dahil sa manipulasyon ng boto at na (kung napigilan iyon) ang tunay na unang puwesto ay iginawad kay Stepan Bandera.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7436265.stm BBC dragged into Ukraine TV furore], [[BBC News]] (5 June 2008)</ref> Noong 2003, isang monumento kay Yaroslav the Wise ang itinayo sa Kyiv, Ukraine. Ang mga tagalikha ng monumento ay sina Boris Krylov at Oles Sydoruk. Mayroon ding Yaroslavska Street sa Kiev, at may iba't ibang kalye na ipinangalan sa kanya sa mga lungsod sa buong Ukraine. Ang Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University sa Kharkiv ay ipinangalan sa kanya. Ang Iron Lord ay isang tampok na pelikula noong 2010 batay sa maagang buhay ni Yaroslav bilang isang prinsipe ng rehiyon sa hangganan. Noong Disyembre 12, 2022, sa Araw ng Konstitusyon ng Russian Federation, isang monumento kay Yaroslav the Wise ang ipinakita sa site malapit sa Novgorod Technical School. Ang may-akda ng monumento ay iskultor Sergey Gaev.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/16570359|title=В Великом Новгороде открыли памятник Ярославу Мудрому|website=tass.ru|date=2022-12-12}}</ref> <gallery> Talaksan:Banknote_1000_rubles_2010_front.jpg|alt=Yaroslav's monument in Yaroslavl as depicted on the ₽1000 banknote|Ang monumento ni Yaroslav sa[[Yaroslavl]]<nowiki/>gaya ng in simpleng sa[[Rublo ng Rusya|₽1000 banknote]] Talaksan:2_hryvnia_2005_front.jpg|alt=The ₴2 banknote with a portrait of Yaroslav the Wise.|Ang[[Grivna ng Ukranya|₴2 banknote]]<nowiki/>na may larawan ni Yaroslav the Wise. Talaksan:Yaroslavrock.jpg|alt=Yaroslav's Rock.|Ang Bato ni Yaroslav. Talaksan:Mudryj-5.jpg|alt=The Ukrainian Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise.|Ang UkrainianOrder ni Prince Yaroslav the Wise. Talaksan:2_hryvnia_coin_of_Ukraine,_2018_(reverse).jpg|alt=Reverse of the two hryvnia coin, Ukraine, 2018|Baliktad ng dalawang hryvnia coin, Ukraine, 2018 Talaksan:Пам'ятник_Ярославу_Мудрому_у_м.Харкові.JPG|alt=Monument to Yaroslav the Wise in Kharkiv|Monumento kay Yaroslav the Wise saKharkiv Talaksan:Пам'ятник_Ярославу_Мудрому_IMG_20191122_123907.jpg|alt=Monument to Yaroslav the Wise in the city of Bila Tserkva|Monumento kay Yaroslav the Wise sa lungsod ngBila Tserkva </gallery> == Pagpupuri ==  Si Yaroslav ay pinakaunang pinangalanang santo ni Adam ng Bremen sa kanyang "Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church" noong 1075, ngunit hindi siya pormal na na-canonized. [kailangan ng banggit] Noong 9 Marso 2004, sa kanyang ika-950 na anibersaryo ng kamatayan ay isinama siya sa kalendaryo ng mga santo ng Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate). [kailangan ng banggit] Noong 8 Disyembre 2005, idinagdag ni Patriarch Alexy II ng Moscow ang kanyang pangalan sa Menologium bilang isang lokal na santo. Noong 3 Pebrero 2016, ang Konseho ng mga Obispo ng Russian Orthodox Church na ginanap sa Moscow ay nagtatag ng pagsamba sa buong simbahan kay Yaroslav bilang isang lokal na santo.{{Notelist}} == Mga Sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [http://akafistnik.ru/akafisty-russkim-svyatym/akafist-svyatomu-blagovernomu-knyazyu-yaroslavu-mudromu/ Akathist kay Saint Yaroslav] * [https://www.wsj.com/story/yaroslav-the-wises-contested-legacy-a-visual-timeline-fddf1a79 Yaroslav the Wise's Contested Legacy, A Visual Timeline] ; Wall Street Journal. Nakuha noong Disyembre 10, 2022. {{Start box}} {{s-hou|[[Rurikids|Rurik]]||978||1054||Yaroslav I Vladimirich|name=Yaroslav I the Wise}} {{s-reg}} {{s-new}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Rostov]]|years=996–1010}} {{S-aft}} {{S-bef}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Novgorod]]|years=1010–1034}} {{S-aft}} {{S-bef}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1019–1054}} {{S-aft}} {{s-end}}{{National symbols of Ukraine}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategorya:Mga santo ng Silangang Ortodokso]] [[Kategorya:Ipinanganak noong Dekada 970]] [[Kategorya:Mga pinagmulan sa wikang Ruso ng CS1 (ru)]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulong naglalaman ng teksto sa wikang Ukranyo]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulong naglalaman ng teksto sa wikang Ruso]] 79ccuhrqqy4mz1m8ljr0tdcsiyrnemo 0 330679 2204218 2146291 2026-04-22T13:31:28Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monument | name = Pang-alaalang Bantayog ng Yolanda | native_name = | location = Sagkahan, [[Tacloban]], [[Leyte]] | type = Plake | material = Bakal | open = Nobyembre 8, 2015 | dedicated_to = Para sa mga nasawi sa Super Bagyong Yolanda }} Ang '''Pang-alaalang Bantayog ng Yolanda''' o mas kilala sa katawagang Ingles na '''Yolanda Memorial Monument''' ay isang bantayog sa Sagkahan, [[Lungsod ng Tacloban]], [[Pilipinas]] na itinayo para alalahanin ang mga biktima ng [[Super Bagyong Yolanda]], na ang pinakamalakas na bagyong tumama sa Pilipinas. Unang binuksan sa publiko ang bantayog noong Nobyembre 8, 2015, ang ikalawang anibersaryo ng pagsalanta ng bagyong Yolanda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Desacada |first=Miriam Garcia |title=Memorial markers unveiled in Tacloban |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/11/08/1519967/memorial-markers-unveiled-tacloban |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Philstar.com |language=en}}</ref> Kasama itong binuksan ng [[Liwasang Barkong Eva Jocelyn]] (o Dambanang Yolanda),<ref name=":0" /> isang monumentong barko itinayo din para sa mga biktima ng Yolanda. Dito madalas ganapin ang mga aktibidad ng pag-alaala sa mga namatay sa bagyong Yolanda tulad ng programang pang-alaala at [[misa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Master |first=Web |date=2018-11-05 |title=Mayor Romualdez leads ‘Yolanda’ commemoration |url=https://www.leytesamardailynews.com/mayor-romualdez-leads-yolanda-commemoration/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Leyte Samar Daily News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Flores |first=Helen |title=Marcos: Fast-track relocation of Yolanda survivors |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/11/09/2310016/marcos-fast-track-relocation-yolanda-survivors |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Philstar.com |language=en}}</ref> Gayundin, pumupunta dito ang mga kaanak ng mga naging biktima para alalahanin sila. Bukod dun, naging isang [[Turismo|panturistang]] lugar ito.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Go |first=Miriam Grace |date=2017-06-24 |title=Yolanda Museum to rise in Tacloban 4 years after deadly typhoon |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/173808-yolanda-museum-tacloban-leyte/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=RAPPLER |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Lokasyon at deskripsyon ng istraktura== Matatagpuan ang Pang-alaalang Bantayog ng Yolanda sa distrito ng Sagkahan sa tabi ng Astrodome na dating tinatawag na Tacloban Convention Center (Sentrong Kumbensyon ng Tacloban). Ang Astrodome (o Astrodomo) ay naging kanlungan ng mga 8,000 nasalanta ng Super Bagyong Yolanda at nakaligtas lahat ang mga narito noong panahong iyon. Ang aktuwal na bantayog ay isang plake na binubuo ng mga mahabang piraso ng bakal na paikot-ikot na pinatong ang bawat isa at tila hugis bote kapag tiningnan ng kabuuan. Nakausli ang bakal sa taas nito at makikita sa loob ang hugis globo na istraktura na yari din sa piraso ng mga bakal na pinagdugtong-dugtong. Pinapalibutan ang plake ng mga [[lilok]] na kinakatawan ang pamayanang tumulong sa pagbangon mula sa pagsalanta ng bagyong Yolanda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-24 |title=‘Yolanda’ Museum eyed in Tacloban |url=https://ptvnews.ph/yolanda-museum-eyed-in-tacloban/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=ptvnews.ph }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sinisimbolo sa pangkalahatan ang bantayog ng lakas at tatag ng [[mga Pilipino]] sa kabila ng hirap at sakuna, gayundin, sinasagisag ng bantayog ang pag-asa at pag-alaala at pagbibigay parangal sa buhay nawala noong nalanta ang super bagyo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-24 |title=Yolanda Memorial Monument Leyte – A Tribute |url=https://pinaywise.com/philippines-travel/leyte-island/leyte-tourist-spot/yolanda-memorial-monument-leyte-a-tribute/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Pinay Wise |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Matatagpuan din sa bantayog ang tala ng mga naging biktima ng bagyong Yolanda. Nasa tabi ng Astrodome ang isang [[liwasan]] at palaruan na tinatawag na Astrodome Park and Playground (Liwasan at Palaruan ng Astrodomo). Isinayos ang liwasan at palaruan ng World Vision sa kooperasyon ng Pamahalaang Lokal ng Tacloban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-09 |title=My 2018: A Tour around my town: Yolanda Memorial Monument Tacloban City, Philippines |url=https://steemit.com/my2018/@marylizacaindoy/my-2018-a-tour-around-my-town-yolanda-memorial-monument-tacloban-city-philippines |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Steemit |language=en}}</ref> ==Tingnan rin== * [[Liwasang Barkong Eva Jocelyn]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Super Bagyong Yolanda]] [[Kategorya:Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga liwasan sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Leyte]] [[Kategorya:Bantayog]] hijlg4nvyin4nei87nbn2kkd2kq2pso 0 332266 2204444 2143763 2026-04-23T09:30:01Z Dren-Kinoa 161132 2204444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox radio station | name = Star FM Manila | callsign = DWSM | logo = | logo_size = 175px | caption = | city = [[Pasig]] | area = [[Malawakang Maynila]] at mga karatig na lugar | branding = 102.7 Star FM | airdate = 1978 | frequency = 102.7 MHz | format = [[:en:Middle of the road (music)|Contemporary MOR]], [[Original Pilipino Music|OPM]], [[News]] | language = [[Filipino language|Filipino]] | licensing_authority = [[National Telecommunications Commission (Philippines)|NTC]] | power = 25,000 watts | erp = 50,000 watts | class = C, D, E | callsign_meaning = '''S'''tar FM '''M'''anila | former_callsigns = DWXB (1978–1987) | former_names = {{ubl|Magic Disco 102 (1978–1982)|Cute 102 (1982–1983)|WXB 102 (1983-June 9, 1987)|102.7 WSM (1987-March 30, 1994)}} | sister_stations = | network = Star FM | owner = [[Bombo Radyo Philippines]] | licensee = People's Broadcasting Service, Inc. | webcast = [http://www.bomboradyo.com/starfmmanila/ Listen Live] | website = [http://www.bomboradyo.com/starfmmanila/ Star FM Manila] }} Ang '''DWSM''' (102.7 [[:en:FM broadcasting|FM]]), sumasahimpapawid bilang '''102.7 Star FM''', ay isang himpilan ng radyo na pagmamay-ari at pinamamahala ng [[Bombo Radyo Philippines]] sa pamamagitan ng People's Broadcasting Service bilang tagahawak ng lisensya. Ang estudyo at transmiter nito ay matatagpuan sa Unit D, ika-18 palapag, Strata 2000, F. Ortigas Jr. Ave., Ortigas Center, [[Pasig]].<ref>{{Citation |title=TABLE 20.7a |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2011PY_Communications.pdf |work=2011 Philippine Yearbook |pages=18–45 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |access-date=March 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 9, 2021 |title=2021 NTC FM Stations via FOI website |url=https://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/cLfbJ5Nsk8ckvPn0xeaDMVL7wXs3JDsDLufMrtHblpm8Kh9Knt7J6cjO5aonhbyMMO8asgwVgqcdXukTN5El29uyBxMYCfu4Pxr3/FM%20Listing.pdf |website=foi.gov.ph}}</ref> As of Q4 2022, 102.7 Star FM is the 8th most-listened to FM radio station (at #6 among masa stations) in Metro Manila, based on a survey commissioned by Kantar Media Philippines and Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas. == Kasaysayan == === 1978–1987: WXB === Itinatag ang himpilang ito noong 1978 sa ilalim ng mga call letters na DWXB. Ito ay unang nakilala bilang '''Magic Disco 102''' na may pormat ng disco at pagmamay-ari ng [[Sangguniang Pambansa ng mga Simbahan sa Pilipinas|National Council of Churches in the Philippines]], na may mga studio na matatagpuan sa [[Pamantasang Kristiyano ng Pilipinas|Philippine Christian University]] sa kahabaan ng [[Abenida Taft|Taft Avenue]], [[Maynila|Manila]] . Noong 1982, ang DWXB ay nakuha ng Universal Broadcasting Network at na-rebranded bilang '''Cute 102''' na may Top 40 na format. Inilipat ito sa Donada St. malapit sa Rizal Memorial Coliseum sa lungsod ng [[Pasay]] . Noong 1983, nagbago in ng pangalan at naging '''WXB 102''' at nagdagdag ng New Wave na musika sa playlist nito. Ito ay noong 1985 nang ito ay naging ganap na istasyon ng New Wave. Nakatulong ito sa maraming rock artist tulad ng [[The Dawn]], Identity Crisis, at Violent Playground. Saglit itong nakipagkumpitensya sa isa pang istasyon ng New Wave, ang Power 105 BM FM (na kilala ngayon bilang [[DWBM|105.1 Brigada News FM Manila]] ). Sa kabila ng isang senyales ng isang minuscule na 1 kilowatt, nakakuha ito ng isang kulto na sumusunod. Tumigil sa pag-ere ang istasyon noong Hunyo 9, 1987, nang simulan ng administrasyong Corazon Aquino ang pag-aari ng mga ari-arian ng kanyang hinalinhan na [[Ferdinand Marcos|si Ferdinand Marcos]] at ng kanyang mga kroni. Na-sequester ang studio ng WXB 102. Ang kahalili ng WXB 102, ang NU 107, na pag-aari ng Progressive Broadcasting Corporation, ay nagsimulang umere noong Oktubre 31, 1987.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Deona |first=Marga |date=September 30, 2013 |title=The resilience of PH FM radio |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/40213-philippine-fm-radio/ |work=Rappler |access-date=October 29, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sulat |first=Bert Jr.|date=April 29, 2013 |title=Modern English, The Alarm wow new wave fans |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/27786-modern-english-the-alarm-manila-concert/ |work=Rappler |access-date=October 29, 2023}}</ref> === 1987–1994: The Gentle Wind === Nakuha [[Bombo Radyo Philippines|ng Bombo Radyo Philippines]] ang istasyon, pinalitan ang mga call letter nito sa DWSM at muling binansagan ito bilang '''102.7 WSM''' The Gentle Wind. Ang kapangyarihan ng transmitter nito ay tumaas nang husto sa 25 kilowatts. Noong panahong iyon, ang kanilang mga studio at transmitter ay matatagpuan sa gusali ng Philippine Communications Center (PHILCOMCEN) (ngayon ay sinira noong 2015) sa Pasig. Kasabay nito, sinimulan ng istasyon ang programming na may madaling pormat ng pakikinig. Nawala ito sa ere noong Marso 30, 1994. === 1994–kasalukuyan: Star FM === Binago ng Bombo Radyo Network ang istasyon bilang 102.7 Star FM noong Abril 22, 1994. Sinimulan ng istasyon ang usong "masa" sa mga istasyon ng FM. Bukod sa musika, kasama sa bagong format ang Bombo Network News tuwing Lunes hanggang Sabado (Linggo din, kapag nagbabadya ng balita, mahalagang balita, o pagbuo ng story warrant) sa umaga, tanghali, at gabi. Kasama ang mga kilalang programa noong dekadang 1990, kabilang dito ang It's All For You (sa Umaga/Hapon/Gabi), Star Sweep, Twilight Zone, at iba pa. Noong Pebrero 24, 2013, inilipat ng Star FM ang mga studio mula sa EGI Building sa Taft, [[Pasay]] sa kasalukuyang tahanan nito sa Strata 2000 sa [[Pasig]] alinsunod sa mga modernong pamantayan sa broadcast. Gayunpaman, ang kanilang operasyon ay limitado mula 24 oras sa isang araw hanggang 20 oras mula Hulyo 1, 2024. == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} {{Metro Manila Radio}} [[Kategorya:Mga himpilang panradyo sa Kalakhang Maynila]] 7xiby9l0vn2laajqnq6f8karymc0oi2 0 333762 2204383 2171984 2026-04-23T07:49:03Z ZamboniZoomer 149516 2204383 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Mt._Pulag_-_4.jpg|thumb| [[Bundok Pulag|Ang Bundok Pulag]] ay isa sa maraming [[Mga dambana at sagradong lugar ng mga katutubong Pilipino|sagradong lugar]] ng mga tagasunod ng mga katutubong relihiyon sa Pilipinas. Ang mga espiritu ng ninuno na gumagabay sa kanilang mga inapo ay pinaniniwalaang naninirahan sa buong bundok.]] Ang mga katutubong relihiyon sa Pilipinas ay mga sinaunang paniniwala at kaugalian ng iba't ibang etnikong grupo sa bansa. Karamihan sa kanila ay naniniwala sa '''animismo''', kung saan pinaniniwalaang may '''diwa''' o kaluluwa o espiritu ang lahat ng bagay mula tao, hayop, halaman, at maging ang kalikasan.<ref name="Almocera2005">Almocera, Ruel A., (2005) Popular Filipino Spiritual Beliefs with a proposed Theological Response. in Doing Theology in the Philippines. Suk, John., Ed. Mandaluyong: OMF Literature Inc. Pp 78-98</ref> <ref name="Maggay1999">Maggay, Melba Padilla (1999). Filipino Religious Consciousness. Quezon City: Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture.</ref><ref name="SitoyJr1985">{{Cite book |title=A history of Christianity in the Philippines Volume 1: The Initial Encounter |last=Sitoy |first=T. Valentino Jr. |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1985 |isbn=9711002558 |location=Quezon City, Philippines}}</ref><ref name="SoulBook1991">{{cite book |title=The Soul Book: Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion | last1 =Demetrio | first1 = Francisco R. | last2 =Cordero-Fernando | first2 = Gilda | last3 = Nakpil-Zialcita | first4 = Fernando| last4 =Feleo | first3 = Roberto B. |date= 1991 |publisher=GCF Books, Quezon City |author-link2= Gilda Cordero-Fernando| asin=B007FR4S8G}}</ref> Sa mga relihiyong ito, may dalawang pangunahing uri ng espiritu: * '''Diwata''' – ito ang tawag sa mga bathala,diyos at mga espiritu ng kalikasan. * '''Anito''' – ito naman ang mga estatwang kahoy at mga espiritu o kaluluwa ng mga yumao, lalo na ng mga ninuno. Karaniwan, ang mga kwento at aral ng mga katutubong relihiyon ay ipinapasa sa pamamagitan ng '''pasalita''' o kwentong pasa pasa mula sa matatanda patungo sa mga kabataan. Ngunit may mga grupo rin na nagsusulat ng kanilang paniniwala sa mga dahon, kawayan, at iba pang materyales gamit ang mga lokal na panulat tulad ng bakal na matulis.<ref name="Almocera2005">Almocera, Ruel A., (2005) Popular Filipino Spiritual Beliefs with a proposed Theological Response. in Doing Theology in the Philippines. Suk, John., Ed. Mandaluyong: OMF Literature Inc. Pp 78-98</ref> <ref name="Maggay1999">Maggay, Melba Padilla (1999). Filipino Religious Consciousness. Quezon City: Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture.</ref><ref name="SitoyJr1985"/><ref name="SoulBook1991"/> Bagaman sinabi ng ilang Espanyol noon na walang sinusulat ang mga katutubo tungkol sa kanilang relihiyon, may mga tala na nagpapatunay na meron. Ayon sa ilang dokumento, may mga librong pang-relihiyon at rebulto ng mga diyos ang mga katutubo na sinunog ng mga mananakop. Ang terminong '''Bathala''' sa kalaunan ay pinalitan ang "Diwata" bilang pangunahing salita para sa "mga diyos" at naging kahulugan ng anumang supernatural na nilalang na sinasamba para sa pagkontrol sa mga aspeto ng buhay o kalikasan. Sa paglipas ng panahon, '''[[Bathala|si Bathala]]''' (o Bathalà/Maykapál) ay naging nauugnay sa Kristiyanong Diyos at naging kasingkahulugan ng '''Diyós''' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patricia |first=Patricia |last2=Buitrago Palacios |first2=Nátali |date=2014-12-30 |title=Los opositores en el proceso de restitución de tierras: análisis cuantitativo de la jurisprudencia, 2012-2014 |url=https://doi.org/10.15425/redepub.33.2014.29 |journal=Revista de Derecho Público |issue=33 |pages=1–34 |doi=10.15425/redepub.33.2014.29 |issn=1909-7778 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Potet |first=Jean-Paul |title=Ancient beliefs and customs of the Tagalogs |date=2017 |publisher=Jean-Paul G. Potet |isbn=978-0-244-34873-1 |location=Clichy}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Resurreccion |first=C. O. |date=March 1965 |title=Proceedings of the International Congress on Rizal, December 4–8, 1961. Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission, Manila, 1962. Pp. xxvii, 496. |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0217781100002623 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=133–135 |doi=10.1017/s0217781100002623 |issn=0217-7811}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murawski |first=Krzysztof |date=1984-12-31 |title=El triunfo de Hunahpue Ixbalanque: paradigma del renacimiento en la religión de los mayas |url=https://doi.org/10.36447/estudios1984.v9.art1 |journal=Estudios Latinoamericanos |volume=9 |pages=11–44 |doi=10.36447/estudios1984.v9.art1 |issn=0137-3080}}</ref> Sa tala ng 2020 na sensus, nasa '''0.23%''' ng populasyon sa Pilipinas ang kasapi pa rin sa mga katutubong relihiyon – tumaas mula sa '''0.19%''' noong 2010. <ref name="SitoyJr1985"/> <ref name="SoulBook1991"/> <ref name="PSA-PIF2020">{{Cite journal |date=February 22, 2023 |title=Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |journal=Philippines in Figures |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |access-date=March 25, 2023}}</ref><ref name="PSA-2015PSY">{{Cite journal |date=October 2015 |title=Table 1.10; Household Population by Religious Affiliation and by Sex; 2010 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf#56 |url-status=live |journal=2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook |location=East Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |pages=1–30 |issn=0118-1564 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010131/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf#56 |archive-date=October 11, 2016 |access-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref> Ang dami ng iba't ibang tawag o termino ay galing sa katotohanang ang mga katutubong relihiyon sa Pilipinas ay nagsimula pa bago dumating ang mga dayuhan at bago pa naging isang bansa ang Pilipinas. Iba-iba ang mga tao sa Pilipinas, kaya’t iba-iba rin ang kanilang wika at mga salitang ginagamit para ilarawan ang kanilang relihiyon. Bagama’t maaaring magkakaiba ang mga ito, ayon sa mga iskolar, may pagkakapareho ang kanilang mga ideya at paniniwala kaya puwedeng pag-aralan ang mga ito bilang iisang kabuuan. Ang mga relihiyon ng Katutubong Pilipino ay konektado rin sa mga paniniwala sa Oceania at sa mga karatig na bahagi ng Timog-Silangang Asya. Nanggaling din ang mga ito sa mga sinaunang paniniwalang Austronesian.<ref name="Scott1994">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |title=Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society |url=https://archive.org/details/barangaysixteent0000scot |date=1994 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |isbn=971-550-135-4 |location=Quezon City}}</ref><ref name="SoulBook1991"/> <ref name="Osborne2004">{{Cite book |last=Osborne |first=Milton |author-link=Milton Osborne |title=Southeast Asia: An Introductory History |url=https://archive.org/details/southeastasiaint0000osbo_v1c2 |date=2004 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=1-74114-448-5 |edition=Ninth |location=Australia}}</ref> Ang mga salaysay ng alamat , kwentong pasa pasa o kwentong pasalita at mga kwentong bayan na nauugnay sa mga paniniwalang ito sa relihiyon ay bumubuo sa tinatawag ngayong [[Mitolohiyang Pilipino]], at isang mahalagang aspeto ng pag-aaral ng [[kultura ng Pilipinas]] at [[sikolohiyang Pilipino]] . == Panrelihiyong pananaw sa mundo == [[Talaksan:The_rotation_of_Visayan_Philippine_bakunawa.png|thumb| Ang pag-ikot ng diyos na ''si [[Bakunawa]]'' sa isang taon ng kalendaryo, gaya ng ipinaliwanag sa ''Signosan'' (1919). Ang mga paglalarawan ay nagsasalaysay ng pag-unawa sa mga ninuno tungo sa wastong paglikha ng pisikal na tahanan para sa isang maayos na espirituwal na tahanan. Isa ito sa libu-libong mga katutubong konsepto tungkol sa suwerte, katulad ng ilang konsepto ng mainland Asian gaya ng ''feng shui'' .]] Ayon sa mananalaysay na si T. Valentino Sitoy, may tatlong pangunahing paniniwala ang mga Pilipino tungkol sa relihiyon bago dumating ang mga Espanyol. Nakita niya ito sa mga lumang dokumento tungkol sa paniniwalang panrelihiyon ng mga sinaunang Pilipino. Una, naniniwala ang mga tao noon na bukod sa ating mundo, may isa pang mundo na hindi nakikita, ang mundo ng mga espiritu. Kahit hindi ito nakikita, naniniwala silang nakakaapekto ito sa buhay ng mga tao. Pangalawa, naniniwala rin sila na may mga espiritu sa lahat ng bagay at lugar, mula sa mga makapangyarihang diyos na lumikha ng mundo, hanggang sa maliliit na espiritu na naninirahan sa mga puno, bato, sapa, at iba pang bahagi ng kalikasan. Pangatlo, para sa mga sinaunang Pilipino, ang mga nangyayari sa buhay ng tao ay may kinalaman sa mga kilos at impluwensya ng mga espiritung ito. Tinatawag nilang '''anito''' ang mga espiritu ng kanilang mga ninuno (na minsan ay tinatawag ding ''umalagad''), habang ang mga bathala o diyos at espiritu ng kalikasan ay tinatawag na '''diwata'''. Ang mga paniniwalang ito ay bahagi ng katutubong animistikong relihiyon ng Pilipinas bago pa man tayo nasakop. <ref name="SitoyJr1985"/> ''Anito'' o ang mga espiritu ng ninuno ( ''umalagad'' ). Habang ang tawag sa mga bathala at diyos ng kalikasan ay ''[[Anito|diwata]]'' sa mga katutubong [[Animismo|animistikong]] relihiyon o paniniwala ng [[Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas (900–1565)|precolonial na Pilipinas]] . '''Ang Pag-anito''' (tinatawag ding mag-anito o anitohan) ay isang ritwal kung saan nakikipag-usap ang mga tao sa mga espiritu ng mga patay o kanilang mga ninuno. Madalas itong ginagawa sa tulong ng isang salamangkero tinatawag na '''babaylan''' sa [[Mga wikang Bisaya|Bisaya]] o isang '''katalonan''' sa [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] na nagsisilbing midyum upang kumonekta sa mga espiritung ito. Ang salitang '''anito''' ay maaari ding mangahulugan ng pagsamba o pag-aalay sa isang espiritu. Ang ritwal na ito ay kadalasang sinasamahan ng mga pagdiriwang o iba pang mga seremonya. Kung ang ritwal ay nagsasangkot ng pakikipag-usap sa mga espiritu ng kalikasan o mga diwata ng kaitaasan at mga diyos, ito ay tinatawag na '''pagdiwata''' (din magdiwata o diwatahan). <ref name="SoulBook1991"/> <ref name="Scott1994"/> <ref name="rosa">{{Cite book |last=Antonio Sánchez de la Rosa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EwHAQAAIAAJ |title=Diccionario Hispano-Bisaya para las provincias de Samar y Leyte, Volumes 1-2 |publisher=Tipo-Litografia de Chofre y Comp. |year=1895 |page=414}}</ref> Nang dumating ang mga misyonerong Kastila sa Pilipinas, ang salitang " ''anito'' " ay naiugnay sa mga pisikal na representasyon ng mga espiritu na kitang-kita sa ''mga paganito na'' ritwal. Sa panahon ng [[Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas (1898–1946)|paghahari ng mga Amerikano sa Pilipinas (1898–1946)]], ang kahulugan ng salitang [[Wikang Kastila|Espanyol]] ''na idolo'' ("isang bagay na sinasamba") ay higit na pinaghalo sa salitang Ingles na " [[Idolo|idol]] ", at sa gayon ay halos sumangguni ''ang anito'' sa halos eksklusibong mga inukit na pigura o estatwa ( ''taotao'' ) ng mga espiritu ng ninuno at kalikasan. <ref name="Scott1994"/> <ref name="sawyer">{{Cite book |last=Frederic H. Sawyer |url=https://archive.org/details/inhabitantsofphi00sawy |title=The Inhabitants of the Philippines |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1900}}</ref> Ang paniniwala sa '''''anito''''' o '''''pagsamba sa mga ninuno''''' ay tinutukoy kung minsan bilang anitism sa iskolar na panitikan (Espanyol: ''anitismo'' o ''anitería'' ). literal na nangangahulugang pagsamba sa mga '''espiritu ng mga patay''' <ref name="hislop">{{Cite journal |last=Hislop |first=Stephen K. |year=1971 |title=Anitism: a survey of religious beliefs native to the Philippines |url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-09-02-1971/hislop-anitism-survey-religious%20beliefs-native-philippines.pdf |journal=Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=144&ndash;156 |issn=0004-4679}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vermander |first=Benoît |date=2010-09-15 |title=Michael Rudolph, Ritual Performances as Authenticating Practices: Cultural representations of Taiwan’s aborigines in times of political changes |url=https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.5323 |journal=China Perspectives |volume=2010 |issue=3 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.5323 |issn=2070-3449}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Corporation |first=Bonnier |url=https://books.google.fi/books/about/Popular_Science.html?id=3CMDAAAAMBAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Popular Science |date=August 1901 |publisher=Bonnier Corporation |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.fi/books/about/Doing_Theology_with_the_Festivals_and_Cu.html?id=vfHYAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Doing Theology with the Festivals and Customs of Asia |date=1994 |publisher=ATESEA |isbn=978-981-00-4859-4 |language=en}}</ref> Ang salitang ''anitismo'', o ang Hispano-Filipino na ''anitismo'', kahit hindi sa kasalukuyang paggamit, ito ay primitive na relihiyong Tagalog, isang patuloy na panawagan at pagsamba sa mga anito, ang mga kaluluwa o mga espiritu ng kanilang mga sinasamba. Mula sa orihinal nitong kahulugan ng "espiritu ng ninuno". <ref>{{Citation |title=Hislop, Stephen (1817–1863) |date=2018-02-06 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.13366 |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-02-16}}</ref> == Mga bathala at espiritu == [[Talaksan:Filippine,_provincia_di_agusan,_immagine_hindu,_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio,_xiii_secolo.jpg|right|thumb| Ang Agusan image statue (900–950 CE) ay natuklasan noong 1917 sa pampang ng Wawa River malapit sa [[Esperanza, Agusan del Sur|Esperanza]], [[Agusan del Sur]], [[Mindanao]] sa [[Pilipinas]] . Bagama't may mga elementong Hindu at Budista, sinasamba ito ng mga lokal bilang isang sisidlan para sa mga animistang diyos. Ito ay kasalukuyang nasa ilalim ng kolonyal na pagmamay-ari ng American Field Museum, sa kabila ng hindi mabilang na mga kahilingan ng mga lokal na ibalik ang Imahe sa kanilang tahanan.]] [[Talaksan:Ifugao_sculpture_Louvre_70-1999-4-1.jpg|thumb| 15th century Ifugao ''bulul'' with a ''pamahan'' (ceremonial bowl). Ang mga tagasunod ng mga katutubong relihiyon ay naniniwala na ang mga diyos na namumuno sa mga pananim ay naninirahan sa loob ng kanilang mga bulul. Ang sagradong bulul sa larawan ay kasalukuyang nasa ilalim ng kolonyal na pag-aari ng [[Museo ng Louvre]] ng [[Pransiya]].]] Ang mga diyos ay may iba’t ibang pangalan at tungkulin depende sa kultura. Sa ilang wika, ang ''diwata'' ang tawag sa mga diyos, habang sa iba ay ''anito'' ang ginagamit bilang pangkalahatang tawag sa mga espiritu. Bawat etnikong grupo ay may sarili nilang tawag para sa mga diyos. Halimbawa, sa maraming bahagi ng bansa :<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2025-01-06 |title=People: January/February 2025 |url=https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14 |doi=10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14 |access-date=2025-01-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Owen |first=Norman G. |date=February 1998 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. By Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win . Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press, 1997. xi, 363 pp. $62.00. |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article/57/1/273/336734 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=273–275 |doi=10.2307/2659094 |issn=0021-9118 |jstor=2659094}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Tilman |first=Robert O. |date=February 1971 |title=The Philippines in 1970: A Difficult Decade Begins |url=http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/as.1971.11.2.01p0079e |journal=Asian Survey |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=139–148 |doi=10.2307/2642713 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2642713 }}{{Dead link|date=Marso 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''"Diwata"''' ang tawag sa mga diyos at diyosa o mga nilalang sa langit. '''"Anito"''' ang tawag sa mga espiritu ng ninuno o mas maliliit na diyos. Nagkakaiba-iba ang kahulugan ng mga salitang ito depende sa lugar at tribo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murawski |first=Krzysztof |date=1984-12-31 |title=El triunfo de Hunahpue Ixbalanque: paradigma del renacimiento en la religión de los mayas |url=https://doi.org/10.36447/estudios1984.v9.art1 |journal=Estudios Latinoamericanos |volume=9 |pages=11–44 |doi=10.36447/estudios1984.v9.art1 |issn=0137-3080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eslit |first=Edgar R. |date=2023-06-20 |title=Illuminating Shadows: Decoding Three Mythological Veil of Mindanao's Cultural Tapestry |doi=10.20944/preprints202306.1412.v1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Mga Manlilikhang bathala === Maraming mga katutubong kulturang Pilipino ang iginigiit ang pagkakaroon ng mataas na diyos, diyos na lumikha, o diyos ng langit. <ref name="SoulBook1991"/> Sa mga Tagalog, ang kataas-taasang diyos ay kilala bilang [[Bathala]], na inilarawan din bilang Maykapal (ang makapangyarihan sa lahat) o Lumikha (ang lumikha). Sa mga mamamayang Bisaya ang Diyos na lumikha ay tinutukoy bilang [[Kan-Laon|Laon]], ibig sabihin ay "ang sinaunang." Sa mga Manuvu, ang pinakamataas na diyos ay tinawag na Manama. Sa karamihan ng mga mamamayan ng Cordilleran (kasama ang rehiyon ng Apayao bilang eksepsiyon), ang lumikha at pinakamataas na guro ay kilala bilang [[Kabuniyan]] . <ref name="SoulBook1991" /> Sa ibang ng mga kaso, gayunpaman, ang mga diyos na ito ay itinuturing na mga dakilang nilalang na sila ay masyadong malayo para sa mga ordinaryong tao upang lapitan. Sa gayon ang mga tao ay may posibilidad na magbayad ng higit na pansin sa "mas mababang mga diyos" o "katulong na mga diyos" na mas madaling lapitan, at kung kaninong mga kalooban ay mas madaling maimpluwensyahan. <ref name="Maggay1999" /> <ref name="SoulBook1991"/> === Mga bathala ng ibabawnun === Ang mga diwata ng kalupaan o mga diwata ng ibabawnun mga relihiyong Pilipino ay karaniwang nababagay sa tatlong malawak na kategorya: mga espiritu ng kalikasan na naninirahan sa kapaligiran, tulad ng bundok o puno; mga espiritung tagapag-alaga na namamahala sa mga partikular na aspeto ng pang-araw-araw na buhay tulad ng pangangaso o pangingisda; ang iba ay mga bayani o ninuno na gumawa ng kagilagilalas na mga bagay at kabayanihan, Sila ung mga anito na ninuno o dating tao. Ang mga kategoryang ito ay madalas na magkakapatong, kung saan ang mga indibidwal na diyos ay nahuhulog sa dalawa o higit pang mga kategorya, at sa ilang mga pagkakataon, ang mga diyos ay nagbabago mula sa isang tungkulin patungo sa isa pa, tulad ng kapag ang isang bayani ng tribo na kilala sa pangingisda ay naging isang espiritu ng tagapag-alaga na nauugnay sa pangangaso. <ref name="SoulBook1991"/> == Mitolohiya at Katutubong Relihiyon: Ano ang Pagkakaiba? == Magkaugnay ang mitolohiya at katutubong relihiyon, pero magkaiba ang kanilang gamit.. * Ang '''mitolohiya''' ay koleksyon ng mga kuwento tungkol sa pinagmulan ng mundo, kalikasan, at mga diyos o bayani. Ito ang mga alamat at kuwentong nagbibigay-linaw sa mga paniniwala ng isang grupo. * Ang '''katutubong relihiyon''' naman ay tumutukoy sa aktwal na '''ritwal, paniniwala, at pagsamba''' ng mga tao batay sa mga kuwentong ito. Dito kasama ang mga seremonya, pamahiin, at paniniwala sa mabuti o masamang espiritu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eslit |first=Edgar R. |date=2023-06-20 |title=Illuminating Shadows: Decoding Three Mythological Veil of Mindanao's Cultural Tapestry |doi=10.20944/preprints202306.1412.v1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2025-01-06 |title=People: January/February 2025 |url=https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14 |doi=10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14 |access-date=2025-01-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Owen |first=Norman G. |date=February 1998 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. By Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win . Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press, 1997. xi, 363 pp. $62.00. |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article/57/1/273/336734 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=273–275 |doi=10.2307/2659094 |issn=0021-9118 |jstor=2659094}}</ref> <ref name=":3"/> == Konsepto ng kaluluwa == [[Talaksan:Khamantik.jpg|thumb| Isa sa maraming [[Mga puntod na apog ng Kamhantik|Limestone na libingan ng Kamhantik]] (890–1030 AD), kung saan inilibing at tinatakan ng sarcophagi ang mga ninuno. Naniniwala ang mga lokal na ang mga libingan ay nilikha din ng mga diyos sa kagubatan, ayon sa tradisyon. Noong unang bahagi ng ika-20 siglo, ang sagradong lugar ay ninakawan at dinungisan ng mga Amerikanong kolonisador. Ang lahat ng mga sarcophagi seal ay ninakaw sa proseso.]] Ang bawat pangkat etniko ay may sariling konsepto at bilang ng kaluluwa ng isang nilalang, lalo na ang mga tao. Sa karamihan ng mga kaso, ang isang tao ay may dalawa o higit pang kaluluwa habang siya ay nabubuhay. Ang pinagmulan ng kaluluwa ng isang tao ay nasabi sa pamamagitan ng mga salaysay hinggil sa katutubong relihiyon ng Pilipinas, kung saan ang bawat relihiyong etniko ay may kanya-kanyang konsepto sa pinagmulan ng kaluluwa, komposisyon ng kaluluwa, pagpapanatili at pangangalaga sa kaluluwa, at iba pang mga bagay, tulad ng tuluyang pagdaan ng kaluluwa pagkatapos ng buhay ng tao ay binitawan. Sa ilang mga kaso, ang mga kaluluwa ay ipinagkakaloob ng ilang mga [[Mga Tauhan sa Mitolohiyang Pilipino|diyos]] tulad ng kaso sa mga Tagbanwa, habang sa iba, ang kaluluwa ay nagmula sa ilang mga espesyal na rehiyon tulad ng kaso sa mga Bisaya. Ang ilang mga tao ay may dalawang kaluluwa tulad ng Ifugao, habang ang iba ay may limang kaluluwa tulad ng Hanunoo Mangyan. Sa pangkalahatan, ang pisikal at mental na kalusugan ng isang tao ay nakakatulong sa pangkalahatang kalusugan ng mga kaluluwa ng tao. Sa ilang mga pagkakataon, kung ang isang kaluluwa ay nawala, ang isang tao ay magkakasakit, at kung ang lahat ng nabubuhay na kaluluwa ay nawala, pagkatapos ang katawan ay mamamatay sa kalaunan. Gayunpaman, may mga pagkakataon din na ang katawan ay mabubuhay pa sa kabila ng pagkawala ng lahat ng kaluluwa nito, tulad ng phenomenon na tinatawag na mekararuanan sa mga Ibanag. Sa pangkalahatan, ang pangangalaga sa sarili ay mahalaga sa mahabang buhay para sa mga kaluluwa, na nagbibigay naman ng mahabang buhay sa katawan. <ref name="SoulBook1991"/> <ref name="Mercado1991">{{Cite journal |last=Mercado |first=Leonardo N. |date=1991 |title=Soul and Spirit in Filipino Thought |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633258 |journal=Philippine Studies |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University |volume=39 |issue=3 (Third Quarter 1991) |pages=287–302 |doi= |issn=0031-7837 |jstor=42633258 |access-date=}}</ref> Ang mga multo at anito at kaluluwa ng patay, sa pangkalahatang konsepto ng Pilipinas, ay mga espiritu ng mga namatay na. Sa madaling salita, sila ang mga kaluluwa ng mga patay. Ang mga ito ay naiiba sa mga kaluluwa ng mga nabubuhay, kung saan, sa maraming pagkakataon, ang isang tao ay may dalawa o higit pang buhay na kaluluwa, depende sa pangkat etniko. <ref name="Mercado1991"/> Ang bawat pangkat etniko sa mga isla ng Pilipinas ay may kanya-kanyang termino para sa mga multo at iba pang uri ng kaluluwa. <ref name="Mercado1991" /> Dahil sa napakaraming pagkakaiba-iba ng mga katutubong salita para sa mga multo, ang mga terminong tulad ng ''espirito'' <ref name="Mercado1991" /> at ''multo'', na parehong pinagtibay mula sa mga salitang Espanyol tulad ng ''muerto'', ay ginamit bilang sumasaklaw sa lahat ng mga termino para sa mga kaluluwa o espiritu ng mga patay sa pangunahing kulturang Pilipino. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vicerra |first=Paolo Miguel |last2=Javier |first2=Jem R. |date=1 January 2013 |title=Tabi-Tabi Po: Situating The Narrative of Supernatural in the Context of the Philippines Community Development |url=http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Tabi-Tabi_1-13.pdf |journal=Manusya: Journal of Humanities |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1163/26659077-01602001 |issn=0859-9920 |access-date=}}</ref> Habang ang mga multo sa mga paniniwalang Kanluranin ay karaniwang kilala sa kanilang minsang kasuklam-suklam na kalikasan, ang mga multo ng mga patay para sa iba't ibang grupong etniko sa Pilipinas ay tradisyonal na itinuturing na mataas ang pagpapahalaga. Ang mga multong ito ay karaniwang tinutukoy bilang mga espiritu ng ninuno na maaaring gumabay at magprotekta sa kanilang mga kamag-anak at pamayanan, <ref name="hislop"/> kahit na ang mga espiritu ng ninuno ay maaari ring magdulot ng pinsala kung sila ay hindi iginagalang. <ref name="Mercado1991" /> Sa maraming kaso sa iba't ibang pangkat etnikong Pilipino, ang mga espiritu ng mga patay ay tradisyunal na iginagalang at ginagawang diyos alinsunod sa mga sinaunang sistema ng paniniwala na nagmula sa mga katutubong relihiyon ng Pilipinas. == Mahahalagang simbolo == [[Talaksan:Visayans_1.png|thumb| Ilang simbolo ng tattoo na naitala sa [[Kodiseng Boxer|Boxer Codex]] (1590). Dahil sa kolonisasyon ng mga Espanyol, rasismo, at stigma na dulot nito laban sa mga may tattoo na katutubo, unti-unting kumupas ang sining ng tattoo sa mga kultura ng kapuluan.]] Sa iba't ibang yugto ng kultura sa kapuluan, ang mga partikular na komunidad ng mga tao ay unti-unting nabuo o nakakuha ng mga kilalang simbolo sa kanilang mga sistema ng paniniwala. Marami sa mga simbolo o sagisag na ito ay malalim na nakaugat sa mga katutubong epiko, tula, at paniniwala ng mga katutubo bago ang kolonyal. Ang bawat pangkat etniko ay may kani-kanilang hanay ng mga simbolo na mahalaga sa kultura, ngunit mayroon ding mga "nakabahaging simbolo" na nakaimpluwensya sa maraming mga etnikong tao sa isang partikular na lugar. Ang ilang mga halimbawa ng mahahalagang simbolo ng Antiista ay ang mga sumusunod: * '''Okir''' – isang natatanging tanda ng pamana ng kultura ng mga ngayo’y Muslim na pamayanan sa ilang bahagi ng Mindanao; ang motip na ito ay kapansin-pansin dahil sa paggamit lamang ng mga simbolong botanikal na nagpapaganda sa iba’t ibang likhang-sining mula sa kahoy, metal, at maging sa bato<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pangcoga |first=Jehad Zacaria |date=March 18, 2014 |title=The Okir (Motif): An Art of Marano Depicting Their Culture and Society |url=https://tugayaartefactsblog.wordpress.com/2014/03/18/the-okir-motif-an-art-of-maranao-depicting-their-culture-and-society/}}</ref> * '''Puki (Ari ng babae)''' - isang mahalagang simbolo ng kasaganahan, kalusugan, at kasapatan ng likas na yaman; sa karamihan ng mga mito, ang pudenda ay iniuugnay bilang pinagmumulan ng buhay, kaunlaran, at kapangyarihan.r<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2021 |title=Alab Village: Mysteriously Ancient Destination in Bontoc |url=https://www.choosephilippines.com/go/heritage-sites/462/alab-oriente |website=Choose Philippines |access-date=Abril 9, 2025 |archive-date=Enero 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110120054/https://www.choosephilippines.com/go/heritage-sites/462/alab-oriente/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''lingling-o''' –mga natatanging palamuti ng kasaganahan na may mga tiyak na anyo at simbolo; kilala sa kasalukuyan bilang gamit ng mga Ifugao, ngunit may kasaysayang ginagamit din ng iba’t ibang pangkat, kabilang ang mga mamamayan sa katimugang Palawan.<ref name="auto25">{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2018 |title=The Hidden Myth Behind the Symbolism of the Anting-Anting |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/the-hidden-myth-behind-the-symbolism-of-the-anting-anting/}}</ref> * '''Buwan at araw''' – mataas na pinapahalagahang mga simbolo na lumilitaw bilang mga diyos o diyosa sa halos lahat ng mitolohiyang Pilipino; tampok ang mga anyo ng araw at buwan sa mga katutubong tattoo, palamuti, at kasuotan ng mga sinaunang mamamayan.<ref name="auto30">{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2017 |title=The Beautiful History and Symbolism of Philippine Tattoo Culture |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/beautiful-history-symbolism-philippine-tattoo-culture/}}</ref> * '''Anito o Estawang kahoy'''– maraming anyo ng estatuwang pantao ang nililok ng mga katutubo, tulad ng ''bulul'', ''taotao'', at ''manang''; ang mga ito ay sumasagisag sa mga diyos at diyosa mula sa kani-kanilang mga panteon<ref name="auto25" /> * '''Ahas at ibon''' – dalawang kilalang simbolo ng lakas, kapangyarihan, paglikha, kamatayan, at buhay sa iba’t ibang mitolohiya; para sa ahas, tampok ang mga larawan ng dragon, igat, at mga ahas, habang para sa mga ibon, karaniwan ang mga diwata-asul na ibon (''fairy bluebird''), ''flowerpeckers'', agila, ''kingfisher'', at ''woodpecker''.<ref name="auto30" /><ref name="auto37">{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2019 |title=PANG-O-TÚB: The Traditional Philippine Tattooing You Haven't Heard About |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/pang-o-tub-the-traditional-philippine-tattooing-you-havent-heard-about/}}</ref> * '''Ari ng lalaki (phallus)''' – simbolo ng paglikha sa iba’t ibang pangkat-etniko; sa ilang panitikan, ang phallus ay pinagmumulan ng kagalingan at karamdaman, ngunit mas karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa kasaganahan at pagkamayabong.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2018 |title=CULTURE & TRADITION: Phalluses and Phallic Symbols of the Philippines |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/culture-tradition-phalluses-and-phallic-symbols-of-the-philippines/}}</ref> * '''Bulaklak''' – maraming tattoo at disenyo ng telang katutubo ang umiikot sa simbolismo ng mga bulaklak; bawat pangkat-etniko ay may kani-kaniyang paboritong uri ng bulaklak na kadalasang binabanggit sa kanilang mga epiko at tula.<ref name="auto37" /> * '''Buwaya''' – isang simbolo ng lakas at buhay matapos ang kamatayan; ginagamit din ang mga buwayang simbolo bilang panangga laban sa masasamang pangitain at espiritu.<ref name="auto30" /> * '''Bundok at kagubatan''' – maraming bundok at kagubatan ang kinikilala bilang diyos o diyosa ng ilang pangkat-etniko, habang sa iba naman, itinuturing itong tirahan ng mga banal na nilalang, tulad ng paniniwala ng mga Aklanon, Bicolano, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, at Bagobo.<ref name="ReferenceP">{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2019 |title=PHILIPPINE MYTHOLOGY: Similarities and Parallels to World Mythologies |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/philippine-mythology-similarities-and-parallels-to-world-mythologies/}}</ref> * '''Kawayan at puno ng buko o niyog''' – mga simbolo ng paglikha, pagtatanggol, kabuhayan, at tibay; sa maraming alamat ng paglikha, ang kawayan ang pinagmulan ng sangkatauhan, habang sa iba naman, kapwa ito at ang niyog ay ginamit ng tao upang umunlad.<ref name="auto42">{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2019 |title=The Egg Motif in Philippine Creation Myths |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/the-egg-motif-in-philippine-creation-myths/}}</ref> * '''Palay at halamang-ugat''' – sa iba’t ibang mitolohiya, ang tangkay ng palay, butil ng bigas, at mga halamang-ugat ay itinuturing na pangunahing simbolo ng agrikultura; maraming kwento ang nagsasabing ang mga ito ay kaloob ng mga diyos upang pakainin ang bayan noon pa mang sinaunang panahon.<ref name="auto16">{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2019 |title=The Theme of Resurrection in Philippine Epic Tales |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/the-theme-of-resurrection-in-philippine-epic-tales/}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2016 |title=6 Guidelines for Becoming a Filipino Shaman |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/filipino-shaman/}}</ref><ref name="aswangproject1908">{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2019 |title=Notrs on the Medical Practices of the Visayans, 1908 |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/notes-on-the-medical-practices-of-the-visayans-1908/}}</ref><ref name="auto51">{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2017 |title=Ancient Philippines: Rituals for Land, Weather and Sailing |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/ancient-philippines-rituals-land-weather-sailing/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalangan |first=Gladys P. |title=Pagmamaman: A World Culture Experience and Dumagat Lifestyle |url=https://www.academia.edu/8510921 |via=www.academia.edu}}</ref> * '''Tatu''' – ang mga tatu o burda o batik, patik ay mahalagang palatandaan ng antas sa lipunan, tagumpay, at kagandahan sa maraming paniniwalang katutubo sa bansa; ang mga disenyo nito ay naglalaman ng buwaya, ahas, agila, araw, buwan, bulaklak, ilog, at bundok, bukod sa iba pa.<ref name="auto30" /> * '''Aspin (katutubong asong Pilipino)''' – ang mga aso ay inilarawan sa iba’t ibang paraan sa mga mitolohiya, kung saan kadalasan silang katuwang (hindi tagasilbi) ng mga diyos, habang sa iba ay mga tagapagbantay na may sariling layunin; tulad ng iba pang nilalang, may mga kwento ng kabutihan at kasamaan tungkol sa kanila, ngunit mas madalas silang inuugnay sa mga banal na nilalang.[<ref name="auto45">{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2018 |title=Ifigao Divinities: Philippine Mythology & Beliefs |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/ifugao-divinities-philippine-mythology-beliefs/}}</ref> * '''Dagat, ilog, at bangka''' – ang mga simbolo ukol sa dagat, ilog, at iba pang katubigan ay tampok sa maraming mitolohiya sa Pilipinas; kapansin-pansin sa iba't ibang pangkat-etniko ang pagkakaroon ng natatanging teknolohiyang kahawig ng bangka, mula sa dambuhalang ''balangay'' hanggang sa mabilis na ''karakoa''..<ref name="auto51" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2018 |title=VISAYAN Class Structure in the Sixteenth Century Philippines |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/visayan-class-structure-in-the-sixteenth-century-philippines/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mermaids, Mermen and Sirens – Sea Spirits that Protect and Destruct |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/mermaids-mermen-sirens/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713022837/https://www.aswangproject.com/mermaids-mermen-sirens/ |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2018 |title=Lighting The Forge: Examining the Panday from the Pre-Colonial Era |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/lighting-the-forge-examining-the-panday/}}</ref> == Mga Babaylan at mga salamangkero == {{Pangunahin|Philippine shamans}} [[Talaksan:Babaylan_Festival_in_Bago_City.jpg|thumb| Isang [[Mga Hiligaynon|babaeng Hiligaynon]] na naglalarawan ng isang ''babaylan'' (Visayan shaman) sa isang pista. Ayon sa mga rekord ng Kastila, karamihan sa mga pre-kolonyal na shaman ay mga babae, habang ang iba pang bahagi ay binubuo ng mga lalaking pambabae. Parehong pinakitunguhan ng mga katutubo nang may mataas na paggalang, katumbas ng ''datu'' (tagapamahala ng domain). Dahil sa kolonisasyon ng mga Espanyol, marami sa mga shaman ng mga isla ang na-brutalize sa pangalan ng Kristiyanismo, misogyny, at rasismo. <ref name="esquiremag">{{Cite web |last=Limos |first=Mario Alvaro |date=March 18, 2019 |title=The Fall of the Babaylan |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/the-fall-of-the-babaylan-a2017-20190318 |website=Esquiremag.ph}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Pagpapatunay|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2024)">nabigong pag-verify</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup>]] Ang mga katutubong [[Shamanismo|babaylan]] ay ang mga espirituwal na pinuno ng iba't ibang [[Mga pangkat etniko sa Pilipinas|etnikong tao]] sa mga [[Pilipinas|isla ng Pilipinas]] mula sa [[Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas (900–1565)|panahon ng pre-kolonyal]] hanggang sa kasalukuyang panahon. Ang mga salamangkero na ito, na marami sa kanila ay nabubuhay pa, ay halos palaging mga babae o mga malalamyang lalake at binabae ( ''asog'' o ''bayok'' ). Sila ay pinaniniwalaan na may mga gabay sa espiritu, kung saan maaari silang makipag-ugnayan at makipag-ugnayan sa mga espiritu at diyos ( ''[[anito]]'' at ''[[Anito|diwata]]'' ) at sa daigdig ng mga espiritu . Ang kanilang pangunahing tungkulin ay bilang mga daluyan sa panahon ''ng pag-anito.'' Mayroon ding iba't ibang mga uri ng mga babaylan na nagdadalubhasa sa mga sining ng pagpapagaling at herbalismo, panghuhula, at [[pangkukulam]] . Maraming uri ng babaylan ang gumagamit ng iba't ibang uri ng mga bagay sa kanilang trabaho, tulad ng mga anting-anting o anting-anting na kilala bilang [[agimat]] o anting-anting, mga pangontra gaya ng buntot pagi, at mga sagradong pinaghalo ng langis, bukod sa marami pang bagay. Ang lahat ng mga klase sa lipunan, kabilang ang mga shaman, ay gumagalang at gumagalang sa kanilang mga estatwang kahoy o anito (tinatawag ding ''larauan'', ''bulul'', ''manang'', atbp.), na kumakatawan sa isa o higit pang mga partikular na diyos sa loob ng kanilang etnikong panteon, na kinabibilangan ng mga di-ninuno na diyos at mga ninuno. <ref name="scott1992">{{Cite book |last=William Henry Scott |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |url=https://archive.org/stream/LookingForThePrehispanicFilipino/Looking%20for%20the%20Prehispanic%20Filipino#page/n67/mode/2up/search/babaylan |title=Looking For The Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in Philippine History |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1992 |isbn=978-9711005245 |pages=124–127}}</ref> Higit pang mga pangkalahatang terminong ginamit ng mga mapagkukunang Espanyol para sa mga katutubong shaman sa buong kapuluan ay nagmula sa [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] at [[Mga wikang Bisaya|Bisaya]] ''[[anito]]'' ("espiritu"); kabilang dito ang mga termino tulad ng ''maganito'' at ''anitera'' . <ref name="sagadareader">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |title=A Sagada Reader |date=1988 |publisher=New Day Publishers |isbn=9789711003302 |page=148 |quote=Anito: 16th century Tagalog and Visayan (according to Spanish records): an idol or deity inhabiting the idol, also maganito: a ceremony for such idols, and anitero: (Sp.) witch doctor, shaman.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Brewer |first=Carolyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxTZAAAAMAAJ |title=Holy Confrontation: Religion, Gender, and Sexuality in the Philippines, 1521–1685 |date=2001 |publisher=C. Brewer and the Institute of Women's Studies, St. Scholastica's College |isbn=978-971-8605-29-5 |page=156 |language=en |quote=A more general terminology that seems be used throughout the archipelago is based on the signifier for the spirit anito. These include ''maganito'' and ''anitera''.}}</ref> Ang "negatibong" katapat ng [[Babaylan|mga babaylan ng Pilipinas]] ay ang mga mangkukulam sa Pilipinas, na kinabibilangan ng iba't ibang uri ng mga tao na may magkakaibang hanapbuhay at kultural na konotasyon depende sa pangkat etniko na kanilang nauugnay. Ang mga ito ay ganap na naiiba mula sa Kanluraning paniwala kung ano ang isang mangkukulam. Ang mga halimbawa ng mga mangkukulam sa isang konsepto ng Pilipinas ay ang mannamay, mangkukulam, at mambabarang . <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2019 |title=Philippine Sorcery 101: 6 Methods and How to Counter Them |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/philippine-sorcery-101-6-methods-and-how-to-counter-them/}}</ref> Bilang mga espirituwal na daluyan at manghuhula, ang mga shaman ay kapansin-pansin sa pagkontra at pagpigil sa mga sumpa at kapangyarihan ng mga mangkukulam, lalo na sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng mga espesyal na bagay at mga awit. Bukod sa mga salamangkero, mayroon ding iba pang uri ng tao na kayang kontrahin ang mga tiyak na mahika ng mga mangkukulam, tulad ng mananambal, na dalubhasa sa pagkontra ''sa barang'' . <ref name="auto2" /> Maari ding kontrahin ng mga salamangkero ang mga sumpa ng mga supernatural na nilalang tulad ng [[Aswang|mga aswang]] . Gayunpaman, dahil sila ay mga mortal na tao, ang pisikal na lakas ng mga shaman ay limitado kumpara sa lakas ng isang aswang na nilalang. Ang puwang na ito sa pisikal na lakas ay karaniwang tinutulay ng isang dinamika ng kaalaman at pagpapatawa. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Rock |first=Adam J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIe7BAAAQBAJ&q=shaman+mangkukulam&pg=PP1 |title=Demystifying Shamans and Their World: A Multidisciplinary Study |last2=Krippner |first2=Stanley |date=October 14, 2011 |publisher=Andrews UK Limited |isbn=978-1-84540-333-1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fegan |first=Brian |year=1983 |title=Some Notes on Alfred McCoy, "Baylan: Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology" |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=11 |issue=2/3 |pages=212–216 |issn=0115-0243 |jstor=29791795}}</ref> Ang mga Pilipinong mangkukulam ay hindi naman masama, dahil maaari rin silang magsilbi para sa ikabubuti ng lipunan. Sa mga kaso kung saan ang isang krimen ay natugunan ng kawalan ng katarungan dahil ang instigator ay hindi nausig nang maayos o napawalang-sala sa kabila ng dumaraming ebidensya, ang mga biktima o ang kanilang pamilya at mga kaibigan ay maaaring humingi ng tulong sa mga mangkukulam upang mabigyan ng hustisya sa pamamagitan ng itim na salamangka, na naiiba sa bawat etnikong samahan. Sa mga tradisyunal na paniniwala sa labas ng mainstream Filipino movie renditions, pinaniniwalaan na ang black magic sa mga kaso ng injustice ay hindi nakakaapekto sa mga inosente. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Buenconsejo |first=José Semblante |url= |title=Songs and Gifts at the Frontier: Person and Exchange in the Agusan Manobo Possession Ritual, Philippines. |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge. |isbn=978-0-415-94124-2 |editor-last=Post |editor-first=Jennifer C. |series=Current Research in Ethnomusicology: Outstanding Dissertations |volume=4 |location=New York |pages= |access-date=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McClenon |first=James |date=1985 |title=Island of Sorcerers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_fate_1985-09_38_9/page/n36|journal=Fate |language= |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=37–41 |doi= |issn= |access-date=}}</ref> <ref>Tan, Michael L. (2008). Revisiting Usog, Pasma, Kulam. University of the Philippines Press. {{ISBN|9789715425704}}.</ref> <ref>Lieban, Richard Warren (1977). Cebuano Sorcery: Malign Magic in the Philippines. University of California Press. {{ISBN|9780520034204}}.</ref> == Mga sagradong lugar == [[Talaksan:Lumiang,_Burial_Cave.jpg|thumb| Isang [[Kankanaey]] burial cave sa [[Sagada]] na may mga kabaong na nakasalansan upang bumuo ng sky burial sa loob ng isang kweba. Hindi sinakop ng mga Espanyol ang lugar, at sa gayon ay naligtas ito sa pagkawasak sa panahon ng brutal na rehimeng Espanyol. Sa panahon ng kolonisasyon ng mga Amerikano, itinago ng mga lokal ang lokasyon ng sagradong lugar.]] Ang mga sinaunang Pilipino at Pilipino na patuloy na sumusunod sa mga katutubong relihiyon ng Pilipinas sa pangkalahatan ay walang tinatawag na "mga templo" ng pagsamba sa ilalim ng kontekstong kilala sa mga dayuhang kultura. <ref name="Scott1994"/> <ref name="hislop"/> <ref name="blumetritt">{{Cite book |last=Ferdinand Blumentritt |title=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes |publisher=Orientalisches Institut, Universität Wien |year=1894 |volume=8 |page=147 |chapter=Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der bei den philippinischen Eingeborenen üblichen Eigennamen, welche auf Religion, Opfer und priesterliche Titel und Amtsverrichtungen sich beziehen. (Fortsetzung.) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLVBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA147}}</ref> Gayunpaman, mayroon silang mga sagradong [[Mga dambana at sagradong lugar ng mga katutubong Pilipino|dambana]], na tinatawag ding mga bahay ng espiritu . <ref name="Scott1994" /> Maaaring may sukat ang mga ito mula sa maliliit na mga platform na may bubong, hanggang sa mga istrukturang katulad ng isang maliit na bahay (ngunit walang dingding), hanggang sa mga dambana na kamukha ng mga pagoda, lalo na sa timog kung saan ang mga naunang mosque ay ginawa rin sa parehong paraan. Ang mga dambana na ito ay kilala sa iba't ibang katutubong termino, na nakasalalay sa samahan ng grupong etniko. Maaari din itong gamitin bilang mga lugar upang iimbak ''ang mga taotao'' at mga kabaong ng mga ninuno. Sa mga Bicolano, ''ang taotao'' ay iniingatan din sa loob ng mga sagradong kuweba na tinatawag na ''moog'' . <ref name="Scott1994" /> <ref name="kroeber">{{Cite journal |last=Kroeber |first=A. L. |year=1918 |title=The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/286/A019a02.pdf;jsessionid=EB1447C19043A20F8A2BCE9726E4A3D1?sequence=1 |journal=Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History |location=New York City |volume=XXI |issue=Part II |pages=35&ndash;37 |oclc=351466 |id={{NCID| BA91351726}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> <ref name="cole">{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Fay-Cooper |last2=Gale |first2=Albert |year=1922 |title=The Tinguian; Social, Religious, and Economic life of a Philippine tribe |url=https://archive.org/details/tinguiansocialre142cole |journal=Field Museum of Natural History: Anthropological Series |location=Chicago |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=235&ndash;493 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.3568 |oclc=1085981086 |ol=7134925M}}</ref> <ref name="storch">{{Cite book |last=Gregorio F. Zaide |title=Religions and Missionaries around the Pacific, 1500–1900 |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=9781351904780 |editor-last=Tanya Storch |series=The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900, Volume 17 |chapter=Filipinos Before the Spanish Conquest Possessed a Well-Ordered and Well-Thought-Out Religion |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gokDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> Sa ilang mga seremonya, ''ang anito'' ay iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga pansamantalang altar malapit sa mga sagradong lugar. Tinatawag itong ''latangan'' o ''lantayan'' sa Bisaya, at ''[[Mga dambana at sagradong lugar ng mga katutubong Pilipino|dambana]]'' o ''lambana'' sa Tagalog. Ang mga altar na ito na kawayan o rattan ay magkapareho sa pangunahing konstruksyon sa buong Pilipinas. Ang mga ito ay alinman sa maliliit na platform na walang bubong o nakatayong mga poste na nahati sa dulo (katulad ng tiki torch ). Hawak nila ang mga hinati na bao ng niyog, mga platong metal, o mga banga ng martaban bilang mga sisidlan ng mga handog. ''Ang Taotao'' ay maaaring minsan ding ilagay sa mga platform na ito. <ref name="Scott1994"/> <ref name="kroeber"/> Kasama sa iba pang uri ng mga sagradong lugar o bagay na sinasamba ng ''diwata'' ang materyal na pagpapakita ng kanilang mga nasasakupan. Ang pinakamalawak na pinarangalan ay ang mga puno ng balete (tinatawag ding ''nonok'', ''nunuk'', ''nonoc'', atbp.) at mga langgam o anay ( ''punso'' ). Kabilang sa iba pang mga halimbawa ang mga bundok, talon, punong kahoy, bahura, at kuweba. <ref name="Scott1994"/> <ref name="hislop"/> <ref name="potet">{{Cite book |last=Jean-Paul G. Potet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ca5XDwAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs |publisher=Lulu Press Inc. |year=2017 |isbn=9780244348731 |page=235}}</ref> <ref name="agon2">{{Cite book |last=Teodoro A. Agoncillo & Oscar M. Alfonso |title=History of the Filipino People |publisher=Malaya Books |year=1969 |page=42}}</ref> <ref name="demetrio73">{{Cite journal |last=Demetrio |first=Francisco R. |year=1973 |title=Philippine Shamanism and Southeast Asian Parallels |url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-11-02-1973/demetrio-philippine%20shamanism%20southeast%20asian%20parallels%20.pdf |journal=Asian Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=128&ndash;154 |issn=0004-4679}}</ref> Maraming mga etnikong tao sa bansa ang may ibinahaging "kultura ng pagsamba sa bundok", kung saan ang mga partikular na bundok ay pinaniniwalaang tirahan ng ilang mga divinity o supernatural na nilalang at aura. Ang mga mythical na lugar ng pagsamba ay naroroon din sa ilang mga mitolohiya. Sa kasamaang palad, ang karamihan sa mga lugar ng pagsamba na ito (na kinabibilangan ng mga bagay na nauugnay sa mga site na ito tulad ng mga estatwa ng diyus-diyosan at mga sinaunang dokumento na nakasulat sa mga script [[Suyat|ng suyat]] ) ay sinira o binaboy at winasak ng mga kolonyalistang Espanyol sa pagitan ng ika-15 hanggang ika-19 na siglo, at patuloy na ninakawan ng mga imperyalistang Amerikano noong unang bahagi ng ika-20 siglo. Karagdagan pa, ang mga lupaing ginagamit ng mga katutubong tao para sa pagsamba ay mapanuksong binago ng mga kolonyalista bilang pundasyon ng kanilang mga dayuhang simbahan at sementeryo. Ang mga halimbawa ng mga katutubong lugar ng pagsamba na nakaligtas sa kolonyalismo ay kadalasang natural na mga lugar tulad ng mga bundok, golpo, lawa, puno, malalaking bato, at mga kuweba. Ang mga katutubong gawang-taong lugar ng pagsamba ay naroroon pa rin sa ilang mga komunidad sa mga probinsya, lalo na sa mga ancestral domain kung saan ang mga tao ay patuloy na nagsasagawa ng kanilang mga katutubong relihiyon . <ref name="blumetritt"/> <ref name="cole"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pre-colonial Manila – Presidential Museum and Library |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014757/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/ |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref> Sa tradisyunal na paniniwala ng dambana, ang lahat ng mga diyos, nilalang na ipinadala ng pinakamataas na diyos/diyos, at mga espiritu ng ninuno ay sama-samang tinatawag na ''[[anito]]'' samantalang ang mga espiritu ng kalikasan at mga batahla ang tawag ay ''[[Anito|diwata]]'' . Ang mga nilalang o espiritu ng kalupaan at nilalang ng ilalim ng lupa ay tinatawag na ''[[Lamanlupa|lamang-lupa]]'' (mga nilalang ng lupa) o ''bantay-tubig'' (mga nilalang ng dagat o iba pang anyong tubig). Ang ''dambana'' ay karaniwang inaalagaan ng mga ''[[Babaylan|shaman ng Pilipinas]]'', ang katutubong espirituwal na pinuno ng ''barangay'' (komunidad), at sa ilang lawak, ang ''datu'' (pinuno sa pulitika ng barangay) at ang ''lakan'' (pinuno sa pulitika ng koalisyon ng barangay). Sa una ay hindi pinalamutian at iginagalang nang kaunti, ''ang mga dabanas'' sa kalaunan ay napuno ng mga palamuti na nakasentro sa mga gawaing pangrelihiyon tungo sa mga estatwa ''ng larauan'' dahil sa kalakalan at impluwensyang panrelihiyon mula sa iba't ibang independyente at basalyong estado. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |date=September 12, 2014 |title=History in language |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/78366/history-in-language |website=opinion.inquirer.net}}</ref> Pinalamutian ito ng mga rebultong tahanan ng ''mga anito'' na tradisyunal na tinatawag na ''larauan'', mga estatwa na nakalaan para sa hinaharap na mga gawain sa ''paglilibing'' sa makabagong tinatawag na ''likha'', mga balumbon o mga dokumento na may kaligrapya ''[[Suyat|ng suyat]]'' ''[[baybayin]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orejas |first=Tonette |date=April 27, 2018 |title=Protect all PH writing systems, heritage advocates urge Congress |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/985669/protect-all-ph-writing-systems-heritage-advocates-urge-congress |website=newsinfo.inquirer.net}}</ref> at iba pang mga bagay na sagrado sa mga gawaing ''dambana'' tulad ng ''lambanog'' (distilled coconut wine), ''tuba'' ( [[Sampaguita|undigant]] [[Santan|wine]] ), [[gumamela]], [[tayabak]], at mga katutubong [[Orkidya|orchid]] ), ''palay'' (unhusked rice), ''bigas'' (husked rice), shells, pearls, jewels, beads, native crafts gaya ng ''banga'' (pottery), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pre-colonial Manila &#124; Presidential Museum and Library |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014757/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/ |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref> espada at iba pang sandata (tulad ng ''[[kampilan]]'', ''dahong palay'', ''likes'' ''[[Itak|bolo]]'' ), bodily ''[[Panabas|,]]'' bodily, o ''singsing'' . kuwintas, at ''hikaw'' o hikaw), mga kalasag sa digmaan (tulad ng ''kalasag'' ), engkantadong maskara, <ref>[https://aboutphilippines.ph/documents-etc/Anthropological-reflection-on-Philippine-masks.pdf]{{Dead link|date=February 2020}}</ref> mga sandata sa labanan na ginagamit sa ''[[Arnis|pananandata o kali]]'', anting-anting na tinatawag na ''[[agimat]]'' o ''anti-anting'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elefante |first=Fil V. |date=June 12, 2016 |title=Filipinization and the flag as amulet against bad luck |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2016/06/12/filipinization-and-the-flag-as-amulet-against-bad-luck/ |website=BusinessMirror}}</ref> mga panliligaw ng sumpa gaya ng ''buntot pagi'', katutubong kasuotan at burda, pagkain, at ginto sa anyo ng leeg. at singsing sa paa) at barter money ( ''piloncitos'' at gintong singsing). <ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |title=Dambana Meaning &#124; Tagalog Dictionary |url=https://www.tagalog-dictionary.com/search?word=dambana |website=Tagalog English Dictionary}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=Gerard |date=June 20, 2014 |title=What does it mean to be Filipino? |url=http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/ispeak/60815-identity-crisis-filipino |website=Rappler}}</ref> Ang mga estatwa ng hayop, lalo na ang mga katutubong [[aso]], ay nagbabantay sa isang istraktura ''ng dambana'' kasama ng mga ukit at kaligrapya na naglalarawan ng mga proteksyon at mga ''anito'' . <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Killgrove |first=Kristina |title=Archaeologists Find Deformed Dog Buried Near Ancient Child In The Philippines |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristinakillgrove/2018/02/26/archaeologists-find-deformed-dog-buried-near-ancient-child-in-the-philippines/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref name="auto22">{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=7 Prehistoric Animals You Didn't Know Once Roamed The Philippines |url=https://filipiknow.net/prehistoric-animals-in-the-philippines/ |website=FilipiKnow}}</ref> == Katayuan at pagsunod == [[Talaksan:Ati-Atihan_Festival_Participant.jpg|thumb| Mga kalahok [[Mga Aklanon|sa Aklanon]] sa masiglang [[Ati-Atihan|pagdiriwang ng Ati-Atihan]], na nagpaparangal sa mga [[Mga Ati (Panay)|Ati]] at Aklanon mula noong mga 1200 AD sa pamamagitan ng katutubong tradisyon ng pasasalamat batay sa katutubong pananampalataya. Ang mga kolonyalistang Espanyol, sa pagtatangkang burahin ang katutubong relihiyon ng mga tao, ay ginamit ang kanilang kapangyarihang pampulitika at mga idolo ng Katoliko upang palitan ang orihinal na listahan ng mga pinarangalan ng pagdiriwang.]] Noong 2014, pinangalanan ng international astronomical monitoring agency na Minor Planet Center (MPC) ang Asteroid 1982 XB 3757 Anagolay, pagkatapos ng diyosa ng Tagalog ng mga nawawalang bagay, si Anagolay. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 9, 2014 |title=New asteroid named after Philippine goddess of lost things |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/382869/scitech/science/new-asteroid-named-after-philippine-goddess-of-lost-things/ |website=GMA News Online}}</ref> Noong 2019, pinangalanan ng International Astronomical Union (IAU) ang star Wasp 34 bilang Aman Sinaya, ang Tagalog na diyos ng karagatan, habang ang planetang Wasp 34-b ay pinangalanan bilang Haik, isang Tagalog sea god. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2019 |title=Pinoy's entry chosen as name of star, exoplanet |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/719531/pinoy-s-entry-chosen-as-name-of-star-exoplanet/story/}}</ref> Sa parehong taon, ang pinakamalaking caldera sa mundo ay pinangalanang [[Apolaki Caldera]], ayon sa diyos ng araw sa iba't ibang katutubong relihiyon sa Luzon. <ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2019 |title=Filipina scientist discovers world's largest caldera on Benham Rise |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/spotlight/10/21/19/filipina-scientist-discovers-worlds-largest-caldera-on-benham-rise |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031181851/https://news.abs-cbn.com/spotlight/10/21/19/filipina-scientist-discovers-worlds-largest-caldera-on-benham-rise |archive-date=October 31, 2019}}</ref> Noong 2021, tatlong tulay sa Albay ang ipinangalan sa tatlong bayani mula sa Bicolano religious epic, ang Ibalon, na sina Baltog, Handyong, at Bantog. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Solis |first=Emmanuel |date=April 22, 2021 |title=Legazpi bridges named after Bicol's 3 epic heroes |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1137615}}</ref> Alinsunod sa National Cultural Heritage Act, na pinagtibay noong 2010, itinatag ang [[Talapamana ng Pilipinas|Philippine Registry of Cultural Property]] (PReCUP) bilang pambansang rehistro ng Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas na ginamit upang pagsama-samahin sa isang talaan ang lahat ng ari-arian ng kultura na itinuturing na mahalaga sa pamana ng kultura, nasasalat at hindi nakikita, ng Pilipinas. Pinoprotektahan ng registry ang iba't ibang elemento ng pamana ng Pilipinas, kabilang ang oral literature o kwentong pasa pasa at kwentong bayan, musika, sayaw, etnograpikong materyal, at sagradong lugar, bukod sa marami pang iba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2015 |title=Republic Act No. 10066 Heritage Law |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/republic-act-no-10066/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612235629/https://ncca.gov.ph/republic-act-no-10066/ |archive-date=June 12, 2021 |access-date=July 20, 2019 |publisher=Ncca.gov.ph}}</ref> Pinoprotektahan din ng National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Law, na pinagtibay noong 1992 at pinalawak noong 2018, ang ilang mga sagradong lugar ng Antitist sa bansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Data |url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/06jun/20180622-RA-11038-RRD.pdf |access-date=July 20, 2019 |website=www.officialgazette.gov.ph}}</ref> Ang mga katutubong relihiyon at paniniwala ng Pilipinas ay malawak na ikinalat sa kapuluan, bago ang pagdating ng mga relihiyong Abrahamiko. Ang karamihan ng mga tao, gayunpaman, ay nagbalik-loob sa Kristiyanismo dahil sa kolonisasyon ng mga Espanyol mula ika-16 hanggang huling bahagi ng ika-19 na siglo, na nagpatuloy hanggang ika-20 siglo sa panahon at pagkatapos ng kolonisasyon ng Amerika. <ref name="hislop"/> <ref name="demetrio73"/> Sa panahon ng [[Himagsikang Pilipino|Rebolusyong Pilipino]], may mga mungkahi na buhayin ang mga katutubong relihiyon ng Pilipinas at gawin itong [[Pampamahalaang relihiyon|pambansang relihiyon]], ngunit hindi umunlad ang panukala, dahil ang pinagtutuunan ng pansin noon ay ang digmaan laban sa mga kolonisador ng Amerika. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kennon |first=L. W. V. |date=1901 |title=The Katipunan of the Philippines |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25105201 |journal=The North American Review |volume=173 |issue=537 |pages=208–220 |issn=0029-2397 |jstor=25105201 |access-date=}}</ref> Sinabi ng Philippine Statistics Authority sa 2020 national census, na 0.23% ng pambansang populasyon ng Pilipino ay kaanib sa mga katutubong relihiyon ng Pilipinas, na kanilang isinulat bilang "tribal religions" sa kanilang census. <ref name="PSA-PIF2020"/> Ito ay pagtaas mula sa nakaraang 2010 census na nakapagtala ng 0.19%. <ref name="PSA-2015PSY"/> Sa kabila ng kasalukuyang bilang ng mga sumusunod, maraming tradisyon mula sa mga katutubong relihiyon sa Pilipinas ang isinama sa lokal na kasanayan ng Katolisismo at Islam, na nagresulta sa " Katolisismong Katutubo " at " Katutubong Islam ". <ref name="Scott1994"/> Ang patuloy na pagbabalik-loob ng mga tagasunod ng katutubong katutubong relihiyon sa Pilipinas sa mga relihiyong Abrahamiko ng mga misyonero ay isang kapansin-pansing alalahanin, dahil ang ilang mga kasanayan at katutubong kaalaman ay patuloy na nawawala dahil sa mga conversion. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eder |first=James F. |date=2013 |title=The Future of Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines: Sources of Cohesion, Forms of Difference. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43854732 |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |language= |publisher=University of San Carlos Publications |volume=41 |issue=3/4 |pages=273–294 |doi= |issn=0115-0243 |jstor=43854732 |oclc= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Bathala]] * [[Katutubong relihiyong Tagalog|Mga katutubong paniniwalang panrelihiyon ng mga tagalog]] * [[Anito|Diwata]] * [[Babaylan]] * [[Pagtatawas]] * [[Mitolohiyang Pilipino]] == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/asia/pft/index.htm Mga Kuwentong Bayan sa Filipino] * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26393 Filipino Folk Medicine] - Isang maagang ika-18 siglo na koleksyon ng Filipino Folk Medicine. [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Kategorya:Katutubong pambayang relihiyon sa Pilipinas]] det7fgs2xu7btomwzz9yu2msxej38r9 2204385 2204383 2026-04-23T07:54:34Z ZamboniZoomer 149516 Kinansela ang pagbabagong 2204383 ni [[Special:Contributions/ZamboniZoomer|ZamboniZoomer]] ([[User talk:ZamboniZoomer|Usapan]]) 2204385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{div col|}} [[Talaksan:Mt._Pulag_-_4.jpg|thumb| [[Bundok Pulag|Ang Bundok Pulag]] ay isa sa maraming [[Mga dambana at sagradong lugar ng mga katutubong Pilipino|sagradong lugar]] ng mga tagasunod ng mga katutubong relihiyon sa Pilipinas. Ang mga espiritu ng ninuno na gumagabay sa kanilang mga inapo ay pinaniniwalaang naninirahan sa buong bundok.]] Ang mga katutubong relihiyon sa Pilipinas ay mga sinaunang paniniwala at kaugalian ng iba't ibang etnikong grupo sa bansa. Karamihan sa kanila ay naniniwala sa '''animismo''', kung saan pinaniniwalaang may '''diwa''' o kaluluwa o espiritu ang lahat ng bagay mula tao, hayop, halaman, at maging ang kalikasan.<ref name="Almocera2005">Almocera, Ruel A., (2005) Popular Filipino Spiritual Beliefs with a proposed Theological Response. in Doing Theology in the Philippines. Suk, John., Ed. Mandaluyong: OMF Literature Inc. Pp 78-98</ref> <ref name="Maggay1999">Maggay, Melba Padilla (1999). Filipino Religious Consciousness. Quezon City: Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture.</ref><ref name="SitoyJr1985">{{Cite book |title=A history of Christianity in the Philippines Volume 1: The Initial Encounter |last=Sitoy |first=T. Valentino Jr. |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1985 |isbn=9711002558 |location=Quezon City, Philippines}}</ref><ref name="SoulBook1991">{{cite book |title=The Soul Book: Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion | last1 =Demetrio | first1 = Francisco R. | last2 =Cordero-Fernando | first2 = Gilda | last3 = Nakpil-Zialcita | first4 = Fernando| last4 =Feleo | first3 = Roberto B. |date= 1991 |publisher=GCF Books, Quezon City |author-link2= Gilda Cordero-Fernando| asin=B007FR4S8G}}</ref> Sa mga relihiyong ito, may dalawang pangunahing uri ng espiritu: * '''Diwata''' – ito ang tawag sa mga bathala,diyos at mga espiritu ng kalikasan. * '''Anito''' – ito naman ang mga estatwang kahoy at mga espiritu o kaluluwa ng mga yumao, lalo na ng mga ninuno. Karaniwan, ang mga kwento at aral ng mga katutubong relihiyon ay ipinapasa sa pamamagitan ng '''pasalita''' o kwentong pasa pasa mula sa matatanda patungo sa mga kabataan. Ngunit may mga grupo rin na nagsusulat ng kanilang paniniwala sa mga dahon, kawayan, at iba pang materyales gamit ang mga lokal na panulat tulad ng bakal na matulis.<ref name="Almocera2005">Almocera, Ruel A., (2005) Popular Filipino Spiritual Beliefs with a proposed Theological Response. in Doing Theology in the Philippines. Suk, John., Ed. Mandaluyong: OMF Literature Inc. Pp 78-98</ref> <ref name="Maggay1999">Maggay, Melba Padilla (1999). Filipino Religious Consciousness. Quezon City: Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture.</ref><ref name="SitoyJr1985"/><ref name="SoulBook1991"/> Bagaman sinabi ng ilang Espanyol noon na walang sinusulat ang mga katutubo tungkol sa kanilang relihiyon, may mga tala na nagpapatunay na meron. Ayon sa ilang dokumento, may mga librong pang-relihiyon at rebulto ng mga diyos ang mga katutubo na sinunog ng mga mananakop. Ang terminong '''Bathala''' sa kalaunan ay pinalitan ang "Diwata" bilang pangunahing salita para sa "mga diyos" at naging kahulugan ng anumang supernatural na nilalang na sinasamba para sa pagkontrol sa mga aspeto ng buhay o kalikasan. Sa paglipas ng panahon, '''[[Bathala|si Bathala]]''' (o Bathalà/Maykapál) ay naging nauugnay sa Kristiyanong Diyos at naging kasingkahulugan ng '''Diyós''' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patricia |first=Patricia |last2=Buitrago Palacios |first2=Nátali |date=2014-12-30 |title=Los opositores en el proceso de restitución de tierras: análisis cuantitativo de la jurisprudencia, 2012-2014 |url=https://doi.org/10.15425/redepub.33.2014.29 |journal=Revista de Derecho Público |issue=33 |pages=1–34 |doi=10.15425/redepub.33.2014.29 |issn=1909-7778 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Potet |first=Jean-Paul |title=Ancient beliefs and customs of the Tagalogs |date=2017 |publisher=Jean-Paul G. Potet |isbn=978-0-244-34873-1 |location=Clichy}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Resurreccion |first=C. O. |date=March 1965 |title=Proceedings of the International Congress on Rizal, December 4–8, 1961. Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission, Manila, 1962. Pp. xxvii, 496. |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0217781100002623 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=133–135 |doi=10.1017/s0217781100002623 |issn=0217-7811}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murawski |first=Krzysztof |date=1984-12-31 |title=El triunfo de Hunahpue Ixbalanque: paradigma del renacimiento en la religión de los mayas |url=https://doi.org/10.36447/estudios1984.v9.art1 |journal=Estudios Latinoamericanos |volume=9 |pages=11–44 |doi=10.36447/estudios1984.v9.art1 |issn=0137-3080}}</ref> Sa tala ng 2020 na sensus, nasa '''0.23%''' ng populasyon sa Pilipinas ang kasapi pa rin sa mga katutubong relihiyon – tumaas mula sa '''0.19%''' noong 2010. <ref name="SitoyJr1985"/> <ref name="SoulBook1991"/> <ref name="PSA-PIF2020">{{Cite journal |date=February 22, 2023 |title=Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |journal=Philippines in Figures |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |access-date=March 25, 2023}}</ref><ref name="PSA-2015PSY">{{Cite journal |date=October 2015 |title=Table 1.10; Household Population by Religious Affiliation and by Sex; 2010 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf#56 |url-status=live |journal=2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook |location=East Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |pages=1–30 |issn=0118-1564 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010131/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf#56 |archive-date=October 11, 2016 |access-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref> Ang dami ng iba't ibang tawag o termino ay galing sa katotohanang ang mga katutubong relihiyon sa Pilipinas ay nagsimula pa bago dumating ang mga dayuhan at bago pa naging isang bansa ang Pilipinas. Iba-iba ang mga tao sa Pilipinas, kaya’t iba-iba rin ang kanilang wika at mga salitang ginagamit para ilarawan ang kanilang relihiyon. Bagama’t maaaring magkakaiba ang mga ito, ayon sa mga iskolar, may pagkakapareho ang kanilang mga ideya at paniniwala kaya puwedeng pag-aralan ang mga ito bilang iisang kabuuan. Ang mga relihiyon ng Katutubong Pilipino ay konektado rin sa mga paniniwala sa Oceania at sa mga karatig na bahagi ng Timog-Silangang Asya. Nanggaling din ang mga ito sa mga sinaunang paniniwalang Austronesian.<ref name="Scott1994">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |title=Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society |url=https://archive.org/details/barangaysixteent0000scot |date=1994 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |isbn=971-550-135-4 |location=Quezon City}}</ref><ref name="SoulBook1991"/> <ref name="Osborne2004">{{Cite book |last=Osborne |first=Milton |author-link=Milton Osborne |title=Southeast Asia: An Introductory History |url=https://archive.org/details/southeastasiaint0000osbo_v1c2 |date=2004 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=1-74114-448-5 |edition=Ninth |location=Australia}}</ref> Ang mga salaysay ng alamat , kwentong pasa pasa o kwentong pasalita at mga kwentong bayan na nauugnay sa mga paniniwalang ito sa relihiyon ay bumubuo sa tinatawag ngayong [[Mitolohiyang Pilipino]], at isang mahalagang aspeto ng pag-aaral ng [[kultura ng Pilipinas]] at [[sikolohiyang Pilipino]] . == Panrelihiyong pananaw sa mundo == [[Talaksan:The_rotation_of_Visayan_Philippine_bakunawa.png|thumb| Ang pag-ikot ng diyos na ''si [[Bakunawa]]'' sa isang taon ng kalendaryo, gaya ng ipinaliwanag sa ''Signosan'' (1919). Ang mga paglalarawan ay nagsasalaysay ng pag-unawa sa mga ninuno tungo sa wastong paglikha ng pisikal na tahanan para sa isang maayos na espirituwal na tahanan. Isa ito sa libu-libong mga katutubong konsepto tungkol sa suwerte, katulad ng ilang konsepto ng mainland Asian gaya ng ''feng shui'' .]] Ayon sa mananalaysay na si T. Valentino Sitoy, may tatlong pangunahing paniniwala ang mga Pilipino tungkol sa relihiyon bago dumating ang mga Espanyol. Nakita niya ito sa mga lumang dokumento tungkol sa paniniwalang panrelihiyon ng mga sinaunang Pilipino. Una, naniniwala ang mga tao noon na bukod sa ating mundo, may isa pang mundo na hindi nakikita, ang mundo ng mga espiritu. Kahit hindi ito nakikita, naniniwala silang nakakaapekto ito sa buhay ng mga tao. Pangalawa, naniniwala rin sila na may mga espiritu sa lahat ng bagay at lugar, mula sa mga makapangyarihang diyos na lumikha ng mundo, hanggang sa maliliit na espiritu na naninirahan sa mga puno, bato, sapa, at iba pang bahagi ng kalikasan. Pangatlo, para sa mga sinaunang Pilipino, ang mga nangyayari sa buhay ng tao ay may kinalaman sa mga kilos at impluwensya ng mga espiritung ito. Tinatawag nilang '''anito''' ang mga espiritu ng kanilang mga ninuno (na minsan ay tinatawag ding ''umalagad''), habang ang mga bathala o diyos at espiritu ng kalikasan ay tinatawag na '''diwata'''. Ang mga paniniwalang ito ay bahagi ng katutubong animistikong relihiyon ng Pilipinas bago pa man tayo nasakop. <ref name="SitoyJr1985"/> ''Anito'' o ang mga espiritu ng ninuno ( ''umalagad'' ). Habang ang tawag sa mga bathala at diyos ng kalikasan ay ''[[Anito|diwata]]'' sa mga katutubong [[Animismo|animistikong]] relihiyon o paniniwala ng [[Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas (900–1565)|precolonial na Pilipinas]] . '''Ang Pag-anito''' (tinatawag ding mag-anito o anitohan) ay isang ritwal kung saan nakikipag-usap ang mga tao sa mga espiritu ng mga patay o kanilang mga ninuno. Madalas itong ginagawa sa tulong ng isang salamangkero tinatawag na '''babaylan''' sa [[Mga wikang Bisaya|Bisaya]] o isang '''katalonan''' sa [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] na nagsisilbing midyum upang kumonekta sa mga espiritung ito. Ang salitang '''anito''' ay maaari ding mangahulugan ng pagsamba o pag-aalay sa isang espiritu. Ang ritwal na ito ay kadalasang sinasamahan ng mga pagdiriwang o iba pang mga seremonya. Kung ang ritwal ay nagsasangkot ng pakikipag-usap sa mga espiritu ng kalikasan o mga diwata ng kaitaasan at mga diyos, ito ay tinatawag na '''pagdiwata''' (din magdiwata o diwatahan). <ref name="SoulBook1991"/> <ref name="Scott1994"/> <ref name="rosa">{{Cite book |last=Antonio Sánchez de la Rosa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EwHAQAAIAAJ |title=Diccionario Hispano-Bisaya para las provincias de Samar y Leyte, Volumes 1-2 |publisher=Tipo-Litografia de Chofre y Comp. |year=1895 |page=414}}</ref> Nang dumating ang mga misyonerong Kastila sa Pilipinas, ang salitang " ''anito'' " ay naiugnay sa mga pisikal na representasyon ng mga espiritu na kitang-kita sa ''mga paganito na'' ritwal. Sa panahon ng [[Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas (1898–1946)|paghahari ng mga Amerikano sa Pilipinas (1898–1946)]], ang kahulugan ng salitang [[Wikang Kastila|Espanyol]] ''na idolo'' ("isang bagay na sinasamba") ay higit na pinaghalo sa salitang Ingles na " [[Idolo|idol]] ", at sa gayon ay halos sumangguni ''ang anito'' sa halos eksklusibong mga inukit na pigura o estatwa ( ''taotao'' ) ng mga espiritu ng ninuno at kalikasan. <ref name="Scott1994"/> <ref name="sawyer">{{Cite book |last=Frederic H. Sawyer |url=https://archive.org/details/inhabitantsofphi00sawy |title=The Inhabitants of the Philippines |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1900}}</ref> Ang paniniwala sa '''''anito''''' o '''''pagsamba sa mga ninuno''''' ay tinutukoy kung minsan bilang anitism sa iskolar na panitikan (Espanyol: ''anitismo'' o ''anitería'' ). literal na nangangahulugang pagsamba sa mga '''espiritu ng mga patay''' <ref name="hislop">{{Cite journal |last=Hislop |first=Stephen K. |year=1971 |title=Anitism: a survey of religious beliefs native to the Philippines |url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-09-02-1971/hislop-anitism-survey-religious%20beliefs-native-philippines.pdf |journal=Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=144&ndash;156 |issn=0004-4679}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vermander |first=Benoît |date=2010-09-15 |title=Michael Rudolph, Ritual Performances as Authenticating Practices: Cultural representations of Taiwan’s aborigines in times of political changes |url=https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.5323 |journal=China Perspectives |volume=2010 |issue=3 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.5323 |issn=2070-3449}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Corporation |first=Bonnier |url=https://books.google.fi/books/about/Popular_Science.html?id=3CMDAAAAMBAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Popular Science |date=August 1901 |publisher=Bonnier Corporation |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.fi/books/about/Doing_Theology_with_the_Festivals_and_Cu.html?id=vfHYAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Doing Theology with the Festivals and Customs of Asia |date=1994 |publisher=ATESEA |isbn=978-981-00-4859-4 |language=en}}</ref> Ang salitang ''anitismo'', o ang Hispano-Filipino na ''anitismo'', kahit hindi sa kasalukuyang paggamit, ito ay primitive na relihiyong Tagalog, isang patuloy na panawagan at pagsamba sa mga anito, ang mga kaluluwa o mga espiritu ng kanilang mga sinasamba. Mula sa orihinal nitong kahulugan ng "espiritu ng ninuno". <ref>{{Citation |title=Hislop, Stephen (1817–1863) |date=2018-02-06 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.13366 |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-02-16}}</ref> == Mga bathala at espiritu == [[Talaksan:Filippine,_provincia_di_agusan,_immagine_hindu,_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio,_xiii_secolo.jpg|right|thumb| Ang Agusan image statue (900–950 CE) ay natuklasan noong 1917 sa pampang ng Wawa River malapit sa [[Esperanza, Agusan del Sur|Esperanza]], [[Agusan del Sur]], [[Mindanao]] sa [[Pilipinas]] . Bagama't may mga elementong Hindu at Budista, sinasamba ito ng mga lokal bilang isang sisidlan para sa mga animistang diyos. Ito ay kasalukuyang nasa ilalim ng kolonyal na pagmamay-ari ng American Field Museum, sa kabila ng hindi mabilang na mga kahilingan ng mga lokal na ibalik ang Imahe sa kanilang tahanan.]] [[Talaksan:Ifugao_sculpture_Louvre_70-1999-4-1.jpg|thumb| 15th century Ifugao ''bulul'' with a ''pamahan'' (ceremonial bowl). Ang mga tagasunod ng mga katutubong relihiyon ay naniniwala na ang mga diyos na namumuno sa mga pananim ay naninirahan sa loob ng kanilang mga bulul. Ang sagradong bulul sa larawan ay kasalukuyang nasa ilalim ng kolonyal na pag-aari ng [[Museo ng Louvre]] ng [[Pransiya]].]] Ang mga diyos ay may iba’t ibang pangalan at tungkulin depende sa kultura. Sa ilang wika, ang ''diwata'' ang tawag sa mga diyos, habang sa iba ay ''anito'' ang ginagamit bilang pangkalahatang tawag sa mga espiritu. Bawat etnikong grupo ay may sarili nilang tawag para sa mga diyos. Halimbawa, sa maraming bahagi ng bansa :<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2025-01-06 |title=People: January/February 2025 |url=https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14 |doi=10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14 |access-date=2025-01-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Owen |first=Norman G. |date=February 1998 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. By Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win . Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press, 1997. xi, 363 pp. $62.00. |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article/57/1/273/336734 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=273–275 |doi=10.2307/2659094 |issn=0021-9118 |jstor=2659094}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Tilman |first=Robert O. |date=February 1971 |title=The Philippines in 1970: A Difficult Decade Begins |url=http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/as.1971.11.2.01p0079e |journal=Asian Survey |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=139–148 |doi=10.2307/2642713 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2642713 }}{{Dead link|date=Marso 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''"Diwata"''' ang tawag sa mga diyos at diyosa o mga nilalang sa langit. '''"Anito"''' ang tawag sa mga espiritu ng ninuno o mas maliliit na diyos. Nagkakaiba-iba ang kahulugan ng mga salitang ito depende sa lugar at tribo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murawski |first=Krzysztof |date=1984-12-31 |title=El triunfo de Hunahpue Ixbalanque: paradigma del renacimiento en la religión de los mayas |url=https://doi.org/10.36447/estudios1984.v9.art1 |journal=Estudios Latinoamericanos |volume=9 |pages=11–44 |doi=10.36447/estudios1984.v9.art1 |issn=0137-3080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eslit |first=Edgar R. |date=2023-06-20 |title=Illuminating Shadows: Decoding Three Mythological Veil of Mindanao's Cultural Tapestry |doi=10.20944/preprints202306.1412.v1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Mga Manlilikhang bathala === Maraming mga katutubong kulturang Pilipino ang iginigiit ang pagkakaroon ng mataas na diyos, diyos na lumikha, o diyos ng langit. <ref name="SoulBook1991"/> Sa mga Tagalog, ang kataas-taasang diyos ay kilala bilang [[Bathala]], na inilarawan din bilang Maykapal (ang makapangyarihan sa lahat) o Lumikha (ang lumikha). Sa mga mamamayang Bisaya ang Diyos na lumikha ay tinutukoy bilang [[Kan-Laon|Laon]], ibig sabihin ay "ang sinaunang." Sa mga Manuvu, ang pinakamataas na diyos ay tinawag na Manama. Sa karamihan ng mga mamamayan ng Cordilleran (kasama ang rehiyon ng Apayao bilang eksepsiyon), ang lumikha at pinakamataas na guro ay kilala bilang [[Kabuniyan]] . <ref name="SoulBook1991" /> Sa ibang ng mga kaso, gayunpaman, ang mga diyos na ito ay itinuturing na mga dakilang nilalang na sila ay masyadong malayo para sa mga ordinaryong tao upang lapitan. Sa gayon ang mga tao ay may posibilidad na magbayad ng higit na pansin sa "mas mababang mga diyos" o "katulong na mga diyos" na mas madaling lapitan, at kung kaninong mga kalooban ay mas madaling maimpluwensyahan. <ref name="Maggay1999" /> <ref name="SoulBook1991"/> === Mga bathala ng ibabawnun === Ang mga diwata ng kalupaan o mga diwata ng ibabawnun mga relihiyong Pilipino ay karaniwang nababagay sa tatlong malawak na kategorya: mga espiritu ng kalikasan na naninirahan sa kapaligiran, tulad ng bundok o puno; mga espiritung tagapag-alaga na namamahala sa mga partikular na aspeto ng pang-araw-araw na buhay tulad ng pangangaso o pangingisda; ang iba ay mga bayani o ninuno na gumawa ng kagilagilalas na mga bagay at kabayanihan, Sila ung mga anito na ninuno o dating tao. Ang mga kategoryang ito ay madalas na magkakapatong, kung saan ang mga indibidwal na diyos ay nahuhulog sa dalawa o higit pang mga kategorya, at sa ilang mga pagkakataon, ang mga diyos ay nagbabago mula sa isang tungkulin patungo sa isa pa, tulad ng kapag ang isang bayani ng tribo na kilala sa pangingisda ay naging isang espiritu ng tagapag-alaga na nauugnay sa pangangaso. <ref name="SoulBook1991"/> == Mitolohiya at Katutubong Relihiyon: Ano ang Pagkakaiba? == Magkaugnay ang mitolohiya at katutubong relihiyon, pero magkaiba ang kanilang gamit.. * Ang '''mitolohiya''' ay koleksyon ng mga kuwento tungkol sa pinagmulan ng mundo, kalikasan, at mga diyos o bayani. Ito ang mga alamat at kuwentong nagbibigay-linaw sa mga paniniwala ng isang grupo. * Ang '''katutubong relihiyon''' naman ay tumutukoy sa aktwal na '''ritwal, paniniwala, at pagsamba''' ng mga tao batay sa mga kuwentong ito. Dito kasama ang mga seremonya, pamahiin, at paniniwala sa mabuti o masamang espiritu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eslit |first=Edgar R. |date=2023-06-20 |title=Illuminating Shadows: Decoding Three Mythological Veil of Mindanao's Cultural Tapestry |doi=10.20944/preprints202306.1412.v1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2025-01-06 |title=People: January/February 2025 |url=https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14 |doi=10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14 |access-date=2025-01-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Owen |first=Norman G. |date=February 1998 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. By Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win . Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press, 1997. xi, 363 pp. $62.00. |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article/57/1/273/336734 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=273–275 |doi=10.2307/2659094 |issn=0021-9118 |jstor=2659094}}</ref> <ref name=":3"/> == Konsepto ng kaluluwa == [[Talaksan:Khamantik.jpg|thumb| Isa sa maraming [[Mga puntod na apog ng Kamhantik|Limestone na libingan ng Kamhantik]] (890–1030 AD), kung saan inilibing at tinatakan ng sarcophagi ang mga ninuno. Naniniwala ang mga lokal na ang mga libingan ay nilikha din ng mga diyos sa kagubatan, ayon sa tradisyon. Noong unang bahagi ng ika-20 siglo, ang sagradong lugar ay ninakawan at dinungisan ng mga Amerikanong kolonisador. Ang lahat ng mga sarcophagi seal ay ninakaw sa proseso.]] Ang bawat pangkat etniko ay may sariling konsepto at bilang ng kaluluwa ng isang nilalang, lalo na ang mga tao. Sa karamihan ng mga kaso, ang isang tao ay may dalawa o higit pang kaluluwa habang siya ay nabubuhay. Ang pinagmulan ng kaluluwa ng isang tao ay nasabi sa pamamagitan ng mga salaysay hinggil sa katutubong relihiyon ng Pilipinas, kung saan ang bawat relihiyong etniko ay may kanya-kanyang konsepto sa pinagmulan ng kaluluwa, komposisyon ng kaluluwa, pagpapanatili at pangangalaga sa kaluluwa, at iba pang mga bagay, tulad ng tuluyang pagdaan ng kaluluwa pagkatapos ng buhay ng tao ay binitawan. Sa ilang mga kaso, ang mga kaluluwa ay ipinagkakaloob ng ilang mga [[Mga Tauhan sa Mitolohiyang Pilipino|diyos]] tulad ng kaso sa mga Tagbanwa, habang sa iba, ang kaluluwa ay nagmula sa ilang mga espesyal na rehiyon tulad ng kaso sa mga Bisaya. Ang ilang mga tao ay may dalawang kaluluwa tulad ng Ifugao, habang ang iba ay may limang kaluluwa tulad ng Hanunoo Mangyan. Sa pangkalahatan, ang pisikal at mental na kalusugan ng isang tao ay nakakatulong sa pangkalahatang kalusugan ng mga kaluluwa ng tao. Sa ilang mga pagkakataon, kung ang isang kaluluwa ay nawala, ang isang tao ay magkakasakit, at kung ang lahat ng nabubuhay na kaluluwa ay nawala, pagkatapos ang katawan ay mamamatay sa kalaunan. Gayunpaman, may mga pagkakataon din na ang katawan ay mabubuhay pa sa kabila ng pagkawala ng lahat ng kaluluwa nito, tulad ng phenomenon na tinatawag na mekararuanan sa mga Ibanag. Sa pangkalahatan, ang pangangalaga sa sarili ay mahalaga sa mahabang buhay para sa mga kaluluwa, na nagbibigay naman ng mahabang buhay sa katawan. <ref name="SoulBook1991"/> <ref name="Mercado1991">{{Cite journal |last=Mercado |first=Leonardo N. |date=1991 |title=Soul and Spirit in Filipino Thought |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633258 |journal=Philippine Studies |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University |volume=39 |issue=3 (Third Quarter 1991) |pages=287–302 |doi= |issn=0031-7837 |jstor=42633258 |access-date=}}</ref> Ang mga multo at anito at kaluluwa ng patay, sa pangkalahatang konsepto ng Pilipinas, ay mga espiritu ng mga namatay na. Sa madaling salita, sila ang mga kaluluwa ng mga patay. Ang mga ito ay naiiba sa mga kaluluwa ng mga nabubuhay, kung saan, sa maraming pagkakataon, ang isang tao ay may dalawa o higit pang buhay na kaluluwa, depende sa pangkat etniko. <ref name="Mercado1991"/> Ang bawat pangkat etniko sa mga isla ng Pilipinas ay may kanya-kanyang termino para sa mga multo at iba pang uri ng kaluluwa. <ref name="Mercado1991" /> Dahil sa napakaraming pagkakaiba-iba ng mga katutubong salita para sa mga multo, ang mga terminong tulad ng ''espirito'' <ref name="Mercado1991" /> at ''multo'', na parehong pinagtibay mula sa mga salitang Espanyol tulad ng ''muerto'', ay ginamit bilang sumasaklaw sa lahat ng mga termino para sa mga kaluluwa o espiritu ng mga patay sa pangunahing kulturang Pilipino. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vicerra |first=Paolo Miguel |last2=Javier |first2=Jem R. |date=1 January 2013 |title=Tabi-Tabi Po: Situating The Narrative of Supernatural in the Context of the Philippines Community Development |url=http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Tabi-Tabi_1-13.pdf |journal=Manusya: Journal of Humanities |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1163/26659077-01602001 |issn=0859-9920 |access-date=}}</ref> Habang ang mga multo sa mga paniniwalang Kanluranin ay karaniwang kilala sa kanilang minsang kasuklam-suklam na kalikasan, ang mga multo ng mga patay para sa iba't ibang grupong etniko sa Pilipinas ay tradisyonal na itinuturing na mataas ang pagpapahalaga. Ang mga multong ito ay karaniwang tinutukoy bilang mga espiritu ng ninuno na maaaring gumabay at magprotekta sa kanilang mga kamag-anak at pamayanan, <ref name="hislop"/> kahit na ang mga espiritu ng ninuno ay maaari ring magdulot ng pinsala kung sila ay hindi iginagalang. <ref name="Mercado1991" /> Sa maraming kaso sa iba't ibang pangkat etnikong Pilipino, ang mga espiritu ng mga patay ay tradisyunal na iginagalang at ginagawang diyos alinsunod sa mga sinaunang sistema ng paniniwala na nagmula sa mga katutubong relihiyon ng Pilipinas. == Mahahalagang simbolo == [[Talaksan:Visayans_1.png|thumb| Ilang simbolo ng tattoo na naitala sa [[Kodiseng Boxer|Boxer Codex]] (1590). Dahil sa kolonisasyon ng mga Espanyol, rasismo, at stigma na dulot nito laban sa mga may tattoo na katutubo, unti-unting kumupas ang sining ng tattoo sa mga kultura ng kapuluan.]] Sa iba't ibang yugto ng kultura sa kapuluan, ang mga partikular na komunidad ng mga tao ay unti-unting nabuo o nakakuha ng mga kilalang simbolo sa kanilang mga sistema ng paniniwala. Marami sa mga simbolo o sagisag na ito ay malalim na nakaugat sa mga katutubong epiko, tula, at paniniwala ng mga katutubo bago ang kolonyal. Ang bawat pangkat etniko ay may kani-kanilang hanay ng mga simbolo na mahalaga sa kultura, ngunit mayroon ding mga "nakabahaging simbolo" na nakaimpluwensya sa maraming mga etnikong tao sa isang partikular na lugar. Ang ilang mga halimbawa ng mahahalagang simbolo ng Antiista ay ang mga sumusunod: * '''Okir''' – isang natatanging tanda ng pamana ng kultura ng mga ngayo’y Muslim na pamayanan sa ilang bahagi ng Mindanao; ang motip na ito ay kapansin-pansin dahil sa paggamit lamang ng mga simbolong botanikal na nagpapaganda sa iba’t ibang likhang-sining mula sa kahoy, metal, at maging sa bato<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pangcoga |first=Jehad Zacaria |date=March 18, 2014 |title=The Okir (Motif): An Art of Marano Depicting Their Culture and Society |url=https://tugayaartefactsblog.wordpress.com/2014/03/18/the-okir-motif-an-art-of-maranao-depicting-their-culture-and-society/}}</ref> * '''Puki (Ari ng babae)''' - isang mahalagang simbolo ng kasaganahan, kalusugan, at kasapatan ng likas na yaman; sa karamihan ng mga mito, ang pudenda ay iniuugnay bilang pinagmumulan ng buhay, kaunlaran, at kapangyarihan.r<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2021 |title=Alab Village: Mysteriously Ancient Destination in Bontoc |url=https://www.choosephilippines.com/go/heritage-sites/462/alab-oriente |website=Choose Philippines |access-date=Abril 9, 2025 |archive-date=Enero 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110120054/https://www.choosephilippines.com/go/heritage-sites/462/alab-oriente/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''lingling-o''' –mga natatanging palamuti ng kasaganahan na may mga tiyak na anyo at simbolo; kilala sa kasalukuyan bilang gamit ng mga Ifugao, ngunit may kasaysayang ginagamit din ng iba’t ibang pangkat, kabilang ang mga mamamayan sa katimugang Palawan.<ref name="auto25">{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2018 |title=The Hidden Myth Behind the Symbolism of the Anting-Anting |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/the-hidden-myth-behind-the-symbolism-of-the-anting-anting/}}</ref> * '''Buwan at araw''' – mataas na pinapahalagahang mga simbolo na lumilitaw bilang mga diyos o diyosa sa halos lahat ng mitolohiyang Pilipino; tampok ang mga anyo ng araw at buwan sa mga katutubong tattoo, palamuti, at kasuotan ng mga sinaunang mamamayan.<ref name="auto30">{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2017 |title=The Beautiful History and Symbolism of Philippine Tattoo Culture |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/beautiful-history-symbolism-philippine-tattoo-culture/}}</ref> * '''Anito o Estawang kahoy'''– maraming anyo ng estatuwang pantao ang nililok ng mga katutubo, tulad ng ''bulul'', ''taotao'', at ''manang''; ang mga ito ay sumasagisag sa mga diyos at diyosa mula sa kani-kanilang mga panteon<ref name="auto25" /> * '''Ahas at ibon''' – dalawang kilalang simbolo ng lakas, kapangyarihan, paglikha, kamatayan, at buhay sa iba’t ibang mitolohiya; para sa ahas, tampok ang mga larawan ng dragon, igat, at mga ahas, habang para sa mga ibon, karaniwan ang mga diwata-asul na ibon (''fairy bluebird''), ''flowerpeckers'', agila, ''kingfisher'', at ''woodpecker''.<ref name="auto30" /><ref name="auto37">{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2019 |title=PANG-O-TÚB: The Traditional Philippine Tattooing You Haven't Heard About |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/pang-o-tub-the-traditional-philippine-tattooing-you-havent-heard-about/}}</ref> * '''Ari ng lalaki (phallus)''' – simbolo ng paglikha sa iba’t ibang pangkat-etniko; sa ilang panitikan, ang phallus ay pinagmumulan ng kagalingan at karamdaman, ngunit mas karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa kasaganahan at pagkamayabong.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2018 |title=CULTURE & TRADITION: Phalluses and Phallic Symbols of the Philippines |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/culture-tradition-phalluses-and-phallic-symbols-of-the-philippines/}}</ref> * '''Bulaklak''' – maraming tattoo at disenyo ng telang katutubo ang umiikot sa simbolismo ng mga bulaklak; bawat pangkat-etniko ay may kani-kaniyang paboritong uri ng bulaklak na kadalasang binabanggit sa kanilang mga epiko at tula.<ref name="auto37" /> * '''Buwaya''' – isang simbolo ng lakas at buhay matapos ang kamatayan; ginagamit din ang mga buwayang simbolo bilang panangga laban sa masasamang pangitain at espiritu.<ref name="auto30" /> * '''Bundok at kagubatan''' – maraming bundok at kagubatan ang kinikilala bilang diyos o diyosa ng ilang pangkat-etniko, habang sa iba naman, itinuturing itong tirahan ng mga banal na nilalang, tulad ng paniniwala ng mga Aklanon, Bicolano, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, at Bagobo.<ref name="ReferenceP">{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2019 |title=PHILIPPINE MYTHOLOGY: Similarities and Parallels to World Mythologies |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/philippine-mythology-similarities-and-parallels-to-world-mythologies/}}</ref> * '''Kawayan at puno ng buko o niyog''' – mga simbolo ng paglikha, pagtatanggol, kabuhayan, at tibay; sa maraming alamat ng paglikha, ang kawayan ang pinagmulan ng sangkatauhan, habang sa iba naman, kapwa ito at ang niyog ay ginamit ng tao upang umunlad.<ref name="auto42">{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2019 |title=The Egg Motif in Philippine Creation Myths |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/the-egg-motif-in-philippine-creation-myths/}}</ref> * '''Palay at halamang-ugat''' – sa iba’t ibang mitolohiya, ang tangkay ng palay, butil ng bigas, at mga halamang-ugat ay itinuturing na pangunahing simbolo ng agrikultura; maraming kwento ang nagsasabing ang mga ito ay kaloob ng mga diyos upang pakainin ang bayan noon pa mang sinaunang panahon.<ref name="auto16">{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2019 |title=The Theme of Resurrection in Philippine Epic Tales |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/the-theme-of-resurrection-in-philippine-epic-tales/}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2016 |title=6 Guidelines for Becoming a Filipino Shaman |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/filipino-shaman/}}</ref><ref name="aswangproject1908">{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2019 |title=Notrs on the Medical Practices of the Visayans, 1908 |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/notes-on-the-medical-practices-of-the-visayans-1908/}}</ref><ref name="auto51">{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2017 |title=Ancient Philippines: Rituals for Land, Weather and Sailing |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/ancient-philippines-rituals-land-weather-sailing/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalangan |first=Gladys P. |title=Pagmamaman: A World Culture Experience and Dumagat Lifestyle |url=https://www.academia.edu/8510921 |via=www.academia.edu}}</ref> * '''Tatu''' – ang mga tatu o burda o batik, patik ay mahalagang palatandaan ng antas sa lipunan, tagumpay, at kagandahan sa maraming paniniwalang katutubo sa bansa; ang mga disenyo nito ay naglalaman ng buwaya, ahas, agila, araw, buwan, bulaklak, ilog, at bundok, bukod sa iba pa.<ref name="auto30" /> * '''Aspin (katutubong asong Pilipino)''' – ang mga aso ay inilarawan sa iba’t ibang paraan sa mga mitolohiya, kung saan kadalasan silang katuwang (hindi tagasilbi) ng mga diyos, habang sa iba ay mga tagapagbantay na may sariling layunin; tulad ng iba pang nilalang, may mga kwento ng kabutihan at kasamaan tungkol sa kanila, ngunit mas madalas silang inuugnay sa mga banal na nilalang.[<ref name="auto45">{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2018 |title=Ifigao Divinities: Philippine Mythology & Beliefs |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/ifugao-divinities-philippine-mythology-beliefs/}}</ref> * '''Dagat, ilog, at bangka''' – ang mga simbolo ukol sa dagat, ilog, at iba pang katubigan ay tampok sa maraming mitolohiya sa Pilipinas; kapansin-pansin sa iba't ibang pangkat-etniko ang pagkakaroon ng natatanging teknolohiyang kahawig ng bangka, mula sa dambuhalang ''balangay'' hanggang sa mabilis na ''karakoa''..<ref name="auto51" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2018 |title=VISAYAN Class Structure in the Sixteenth Century Philippines |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/visayan-class-structure-in-the-sixteenth-century-philippines/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mermaids, Mermen and Sirens – Sea Spirits that Protect and Destruct |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/mermaids-mermen-sirens/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713022837/https://www.aswangproject.com/mermaids-mermen-sirens/ |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2018 |title=Lighting The Forge: Examining the Panday from the Pre-Colonial Era |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/lighting-the-forge-examining-the-panday/}}</ref> == Mga Babaylan at mga salamangkero == {{Pangunahin|Philippine shamans}} [[Talaksan:Babaylan_Festival_in_Bago_City.jpg|thumb| Isang [[Mga Hiligaynon|babaeng Hiligaynon]] na naglalarawan ng isang ''babaylan'' (Visayan shaman) sa isang pista. Ayon sa mga rekord ng Kastila, karamihan sa mga pre-kolonyal na shaman ay mga babae, habang ang iba pang bahagi ay binubuo ng mga lalaking pambabae. Parehong pinakitunguhan ng mga katutubo nang may mataas na paggalang, katumbas ng ''datu'' (tagapamahala ng domain). Dahil sa kolonisasyon ng mga Espanyol, marami sa mga shaman ng mga isla ang na-brutalize sa pangalan ng Kristiyanismo, misogyny, at rasismo. <ref name="esquiremag">{{Cite web |last=Limos |first=Mario Alvaro |date=March 18, 2019 |title=The Fall of the Babaylan |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/the-fall-of-the-babaylan-a2017-20190318 |website=Esquiremag.ph}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Pagpapatunay|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2024)">nabigong pag-verify</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup>]] Ang mga katutubong [[Shamanismo|babaylan]] ay ang mga espirituwal na pinuno ng iba't ibang [[Mga pangkat etniko sa Pilipinas|etnikong tao]] sa mga [[Pilipinas|isla ng Pilipinas]] mula sa [[Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas (900–1565)|panahon ng pre-kolonyal]] hanggang sa kasalukuyang panahon. Ang mga salamangkero na ito, na marami sa kanila ay nabubuhay pa, ay halos palaging mga babae o mga malalamyang lalake at binabae ( ''asog'' o ''bayok'' ). Sila ay pinaniniwalaan na may mga gabay sa espiritu, kung saan maaari silang makipag-ugnayan at makipag-ugnayan sa mga espiritu at diyos ( ''[[anito]]'' at ''[[Anito|diwata]]'' ) at sa daigdig ng mga espiritu . Ang kanilang pangunahing tungkulin ay bilang mga daluyan sa panahon ''ng pag-anito.'' Mayroon ding iba't ibang mga uri ng mga babaylan na nagdadalubhasa sa mga sining ng pagpapagaling at herbalismo, panghuhula, at [[pangkukulam]] . Maraming uri ng babaylan ang gumagamit ng iba't ibang uri ng mga bagay sa kanilang trabaho, tulad ng mga anting-anting o anting-anting na kilala bilang [[agimat]] o anting-anting, mga pangontra gaya ng buntot pagi, at mga sagradong pinaghalo ng langis, bukod sa marami pang bagay. Ang lahat ng mga klase sa lipunan, kabilang ang mga shaman, ay gumagalang at gumagalang sa kanilang mga estatwang kahoy o anito (tinatawag ding ''larauan'', ''bulul'', ''manang'', atbp.), na kumakatawan sa isa o higit pang mga partikular na diyos sa loob ng kanilang etnikong panteon, na kinabibilangan ng mga di-ninuno na diyos at mga ninuno. <ref name="scott1992">{{Cite book |last=William Henry Scott |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |url=https://archive.org/stream/LookingForThePrehispanicFilipino/Looking%20for%20the%20Prehispanic%20Filipino#page/n67/mode/2up/search/babaylan |title=Looking For The Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in Philippine History |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1992 |isbn=978-9711005245 |pages=124–127}}</ref> Higit pang mga pangkalahatang terminong ginamit ng mga mapagkukunang Espanyol para sa mga katutubong shaman sa buong kapuluan ay nagmula sa [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] at [[Mga wikang Bisaya|Bisaya]] ''[[anito]]'' ("espiritu"); kabilang dito ang mga termino tulad ng ''maganito'' at ''anitera'' . <ref name="sagadareader">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |title=A Sagada Reader |date=1988 |publisher=New Day Publishers |isbn=9789711003302 |page=148 |quote=Anito: 16th century Tagalog and Visayan (according to Spanish records): an idol or deity inhabiting the idol, also maganito: a ceremony for such idols, and anitero: (Sp.) witch doctor, shaman.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Brewer |first=Carolyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxTZAAAAMAAJ |title=Holy Confrontation: Religion, Gender, and Sexuality in the Philippines, 1521–1685 |date=2001 |publisher=C. Brewer and the Institute of Women's Studies, St. Scholastica's College |isbn=978-971-8605-29-5 |page=156 |language=en |quote=A more general terminology that seems be used throughout the archipelago is based on the signifier for the spirit anito. These include ''maganito'' and ''anitera''.}}</ref> Ang "negatibong" katapat ng [[Babaylan|mga babaylan ng Pilipinas]] ay ang mga mangkukulam sa Pilipinas, na kinabibilangan ng iba't ibang uri ng mga tao na may magkakaibang hanapbuhay at kultural na konotasyon depende sa pangkat etniko na kanilang nauugnay. Ang mga ito ay ganap na naiiba mula sa Kanluraning paniwala kung ano ang isang mangkukulam. Ang mga halimbawa ng mga mangkukulam sa isang konsepto ng Pilipinas ay ang mannamay, mangkukulam, at mambabarang . <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2019 |title=Philippine Sorcery 101: 6 Methods and How to Counter Them |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/philippine-sorcery-101-6-methods-and-how-to-counter-them/}}</ref> Bilang mga espirituwal na daluyan at manghuhula, ang mga shaman ay kapansin-pansin sa pagkontra at pagpigil sa mga sumpa at kapangyarihan ng mga mangkukulam, lalo na sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng mga espesyal na bagay at mga awit. Bukod sa mga salamangkero, mayroon ding iba pang uri ng tao na kayang kontrahin ang mga tiyak na mahika ng mga mangkukulam, tulad ng mananambal, na dalubhasa sa pagkontra ''sa barang'' . <ref name="auto2" /> Maari ding kontrahin ng mga salamangkero ang mga sumpa ng mga supernatural na nilalang tulad ng [[Aswang|mga aswang]] . Gayunpaman, dahil sila ay mga mortal na tao, ang pisikal na lakas ng mga shaman ay limitado kumpara sa lakas ng isang aswang na nilalang. Ang puwang na ito sa pisikal na lakas ay karaniwang tinutulay ng isang dinamika ng kaalaman at pagpapatawa. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Rock |first=Adam J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIe7BAAAQBAJ&q=shaman+mangkukulam&pg=PP1 |title=Demystifying Shamans and Their World: A Multidisciplinary Study |last2=Krippner |first2=Stanley |date=October 14, 2011 |publisher=Andrews UK Limited |isbn=978-1-84540-333-1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fegan |first=Brian |year=1983 |title=Some Notes on Alfred McCoy, "Baylan: Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology" |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=11 |issue=2/3 |pages=212–216 |issn=0115-0243 |jstor=29791795}}</ref> Ang mga Pilipinong mangkukulam ay hindi naman masama, dahil maaari rin silang magsilbi para sa ikabubuti ng lipunan. Sa mga kaso kung saan ang isang krimen ay natugunan ng kawalan ng katarungan dahil ang instigator ay hindi nausig nang maayos o napawalang-sala sa kabila ng dumaraming ebidensya, ang mga biktima o ang kanilang pamilya at mga kaibigan ay maaaring humingi ng tulong sa mga mangkukulam upang mabigyan ng hustisya sa pamamagitan ng itim na salamangka, na naiiba sa bawat etnikong samahan. Sa mga tradisyunal na paniniwala sa labas ng mainstream Filipino movie renditions, pinaniniwalaan na ang black magic sa mga kaso ng injustice ay hindi nakakaapekto sa mga inosente. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Buenconsejo |first=José Semblante |url= |title=Songs and Gifts at the Frontier: Person and Exchange in the Agusan Manobo Possession Ritual, Philippines. |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge. |isbn=978-0-415-94124-2 |editor-last=Post |editor-first=Jennifer C. |series=Current Research in Ethnomusicology: Outstanding Dissertations |volume=4 |location=New York |pages= |access-date=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McClenon |first=James |date=1985 |title=Island of Sorcerers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_fate_1985-09_38_9/page/n36|journal=Fate |language= |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=37–41 |doi= |issn= |access-date=}}</ref> <ref>Tan, Michael L. (2008). Revisiting Usog, Pasma, Kulam. University of the Philippines Press. {{ISBN|9789715425704}}.</ref> <ref>Lieban, Richard Warren (1977). Cebuano Sorcery: Malign Magic in the Philippines. University of California Press. {{ISBN|9780520034204}}.</ref> == Mga sagradong lugar == [[Talaksan:Lumiang,_Burial_Cave.jpg|thumb| Isang [[Kankanaey]] burial cave sa [[Sagada]] na may mga kabaong na nakasalansan upang bumuo ng sky burial sa loob ng isang kweba. Hindi sinakop ng mga Espanyol ang lugar, at sa gayon ay naligtas ito sa pagkawasak sa panahon ng brutal na rehimeng Espanyol. Sa panahon ng kolonisasyon ng mga Amerikano, itinago ng mga lokal ang lokasyon ng sagradong lugar.]] Ang mga sinaunang Pilipino at Pilipino na patuloy na sumusunod sa mga katutubong relihiyon ng Pilipinas sa pangkalahatan ay walang tinatawag na "mga templo" ng pagsamba sa ilalim ng kontekstong kilala sa mga dayuhang kultura. <ref name="Scott1994"/> <ref name="hislop"/> <ref name="blumetritt">{{Cite book |last=Ferdinand Blumentritt |title=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes |publisher=Orientalisches Institut, Universität Wien |year=1894 |volume=8 |page=147 |chapter=Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der bei den philippinischen Eingeborenen üblichen Eigennamen, welche auf Religion, Opfer und priesterliche Titel und Amtsverrichtungen sich beziehen. (Fortsetzung.) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLVBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA147}}</ref> Gayunpaman, mayroon silang mga sagradong [[Mga dambana at sagradong lugar ng mga katutubong Pilipino|dambana]], na tinatawag ding mga bahay ng espiritu . <ref name="Scott1994" /> Maaaring may sukat ang mga ito mula sa maliliit na mga platform na may bubong, hanggang sa mga istrukturang katulad ng isang maliit na bahay (ngunit walang dingding), hanggang sa mga dambana na kamukha ng mga pagoda, lalo na sa timog kung saan ang mga naunang mosque ay ginawa rin sa parehong paraan. Ang mga dambana na ito ay kilala sa iba't ibang katutubong termino, na nakasalalay sa samahan ng grupong etniko. Maaari din itong gamitin bilang mga lugar upang iimbak ''ang mga taotao'' at mga kabaong ng mga ninuno. Sa mga Bicolano, ''ang taotao'' ay iniingatan din sa loob ng mga sagradong kuweba na tinatawag na ''moog'' . <ref name="Scott1994" /> <ref name="kroeber">{{Cite journal |last=Kroeber |first=A. L. |year=1918 |title=The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/286/A019a02.pdf;jsessionid=EB1447C19043A20F8A2BCE9726E4A3D1?sequence=1 |journal=Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History |location=New York City |volume=XXI |issue=Part II |pages=35&ndash;37 |oclc=351466 |id={{NCID| BA91351726}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> <ref name="cole">{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Fay-Cooper |last2=Gale |first2=Albert |year=1922 |title=The Tinguian; Social, Religious, and Economic life of a Philippine tribe |url=https://archive.org/details/tinguiansocialre142cole |journal=Field Museum of Natural History: Anthropological Series |location=Chicago |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=235&ndash;493 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.3568 |oclc=1085981086 |ol=7134925M}}</ref> <ref name="storch">{{Cite book |last=Gregorio F. Zaide |title=Religions and Missionaries around the Pacific, 1500–1900 |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=9781351904780 |editor-last=Tanya Storch |series=The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900, Volume 17 |chapter=Filipinos Before the Spanish Conquest Possessed a Well-Ordered and Well-Thought-Out Religion |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gokDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> Sa ilang mga seremonya, ''ang anito'' ay iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga pansamantalang altar malapit sa mga sagradong lugar. Tinatawag itong ''latangan'' o ''lantayan'' sa Bisaya, at ''[[Mga dambana at sagradong lugar ng mga katutubong Pilipino|dambana]]'' o ''lambana'' sa Tagalog. Ang mga altar na ito na kawayan o rattan ay magkapareho sa pangunahing konstruksyon sa buong Pilipinas. Ang mga ito ay alinman sa maliliit na platform na walang bubong o nakatayong mga poste na nahati sa dulo (katulad ng tiki torch ). Hawak nila ang mga hinati na bao ng niyog, mga platong metal, o mga banga ng martaban bilang mga sisidlan ng mga handog. ''Ang Taotao'' ay maaaring minsan ding ilagay sa mga platform na ito. <ref name="Scott1994"/> <ref name="kroeber"/> Kasama sa iba pang uri ng mga sagradong lugar o bagay na sinasamba ng ''diwata'' ang materyal na pagpapakita ng kanilang mga nasasakupan. Ang pinakamalawak na pinarangalan ay ang mga puno ng balete (tinatawag ding ''nonok'', ''nunuk'', ''nonoc'', atbp.) at mga langgam o anay ( ''punso'' ). Kabilang sa iba pang mga halimbawa ang mga bundok, talon, punong kahoy, bahura, at kuweba. <ref name="Scott1994"/> <ref name="hislop"/> <ref name="potet">{{Cite book |last=Jean-Paul G. Potet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ca5XDwAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs |publisher=Lulu Press Inc. |year=2017 |isbn=9780244348731 |page=235}}</ref> <ref name="agon2">{{Cite book |last=Teodoro A. Agoncillo & Oscar M. Alfonso |title=History of the Filipino People |publisher=Malaya Books |year=1969 |page=42}}</ref> <ref name="demetrio73">{{Cite journal |last=Demetrio |first=Francisco R. |year=1973 |title=Philippine Shamanism and Southeast Asian Parallels |url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-11-02-1973/demetrio-philippine%20shamanism%20southeast%20asian%20parallels%20.pdf |journal=Asian Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=128&ndash;154 |issn=0004-4679}}</ref> Maraming mga etnikong tao sa bansa ang may ibinahaging "kultura ng pagsamba sa bundok", kung saan ang mga partikular na bundok ay pinaniniwalaang tirahan ng ilang mga divinity o supernatural na nilalang at aura. Ang mga mythical na lugar ng pagsamba ay naroroon din sa ilang mga mitolohiya. Sa kasamaang palad, ang karamihan sa mga lugar ng pagsamba na ito (na kinabibilangan ng mga bagay na nauugnay sa mga site na ito tulad ng mga estatwa ng diyus-diyosan at mga sinaunang dokumento na nakasulat sa mga script [[Suyat|ng suyat]] ) ay sinira o binaboy at winasak ng mga kolonyalistang Espanyol sa pagitan ng ika-15 hanggang ika-19 na siglo, at patuloy na ninakawan ng mga imperyalistang Amerikano noong unang bahagi ng ika-20 siglo. Karagdagan pa, ang mga lupaing ginagamit ng mga katutubong tao para sa pagsamba ay mapanuksong binago ng mga kolonyalista bilang pundasyon ng kanilang mga dayuhang simbahan at sementeryo. Ang mga halimbawa ng mga katutubong lugar ng pagsamba na nakaligtas sa kolonyalismo ay kadalasang natural na mga lugar tulad ng mga bundok, golpo, lawa, puno, malalaking bato, at mga kuweba. Ang mga katutubong gawang-taong lugar ng pagsamba ay naroroon pa rin sa ilang mga komunidad sa mga probinsya, lalo na sa mga ancestral domain kung saan ang mga tao ay patuloy na nagsasagawa ng kanilang mga katutubong relihiyon . <ref name="blumetritt"/> <ref name="cole"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pre-colonial Manila – Presidential Museum and Library |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014757/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/ |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref> Sa tradisyunal na paniniwala ng dambana, ang lahat ng mga diyos, nilalang na ipinadala ng pinakamataas na diyos/diyos, at mga espiritu ng ninuno ay sama-samang tinatawag na ''[[anito]]'' samantalang ang mga espiritu ng kalikasan at mga batahla ang tawag ay ''[[Anito|diwata]]'' . Ang mga nilalang o espiritu ng kalupaan at nilalang ng ilalim ng lupa ay tinatawag na ''[[Lamanlupa|lamang-lupa]]'' (mga nilalang ng lupa) o ''bantay-tubig'' (mga nilalang ng dagat o iba pang anyong tubig). Ang ''dambana'' ay karaniwang inaalagaan ng mga ''[[Babaylan|shaman ng Pilipinas]]'', ang katutubong espirituwal na pinuno ng ''barangay'' (komunidad), at sa ilang lawak, ang ''datu'' (pinuno sa pulitika ng barangay) at ang ''lakan'' (pinuno sa pulitika ng koalisyon ng barangay). Sa una ay hindi pinalamutian at iginagalang nang kaunti, ''ang mga dabanas'' sa kalaunan ay napuno ng mga palamuti na nakasentro sa mga gawaing pangrelihiyon tungo sa mga estatwa ''ng larauan'' dahil sa kalakalan at impluwensyang panrelihiyon mula sa iba't ibang independyente at basalyong estado. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |date=September 12, 2014 |title=History in language |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/78366/history-in-language |website=opinion.inquirer.net}}</ref> Pinalamutian ito ng mga rebultong tahanan ng ''mga anito'' na tradisyunal na tinatawag na ''larauan'', mga estatwa na nakalaan para sa hinaharap na mga gawain sa ''paglilibing'' sa makabagong tinatawag na ''likha'', mga balumbon o mga dokumento na may kaligrapya ''[[Suyat|ng suyat]]'' ''[[baybayin]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orejas |first=Tonette |date=April 27, 2018 |title=Protect all PH writing systems, heritage advocates urge Congress |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/985669/protect-all-ph-writing-systems-heritage-advocates-urge-congress |website=newsinfo.inquirer.net}}</ref> at iba pang mga bagay na sagrado sa mga gawaing ''dambana'' tulad ng ''lambanog'' (distilled coconut wine), ''tuba'' ( [[Sampaguita|undigant]] [[Santan|wine]] ), [[gumamela]], [[tayabak]], at mga katutubong [[Orkidya|orchid]] ), ''palay'' (unhusked rice), ''bigas'' (husked rice), shells, pearls, jewels, beads, native crafts gaya ng ''banga'' (pottery), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pre-colonial Manila &#124; Presidential Museum and Library |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014757/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/ |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref> espada at iba pang sandata (tulad ng ''[[kampilan]]'', ''dahong palay'', ''likes'' ''[[Itak|bolo]]'' ), bodily ''[[Panabas|,]]'' bodily, o ''singsing'' . kuwintas, at ''hikaw'' o hikaw), mga kalasag sa digmaan (tulad ng ''kalasag'' ), engkantadong maskara, <ref>[https://aboutphilippines.ph/documents-etc/Anthropological-reflection-on-Philippine-masks.pdf]{{Dead link|date=February 2020}}</ref> mga sandata sa labanan na ginagamit sa ''[[Arnis|pananandata o kali]]'', anting-anting na tinatawag na ''[[agimat]]'' o ''anti-anting'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elefante |first=Fil V. |date=June 12, 2016 |title=Filipinization and the flag as amulet against bad luck |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2016/06/12/filipinization-and-the-flag-as-amulet-against-bad-luck/ |website=BusinessMirror}}</ref> mga panliligaw ng sumpa gaya ng ''buntot pagi'', katutubong kasuotan at burda, pagkain, at ginto sa anyo ng leeg. at singsing sa paa) at barter money ( ''piloncitos'' at gintong singsing). <ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |title=Dambana Meaning &#124; Tagalog Dictionary |url=https://www.tagalog-dictionary.com/search?word=dambana |website=Tagalog English Dictionary}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=Gerard |date=June 20, 2014 |title=What does it mean to be Filipino? |url=http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/ispeak/60815-identity-crisis-filipino |website=Rappler}}</ref> Ang mga estatwa ng hayop, lalo na ang mga katutubong [[aso]], ay nagbabantay sa isang istraktura ''ng dambana'' kasama ng mga ukit at kaligrapya na naglalarawan ng mga proteksyon at mga ''anito'' . <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Killgrove |first=Kristina |title=Archaeologists Find Deformed Dog Buried Near Ancient Child In The Philippines |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristinakillgrove/2018/02/26/archaeologists-find-deformed-dog-buried-near-ancient-child-in-the-philippines/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref name="auto22">{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=7 Prehistoric Animals You Didn't Know Once Roamed The Philippines |url=https://filipiknow.net/prehistoric-animals-in-the-philippines/ |website=FilipiKnow}}</ref> == Katayuan at pagsunod == [[Talaksan:Ati-Atihan_Festival_Participant.jpg|thumb| Mga kalahok [[Mga Aklanon|sa Aklanon]] sa masiglang [[Ati-Atihan|pagdiriwang ng Ati-Atihan]], na nagpaparangal sa mga [[Mga Ati (Panay)|Ati]] at Aklanon mula noong mga 1200 AD sa pamamagitan ng katutubong tradisyon ng pasasalamat batay sa katutubong pananampalataya. Ang mga kolonyalistang Espanyol, sa pagtatangkang burahin ang katutubong relihiyon ng mga tao, ay ginamit ang kanilang kapangyarihang pampulitika at mga idolo ng Katoliko upang palitan ang orihinal na listahan ng mga pinarangalan ng pagdiriwang.]] Noong 2014, pinangalanan ng international astronomical monitoring agency na Minor Planet Center (MPC) ang Asteroid 1982 XB 3757 Anagolay, pagkatapos ng diyosa ng Tagalog ng mga nawawalang bagay, si Anagolay. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 9, 2014 |title=New asteroid named after Philippine goddess of lost things |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/382869/scitech/science/new-asteroid-named-after-philippine-goddess-of-lost-things/ |website=GMA News Online}}</ref> Noong 2019, pinangalanan ng International Astronomical Union (IAU) ang star Wasp 34 bilang Aman Sinaya, ang Tagalog na diyos ng karagatan, habang ang planetang Wasp 34-b ay pinangalanan bilang Haik, isang Tagalog sea god. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2019 |title=Pinoy's entry chosen as name of star, exoplanet |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/719531/pinoy-s-entry-chosen-as-name-of-star-exoplanet/story/}}</ref> Sa parehong taon, ang pinakamalaking caldera sa mundo ay pinangalanang [[Apolaki Caldera]], ayon sa diyos ng araw sa iba't ibang katutubong relihiyon sa Luzon. <ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2019 |title=Filipina scientist discovers world's largest caldera on Benham Rise |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/spotlight/10/21/19/filipina-scientist-discovers-worlds-largest-caldera-on-benham-rise |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031181851/https://news.abs-cbn.com/spotlight/10/21/19/filipina-scientist-discovers-worlds-largest-caldera-on-benham-rise |archive-date=October 31, 2019}}</ref> Noong 2021, tatlong tulay sa Albay ang ipinangalan sa tatlong bayani mula sa Bicolano religious epic, ang Ibalon, na sina Baltog, Handyong, at Bantog. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Solis |first=Emmanuel |date=April 22, 2021 |title=Legazpi bridges named after Bicol's 3 epic heroes |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1137615}}</ref> Alinsunod sa National Cultural Heritage Act, na pinagtibay noong 2010, itinatag ang [[Talapamana ng Pilipinas|Philippine Registry of Cultural Property]] (PReCUP) bilang pambansang rehistro ng Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas na ginamit upang pagsama-samahin sa isang talaan ang lahat ng ari-arian ng kultura na itinuturing na mahalaga sa pamana ng kultura, nasasalat at hindi nakikita, ng Pilipinas. Pinoprotektahan ng registry ang iba't ibang elemento ng pamana ng Pilipinas, kabilang ang oral literature o kwentong pasa pasa at kwentong bayan, musika, sayaw, etnograpikong materyal, at sagradong lugar, bukod sa marami pang iba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2015 |title=Republic Act No. 10066 Heritage Law |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/republic-act-no-10066/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612235629/https://ncca.gov.ph/republic-act-no-10066/ |archive-date=June 12, 2021 |access-date=July 20, 2019 |publisher=Ncca.gov.ph}}</ref> Pinoprotektahan din ng National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Law, na pinagtibay noong 1992 at pinalawak noong 2018, ang ilang mga sagradong lugar ng Antitist sa bansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Data |url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/06jun/20180622-RA-11038-RRD.pdf |access-date=July 20, 2019 |website=www.officialgazette.gov.ph}}</ref> Ang mga katutubong relihiyon at paniniwala ng Pilipinas ay malawak na ikinalat sa kapuluan, bago ang pagdating ng mga relihiyong Abrahamiko. Ang karamihan ng mga tao, gayunpaman, ay nagbalik-loob sa Kristiyanismo dahil sa kolonisasyon ng mga Espanyol mula ika-16 hanggang huling bahagi ng ika-19 na siglo, na nagpatuloy hanggang ika-20 siglo sa panahon at pagkatapos ng kolonisasyon ng Amerika. <ref name="hislop"/> <ref name="demetrio73"/> Sa panahon ng [[Himagsikang Pilipino|Rebolusyong Pilipino]], may mga mungkahi na buhayin ang mga katutubong relihiyon ng Pilipinas at gawin itong [[Pampamahalaang relihiyon|pambansang relihiyon]], ngunit hindi umunlad ang panukala, dahil ang pinagtutuunan ng pansin noon ay ang digmaan laban sa mga kolonisador ng Amerika. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kennon |first=L. W. V. |date=1901 |title=The Katipunan of the Philippines |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25105201 |journal=The North American Review |volume=173 |issue=537 |pages=208–220 |issn=0029-2397 |jstor=25105201 |access-date=}}</ref> Sinabi ng Philippine Statistics Authority sa 2020 national census, na 0.23% ng pambansang populasyon ng Pilipino ay kaanib sa mga katutubong relihiyon ng Pilipinas, na kanilang isinulat bilang "tribal religions" sa kanilang census. <ref name="PSA-PIF2020"/> Ito ay pagtaas mula sa nakaraang 2010 census na nakapagtala ng 0.19%. <ref name="PSA-2015PSY"/> Sa kabila ng kasalukuyang bilang ng mga sumusunod, maraming tradisyon mula sa mga katutubong relihiyon sa Pilipinas ang isinama sa lokal na kasanayan ng Katolisismo at Islam, na nagresulta sa " Katolisismong Katutubo " at " Katutubong Islam ". <ref name="Scott1994"/> Ang patuloy na pagbabalik-loob ng mga tagasunod ng katutubong katutubong relihiyon sa Pilipinas sa mga relihiyong Abrahamiko ng mga misyonero ay isang kapansin-pansing alalahanin, dahil ang ilang mga kasanayan at katutubong kaalaman ay patuloy na nawawala dahil sa mga conversion. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eder |first=James F. |date=2013 |title=The Future of Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines: Sources of Cohesion, Forms of Difference. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43854732 |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |language= |publisher=University of San Carlos Publications |volume=41 |issue=3/4 |pages=273–294 |doi= |issn=0115-0243 |jstor=43854732 |oclc= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Bathala]] * [[Katutubong relihiyong Tagalog|Mga katutubong paniniwalang panrelihiyon ng mga tagalog]] * [[Anito|Diwata]] * [[Babaylan]] * [[Pagtatawas]] * [[Mitolohiyang Pilipino]] == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/asia/pft/index.htm Mga Kuwentong Bayan sa Filipino] * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26393 Filipino Folk Medicine] - Isang maagang ika-18 siglo na koleksyon ng Filipino Folk Medicine. [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Kategorya:Katutubong pambayang relihiyon sa Pilipinas]] 46387i2vnywdhv33eh1zjwgd8m7dxsy 0 333865 2204212 2198034 2026-04-22T12:42:27Z Allyriana000 119761 2204212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant | photo = Aurora Pijuan (1971).jpg | caption = Aurora Pijuan | winner = '''[[Aurora Pijuan]]''' | represented = '''{{flagu|Pilipinas|1936}}''' | date = 16 Mayo 1970 | venue = Exposition Hall Fairgrounds, [[Osaka]], Hapon | congeniality = Jossie Salinas <br> {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} Nikaragwa | photogenic = Karen Papworth <br> {{flagu|Australya}} | entrants = 47 | placements = 15 | debuts = {{Hlist|Bulgarya|Hawaii}} | withdraws = {{Hlist|Brasil|Hamayka|Israel|Kolombya|Maruekos|Tahiti|Tunisya}} | returns = {{Hlist|Konggo-Kinshasa|Tsile|Turkiya|Yugoslavia}} | before = [[Miss International 1969|1969]] | next = [[Miss International 1971|1971]]}} Ang '''Miss International 1970''' ay ang ikasampung edisyon ng [[Miss International]] pageant, na ginanap sa Exposition Hall Fairgrounds sa [[Osaka]], Hapon noong 16 Mayo 1970. Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Valerie Holmes]] ng [[United Kingdom|Reyno Unido]] si [[Aurora Pijuan]] ng [[Pilipinas]] bilang Miss International 1970.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 Mayo 1970 |title=Names in the news |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Sun |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=by9mAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA10&dq=%22Miss%20International%22&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20International%22&f=false |access-date=14 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=16 Mayo 1970 |title=International beauties at Expo '70 |language=en |pages=37 |work=The Spokesman-Review |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hpApAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA37&dq=Toshie%20Suda&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=Toshie%20Suda&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ito ang pangalawang beses na nanalo ang Pilipinas bilang Miss International.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Nobyembre 2024 |title=De faixa a coroa: Miss International 2024: Vietnã conquista sua 1ª coroa e Brasil não se classifica |url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2024/11/miss-international-2024-vietna-conquista-sua-1a-coroa-e-brasil-nao-se-classifica.shtml |access-date=13 Abril 2025 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Margarita Briese ng Arhentina, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Karen Papworth ng Australya. Mga kandidata mula sa apatnampu't-pitong mga bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. == Mga resulta == === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss International 1970''' | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Pilipinas]]''' – '''[[Aurora Pijuan]]<ref name=":0" />''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Argentina|Arhentina]] – Margarita Briese<ref name=":0" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] – Karen Papworth<ref name=":0" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] – Toshie Suda<ref name=":0" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] – Susan Greaves<ref name=":0" /> |- |Top 15 | * {{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] – Jeanne Perfeldt * {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] – Lourdes Hernández * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Randi Blesener * {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] – Patricia D’Souza * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Silke Kahl * {{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica|Kosta Rika]] – Julia Haydée Brenes<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Mayo 1970 |title=Julia Haydée Brenes Fonseca entre las quince finalistas en concurso japones |language=es |trans-title=Julia Haydée Brenes Fonseca among the fifteen finalists in a Japanese contest |pages=25 |work=La Nacion |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=peobAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA25&dq=%22Miss%20International%22&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20International%22&f=false |access-date=14 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * {{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] – Erla Hardardóttir * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] – Tone Knaran * {{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] – Panarat Pisutthisak * {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslavia]] – Zdenka Marn |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] – Karen Papworth |- |Miss Friendship | * {{flagicon|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] – Jossie Salinas |} == Mga kandidata == Apatnapu't-pitong kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon}} !Bayan |- |{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Argentina|Arhentina]] |Margarita Briese |19 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] |Karen Papworth<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Mayo 1970 |title=Aust. girl 'Miss Photogenic' |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=svljAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA2&dq=%22Miss%20International%22&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20International%22&f=false |access-date=14 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |18 |[[Melbourne]] |- |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |Ilse Wolfgang |– |[[Viena]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |Heidi LeLeu |– |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |Marzia Piazza |18 |Vargas |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Bulgaria (1967–1971).svg}} [[Bulgarya]] |Branimira Antonova |18 |[[Sofia]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|BOL|civil}}''' [[Bulibya]] |Nelly Zenteno |– |[[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]] |- |{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] |Shirlene De Silva |24 |[[Colombo]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1966–1971).svg}} [[Demokratikong Republika ng Congo|Demokratikong Republika ng Konggo]] |{{sortname|Jeanne|Mokomo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1969 |title=When black is really beautiful |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19690713-1.2.27.1 |access-date=20 Disyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |17 |[[Kinshasa]] |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |Jeanne Perfeldt |21 |[[Copenhague]] |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |Lourdes Hernández |18 |Pichincha |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1977–1981).svg}} [[Espanya]] |Maria García<ref>{{Cite web |last=Couzens |first=Gerard |date=18 Enero 2017 |title=Ex Miss World 'paid by Spanish spies for silence over king affair' |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/~/article-4131776/index.html |access-date=24 Marso 2024 |website=Mail Online |language=en}}</ref> |21 |[[Madrid]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] |Randi Blesener |21 |[[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] |- |{{flagicon|GRE|variant=1970}} [[Gresya]] |Katerina Sakka |– |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|GUM}} [[Guam]] |Flora Baza |18 |Agana |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |Toshie Suda |19 |[[Prepektura ng Yamanashi|Yamanashi]] |- |{{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]] |Yvonne Haunani Young<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=26 Hulyo 2020 |title=Obituaries for July 26 |url=https://www.hawaiitribune-herald.com/2020/07/26/obituaries/obituaries-for-july-26-9/ |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |website=Hawaii Tribune-Herald |language=en-US}}</ref> |19 |Hilo |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |Cecilia Buckley |– |Hong Kong |- |{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] |Patricia D’Souza<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 Marso 1970 |title=Congratulations to the fairest Cinthol Queen |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=OmJlAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA10&dq=Patricia%20D%E2%80%99Souza&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q=Patricia%20D%E2%80%99Souza&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |– |[[New Delhi]] |- |{{Flagicon|Indonesya}} [[Indonesya]] |Louise Maengkom |– |[[Jakarta]] |- |{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] |Maree McGlinchey |20 |Donegal |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |Rossela Ambrosiani |– |[[Lombardia]] |- |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |Jacquie Perrin<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Pebrero 1970 |title=There's beauty on the scene |language=en |pages=27 |work=The Phoenix |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=IDBgAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA27&dq=%22Miss%20International%22&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20International%22&f=false |access-date=14 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |21 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |Silke Maria Kahl |– |[[Berlin]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica|Kosta Rika]] |Julia Haydée Brenes<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 Mayo 1970 |title=Salio para Japon la Srta. Julia Haydee Brenes F. |language=es |trans-title=Ms. Julia Haydee Brenes F. left for Japan |pages=29 |work=La Nacion |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ZKscAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA29&dq=%22Miss%20International%22&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20International%22&f=false |access-date=14 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |– |Puntarenas |- |{{flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] |Gaby Fejean |– |[[Lungsod ng Luksemburgo]] |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] |Erla Hardardóttir |– |[[Reikiavik]] |- |'''{{flagicon|MYS}}''' [[Malaysia]] |Lucy Lee<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 Mayo 1970 |title=Lucy off to Tokyo to woo more tourists |language=en |pages=13 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19700502-1.2.128 |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |19 |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |- |{{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Malta]] |Cecile Aguis |– |[[Valeta]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |Lidia Goni |– |[[Lungsod ng Mehiko]] |- |{{flagicon|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |Jossie Salinas |– |León |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |Tone Knaran |19 |[[Oslo]] |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |Susan Frances Greaves |18 |[[Auckland]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |Marjolein Abbing |20 |[[Amsterdam]] |- |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Binibining Pilipinas|Pilipinas]]''' |'''[[Aurora Pijuan]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=17 Mayo 2020 |title=The day Aurora wowed ’em |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2020/05/17/2014461/day-aurora-wowed-em |access-date=14 Abril 2025 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> |20 |[[Bacolod]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |Irene Karvola |– |[[Helsinki]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|POR}}''' [[Portugal]] |Maria do Rosário de Freitas |– |[[Lisboa]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |Dominique Pasquier |– |Jura |- |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[United Kingdom|Reyno Unido]] |Jacqueline Francesca Molloy |– |[[Londres]] |- |{{Flagicon|SIN}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |Margaret Tan Quee Lin |– |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |Rita Bengtsson |20 |Borlänge |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |Yolanda Gahwiler |– |[[Zürich]] |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] |Panarat Pisutthisak |– |[[Bangkok]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |Kim In-sook |– |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |Berta Goldsmith |– |[[Santiago de Chile]] |- |{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |Meral Ekmekcioglu |– |[[Istanbul]] |- |{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslavia]] |Zdenka Marn |– |[[Belgrado]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * {{Official website|https://www.missinternational.org/en/}} {{Miss International}} pxdvok1h7ys1den8uoxz8x2qrq6dx4l 0 333989 2204328 2157800 2026-04-23T04:38:36Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204328 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tutuban PNR station (v2) 8000 class 2019-12-21.jpg|Isang tren ng [[Pambansang Daang-bakal ng Pilipinas]] sa [[Estasyon ng Tutuban]]|thumb]] Ang isang '''tren''' (mula sa [[Wikang Pranses|Lumang Pranses]] na {{Lang|fro|trahiner}}, na mula sa [[Wikang Latin|Latin]] na {{Lang|la|trahere}}, "hilain, kaladkarin"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of ''train (noun)'' in Compact OED |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/train?view=uk |url-status=dead |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526072449/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/train?view=uk |archive-date=26 Mayo 2005 |access-date=18 Marso 2008 |website=AskOxford.com |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>) ay isang serye ng mga konektadong [[sasakyan]] na tumatakbo sa kahabaan ng [[riles]] ng tren at nagdadala ng mga tao o kargamento. Karaniwang hinihila o itinutulak ang mga tren ng mga lokomotibo (kadalasang kilala bilang "mga makina"), kahit na sariling-tinutulak ang ilan, gaya ng maraming yunit o karwahe. Dinadala ang mga pasahero at kargamento sa mga bagon o karawahe ng tren. Idinesenyo ang mga tren sa isang tiyak na [[Luwang ng daambakal|sukat]], o distansya sa pagitan ng mga riles. Tumatakbo ang karamihan sa mga tren sa mga riles na [[Asero|bakal]] na may mga gulong na bakal, na ang mababang pagkiskis ay ginagawang mas mahusay ang mga ito kaysa sa iba pang mga paraan ng [[transportasyon]]. Mababakas ang pinagmulan ng mga tren sa mga daang bagon (o ''wagonways''), na gumamit ng mga riles ng tren at pinapatakbo ng mga [[kabayo]] o hinila ng mga kable. Kasunod ng pag-imbento ng ''steam locomotive'' (o lokomotibong pinapaandar ng [[singaw]]) sa [[Reyno Unido]] noong 1802, mabilis na kumalat ang mga tren sa buong mundo, na nagpapahintulot sa mga kargamento at mga pasahero na maglakbay sa kalupaan nang mas mabilis at mas mura kaysa sa dati. Unang itinayo ang mga [[Metro (sistemang daambakal)|metro]] at [[trambiya]] noong huling bahagi ng dekada 1800 upang maghatid ng malaking bilang ng mga tao sa loob at paligid ng mga lungsod. Simula noong dekada 1920, at pabilis pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]], pinalitan lokomotibong diesel at de kuryente ang makinang singaw bilang paraan ng lakas motibo. Kasunod ng pagbuo ng mga [[kotse]], [[trak]], at malawak na magkakadugtong na mga lansangang-bayan na nag-aalok ng higit na kadaliang kumilos, pati na rin ang mas mabilis na mga [[eroplano]], bumaba ang kahalagahan at bahagi sa merkado ng mga tren, at maraming linya ng tren ang inabandona. Humantong ang paglaganap ng mga [[bus]] sa pagsasara ng maraming mabilis na sistemang metro at tram sa panahong ito. Mula noong dekada 1970, ang mga pamahalaan, mga makakalikasan, at mga tagapagtaguyod ng tren ay nagsulong ng mas mataas na paggamit ng mga tren dahil sa kanilang mas mahusay na paggamit ng gas (o ''fuel efficiency'') at mas mababang emisyon ng gas na ''greenhouse'' kumpara sa iba pang mga paraan ng transportasyong kalupaan. Ang mataas na bilis na riles (o ''high-speed rail''), na unang ginawa noong dekada 1960, ay napatunayang mapagkumpitensya sa mga kotse at [[eroplano]] sa maikli hanggang katamtamang distansya. Lumago ang kahalagahan ng riles pang-komyuter noong dekada 1970 bilang isang alternatibo sa masikip na mga lansangang-bayan at isang paraan upang isulong ang pag-unlad, tulad ng magaan na riles sa ika-21 siglo. Ang mga tren ng kargamento ay nananatiling mahalaga para sa transportasyon ng maramihang mga kalakal tulad ng [[uling]] at butil, gayundin bilang isang paraan ng pagbabawas ng pagsisikip ng [[trapiko]] sa kalsada ng mga trak ng kargamento. Habang ang tumatakbo ang kumbensyunal na tren sa medyo patag na mga riles na dalawahan, mayroong ilang mga espesyal na tren na may malaking pagkakaiba sa kanilang paraan ng pagpapatakbo. Gumagana ang mga ''monorail'' sa iisang riles, habang ang mga ''funicular'' at ''rack railway'' ay natatanging idinisenyo upang tumawid sa mga matarik na dalisdis. Ang mga eksperimental na tren gaya ng mga mataas na bilis na maglev, na gumagamit ng magnetikong paglutang para lumutang sa itaas ng isang daang-gabay, ay ginagawa na simula noong dekada 1970 at nag-aalok ng mas mataas na bilis kaysa sa pinakamabilis na tradisyonal na tren. Ang mga tren na gumagamit ng mga alternatibong panggatong tulad ng natural na gas at [[hidroheno]] ay isang kaunlaran ng [[ika-21 dantaon]]. == Terminolohiya == Ang terminolohiyang pangriles na ginagamit upang ilarawan ang isang tren ay nag-iiba-iba sa pagitan ng [[Talaan ng mga bansa|mga bansa]]. Ang International Union of Railways (Internasyunal na Unyon ng mga [[Daambakal]]) ay naglalayong magbigay ng pamantayang terminolohiya sa mga [[wika]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Terminology |url=https://uic.org/support-activities/terminology/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=International Union of Railways |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801200344/https://uic.org/support-activities/terminology/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ang Association of American Railroads (Asosasyon ng mga Amerikanong Riles ng Tren) ay nagbibigay ng terminolohiya para sa [[Hilagang Amerika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MANUAL OF STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES SECTION A-I |url=https://www.aar.com/standards/MSRPs/MSRP-A1.pdf |access-date=18 Hulyo 2024 |website=Association of American Railroads|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Tren]] nshz36tw5aznsfvkv3fhrfrqxd8yobz 0 334452 2204230 2197534 2026-04-22T15:55:38Z Allyriana000 119761 2204230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant|winner='''[[Kirsten Davidson]]'''|represented={{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} Australya|date=18 Oktubre 1992|presenters=Masumi Okada|venue=Huis Ten Bosch Park, [[Nagasaki]], Hapon|broadcaster=TV Tokyo|entrants=50|placements=15|debuts={{Hlist|El Salvador|Senegal}}|withdraws={{Hlist|Bagong Kaledonia|Paragway|Portugal|Tahiti|Unggarya}}|returns={{Hlist|Malta|Taylandiya}}|before=[[Miss International 1991|1991]]|next=[[Miss International 1993|1993]]|photo size=200px|congeniality=Tomoko Nishiki<br>{{flagu|Hapon}}|photogenic=Susan Elizabeth Shaw<br>{{flagu|Hawaii}}|best national costume=Lina Maria Marin<br>{{flagu|Kolombya}}}}Ang '''Miss International 1992''' ay ang ika-32 edisyon ng [[Miss International]] pageant, na ginanap sa Huis Ten Bosch Park, [[Nagasaki]], Hapon noong 18 Oktubre 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Oktubre 1992 |title=Miss International known tonight |language=en |pages=21 |work=Manila Standard |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=SpMmAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA21&dq=%22Miss%20International%22&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20International%22&f=false |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Agnieszka Kotlarska]] ng Polonya si [[Kirsten Davidson]] ng Australya bilang Miss International 1992.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 Oktubre 1992 |title=Australische verkozen als Miss International |language=nl |trans-title=Australian voted Miss International |pages=14 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010644678:mpeg21:p014 |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Ito ang ikatlong beses na nanalo ang Australya bilang Miss International. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Georgia Drosou ng Gresya, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Yum Jung-ah ng Timog Korea.<ref name=":0" /> Mga kandidata mula sa limampu't-isang bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Masumi Okada ang kompetisyon. == Mga resulta == === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss International 1992''' | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]]''' – '''[[Kirsten Davidson]]''' |- |1st runner-up | * '''{{Flagicon|GRE}}''' [[Gresya]] – Georgia Drosou |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] – Yum Jung-ah |- |Top 15 | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Alemanya]] – Meike Schwarz * {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] – Gisella Manida Demarchi * {{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] – María Eugenia Rodríguez * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Cynthia de Cunto Moreira * {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Espanya]] – Samantha Torres * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] – Francis Funes * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] – Lina Maria Marin * {{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] – Thorunn Larusdóttir * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] – Rita Omvik * {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] – Tiina Salmesvirta * {{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] – [[Dayanara Torres]] * {{flagicon|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] – Giselle del Carmen Abreu |} === Mga natatanging parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Parangal !Kandidata |- |Miss Friendship | * {{Flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Hapon]] – Tomoko Nishiki |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{flag|Hawaii}} – Susan Elizabeth Shaw |- |Best National Costume | * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] – Lina Maria Marin |} == Mga kandidata == Limampung kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A|name=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Meike |Schwarz|nolink=1}} |20 |Zweibrücken |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Gisela Manida |Demarchi|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |– |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]]''' |'''{{sortname|Kirsten |Davidson}}''' |19 |[[Perth]] |- |{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Karin |Friedl|nolink=1}} |19 |Graz |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Véronique|De Roe|nolink=1}} |– |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|María Eugenia |Rodríguez|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |19 |Maracay |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Cynthia |de Cunto Moreira|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |– |Minas Gerais |- |{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivia|Bulibya]] |{{sortname|Ana Paola |Roca|nolink=1}} |– |[[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]] |- |{{Flagicon|TCH}} [[Czechoslovakia]] |{{sortname|Štěpánka |Týcová|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Nobyembre 2011 |title=Baburková a ty další. Severočešky, které okouzlily svou krásou |trans-title=Baburková and the others. North Bohemian women who charmed with their beauty |url=https://www.e15.cz/magazin/baburkova-a-ty-dalsi-severocesky-ktere-okouzlily-svou-krasou-836886 |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |website=e15 |language=cs}}</ref> |– |Ústí nad Labem |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |{{sortname|Stine Cecilie |Hansen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lazo |first=Flor |date=30 Oktubre 2018 |title=Migueleña gana corona de belleza |language=es-LA |trans-title=Migueleña wins beauty crown |work=La Prensa Gráfica |url=https://www.laprensagrafica.com/elsalvador/Miguelena-gana-corona-de-belleza-20181029-0103.html |access-date=28 Mayo 2025}}</ref> |– |[[Copenhague]] |- |{{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] |{{sortname|Maria Elena |Ferreiro|nolink=1}} |– |[[San Salvador]] |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Espanya]] |{{sortname|Samantha |Torres|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Hulyo 2006 |title=Samantha Torres: «En Los Ángeles todo está muy calculado» |url=https://www.diariodeibiza.es/ibiza/2006/07/26/samantha-torres-angeles-calculado-31255959.html |access-date=5 Pebrero 2025 |website=Diario de Ibiza |language=es}}</ref> |19 |Ibiza |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Sandra Lee |Allen|nolink=1}} |22 |[[Los Angeles]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|GRE}}''' [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Georgia |Drosou|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|GUM}} [[Guam]] |{{sortname|Lisa Marie |Martin|nolink=1}} |– |Agana |- |'''{{Flagicon|GUA|civil}}''' [[Guatemala|Guwatemala]] |{{sortname|Narcy |Pérez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Oktubre 1992 |title=Mensen |language=nl |trans-title=People |pages=14 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010644667:mpeg21:p014 |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |19 |Chiquimula |- |{{flag|Hawaii}} |{{sortname|Susan Elizabeth |Shaw|nolink=1}} |– |[[Honolulu]] |- |{{Flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Tomoko |Nishiki|nolink=1}} |– |[[Prepektura ng Osaka|Osaka]] |- |{{Flagicon|MNP}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |{{sortname|Christina Vincoy |Borja|nolink=1}} |– |Saipan |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |{{sortname|Francis |Funes|nolink=1}} |– |Cortés |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Shirley |Cheung|nolink=1}} |– |[[Hong Kong]] |- |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] |{{sortname|Komal |Sandhu|nolink=1}} |– |[[New Delhi]] |- |{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] |{{sortname|Mary Catherine |Moore|nolink=1}} |– |[[Dublin]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Sarit |Afangar|nolink=1}} |– |[[Tel-Abib]] |- |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Nicole |Cinquetti|nolink=1}} |– |[[Roma]] |- |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Lara Corwen |Thornton|nolink=1}} |– |[[Ontario]] |- |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{sortname|Lina Maria |Marin|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farah |first=Douglas |date=13 Nobyembre 1991 |title=Colombia's crowning glory |language=en-US |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/11/13/columbias-crowning-glory/4e4169c9-e4a8-411b-9cac-c2236c393884/ |access-date=29 Mayo 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205204443/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/11/13/columbias-crowning-glory/4e4169c9-e4a8-411b-9cac-c2236c393884/ |archive-date=5 Pebrero 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> |– |[[Risaralda]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica|Kosta Rika]] |{{sortname|Marisol |Soto|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Melissa |date=24 Oktubre 2022 |title=Marisol Soto: “La belleza va más allá de los estándares establecidos por la sociedad” |trans-title=Marisol Soto: “Beauty goes beyond the standards established by society” |url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/marisol-soto-la-belleza-va-mas-alla-de-los-estandares-establecidos-por-la-sociedad |access-date=5 Pebrero 2025 |website=La Republica |language=es}}</ref> |19 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San Jose]] |- |{{Flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] |{{sortname|Carole |Reding|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Lungsod ng Luksemburgo]] |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] |{{sortname|Thorunn |Larusdóttir|nolink=1}} |– |[[Reikiavik]] |- |{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Malta]] |{{sortname|Carol Sophie |Cutajar|nolink=1}} |– |[[Valeta]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|María de los Angeles |López|nolink=1}} |– |[[Veracruz]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Rita |Omvik|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sønsteli |first=Pål |date=17 Abril 2021 |title=Endelig har Rita funnet sin ro med egen klinikk |trans-title=Finally, Rita has found peace with her own clinic. |url=https://www.mittkongsvinger.no/rita-omvik/endelig-har-rita-funnet-sin-ro-med-egen-klinikk/693912 |access-date=23 Marso 2025 |website=Mitt Kongsvinger |language=nb-NO}}</ref> |20 |Kongsvinger |- |{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|Robina |Whittaker|nolink=1}} |– |[[Auckland]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Linda |Grandia|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Utrecht]] |- |{{Flagicon|PAN}} [[Panama]] |{{sortname|Lizbeth del Carmen |Achurra|nolink=1}} |– |[[Lungsod ng Panama]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Binibining Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Joanne |Alivio|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Lucena]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Tiina|Salmesvirta|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vatka |first=Miia |date=20 Hunyo 2022 |title=Muistatko 1990-luvun Miss Suomet? Tältä he näyttivät tullessaan kruunatuiksi – näin paljon heistä tiedetään nyt |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/2e4a52e8-cf97-4d3d-b031-adafdbba8a7c |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |website=Iltalehti |language=fi}}</ref> |– |[[Helsinki]] |- |{{flagicon|POL}} [[Polonya]] |{{sortname|Elzbieta Jadwiga |Dziech|nolink=1}} |– |Podbeskidzia |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] |{{sortname|Dayanara |Torres}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valdez |first=Cynthia |last2=Gomez |first2=Shirley |date=23 May 2023 |title=Miss Universe 1993, Dayanara Torres, celebrates 30 years since she was crowned |url=https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20230523346047/dayanara-torres-miss-universe-30-years-anniversary/ |access-date=30 Agosto 2023 |website=Hola! |language=en-US}}</ref> |17 |Toa Alta |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Bénédicte|Delmas|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Oktubre 2025 |title=Bénédicte Delmas: retour en images sur les trente ans de carrière de la comédienne |trans-title=Bénédicte Delmas: a look back in pictures at the actress's thirty-year career |url=https://photo.programme-tv.net/benedicte-delmas-retour-en-images-sur-les-trente-ans-de-carriere-de-la-comedienne-65730 |access-date=22 Abril 2026 |website=Télé-Loisirs |language=fr}}</ref> |20 |Bayonne |- |{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |{{sortname|Giselle del Carmen|Abreu|nolink=1}} |19 |[[Santo Domingo, Republikang Dominikano|Santo Domingo]] |- |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[United Kingdom|Reyno Unido]] |{{sortname|Joanne Elizabeth |Lewis|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Skorupski |first=Judith |date=2 Nobyembre 1991 |title=Top man Paul on parade |language=en |pages=1 |work=Evening Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-post-miss-uk-1991/126561130/ |access-date=31 Enero 2025 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |22 |Mansfield |- |{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Senegal]] |{{sortname|Dia Nathalie |Aissatou|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 Agosto 2011 |title=Aissatou Nathalie Dia, Miss Senegal 1992 : «Feu le juge Kéba Mbaye, c’est mon mentor» |url=https://www.leral.net/AISSATOU-NATHALIE-DIA-MISS-SENEGAL-1992-Feu-le-juge-Keba-Mbaye-c-est-mon-mentor_a18481.html |access-date=29 Mayo 2025 |website=Leral.net |language=fr}}</ref> |– |[[Dakar]] |- |{{Flagicon|SIN}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |{{sortname|Li Li |Goh|nolink=1}} |– |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Camilla Ingeborg |Unsgaard|nolink=1}} |– |[[Estokolmo]] |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |{{sortname|Sandra Anita |Steffen|nolink=1}} |– |[[Zürich]] |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] |{{sortname|Pornnapha |Theptinnakorn|nolink=1}} |– |[[Bangkok]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Jung-ah|Yum|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Pebrero 2024 |title=Korean Beauty Takes Third at Int'l Pageant |url=https://www.chosun.com/english/kpop-culture-en/2006/11/13/GOQEWJLNS5NV6JHIX4PSTHCDNE/ |access-date=2 Marso 2026 |website=The Chosun Daily |language=ko}}</ref> |20 |[[Seoul]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|TUR}}''' [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Banu Nur |Dipçin|nolink=1}} |– |[[Istanbul]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missinternational.org/en/}} {{Miss International}} fn2kw2hrxwhbppehvvxdju6nsscvq4v 2204237 2204230 2026-04-22T17:13:25Z Allyriana000 119761 2204237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant|winner='''[[Kirsten Davidson]]'''|represented={{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} Australya|date=18 Oktubre 1992|presenters=Masumi Okada|venue=Huis Ten Bosch Park, [[Nagasaki]], Hapon|broadcaster=TV Tokyo|entrants=50|placements=15|debuts={{Hlist|El Salvador|Senegal}}|withdraws={{Hlist|Bagong Kaledonia|Paragway|Portugal|Tahiti|Unggarya}}|returns={{Hlist|Malta|Taylandiya}}|before=[[Miss International 1991|1991]]|next=[[Miss International 1993|1993]]|photo size=200px|congeniality=Tomoko Nishiki<br>{{flagu|Hapon}}|photogenic=Susan Elizabeth Shaw<br>{{flagu|Hawaii}}|best national costume=Lina Maria Marin<br>{{flagu|Kolombya}}}}Ang '''Miss International 1992''' ay ang ika-32 edisyon ng [[Miss International]] pageant, na ginanap sa Huis Ten Bosch Park, [[Nagasaki]], Hapon noong 18 Oktubre 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Oktubre 1992 |title=Miss International known tonight |language=en |pages=21 |work=Manila Standard |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=SpMmAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA21&dq=%22Miss%20International%22&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20International%22&f=false |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Agnieszka Kotlarska]] ng Polonya si [[Kirsten Davidson]] ng Australya bilang Miss International 1992.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 Oktubre 1992 |title=Australische verkozen als Miss International |language=nl |trans-title=Australian voted Miss International |pages=14 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010644678:mpeg21:p014 |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Ito ang ikatlong beses na nanalo ang Australya bilang Miss International. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Georgia Drosou ng Gresya, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Yum Jung-ah ng Timog Korea.<ref name=":0" /> Mga kandidata mula sa limampu't-isang bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Masumi Okada ang kompetisyon. == Mga resulta == === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss International 1992''' | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]]''' – '''[[Kirsten Davidson]]''' |- |1st runner-up | * '''{{Flagicon|GRE}}''' [[Gresya]] – Georgia Drosou |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] – Yum Jung-ah |- |Top 15 | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Alemanya]] – Meike Schwarz * {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] – Gisella Manida Demarchi * {{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] – María Eugenia Rodríguez * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Cynthia de Cunto Moreira * {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Espanya]] – Samantha Torres * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] – Francis Funes * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] – Lina Maria Marin * {{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] – Thorunn Larusdóttir * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] – Rita Omvik * {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] – Tiina Salmesvirta * {{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] – [[Dayanara Torres]] * {{flagicon|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] – Giselle del Carmen Abreu |} === Mga natatanging parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Parangal !Kandidata |- |Miss Friendship | * {{Flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Hapon]] – Tomoko Nishiki |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{flag|Hawaii}} – Susan Elizabeth Shaw |- |Best National Costume | * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] – Lina Maria Marin |} == Mga kandidata == Limampung kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A|name=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Meike |Schwarz|nolink=1}} |20 |Zweibrücken |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Gisela Manida |Demarchi|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |– |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]]''' |'''{{sortname|Kirsten |Davidson}}''' |19 |[[Perth]] |- |{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Karin |Friedl|nolink=1}} |19 |Graz |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Véronique|De Roe|nolink=1}} |– |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|María Eugenia |Rodríguez|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |19 |Maracay |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Cynthia |de Cunto Moreira|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |– |Minas Gerais |- |{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivia|Bulibya]] |{{sortname|Ana Paola |Roca|nolink=1}} |– |[[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]] |- |{{Flagicon|TCH}} [[Czechoslovakia]] |{{sortname|Štěpánka |Týcová|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Nobyembre 2011 |title=Baburková a ty další. Severočešky, které okouzlily svou krásou |trans-title=Baburková and the others. North Bohemian women who charmed with their beauty |url=https://www.e15.cz/magazin/baburkova-a-ty-dalsi-severocesky-ktere-okouzlily-svou-krasou-836886 |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |website=e15 |language=cs}}</ref> |– |Ústí nad Labem |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |{{sortname|Stine Cecilie |Hansen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lazo |first=Flor |date=30 Oktubre 2018 |title=Migueleña gana corona de belleza |language=es-LA |trans-title=Migueleña wins beauty crown |work=La Prensa Gráfica |url=https://www.laprensagrafica.com/elsalvador/Miguelena-gana-corona-de-belleza-20181029-0103.html |access-date=28 Mayo 2025}}</ref> |– |[[Copenhague]] |- |{{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] |{{sortname|Maria Elena |Ferreiro|nolink=1}} |– |[[San Salvador]] |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Espanya]] |{{sortname|Samantha |Torres|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Hulyo 2006 |title=Samantha Torres: «En Los Ángeles todo está muy calculado» |url=https://www.diariodeibiza.es/ibiza/2006/07/26/samantha-torres-angeles-calculado-31255959.html |access-date=5 Pebrero 2025 |website=Diario de Ibiza |language=es}}</ref> |19 |Ibiza |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Sandra Lee |Allen|nolink=1}} |22 |[[Los Angeles]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|GRE}}''' [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Georgia |Drosou|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|GUM}} [[Guam]] |{{sortname|Lisa Marie |Martin|nolink=1}} |18 |Agana |- |'''{{Flagicon|GUA|civil}}''' [[Guatemala|Guwatemala]] |{{sortname|Narcy |Pérez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Oktubre 1992 |title=Mensen |language=nl |trans-title=People |pages=14 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010644667:mpeg21:p014 |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |19 |Chiquimula |- |{{flag|Hawaii}} |{{sortname|Susan Elizabeth |Shaw|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 Abril 2018 |title=Jury finds former beauty queen guilty on new fraud counts |url=https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/37951164/jury-finds-former-beauty-queen-guilty-on-new-fraud-counts |access-date=22 Abril 2026 |website=Hawaii News Now |language=en}}</ref> |18 |[[Honolulu]] |- |{{Flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Tomoko |Nishiki|nolink=1}} |– |[[Prepektura ng Osaka|Osaka]] |- |{{Flagicon|MNP}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |{{sortname|Christina Vincoy |Borja|nolink=1}} |– |Saipan |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |{{sortname|Francis |Fúnez|nolink=1}} |23 |San Pedro Sula |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Shirley |Cheung|nolink=1}} |– |[[Hong Kong]] |- |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] |{{sortname|Komal |Sandhu|nolink=1}} |– |[[New Delhi]] |- |{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] |{{sortname|Mary Catherine |Moore|nolink=1}} |– |[[Dublin]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Sarit |Afangar|nolink=1}} |– |[[Tel-Abib]] |- |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Nicole |Cinquetti|nolink=1}} |– |[[Roma]] |- |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Lara Corwen |Thornton|nolink=1}} |– |[[Ontario]] |- |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{sortname|Lina Maria |Marin|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farah |first=Douglas |date=13 Nobyembre 1991 |title=Colombia's crowning glory |language=en-US |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/11/13/columbias-crowning-glory/4e4169c9-e4a8-411b-9cac-c2236c393884/ |access-date=29 Mayo 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205204443/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/11/13/columbias-crowning-glory/4e4169c9-e4a8-411b-9cac-c2236c393884/ |archive-date=5 Pebrero 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> |– |[[Risaralda]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica|Kosta Rika]] |{{sortname|Marisol |Soto|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Melissa |date=24 Oktubre 2022 |title=Marisol Soto: “La belleza va más allá de los estándares establecidos por la sociedad” |trans-title=Marisol Soto: “Beauty goes beyond the standards established by society” |url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/marisol-soto-la-belleza-va-mas-alla-de-los-estandares-establecidos-por-la-sociedad |access-date=5 Pebrero 2025 |website=La Republica |language=es}}</ref> |19 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San Jose]] |- |{{Flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] |{{sortname|Carole |Reding|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Lungsod ng Luksemburgo]] |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] |{{sortname|Thorunn |Larusdóttir|nolink=1}} |– |[[Reikiavik]] |- |{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Malta]] |{{sortname|Carol Sophie |Cutajar|nolink=1}} |– |[[Valeta]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|María de los Angeles |López|nolink=1}} |– |[[Veracruz]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Rita |Omvik|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sønsteli |first=Pål |date=17 Abril 2021 |title=Endelig har Rita funnet sin ro med egen klinikk |trans-title=Finally, Rita has found peace with her own clinic. |url=https://www.mittkongsvinger.no/rita-omvik/endelig-har-rita-funnet-sin-ro-med-egen-klinikk/693912 |access-date=23 Marso 2025 |website=Mitt Kongsvinger |language=nb-NO}}</ref> |20 |Kongsvinger |- |{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|Robina |Whittaker|nolink=1}} |– |[[Auckland]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Linda |Grandia|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Utrecht]] |- |{{Flagicon|PAN}} [[Panama]] |{{sortname|Lizbeth del Carmen |Achurra|nolink=1}} |– |[[Lungsod ng Panama]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Binibining Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Joanne |Alivio|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Lucena]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Tiina|Salmesvirta|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vatka |first=Miia |date=20 Hunyo 2022 |title=Muistatko 1990-luvun Miss Suomet? Tältä he näyttivät tullessaan kruunatuiksi – näin paljon heistä tiedetään nyt |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/2e4a52e8-cf97-4d3d-b031-adafdbba8a7c |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |website=Iltalehti |language=fi}}</ref> |– |[[Helsinki]] |- |{{flagicon|POL}} [[Polonya]] |{{sortname|Elzbieta Jadwiga |Dziech|nolink=1}} |– |Podbeskidzia |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] |{{sortname|Dayanara |Torres}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valdez |first=Cynthia |last2=Gomez |first2=Shirley |date=23 May 2023 |title=Miss Universe 1993, Dayanara Torres, celebrates 30 years since she was crowned |url=https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20230523346047/dayanara-torres-miss-universe-30-years-anniversary/ |access-date=30 Agosto 2023 |website=Hola! |language=en-US}}</ref> |17 |Toa Alta |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Bénédicte|Delmas|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Oktubre 2025 |title=Bénédicte Delmas: retour en images sur les trente ans de carrière de la comédienne |trans-title=Bénédicte Delmas: a look back in pictures at the actress's thirty-year career |url=https://photo.programme-tv.net/benedicte-delmas-retour-en-images-sur-les-trente-ans-de-carriere-de-la-comedienne-65730 |access-date=22 Abril 2026 |website=Télé-Loisirs |language=fr}}</ref> |20 |Bayonne |- |{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |{{sortname|Giselle del Carmen|Abreu|nolink=1}} |19 |[[Santo Domingo, Republikang Dominikano|Santo Domingo]] |- |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[United Kingdom|Reyno Unido]] |{{sortname|Joanne Elizabeth |Lewis|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Skorupski |first=Judith |date=2 Nobyembre 1991 |title=Top man Paul on parade |language=en |pages=1 |work=Evening Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-post-miss-uk-1991/126561130/ |access-date=31 Enero 2025 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |22 |Mansfield |- |{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Senegal]] |{{sortname|Dia Nathalie |Aissatou|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 Agosto 2011 |title=Aissatou Nathalie Dia, Miss Senegal 1992 : «Feu le juge Kéba Mbaye, c’est mon mentor» |url=https://www.leral.net/AISSATOU-NATHALIE-DIA-MISS-SENEGAL-1992-Feu-le-juge-Keba-Mbaye-c-est-mon-mentor_a18481.html |access-date=29 Mayo 2025 |website=Leral.net |language=fr}}</ref> |– |[[Dakar]] |- |{{Flagicon|SIN}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |{{sortname|Li Li |Goh|nolink=1}} |– |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Camilla Ingeborg |Unsgaard|nolink=1}} |– |[[Estokolmo]] |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |{{sortname|Sandra Anita |Steffen|nolink=1}} |– |[[Zürich]] |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] |{{sortname|Pornnapha |Theptinnakorn|nolink=1}} |– |[[Bangkok]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Jung-ah|Yum|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Pebrero 2024 |title=Korean Beauty Takes Third at Int'l Pageant |url=https://www.chosun.com/english/kpop-culture-en/2006/11/13/GOQEWJLNS5NV6JHIX4PSTHCDNE/ |access-date=2 Marso 2026 |website=The Chosun Daily |language=ko}}</ref> |20 |[[Seoul]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|TUR}}''' [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Banu Nur |Dipçin|nolink=1}} |– |[[Istanbul]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missinternational.org/en/}} {{Miss International}} pgoarectb584ov3r711w9p000ghy6ee 2204239 2204237 2026-04-22T17:15:47Z Allyriana000 119761 2204239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant|winner='''[[Kirsten Davidson]]'''|represented={{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} Australya|date=18 Oktubre 1992|presenters=Masumi Okada|venue=Huis Ten Bosch Park, [[Nagasaki]], Hapon|broadcaster=TV Tokyo|entrants=50|placements=15|debuts={{Hlist|El Salvador|Senegal}}|withdraws={{Hlist|Bagong Kaledonia|Paragway|Portugal|Tahiti|Unggarya}}|returns={{Hlist|Malta|Taylandiya}}|before=[[Miss International 1991|1991]]|next=[[Miss International 1993|1993]]|photo size=200px|congeniality=Tomoko Nishiki<br>{{flagu|Hapon}}|photogenic=Susan Elizabeth Shaw<br>{{flagu|Hawaii}}|best national costume=Lina Maria Marin<br>{{flagu|Kolombya}}}}Ang '''Miss International 1992''' ay ang ika-32 edisyon ng [[Miss International]] pageant, na ginanap sa Huis Ten Bosch Park, [[Nagasaki]], Hapon noong 18 Oktubre 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Oktubre 1992 |title=Miss International known tonight |language=en |pages=21 |work=Manila Standard |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=SpMmAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA21&dq=%22Miss%20International%22&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20International%22&f=false |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Agnieszka Kotlarska]] ng Polonya si [[Kirsten Davidson]] ng Australya bilang Miss International 1992.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 Oktubre 1992 |title=Australische verkozen als Miss International |language=nl |trans-title=Australian voted Miss International |pages=14 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010644678:mpeg21:p014 |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Ito ang ikatlong beses na nanalo ang Australya bilang Miss International. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Georgia Drosou ng Gresya, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Yum Jung-ah ng Timog Korea.<ref name=":0" /> Mga kandidata mula sa limampu't-isang bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Masumi Okada ang kompetisyon. == Mga resulta == === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss International 1992''' | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]]''' – '''[[Kirsten Davidson]]''' |- |1st runner-up | * '''{{Flagicon|GRE}}''' [[Gresya]] – Georgia Drosou |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] – Yum Jung-ah |- |Top 15 | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Alemanya]] – Meike Schwarz * {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] – Gisella Manida Demarchi * {{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] – María Eugenia Rodríguez * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Cynthia de Cunto Moreira * {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Espanya]] – Samantha Torres * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] – Francis Funes * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] – Lina Maria Marin * {{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] – Thorunn Larusdóttir * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] – Rita Omvik * {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] – Tiina Salmesvirta * {{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] – [[Dayanara Torres]] * {{flagicon|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] – Giselle del Carmen Abreu |} === Mga natatanging parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Parangal !Kandidata |- |Miss Friendship | * {{Flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Hapon]] – Tomoko Nishiki |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{flag|Hawaii}} – Susan Elizabeth Shaw |- |Best National Costume | * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] – Lina Maria Marin |} == Mga kandidata == Limampung kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A|name=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Meike |Schwarz|nolink=1}} |20 |Zweibrücken |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Gisela Manida |Demarchi|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |– |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]]''' |'''{{sortname|Kirsten |Davidson}}''' |19 |[[Perth]] |- |{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Karin |Friedl|nolink=1}} |19 |Graz |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Véronique|De Roe|nolink=1}} |– |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|María Eugenia |Rodríguez|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |19 |Maracay |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Cynthia |de Cunto Moreira|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |– |Minas Gerais |- |{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivia|Bulibya]] |{{sortname|Ana Paola |Roca|nolink=1}} |– |[[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]] |- |{{Flagicon|TCH}} [[Czechoslovakia]] |{{sortname|Štěpánka |Týcová|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Nobyembre 2011 |title=Baburková a ty další. Severočešky, které okouzlily svou krásou |trans-title=Baburková and the others. North Bohemian women who charmed with their beauty |url=https://www.e15.cz/magazin/baburkova-a-ty-dalsi-severocesky-ktere-okouzlily-svou-krasou-836886 |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |website=e15 |language=cs}}</ref> |– |Ústí nad Labem |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |{{sortname|Stine Cecilie |Hansen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lazo |first=Flor |date=30 Oktubre 2018 |title=Migueleña gana corona de belleza |language=es-LA |trans-title=Migueleña wins beauty crown |work=La Prensa Gráfica |url=https://www.laprensagrafica.com/elsalvador/Miguelena-gana-corona-de-belleza-20181029-0103.html |access-date=28 Mayo 2025}}</ref> |– |[[Copenhague]] |- |{{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] |{{sortname|Maria Elena |Ferreiro|nolink=1}} |– |[[San Salvador]] |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Espanya]] |{{sortname|Samantha |Torres|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Hulyo 2006 |title=Samantha Torres: «En Los Ángeles todo está muy calculado» |url=https://www.diariodeibiza.es/ibiza/2006/07/26/samantha-torres-angeles-calculado-31255959.html |access-date=5 Pebrero 2025 |website=Diario de Ibiza |language=es}}</ref> |19 |Ibiza |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Sandra Lee |Allen|nolink=1}} |22 |[[Los Angeles]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|GRE}}''' [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Georgia |Drosou|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|GUM}} [[Guam]] |{{sortname|Lisa Marie |Martin|nolink=1}} |18 |Agana |- |'''{{Flagicon|GUA|civil}}''' [[Guatemala|Guwatemala]] |{{sortname|Narcy |Pérez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Oktubre 1992 |title=Mensen |language=nl |trans-title=People |pages=14 |work=Amigoe |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010644667:mpeg21:p014 |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |19 |Chiquimula |- |{{flag|Hawaii}} |{{sortname|Susan Elizabeth |Shaw|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 Abril 2018 |title=Jury finds former beauty queen guilty on new fraud counts |url=https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/37951164/jury-finds-former-beauty-queen-guilty-on-new-fraud-counts |access-date=22 Abril 2026 |website=Hawaii News Now |language=en}}</ref> |18 |[[Honolulu]] |- |{{Flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Tomoko |Nishiki|nolink=1}} |– |[[Prepektura ng Osaka|Osaka]] |- |{{Flagicon|MNP}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |{{sortname|Christina Vincoy |Borja|nolink=1}} |– |Saipan |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |{{sortname|Francis |Fúnez|nolink=1}} |23 |San Pedro Sula |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Shirley |Cheung|nolink=1}} |– |[[Hong Kong]] |- |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] |{{sortname|Komal |Sandhu|nolink=1}} |– |[[New Delhi]] |- |{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] |{{sortname|Mary Catherine |Moore|nolink=1}} |– |[[Dublin]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Sarit |Afangar|nolink=1}} |– |[[Tel-Abib]] |- |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Nicole |Cinquetti|nolink=1}} |– |[[Roma]] |- |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Lara Corwen |Thornton|nolink=1}} |– |[[Ontario]] |- |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{sortname|Lina Maria |Marin|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farah |first=Douglas |date=13 Nobyembre 1991 |title=Colombia's crowning glory |language=en-US |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/11/13/columbias-crowning-glory/4e4169c9-e4a8-411b-9cac-c2236c393884/ |access-date=29 Mayo 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205204443/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/11/13/columbias-crowning-glory/4e4169c9-e4a8-411b-9cac-c2236c393884/ |archive-date=5 Pebrero 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> |20 |[[Risaralda]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica|Kosta Rika]] |{{sortname|Marisol |Soto|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Melissa |date=24 Oktubre 2022 |title=Marisol Soto: “La belleza va más allá de los estándares establecidos por la sociedad” |trans-title=Marisol Soto: “Beauty goes beyond the standards established by society” |url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/marisol-soto-la-belleza-va-mas-alla-de-los-estandares-establecidos-por-la-sociedad |access-date=5 Pebrero 2025 |website=La Republica |language=es}}</ref> |19 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San Jose]] |- |{{Flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] |{{sortname|Carole |Reding|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Lungsod ng Luksemburgo]] |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] |{{sortname|Thorunn |Larusdóttir|nolink=1}} |– |[[Reikiavik]] |- |{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Malta]] |{{sortname|Carol Sophie |Cutajar|nolink=1}} |– |[[Valeta]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|María de los Angeles |López|nolink=1}} |– |[[Veracruz]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Rita |Omvik|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sønsteli |first=Pål |date=17 Abril 2021 |title=Endelig har Rita funnet sin ro med egen klinikk |trans-title=Finally, Rita has found peace with her own clinic. |url=https://www.mittkongsvinger.no/rita-omvik/endelig-har-rita-funnet-sin-ro-med-egen-klinikk/693912 |access-date=23 Marso 2025 |website=Mitt Kongsvinger |language=nb-NO}}</ref> |20 |Kongsvinger |- |{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|Robina |Whittaker|nolink=1}} |– |[[Auckland]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Linda |Grandia|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Utrecht]] |- |{{Flagicon|PAN}} [[Panama]] |{{sortname|Lizbeth del Carmen |Achurra|nolink=1}} |– |[[Lungsod ng Panama]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Binibining Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Joanne |Alivio|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Lucena]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Tiina|Salmesvirta|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vatka |first=Miia |date=20 Hunyo 2022 |title=Muistatko 1990-luvun Miss Suomet? Tältä he näyttivät tullessaan kruunatuiksi – näin paljon heistä tiedetään nyt |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/2e4a52e8-cf97-4d3d-b031-adafdbba8a7c |access-date=28 Mayo 2025 |website=Iltalehti |language=fi}}</ref> |– |[[Helsinki]] |- |{{flagicon|POL}} [[Polonya]] |{{sortname|Elzbieta Jadwiga |Dziech|nolink=1}} |– |Podbeskidzia |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] |{{sortname|Dayanara |Torres}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valdez |first=Cynthia |last2=Gomez |first2=Shirley |date=23 May 2023 |title=Miss Universe 1993, Dayanara Torres, celebrates 30 years since she was crowned |url=https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20230523346047/dayanara-torres-miss-universe-30-years-anniversary/ |access-date=30 Agosto 2023 |website=Hola! |language=en-US}}</ref> |17 |Toa Alta |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Bénédicte|Delmas|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Oktubre 2025 |title=Bénédicte Delmas: retour en images sur les trente ans de carrière de la comédienne |trans-title=Bénédicte Delmas: a look back in pictures at the actress's thirty-year career |url=https://photo.programme-tv.net/benedicte-delmas-retour-en-images-sur-les-trente-ans-de-carriere-de-la-comedienne-65730 |access-date=22 Abril 2026 |website=Télé-Loisirs |language=fr}}</ref> |20 |Bayonne |- |{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |{{sortname|Giselle del Carmen|Abreu|nolink=1}} |19 |[[Santo Domingo, Republikang Dominikano|Santo Domingo]] |- |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[United Kingdom|Reyno Unido]] |{{sortname|Joanne Elizabeth |Lewis|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Skorupski |first=Judith |date=2 Nobyembre 1991 |title=Top man Paul on parade |language=en |pages=1 |work=Evening Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-post-miss-uk-1991/126561130/ |access-date=31 Enero 2025 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |22 |Mansfield |- |{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Senegal]] |{{sortname|Dia Nathalie |Aissatou|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 Agosto 2011 |title=Aissatou Nathalie Dia, Miss Senegal 1992 : «Feu le juge Kéba Mbaye, c’est mon mentor» |url=https://www.leral.net/AISSATOU-NATHALIE-DIA-MISS-SENEGAL-1992-Feu-le-juge-Keba-Mbaye-c-est-mon-mentor_a18481.html |access-date=29 Mayo 2025 |website=Leral.net |language=fr}}</ref> |– |[[Dakar]] |- |{{Flagicon|SIN}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |{{sortname|Li Li |Goh|nolink=1}} |– |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Camilla Ingeborg |Unsgaard|nolink=1}} |– |[[Estokolmo]] |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |{{sortname|Sandra Anita |Steffen|nolink=1}} |– |[[Zürich]] |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] |{{sortname|Pornnapha |Theptinnakorn|nolink=1}} |– |[[Bangkok]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Jung-ah|Yum|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Pebrero 2024 |title=Korean Beauty Takes Third at Int'l Pageant |url=https://www.chosun.com/english/kpop-culture-en/2006/11/13/GOQEWJLNS5NV6JHIX4PSTHCDNE/ |access-date=2 Marso 2026 |website=The Chosun Daily |language=ko}}</ref> |20 |[[Seoul]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|TUR}}''' [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Banu Nur |Dipçin|nolink=1}} |– |[[Istanbul]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missinternational.org/en/}} {{Miss International}} f30dedt1ndfzqcmnllfgkv82eu12xl5 0 334462 2204395 2188614 2026-04-23T08:26:20Z Allyriana000 119761 2204395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant |winner='''[[Agnieszka Pachalko]]''' |represented={{Flagu|Polonya}} |date=9 Oktubre 1993 |presenters=Masumi Okada |image= |venue=Koseinenkin Kaikan Hall, [[Tokyo]], Hapon |broadcaster=TV Tokyo |entrants=47 |placements=15 |debuts={{Hlist|Eslobakya|Rusya|Ukranya}} |withdraws={{Hlist|Czechoslovakia|El Salvador|Guam|Italya|Kanada|Lupangyelo|Noruwega|Republikang Dominikano|Senegal}} |returns={{Hlist|Bagong Caledonia|Nikaragwa|Portugal}} |before=[[Miss International 1992|1992]] |next=[[Miss International 1994|1994]] |photo size=200px |caption= |congeniality=Tayna Castro Belyeu<br>{{flagicon|MNP}} Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana |photogenic=Christelle Roelandts<br>{{flagu|Belhika}} |best national costume=Kathy Sáenz<br>{{flagu|Kolombya}} }} Ang '''Miss International 1993''' ay ang ika-33 edisyon ng [[Miss International]] pageant, na ginanap sa Koseinenkin Kaikan Hall, [[Tokyo]], Hapon noong 9 Oktubre 1993. Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Kirsten Davidson]] ng Australya si [[Agnieszka Pachalko]] ng Polonya bilang Miss International 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Oktubre 1993 |title=Pole is Miss International |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19931011-1.1.10 |access-date=29 Mayo 2025 |via=National Library Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Setyembre 2015 |title=Journalism student wins Miss International Poland 2015 |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-international/journalism-student-wins-miss-international-poland-2015/articleshow/48911889.cms |access-date=29 Mayo 2025 |website=Femina |language=en}}</ref> Ito ang ikalawang beses na nanalo ang Polonya bilang Miss International. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Ilmira Shamsutdinova ng Rusya, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Victorovna Romanenko ng Ukranya. Mga kandidata mula sa apatnapu't-pitong bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Masumi Okada ang kompetisyon. == Mga resulta == === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=11 Oktubre 1993 |title=Polish student crowned Miss International |language=en |pages=13 |work=New Straits Times |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hjpOAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA13&dq=%22Miss%20International%22&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20International%22&f=false |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |via=Google Books}}</ref> !Kandidata |- |'''Miss International 1993''' | * {{flagicon|POL}} '''[[Polonya]]''' – '''[[Agnieszka Pachalko]]''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{Flagicon|RUS|1991}} [[Rusya]] – Ilmira Shamsutdinova |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagu|Ukraine}} – Victorovna Romanenko |- |Top 15 | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}}''' [[Australya]] – Monique Lysaught * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] – Christelle Roelandts * {{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] – Faviola Spitale * '''{{Flagicon|GUA|civil}}''' [[Guatemala|Guwatemala]] – Diana Galván * {{Flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Hapon]] – Masayo Shibasaki * {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] – Pooja Batra * {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] – Anat Elimelech * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] – Kathy Sáenz * {{Flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] – Nathalie Dos Santos * {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] – María Cristina Arcos * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] – Chang Eun-young * '''{{Flagicon|TUR}}''' [[Turkiya]] – Hande Kazanova |} == Mga kandidata == Limampung kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A|name=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Katja|Mordarski|nolink=1}} |– |[[Berlin]] |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Nazarena Vanesa|González|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Braillard |first=Miguel |date=21 Hunyo 2023 |title=Llegó a la fama por unas fotos “prestadas” y arrasó como la primera Miss Argentina: la historia de Ivana Kislinger |trans-title=She became famous for some “borrowed” photos and swept as the first Miss Argentina: the story of Ivana Kislinger |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/espectaculos/llego-a-la-fama-por-unas-fotos-prestadas-y-arraso-como-la-primera-miss-argentina-la-historia-de-nid21062023/ |access-date=18 Disyembre 2023 |website=La Nacion |language=es}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] |{{sortname|Monique|Lysaught|nolink=1}} |– |[[Sidney|Sydney]] |- |{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Silvia|Kronbichler|nolink=1}} |– |[[Viena]] |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[New Caledonia|Bagong Caledonia]] |{{sortname|Laure Denise|Masson|nolink=1}} |– | |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Christelle|Roelandts|nolink=1}} |19 |Waremme |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] | | | |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Tatiana Paula|Alves|nolink=1}} |– |Minas Gerais |- |{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivia|Bulibya]] |{{sortname|Maria Cristina|Tondelli|nolink=1}} |– |[[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]] |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |{{sortname|Mette|Salto|nolink=1}} |– |Copenhague |- |{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Slovakia|Eslobakya]] |{{sortname|Karin|Majtánová|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Mayo 2012 |title=Známa slovenská moderátorka Karin Majtánová: Bývalý jej ničil dcéru |trans-title=Famous Slovak presenter Karin Majtánová: Her ex-husband destroyed her daughter |url=https://sarm.pluska.sk/celebrity/karin-majtanova-byvaly-jej-nicil-dceru |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |website=Šarm |language=sk}}</ref> |19 |Trenčín |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Espanya]] |{{sortname|Ana Piedad|Galván|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reigadas |first=Natalia |date=28 Marso 2010 |title=«Dejé la moda porque es un mundo muy superficial» |trans-title="I left fashion because it's a very superficial world." |url=https://www.hoy.es/v/20100328/regional/deje-moda-porque-mundo-20100328.html |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |website=Hoy |language=es}}</ref> |20 |[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] | | | |- |'''{{Flagicon|GRE}}''' [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Helena|Zabaka|nolink=1}} |19 |[[Atenas]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|GUA|civil}}''' [[Guatemala|Guwatemala]] |{{sortname|Diana|Galván|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fuentes-Salinas |first=Jose |date=19 September 1993 |title=La suerte de las feas, las bonitas la desean, dice Diana Galvan, Señorita Guatemala |language=es |trans-title=The luck of the ugly ones, the pretty ones wish it, says Diana Galván, Miss Guatemala |pages=1C, 3C |work=La Opinion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z35EAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2bMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6064%2C5025004 |access-date=9 June 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |San Rafael Pie de la Cuesta |- |{{flag|Hawaii}} |{{sortname|Theresa Victoria|Tilley|nolink=1}} |– |[[Honolulu]] |- |{{Flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Masayo|Shibasaki|nolink=1}} |– |[[Tokyo]] |- |{{Flagicon|MNP}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |{{sortname|Tayna|Castro Belyeu|nolink=1}} |– |Saipan |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |{{sortname|Miriam|Zapata|nolink=1}} |– |Francisco Morazán |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Middy|Yu|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Hong Kong]] |- |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] |{{sortname|Pooja|Batra|nolink=1}} |18 |Faizabad |- |{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] |{{sortname|Deborah|Hannigan|nolink=1}} |– |[[Dublin]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Anat|Elimelech|nolink=1}} |19 |[[Herusalem]] |- |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{sortname|Kathy|Sáenz|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Bogotá]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica|Kosta Rika]] |{{sortname|Laura|Odio|nolink=1}} |19 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{Flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] |{{sortname|Nathalie|Dos Santos|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Lungsod ng Luksemburgo]] |- |{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Malta]] |{{sortname|Melissa|Portelli|nolink=1}} |– |[[Valeta]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|María Cristina|Arcos|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Guadalajara]] |- |{{flagicon|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |{{sortname|Ida Patricia|Delaney|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Managua]] |- |{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|Monique Lorraine|Joel|nolink=1}} |– |[[Auckland]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Shirley|Bogaard|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Amsterdam]] |- |{{Flagicon|PAN}} [[Panama]] |{{sortname|Ismenia|Velásquez|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Lungsod ng Panama]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Binibining Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Sheela Mae|Santarin|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=23 Marso 1993 |title=And the winners are... |language=en |pages=1 |work=Manila Standard |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YLgmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XgsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2379%2C3161513 |access-date=1 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |18 |[[Maynila]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Arlene|Kotala|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehto |first=Marika |date=25 Disyembre 2023 |title=Lehdissä paistatellut suomalaismissi katosi julkisuudesta ja muutti Ruotsiin – nyt hän avautuu tapahtuneesta |trans-title=The Finnish beauty queen who was featured in the magazines disappeared from the public eye and moved to Sweden - now she opens up about what happened |url=https://www.is.fi/viihde/art-2000010065919.html |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |website=Ilta-Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref> |21 |Lapua |- |'''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Polonya]]''' |'''{{sortname|Agnieszka|Pachalko}}<ref name=":0" />''' |19 |Inowrocław |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] |{{sortname|Brenda|Robles|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Ana Enid |date=17 Marso 2016 |title=Brenda Robles aclara el escándalo de su reinado |trans-title=Brenda Robles clarifies the scandal of her reign |url=https://www.primerahora.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/brenda-robles-aclara-el-escandalo-de-su-reinado/ |access-date=4 Setyembre 2023 |website=Primera Hora |language=es}}</ref> |18 |Isabela |- |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Portugal]] |{{sortname|Anabela|Pacheco Centeno|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Lisboa]] |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Marie-Ange|Contart|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Corsica]] |- |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[United Kingdom|Reyno Unido]] |{{sortname|Claire Elizabeth|Smith|nolink=1}} |22 |Chester |- |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Rusya]] |{{sortname|Ilmira|Shamsutdinova|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |17 |[[Saratov]] |- |{{Flagicon|SIN}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |{{sortname|Teri|Tan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 Hunyo 1993 |title=And poly student Teri is Miss S'pore International |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930627-1.2.8.9 |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |20 |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Anna|Hofvenstam|nolink=1}} |– |[[Estokolmo]] |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |{{sortname|Chantal|Hediger|nolink=1}} |– |[[Zürich]] |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] | | | |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Eun-young|Chang|nolink=1}} |– |[[Seoul]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|TUR}}''' [[Turkiya]] | | | |- |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ukraine|Ukranya]] |{{sortname|Nataliya|Romanenko|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |17 |[[Kyiv]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missinternational.org/en/}} {{Miss International}} hgam5t2x5r63ij9l76w339hfcttua7h 2204415 2204395 2026-04-23T08:55:30Z Allyriana000 119761 2204415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant |winner='''[[Agnieszka Pachalko]]''' |represented={{Flagu|Polonya}} |date=9 Oktubre 1993 |presenters=Masumi Okada |image= |venue=Koseinenkin Kaikan Hall, [[Tokyo]], Hapon |broadcaster=TV Tokyo |entrants=47 |placements=15 |debuts={{Hlist|Eslobakya|Rusya|Ukranya}} |withdraws={{Hlist|Czechoslovakia|El Salvador|Guam|Italya|Kanada|Lupangyelo|Noruwega|Republikang Dominikano|Senegal}} |returns={{Hlist|Bagong Caledonia|Nikaragwa|Portugal}} |before=[[Miss International 1992|1992]] |next=[[Miss International 1994|1994]] |photo size=200px |caption= |congeniality=Tayna Castro Belyeu<br>{{flagicon|MNP}} Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana |photogenic=Christelle Roelandts<br>{{flagu|Belhika}} |best national costume=Kathy Sáenz<br>{{flagu|Kolombya}} }} Ang '''Miss International 1993''' ay ang ika-33 edisyon ng [[Miss International]] pageant, na ginanap sa Koseinenkin Kaikan Hall, [[Tokyo]], Hapon noong 9 Oktubre 1993. Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Kirsten Davidson]] ng Australya si [[Agnieszka Pachalko]] ng Polonya bilang Miss International 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Oktubre 1993 |title=Pole is Miss International |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19931011-1.1.10 |access-date=29 Mayo 2025 |via=National Library Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Setyembre 2015 |title=Journalism student wins Miss International Poland 2015 |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-international/journalism-student-wins-miss-international-poland-2015/articleshow/48911889.cms |access-date=29 Mayo 2025 |website=Femina |language=en}}</ref> Ito ang ikalawang beses na nanalo ang Polonya bilang Miss International. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Ilmira Shamsutdinova ng Rusya, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Victorovna Romanenko ng Ukranya. Mga kandidata mula sa apatnapu't-pitong bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Masumi Okada ang kompetisyon. == Mga resulta == === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=11 Oktubre 1993 |title=Polish student crowned Miss International |language=en |pages=13 |work=New Straits Times |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hjpOAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA13&dq=%22Miss%20International%22&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20International%22&f=false |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |via=Google Books}}</ref> !Kandidata |- |'''Miss International 1993''' | * {{flagicon|POL}} '''[[Polonya]]''' – '''[[Agnieszka Pachalko]]''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{Flagicon|RUS|1991}} [[Rusya]] – Ilmira Shamsutdinova |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagu|Ukraine}} – Victorovna Romanenko |- |Top 15 | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}}''' [[Australya]] – Monique Lysaught * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] – Christelle Roelandts * {{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] – Faviola Spitale * '''{{Flagicon|GUA|civil}}''' [[Guatemala|Guwatemala]] – Diana Galván * {{Flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Hapon]] – Masayo Shibasaki * {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] – Pooja Batra * {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] – Anat Elimelech * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] – Kathy Sáenz * {{Flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] – Nathalie Dos Santos * {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] – María Cristina Arcos * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] – Chang Eun-young * '''{{Flagicon|TUR}}''' [[Turkiya]] – Hande Kazanova |} == Mga kandidata == Limampung kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A|name=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Katja|Mordarski|nolink=1}} |– |[[Berlin]] |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Nazarena Vanesa|González|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Braillard |first=Miguel |date=21 Hunyo 2023 |title=Llegó a la fama por unas fotos “prestadas” y arrasó como la primera Miss Argentina: la historia de Ivana Kislinger |trans-title=She became famous for some “borrowed” photos and swept as the first Miss Argentina: the story of Ivana Kislinger |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/espectaculos/llego-a-la-fama-por-unas-fotos-prestadas-y-arraso-como-la-primera-miss-argentina-la-historia-de-nid21062023/ |access-date=18 Disyembre 2023 |website=La Nacion |language=es}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] |{{sortname|Monique|Lysaught|nolink=1}} |– |[[Sidney|Sydney]] |- |{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Silvia|Kronbichler|nolink=1}} |– |[[Viena]] |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[New Caledonia|Bagong Caledonia]] |{{sortname|Laure Denise|Masson|nolink=1}} |– |Nouméa |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Christelle|Roelandts|nolink=1}} |19 |Waremme |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Faviola|Spitale|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Caracas]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Tatiana Paula|Alves|nolink=1}} |18 |Minas Gerais |- |{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivia|Bulibya]] |{{sortname|Maria Cristina|Tondelli|nolink=1}} |– |[[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]] |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |{{sortname|Mette|Salto|nolink=1}} |– |Copenhague |- |{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Slovakia|Eslobakya]] |{{sortname|Karin|Majtánová|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Mayo 2012 |title=Známa slovenská moderátorka Karin Majtánová: Bývalý jej ničil dcéru |trans-title=Famous Slovak presenter Karin Majtánová: Her ex-husband destroyed her daughter |url=https://sarm.pluska.sk/celebrity/karin-majtanova-byvaly-jej-nicil-dceru |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |website=Šarm |language=sk}}</ref> |19 |Trenčín |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Espanya]] |{{sortname|Ana Piedad|Galván|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reigadas |first=Natalia |date=28 Marso 2010 |title=«Dejé la moda porque es un mundo muy superficial» |trans-title="I left fashion because it's a very superficial world." |url=https://www.hoy.es/v/20100328/regional/deje-moda-porque-mundo-20100328.html |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |website=Hoy |language=es}}</ref> |20 |[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Lynette |MacFee|nolink=1}} |23 |[[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|GRE}}''' [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Helena|Zabaka|nolink=1}} |19 |[[Atenas]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|GUA|civil}}''' [[Guatemala|Guwatemala]] |{{sortname|Diana|Galván|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fuentes-Salinas |first=Jose |date=19 September 1993 |title=La suerte de las feas, las bonitas la desean, dice Diana Galvan, Señorita Guatemala |language=es |trans-title=The luck of the ugly ones, the pretty ones wish it, says Diana Galván, Miss Guatemala |pages=1C, 3C |work=La Opinion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z35EAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2bMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6064%2C5025004 |access-date=9 June 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |San Rafael Pie de la Cuesta |- |{{flag|Hawaii}} |{{sortname|Theresa Victoria|Tilley|nolink=1}} |22 |[[Honolulu]] |- |{{Flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Masayo|Shibasaki|nolink=1}} |– |[[Prepektura ng Kanagawa|Kanagawa]] |- |{{Flagicon|MNP}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |{{sortname|Tayna|Castro Belyeu|nolink=1}} |– |Saipan |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |{{sortname|Miriam|Zapata|nolink=1}} |– |Francisco Morazán |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Middy|Yu|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Hong Kong]] |- |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] |{{sortname|Pooja|Batra|nolink=1}} |18 |Faizabad |- |{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] |{{sortname|Deborah|Hannigan|nolink=1}} |– |[[Dublin]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Anat|Elimelech|nolink=1}} |19 |[[Herusalem]] |- |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{sortname|Kathy|Sáenz|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Bogotá]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica|Kosta Rika]] |{{sortname|Laura|Odio|nolink=1}} |19 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{Flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] |{{sortname|Nathalie|Dos Santos|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Lungsod ng Luksemburgo]] |- |{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Malta]] |{{sortname|Melissa|Portelli|nolink=1}} |– |[[Valeta]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|María Cristina|Arcos|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Guadalajara]] |- |{{flagicon|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |{{sortname|Ida Patricia|Delaney|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Managua]] |- |{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|Monique Lorraine|Joel|nolink=1}} |– |[[Auckland]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Shirley|Bogaard|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Amsterdam]] |- |{{Flagicon|PAN}} [[Panama]] |{{sortname|Ismenia|Velásquez|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Lungsod ng Panama]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Binibining Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Sheela Mae|Santarin|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=23 Marso 1993 |title=And the winners are... |language=en |pages=1 |work=Manila Standard |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YLgmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XgsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2379%2C3161513 |access-date=1 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |18 |[[Maynila]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Arlene|Kotala|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehto |first=Marika |date=25 Disyembre 2023 |title=Lehdissä paistatellut suomalaismissi katosi julkisuudesta ja muutti Ruotsiin – nyt hän avautuu tapahtuneesta |trans-title=The Finnish beauty queen who was featured in the magazines disappeared from the public eye and moved to Sweden - now she opens up about what happened |url=https://www.is.fi/viihde/art-2000010065919.html |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |website=Ilta-Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref> |21 |Lapua |- |'''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Polonya]]''' |'''{{sortname|Agnieszka|Pachalko}}<ref name=":0" />''' |19 |Inowrocław |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] |{{sortname|Brenda|Robles|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Ana Enid |date=17 Marso 2016 |title=Brenda Robles aclara el escándalo de su reinado |trans-title=Brenda Robles clarifies the scandal of her reign |url=https://www.primerahora.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/brenda-robles-aclara-el-escandalo-de-su-reinado/ |access-date=4 Setyembre 2023 |website=Primera Hora |language=es}}</ref> |18 |Isabela |- |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Portugal]] |{{sortname|Anabela|Pacheco Centeno|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Lisboa]] |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Marie-Ange|Contart|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Corsica]] |- |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[United Kingdom|Reyno Unido]] |{{sortname|Claire Elizabeth|Smith|nolink=1}} |22 |Chester |- |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Rusya]] |{{sortname|Ilmira|Shamsutdinova|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |17 |[[Saratov]] |- |{{Flagicon|SIN}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |{{sortname|Teri|Tan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 Hunyo 1993 |title=And poly student Teri is Miss S'pore International |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930627-1.2.8.9 |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |20 |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Anna|Hofvenstam|nolink=1}} |– |[[Estokolmo]] |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |{{sortname|Chantal|Hediger|nolink=1}} |– |[[Zürich]] |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] |{{sortname|Supasiri |Payaksiri|nolink=1}} |– |[[Bangkok]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Eun-young|Chang|nolink=1}} |– |[[Seoul]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|TUR}}''' [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Hande |Kazanova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 Marso 2026 |title=Hande Kazanova kimdir? Nereli? Kaç yaşında? Ne iş yapıyor? |trans-title=Who is Hande Kazanova? Where is she from? How old is she? What does she do? |url=https://www.ilerigazetesi.com.tr/hande-kazanova-kimdir-nereli-kac-yasinda-ne-is-yapiyor |access-date=23 Marso 2026 |website=İleri Gazetesi |language=tr}}</ref> |20 |[[İzmir]] |- |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ukraine|Ukranya]] |{{sortname|Nataliya|Romanenko|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |17 |[[Kyiv]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missinternational.org/en/}} {{Miss International}} stm6ppf5a7p5qxixh55k9zxjtl2405a 2204416 2204415 2026-04-23T08:55:57Z Allyriana000 119761 2204416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant |winner='''[[Agnieszka Pachalko]]''' |represented={{Flagu|Polonya}} |date=9 Oktubre 1993 |presenters=Masumi Okada |image= |venue=Koseinenkin Kaikan Hall, [[Tokyo]], Hapon |broadcaster=TV Tokyo |entrants=47 |placements=15 |debuts={{Hlist|Eslobakya|Rusya|Ukranya}} |withdraws={{Hlist|Czechoslovakia|El Salvador|Guam|Italya|Kanada|Lupangyelo|Noruwega|Republikang Dominikano|Senegal}} |returns={{Hlist|Bagong Caledonia|Nikaragwa|Portugal}} |before=[[Miss International 1992|1992]] |next=[[Miss International 1994|1994]] |photo size=200px |caption= |congeniality=Tayna Castro Belyeu<br>{{flagicon|MNP}} Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana |photogenic=Christelle Roelandts<br>{{flagu|Belhika}} |best national costume=Kathy Sáenz<br>{{flagu|Kolombya}} }} Ang '''Miss International 1993''' ay ang ika-33 edisyon ng [[Miss International]] pageant, na ginanap sa Koseinenkin Kaikan Hall, [[Tokyo]], Hapon noong 9 Oktubre 1993. Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Kirsten Davidson]] ng Australya si [[Agnieszka Pachalko]] ng Polonya bilang Miss International 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Oktubre 1993 |title=Pole is Miss International |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19931011-1.1.10 |access-date=29 Mayo 2025 |via=National Library Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Setyembre 2015 |title=Journalism student wins Miss International Poland 2015 |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-international/journalism-student-wins-miss-international-poland-2015/articleshow/48911889.cms |access-date=29 Mayo 2025 |website=Femina |language=en}}</ref> Ito ang ikalawang beses na nanalo ang Polonya bilang Miss International. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Ilmira Shamsutdinova ng Rusya, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Victorovna Romanenko ng Ukranya. Mga kandidata mula sa apatnapu't-pitong bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Masumi Okada ang kompetisyon. == Mga resulta == === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=11 Oktubre 1993 |title=Polish student crowned Miss International |language=en |pages=13 |work=New Straits Times |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hjpOAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA13&dq=%22Miss%20International%22&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20International%22&f=false |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |via=Google Books}}</ref> !Kandidata |- |'''Miss International 1993''' | * {{flagicon|POL}} '''[[Polonya]]''' – '''[[Agnieszka Pachalko]]''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{Flagicon|RUS|1991}} [[Rusya]] – Ilmira Shamsutdinova |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagu|Ukraine}} – Victorovna Romanenko |- |Top 15 | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}}''' [[Australya]] – Monique Lysaught * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] – Christelle Roelandts * {{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] – Faviola Spitale * '''{{Flagicon|GUA|civil}}''' [[Guatemala|Guwatemala]] – Diana Galván * {{Flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Hapon]] – Masayo Shibasaki * {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] – Pooja Batra * {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] – Anat Elimelech * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] – Kathy Sáenz * {{Flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] – Nathalie Dos Santos * {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] – María Cristina Arcos * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] – Chang Eun-young * '''{{Flagicon|TUR}}''' [[Turkiya]] – Hande Kazanova |} == Mga kandidata == Apatnapu't-pitong kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A|name=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Katja|Mordarski|nolink=1}} |– |[[Berlin]] |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Nazarena Vanesa|González|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Braillard |first=Miguel |date=21 Hunyo 2023 |title=Llegó a la fama por unas fotos “prestadas” y arrasó como la primera Miss Argentina: la historia de Ivana Kislinger |trans-title=She became famous for some “borrowed” photos and swept as the first Miss Argentina: the story of Ivana Kislinger |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/espectaculos/llego-a-la-fama-por-unas-fotos-prestadas-y-arraso-como-la-primera-miss-argentina-la-historia-de-nid21062023/ |access-date=18 Disyembre 2023 |website=La Nacion |language=es}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] |{{sortname|Monique|Lysaught|nolink=1}} |– |[[Sidney|Sydney]] |- |{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Silvia|Kronbichler|nolink=1}} |– |[[Viena]] |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[New Caledonia|Bagong Caledonia]] |{{sortname|Laure Denise|Masson|nolink=1}} |– |Nouméa |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Christelle|Roelandts|nolink=1}} |19 |Waremme |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Faviola|Spitale|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Caracas]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Tatiana Paula|Alves|nolink=1}} |18 |Minas Gerais |- |{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivia|Bulibya]] |{{sortname|Maria Cristina|Tondelli|nolink=1}} |– |[[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]] |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |{{sortname|Mette|Salto|nolink=1}} |– |Copenhague |- |{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Slovakia|Eslobakya]] |{{sortname|Karin|Majtánová|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Mayo 2012 |title=Známa slovenská moderátorka Karin Majtánová: Bývalý jej ničil dcéru |trans-title=Famous Slovak presenter Karin Majtánová: Her ex-husband destroyed her daughter |url=https://sarm.pluska.sk/celebrity/karin-majtanova-byvaly-jej-nicil-dceru |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |website=Šarm |language=sk}}</ref> |19 |Trenčín |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Espanya]] |{{sortname|Ana Piedad|Galván|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reigadas |first=Natalia |date=28 Marso 2010 |title=«Dejé la moda porque es un mundo muy superficial» |trans-title="I left fashion because it's a very superficial world." |url=https://www.hoy.es/v/20100328/regional/deje-moda-porque-mundo-20100328.html |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |website=Hoy |language=es}}</ref> |20 |[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Lynette |MacFee|nolink=1}} |23 |[[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|GRE}}''' [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Helena|Zabaka|nolink=1}} |19 |[[Atenas]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|GUA|civil}}''' [[Guatemala|Guwatemala]] |{{sortname|Diana|Galván|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fuentes-Salinas |first=Jose |date=19 September 1993 |title=La suerte de las feas, las bonitas la desean, dice Diana Galvan, Señorita Guatemala |language=es |trans-title=The luck of the ugly ones, the pretty ones wish it, says Diana Galván, Miss Guatemala |pages=1C, 3C |work=La Opinion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z35EAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2bMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6064%2C5025004 |access-date=9 June 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |San Rafael Pie de la Cuesta |- |{{flag|Hawaii}} |{{sortname|Theresa Victoria|Tilley|nolink=1}} |22 |[[Honolulu]] |- |{{Flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Masayo|Shibasaki|nolink=1}} |– |[[Prepektura ng Kanagawa|Kanagawa]] |- |{{Flagicon|MNP}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |{{sortname|Tayna|Castro Belyeu|nolink=1}} |– |Saipan |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |{{sortname|Miriam|Zapata|nolink=1}} |– |Francisco Morazán |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Middy|Yu|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Hong Kong]] |- |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] |{{sortname|Pooja|Batra|nolink=1}} |18 |Faizabad |- |{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] |{{sortname|Deborah|Hannigan|nolink=1}} |– |[[Dublin]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Anat|Elimelech|nolink=1}} |19 |[[Herusalem]] |- |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{sortname|Kathy|Sáenz|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Bogotá]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica|Kosta Rika]] |{{sortname|Laura|Odio|nolink=1}} |19 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{Flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] |{{sortname|Nathalie|Dos Santos|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Lungsod ng Luksemburgo]] |- |{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Malta]] |{{sortname|Melissa|Portelli|nolink=1}} |– |[[Valeta]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|María Cristina|Arcos|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Guadalajara]] |- |{{flagicon|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |{{sortname|Ida Patricia|Delaney|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Managua]] |- |{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|Monique Lorraine|Joel|nolink=1}} |– |[[Auckland]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Shirley|Bogaard|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Amsterdam]] |- |{{Flagicon|PAN}} [[Panama]] |{{sortname|Ismenia|Velásquez|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Lungsod ng Panama]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Binibining Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Sheela Mae|Santarin|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=23 Marso 1993 |title=And the winners are... |language=en |pages=1 |work=Manila Standard |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YLgmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XgsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2379%2C3161513 |access-date=1 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |18 |[[Maynila]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Arlene|Kotala|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehto |first=Marika |date=25 Disyembre 2023 |title=Lehdissä paistatellut suomalaismissi katosi julkisuudesta ja muutti Ruotsiin – nyt hän avautuu tapahtuneesta |trans-title=The Finnish beauty queen who was featured in the magazines disappeared from the public eye and moved to Sweden - now she opens up about what happened |url=https://www.is.fi/viihde/art-2000010065919.html |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |website=Ilta-Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref> |21 |Lapua |- |'''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Polonya]]''' |'''{{sortname|Agnieszka|Pachalko}}<ref name=":0" />''' |19 |Inowrocław |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] |{{sortname|Brenda|Robles|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Ana Enid |date=17 Marso 2016 |title=Brenda Robles aclara el escándalo de su reinado |trans-title=Brenda Robles clarifies the scandal of her reign |url=https://www.primerahora.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/brenda-robles-aclara-el-escandalo-de-su-reinado/ |access-date=4 Setyembre 2023 |website=Primera Hora |language=es}}</ref> |18 |Isabela |- |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Portugal]] |{{sortname|Anabela|Pacheco Centeno|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Lisboa]] |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Marie-Ange|Contart|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Corsica]] |- |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[United Kingdom|Reyno Unido]] |{{sortname|Claire Elizabeth|Smith|nolink=1}} |22 |Chester |- |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Rusya]] |{{sortname|Ilmira|Shamsutdinova|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |17 |[[Saratov]] |- |{{Flagicon|SIN}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |{{sortname|Teri|Tan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 Hunyo 1993 |title=And poly student Teri is Miss S'pore International |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930627-1.2.8.9 |access-date=23 Abril 2026 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |20 |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Anna|Hofvenstam|nolink=1}} |– |[[Estokolmo]] |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |{{sortname|Chantal|Hediger|nolink=1}} |– |[[Zürich]] |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] |{{sortname|Supasiri |Payaksiri|nolink=1}} |– |[[Bangkok]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Eun-young|Chang|nolink=1}} |– |[[Seoul]] |- |'''{{Flagicon|TUR}}''' [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Hande |Kazanova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 Marso 2026 |title=Hande Kazanova kimdir? Nereli? Kaç yaşında? Ne iş yapıyor? |trans-title=Who is Hande Kazanova? Where is she from? How old is she? What does she do? |url=https://www.ilerigazetesi.com.tr/hande-kazanova-kimdir-nereli-kac-yasinda-ne-is-yapiyor |access-date=23 Marso 2026 |website=İleri Gazetesi |language=tr}}</ref> |20 |[[İzmir]] |- |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ukraine|Ukranya]] |{{sortname|Nataliya|Romanenko|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |17 |[[Kyiv]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missinternational.org/en/}} {{Miss International}} srtcuih6aiq6it6ha8pa6ailot7505n 0 335322 2204250 2172024 2026-04-22T18:49:19Z IvanScrooge98 71427 quality file 2204250 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:1916-a-tale-from-the-decameron-.jpg|thumb|Ang pakikipag-ugnayan sa lipunan at malikhaing pagpapahayag ay mga anyo ng pag-uugali ng tao]] Ang '''ugali ng tao,''' '''asal ng tao''' o '''kilos ng tao''' ([[Wikang Ingles|Ingles]]: ''human behavior)'' ay tumutukoy sa kakayahan at paraan ng pagpapakita nito (isipan, pisikal, at panlipunan) ng mga tao—indibidwal man o grupo—upang tumugon sa mga bagay o pangyayaring nangyayari sa loob at labas ng kanilang sarili habang sila ay nabubuhay. Ang ugali ay naaapektuhan ng mga bagay na namamana ([[Henetika|''henetika'']]) at ng kapaligiran (''environmental'') na may epekto sa isang tao. Nakakaapekto rin sa pag-uugali ang mga [[Pag-iisip|iniisip]] at [[Damdamin|nararamdaman]], na nagbibigay-liwanag sa personalidad o pagkatao (''psyche'') ng isang tao, kasama na ang kanilang saloobin (''attitudes'') at [[Pinapahalagahan|pinahahalagahan]] (''values''). Ang pag-uugali ng tao ay hinuhubog din ng iba't ibang katangiang sikolohikal, kaya magkakaiba ang personalidad ng bawat isa, dahilan kung bakit iba-iba rin ang kanilang mga kilos at pag-uugali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human behavior {{!}} Definition, Theories, Characteristics, Examples, Types, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-behavior |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Ang ugali, kilos o asal ng tao ay sumasaklaw sa maraming aspeto na sakop ang buong karanasan ng tao. Ang [[panlipunang pag-uugali]] ay tumutukoy sa ugnayan o pakikisalamuha ng mga indibidwal at grupo, habang ang [[kultural na pag-uugali]] naman ay nagpapakita ng iba’t ibang hulmahan, mga halaga, at gawain na nagkakaiba-iba depende sa lipunan at yugto ng kasaysayan. Saklaw ng [[moral na pag-uugali]] ang paggawa ng tama batay sa etika at pagpapahalaga, na kabaligtaran sa [[Antisocial behavior|antisosyal na pag-uugali]] na lumalabag sa mga pamantayan sa lipunan at mga legal na pamantayan. Ang [[Kognisyon|pag-uugaling nagbibigay-malay]] ay tumutukoy sa mga proseso ng pagkatuto, pag-alala, at paggawa ng desisyon. Kaugnay ito ng pag-uugaling sikolohikal tulad ng kakayahang kontrolin ang damdamin, kalusugan ng pag-iisip, at pagkakaiba-iba ng ugali at personalidad ng bawat tao. Ang [[Pam-unlad ng pag-uugali|pang-unlad na pag-uugali]] ay nagbabago habang lumilipas ang panahon mula pagkabata hanggang pagtanda, habang ang [[pang-organisasyong ugali]] ay namamahala sa asal sa mga lugar ng trabaho at mga institusyon. Ang pag-uugali ng mamimili ay nagsasabi kung paano gumagastos o nagdedesisyon ng mga tao sa ekonomiya, at ang [[pag-uugaling pampolitika]] ay humuhubog kung paano nakikilahok ang tao sa gobyerno, eleksyon, at pagboto. Ang [[Relihiyosong pag-uugali|relihiyosong]] [[Relihiyosong pag-uugali|pag-uugali]] at [[spiritwal na gawain]] ay nagpapakita ng paghahanap ng tao sa kahulugan at mas mataas na layunin, habang ang kasarian at [[Sekswal na pag-uugali|sekswal na]] [[Sekswal na pag-uugali|pag-uugali]] ay tumutukoy sa pagpapahayag ng pagkakakilanlan at matalik na relasyon. Ang sama-samang pag-uugali ay lumilitaw sa mga grupo, mga pulutong, at mga panlipunang paggalaw, na kadalasang naiiba nang malaki sa indibidwal na pag-uugali. Ang makabagong pag-uugali ng tao ay lalong nauugnay sa mga digital at teknolohikal na interaksyon na nagpapabago sa paraan ng komunikasyon, pagkatuto, at pakikisalamuha. Ipinapakita ng [[pangkapaligirang pag-uugali]] kung paano nakikipag-ugnayan ang tao sa likas na kapaligiran at tumutugon sa [[pagbabago ng klima]], habang ang [[kalusugang pag-uugali]] ay tumutukoy sa mga pagpiling nakaaapekto sa pisikal at mental na kalusugan. [[Malikhaing pag-uugali]] ang nagtutulak sa artistikong pagpapahayag, inobasyon, at produksyon ng kultura, at ang [[edukasyonal na pag-uugali]] naman ay namamahala sa mga proseso ng pagkatuto sa pormal at di-pormal na mga lugar. == Mga sanggunian == [[Kategorya:Ugali ng tao|*]] 4nkjyl3lg6sr6cy21093bkj6kctbb61 0 336974 2204202 2194026 2026-04-22T12:32:03Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara]] 2204202 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara]] 4jhwammqklx6snhb0n8c4rzq344sh57 0 336975 2204196 2194025 2026-04-22T12:31:03Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasara]] 2204196 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasara]] 4jhwammqklx6snhb0n8c4rzq344sh57 0 337003 2204209 2195135 2026-04-22T12:33:03Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasutsot]] 2204209 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasutsot]] f83e3cqz317a8mqs9khn8waj3ztq7y6 0 337004 2204197 2195134 2026-04-22T12:31:13Z EmausBot 20162 Robot: Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Katinig na pasutsot]] 2204197 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Katinig na pasutsot]] f83e3cqz317a8mqs9khn8waj3ztq7y6 0 337582 2204333 2200798 2026-04-23T05:06:02Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> <!-- Name and transliteration --> | name = Tytsjerksteradiel | native_name = {{native name|nl|Tietjerksteradeel|icon=no}} | settlement_type = [[List of municipalities of the Netherlands|Munisipalidad]] <!-- Images, nickname, motto --> | image_skyline = Church Jistrum.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Ikalabintatlong siglo na simbahan sa [[Jistrum]] | image_flag = Tytsjerksteradiel flag.svg | flag_size = 100x67px | flag_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Tietjerksteradeel.svg | shield_size = 100x80px | shield_alt = <!-- Maps, coordinates --> | image_map = Tytsjerksteradiel location map municipality NL.png | map_alt = Position of Tytsjerksteradiel in a map of Friesland | map_caption = Lokasyon sa Friesland | coordinates = {{coord|53|12|N|6|0|E|region:NL|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Bansa | subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of the Netherlands|Lalawigan]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Friesland]] | government_footnotes = <ref name="mayor_now">{{cite web |url = https://www.t-diel.nl/burgemeester |title = Burgemeester |trans-title = Mayor |language = Dutch |author = |date = |work = |publisher = Gemeente Tytsjerksteradiel |accessdate = 18 January 2026 }}</ref> | governing_body = [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|Konseho ng munisipyo]] | leader_party = | leader_title = [[Burgemeester|Alkalde]] | leader_name = Kanter Breuker <!-- Geographic information --> | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_footnotes = <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = 161.41 | area_land_km2 = 148.86 | area_water_km2 = 12.55 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="AHN">{{cite web |url = http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool |title = Postcodetool for 9251GH |trans-title = |language = Dutch |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = |work = Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland |publisher = Het Waterschapshuis |accessdate = 30 September 2013 |archive-date = 21 Septiyembre 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053543/http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool |url-status = dead }}</ref> | elevation_m = 1 | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = <!-- Population, demographics --> | population_footnotes = | population_total = 32060 | population_as_of = Enero 2021 | population_density_km2 = 215 <!-- For automatic calculation: auto--> | population_demonym = <!-- Other information --> | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in the Netherlands|Postcode]] | postal_code = Parts of 9000 range | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the Netherlands|Area code]] | area_code = 0511, 0512, 058 | website = {{URL|1=http://www.tytsjerksteradiel.nl}} | footnotes = [[File:Gem-Tytsjerksteradiel-OpenTopo.jpg|275px|thumb]] ''Mapang topograpikong Dutch ng munisipalidad ng Tytsjerksteradiel, Setyembre 2023'' }} Ang '''Tytsjerksteradiel''' ay isang [[Mga Munisipalidad sa Netherlands|munisipalidad]] sa [[Mga lalawigan sa Netherlands|lalawigan]] ng [[Friesland]] sa bansang [[Olanda]]. Ito ay ipinangalan sa bayan ng Tytsjerk, na ang pangalan ay hango sa isang taong nagngangalang Tiete. Si Tiete ay anak ni Tryn, kung saan pinangalanan ang rehiyon (Trynwâlden). Ang iba pang mga nayon sa Trynwâlden ay ipinangalan din sa mga anak ni Tryn: Oentsjerk (Oene), Gytsjerk (Giete), Readtsjerk (Reade), Aldtsjerk (Âlde), Ryptsjerk (Rype). Isang estatwa ni Tryn at ng kanyang mga anak ang inilagay sa Oentsjerk sa tabi ng mainroad (Rengerswei). Ang Tsjerk ay ang salitang [[Kanlurang Frisian]] para sa [[Simbahan]]. Hanggang 1989 ang opisyal na pangalan ng munisipalidad ay '''Tietjerksteradeel''', ang [[Wikang Olandes|Dutch]] na pangalan; ang kasalukuyang opisyal na pangalan ay West Frisian. Ang pinakamalaking nayon sa munisipalidad ay Burgum. ==Mga lokalidad== Ang Tietjerksteradeel ay binubuo ng labing-anim na opisyal na sentro (mga nayon). Simula noong 1989, ang mga katawagan sa pangalan ng lugar na Frisian ang naging opisyal. Ang mga karatula ng pangalan ng lugar ng nayon ay karaniwang bilingguwal, kung saan ang pangalang Dutch ay nasa mas maliit na font sa ibaba ng pangalang Frisian. Ang mga karatula ng pangalan ng lugar para sa mga nayon ay karaniwang monolingguwal na Frisian. Ang [[Burgum]] ang sentro ng administratibo at pinakamalaking nayon sa munisipalidad. {| class="sortable wikitable" align="center" |- ! width="120" | Opisyal na pangalan ! width="90" | Pangalang Olandes ! width="90" | Populasyon<br/>(1-1-2014) |- | [[Aldtsjerk]] | Oudkerk | 656 |- | [[Bartlehiem]] (bahagyang) | Bartlehiem | c. 70 |- | [[Burgum]] | Bergum | 9990 |- | [[Earnewâld]] | Eernewoude | 391 |- | [[Eastermar]] | Oostermeer | 1586 |- | [[Feanwâldsterwâl]] (bahagyang) | Veenwoudsterwal |- | [[Garyp]] | Garijp | 1916 |- | [[Gytsjerk]] | Giekerk | 2344 |- | [[Hurdegaryp]] | Hardegarijp | 4828 |- | [[Jistrum]] | Eestrum | 945 |- | [[Mûnein]] | Moleneind | 689 |- | [[Noardburgum]] | Noordbergum | 2228 |- | [[Oentsjerk (Netherlands)|Oentsjerk]] | Oenkerk | 1755 |- | [[Ryptsjerk]] | Rijperkerk | 786 |- | [[Sumar (Netherlands)|Sumar]] | Suameer | 1424 |- | [[Suwâld]] | Suawoude | 672 |- | [[Tytsjerk]] | Tietjerk | 1569 |- | [[Wyns]] | Wijns | 208 |- |} ===Mga Hamlet=== * [[Altenburch]] (Altenburg) * [[De Joere]] * [[Gytsjerksterhoeke]] (Giekerkerhoek) * [[Iniaheide]] * [[It Heechsân]] (Hoogzand) * [[It Wytfean]] (Witveen) * [[Kûkherne]] (Kuikhorne) ((partially)) * [[Noardermar]] (Noordermeer) * [[Lytse Geast]] (Kleinegeest) * [[Quatrebras (Friesland)|Quatrebras]] * [[Sânhuzen, Tytsjerksteradiel|Sânhuzen]] (Zevenhuizen) * [[Sigerswâld]] (Siegerswoude) * [[Skûlenboarch]] (Schuilenburg) * [[Sumarreheide]] (Suameerderheide) * [[Swarteweisein]] (Zwartewegsend) * [[Tergrêft]] (Tergraft) (bahagyang) ==Mga pangunahing tanawin== *Ang Wyns, Aldtsjerk, Jistrum, Eastermar, Oentsjerk, Burgum at Gytsjerk ay tahanan ng mga medieval na simbahan * Ang mga nayon na Aldtsjerk, Earnewâld, Ryptsjerk, Sumar, Tytsjerk <small>(De Lytse Geast at De Himriksmole)</small> at Wyns ay tahanan ng mga gilingan. * Ang [[Burgumer Lake]] * Ang Museo para sa Alamat sa Earnewâld * Ang Skûtsje-Museum sa Earnewâld * Ang Heimatmuseum na may Observatory sa Burgum. ==Mga larawan== <gallery mode=packed> File:Pauluskerk van Oudkerk.jpg|The church of [[Aldtsjerk]] (12th century) File:Molen De Hoop Sumar.jpg| Gristmill ‘De Hoop’ in [[Sumar (Netherlands)|Sumar]], built in 1882 File:Pastorie en Hervormde kerk in Noordbergum.JPG|Pastorie en Hervormde kerk in Noordbergum File:Eernesloot - Eernewoude.jpg|Eernesloot - Eernewoude </gallery> ==Tingnan din== ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga munisipalidad sa Olanda]] jnq2mj3luxyuumuxm1mpquj90gg29rv 0 337613 2204329 2201853 2026-04-23T04:51:24Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* Dekada 2000 */ 2204329 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''Panahon ng bagyo sa Amerika o Estados Unidos''' ay isang dekadang napapanahon sa loob ng responsibilidad ng Estados Unidos maging sa Gulpo ng Mehiko kada dekada, Inuulit ang pangalan ng mga bagyo sa loob ng anim na taon sa [[Hilagang Amerika]]. ==Dekada 2000== ===2000=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:orange;"| 2000 United States hurricanes<br>Alberto–Nadine |- | ALBERTO || BERYL || CHRIS || DEBBY || ERNESTO |- | FLORENCE || GORDON || HELENE || ISAAC || JOYCE |- | KEITH || LESLIE || MICHAEL || NADINE || {{tcname unused|OSCAR}} |- | {{tcname unused|PATTY}} || {{tcname unused|RAFAEL}} || {{tcname unused|SANDY}} || {{tcname unused|TONY}} || {{tcname unused|VALERIE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WILLIAM}} |} {{clear}} ===2001=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:yellow;"| 2001 United States hurricanes<br>Allison–Olga |- | ALLISON || BARRY || CHANTAL || DEAN || ERIN |- | FElIX || GABRIELLE || HUMBERTO || IRIS || JERRY |- | KAREN || LORENZO || MICHELLE || NOEL || OLGA |- | {{tcname unused|PABLO}} || {{tcname unused|REBEKAH}} || {{tcname unused|SEBASTIEN}} || {{tcname unused|TANYA}} || {{tcname unused|VAN}} |- | {{tcname unused|WENDY}} |} {{clear}} ===2002=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:green;"| 2002 United States hurricanes<br>Arthur–Lili |- | ARTHUR || BERTHA || CRISTOBAL || DOLLY || EDOUARD |- | FAY || GUSTAV || HANNA || ISIDORE || JOSEPHINE |- | KYLE || LILI || {{tcname unused|MARCO}} || {{tcname unused|NANA}} || {{tcname unused|OMAR}} |- | {{tcname unused|PALOMA}} || {{tcname unused|RENE}} || {{tcname unused|SALLY}} || {{tcname unused|TEDDY}} || {{tcname unused|VICKY}} |- | {{tcname unused|WILFRED}} |} {{clear}} ===2003=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:skyblue;"| 2003 United States hurricanes<br>Ana–Peter |- | ANA || BILL || CLAUDETTE || DANNY || ERICA |- | FABIAN || GRACE || HENRI || ISABEL || JUAN |- | KATE || LARRY || MINDY || NICHOLAS || ODETTE |- | PETER || {{tcname unused|ROSE}} || {{tcname unused|SAM}} || {{tcname unused|TERESA}} || {{tcname unused|VICTOR}} |- | {{tcname unused|WANDA}} |} ===2004=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:crimson;"| 2004 United States hurricanes<br>Allex–Otto |- | ALLEX || BONNIE || CHARLEY || DANIELLE || EARL |- | FRANCES || GASTON || HERMINE || [[Bagyong Ivan|IVAN]] || JEANNE |- | KARL || LISA || MATTHEW || NICOLE || OTTO |- | {{tcname unused|PAULA}} || {{tcname unused|RICHARD}} || {{tcname unused|SHARY}} || {{tcname unused|TOMAS}} || {{tcname unused|VIRGINIE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WALTER}} |} {{clear}} ===2005=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:purple;"| 2005 United States hurricanes<br>Arlene–Wilma |- | ARLENE || BRET || CINDY || DENNIS || EMILY |- | FRANKLIN || GERT || HARVEY || IRENE || JOSE |- | KATRINA || LEE || MARIA || NATE || OPHELIA |- | PHILIPPE || RITA || STAN || TAMMY || VINCE |- | WILMA |} {{clear}} ===2006=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:orange;"| 2006 United States hurricanes<br>Alberto–Isaac |- | ALBERTO || BERYL || CHRIS || DEBBY || ERNESTO |- | FLORENCE || GORDON || HELENE || ISAAC || {{tcname unused|JOYCE}} |- | {{tcname unused|KIRK}} || {{tcname unused|LESLIE}} || {{tcname unused|MICHAEL}} || {{tcname unused|NADINE}} || {{tcname unused|OSCAR}} |- | {{tcname unused|PATTY}} || {{tcname unused|RAFAEL}} || {{tcname unused|SANDY}} || {{tcname unused|TONY}} || {{tcname unused|VALERIE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WILLIAM}} |} {{clear}} ===2007=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:yellow;"| 2007 United States hurricanes<br>Andrea–Olga |- | ANDREA || BARRY || CHANTAL || DEAN || ERIN |- | FElIX || GABRIELLE || HUMBERTO || IRIS || JERRY |- | KAREN || LORENZO || MELISSA || NOEL || OLGA |- | {{tcname unused|PABLO}} || {{tcname unused|REBEKAH}} || {{tcname unused|SEBASTIEN}} || {{tcname unused|TANYA}} || {{tcname unused|VAN}} |- | {{tcname unused|WENDY}} |} {{clear}} ===2008=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:green;"| 2008 United States hurricanes<br>Arthur–Laura |- | ARTHUR || BERTHA || CRISTOBAL || DOLLY || EDOUARD |- | FAY || GUSTAV || HANNA || IKE || JOSEPHINE |- | KYLE || LAURA || {{tcname unused|MARCO}} || {{tcname unused|NANA}} || {{tcname unused|OMAR}} |- | {{tcname unused|PALOMA}} || {{tcname unused|RENE}} || {{tcname unused|SALLY}} || {{tcname unused|TEDDY}} || {{tcname unused|VICKY}} |- | {{tcname unused|WILFRED}} |} {{clear}} ===2009=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:skyblue;"| 2009 United States hurricanes<br>Ana–Ida |- | ANA || BILL || CLAUDETTE || DANNY || ERICA |- | FABIAN || GRACE || HENRI || IDA || {{tcname unused|JOAQUIN}} |- | {{tcname unused|KATE}} || {{tcname unused|LARRY}} || {{tcname unused|MINDY}} || {{tcname unused|NICHOLAS}} || {{tcname unused|ODETTE}} |- | {{tcname unused|PETER}} || {{tcname unused|ROSE}} || {{tcname unused|SAM}} || {{tcname unused|TERESA}} || {{tcname unused|VICTOR}} |- | {{tcname unused|WANDA}} |} ===2010=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:crimson;"| 2010 United States hurricanes<br>Allex–Tomas |- | ALLEX || BONNIE || COLIN || DANIELLE || EARL |- | FRANCES || GASTON || HERMINE || IGOR || JULIA |- | KARL || LISA || MATTHEW || NICOLE || OTTO |- | PAULA || RICHARD || SHARY || TOMAS || {{tcname unused|VIRGINIE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WALTER}} |} {{clear}} ===2011=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:purple;"| 2011 United States hurricanes<br>Arlene–Sean |- | ARLENE || BRET || CINDY || DON || EMILY |- | FRANKLIN || GERT || HARVEY || IRENE || JOSE |- | KATIA || LEE || MARIA || NATE || OPHELIA |- | PHILIPPE || RINA || SEAN || {{tcname unused|TAMMY}} || {{tcname unused|VINCE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WHITNEY}} |} {{clear}} ===2012=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:orange;"| 2012 United States hurricanes<br>Alberto–Tony |- | ALBERTO || BERYL || CHRIS || DEBBY || ERNESTO |- | FLORENCE || GORDON || HELENE || ISAAC || JOYCE |- | KIRK || LESLIE || MICHAEL || NADINE || OSCAR |- | PATTY || RAFAEL || SANDY || TONY || {{tcname unused|VALERIE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WILLIAM}} |} {{clear}} ===2013=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:yellow;"| 2013 United States hurricanes<br>Andrea–Melissa |- | ANDREA || BARRY || CHANTAL || DEAN || ERIN |- | FElIX || GABRIELLE || HUMBERTO || INGRID || JERRY |- | KAREN || LORENZO || MELISSA || {{tcname unused|NESTOR}} || {{tcname unused|OLGA}} |- | {{tcname unused|PABLO}} || {{tcname unused|REBEKAH}} || {{tcname unused|SEBASTIEN}} || {{tcname unused|TANYA}} || {{tcname unused|VAN}} |- | {{tcname unused|WENDY}} |} {{clear}} ===2014=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:green;"| 2014 United States hurricanes<br>Arthur–Hanna |- | ARTHUR || BERTHA || CRISTOBAL || DOLLY || EDOUARD |- | FAY || GUSTAV || HANNA || {{tcname unused|ISAIAS}} || {{tcname unused|JOSEPHINE}} |- | {{tcname unused|KYLE}} || {{tcname unused|LAURA}} || {{tcname unused|MARCO}} || {{tcname unused|NANA}} || {{tcname unused|OMAR}} |- | {{tcname unused|PALOMA}} || {{tcname unused|RENE}} || {{tcname unused|SALLY}} || {{tcname unused|TEDDY}} || {{tcname unused|VICKY}} |- | {{tcname unused|WILFRED}} |} {{clear}} ===2015=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:skyblue;"| 2015 United States hurricanes<br>Ana–Kate |- | ANA || BILL || CLAUDETTE || DANNY || ERIKA |- | FRED || GRACE || HENRI || IDA || JOAQUIN |- | KATE || {{tcname unused|LARRY}} || {{tcname unused|MINDY}} || {{tcname unused|NICHOLAS}} || {{tcname unused|ODETTE}} |- | {{tcname unused|PETER}} || {{tcname unused|ROSE}} || {{tcname unused|SAM}} || {{tcname unused|TERESA}} || {{tcname unused|VICTOR}} |- | {{tcname unused|WANDA}} |} ===2016=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:crimson;"| 2016 United States hurricanes<br>Allex–Otto |- | ALLEX || BONNIE || COLIN || DANIELLE || EARL |- | FRANCES || GASTON || HERMINE || IAN || JULIA |- | KARL || LISA || MATTHEW || NICOLE || OTTO |- | {{tcname unused|PAULA}} || {{tcname unused|RICHARD}} || {{tcname unused|SHARY}} || {{tcname unused|TOMAS}} || {{tcname unused|VIRGINIE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WALTER}} |} {{clear}} ===2017=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:purple;"| 2017 United States hurricanes<br>Arlene–Rina |- | ARLENE || BRET || CINDY || DON || EMILY |- | FRANKLIN || GERT || HARVEY || IRMA || JOSE |- | KATIA || LEE || MARIA || NATE || OPHELIA |- | PHILIPPE || RINA || {{tcname unused|SEAN}} || {{tcname unused|TAMMY}} || {{tcname unused|VINCE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WHITNEY}} |} {{clear}} ===2018=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:orange;"| 2018 United States hurricanes<br>Alberto–Oscar |- | ALBERTO || BERYL || CHRIS || DEBBY || ERNESTO |- | FLORENCE || GORDON || HELENE || ISAAC || JOYCE |- | KIRK || LESLIE || MICHAEL || NADINE || OSCAR |- | {{tcname unused|PATTY}} || {{tcname unused|RAFAEL}} || {{tcname unused|SARA}} || {{tcname unused|TONY}} || {{tcname unused|VALERIE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WILLIAM}} |} {{clear}} ===2019=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:yellow;"| 2019 United States hurricanes<br>A–M |- | ANDREA || BARRY || CHANTAL || DORIAN || ERIN |- | FERNAND || GABRIELLE || HUMBERTO || IMELDA || JERRY |- | KAREN || LORENZO || MELISSA || NESTOR || OLGA |- | PABLO || {{tcname unused|REBEKAH}} || {{tcname unused|SEBASTIEN}} || {{tcname unused|TANYA}} || {{tcname unused|VAN}} |- | {{tcname unused|WENDY}} |} {{clear}} ===2020=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:green;"| 2020 United States hurricanes<br>Arthur–Wilfred |- | ARTHUR || BERTHA || CRISTOBAL || DOLLY || EDOUARD |- | FAY || GUSTAV || HANNA || ISAIAS || JOSEPHINE |- | KYLE || LAURA || MARCO || NANA || OMAR |- | PALOMA || RENE || SALLY || TEDDY || VICKY |- | WILFRED |} {{clear}} ===2021=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:skyblue;"| 2021 United States hurricanes<br>Ana–Wanda |- | ANA || BILL || CLAUDETTE || DANNY || ELSA |- | FRED || GRACE || HENRI || IDA || JULIAN |- | KATE || LARRY || MINDY || NICHOLAS || ODETTE |- | PETER || ROSE || SAM || TERESA || VICTOR |- | WANDA |} ===2022=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:crimson;"| 2022 United States hurricanes<br>Allex–Nicole |- | ALLEX || BONNIE || COLIN || DANIELLE || EARL |- | FIONA || GASTON || HERMINE || IAN || JULIA |- | KARL || LISA || MATTHEW || NICOLE || {{tcname unused|OWEN}} |- | {{tcname unused|PAULA}} || {{tcname unused|RICHARD}} || {{tcname unused|SHARY}} || {{tcname unused|TOMAS}} || {{tcname unused|VIRGINIE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WALTER}} |} {{clear}} ===2023=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:purple;"| 2023 United States hurricanes<br>Arlene–Tammy |- | ARLENE || BRET || CINDY || DON || EMILY |- | FRANKLIN || GERT || HAROLD || IDALIA || JOSE |- | KATIA || LEE || MARGOT || NIGEL || OPHELIA |- | PHILIPPE || RINA || SEAN || TAMMY || {{tcname unused|VINCE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WHITNEY}} |} {{clear}} ===2024=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:orange;"| 2024 United States hurricanes<br>Alberto–Sara |- | ALBERTO || BERYL || CHRIS || DEXTER || ERNESTO |- | FLORENCE || GORDON || HELENE || ISAAC || JOYCE |- | KIRK || LESLIE || MILTON || NADINE || OSCAR |- | PATTY || RAFAEL || SARA || {{tcname unused|TONY}} || {{tcname unused|VALERIE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WILLIAM}} |} {{clear}} ===2025=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:yellow;"| 2025 United States hurricanes<br>A–Melissa |- | ANDREA || BARRY || CHANTAL || DORIAN || ERIN |- | FERNAND || GABRIELLE || HUMBERTO || IMELDA || JERRY |- | KAREN || LORENZO || MELISSA || {{tcname unused|NESTOR}} || {{tcname unused|OLGA}} |- | {{tcname unused|PABLO}} || {{tcname unused|REBEKAH}} || {{tcname unused|SEBASTIEN}} || {{tcname unused|TANYA}} || {{tcname unused|VAN}} |- | {{tcname unused|WENDY}} |} {{clear}} ===2026=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:green;"| 2026 United States hurricanes |- | {{tcname unused|ARTHUR}} || {{tcname unused|BERTHA}} || {{tcname unused|CRISTOBAL}} || {{tcname unused|DOLLY}} || {{tcname unused|EDOUARD}} |- | {{tcname unused|FAY}} || {{tcname unused|GONZALO}} || {{tcname unused|HANNA}} || {{tcname unused|ISAIAS}} || {{tcname unused|JOSEPHINE}} |- | {{tcname unused|KYLE}} || {{tcname unused|LEAH}} || {{tcname unused|MARCO}} || {{tcname unused|NANA}} || {{tcname unused|OMAR}} |- | {{tcname unused|PAULETTE}} || {{tcname unused|RENE}} || {{tcname unused|SALLY}} || {{tcname unused|TEDDY}} || {{tcname unused|VICKY}} |- | {{tcname unused|WILFRED}} |} {{clear}} ===2027=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:skyblue;"| 2027 United States hurricanes |- | {{tcname unused|ANA}} || {{tcname unused|BILL}} || {{tcname unused|CLAUDETTE}} || {{tcname unused|DANNY}} || {{tcname unused|ELSA}} |- | {{tcname unused|FRED}} || {{tcname unused|GRACE}} || {{tcname unused|HENRI}} || {{tcname unused|IMANI}} || {{tcname unused|JULIAN}} |- | {{tcname unused|KATE}} || {{tcname unused|LARRY}} || {{tcname unused|MINDY}} || {{tcname unused|NICHOLAS}} || {{tcname unused|ODETTE}} |- | {{tcname unused|PETER}} || {{tcname unused|ROSE}} || {{tcname unused|SAM}} || {{tcname unused|TERESA}} || {{tcname unused|VICTOR}} |- | {{tcname unused|WANDA}} |} ===2028=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:crimson;"| 2028 United States hurricanes |- | {{tcname unused|ALLEX}} || {{tcname unused|BONNIE}} || {{tcname unused|COLIN}} || {{tcname unused|DANIELLE}} || {{tcname unused|EARL}} |- | {{tcname unused|FARRAH}} || {{tcname unused|GASTON}} || {{tcname unused|HERMINE}} || {{tcname unused|IDRIS}} || {{tcname unused|JULIA}} |- | {{tcname unused|KARL}} || {{tcname unused|LISA}} || {{tcname unused|MATTHEW}} || {{tcname unused|NICOLE}} || {{tcname unused|OWEN}} |- | {{tcname unused|PAULA}} || {{tcname unused|RICHARD}} || {{tcname unused|SHARY}} || {{tcname unused|TOMAS}} || {{tcname unused|VIRGINIE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WALTER}} |} {{clear}} ===2029=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:purple;"| 2029 United States hurricanes |- | {{tcname unused|ARLENE}} || {{tcname unused|BRET}} || {{tcname unused|CINDY}} || {{tcname unused|DON}} || {{tcname unused|EMILY}} |- | {{tcname unused|FRANKLIN}} || {{tcname unused|GERT}} || {{tcname unused|HAROLD}} || {{tcname unused|IDALIA}} || {{tcname unused|JOSE}} |- | {{tcname unused|KATIA}} || {{tcname unused|LEE}} || {{tcname unused|MARGOT}} || {{tcname unused|NIGEL}} || {{tcname unused|OPHELIA}} |- | {{tcname unused|PHILIPPE}} || {{tcname unused|RINA}} || {{tcname unused|SEAN}} || {{tcname unused|TAMMY}} || {{tcname unused|VINCE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WHITNEY}} |} {{clear}} ===2030=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:orange;"| 2030 United States hurricanes |- | {{tcname unused|ALBERTO}} || {{tcname unused|BRIANNA}} || {{tcname unused|CHRIS}} || {{tcname unused|DEBBY}} || {{tcname unused|ERNESTO}} |- | {{tcname unused|FLORENCE}} || {{tcname unused|GORDON}} || {{tcname unused|HOLLY}} || {{tcname unused|ISAAC}} || {{tcname unused|JOYCE}} |- | {{tcname unused|KIRK}} || {{tcname unused|LESLIE}} || {{tcname unused|MIGUEL}} || {{tcname unused|NADINE}} || {{tcname unused|OSCAR}} |- | {{tcname unused|PATTY}} || {{tcname unused|RAFAEL}} || {{tcname unused|SARA}} || {{tcname unused|TONY}} || {{tcname unused|VALERIE}} |- | {{tcname unused|WILLIAM}} |} {{clear}} ===2031=== {| class="wikitable" align=right;" |- ! colspan=5 style="background-color:yellow;"| 2031 United States hurricanes |- | {{tcname unused|ANDREA}} || {{tcname unused|BARRY}} || {{tcname unused|CHANTAL}} || {{tcname unused|DEXTER}} || {{tcname unused|ERIN}} |- | {{tcname unused|FERNAND}} || {{tcname unused|GABRIELLE}} || {{tcname unused|HUMBERTO}} || {{tcname unused|IMELDA}} || {{tcname unused|JERRY}} |- | {{tcname unused|KAREN}} || {{tcname unused|LORENZO}} || {{tcname unused|MOLLY}} || {{tcname unused|NESTOR}} || {{tcname unused|OLGA}} |- | {{tcname unused|PABLO}} || {{tcname unused|REBEKAH}} || {{tcname unused|SEBASTIEN}} || {{tcname unused|TANYA}} || {{tcname unused|VAN}} |- | {{tcname unused|WENDY}} |} {{clear}} ==Sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bagyo sa Estados Unidos]] [[Kategorya:Estados Unidos]] [[Kategorya:Panahon]] czuh14iycjrein3h28ns7b9men1dnji 0 337647 2204366 2201599 2026-04-23T06:26:38Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Villenave-de-Rions |native_name = Vilanova de Rions ([[Wikang Oksitano|oc]]) |settlement_type = Bayan |image_skyline = Villenave-de-Rions Mairie.jpg |image_caption = Bulwagan ng bayan |image_shield = Blason ville fr Villenave-de-Rions (Gironde).svg |pushpin_map = France#France Nouvelle-Aquitaine |pushpin_map_caption = Lokasyon ng Villenave-de-Rions |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Pransiya|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Mga Departamento ng Pransiya|Departamento]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Gironda]] |subdivision_type3 = Arrondissement |subdivision_name3 = [[Arrondissement of Libourne|Langon]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title = Alkade (2020–2026) |leader_name = Jean-Marc Subervie<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=9 August 2021|language=fr}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 2.56 |population_as_of = 2023 |population_total = 374 |population_demonym = Villenavais |population_density_km2 = auto |website = https://www.villenavederions.fr/ |coordinates = {{coord|44.6908|-0.3367|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 102 |elevation_min_m = 14 |elevation_max_m = 103 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 33550 }} Ang '''Villenave-de-Rions''' ay isang bayan sa Timog-Kanlurang [[Pransiya]], na matatagpuan sa departamento ng [[Gironda]], sa rehiyon ng [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]. ==Heograpiya== Ang komyun ay matatagpuan sa lugar ng atraksyon ng Bordeaux sa rehiyon ng [[Entre-deux-Mers]], 30 km timog-silangan ng [[Bordeaux]], ang kabisera ng departamento, 20 km hilagang-kanluran ng [[Langon]], ang kabisera ng distrito at 7.5 km hilaga-hilagang-kanluran ng [[Cadillac]], ang kabisera ng kanton. Ang mga kalapit na komyun ay ang [[Capian]] sa hilaga, [[Cardan]] sa timog-silangan, [[Rions]] sa timog at [[Paillet]] sa kanluran. ==Pangalan== Ang pangalan ng bayan ay nagmula sa "ville" (bayan) at "neuve" (bago), ang hulaping ito ay nagpapaalala sa dating pagdepende ng teritoryo sa panginoon ng [[Rions]].<ref name=Visaq>[http://visites.aquitaine.fr/villenave-de-rions Villenave-de-Rions] sur le site « Visites en Aquitaine - Région Aquitaine » (CC-[[Licence Creative Commons#Attribution|BY]]-[[Licence Creative Commons#Partage dans les mêmes conditions|SA]]), consulté le 7 septembre 2014.</ref> Ang pangalan ng bayan ay ''Vilanava de Rions'' sa Gascon. Ang mga naninirahan dito ay tinatawag na Villenavais.<ref>Nom des habitants de la commune sur [http://www.habitants.fr/habitants_villenave-de-rions_33549.html habitants.fr], consulté le 10 avril 2013.</ref> ==Kasaysayan== Noong panahon ng [[Rebolusyong Pranses|Rebolusyon]], ang parokya ng Saint-Martin ng Villenave-de-Rions ang bumuo sa komyun ng Villenave-de-Rions.<ref>[http://gael.gironde.fr/pages/Histo_commune.pdf Historique des communes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124070328/http://gael.gironde.fr/pages/Histo_commune.pdf |date=2013-01-24 }}, {{p.|68}}, sur GAEL (Gironde Archives en ligne) des Archives départementales de la Gironde, consulté le 10 avril 2013.</ref> ==Mga lugar at monumento== * Ang simbahan ng Saint-Martin, na orihinal na nagmula sa ika-12 siglo, ay napanatili lamang mula sa panahong iyon ang Romanesque apse nito na nasa isang semi-dome; ang koro ay nagmula pa noong ika-14 na siglo at ang gusali, na lubhang nawasak noong panahon ng Rebolusyon, ay lubhang binago noong ikalawang bahagi ng ika-19 na siglo, bukod sa iba pang mga bagay, ang pagdaragdag ng isang tore sa beranda ng kampana.<ref name=Visaq2>[http://visites.aquitaine.fr/eglise-saint-martin-de-villenave-de-rions Église Saint-Martin de Villenave-de-Rions] sur le site « Visites en Aquitaine - Région Aquitaine » (CC-[[Licence Creative Commons#Attribution|BY]]-[[Licence Creative Commons#Partage dans les mêmes conditions|SA]]), consulté le 7 septembre 2014.</ref> <gallery> Villenave-de-Rions Église Saint-Martin 02.jpg|L'église Saint-Martin ''(août 2014)'' Villenave-de-Rions Église Saint-Martin 03.jpg|Le clocher-flèche de l'église ''(août 2014)'' Villenave-de-Rions Église Saint-Martin 05.jpg|Le portail de l'église ''(août 2014)'' Villenave-de-Rions Mam.jpg|Le monument aux morts au cimetière ''(août 2014)'' </gallery> ==Eskudo de armas== [[File:Blason ville fr Villenave-de-Rions (Gironde).svg|thumb|Villenave-de-Rions]] Magkahanay-kahanay sa nakabaligtad na pares: unang tuktok, dalawang pilak na palakol, may paang o at naka-krus sa saltire, pangalawa, si San Martin na nakatayo o naghahati ng kanyang balabal, pangatlo, isang matingkad na baging ng tenné, may dahong tuktok, bunga na may tatlong piraso ay lila at sinusuportahang sable.<ref>[https://armorialdefrance.fr/page_blason.php?ville=21072 Eskudo de armas ng Villenave-de-Rions]</ref> ==Tingnan din== ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Villenave-de-Rions]] [[Kategorya:Gironda]] [[Kategorya:Mga pamayanan sa Pransiya]] [[Kategorya:Mga komuna sa Pransiya]] kcc3j8t9i8qfwg5do5h1gz4hp6rjrvd 0 337658 2204323 2201603 2026-04-23T02:57:56Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Tannerre-en-Puisaye |settlement_type = Bayan |image_skyline = Tannerre-mural rue Carreau.JPG |image_caption = Galing sa [[Champignelles]], Kalye ng Carreau: Simbahan ni Saint-Martin at [[trompe-l'œil]] mural. |image_shield = Blason ville fr Tannerre-en-Puisaye (Yonne).svg |pushpin_map = France |map_caption = Lokasyon ng Tannerre-en-Puisaye |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Pransiya|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Mga Departamento ng Pransiya|Departamento]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Yonne]] |subdivision_type3 = Arrondissement |subdivision_name3 = [[Arrondissement of Auxerre|Auxerre]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title = Alkade (2020–2026) |leader_name = Claudine Pesant<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 28.93 |population_as_of = 2023 |population_total = 269 |population_density_km2 = auto |website = https://www.tannerre-en-puisaye.fr/ |coordinates = {{coord|47.7358|3.1319|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |postal_code = 89350 |postal_code_type = Postal code |elevation_min_m = 168 |elevation_max_m = 242 }} Ang '''Tannerre-en-Puisaye''' ay isang bayan sa [[Pransiya]] na nasa departamento ng [[Yonne]] sa rehiyon ng [[Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]]. Kilala ang nayon dahil sa mga pagawaan ng bakal nito, isa sa dalawang pinakamalaki sa Pransiya. ==Heograpiya== ===Lokasyon=== Ang nayong ito ay matatagpuan sa [[Puisaye]], isang maliit na rehiyon sa mga hangganan ng Burgundiya at ng rehiyon ng Sentro na sumasaklaw sa limang kanton ng departamento ng [[Yonne]] ([[Bléneau]], [[Charny]], [[Saint-Fargeau, Yonne|Saint-Fargeau]], [[Saint-Sauveur-en-Puisaye]] at [[Toucy]]), sa isang kanton ng departamento ng [[Nièvre]] ([[Saint-Amand-en-Puisaye]]) at bahagyang sa mga [[kanton ng Briare]] at [[Châtillon-Coligny]] ([[Loiret]]). ===Mga lokalidad, nayon at mga kalapit na pamayanan=== Ang komyun ay binubuo ng maraming nayon. Ang ilan ay nananatiling kinaroroonan ng isang gumaganang sakahan, ngunit karamihan ay binubuo lamang ng mga "bahay sa probinsya". [[File:Tannerre-moulin de la forge 02.JPG|thumb|<center>Le moulin de la Forge</center>]] {{column|number= 2| '''A''' * ''Les Abbés'', Rte de [[Villeneuve-les-Genêts]] (D 22) * ''L'Agréau'', Rte de [[Septfonds (Yonne)|Septfonds]] (D 160) * ''Les Angins''*, Rte de [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] (D 22) * ''Les Assises''*, Rte de [[Septfonds (Yonne)|Septfonds]] (D 160) * ''Les Avrils'', Rte de [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] (D 22) '''B''' * ''La Ballanderie''*, Rte de [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] (D 22) * ''La Bardotterie''*, Rte de [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] (D 22) * ''Les Béatrix'', Rte de [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] (D 22) * ''Beauregard'', Rte de [[Grandchamp (Yonne)|Grandchamp]] (D 160) * ''La Belle Étoile''*, Rte de [[Champignelles]] (D 160) * ''Béon'', Rte de [[Mézilles]] (D 7) * ''Le Moulin de Béon''*, Rte de [[Mézilles]] (D 7) * ''Les Boulats''*, Rte des Mussots * ''La Boulinerie''*, Rte des Mussots * ''Les Briards''*, Rte de [[Septfonds (Yonne)|Septfonds]] (D 160) '''C''' * ''La Carpe'', Rte de [[Champignelles]] (D 160) * ''Les Charriers''*, Rte des Charriers (vers le sud) * ''Les Cottets''*, Rte de [[Champignelles]] (D 160) '''F''' * ''Le Ferrier''*, Rte de [[Septfonds (Yonne)|Septfonds]] (D 160) * ''Les François'', Rte de [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] (D 22) * ''Les Frémis''*, Rte de [[Champignelles]] (D 160) '''G''' * ''La Gâtine'', Rte de [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] (D 22) '''J''' * ''Les Jaluzots'', Rte des Pétions par la D 22 '''L''' * ''Le Lieu du Gros''*, Rte de [[Septfonds (Yonne)|Septfonds]] (D 160) * ''Lieusaint''*, Rte des Mussots * ''La Loge au Guet''*, Rte de [[Septfonds (Yonne)|Septfonds]] (D 160) '''M''' * ''La Maison Neuve''*, Rte de [[Septfonds (Yonne)|Septfonds]] (D 160) * ''Maureparé'', Rte de [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] (D 22) * ''Le Mauvais Pas''*, Rte des Mussots * ''La Mi-Voie''*, Rte de [[Champignelles]] (D 160) * ''Le Moulin de la Forge''*, Rte de [[Champignelles]] (D 160) * ''Le Mouton''*, Rte de [[Villeneuve-les-Genêts]] (D 22) * ''Les Mussots'', Rte des Mussots '''O''' * ''Les Oiseaux''*, Rte de [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] par la D 132 '''P''' * ''La Pailloterie''*, Rte de [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] (D 22) * ''Pâme-Souris''*, Rte de [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] (D 22) * ''Les Pâtureaux'', Rte de [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] (D 22) * ''Les Pétions''*, Rte des Pétions par la D 22 * ''La Pieuchotterie'', Rte de [[Villeneuve-les-Genêts]] (D 22) * ''Plancy''*, Rte de [[Champignelles]] (D 160) '''R''' * ''Les Rousseaux''*, Rte de [[Mézilles]] (D 7) * ''Les Ruineaux''*, Rte des Charriers (vers le sud) '''S''' * ''Les Salineries''*, Rte de [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] (D 22) * ''Les Salins''*, Rte des Mussots * ''La Sarauderie''*, Rte de [[Septfonds (Yonne)|Septfonds]] (D 160) * ''Les Sigures''*, Rte de [[Mézilles]] (D 7) * ''Souchon''*, Rte des Mussots '''V''' * ''Les Verneaux''*, Rte de [[Mézilles]] (D 7) }} ==Pagpaplano ng lungsod== ===Tipolohiya=== Noong Enero 1, 2024, ang Tannerre-en-Puisaye ay ikinategorya bilang isang munisipalidad sa kanayunan na may napakakalat na pabahay, ayon sa bagong pitong-antas na munisipal na densidad ng grid na tinukoy ng INSEE noong 2022. Ito ay matatagpuan sa labas ng mga yunit ng urbano at sa labas ng impluwensya ng mga lungsod. ===Paggamit ng lupa=== Ang paggamit ng lupa sa munisipalidad, gaya ng ipinapakita sa European biophysical land cover database na Corine Land Cover (CLC), ay nailalarawan sa pamamagitan ng malaking dami ng lupang pang-agrikultura (71.9% noong 2018), isang proporsyon na kapareho ng noong 1990 (71.9%). Ang detalyadong pagkasira noong 2018 ay ang mga sumusunod: lupang maaaring sakahin (51.6%), kagubatan (28.1%), damuhan (13.9%), at magkakaibang mga lugar na pang-agrikultura (6.5%). [[File:89408-Tannerre-en-Puisaye-Sols.png|thumb|center|alt=Carte en couleurs présentant l'occupation des sols.|Carte des infrastructures et de l'occupation des sols de la commune en 2018 ([[Corine Land Cover|CLC]]).]] ===Mga ruta ng komunikasyon at transportasyon=== Ang Tannerre ay matatagpuan sa sangandaan ng tatlong kalsadang pang-departamento na pangunahing ginagamit ng lokal na trapiko: : ang D7 (hilaga-timog) na nagdurugtong sa [[Champignelles]] at [[Mézilles]]; : ang D22 (silangan-kanluran), na nagdurugtong sa [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]] at [[Villeneuve-les-Genêts]]; : ang D160 (hilagang-silangan/timog-kanluran), na nagdurugtong sa [[Louesme]] at [[Septfonds]]. Ang [[Auxerre]] ay 40 km sa silangan (ang motorway ng A6 ay 45 km ang layo, ang labasan 20 ay nasa [[Venoy]]); ang [[Briare]] sa departamento ng [[Loiret]] ay 35 km sa timog-timog-kanluran (ang motorway ng A77 ay labasan 20, 40 km ang layo). Ang labasan 21 ng A77 ay 30 km ang layo malapit sa [[Bonny-sur-Loire]] (Loiret). ==Pangalan== Ang pangalan ng lokalidad ay pinatutunayan sa mga anyong ''Tanotra'' noong ika-9 na siglo; ''Tannadorum'' noong 1233; ''Tannera'' noong 1276; ''Tempnerra'' noong ika-16 na siglo; at Tanere noong 1501. Sa isang karta ng [[Château]] de [[Saint-Fargeau, Yonne|Saint-Fargeau]] na mula pa noong 1233, matatagpuan natin ang tambalang Tannodurum, na malinaw na nabuo mula sa dalawang salitang Celtic (Gallic): * ''tanno-'' na nangangahulugang "holm oak" cf. French tan, tanner cf. Breton tannen "oak" at Old Irish tinne "holly"; * ''duron'' na nangangahulugang "tarangkahan → pamilihan, enclosure, plasa, porum → napapaderang bayan, nayon" cf. Breton/Welsh dor "tarangkahan". Kaya nagmula ang paunang anyo na ''*Tannoduron'' na may pangkalahatang kahulugan ng "oak gate" cf. [[Izernore]] (Ain, ''Isarnodori'' glossed ferrei ostii "mga pintuang-bakal") o "pamilihan ng mga oak," o kahit na "lugar ng mga oak." Ang [[Puisaye]] (o Puissaie) ay isang natural na rehiyon ng Pransiya na matatagpuan sa mga hangganan ng [[Orléanais]], [[Nivernais]], at [[Burgundiya]]. Ang rehiyong ito ay tinatawag na ''Puisaye'' o ''Poyaude''. ==Kasaysayan== [[File:Tannerrre-ferrier-slag mound 1.JPG|thumb|160px|<center>Buttes de scories dans le [[ferrier]].</center>]] ===Sinaunang Panahon=== Ang Tannerre, na matatagpuan sa teritoryo ng mga Senones, ay kilala noon pang panahon ng Celtic (sa Gaul, ang Panahon ng Bakal ay nagsimula noong mga 800 hanggang 700 BC) dahil sa mahalagang aktibidad nito sa metalurhiya. Ang pinakamalaking pagawaan ng bakal nito (marami pang iba ang umiiral sa komyun at sa buong rehiyon ng Puisaye), ang sinaunang pagawaan ng bakal ng Tannerre-en-Puisaye, ay sumasaklaw sa mahigit 30 ektarya. Ito ang pinakamalaki sa France, kasama ang kay [[Les Martys]],<ref name="assoSiderurgieAntique">[http://www.leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=29 ''Sidérurgie antique''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214234146/http://www.leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=29 |date=2013-12-14 }}, sur le site de l'association du ferrier de Tannerre. Photos et informations sur l'extraction du fer dans l'Antiquité.</ref> at isa sa pinakamalaki sa Europa.<ref name="assoInauguration2009">[http://www.leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=152 ''Inauguration du ferrier de Tannerre''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207133303/http://leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=152 |date=2016-02-07 }}, sur le site de l'association du ferrier de Tannerre.</ref> Maraming artifact mula sa nakaraan ang natagpuan doon (mga barya, palayok, mga labi ng mga pamamaraan noong panahong iyon tulad ng mga tuyeres, atbp.).<ref name="assoFerrierTannerre">[http://www.leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=266 ''Le grand ferrier antique de Tannerre-en-Puisaye''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208055001/http://leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=266 |date=2016-02-08 }}, dans ''Histoire du ferrier'', sur le site de l'association « [[Ferrier antique de Tannerre-en-Puisaye|Le ferrier de Tannerre]] ». Cartes des ferriers répertoriés en Puisaye, de ceux sur la commune de Tannerre, plan du site du ferrier de Tannerre, et nombreuses autres informations.</ref> Sa pagtatapos ng panahon ng [[La Tène]], ang lahat ng mahahalagang lugar ng pagmimina sa Puisaye, kabilang ang Tannerre, ay tila lumaki at pinino ang kanilang mga kagamitan.<ref name="assoSiderurgieAntique"/> [[File:Tannerrre-ferrier-roman water well.JPG|thumb|left|140px|<center>Puits romain dans le [[ferrier antique de Tannerre-en-Puisaye|ferrier de la Garenne]].</center>]] Ang aktibidad na ito, na sinimulan ng mga Celt, ay sumiklab kasabay ng pananakop ng mga Romano: humigit-kumulang 80% ng buong produksiyon ng lugar, sa lahat ng panahon, ay isinagawa sa loob ng 300 taon ng pananakop ng mga Romano. Dahil sa malaking pagtaas ng laki ng mga pagawaan, gumamit sila ng mga sopistikadong kagamitan at pamamaraan na nagbunga ng materyal na may pantay na kalidad sa mga gawa ng mga modernong blast furnace.<ref name="assoSiderurgieAntique"/> Isang nayon ng Gallo-Romano ang tiyak na itinayo sa gilid ng burol. Isang sistemang pangdepensa ang umiiral sa loob mismo ng mga pagawaan ng bakal, na nagbabantay sa "Daang Bakal": isang mahalagang ruta dahil ginamit ito ng Imperyo upang kolektahin ang produksiyon mula sa mga lugar ng metalurhiya at iba pang mga bayan na dinaanan nito. Dumaan ito sa [[Saint-Sauveur-en-Puisaye|Saint-Sauveur]], [[Mézilles]], Tannerre, [[Malicorne]], atbp., sa kalsada mula [[Bibracte]] patungong Sens.<ref name="assoMotteChamplay">[http://www.leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=31 ''La Motte Champlay''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214234130/http://www.leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=31 |date=2013-12-14 }}, sur le site de l'association du [[Ferrier antique de Tannerre-en-Puisaye|ferrier de Tannerre]].</ref> ===Gitnang Panahon=== Matapos umalis ang mga Romano, bumaba ang produksiyon ng bakal at halos tumigil sa pagtatapos ng Unang Panahon ng [[Gitnang Panahon]].<ref name="assoSiderurgieAntique"/> Ang natitira ay ang mga napakalaking bunton na ito, na marami ang umaabot sa 15 metro ang taas, na gawa sa slag na ginawa sa panahon ng pagproseso ng iron ore. Mula sa panahong ito ng huling bahagi ng Imperyong Romano at sa simula ng Gitnang Panahon, wala nang ibang natitira maliban sa mga libingan na gawa sa malambot na batong [[Thury]]; ang mga katulad nito ay matatagpuan malapit sa [[Bléneau]].<ref name="Dey2627">{{harvp|Déy|1856|p=26-27}}.</ref> Dahil wala nang dahilan para manatili sa gilid ng burol, ang nayon ay lumipat pababa sa lambak ng [[Branlin]].<ref name="assoMotteChamplay"/> Bandang ika-10 siglo, isang lugar sa kanlurang bahagi ng Grand Ferrier (hilagang-silangan ng lambak) ang pinatag upang magtayo ng isang pinatibay na kastilyo: La Motte Champlay (ang pangalang Motte Champlay ay lumilitaw sa aklat ni Aristide Dey na "Bleneau et ses environs," ngunit walang pagtukoy sa pangalang ito ang matatagpuan sa mga pambansang archive. Gayunpaman, ang "Maison du mouton" ay nakilala sa Tannerre sa ilang mga dokumento), na itinayo sa mga bunton ng slag at sa lugar ng dating sistemang depensa. Isang pader na may sukat na 180 metro mula kanluran hanggang silangan at 100 metro mula timog hanggang hilaga ang nakapalibot sa dalawang kuta, isang maliit na kuta, kuwartel na may bubong na slate, at isang bailey. [[File:Tannerre-14 Grande Rue 01.JPG|thumb|<center>Maison du XV<small>e</small>,<br/>14 Grande Rue.</center>]] Sa pagtatapos ng Unang Panahon ng Gitnang Panahon, itinayo rin ang pinatibay na bahay sa lambak ng Branlin. Depende sa fief ng Saint-Fargeau, gayundin ang La Motte-Champlay, ang direktang nasasakupan ng Tannerre sa simula ng ika-14 na siglo ay malaki. Hawak nito ang mga karapatan ng mataas, panggitna, at mababang hustisya, may bilangguan na may mga pamalo at bitayan, at bilang karagdagan sa karaniwang mga karapatan bilang seigneur, may karapatan ang panginoon na ipa-inspeksyon ang lahat ng mga hayop sa katayan upang tanggalin ang kanilang mga dila; at kumuha ng isang tungkos para sa bawat daan ng trigo at butil na pagmamay-ari ng parokya ng Tannerre. Ang Tannerre ay may kolonya ng mga ketongin at isang ospital na may "''lahat ng kailangan upang tumanggap ng mga maysakit''"<ref name="Dey60">{{harvp|Déy|1856|p=60}} : la seigneurie de Tannerre à l'époque de l'arrivée des Anglais.</ref> (na hindi palaging nangyayari sa mga ospital noong panahong iyon). Matatagpuan malapit sa ruta ng asin sa [[pagitan ng mga ilog Loire at Yonne]], isang rutang matagal nang ginagamit ng Ingles na si [[Robert Knolles]], si Tannerre ay sinakop noong 1358 upang makuha ang isang pinatibay at estratehikong nakaposisyon na kanlungan habang sinasalakay niya ang rehiyon (ang kanyang punong-himpilan ay nasa Malicorne, ngunit kinailangan niyang hatiin ang kanyang 1,000 tauhan sa ilang lokasyon upang ipamahagi ang pasanin ng pagsusuplay sa kanila—at sa gayon ay mapataas ang lawak ng kanilang pandarambong). <br/> Ginaba niya ang Motte Champlay, ang nayon, at ang ibabang kuta nang makatanggap siya ng mga utos na umalis sa Puisaye at Pransiya noong 1360.<ref name="assoMotteChamplay"/> Ang Motte Champlay ay hindi na muling itinayo. Ang Tannerre ay nanatiling hindi aktibo sa loob ng mahigit dalawang siglo at hindi na muling nabawi ang dating masiglang aktibidad nito.<ref name="assoInauguration2009"/><ref name="Dey6465">{{harvp|Déy|1856|p=64-65}} : témoignage de 1731 sur la destruction à Tannerre.</ref> Noong ika-14 na siglo, si Tannerre ay kabilang sa [[House of Courtenay]].<ref>[http://jeanjacques.villemag.free.fr/courte.htm Généalogie des Courtenay].</ref> ===Modernong Panahon=== Nang itatag ang Duchy of Saint-Fargeau noong 1541, hindi nabanggit ang Tannerre at Bléneau sa mga bayan ng bagong fief: ipinahiwatig lamang ng mga maharlikang liham na ang mga bayan ay direktang pag-aari ng may-ari at bahagi ng kanyang nasasakupan.<ref name="Dey156">{{harvp|Déy|1856|p=156}}</ref> ==Mga lugar at monumento== [[File:Tannerrre-ferrier-path 1.JPG|thumb|<center>Dans le ferrier, chemin entre buttes de scories et tranchées.</center>]] * Ang sinaunang mga pagawaan ng bakal ng Tannerre-en-Puisaye, isa sa dalawang pinakamalaki sa France, ay itinala bilang isang makasaysayang monumento noong 1982 salamat sa mga pagsisikap ni Pierre François Chapat na iligtas ang lugar. * 15.2 ektarya, na pagmamay-ari ng munisipalidad, ay binuo ng "[http://www.leferrierdetannerre.net/index.php Tannere Ironworks Association]" at kasalukuyang bukas sa publiko.<ref name="assoFerrierTannerre"/> Isang kurso ng orienteering ang inilagay doon, na may libre at permanenteng pag-access. Ang UNSS Academy Championship ay ginanap doon noong Abril 17, 2012, na may 177 kalahok na lubos na pinahahalagahan ang kurso at lalong pinahusay ang reputasyon ng mga pasilidad.<ref name="assoParcoursOrientation">[http://www.leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=223 parcours permanent d'orientation dans le Bois communal du Ferrier de la Garenne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214234231/http://www.leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=223 |date=2013-12-14 }} sur le site de l'association du [[Ferrier antique de Tannerre-en-Puisaye|ferrier de Tannerre]], avec l'aide du comité de l’Yonne de course d’orientation.</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang mga pasilidad ang isang lugar ng pahingahan sa dating lugar ng Motte Champlay, mga panel ng impormasyon sa pasukan at sa mga landas ng pagtuklas, at mga muling paggawa ng mga tradisyonal na pamamaraan ng pagtatrabaho (blood furnace, pandayan, riles ng tren at ang lumang kariton nito, atbp.), na may paminsan-minsang mga demonstrasyon.<ref name="assoActivites">[http://www.leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=246 Activités de l'association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214234202/http://www.leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=246 |date=2013-12-14 }} du [[Ferrier antique de Tannerre-en-Puisaye|ferrier de Tannerre]].</ref> ===Mga monumentong sibil=== [[File:Tannerrre-ferrier-Motte-Champlay 2.JPG|thumb|140px|<center>Blocs de calcaire et mortier provenant de la Motte-Champlay.</center>]] [[File:Tannerre-château 01.JPG|vignette|droite|<center>La « maison-forte ».</center>]] Ang Champlay motte noong ika-14 na siglo, na ang slag na natagpuan sa lugar ay ginamit sa pagtatayo nito, ay binubuo ng: : isang kulungan na may sukat na 100 x 180 metro, na napapalibutan ng isang kanal; : dalawang kuta at isang maliit na kuta na konektado ng mga daanan sa ilalim ng lupa. Ang unang kuta ay isang parisukat na may sukat na 33 metro sa bawat panig, ang pangalawa ay isang parihaba na may sukat na 33 x 40 metro, at ang maliit na kuta na 12 x 12 metro. Ang tatlong kuta na ito ay napapalibutan din ng mga pader at kanal; : kuwartel at isang bailey. Ang Champlay motte ay nasakop at winasak noong 1360 ng Ingles na si Robert Knolles (kilala bilang "ang Tupa"). Sa kasalukuyan, wala nang natitira sa kuta maliban sa ilang kanal sa Bois de la Garenne, sa gitna ng mga pagawaan ng bakal. Natuklasan ang malalaking bloke ng masonerya noong 2009 habang isinasagawa ang mga survey sa field.<ref name="assoActivites"/> * Ang pinatibay na bahay, noong Gitnang Panahon, ay ang pangalawang kuta ng Tannerre. Ito ay matatagpuan malapit sa Branlin, sa parke ng kastilyo ng Renaissance. Ito ay nasakop ilang sandali matapos ang Champlay motte ni Robert Knolles ngunit hindi nawasak. Sa kasalukuyan, nakikita pa rin ito. * Ang kastilyo ng Renaissance ay mula noong huling bahagi ng ika-18 hanggang unang bahagi ng ika-19 na siglo. Dahil sa maayos na mga harapan at proporsyon nito, puting bato at kulay rosas na ladrilyo sa ilalim ng bubong nitong slate, at pinalamutian ng isang tampok na tubig na kahawig ng isang kanal, ito ay itinayo ng pamilyang Lestrade malapit sa pasukan ng isang parke na pinalamutian ng isang kalasag na may krus ni San Andres, malapit sa isang bahay na gawa sa timber noong ika-15 siglo. Ang château na ito, na pagmamay-ari ng lungsod ng Vitry, ay natupok ng apoy noong Mayo 2, 1978. [[Image:TannerreEnPuisaye LavoirInondable.JPG|thumb|140px|<center>Lavoir inondable le long du [[Branlin]].</center>]] * Mga Hugasan: Ang Tannerre ay mayroon pa ring tatlong natatakpang hugasan sa batis ng [[Branlin]]. Ang mga hugasang ito ay ginamit hanggang bandang 1960: : ang pampublikong hugasan, malapit sa tulay, ay may naaalis na sahig; : ang maliit na hugasan ay may pala upang ayusin ang antas ng tubig; : isang pribadong hugasan na may naaalis na sahig. ===Mga monumento ng relihiyon=== [[File:Tannerre-eglise vue de la rue Carreau.JPG|thumb|120px|<center>Église Saint-Blaise, clocher du début XVI<small>e</small> siègle.</center>]] * Ang Simbahang Inialay kay San Martin Ang simbahang ito ay nawasak noong Digmaang Sandaang Taon nang mabihag ang Tannerre. Ito ay muling itinayo ni Jacques Dupé, Panginoon ng Tannerre (namatay noong 1530). Tanging ang mga dingding ng nabe, maliliit na bilugan at arkong bintana, at ang panloob na portal ang natitira sa simbahan noong ika-12 siglo. Isang bagong tore ng kampanaryo ang itinayo sa kanlurang harapan; may mga butas na may mga hiwa ng palaso, nagsilbi itong isang mahalagang elemento ng pagtatanggol. Si Abbot Fondras, kura paroko ng Tannerre, ay nagsagawa ng mahalagang gawaing pagpapanumbalik noong 1888 (pinalitan ang mga kahoy na arko ng mga arko na bato). Ito ay pinalamutian ng mga stained-glass na bintana: [[File:Tannerre-chapelle du chateau 1.JPG|thumb|100px|<center>Chapelle du château.</center>]] : ''baptême de Jésus dans le Jourdain'' : ''Sainte Marguerite et saint Hubert'' : ''Sainte Madeleine et saint Henry'' : ''Saint Jean et sainte Françoise'' : ''Résurrection de Lazare (rosace)'' : ''Saint Eloi et sainte Colombe'' : ''Sainte Marguerite et sainte Rosalie'' : ''Jésus, Saint Martin et l'abbé Fondras en médaillon'' : ''Saint Germain et sainte Adeline'' : ''Sainte Suzanne et saint Charles de Baronée'' : ''Saint Joachim et sainte Anne'' : ''Saint Severin et sainte Rosalie'' * Ang kapilya ng kastilyo :Matatagpuan malapit sa sementeryo, ito ay itinayo ni Étienne TournYol de la Rode. Dito matatagpuan ang mga puntod ng mga pamilyang De Lestrade at De Montferrand. ===Turismo, mga aktibibad=== Ang nayon ay tinatawid ng isang variant ng GR de Pays "Tour de Puisaye" na long-distance hiking trail. Sinusundan nito nang halos ang kanang pampang ng Ilog Branlin, at sa hilaga ng Tannerre ay patungo sa kanluran patungo sa [[Ilog Agréau]]. Ang mga karera ng orienteering ay isinaayos sa lugar ng [[Garenne ironworks]], isang de-kalidad na kurso na espesyal na idinisenyo para sa mga kaganapang ito.<ref name="ferrierCoursesOrientation">[http://www.leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=271 Courses d'orientation au ferrier de Tannerre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316022205/http://leferrierdetannerre.net/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=271 |date=2016-03-16 }}, sur le site de l'association du [[Ferrier antique de Tannerre-en-Puisaye|ferrier de Tannerre]].</ref> Ang [[Puisaye railbike]], ang pinakamahaba sa France, at ang tren ng turista na Puisaye-Forterre ay dumadaan nang 8 km mula sa [[Villiers-Saint-Benoît]]. ==Eskudo de armas== [[File:Blason ville fr Tannerre-en-Puisaye (Yonne).svg|thumb|Tannerre-en-Puisaye]] Sa [[Wikang Pranses]] (orihinal): ''D'argent mantelé ployé de gueules, le mantelé chargé en chef d'un tau d'or et en flancs de deux lions affrontés d'argent, armés, lampassés et couronnés d'or, au filet ondé d'azur en fasce brochant sur la partition en pointe, à l' épée haute d'argent, garnie de sable, chargeant l'argent et brochant sur le filet, au comble d'argent bastillé de trois pièces et chargé d'un bas fourneau d'or, ouvert de sable et enflammé de gueules, accosté de deux enclumes de sable.''<ref>[https://armorialdefrance.fr/page_blason.php?ville=20654 Eskudo de armas ng Tannerre-en-Puisaye]</ref> Sa [[Wikang Tagalog]]: ''Kulay pilak, may mantling na mga gule, ang mantled ay may kargang isang tau o at sa mga tagiliran ay may dalawang leon na affrontés. Kulay pilak, armado, matamlay at may korona, o, isang lambat na kulot na asul na may fess sa kabuuan sa partisyon sa base, isang nakatayong espada na kulay pilak, may dulong sable, may kargang kulay pilak at sa kabuuan sa lambat, isang punong pilak na may balwarte na tatlong piraso at may kargang isang bloomery furnace, o, bukas na sable at namamagang mga gule, na nasa gilid ng dalawang pandayan na sable.'' ==Tingnan din== ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Tannerre-en-Puisaye]] [[Kategorya:Mga pamayanan sa Pransiya]] [[Kategorya:Mga komuna sa Pransiya]] [[Kategorya:Yonne]] ejzijwsw7lg2qu72yigbt83xw1i2yo6 0 337715 2204450 2202969 2026-04-23T09:49:11Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Aire |settlement_type = Bayan |image_skyline = Aire (Ardennes) Mairie.JPG |image_caption = Bulwagan ng bayan |image_shield = Blason ville fr Aire (Ardennes).svg |pushpin_map = France |map_caption = Lokasyon ng Aire |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Pransiya|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Grand Est]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Mga Departamento ng Pransiya|Departamento]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Ardennes|Ardenas]] |subdivision_type3 = Arrondissement |subdivision_name3 = [[Arrondissement of Rethel|Rethel]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title = Alkade (2020–2026) |leader_name = Olivier Flauzac<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=2 December 2020|language=fr}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 6.29 |population_as_of = 2023 |population_total = 251 |population_density_km2 = auto |website = |coordinates = {{coord|49.4822|4.1622|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |population_demonym = |elevation_m = 70 |elevation_min_m = 61 |elevation_max_m = 125 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 08190 }} Ang '''Aire''' ay isang bayan sa [[Pransiya]] na matatagpuan sa departamento ng [[Ardennes|Ardenas]], sa rehiyon ng [[Grand Est]]. ==Heograpiya== Ang Aire ay matatagpuan 15 km mula sa [[Rethel]], 4 km mula sa [[Asfeld]], at 37 km mula sa [[Reims]]. Ang maliit na luntiang espasyong ito, sa taas na 67 m, ay paikot-ikot paakyat sa isang burol na umaabot sa 100 m. Ang nayon ng Bellevue, na nasa hangganan ng kalapit na nayon ng [[Blanzy-la-Salonnaise]], ay matatagpuan sa loob ng teritoryo ng komyun. ==Pangalan== Ang terminong ''Aire'' ay malamang na nagmula sa salitang aire, sa Latin na ''aera'', na tumutukoy sa lugar para sa paggiik ng mga butil, o sa aira, o canche, na isang damo na karaniwan sa mabuhangin at mabatong lupa. ==Kasaysayan== Ang nayon ay nagdusa noong Digmaan ng Relihiyon sa pagitan ng Liga ng mga Katoliko at ng mga Kalbinista, kasunod ng masaker sa Gomont sa kabilang panig ng Ilog Aisne noong Mayo 1590.<ref name="meyrac">[[Albert Meyrac]], ''Géographie illustrée des Ardennes'', Paris, 1965</ref> Nagdusa rin ito ng mga sunog na sumira sa malaking bahagi ng nayon noong 1770 at 1780.<ref name="meyrac" /> Noong Marso 1, 1789, ang mga naninirahan sa komyun, na bahagi ng balwarte ng Reims, ay bumuo ng isang listahan ng mga hinaing. Ang nayon noon ay may 98 na kabahayan. Kabilang sa mga alalahaning nabanggit sa listahang ito, ilang aktibidad ang itinampok, kabilang ang mga ubasan at pagtatanim ng abaka, na nais ng mga taganayon na itanim muli sa ilog nang walang panghihimasok.<ref>Les cahiers de doléance ardennais, ouvrage, réalisé par les Archives départementales des Ardennes et l’École normale mixte des Ardennes à l'occasion du bicentenaire de la Révolution Française, Publication du conseil général des Ardennes, 1989, ({{ISBN|2-86008-000-7}})</ref> ==Ekonomiya== ===Agrikultura=== Tunay ngang mayroong tatlong sakahan (EARL) na ang punong tanggapan ay nasa Aire, ngunit maraming kabahayan ang mga retiradong magsasaka, o mga aktibong magsasaka na ang punong tanggapan ay nasa kalapit na nayon. Samakatuwid, ang mga magsasaka, mga retiradong magsasaka, at ang kanilang mga pamilya ay bumubuo ng isang malaki, bagama't hindi mayorya, na bahagi ng populasyon ng Aire. Ang pagsasaka ng mga hayop ay nananatiling isang mahalagang aktibidad din. ===Mga Industriya at Serbisyo=== Walang mga industriya sa Aire. <br/> Ang bayan ng Aire ay may kaunting serbisyo lamang: napakaliit nito, at ang mga serbisyo ay medyo komprehensibo na sa Asfeld, apat na kilometro ang layo. Ang Aire ay may garahe, isang tagapag-atip, at isang negosyo ng karpinterya. Ang iba ay nagmumula sa labas ng bayan: ang iba pang mga serbisyo ay ibinibigay sa Asfeld o sa mas malayong lugar. Bukod sa mga magsasaka at artisan na nagtatrabaho sa lokal o sa mga nakapalibot na lugar, ang trabaho sa Aire ay pangunahing nakatuon sa mga bayan ng Rethel at Reims, sa pamamagitan ng pag-commute. Dalawang guesthouse ang nag-aalok ng tirahan sa lawa ng Aire.<ref>[http://www.ardennes.com/aire-les-gites-de-l-etang/aire/tabid/22548/offreid/9fd5cef7-a525-4afe-80fc-d79f46366df8/detail.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309045112/http://ardennes.com/aire-les-gites-de-l-etang/aire/tabid/22548/offreid/9fd5cef7-a525-4afe-80fc-d79f46366df8/detail.aspx |date=2016-03-09 }} Gites d'Aire sur le site du Comité Départemental du Tourisme en Ardennes</ref> ==Lokal na buhay== Ang asosasyong Les Fous volants d'Aire ay pinagsasama-sama ang humigit-kumulang labinlimang mahilig sa aeromodelling, partikular na ang isang paliparan na may sukat na 250 metro por 30 metro.<ref>Association des Fous volants d'Aire, la passion de l'aéromodélisme, La semaine des Ardennes 23 février 2012</ref> ==Mga lugar at monumento== * Simbahan ng Saint-Remi sa Aire na may isang pininturahang galeriya.<ref>Henri Jadart, ''Tribune peinte de l'église d'Aire'', Édition H. Delesques, 1894.</ref> * Lawa ng Aire. * Ang Aire ay isang hintuan sa Route du Porcien. <gallery> Barbe 295.jpg|Peinture de [[Barbe d'Héliopolis|Barbe]] au-dessus de l'autel. Aire (Ardennes) Église.JPG|Église. Aire (Ardennes) Monument aux morts.JPG|Monument aux morts. Aire (Ardennes) Croix de chemin.JPG|Croix de chemin. Estienne 293.jpg|Peinture d'[[Étienne (martyr)|Etienne]] au-dessus de l'autel. </gallery> ==Eskudo de armas== [[File:Blason ville fr Aire (Ardennes).svg|thumb|Aire]] Magkahanay-kahanay sa nakabaligtad na pares: unang gule na may mga pakpak ng gintong windmill na naka-saltir, pangalawa ay asul na may lumilipad na pilak na kalapati na hawak sa tuka nito ang banal na Ampulla na gawa sa ginto, pangatlo ay may dalawang kulot na asul na fesses at isang pilak na krus ng Huguenot sa kabuuan.<ref>[https://armorialdefrance.fr/page_blason.php?ville=21070 Eskudo de armas ng Aire]</ref> ==Tingnan din== ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Aire, Ardennes]] [[Kategorya:Ardennes]] [[Kategorya:Mga pamayanan sa Pransiya]] [[Kategorya:Mga komuna sa Pransiya]] 1bnvnt319cop21jdex5h7diwe02ov8r 0 337725 2204370 2202489 2026-04-23T06:29:50Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Vince Dizon|image=Vince Dizon DPWH.jpg|children=1|spouse=Essie Romero|office1=Kalihim ng [[Kagawaran ng mga Pagawain at Lansangang Bayan]]|term_label=|status1=''[[Ad interim]]''|term_start1=Setyembre 1, 2025|term_end1=|predecessor1=Manuel Bonoan|president1=[[Bongbong Marcos]]|office2=Ika-41 na Kalihim ng [[Kagawaran ng Transportasyon|Transportasyon]]|status2=|term_start2=Pebrero 21, 2025|term_end2=Setyembre 1, 2025|predecessor2=Jaime Bautista|successor2=Giovanni Lopez (nanunungkulan)|president2=Bongbong Marcos|office3=Tagapayo ng Pangulo para sa Tugon sa COVID-19|term_start3=Nobyembre 23, 2021|term_end3=Hunyo 30, 2022|appointer3=[[Rodrigo Duterte]]|predecessor3=''Naitatag na posisyon''|office4=Tagapangasiwa ng Pagsusuri ng IATF-EID|term_start4=Marso 16, 2020|term_end4=Hunyo 30, 2022|appointer4=[[Rodrigo Duterte]]|predecessor4=''Naitatag na posisyon''|successor4=''Binuwag ang task force''|office5=Pangalawang Punong Tagapagpatupad ng Pambansang Task Force Laban sa COVID-19|termstart5=Marso 16, 2020|termend5=Hunyo 30, 2022|appointer5=Rodrigo Duterte|predecessor5=''Naitatag na posisyon''|successor5=''Binuwag ang task force''|office6=Tagapayo ng Pangulo para sa mga Pangunahing Programa at Proyektong Prayoridad|termstart6=Agosto 27, 2019|termend6=Hunyo 30, 2022|predecessor6=''Naitatag na posisyon''|appointer6=Rodrigo Duterte|office7=Pangulo at CEO ng Pangasiwaan sa Pangkaunlarang Kumbersiyon ng mga Base|termstart7=Agosto 6, 2016|termend7=Oktubre 15, 2021|appointer7=Rodrigo Duterte|predecessor7=Arnel Paciano Casanova|successor7=Aristotle Batuhan|birth_name=Vivencio Bringas Dizon|birth_place=[[Lungsod Quezon]], Pilipinas|birth_date={{birth date and age|1974|08|18}}|alma_mater=[[Pamantasang De La Salle]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[Bachelor of Science in Commerce|BComm.]])}}<br />Unibersidad ng Reading {{small|([[Master of Science|M.S.]])}}|caption=Dizon in 2025|honorific_suffix=[[Order of Lakandula|GCrL]]}} Si '''Vivencio''' "'''Vince'''" '''Bringas Dizon''' {{Post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of Lakandula|GCrL]]}} (ipinanganak noong Agosto 18, 1974) ay isang Pilipinong ekonomista, konsultor, at tagapayo sa politika na nagsilbi bilang kalihim ng [[Kagawaran ng mga Pagawain at Lansangang Bayan]] simula noong 2025 sa pansamantalang kalihim sa ilalim ni Pangulong [[Bongbong Marcos]]. Dati siyang nagsilbi bilang ika-41 kalihim ng transportasyon sa ilalim ni Pangulong Marcos mula Pebrero hanggang Setyembre 2025. Nagsilbi rin siya bilang tagapayo ni Pangulong [[Rodrigo Duterte]] sa mga [[Build Build Build|pangunahing programa at proyektong prayoridad]], pangalawang punong tagapagpatupad ng Pambansang Plano ng Aksyon Laban sa [[COVID-19]], at pangulo at CEO ng Pangasiwaan sa Pangkaunlarang Kumbersiyon ng mga Base. == Maagang buhay at edukasyon == Si Dizon ay ipinanganak noong Agosto 18, 1974, sa [[Lungsod Quezon]], kina Agustin Coronel Dizon at Lailani Borbon Bringas, ngunit ginugol niya ang halos lahat ng kanyang pagkabata sa [[Porac, Pampanga]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=Agosto 2, 2018|title=The Bases of Moving Forward|work=Pampanga PEP|url=http://pampangapep.com/index.php/2018/08/02/the-bases-of-moving-forward/|access-date=Hulyo 14, 2020|language=en|trans-title=Ang mga Batayan ng Pagsulong}}{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=CV |url=https://www.bcda.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Vivencio%20Dizon%20CV.pdf |access-date=Nobyembre 16, 2020 |website=[[Pangasiwaan sa Pangkaunlarang Kumbersiyon ng mga Base]] |archive-date=2021-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117165743/https://www.bcda.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Vivencio%20Dizon%20CV.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nag-aral siya sa [[Don Bosco Technical College]] noong hayskul. Mula 1991 hanggang 1996, nag-aral siya sa [[Pamantasang De La Salle]] (DLSU) kung saan nakakuha siya ng digri ng Batsilyer sa Sining sa ekonomika at digri ng Batsilyer ng Agham sa Komersiyo sa Pamamahala ng mga Institusyong Pinansiyal. Habang naroon, siya ay isang kinatawan, at noong 1995, naging Pangulo ng Konseho ng Mag-aaral ng De La Salle University, na tumatakbo sa ilalim ng partidong pampulitika ng Alyansang Tapat sa Lasallista.<ref name=":1" /> Siya ay naging konsistenteng miyembro ng Dean's Honors List at ginawaran ng Natatanging Tesis sa Pananalapi.<ref name="auto1" /> Mula 1998 hanggang 1999, bilang iskolar ng British Chevening Scholarship, nag-aral si Dizon sa Unibersidad ng Reading para sa kanyang digring masterado. Nagtapos siya noong Disyembre 1999 na may digri ng Master ng Agham sa Aplikadong Pag-aaral sa Kaunlaran.<ref name="auto1" /> ==Mga sanggunian== {{Reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga Kapampangan]] [[Kategorya:Mga Ilokano]] [[Kategorya:Nabubuhay na mga tao]] [[Kategorya:Ipinanganak noong 1974]] c15rrg8gq1nwqdw1ljemrdr5l4ai76u 0 337792 2204460 2203073 2026-04-23T11:33:57Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Danish painter (1859–1935)}} {{Infobox artist |name = Anna Ancher |image = Anna Ancher Portrait.jpg |image_size = |caption = Photo by Frederik Riise |birth_name = Anna Kirstine Brøndum |birth_date = {{birth date|1859|8|18|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Skagen]], Denmark |death_date = {{death date and age|1935|4|15|1859|8|18|df=y}} |death_place = [[Skagen]], Denmark |field = Painting |training = [[Vilhelm Kyhn|Vilhelm Kyhn College of Painting]]<br />[[Pierre Puvis de Chavannes]] |movement = [[Impressionist]] |works = ''[[Sunlight in the Blue Room]]'' |awards = [[Ingenio et Arti]] (1939)<br />[[Tagea Brandt Rejselegat]] (1924) |spouse = {{marriage|[[Michael Ancher]]|1880|1927|end=died}} |children = [[Helga Ancher]] }} Si '''Anna Ancher''' (18 Agosto 1859 – 15 Abril 1935) ay isang Danish na artista na nauugnay sa [[Skagen Painters]], isang kolonya ng mga artista sa hilagang punto ng [[Jylland]], Denmark. Siya ay itinuturing na isa sa mga pinakadakilang visual artist ng Denmark. == Kaligiran == <gallery> Talaksan:Anna Ancher, self-portrait, c. 1877–78.jpg|Anna Ancher, self-portrait, {{Circa|1877}} </gallery>Si Anna Kirstine Brøndum ay ipinanganak sa [[Skagen]], Denmark, anak nina Ane Hedvig Møller (1826–1916) at Erik Andersen Brøndum (1820–1890). Siya lamang ang isa sa mga Pintor ng Skagen na ipinanganak at lumaki sa Skagen, kung saan pagmamay-ari ng kanyang ama ang [[Brøndums Hotel]] . Ang talento sa sining ni Anna Ancher ay naging halata sa murang edad at nakilala niya ang pictorial art sa pamamagitan ng maraming artistang nanirahan upang magpinta sa Skagen, sa hilaga ng Jylland. Habang nag-aaral siya ng pagguhit sa loob ng tatlong taon sa [[Vilhelm Kyhn|Vilhelm Kyhn College of Painting]] sa [[Copenhague|Copenhagen]], nakabuo siya ng sarili niyang istilo at naging tagapanguna sa pagmamasid sa interaksyon ng iba't ibang kulay sa natural na liwanag. Nag-aral din siya ng pagguhit sa [[Paris]] sa [[atelier]] ni [[Pierre Puvis de Chavannes]] kasama si [[Marie Triepcke Krøyer Alfvén|Marie Triepcke]], na ikinasal [[Peder Severin Krøyer|kay Peder Severin Krøyer]], isa pang pintor ng Skagen. Noong 1880, pinakasalan niya ang kapwa pintor na [[Michael Ancher|si Michael Ancher]], na nakilala niya sa Skagen. Nagkaroon sila ng isang anak, ang anak na babae na si [[Helga Ancher]] . Sa kabila ng panggigipit mula sa lipunan na dapat ilaan ng mga babaeng may-asawa ang kanilang sarili sa mga gawaing bahay, ipinagpatuloy niya ang pagpipinta pagkatapos ng kasal. <ref>[https://runeberg.org/dbl/1/0217.html ''Ancher, Anna Kirstine'' (Dansk biografisk Lexikon)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201012829/https://runeberg.org/dbl/1/0217.html|date=2023-12-01}} {{in lang|da}}</ref> == Karera == Si Anna Ancher ay itinuturing na isa sa mga dakilang pictorial artist ng Denmark dahil sa kanyang mga kakayahan bilang isang character painter at colorist. <ref>[http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Billedkunst/Danmark_1850-1910/Anna_Kirstine_Ancher "Anna Ancher"], ''Den Lille Danske''. {{In lang|da}} Retrieved 16 October 2011.</ref> Ang kanyang sining ay natagpuan ang ekspresyon nito sa modernong tagumpay ng sining Nordic tungo sa isang mas makatotohanang paglalarawan ng realidad, halimbawa sa ''Blue Ane'' (1882) at ''The Girl in the Kitchen'' (1883–1886). <ref name="anchershus">[http://www.anchershus.dk/anna_ancher.html "Anna Ancher"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201094550/http://anchershus.dk/anna_ancher.html |date=2015-02-01 }}, ''Michael og Anna Anchers Hus''. {{In lang|da}} Retrieved 16 October 2011.</ref> ==Sanggunian== <references /> {{stub}} 0lj1eev5no4oietegk5gbnoejddo0f8 0 337864 2204324 2203629 2026-04-23T03:04:27Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|American-British neuroscientist}} {{Infobox scientist | field = {{hlist|Neuroscience|Pisyolohiya|Parmakolohiya}} | workplaces = Propesor ng Neuroscience sa [[Unibersidad ng Kolehiyo ng London]] | website = https://profiles.ucl.ac.uk/43277-tara-keck | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|11|26}} | birth_place = [[Winston-Salem]], [[North Carolina]], U.S. | alma_mater = [[Unibersidad ng Harvard]]<br>[[Unibersidad ng Boston]] | known_for = Synaptic plasticity sa vivo }} Si '''Tara Keck''' (ipinanganak noong Nobyembre 26, 1978, sa Winston-Salem, North Carolina) ay isang Amerikanong-British na neuroscientist at [[Propesor]] ng [[Neuroscience]] at [[Wellcome Trust]] Senior Research Fellow, sa [[Unibersidad ng Kolehiyo ng London]] na nagtatrabaho sa Kagawaran ng [[Neuroscience]], [[Pisyolohiya]], at [[Parmakolohiya]]. Siya ang Pangalawang Dekano Internasyonal para sa Fakultad ng Agham Pangbuhay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UCL |date=2018-01-08 |title=People |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lifesciences-faculty/people |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=UCL Faculty of Life Sciences |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=UCL |date=2017-06-29 |title=Contact us |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/global/contact-us |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=UCL Global |language=en}}</ref> Pinag-aaralan niya ang [[synaptic plasticity]] na nakadepende sa karanasan, ang epekto nito sa pag-uugali<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/biosciences/departments/npp/people/iris-profiles/keck-tara|title=keck-tara|date=22 June 2017|website=www.ucl.ac.uk}}</ref> at kung paano ito nagbabago sa panahon ng pagtanda at mga sakit na may kaugnayan sa edad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Failures of neuronal homeostasis in Alzheimer's Disease and ageing {{!}} British Council|url=https://www.britishcouncil.org.il/en/birax/projects/ageing/Failures-of-neuronal-homeostasis|access-date=2020-10-17|website=www.britishcouncil.org.il|language=en}}</ref> Nakipagtulungan siya sa [[United Nations Population Fund]] sa mga pamamaraan para sa malusog na pagtanda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-30|title=Healthy Ageing Centres are important for older people in Bosnia and Herzegovina|url=https://ba.unfpa.org/en/news/healthy-ageing-centres-are-important-older-people-bosnia-and-herzegovina|access-date=2020-10-17|website=UNFPA Bosnia and Herzegovina|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Older people regularly visiting healthy ageing centres live healthier, longer lives, new study finds|url=https://ba.unfpa.org/en/news/older-people-regularly-visiting-healthy-ageing-centres-live-healthier-longer-lives-new-study|access-date=2020-10-17|website=UNFPA Bosnia and Herzegovina|language=en}}</ref> Ang kanyang kamakailang trabaho ay nakatuon sa kalungkutan sa mga matatanda, na may pagtuon sa kasarian.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-27|title=Providing support for day-to-day tasks most effective in reducing loneliness in older people, new UNFPA study finds|url=https://eeca.unfpa.org/en/news/providing-support-day-day-tasks-most-effective-reducing-loneliness-older-people-new-unfpa-study|access-date=2022-02-06|website=UNFPA EECA|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=UCL|title=Support for day-to-day tasks could reduce loneliness in older people|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2022/jan/support-day-day-tasks-could-reduce-loneliness-older-people|access-date=2022-02-06|website=UCL News|date=28 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=Support for day-to-day tasks could reducing loneliness in older people|url=https://www.miragenews.com/support-for-day-to-day-tasks-could-reducing-714718/|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Mirage News|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=London|first=University College|title=Support for day-to-day tasks could reduce loneliness in older people|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-01-day-to-day-tasks-loneliness-older-people.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=medicalxpress.com|language=en}}</ref> Siya ay hinirang bilang isang UNFPA Generations and Gender Fellow noong 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Board |url=https://www.harvardw3d.com/our-board |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=HARVARD W3D |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Edukasyon== Nag-aral si Propesor Keck sa [[Harvard University]] mula 1997 hanggang 2001, na nag-major sa [[engineering|bioengineering]] at pagkatapos ay nakakuha ng [[PhD]] sa [[biomedical engineering]] mula sa [[Boston University]] noong 2005, kasama si John White.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lab Alumni |url=https://www.ndlbu.org/lab-alumni-1 |access-date=2020-11-25 |website=Neuronal Dynamics Lab - John A. White |language=en-US}}</ref> Lumaki siya sa [[Erie, Pennsylvania]] at nag-aral sa [[Fairview High School (Pennsylvania)|Fairview High School]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fairviewschools.org/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=12462820 |title=Roaring into Tomorrow |website=www.fairviewschools.org}}</ref> == Karera == Natapos ni Propesor Keck ang kanyang pananaliksik na [[postdoctoral]] sa [[Max Planck Institute]] ng [[Neurobiology]] sa [[Munich]], [[Alemanya]] kasama si [[Tobias Bonhoeffer]] at Mark Hübener.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bonhoeffer Lab Alumni|url=https://bonhoefferlab.de/alumni.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Nakatanggap siya ng MRC Career Development Fellowship mula sa [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)]] noong 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/prizes/mrc-career-development-award(37152c5e-55f3-473a-b465-c62651342658).html|title=MRC Career Development Award - Research Portal, King's College, London|website=kclpure.kcl.ac.uk}}</ref> at kasunod nito ay nagsimula ng sarili niyang laboratoryo sa [[King's College London]] sa MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tara Keck - Research Portal, King's College, London|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/tara.keck.html|website=kclpure.kcl.ac.uk|access-date=2020-05-27}}{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Noong 2014, inilipat niya ang kanyang laboratoryo sa [[University College London]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=keck-tara|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/biosciences/people/keck-tara|last=UCL|date=2019-02-08|website=UCL Division of Biosciences|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> Noong 2018, ginawaran siya ng Senior Research Fellowship mula sa [[Wellcome Trust]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inhibitory mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity in vivo {{!}} Wellcome|url=https://wellcome.org/grant-funding/people-and-projects/grants-awarded/inhibitory-mechanisms-homeostatic-plasticity-vivo|access-date=2020-10-17|website=wellcome.org}}</ref> Ang gawain ni Propesor Keck ay nakatuon sa iba't ibang anyo ng synaptic plasticity sa buo na utak, na may pagtuon sa [[homeostatic plasticity]] at mga pagbabago sa plasticity sa panahon ng pagtanda at mga sakit na may kaugnayan sa edad.<ref name=":0" /> Ipinakita ng kanyang trabaho na ang mga mekanismo ng homeostatic in vivo ay maaaring ipatupad sa antas ng network, sa halip na sa isang antas ng iisang selula..<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barnes|first1=Samuel J.|last2=Sammons|first2=Rosanna P.|last3=Jacobsen|first3=R. Irene|last4=Mackie|first4=Jennifer|last5=Keller|first5=Georg B.|last6=Keck|first6=Tara|date=2015-06-03|title=Subnetwork-Specific Homeostatic Plasticity in Mouse Visual Cortex In Vivo|journal=Neuron|volume=86|issue=5|pages=1290–1303|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.010|issn=1097-4199|pmc=4460189|pmid=26050045}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barnes|first1=Samuel J.|last2=Franzoni|first2=Eleonora|last3=Jacobsen|first3=R. Irene|last4=Erdelyi|first4=Ferenc|last5=Szabo|first5=Gabor|last6=Clopath|first6=Claudia|last7=Keller|first7=Georg B.|last8=Keck|first8=Tara|date=2017-11-15|title=Deprivation-Induced Homeostatic Spine Scaling In Vivo Is Localized to Dendritic Branches that Have Undergone Recent Spine Loss|journal=Neuron|volume=96|issue=4|pages=871–882.e5|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.052|issn=1097-4199|pmc=5697914|pmid=29107520}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barnes |first1=Samuel J |last2=Keller |first2=Georg B |last3=Keck |first3=Tara |date=2022-12-14 |editor-last=Goda |editor-first=Yukiko |editor-link=Yukiko Goda |editor2-last=Chen |editor2-first=Lu |editor3-last=Hengen |editor3-first=Keith B |title=Homeostatic regulation through strengthening of neuronal network-correlated synaptic inputs |journal=eLife |volume=11 |article-number=e81958 |doi=10.7554/eLife.81958 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=9803349 |pmid=36515269 |s2cid=251474035 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barnes |first1=Samuel J |last2=Keller |first2=Georg B |last3=Keck |first3=Tara |date=2022-12-14 |editor-last=Goda |editor-first=Yukiko |editor-link=Yukiko Goda |editor2-last=Chen |editor2-first=Lu |editor3-last=Hengen |editor3-first=Keith B |title=Homeostatic regulation through strengthening of neuronal network-correlated synaptic inputs |journal=eLife |volume=11 |article-number=e81958 |doi=10.7554/eLife.81958 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=9803349 |pmid=36515269 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Siya ay nakatanggap ng [[Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award]] at ng [https://www.neuro.mpg.de/wekerlefoundation Wekerle Foundation Award]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tara Keck and Tatiana Tomasi receive Outstanding Paper Award|url=https://www.neuro.mpg.de/3874687/0903_WekerleAward|website=www.neuro.mpg.de|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>[https://www.neuro.mpg.de/wekerlefoundation ,] at naging finalist para sa Max Planck Society Neuroscience Research Award. == Mga Sanggunian == {{reflist}} ==Mga panlabas na link== *[http://www.kecklab.com Keck Lab website] *[https://profiles.ucl.ac.uk/43277-tara-keck Keck's Faculty Page at UCL] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Keck, Tara}} [[Kategorya:Mga Amerikanong babaeng neuroscientist]] [[Kategorya:Mga Amerikanong neuroscientist]] [[Kategorya:Mga Akademiko ng King's College London]] [[Kategorya:Mga Akademiko ng University College London]] [[Kategorya:Mga alumni ng Boston University College of Engineering]] [[Kategorya:Mga alumni ng Harvard University]] [[Kategorya:Mga taong nabubuhay]] [[Kategorya:Mga siyentipikong Amerikano noong ika-21 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga siyentipikong Amerikano noong ika-21 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga kapanganakan noong 1978]] [[Kategorya:Mga may hawak ng Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award]] [[Kategorya:Mga babaeng akademikong Amerikano noong ika-21 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga akademikong Amerikano noong ika-21 siglo]] 36o4drgfq9la6ksais7fu8u01pbhxvg 0 337877 2204252 2203678 2026-04-22T19:27:16Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Iranian American biomedical scientist}}{{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = | name = Saba Valadkhan | honorific_suffix = | image = <!--(filename only, i.e. without "File:" prefix)--> | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = <!-- if different from "name" --> | birth_date = <!--{{birth date |YYYY|MM|DD}}--> | birth_place = | death_date = <!--{{death date and age |YYYY|MM|DD |YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date)--> | citizenship = | nationality = | workplaces = Case Western Reserve University | education = | alma_mater = Columbia University | thesis_title = Catalytic and folding properties of protein-free spliceosomal snRNSs | thesis_url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56188443 | thesis_year = 2003 | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | awards = | spouse = <!--(or | spouses = )--> | partner = <!--(or | partners = )--> | children = | website = <!--{{URL|www.example.com}}--> }} Si '''Saba Valadkhan''' ({{langx|fa|صبا ولدخان}}) ay isang [[Iranian American]] [[biomedical scientist]], at isang Assistant Professor at mananaliksik ng [[RNA]] sa [[Case Western Reserve University]] sa [[Cleveland]], Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-06|title=Saba Valadkhan|url=https://case.edu/cancer/members/member-directory/saba-valadkhan|access-date=2020-07-12|website=Case Comprehensive Cancer Center {{!}} School of Medicine {{!}} Case Western Reserve University|language=en}}</ref> Noong 2005, ginawaran siya ng [[GE]] / ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' Young Scientist Award para sa kanyang tagumpay sa pag-unawa sa mekanismo ng mga [[spliceosome]] - "katulad ng paghahanap sa Banal na Kopita ng [[Splicing (genetics)|splicing]] [[catalysis]] field" <ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/05/aug/1088.html|title=Saba Valadkhan of Case Western Reserve University Wins Young Scientist Award|website=www.payvand.com|access-date=2005-08-12|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126015044/http://www.payvand.com/news/05/aug/1088.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> - isang kritikal na larangan ng pananaliksik, dahil "20 porsyento o 30 porsyento ng lahat ng sakit na henetiko ng tao ay sanhi ng mga pagkakamaling nagagawa ng spliceosome".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2005/0210ys-Valadkhan.shtml|title=News|website=aaas.org|access-date=2005-08-12|archive-date=2008-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620211459/http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2005/0210ys-Valadkhan.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Edukasyon == Si Valadkhan ay naging kwalipikado bilang isang doktor sa [[Tehran University of Medical Sciences|Tehran University of Medial Sciences]] sa [[Iran]] noong 1996. Lumipat siya sa [[Estados Unidos|Amerika]] upang ipagpatuloy ang kanyang Ph.D. sa [[Columbia University]], [[Lungsod ng New York|New York]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Saba Valadkhan: A Renowned Biomedical Scientist|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/08/dec/1282.html|access-date=2020-07-12|website=www.payvand.com|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130045142/http://www.payvand.com/news/08/dec/1282.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Noong 2004, sumali siya bilang isang Assistant Professor sa [[Case Western Reserve University]] sa [[Cleveland]], Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Valadkhan Lab|url=http://www.valadkhanlab.org/news.php|access-date=2020-07-12|website=www.valadkhanlab.org|archive-date=2020-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714090900/http://www.valadkhanlab.org/news.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Pananaliksik sa doktorado == Pinag-aralan ni Valadkhan ang papel ng mga [[maliliit na nuclear RNA]] sa spliceosome ng tao sa ilalim ng pangangasiwa ni Prof. James Manley.<ref name=":1" /> Ang pangunahing pokus ng kanyang pananaliksik ay ang paglilinaw sa istruktura at tungkulin ng catalytic core ng spliceosome sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng isang nobela at minimal spliceosome na kanyang binuo kamakailan.. Ang minimal na sistemang ito, na binubuo lamang ng dalawang spliceosomal [[snRNA]], ay nagpapabilis ng isang reaksyon na kapareho ng reaksyon ng splicing. Bukod sa pagbibigay ng direktang ebidensya para sa RNA catalysis sa spliceosome, at sa gayon, an minimal system ay nagbibigay ng isang bago at makapangyarihang kasangkapan para sa pag-aaral ng istruktura at tungkulin ng spliceosome. == Mga Parangal at Pagpupugay == Si Valadkhan ay ginawaran ng parangal na Harold Weintraub mula sa [[Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center]] sa [[Seattle]] para sa kanyang tesis ng doktorado.<ref name=":0" /> Siya ay pinangalanang isang [[Searle Scholars Program|Searle Scholar]] noong 2004. Ginawaran din siya ng [[American Association for Advancement of Science]] (AAAS) Young Scientist Grand Prize sa parehong taon.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Saba Valadkhan of Case Western Reserve University Wins Young Scientist Award|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/05/aug/1088.html|access-date=2021-09-25|website=www.payvand.com|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126015044/http://www.payvand.com/news/05/aug/1088.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Noong 2006, siya ay naging isang founding member ng Rosalind Franklin Society.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.rosalindfranklinsociety.org/|access-date=2020-07-12|website=www.rosalindfranklinsociety.org}}</ref> She was also honoured with the Nsoroma Award from Cleveland Chapter of the National Technical Association in 2006. == Tingnan din == * [[Listahan ng mga sikat na babaeng Persiano|Listahan ng mga sikat na babaeng Iranian]] ==Mga Sanggunian== {{Reflist}} ==Mga panlabas na link== *[https://archive.today/20130128191812/http://www.mideastyouth.com/2008/12/24/interview-with-the-iranian-genius-of-biomedicine/ Interview] *{{google scholar id|XrVHPLEAAAAJ}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Valadkhan, Saba}} ceusktxus0i9nqbb5m5ym60aq02rft7 0 337924 2204453 2203880 2026-04-23T10:21:28Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Amerikanong botanista (1881–1969)}} {{Infobox person | name = Alice L. Kibbe | image = Alice L. Kibbe.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1881|06|27}} | birth_place = [[Bridgewater, Timog Dakota]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1969|01|21|1881|06|27}} | death_place =Bellingham, Washington | other_names = | occupation = [[botanista]] | years_active = 1920-1956 | education = Paaralang Normal ng Estado ng Washington sa Bellingham 1905 <br> A.B. Unibersidad ng Washington 1910 <br> M.A. Unibersidad ng Washington 1914 <br> M.S. Unibersidad ng Cornell 1920 <br> Ph.D. Unibersidad ng Cornell 1926 | alma mater = [[Paaralang Normal ng Estado ng Washington sa Bellingham]]<br>[[Unibersidad ng Washington]]<br> [[Unibersidad ng Cornell]] | known_for = | notable_works = }} Si Dr. '''Alice Lovina Kibbe''' (Hunyo 27, 1881 – Enero 21, 1969) ay isang [[Estados Unidos ng Amerika|Amerikano]] [[Botany|botanista]], at Propesor at Tagapangulo ng [[Biyolohiya]] sa [[Carthage College]] sa [[Carthage, Illinois]] mula 1920 hanggang 1956. Nakilala siya sa rehiyon bilang isang [[natural historyador]], [[pilantropo|pilantropo]] at [[manlalakbay]], at dahil sa kanyang tungkulin bilang isang sinaunang babaeng pinunong akademiko. ==Buhay== Nagtapos siya sa [[Western Washington University#History|State Normal School]], at mula sa [[University of Washington]] noong 1910 kasama ang A.B. at noong 1914 na may M.A., at [[Cornell University]] noong 1920 na may M.S. at noong 1926 na may tesis na Ph.D. na "Isang Survey ng Halaman sa Hancock Co., Illinois".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Morris, Everett F.|title=Alice Lovina Kibbe 1881–1969|journal=Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science|year=1969|volume=62|issue=4|pages=339–341|url=http://ilacadofsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/062-50-print.pdf}}</ref> Nang lumipat ang Carthage College noong 1964, bumalik si Kibbe sa kanyang bayang sinilangan na [[Washington (estado)|Washington]], at inialay ang malaking bahagi ng kanyang lokal na ari-arian para sa pampublikong paggamit. Ang kaniyang donasyon ng isang kakahuyan sa [[Ilog Mississippi]] malapit sa [[Warsaw, Illinois|Warsaw]], Illinois ang siyang bumuo sa sentro ng {{convert|7|km2|adj=on|sp=us}} [[Alice L. Kibbe Life Science Research Station]], pinapatakbo ng [[Pamantasan ng Kanlurang Illinois]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.journalpilot.com/news/article_f2da1275-6687-5d0a-bfe3-182077035467.html|title=WIU celebrates 40th year for Kibbe Life Sciences Station|work=Hancock County Journal-Pilot|date=November 14, 2007|author= Joy Swearingen}}</ref> Ang malawak na personal na koleksyon ng kasaysayang natural ni Kibbe ay nakaimbak sa [[Kibbe Hancock Heritage Museum]] sa Carthage. ==Mga Sanggunian== {{reflist}} ==Mga panlabas na link== *[http://www.wiu.edu/kibbe/ "Welcome to the Alice L. Kibbe Life Science Station"] at Western Illinois University *[http://www.greatriverroad.com/quincy/kibbemuseum.htm Visitors Guide to Kibbe Hancock Heritage Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524102650/http://www.greatriverroad.com/quincy/kibbemuseum.htm |date=2016-05-24 }} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kibbe, Alice L.}} [[Kategorya:Mga Amerikanong botanista noong ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga babaeng botanista ng Amerika]] [[Kategorya:Mga guro ng Carthage College]] [[Kategorya:1881 na kapanganakan]] [[Kategorya:1969 na pagkamatay]] [[Kategorya:Mga Amerikanong siyentipiko noong ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga tao mula sa McCook County, South Dakota]] [[Kategorya:Mga Amerikanong pilantropo noong ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga babaeng akademiko noong ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga babaeng biyologo ng Amerika noong ika-20 siglo]] er4n5x7u2tviszubzwmulhhaso0tz4c 0 337942 2204213 2204178 2026-04-22T13:18:36Z Jojit fb 38 2204213 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]]. Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]], na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]]. Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] ic2a54vruwc647td2nxpcqf9ute22yp 2204216 2204213 2026-04-22T13:30:10Z Jojit fb 38 2204216 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]]. Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]], na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] ax7o13azqvf1ebtwkcte6v7omdo47lm 2204303 2204216 2026-04-23T00:12:08Z Jojit fb 38 2204303 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]], na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] dvq6hrgn6zacfmw02d07xjlg0dwip3j 2204305 2204303 2026-04-23T00:17:22Z Jojit fb 38 2204305 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] 20jw4bozg73wjbbrf8udhe3neo2kl8a 2204308 2204305 2026-04-23T00:22:59Z Jojit fb 38 2204308 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino. Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] 57vdborbsw55okfij64vemdp2uulcrq 2204312 2204308 2026-04-23T00:47:02Z Jojit fb 38 2204312 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>HEISER VG. THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. JAMA. 1907;XLVIII(10):856–861. doi:10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] rmymekiaqkdql4akjb4ppcdsvxx6zp3 2204314 2204312 2026-04-23T01:04:31Z Jojit fb 38 2204314 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] kltoz9fnmdhm6op0c7tqqvmhclqwtqd 2204330 2204314 2026-04-23T04:51:26Z Jojit fb 38 2204330 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga Moro sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906. Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada. Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] aavh6sbtdyql5bnmabomx6a9t56inza 2204331 2204330 2026-04-23T04:54:16Z Jojit fb 38 2204331 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga Moro sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llanes |first=Ferdinand C. |date=2016-09-18 |title=Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada. Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] rq37ri22hyxzqdvf48yvx7pt9swfmbx 2204332 2204331 2026-04-23T05:03:53Z Jojit fb 38 2204332 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga Moro sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llanes |first=Ferdinand C. |date=2016-09-18 |title=Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moro Rebellion |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/encyclopedia/war-and-military-affairs/moro-rebellion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Theodore Roosevelt Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] 3eeflt2s9a87a5v2or5pporo8n3hyag 2204334 2204332 2026-04-23T05:09:33Z Jojit fb 38 2204334 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga Moro sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llanes |first=Ferdinand C. |date=2016-09-18 |title=Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moro Rebellion |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/encyclopedia/war-and-military-affairs/moro-rebellion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Theodore Roosevelt Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Sa aspeto ng [[relihiyon]] at pakikibaka, umusbong at naitatag ang [[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]] noong 1902 bilang pag-aalsa laban sa mga prayleng [[Espanya|Kastila]]. Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] 1ofpm5tw5so222wgxwvfc4onzvbvr81 2204335 2204334 2026-04-23T05:13:14Z Jojit fb 38 2204335 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga Moro sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llanes |first=Ferdinand C. |date=2016-09-18 |title=Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moro Rebellion |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/encyclopedia/war-and-military-affairs/moro-rebellion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Theodore Roosevelt Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Sa aspeto ng [[relihiyon]] at pakikibaka, umusbong at naitatag ang [[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]] noong 1902 bilang pag-aalsa laban sa mga prayleng [[Espanya|Kastila]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1958-01-01 |title=Philippine Independent Church {{!}} World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/philippine-independent-church |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.oikoumene.org |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] h2eesmn2cm4v1ojwhwe936vct7ezw4x 2204384 2204335 2026-04-23T07:52:16Z Jojit fb 38 2204384 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga [[Moro]] sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llanes |first=Ferdinand C. |date=2016-09-18 |title=Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moro Rebellion |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/encyclopedia/war-and-military-affairs/moro-rebellion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Theodore Roosevelt Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Sa aspeto ng [[relihiyon]] at pakikibaka, umusbong at naitatag ang [[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]] noong 1902 bilang pag-aalsa laban sa mga prayleng [[Espanya|Kastila]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1958-01-01 |title=Philippine Independent Church {{!}} World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/philippine-independent-church |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.oikoumene.org |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] fwa6329w6bxrk82dxiuk6ygwump5cd1 2204392 2204384 2026-04-23T08:10:44Z Jojit fb 38 2204392 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga [[Moro]] sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llanes |first=Ferdinand C. |date=2016-09-18 |title=Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moro Rebellion |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/encyclopedia/war-and-military-affairs/moro-rebellion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Theodore Roosevelt Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Sa aspeto ng [[relihiyon]] at pakikibaka, umusbong at naitatag ang [[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]] noong 1902 bilang pag-aalsa laban sa mga prayleng [[Espanya|Kastila]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1958-01-01 |title=Philippine Independent Church {{!}} World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/philippine-independent-church |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.oikoumene.org |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Ang dekada 1900 ay naging makulay din sa larangan ng [[Panitikan sa Pilipinas|panitikan]] at pamamahayag sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa pagpasok ng mga bagong palimbagan at limitadong kalayaan sa pamamahayag sa ilalim ng pamahalaang Amerikano, dumaan sa isang "Gintong Panahon" ang nobelang Tagalog. Umusbong ang mga makabayang pahayagan gaya ng ''El Renacimiento'' at ang edisyong [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] nito na ''Muling Pagsilang''. Sa panahong ito inilathala nang baha-bahagi ang mga mahahalagang akda tulad ng ''[[Banaag at Sikat]]'' (1906) ni [[Lope K. Santos]], na tumalakay sa mga isyung panlipunan, sosyalismo, at karapatan ng mga manggagawa. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] f0633do6lf8yf8k4qnner1bmbu94iqo 2204404 2204392 2026-04-23T08:42:45Z Jojit fb 38 2204404 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga [[Moro]] sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llanes |first=Ferdinand C. |date=2016-09-18 |title=Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moro Rebellion |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/encyclopedia/war-and-military-affairs/moro-rebellion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Theodore Roosevelt Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Sa aspeto ng [[relihiyon]] at pakikibaka, umusbong at naitatag ang [[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]] noong 1902 bilang pag-aalsa laban sa mga prayleng [[Espanya|Kastila]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1958-01-01 |title=Philippine Independent Church {{!}} World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/philippine-independent-church |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.oikoumene.org |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Ang dekada 1900 ay naging makulay din sa larangan ng [[Panitikan sa Pilipinas|panitikan]] at pamamahayag sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa pagpasok ng mga bagong palimbagan at limitadong kalayaan sa pamamahayag sa ilalim ng pamahalaang Amerikano, dumaan sa isang "Gintong Panahon" ang nobelang Tagalog.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Remoto |first=Danton |title=‘Asia’s first proletariat novel’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2022/01/22/2155555/asias-first-proletariat-novel |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Philstar.com |language=en}}</ref> Umusbong ang mga makabayang pahayagan gaya ng ''El Renacimiento'' at ang edisyong [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] nito na ''Muling Pagsilang''. Sa panahong ito inilathala nang baha-bahagi ang mga mahahalagang akda tulad ng ''[[Banaag at Sikat]]'' (1906) ni [[Lope K. Santos]], na tumalakay sa mga isyung panlipunan, sosyalismo, at karapatan ng mga manggagawa. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] b4cr1i04bvecpoli8n63i9k2tury7no 2204408 2204404 2026-04-23T08:48:25Z Jojit fb 38 2204408 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga [[Moro]] sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llanes |first=Ferdinand C. |date=2016-09-18 |title=Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moro Rebellion |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/encyclopedia/war-and-military-affairs/moro-rebellion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Theodore Roosevelt Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Sa aspeto ng [[relihiyon]] at pakikibaka, umusbong at naitatag ang [[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]] noong 1902 bilang pag-aalsa laban sa mga prayleng [[Espanya|Kastila]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1958-01-01 |title=Philippine Independent Church {{!}} World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/philippine-independent-church |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.oikoumene.org |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Ang dekada 1900 ay naging makulay din sa larangan ng [[Panitikan sa Pilipinas|panitikan]] at pamamahayag sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa pagpasok ng mga bagong palimbagan at limitadong kalayaan sa pamamahayag sa ilalim ng pamahalaang Amerikano, dumaan sa isang "Gintong Panahon" ang nobelang Tagalog.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Remoto |first=Danton |title=‘Asia’s first proletariat novel’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2022/01/22/2155555/asias-first-proletariat-novel |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Philstar.com |language=en}}</ref> Umusbong ang mga makabayang pahayagan gaya ng ''El Renacimiento'' at ang edisyong [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] nito na ''Muling Pagsilang''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cano |first=Glòria |date=2011 |title=Filipino Press between Two Empires: |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/49/3/49_KJ00007499839/_article |journal=Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=395–430 |doi=10.20495/tak.49.3_395}}</ref> Sa panahong ito inilathala nang baha-bahagi ang mga mahahalagang akda tulad ng ''[[Banaag at Sikat]]'' (1906) ni [[Lope K. Santos]], na tumalakay sa mga isyung panlipunan, sosyalismo, at karapatan ng mga manggagawa. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] 2ahabp2vji01zj7oq4ybf9693w9ile1 2204410 2204408 2026-04-23T08:50:29Z Jojit fb 38 2204410 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga [[Moro]] sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llanes |first=Ferdinand C. |date=2016-09-18 |title=Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moro Rebellion |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/encyclopedia/war-and-military-affairs/moro-rebellion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Theodore Roosevelt Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Sa aspeto ng [[relihiyon]] at pakikibaka, umusbong at naitatag ang [[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]] noong 1902 bilang pag-aalsa laban sa mga prayleng [[Espanya|Kastila]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1958-01-01 |title=Philippine Independent Church {{!}} World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/philippine-independent-church |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.oikoumene.org |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Ang dekada 1900 ay naging makulay din sa larangan ng [[Panitikan sa Pilipinas|panitikan]] at pamamahayag sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa pagpasok ng mga bagong palimbagan at limitadong kalayaan sa pamamahayag sa ilalim ng pamahalaang Amerikano, dumaan sa isang "Gintong Panahon" ang nobelang Tagalog.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Remoto |first=Danton |title=‘Asia’s first proletariat novel’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2022/01/22/2155555/asias-first-proletariat-novel |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Philstar.com |language=en}}</ref> Umusbong ang mga makabayang pahayagan gaya ng ''El Renacimiento'' at ang edisyong [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] nito na ''Muling Pagsilang''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cano |first=Glòria |date=2011 |title=Filipino Press between Two Empires: |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/49/3/49_KJ00007499839/_article |journal=Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=395–430 |doi=10.20495/tak.49.3_395}}</ref> Sa panahong ito inilathala nang baha-bahagi ang mga mahahalagang akda tulad ng ''[[Banaag at Sikat]]'' (1906) ni [[Lope K. Santos]], na tumalakay sa mga isyung panlipunan, sosyalismo, at karapatan ng mga manggagawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banaag at Sikat (Radiance and Sunrise) {{!}} Independent Publishers Group |url=https://www.ipgbook.com/banaag-at-sikat--radiance-and-sunrise--products-9789814914055.php |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.ipgbook.com |language=en}}</ref> Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] 1r7th3t1ihis7mmxkgncuflo9qi0a5o 2204436 2204410 2026-04-23T09:23:58Z Jojit fb 38 2204436 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga [[Moro]] sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llanes |first=Ferdinand C. |date=2016-09-18 |title=Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moro Rebellion |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/encyclopedia/war-and-military-affairs/moro-rebellion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Theodore Roosevelt Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Sa aspeto ng [[relihiyon]] at pakikibaka, umusbong at naitatag ang [[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]] noong 1902 bilang pag-aalsa laban sa mga prayleng [[Espanya|Kastila]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1958-01-01 |title=Philippine Independent Church {{!}} World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/philippine-independent-church |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.oikoumene.org |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Ang dekada 1900 ay naging makulay din sa larangan ng [[Panitikan sa Pilipinas|panitikan]] at pamamahayag sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa pagpasok ng mga bagong palimbagan at limitadong kalayaan sa pamamahayag sa ilalim ng pamahalaang Amerikano, dumaan sa isang "Gintong Panahon" ang nobelang Tagalog.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Remoto |first=Danton |title=‘Asia’s first proletariat novel’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2022/01/22/2155555/asias-first-proletariat-novel |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Philstar.com |language=en}}</ref> Umusbong ang mga makabayang pahayagan gaya ng ''El Renacimiento'' at ang edisyong [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] nito na ''Muling Pagsilang''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cano |first=Glòria |date=2011 |title=Filipino Press between Two Empires: |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/49/3/49_KJ00007499839/_article |journal=Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=395–430 |doi=10.20495/tak.49.3_395}}</ref> Sa panahong ito inilathala nang baha-bahagi ang mga mahahalagang akda tulad ng ''[[Banaag at Sikat]]'' (1906) ni [[Lope K. Santos]], na tumalakay sa mga isyung panlipunan, sosyalismo, at karapatan ng mga manggagawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banaag at Sikat (Radiance and Sunrise) {{!}} Independent Publishers Group |url=https://www.ipgbook.com/banaag-at-sikat--radiance-and-sunrise--products-9789814914055.php |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.ipgbook.com |language=en}}</ref> Sa larangan ng musika sa Pilipinas, naitatag ang isa sa mga unang konserbatoryo ng musika sa [[Kolehiyo ng Santa Eskolastika|Kolehiyo ng Santa Scholastica]] noong 1906. Umusbong naman ang katutubong [[sarsuwela]] mula sa Kastilang ''[[zarzuela]]'' noong 1900 kung saan ang mga kompositor gaya nina Bonifacio Abdon at [[Jose Estella]] ay lumikha ng mga himig na naging basehan ng klasikong [[kundiman]]. Samantala, itinatag ang Philippine Constabulary Band ay itinatag noong ika-15 ng Oktubre, 1902, sa pamumuno ni [[Walter Loving]] sa utos ni Gobernador-Heneral William Howard Taft upang magsilbing opisyal na yunit pangmusika ng gobyernong kolonyal ng Amerika sa Pilipinas. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] 8i6f0hlwof6t3lp84ne3k2evln6milk 2204439 2204436 2026-04-23T09:25:47Z Jojit fb 38 2204439 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga [[Moro]] sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llanes |first=Ferdinand C. |date=2016-09-18 |title=Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moro Rebellion |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/encyclopedia/war-and-military-affairs/moro-rebellion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Theodore Roosevelt Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Sa aspeto ng [[relihiyon]] at pakikibaka, umusbong at naitatag ang [[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]] noong 1902 bilang pag-aalsa laban sa mga prayleng [[Espanya|Kastila]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1958-01-01 |title=Philippine Independent Church {{!}} World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/philippine-independent-church |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.oikoumene.org |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Ang dekada 1900 ay naging makulay din sa larangan ng [[Panitikan sa Pilipinas|panitikan]] at pamamahayag sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa pagpasok ng mga bagong palimbagan at limitadong kalayaan sa pamamahayag sa ilalim ng pamahalaang Amerikano, dumaan sa isang "Gintong Panahon" ang nobelang Tagalog.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Remoto |first=Danton |title=‘Asia’s first proletariat novel’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2022/01/22/2155555/asias-first-proletariat-novel |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Philstar.com |language=en}}</ref> Umusbong ang mga makabayang pahayagan gaya ng ''El Renacimiento'' at ang edisyong [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] nito na ''Muling Pagsilang''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cano |first=Glòria |date=2011 |title=Filipino Press between Two Empires: |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/49/3/49_KJ00007499839/_article |journal=Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=395–430 |doi=10.20495/tak.49.3_395}}</ref> Sa panahong ito inilathala nang baha-bahagi ang mga mahahalagang akda tulad ng ''[[Banaag at Sikat]]'' (1906) ni [[Lope K. Santos]], na tumalakay sa mga isyung panlipunan, sosyalismo, at karapatan ng mga manggagawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banaag at Sikat (Radiance and Sunrise) {{!}} Independent Publishers Group |url=https://www.ipgbook.com/banaag-at-sikat--radiance-and-sunrise--products-9789814914055.php |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.ipgbook.com |language=en}}</ref> Sa larangan ng musika sa Pilipinas, naitatag ang isa sa mga unang konserbatoryo ng musika sa [[Kolehiyo ng Santa Eskolastika|Kolehiyo ng Santa Scholastica]] noong 1906.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Canave-Dioquino |first=Corazon |title=Music in the Philippines since 1898 |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/music/music-in-the-philippines-since-1898/ |website=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Umusbong naman ang katutubong [[sarsuwela]] mula sa Kastilang ''[[zarzuela]]'' noong 1900 kung saan ang mga kompositor gaya nina Bonifacio Abdon at [[Jose Estella]] ay lumikha ng mga himig na naging basehan ng klasikong [[kundiman]]. Samantala, itinatag ang Philippine Constabulary Band ay itinatag noong ika-15 ng Oktubre, 1902, sa pamumuno ni [[Walter Loving]] sa utos ni Gobernador-Heneral William Howard Taft upang magsilbing opisyal na yunit pangmusika ng gobyernong kolonyal ng Amerika sa Pilipinas. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] m1rlenfnx7sir61tluy33vyhdamafs3 2204440 2204439 2026-04-23T09:26:13Z Jojit fb 38 2204440 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga [[Moro]] sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llanes |first=Ferdinand C. |date=2016-09-18 |title=Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moro Rebellion |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/encyclopedia/war-and-military-affairs/moro-rebellion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Theodore Roosevelt Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Sa aspeto ng [[relihiyon]] at pakikibaka, umusbong at naitatag ang [[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]] noong 1902 bilang pag-aalsa laban sa mga prayleng [[Espanya|Kastila]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1958-01-01 |title=Philippine Independent Church {{!}} World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/philippine-independent-church |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.oikoumene.org |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Ang dekada 1900 ay naging makulay din sa larangan ng [[Panitikan sa Pilipinas|panitikan]] at pamamahayag sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa pagpasok ng mga bagong palimbagan at limitadong kalayaan sa pamamahayag sa ilalim ng pamahalaang Amerikano, dumaan sa isang "Gintong Panahon" ang nobelang Tagalog.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Remoto |first=Danton |title=‘Asia’s first proletariat novel’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2022/01/22/2155555/asias-first-proletariat-novel |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Philstar.com |language=en}}</ref> Umusbong ang mga makabayang pahayagan gaya ng ''El Renacimiento'' at ang edisyong [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] nito na ''Muling Pagsilang''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cano |first=Glòria |date=2011 |title=Filipino Press between Two Empires: |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/49/3/49_KJ00007499839/_article |journal=Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=395–430 |doi=10.20495/tak.49.3_395}}</ref> Sa panahong ito inilathala nang baha-bahagi ang mga mahahalagang akda tulad ng ''[[Banaag at Sikat]]'' (1906) ni [[Lope K. Santos]], na tumalakay sa mga isyung panlipunan, sosyalismo, at karapatan ng mga manggagawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banaag at Sikat (Radiance and Sunrise) {{!}} Independent Publishers Group |url=https://www.ipgbook.com/banaag-at-sikat--radiance-and-sunrise--products-9789814914055.php |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.ipgbook.com |language=en}}</ref> Sa larangan ng musika sa Pilipinas, naitatag ang isa sa mga unang konserbatoryo ng musika sa [[Kolehiyo ng Santa Eskolastika|Kolehiyo ng Santa Scholastica]] noong 1906.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Canave-Dioquino |first=Corazon |title=Music in the Philippines since 1898 |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/music/music-in-the-philippines-since-1898/ |website=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Umusbong naman ang katutubong [[sarsuwela]] mula sa Kastilang ''[[zarzuela]]'' noong 1900 kung saan ang mga kompositor gaya nina Bonifacio Abdon at [[Jose Estella]] ay lumikha ng mga himig na naging basehan ng klasikong [[kundiman]].<ref name=":1" /> Samantala, itinatag ang Philippine Constabulary Band ay itinatag noong ika-15 ng Oktubre, 1902, sa pamumuno ni [[Walter Loving]] sa utos ni Gobernador-Heneral William Howard Taft upang magsilbing opisyal na yunit pangmusika ng gobyernong kolonyal ng Amerika sa Pilipinas. Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] cuklu77sgsvkqz7wmciehbied52vayi 2204443 2204440 2026-04-23T09:28:57Z Jojit fb 38 2204443 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''dekada 1900''' (binibigkas na "labinsiyam na raan") ay ang dekadang nagsimula noong Enero 1, 1900, at nagtapos noong Disyembre 31, 1909. Sakop ng panahong Edwardiyano (1901–1910) ang halos katulad na haba ng panahon. Ang terminong "'''labinsiyam na raan'''" ay ginagamit din kung minsan upang tumukoy sa buong siglo mula Enero 1, 1900, hanggang Disyembre 31, 1999 (ang mga taong nagsisimula sa "19"). Nagpatuloy ang [[Pag-aagawan para sa Aprika]], kung saan ang Malayang Estado ng Orange, Republika ng Timog Aprikano, Imperyong Ashanti, Konpederasiyang Aro, Kalipatong Sokoto, at Emiratong Kano ay nasakop ng [[Imperyong Briton]]. Kasabay nito, sinakop ng Imperyong Pranses ang Borno, sinakop ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] ang Emiratong Adamawa, at sinakop naman ng Imperyong Portuges ang Ovambo. Nagkaroon ng mga kalupitan sa Malayang Estado ng Congo na isinagawa ng mga pribadong kumpanya at ng ''Force Publique'', na nagresulta sa pagkabawas ng populasyon ng 1 hanggang 15 milyong katao. Mula 1904 hanggang 1908, ang mga puwersa ng kolonyang Aleman sa Timog Kanlurang Aprika ay nanguna sa isang kampanya ng paglipol sa lahi at kolektibong parusa, na pumatay sa 24,000 hanggang 100,000 Herero at 10,000 Nama. Ang krisis sa [[Maruekos]] at Bosnyia ay nagdulot ng mas matinding tensyon sa [[Europa]] na kalaunan ay humantong sa [[Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] sa susunod na dekada. Naging malaya ang [[Cuba]], [[Bulgarya]], at [[Noruwega]]. Ang pinakamamatay na kumbensyonal na digmaan sa dekadang ito ay ang Digmaang Ruso-Hapones, na ipinaglaban dahil sa magkaribal na ambisyong imperyal sa [[Manchuria]] at [[Imperyong Koreano]]. dumanas ang Rusya ng kahiya-hiyang pagkatalo sa salpukang ito, na nag-ambag sa lumalaking kaguluhang domestiko na humantong sa Rebolusyong Ruso ng 1905. Ang mga di-kumbensyonal na digmaan sa katulad na laki ay kinabibilangan ng mga tinaguriang insureksyon sa [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Pilipinas (1899–1913)]], Tsina (1899–1901), at Kolumbya (1899–1902). Ang mga mas maliliit na hidwaan ay kinabibilangan ng mga digmaan sa pagitan ng mga estado gaya ng Ikalawang Digmaang Boer (1899–1902), Digmaang Kuwaiti-Rashidi (1900–1901), at Digmaang Saudi-Rashidi (1903–1907), gayundin ang mga nabigong pag-aalsa at rebolusyon sa [[Portugal|Portuges]] na [[Angola]] (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), [[Imperyong Otomano|Otomanong]] Silangang [[Anatolya, Turkiya|Anatolya]] (1904), [[Uruguay]] (1904), [[Pransiya|Pranses]] na [[Madagascar]] (1905–1906), [[Arhentina]] (1905), [[Persian Empire|Persa]] (1905–1911), Alemang Silangang Aprika (1905–1907), at [[Rumanya]] (1907). Isang malaking taggutom ang naganap sa Tsina mula 1906 hanggang 1907, na posibleng nagresulta sa 20-25 milyong kamatayan. Ang [[taggutom]] na ito ay direktang sanhi ng mga [[pagbaha]] sa Tsina noong 1906 (Abril–Oktubre), na matinding tumama sa Ilog Huai at sumira sa mga ani ng [[tag-init]] at [[taglagas]]. Ang [[lindol]] sa [[Mesina]] noong 1908 ay nagdulot ng 75,000–82,000 kamatayan. Kasama ng [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano|Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano]], ang dekada 1900 ay naging saksi sa isang radikal na transisyon ng [[Pilipinas]] mula sa kamay ng [[Espanya]] tungo sa pamamahala ng Estados Unidos. Ang isa sa mga pinaka-kritikal na punto ng panahong ito ay ang pagsuko ni [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] noong 1901, matapos siyang madakip sa [[Palanan]], [[Isabela (lalawigan)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segovia |first=Lázaro |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Full_Story_of_Aguinaldo_s_Capture/8Bf2GWW_FN0C |title=The Full Story of Aguinaldo's Capture |date=1902 |publisher=P.I. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crucible of Empire - PBS Online |url=https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl19.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ang kanyang panunumpa ng katapatan sa Amerika ay naghudyat ng pormal na pagbagsak ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=NATION COMMEMORATES END OF FIRST PH REPUBLIC IN PALANAN, ISABELA |url=https://www.palanan.gov.ph/nation-commemorates-end-of-first-ph-republic-in-palanan-isabela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Official Website Palanan Municipality, Province of Isabela |language=en-US}}</ref> bagama't nagpatuloy pa rin ang pakikipaglaban ng ibang mga heneral gaya nina [[Miguel Malvar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=2015-09-19 |title=Miguel Malvar: Hero in war and peace |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88666/miguel-malvar-hero-in-war-and-peace |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> at [[Macario Sakay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farolan |first=Ramon J. |date=2016-02-15 |title=AFP action rectifies historical injustice |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92893/afp-action-rectifies-historical-injustice |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> sa sumunod na mga taon. Nagpatuloy din ang mga [[Moro]] sa paglaban at naganap ang [[Unang Labanan sa Bud Dajo]] na isa sa mga isa sa pinakamadugo at pinakakontrobersyal na yugto ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, na naganap noong 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llanes |first=Ferdinand C. |date=2016-09-18 |title=Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Ang tinaguriang [[Himagsikang Moro]] laban sa Amerikano ay tumagal hanggang sa sumunod na dekada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moro Rebellion |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/encyclopedia/war-and-military-affairs/moro-rebellion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Theodore Roosevelt Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa aspetong politikal, nakita ang paglipat mula sa pamahalaang militar patungo sa pamahalaang sibil noong 1901, sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni [[William Howard Taft]] bilang unang [[Gobernador-Heneral]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project MUSE -- Verification required! |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/verify?url=%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F867144%2Fpdf&r=5121412 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=muse.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagbabagong ito ay lalong napatatag sa pagpasa ng [[Batas ng Pilipinas ng 1902]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Philippine Bill - The LawPhil Project |url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1902.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=lawphil.net |language=en}}</ref> na nagbigay ng mga batayang karapatan sa mga Pilipino at naglatag ng pundasyon para sa pagbubukas ng [[Asambleang Pilipino]] noong 1907. Ito ang nagsilbing unang pagkakataon na nagkaroon ng pambansang [[lehislatura]] na binubuo ng mga Pilipino, sa pangunguna nina [[Sergio Osmeña]] at [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Assembly {{!}} Registry |url=https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/the-philippine-assembly/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasabay nito, nagkaroon din ng malawakang pagbabago sa sistema ng edukasyon at lipunan sa Pilipinas. Noong 1901, dumaong ang mga Tomasito, ang grupong mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano na nagtatag ng pampublikong edukasyon sa wikang Ingles.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Jonathan |title=Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02361-1 |location=USA |language=en}}</ref>''' Habang, naitatag ang [[Unibersidad ng Pilipinas]] (UP) noong 1908. Sa aspeto ng [[relihiyon]] at pakikibaka, umusbong at naitatag ang [[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]] noong 1902 bilang pag-aalsa laban sa mga prayleng [[Espanya|Kastila]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1958-01-01 |title=Philippine Independent Church {{!}} World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/philippine-independent-church |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.oikoumene.org |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, hinaluan din ang dekadang ito ng matinding pagsubok sa kalusugan, partikular na ang epidemya ng [[kolera]] (1902–1904) na kumitil sa buhay ng mahigit 100,000 Pilipino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Victor G. |date=1907-03-09 |title=THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1905.THE METHODS USED IN COMBATING IT, WITH STATISTICS TO JAN. 1, 1906. |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=XLVIII |issue=10 |pages=856 |doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220360014001d |issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Umunlad ang unang daluyong ng [[peminismo]] (''first wave feminism''), kung saan nagbukas ang mga [[unibersidad]] para sa mga kababaihan sa [[Hapon]], Bulgarya, Cuba, [[Rusya]], at [[Peru]]. Noong 1906, ipinagkaloob ng [[Pinlandiya]] sa mga kababaihan ang karapatang bumoto,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl |language=en}}</ref> ang unang bansa sa Europa na gumawa nito.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagtatatag ng ''Women’s Social and Political Union'' (Unyong Panlipunan at Pampolitika ng Kababaihan) ni Emmeline Pankhurst noong 1903 ay humantong sa pag-usbong ng mga ''Suffragette'' sa [[Gran Britanya]] at [[Irlanda (bansa)|Irlanda]]. Noong 1908, nagkaroon ng rebolusyon sa Imperyong Otomano, kung saan ibinalik ng kilusang ''Young Turks'' ang konstitusyong Otomano ng 1876, na nagtatag ng Ikalawang Panahong Konstitusyonal. Pagkatapos nito, tumaas ang tensyong [[Pangkat-etniko|etniko]], at noong 1909, hanggang 30,000 katao (karamihan ay mga [[Armenya|Armenyo]]) sa Adana ang pinatay ng mga sibilyang [[Turko]]. Nakita sa dekadang ito ang malawakang paggamit ng ''internal combustion engine'' o makinang may panloob na pagsunog kabilang ang malakihang produksyon ng sasakyan, gayundin ang pagpapakilala ng makinilya. Isinagawa ng ''Wright Flyer'' ang unang naitalang kontrolado, may makina, at matagal na paglipad ng isang sasakyang mas mabigat sa hangin noong Disyembre 17, 1903. Ang unang malaking tagumpay ng pelikulang Amerikano, gayundin ang pinakamalaking eksperimental na nakamit sa puntong ito, ay ang pelikulang ''The Great Train Robbery'' noong 1903 sa direksyon ni Edwin S. Porter, habang ang unang pelikulang tampok sa mundo, ang ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', ay ipinalabas noong Disyembre 26, 1906, sa [[Melbourne]], [[Australya]]. Ang mga sikat na libro sa dekadang ito ay kinabibilangan ng ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902) at ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), na nakabenta ng 45 milyon hanggang 50 milyong kopya bawat isa. Ang mga sikat na kanta ay kinabibilangan ng “Lift Every Voice and Sing” at “What Are They Doing in Heaven?”. Ang dekada 1900 ay naging makulay din sa larangan ng [[Panitikan sa Pilipinas|panitikan]] at pamamahayag sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa pagpasok ng mga bagong palimbagan at limitadong kalayaan sa pamamahayag sa ilalim ng pamahalaang Amerikano, dumaan sa isang "Gintong Panahon" ang nobelang Tagalog.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Remoto |first=Danton |title=‘Asia’s first proletariat novel’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2022/01/22/2155555/asias-first-proletariat-novel |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Philstar.com |language=en}}</ref> Umusbong ang mga makabayang pahayagan gaya ng ''El Renacimiento'' at ang edisyong [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]] nito na ''Muling Pagsilang''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cano |first=Glòria |date=2011 |title=Filipino Press between Two Empires: |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/49/3/49_KJ00007499839/_article |journal=Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=395–430 |doi=10.20495/tak.49.3_395}}</ref> Sa panahong ito inilathala nang baha-bahagi ang mga mahahalagang akda tulad ng ''[[Banaag at Sikat]]'' (1906) ni [[Lope K. Santos]], na tumalakay sa mga isyung panlipunan, sosyalismo, at karapatan ng mga manggagawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banaag at Sikat (Radiance and Sunrise) {{!}} Independent Publishers Group |url=https://www.ipgbook.com/banaag-at-sikat--radiance-and-sunrise--products-9789814914055.php |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.ipgbook.com |language=en}}</ref> Sa larangan ng musika sa Pilipinas, naitatag ang isa sa mga unang konserbatoryo ng musika sa [[Kolehiyo ng Santa Eskolastika|Kolehiyo ng Santa Scholastica]] noong 1906.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Canave-Dioquino |first=Corazon |title=Music in the Philippines since 1898 |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/music/music-in-the-philippines-since-1898/ |website=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Umusbong naman ang katutubong [[sarsuwela]] mula sa Kastilang ''[[zarzuela]]'' noong 1900 kung saan ang mga kompositor gaya nina Bonifacio Abdon at [[Jose Estella]] ay lumikha ng mga himig na naging basehan ng klasikong [[kundiman]].<ref name=":1" /> Samantala, itinatag ang Philippine Constabulary Band ay itinatag noong ika-15 ng Oktubre, 1902, sa pamumuno ni [[Walter Loving]] sa utos ni Gobernador-Heneral William Howard Taft upang magsilbing opisyal na yunit pangmusika ng gobyernong kolonyal ng Amerika sa Pilipinas, at naipadala ang banda sa Eksposisyon ng St. Louis noong 1904.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alcazaren |first=Paulo |title=Loving's band |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/modern-living/2010/12/04/635566/lovings-band |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref> Sa loob ng dekadang ito, ang populasyon ng mundo ay tumaas mula 1.6 hanggang 1.75 bilyon na may humigit-kumulang 580 milyong kapanganakan at 450 milyong kamatayan sa kabuuan. Nitong Abril 2026, ang tanging natitirang buhay na tao na isinilang sa dekadang ito ay si Ethel Caterham, na isinilang noong Agosto 21, 1909. Ang huling nabubuhay na lalaki mula sa dekadang ito ay si Juan Vicente Perez (Mayo 27, 1909 – Abril 2, 2024). == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Dekada 1900]] qfjo1jcvm2dl0458eludt5lf4oyiqh8 0 337957 2204306 2204010 2026-04-23T00:21:19Z TentingZones1 122212 /* Hidrograpiya */ 2204306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Joppécourt |settlement_type = Bayan |image_skyline = Eglise Joppecourt.jpg |image_caption = Simbahan ni San Martin |image_shield = Blason Joppécourt 54.svg |pushpin_map = France |map_caption = Lokasyon ng Joppécourt |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Pransiya|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Grand Est]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Mga Departamento ng Pransiya|Departamento]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]] |subdivision_type3 = Arrondissement |subdivision_name3 = [[Arrondissement of Briey|Briey]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title = Alkade (2020–2026) |leader_name = Patrick Coignet<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=9 August 2021|language=fr}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 6.98 |population_as_of = 2023 |population_total = 150 |population_footnotes = |population_density_km2 = auto |website = |coordinates = {{coord|49.3889|5.7961|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 315 |elevation_min_m = 259 |elevation_max_m = 360 |postal_code_type = INSEE/Postal code |postal_code = 54282/54620 }} Ang '''Joppécourt''' ay isang [[Mga komuna sa Pransiya|bayan]] ng [[Pransiya]] na matatagpuan sa departamento ng [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]], sa [[Lorraine]], sa rehiyong administratibo ng [[Grand Est]]. ==Heograpiya== ===Lokasyon=== {{expand section}} ===Hidrograpiya=== Ang munisipalidad ay nasa loob ng [[basin ng Ilog Meuse]], bahagi ng [[basin ng Rhine-Meuse]]. Ito ay pinaaagusan ng [[Ilog Crusnes]]. Ang [[Ilog Crusnes|Crusnes]], na may habang 32 km, ay nagmumula sa munisipalidad ng [[Errouville]] at dumadaloy patungo sa [[Ilog Chiers]] sa [[Longuyon]], pagkatapos dumaan sa labindalawang munisipalidad. [[File:54282-Joppécourt-Hydro.jpeg|thumb|center|alt=Mapang may kulay na nagpapakita ng hydrographic network ng munisipalidad|Network ng hidrograpiko ng Joppécourt.{{efn|Les ruisseaux intermittents sont représentés en traits pointillés.}}]] ==Urbanismo== ===Tipolohiya=== Noong Enero 1, 2024, ang Joppécourt ay ikinategorya bilang isang munisipalidad sa kanayunan na may nakakalat na pabahay, ayon sa bagong pitong-antas na munisipal na densidad ng grid na tinukoy ng INSEE noong 2022. Ito ay matatagpuan sa labas ng mga yunit ng urbano at sa labas ng impluwensya ng mga lungsod. ===Paggamit ng lupa=== Ang paggamit ng lupa sa munisipalidad, gaya ng ipinapakita sa European biophysical land cover database na Corine Land Cover (CLC), ay nailalarawan sa pamamagitan ng malaking presensya ng lupang pang-agrikultura (63.3% noong 2018), isang pagbaba kumpara sa 1990 (64.2%). Ang detalyadong pagkasira noong 2018 ay ang mga sumusunod: lupang maaaring sakahin (61%), kagubatan (36.7%), damuhan (2.3%). [[File:54282-Joppécourt-Sols.png|thumb|center|alt=Carte en couleurs présentant l'occupation des sols.|Carte des infrastructures et de l'occupation des sols de la commune en 2018 ([[Corine Land Cover|CLC]]).]] ==Pangalan== * ''Jopecourt'' noong 1759, ''Jopéco'' sa diyalektong Lorraine. * Mula sa isang personal na pangalang Aleman na ''Joppo'' o ''Deotpolt'' + ''-court'' na "rural estate," isang pormasyon ng mga Aleman-Romantiko (Ch. Rostaing) na karaniwan sa silangang Pransiya. ==Kasaysayan== Noong 1817, ang Joppécourt, isang nayon sa dating [[lalawigan ng Barrois]] sa [[ilog Crusnes]], ay kinabibilangan ng sakahan ng Martin-Fontaine at ng gilingan ng Barnawé. Noong panahong iyon, mayroong 342 na naninirahan na naninirahan sa 66 na bahay. ==Mga lugar at monumento== * Presensya ng mga Gallo-Romano. * [[Kastilyo ng Mercy]], nawasak noong 1681. Matatagpuan sa gilid ng talampas na tinatanaw ang Ilog Crusnes, ito ay itinayo noong ika-14 na siglo para sa mga [[Konde ng Mercy]]. Sa anyo ng isang parihabang bakuran (na napapaligiran ng isang malawak na kanal sa hilaga at timog), isang bunton lamang, mga labi ng mga dingding na kurtina, mga bakas ng pangunahing gusali, at isang pabilog na tore ang natitira hanggang ngayon. * Barnawé Mill, na matatagpuan sa kalsadang D27, na itinayo noong unang kalahati ng ika-19 na siglo. * Simbahan ng Parokya ng Saint-Martin, na binubuo ng: sementeryo; monumento ng libingan; ossuary; monumental na krus, na itinayong muli noong 1842, na pumalit sa isang nawasak na simbahan noong ika-16 o ika-17 siglo. Ito ay naglalaman ng isang polychrome na estatwa ni Kristo na may mga Kadena, na ngayon ay nasa Musée Lorrain. * Dating ossuary, nakalista bilang isang makasaysayang monumento sa pamamagitan ng atas noong Nobyembre 23, 1987.<ref>[http://patrimoine-de-lorraine.blogspot.fr/2016/04/nancy-54-musee-lorrain-christ-aux-liens.html Patrimoine de Lorraine, Musée lorrain: christ aux liens de Joppécourt XVIe siècle].</ref> * Presbytery, mga bumubuong bahagi: balon, itinayo: ika-18 siglo. ==Eskudo de armas== [[File:Blason Joppécourt 54.svg|thumb|Joppécourt]] ''Ang mga Gules, isang kulot na pilak na kurba na nasa gilid ng dalawang alerion na magkapareho ang pagkakalagay nang paliko, sa kanton o may karga na isang krus na asul.''<ref>[https://armorialdefrance.fr/page_blason.php?ville=11419 Eskudo de armas ng Joppécourt]</ref> ==Mga tala at sanggunian== ===Tala=== {{Notelist}} ===Sanggunian=== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Joppécourt]] [[Kategorya:Meurthe-et-Moselle]] [[Kategorya:Mga pamayanan sa Pransiya]] [[Kategorya:Mga komuna sa Pransiya]] ejr37pcj9tdczyvxzdkbmebgjmw3yqr 0 337979 2204247 2204162 2026-04-22T18:32:48Z InternetArchiveBot 113521 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2204247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Rivel |native_name = Rivèlh |settlement_type = Bayan |image_skyline = Rivel (3).jpg |image_caption = Bulwagan ng bayan sa Rivel |image_shield = Blason ville FR Rivel (Aude).svg |pushpin_map = France |map_caption = Lokasyon ng Rivel |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Pransiya|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Occitanie]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Mga Departamento ng Pransiya|Departamento]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Aude]] |subdivision_type3 = Arrondissement |subdivision_name3 = [[Arrondissement of Limoux|Limu]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title = Alkade (2020–2026) |leader_name = Jerome Artigues<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 24.3 |population_as_of = 2023 |population_total = 219 |population_density_km2 = auto |website = |coordinates = {{coord|42.9453|2.0011|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation_min_m = 381 |elevation_max_m = 1090 |elevation_m = 400 |population_demonym = Rivelois |postal_code_type = INSEE/Postal code |postal_code = 11316/11230 }} Ang '''Rivel''' ay isang [[Mga komuna sa Pransiya|bayan]] ng [[Pransiya]] na matatagpuan sa timog-kanluran ng departamento ng [[Aude]], sa [[rehiyon ng Oksitaniya]]. Sa kasaysayan at kultura, ang komyun ay bahagi ng [[Razès (rehiyon)|Razès]], isang malawak na rehiyon sa kasaysayan na ngayon ay sumasaklaw lamang sa mga burol ng Malepère at sa ibabang Razès sa gitna at timog, na napapaligiran ng [[Pays de Sault]]. Dahil nalantad sa isang nabagong klima ng karagatan, ito ay pinadadaluyan ng [[Hers-Vif]], Riveillou, at ilang iba pang maliliit na batis. Ipinagmamalaki ng komyun ang isang kahanga-hangang likas na pamana: dalawang lugar ng Natura 2000 (ang "Pays de Sault" at "Garonne, Ariège, Hers, Salat, Pique at Neste") at labing-isang natural na lugar na may interes sa ekolohiya, fauna, at bulaklak. Ang Rivel ay isang rural na komyun na may populasyon na 219 noong 2023, na umabot sa pinakamataas na bilang na 1,227 na naninirahan noong 1841. Ang mga naninirahan dito ay tinatawag na Rivelois (panlalaki) o Riveloises (pambabae). ==Heograpiya== Ang komyun ay matatagpuan sa Riveillou, isang [[sanga]] ng [[Hers-Vif]], sa silangang gilid ng [[Plantaurel massif]]. Nakapalibot ito sa departamento ng [[Ariège]]. Ang mga kalapit na komunidad ay [[Bélesta, Ariège|Bélesta]], [[Chalabre]], [[Lesparrou]], [[Montbel, Ariège|Montbel]], [[Puivert]], [[Roquefeuil, Aude|Roquefeuil]], [[Sainte-Colombe-sur-l'Hers]] at [[Villefort, Aude|Villefort]]. ==Pangalan== Kinukuha ng Rivel ang pangalan nito mula sa batis na tumatawid dito: ang Riveillou, mula sa Latin na rivulus (maliit na ilog). ==Kasaysayan== Ang aklat ni Casimir Pont, na inilathala noong 1872,<ref>Pont.C. Histoire de la Terre Pivilégiée, anciennement connue sous le nom de Pays de Kercorb, canton de Chalabre (Aude) : coup d’œil, notions et détails sur la contrée, notamment sur la commune de Rivel. Paris, Dumoulin éd., 415 pp</ref> ay nananatiling pangunahing sanggunian sa kasaysayan ng komyun ng Rivel. Ito ay muling inilimbag nang tatlong beses (1974, 1989, at 2018, ang huli ay ng isang Amerikanong tagapaglathala),<ref>Wentworth Press, United States, {{ISBN|0341080942|9780341080947}}</ref> at muling inilimbag kung kinakailangan sa Pransiya (2016) at Indya (2020). Ang nayon ng Rivel ay unti-unting umunlad sa paligid ng isang pinatibay na [[bastida]], na itinayo ilang sandali matapos masira ang kastilyo, pati na rin ang nayon ng Pendels na matatagpuan sa mas mataas na bahagi ng burol (marahil malapit sa kapilya ng Sainte-Cécile), noong 1210 noong [[Krusada ng Albigense]]. Ang paglikha ng isang bastida ay karaniwang sinasamahan ng isang karta na nagbabalangkas ng mga kaakit-akit na panukala upang matiyak ang paninirahan nito. Sa Rivel, ang dokumentong ito ay hindi kinakailangan dahil walang bagong nayon na nilikha, kundi isang paglipat ng mga umiiral na pamayanan. Ang bastida ay napapalibutan ng malalapad na kalsada na sumasakop sa dating mga tuyong kanal na dating nakapalibot dito. Ito ay dinadaanan ng isang pangunahing kalye, ang Rue de la Ville, na ang katimugang dulo ay may mga labi ng isang tarangkahan, at tatlong mas maliliit na kalye na patayo rito. Ang bastida ay walang tunay na mga kuta, ngunit ang mga bahay sa gilid ng bayan ay nagsilbing mga kuta, na itinayo sa mga matibay na pader, na ang ilan ay nakatayo pa rin hanggang ngayon. Ang silangang harapan ng Simbahan ni San Juan ay nakatulong din sa kuta na ito. Ang [[istasyon ng Rivel-Montbel]], sa komyun ng Ariège ng [[Montbel]], ay nag-operate mula 1902 hanggang 1939 sa [[linya ng Moulin-Neuf hanggang Lavelanet]]. Gayunpaman, nagkaroon ng pansamantalang muling pagbubukas ng serbisyo ng pasahero mula Mayo 5, 1941, hanggang Mayo 6, 1946. Ang kakulangan ng transportasyon sa kalsada noong panahon ng digmaan ay humantong sa pagdaragdag ng isang karwahe sa natitirang tren ng kargamento. Ang serbisyo ng kargamento ay nagpatuloy hanggang 1973. Noong [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]], isang kampo ng internment ang itinatag malapit sa linya ng riles, malapit sa istasyon ng Rivel-Montbel. Nakakulong doon ang mga miyembro ng [[International Brigades]], mga aktibistang sosyal-demokratiko ng Alemanya at Austria, mga komunista, mga unyonista ng manggagawa, at mga Hudyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Cérémonie à la mémoire des internés du camp de Rivel|url=https://www.midilibre.fr/2014/05/15/ceremonie-a-la-memoire-des-internes-du-camp-de-rivel,860919.php |date=2014-05-15|website=Midi Libre |access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Les camps d’internement de Rivel, 1939-1945. |url=https://chalabremetaitconte.pagesperso-orange.fr/Camp_Rivel.html |website= Si Chalabre m'était conté|access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref> ==Mga lugar at monumento== * Simbahan ni San Cecilia sa Rivel.<br>Ang kapilya na ito ay nakalista bilang isang protektadong natural na lugar simula noong 1952.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chapelle Ste Cécile (Rivel)|url=https://site.din.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/public/ficheSite?id=10143|access-date=2026-04-22|archive-date=2021-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031062728/https://site.din.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/public/ficheSite?id=10143|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ang simbahang parokya ni San Juan Bautista ay sumailalim sa ilang yugto ng pag-unlad. Ang una, na nabanggit sa itaas (tingnan ang Kasaysayan), ay ang pagtatayo ng bastida (pinatibay na bayan), kung saan ito ay sumasakop sa timog-silangang sulok. Sumunod, sa hindi tiyak na oras, ay dumating ang pagpapalaki nito kasama ang pagdaragdag ng isang apse na umaabot sa timog na moat at isang sacristy na umaabot sa silangang moat. Panghuli, sa simula ng ika-19 na siglo, ang apse ay binago sa pamamagitan ng pagdaragdag ng mga bintana na istilong Gothic at ang pagharang sa tatlong oculi, na ang mga balangkas ay maaari pa ring makita, habang ang isang kapilya na kilala bilang Kapilya ni San Ana ay idinagdag bilang isang extension ng sacristy. Ang loob, na binubuo ng isang nabe sa istilong Languedoc Gothic, nang walang transept, ay maaaring mula pa noong ika-14 na siglo, na mangangahulugan na ang orihinal na simbahan ay muling binago. Ito ay pinalamutian ng mga fresco na may estilong katulad ng kay Sainte Cécile, at malamang na mula pa noong kalagitnaan ng ika-19 na siglo. Ang simbahan ay naglalaman ng ilang kawili-wiling mga likhang sining. Ang pinsala sa bubong ay pumigil sa pagdaraos ng mga serbisyong pangrelihiyon doon simula noong 2019. Isang plano upang iligtas ang simbahan ang kasalukuyang binubuo. <gallery mode="packed"> File:Rivel église Ste Cécile.jpg|Simbahan ni San Cecilia sa Rivel File:Rivel (2).jpg|Simbahan ni San Juan Bautista ng Rivel File:Nef de l'église de Rivel (Aude).jpg|Ang nag-iisang nabe ng simbahang Saint-Jean-Baptiste sa Rivel, sa istilong Languedoc, ay nailalarawan sa pamamagitan ng mababang arko kung saan sinusuportahan ang mga rib vault. File:Rivel 06-23 (1) école.jpg|Paaralang Munisipyo </gallery> [[file:Sainte Cécile Rivel.jpg|thumb|Tanawin ng simbahan ng Sainte Cécile at ng Cypress Alley]] * Malapit sa nayon, ang kapilya ng Sainte-Cécile noong medyebal ay nauna pa sa panahon ng mga Cathar. Ang Romanesque apse nito ay isang pambihirang katangiang arkitektura na nakaligtas sa [[Krusada ng Albigense]] (1209-1229). Ang lugar, na binubuo ng kapilya at ng abenida na may sapin ng sipres na patungo rito, ay isang nakalistang makasaysayang monumento. Ang kapilya ay naglalaman ng ilang kawili-wiling mga likhang sining. Ito ay naibalik noong mga unang taon ng 2000s sa inisyatiba ng munisipalidad ng Rivel at ng Association Rivel Patrimoine. * [[Lawa ng Montbel]]. * [[Col de la Babourade]], sa RD 117. ==Eskudo de armas== [[File:Blason ville FR Rivel (Aude).svg|thumb|alt=Tiercé en pairle renversé: au 1 d'azur au clocher de l'église du lieu [église Sainte-Cécile], d'or, ajourée du champ et campanée de sable, au 2 d'argent à un sapin coupé de sinople et fûté de tenné, au 3 de gueules à la burelle ondée d'argent abaissée, surmontée d'une croix cléchée, vidée et pommetée de douze pièces d'or (sa Wikang Pranses)|Rivel]] ''May pahabang-patong na pares: unang asul na may kampanaryo ng simbahan ng lugar [simbahan ni Santa Cecilia], o, may butas sa parang at may kampanteng sable, ika-2 kulay argent na may pinutol na vert ng puno ng fir at may tangkay na tenné, ika-3 gules na may kulot na pilak na kurba na nakababa, nasa ibabaw ng isang krus na clechée, may butas at pommée na may labindalawang piraso o.''<ref>[https://armorialdefrance.fr/page_blason.php?ville=20978 Eskudo de armas ng Rivel]</ref> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Rivel]] [[Kategorya:Aude]] [[Kategorya:Mga pamayanan sa Pransiya]] [[Kategorya:Mga komuna sa Pransiya]] gsubq9l4igcfewtfmd2ugyg1by4gawo 0 337981 2204180 2026-04-22T12:10:26Z ShiminUfesoj 90200 Bagong pahina: {{short description|Inhinyero ng kompyuter at negosyanteng Kenyan}} {{Infobox person/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL}} Si '''Dorcas Muthoni''' (born 1979 in [[Nyeri]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elperiodico.com/es/ciencia/20171217/dorcas-muthoni-entrevista-tecnologia-cambia-profundamente-africa-6498520|title=Dorcas Muthoni: "La tecnología ha cambiado profundamente África"|last=Catanzaro|first=Michele|date=2017-12-17|work=elperiodico|access-date=2017-12-23|language=ES}}</re... 2204180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Inhinyero ng kompyuter at negosyanteng Kenyan}} {{Infobox person/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL}} Si '''Dorcas Muthoni''' (born 1979 in [[Nyeri]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elperiodico.com/es/ciencia/20171217/dorcas-muthoni-entrevista-tecnologia-cambia-profundamente-africa-6498520|title=Dorcas Muthoni: "La tecnología ha cambiado profundamente África"|last=Catanzaro|first=Michele|date=2017-12-17|work=elperiodico|access-date=2017-12-23|language=ES}}</ref> ay isang negosyanteng Kenyan, siyentipiko sa kompyuter at tagapagtatag ng OPEWORLD LTD,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upf.edu/web/media/enoticies/-/asset_publisher/wdGAWZ7EMj53/content/id/115809716/maximized#.Wj6sm1SdXBJ|title=Dorcas Muthoni, enginyera i emprenedora africana, serà investida doctora honoris causa - enoticies - Comunicació i imatge (UPF)|website=www.upf.edu|language=ca-ES|access-date=2017-12-23|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052645/https://www.upf.edu/web/media/enoticies/-/asset_publisher/wdGAWZ7EMj53/content/id/115809716/maximized#.Wj6sm1SdXBJ|url-status=dead}}</ref> isang kompanya ng pagkonsulta para sa [[software]] na kanyang sinimulan sa edad na 24. Sa pamamagitan ng kanyang trabaho bilang isang negosyante at siyentipiko sa kompyuter, Hangad ni Muthoni na makita ang teknolohiya na positibong nagbabago sa buhay ng lipunan, gobyerno, at mga negosyo sa Africa..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internethalloffame.org//inductees/dorcas-muthoni#sthash.rvAnhtpI.dpuf|title=Dorcas Muthoni {{!}} Internet Hall of Fame|website=www.internethalloffame.org|access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> ==Talambuhay== Nagtapos siya ng Computer Science mula sa University of Nairobi at dalubhasa sa mga wireless network, komunikasyon sa radyo at pagpaplano ng estratehikong teknolohiya, bukod sa iba pang mga asignatura. Sa pamamagitan ng kanyang pang-araw-araw na trabaho bilang isang negosyante at siyentipiko ng computer, hinahangad niyang makita ang positibong pagbabago ng teknolohiya sa buhay ng lipunan at mga negosyo sa Africa. Ang OPEWORLD ay kasangkot sa paghahatid ng ilan sa mga pinakalawak na ginagamit na aplikasyon sa Web at [[cloud computing|cloud]] sa Africa, tulad ng ARIS, isang aplikasyon sa pag-uulat ng African Union na ginagamit ng lahat ng 54 na estadong miyembro; ang Performance Management System para sa Pamahalaan ng Kenya, na nag-aautomat ng performance contracting sa pampublikong sektor; at ang OpenBusiness, isang rebolusyonaryong tool sa pamamahala ng maliliit at katamtamang laki ng negosyo na nakabatay sa cloud. Si Muthoni din ang nagtatag ng rehiyonal na organisasyon na AfChix, isang inisyatibo sa pagtuturo at pagpapaunlad ng kapasidad para sa mga kababaihan sa computing sa buong Africa. Mula noong 2004, kabilang sa mga aktibidad ng AfChix ang pag-oorganisa ng mga taunang Computing Career Conference na may espesyal na diin sa paghikayat sa mga karera sa computing para sa mga kabataang babae at mga batang babae sa high school; patuloy na pag-unlad ng karera para sa mga kababaihan sa teknolohiya at pagmomodelo para sa mga paparating na kababaihan sa computing. Ang ganitong pagkahilig at pakikilahok ang siyang dahilan kung bakit siya mismo ay naging isang huwaran, para sa mga kababaihan at batang babae sa komunidad ng Africa. Si Muthoni ay naging Fellow ng Internet Society (ISOC) at ng World Bank infoDev Global Forum. Noong 2008, siya ay nagwagi ng Change Agent award ng Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://anitab.org/profiles/abie-award-winners/dorcas-muthoni/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101341/https://anitab.org/profiles/abie-award-winners/dorcas-muthoni/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 24, 2017|title=Dorcas Muthoni - AnitaB.org|date=2008-10-11|work=AnitaB.org|access-date=2017-12-23|language=en-US}}</ref> siya ay napili bilang isang Women's Forum Rising Talent,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://womensforum.info/Rising_Talents/Members.html#2009|title=Rising Talents - Women\'s Forum|last=Pollux|first=Castor &|website=womensforum.info|language=en-EN|access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> isang network ng mga babaeng may mataas na talento na may potensyal na maging maimpluwensyang mga tao sa hinaharap. Noong 2013, siya ay napili bilang isang Young Global Leader ng [[World Economic Forum]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/dorcas-muthoni|title=Dorcas Muthoni|website=World Economic Forum|access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> Noong 2017, ginawaran ng [[Pompeu Fabra University]] si [[Honoris Causa]] para sa kanyang mahalagang gawain sa pagtataguyod ng mga pag-aaral sa inhenyeriya sa mga batang babae sa Africa, ang paggabay sa mga kabataan, at ang kanyang pangakong panlipunan sa paglaban sa kahirapan..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upf.edu/web/mdm-dtic/|title=DTIC-MdM Strategic Program: Data-Driven Knowledge Extraction (UPF)|website=www.upf.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> Natanggap niya ang Gantimpala ng Ahente ng Pagbabago ng [[Anita Borg#The Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology]] sa ==Mga Sanggunian== {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == *{{cite web|title = Mentorship programmes draw women to ICT | url = http://www.bdafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8766&Itemid=5843 | author = Lati, Abyssinia |publisher = Business Daily Africa| date = July 16, 2008 |access-date=2008-07-28}} *{{cite web | title = These chix mean business: righting the FLOSS gender balance in Africa | url = http://www.tectonic.co.za/wordpress/?p=845 | publisher = Tectonic | date = February 1, 2006 | access-date = 2008-07-28 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716051609/http://www.tectonic.co.za/wordpress/?p=845 | archive-date = July 16, 2011 }} {{Internet Hall of Fame}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Muthoni, Dorcas}} 83vacey1xf52w55bij7ignfmkew70sm 0 337982 2204206 2026-04-22T12:32:37Z TentingZones1 122212 Bagong pahina: {{Infobox settlement |name = Bésignan |native_name = Besinhan |settlement_type = Bayan |image_skyline = Bésignan - mairie.JPG |image_caption = Ang bulwagan ng bayan sa Bésignan |image_shield = Blason ville fr Bésignan (Drôme).svg |pushpin_map = France |map_caption = Lokasyon ng Bésignan |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Pransiya|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_name1 = Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes... 2204206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Bésignan |native_name = Besinhan |settlement_type = Bayan |image_skyline = Bésignan - mairie.JPG |image_caption = Ang bulwagan ng bayan sa Bésignan |image_shield = Blason ville fr Bésignan (Drôme).svg |pushpin_map = France |map_caption = Lokasyon ng Bésignan |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Pransiya|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Mga Departamento ng Pransiya|Departamento]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Drôme]] |subdivision_type3 = Arrondissement |subdivision_name3 = [[Arrondissement of Nyons|Nyons]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title = Alkade (2020–2026) |leader_name = José Fernandes<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 8.94 |population_as_of = 2023 |population_total = 76 |population_density_km2 = auto |website = |coordinates = {{coord|44.3211|5.3258|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation_max_m = 965 |elevation_min_m = 437 |elevation_m = |population_demonym = Bésignanais, Bésignanaises |postal_code_type = INSEE/Postal code |postal_code = 26050/26110 }} Ang '''Bésignan''' ay isang [[Mga komuna sa Pransiya|bayan]] sa [[Pransiya]] na matatagpuan sa departamento ng [[Drôme]], sa rehiyon ng [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]]. Ang mga naninirahan dito ay tinatawag na mga Bésignanais. ==Heograpiya== Matatagpuan ang Bésignan may 5 km mula sa [[Sainte-Jalle]], 13 km mula sa [[Buis-les-Baronnies]], at 23 km mula sa [[Nyons]]. Ang bayan ay dinidiligan ng [[ilog Ennuye]]. ==Urbanismo== ===Tipolohiya=== Noong Enero 1, 2024, ang Bésignan ay ikinategorya bilang isang munisipalidad sa kanayunan na may napakakalat na pabahay, ayon sa bagong 7-level na municipal density grid na tinukoy ng INSEE noong 2022. Ito ay matatagpuan sa labas ng mga yunit ng urbano at sa labas ng impluwensya ng mga lungsod. ===Paggamit ng lupa=== Ang takip ng lupa sa munisipalidad, gaya ng ipinapakita sa European biophysical land cover database na Corine Land Cover (CLC), ay nailalarawan sa pamamagitan ng malaking presensya ng lupang pang-agrikultura (55.6% noong 2018), isang pagtaas kumpara sa 1990 (46%). Ang detalyadong pagkasira noong 2018 ay ang mga sumusunod: mga lugar na may palumpong at/o mala-damo na halaman (35.1%), magkakaibang mga lugar na pang-agrikultura (34.4%), permanenteng pananim (20.1%), kagubatan (9.4%), lupang maaaring sakahin (0.7%), at damuhan (0.3%). [[File:26050-Bésignan-Sols.png|thumb|center|alt=Carte en couleurs présentant l'occupation des sols.|Carte des infrastructures et de l'occupation des sols de la commune en 2018 ([[Corine Land Cover|CLC]]).]] ==Pangalan== Diksyonaryong Topograpikal ng Departamento ng Drôme: * 1275: ''Besignanum'' (imbentaryo ng mga dauphin, 232). * 1293: ''Castrum de Businano'' (imbentaryo ng mga dolphin, 221). * 1296: ''Castrum de Besingnano'' (Valbonnais, II, 110). * 1343: ''Castrum de Busignano'' (mga piling dokumento, 86). * 1378: ''Besinhanum'' (Drôme archive, E 1239). * 1891: ''Bésignan'', commune sa canton ng Buis-les-Baronnies. ==Kasaysayan== ===Mula sa Gitnang Panahon hanggang sa Rebolusyon=== Ang Pagkapanginoon: * Fief ng baronya ng Mévouillon (hanggang ika-16 na siglo). * Ika-14 na siglo: pag-aari ng pamilyang Bésignan. * 1520: kalahati ay naipasa (sa pamamagitan ng kasal) sa pamilyang Pape-Saint-Auban. * 1584: ang kalahati naman ay naipasa (sa pamamagitan ng kasal) sa pamilyang Autane. * 1766: nakuha ng pamilyang Duclaux, ang mga huling panginoon. Bago ang 1790, ang Bésignan ay isang komunidad sa loob ng distrito ng halalan ng Montélimar at ang subdelegasyon at balwarte ng Le Buis, na bumubuo ng isang parokya sa diyosesis ng Sisteron. ===Mula sa Rebolusyon hanggang sa kasalukuyan=== Noong 1790, isinama ang Bésignan sa kanton ng Sainte-Jalle, ngunit ang reorganisasyon ng Taon VIII (1799-1800) ay naglagay dito sa kanton ng Buis-les-Baronnies. 1792: Tinangka ng may-ari ng kastilyo ang kontra-rebolusyon. * Ang huling panginoon, si Marquis Pierre Charles Joseph du Claux de Bésignan, ay inakusahan ng panunulsol ng isang kontra-rebolusyon sa pamamagitan ng pagbuo ng isang koalisyon kasama ang iba pang mga panginoon mula sa mga nakapalibot na nayon. Ang Marquis ay itinuring na isang malupit na pinuno ng kanyang mga magsasakang nangungupahan. Siya, higit sa lahat, ay nawasak at ginugol ang kanyang buhay sa pagbabayad ng kanyang mga utang. Ang kanyang kastilyo, kung saan siya nagbarikada kasama ang kanyang asawa at apat na anak, ay binomba sa loob ng 36 na oras ng Pambansang Guwardya. Nagawa ng Marquis na makatakas, napilitang umalis sa Pransiya, at namatay sa Naples noong 1806. ==Ekonomiya== * Noong 1992: kakahuyan, lavender, mga puno ng linden, mga ubasan, tupa, kambing (keso ng kambing), pag-aalaga ng bubuyog. * Prutas: aprikot. ==Mga lugar at monumento== [[File:Bésignan - église 1.JPG|thumb|<center>Simbahan ng Bésignan</center>]] * Nayon sa isang burol. * Mga guho ng lumang kastilyo. * Château de la Colombières. * Lumang nayon, isang nayon noong medyebal na panahon na inabandona noong ika-19 na siglo. * Simbahan ni Saint-Thomas de Bésignan noong ika-19 na siglo. ===Eskudo de armas=== ''Asul, isang leong pilak.''<ref>[https://armorialdefrance.fr/page_blason.php?ville=5719 Eskudo de armas ng Bésignan]</ref> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Bésignan]] [[Kategorya:Drôme]] [[Kategorya:Mga pamayanan sa Pransiya]] [[Kategorya:Mga komuna sa Pransiya]] 8aklwwqujwkz5fjvuo42hpl4fgmluo2 0 337983 2204217 2026-04-22T13:31:12Z ShiminUfesoj 90200 Bagong pahina: {{Short description|Dentista ng Kenya}} Si '''Muthoni Gitata''' ay isang [[Kenyan]] na [[dentista]] at ang unang babaeng Aprikano na [[dentista]] at [[siruhano sa bibig]] .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=An Abbot and African trailblazer |url=https://www.andover.edu/news/2022/an-abbot-and-african-trailblazer |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Andover {{!}} An independent and inclusive coed boarding high school |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Top Dentist... 2204217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Dentista ng Kenya}} Si '''Muthoni Gitata''' ay isang [[Kenyan]] na [[dentista]] at ang unang babaeng Aprikano na [[dentista]] at [[siruhano sa bibig]] .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=An Abbot and African trailblazer |url=https://www.andover.edu/news/2022/an-abbot-and-african-trailblazer |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Andover {{!}} An independent and inclusive coed boarding high school |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Top Dentists in Kenya. Page 14 - Aug 2025 |url=https://www.businesslist.co.ke/category/dentists |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Kenya Business Directory |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenyan women who shattered the glass ceiling Eve woman – Kenyan Digest |url=https://kenyandigest.com/kenyan-women-who-shattered-the-glass-ceiling-eve-woman/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421225748/https://kenyandigest.com/kenyan-women-who-shattered-the-glass-ceiling-eve-woman/ |archive-date=2023-04-21 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=kenyandigest.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parents Magazine: Parents Magazine April 2021 |url=https://www.mgazeti.com/issue/parents-magazine-april-2021/details |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=www.mgazeti.com |language=en}}</ref> == Edukasyon == Sumali si Muthoni sa Thogoto Primary School at kalaunan ay sumali sa Kikuyu Girls’ Intermediate Boarding School.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Muthoni Gitata: The Dentist and Oral Surgeon |url=https://www.paukwa.or.ke/story-series/kefemalefirsts/muthoni-gitata-the-dentist-and-oral-surgeon/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Paukwa |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sumali siya bilang undergraduate sa [[Annhurst College]] noong 1976, na nag-major sa Biology, at nag-aral ng [[Virology]] para sa kanyang master's degree sa [[Temple University]].<ref name=":0" /> Kalaunan ay nakakuha siya ng digri ng Doctor of Dental Surgery mula sa School of Dentistry noong 1973 sa [[Meharry Medical College School of Dentistry|Meharry Medical College]].<ref name=":0" /> == Karera == Ang una niyang trabaho ay sa Dental Unit ng [[Kenyatta National Hospital|Kenyatta National Hospital]].<ref name=":1" /> Itinatag din ni Muthoni ang Gitata Gentle Family Dentistry Ltd, na patuloy pa ring gumagana sa [[Nairobi]].<ref name=":0" /> == Personal na buhay == Si Gitata ay isang solong ina ng tatlo (3) tunay na anak at lima (5) pang ibang anak na kanyang pinalaki.<ref name=":0" /> Isa sa kaniyang mga anak na babae ay nagngangalang Wangeci Gitata Kiriga.<ref name=":1" /> == Mga Sanggunian == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gitata, Muthoni}} 0gw38d3pq0wp2ljahy4bl7u5qg6wg49 0 337984 2204256 2026-04-22T20:33:41Z ShiminUfesoj 90200 Bagong pahina: {{Short description|Neurosurgeon ng Kenya}} {{Orphan|date=May 2024}}{{Infobox person | name = Susan Karanja | birth_place = Nairobi Kenya | citizenship = Kenya | education = Paaralang Elementarya ng Consolata Precious Blood High Riruta Medisina sa Unibersidad ng Nairobi, Masters sa neurosurgery sa KwaZulu-Natal University. | occupation = Neurosurgeon | movement = Miyembro ng mga neurosurgical at medical societies sa Kenya... 2204256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Neurosurgeon ng Kenya}} {{Orphan|date=May 2024}}{{Infobox person | name = Susan Karanja | birth_place = Nairobi Kenya | citizenship = Kenya | education = Paaralang Elementarya ng Consolata Precious Blood High Riruta Medisina sa Unibersidad ng Nairobi, Masters sa neurosurgery sa KwaZulu-Natal University. | occupation = Neurosurgeon | movement = Miyembro ng mga neurosurgical at medical societies sa Kenya at sa ibang bansa Ingat-yaman ng Kenya Association of Women Surgeons (KAWS) }} Si '''Susan Karanja''' ay isang neurosurgeon sa Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Doctors Diary: Dr Susan Karanja, one of Kenya's Female Neurosurgeons : KTN Home |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ktnhome/ktn-prime/video/2000197547/doctors-diary-dr-susan-karanja-one-of-kenya-s-female-neurosurgeons |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=KTN News |language=en}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kanyang pagtatapos noong 2015, si Karanja ang naging pangalawang babaeng neurosurgeon sa Kenya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karekezi |first1=Claire |last2=Thango |first2=Nqobile |last3=Aliu-Ibrahim |first3=Salamat Ahuoiza |last4=Bechri |first4=Hajar |last5=Broalet |first5=Espérance Maman You |last6=Bougrine |first6=Mouna |last7=Cheserem |first7=Jebet Beverly |last8=Mbaye |first8=Maguette |last9=Shabhay |first9=Zarina Ali |last10=Tighilt |first10=Nabila |last11=Bakhti |first11=Souad |last12=Abbadi |first12=Najia El |date=2021-03-01 |title=History of African women in neurosurgery |url=https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/50/3/article-pE15.xml |journal=Neurosurgical Focus |language=en-US |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=E15 |doi=10.3171/2020.12.FOCUS20905 |pmid=33789234 |issn=1092-0684|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=John |first=Tracey Trizah |date=2022 |title=A report on women neurosurgeons in Kenya |url=https://theeajns.org/index.php/eajns/article/download/25/6/19 |journal=The East African Journal of Neurological Sciences |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=41–46}}</ref> == Buhay == Si Karanja ay ipinanganak sa [[Nairobi]] at lumaki sa [[Kikuyu, Kenya|Kikuyu]], Kenya. Nag-aral siya sa Consolata Primary School bago ipinagpatuloy ang kanyang pag-aaral sa Precious Blood High Riruta. Naimpluwensyahan ng mga kampanya sa pagpapalaganap ng kamalayan tungkol sa [[HIV/AIDS]] noong mga unang taon ng dekada 1990,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-25 |title=Dr. Susan Karanja |url=https://mededgemea.com/tdcpt_doctors/dr-susan-karanja/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=MedEdge MEA |language=en-US}}</ref> Nag-aral siya ng medisina sa [[Unibersidad ng Nairobi]], kung saan niya nakuha ang kanyang digri sa medisina.<ref name=":2" /> Pagkatapos makumpleto ang kanyang internship, inilipat ni Karanja ang kanyang pokus mula sa internal medicine, na lubhang kinasasangkutan ng HIV/AIDS, patungo sa larangan ng surgery.<ref name=":1" /> Gumugol siya ng limang taon sa [[Durban]], Timog Aprika habang tinatapos ang kanyang master's degree sa neurosurgery sa [[University of KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu-Natal University]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-10 |title=Dr. Susan Karanja Among the Only Three Female Neurosurgeons in Kenya |url=https://www.byawoman.com/dr-susan-karanja-among-the-only-three-female-neurosurgeons-in-kenya/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Byawoman |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kasalukuyang nagsisilbi si Karanja bilang isang Consultant Neurosurgeon sa [[Kenyatta National Hospital]] sa Kenya. Siya ay miyembro ng mga neurosurgical at medical societies sa Kenya at sa ibang bansa. Siya ang kasalukuyang Ingat-yaman ng Kenya Association of Women Surgeons (KAWS).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenyan Women Neurosurgeons Breaking Boundaries at Home and Globally |url=https://www.mwakilishi.com/article/diaspora-news/2024-04-03/kenyan-women-neurosurgeons-breaking-boundaries-at-home-and |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Mwakilishi.com |language=en}}</ref> Nagtuturo rin siya bilang isang adjunct lecturer sa Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi. == Mga Sanggunian == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Karanja, Susan}} [[Kategorya:Mga taong nabubuhay]] [[Kategorya:Mga doktor medikal ng Kenya noong ika-21 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga babaeng siyentipiko ng Kenya noong ika-21 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga neurosurgeon ng Kenya]] [[Kategorya:Kikuyu]] [[Kategorya:Mga tao mula sa Nairobi]] [[Kategorya:Mga alumni ng Unibersidad ng KwaZulu-Natal]] [[Kategorya:Mga alumni ng Unibersidad ng Nairobi]] [[Kategorya:Mga babaeng neurosurgeon]] [[Kategorya:Nawawalang taon ng kapanganakan (mga buhay na tao)]] [[Kategorya:Mga tao mula sa Kiambu County]] [[Kategorya:Mga siruhano noong ika-21 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga babaeng siruhano ng Kenya]] [[Kategorya:Mga babaeng doktor ng Kenya noong ika-21 siglo]] rvjo00so87inr2azlnd0d25xm9qem9u 0 337985 2204265 2026-04-22T21:59:15Z Derk29 114611 Ginawa si Johanna van Eybergen 2204265 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Johanna Gerarda Theodora van Eybergen''' (binabaybay din bilang '''van Eijbergen''', 17 Abril 1865, [[Ambon]] — 13 Mayo 1950, [[Ang Haya|The Hague]] <ref name="rkd">{{Cite web |title=Johanna Gerarda Theodora van Eijbergen |url=https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/25775 |access-date=6 May 2018 |publisher=[[Netherlands Institute for Art History]]}}</ref> ) ay isang [[Neerlandes|Dutch]] artist na dalubhasa sa applied arts at disenyo, na kilala sa kanyang [[Art Nouveau]] na gawa sa metal. Siya ang una at sa mahabang panahon ang tanging babaeng Dutch artist na nagtatrabaho sa disenyo sa metal. <ref name="vvnk">{{Cite web |last=Jan Jaap Heij |title=Eybergen, Johanna van |url=https://www.vvnk.nl/2018/01/29/eybergen-johanna-van/ |access-date=6 May 2018 |publisher=Vereniging Vrienden Nieuwe Kunst 1900 |language=Dutch}}</ref> Nag-aral si Eybergen ng pagpipinta at disenyo ng metal sa [[Royal Academy of Art, The Hague|Royal Academy of Art]] sa pagitan ng 1887 at 1893. <ref name="rkd2">{{Cite web |title=Johanna Gerarda Theodora van Eijbergen |url=https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/25775 |access-date=6 May 2018 |publisher=[[Netherlands Institute for Art History]]}}</ref> Sa pagitan ng 1904 at 1909, nagtrabaho siya sa pagawaan ng panday ng tanso sa [[G. Dikkers & Co.]] sa [[Hengelo]], na lumikha ng disenyo ng Art Nouveau. Ang kanyang mga palamuti ay pangunahing gumamit ng mga natural na tema, kadalasan ay mga insekto. Pagkatapos nito at hanggang 1930, nagtrabaho siya bilang isang guro ng pagguhit sa [[Alkmaar]] . <ref name="vvnk2">{{Cite web |last=Jan Jaap Heij |title=Eybergen, Johanna van |url=https://www.vvnk.nl/2018/01/29/eybergen-johanna-van/ |access-date=6 May 2018 |publisher=Vereniging Vrienden Nieuwe Kunst 1900 |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dikkers |url=http://museumhengelo.nl/collectie/dikkers/ |access-date=6 May 2018 |publisher=Hengelo Museum |language=Dutch}}</ref> Si Eybergen ay miyembro ng [[Nederlandsche Vereeniging voor Ambachts- en Nijverheidskunst|Nederlandsche Vereeniging voor Ambachts-en Nijverheidskunst]] (VANK) ang Dutch Association for Craft and Craft Art. <ref name="Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch">{{Cite web |title=V.A.N.K. Nederlanse Vereniging voor Ambachts- en Nijverheidskuns |url=https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0039300087022010330430137005870730803150 |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon)}}</ref> ==Sanggunian== <references /> {{stub}} 27bfe6c94oq04sfuvjjbq61yemqqhao 0 337986 2204284 2026-04-22T22:55:30Z Derk29 114611 Ginawa si Frances C. Fairman 2204284 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Frances Caroline Fairman''' (1839 – Pebrero 1923) ay isang British [[Akwarela|watercolorist]], [[Oil painting|pintor ng pinturang langis]], at [[ilustrador]] . Sa kanyang buhay, siya ay pinakakilala sa kanyang mga larawan [[Aso|ng aso]], na ang ilan ay kinomisyon ng [[British royal family|mga maharlika]] at [[aristokrasya]] . Siya ay kilala bilang " '''ang Lady Landseer''' " dahil sa kalidad ng kanyang mga gawa. Naglakbay siya sa Amerika, France, at Switzerland, at bumalik na may dalang mga sketch [[Landscape painting|ng tanawin]] na may watercolor. Si Fairman ay ipinanganak sa [[Kent]] at nag-aral sa ilalim ni Louis Henri Deschamps sa [[Paris]], ngunit sa halos buong buhay niya ay nanirahan at nagtrabaho sa [[Londres|London]] . Noong siya ay nasa huling bahagi ng kanyang edad 50, siya ay dinala sa korte at pinagmulta dahil sa pagtatangkang pigilan ang isang drayber [[Hansom cab|ng taksi na may karwahe]] na hagupitin ang kanyang kabayo sa [[Fulham Road]], London, at dahil sa paghampas sa [[Carriage driving|taksiyan]] gamit ang kanyang kamay matapos siyang hampasin nito. == Buhay == Si Frances Caroline "Fanny" Fairman ay bininyagan noong ika-20 ng Marso 1839 sa [[Lynsted]], Kent. <ref>GRO Births Mar 1839 Fairman Frances Caroline Faversham V 176</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Frances Caroline Fairman |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/132744129:9841?tid=&pid=&queryId=bca0a4bccbb48e1cec1f52988aecdef5&_phsrc=ZpY974&_phstart=successSource |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=ancestry.co.uk |quote=Frances Caroline Fairman female. Baptism date 20 March 1839, Linsted, Kent, England. Father Samuel Creed Fairman. Mother Christian Gosselin. FHL film number 1850188. it 11 p 97 no 776}}</ref> Ginugol niya ang halos lahat ng kanyang buhay sa pagtatrabaho sa London. <ref name="Waters 1975">{{Cite book |last=Waters |first=Grant M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4JUAAAAMAAJ |title=Dictionary of British Artists working 1900–1950 |date=1975 |publisher=Eastbourne Fine Art |location=Eastbourne, England |page=110 |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> Nagsimula ang kanyang buhay sa Millers House, Lynsted, kung saan siya nanirahan kasama ang kanyang mga magulang at limang katulong. <ref name="1841 England Census Lynsted">{{Cite web |title=1841 England Census Lynsted Kent HO107/474/3 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/8978/images/KENHO107_472_474-0575?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=8a855d270f7f0eb17b6b24b1da2f6ffb&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ZpY952&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=5058241 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=H. M. Government}}</ref> Itinala siya ng senso noong 1851 bilang isang iskolar sa edad na labindalawang taong gulang, sa 30 Linsted Street, Lynsted, Kent, kasama ang kanyang mga magulang at apat na katulong sa bahay. <ref name="1851 Census Lynsted">{{Cite web |title=1851 Census Lynsted Kent HO107/1626 p.7 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/8860/images/KENHO107_1626_1626-1035?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=dfc065de86fcf4158484927fd9c7ff3f&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ZpY951&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=3073702 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=H. M. Government}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 1861, nakatira na siya kasama ang kanyang ina sa 7 Cambridge Square, [[Paddington]], kasama ang isang katulong. Walang propesyon na idineklara para sa alinmang babae. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1861 England Census Paddington RG9/9 p.18 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/8767/images/MDXRG9_8_10-0276?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=56f3cd684f53c28f23e2cd4edb00a115&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ZpY953&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=403410 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=H. M. Government}}</ref> Ipinapakita ng 1871 Census na siya ay panauhin ni Colonel B. Hall, isang tagagawa ng pulbura, sa Syndale House, [[Ospringe]], Kent. {{Refn|B. Hall was probably William Hall, a partner in the Marsh or Oare gunpowder works, near [[Faversham]], [[Kent]]. See [https://favershamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Gunpowder_leaflet.pdf Faversham Gunpowder Trail]}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=1871 Census Ospringe RG10/978 p.13, schedule 23 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/7619/images/KENRG10_977_979-0160?backlabel=ReturnSearchResults&queryId=3dfd0e081c095b623f81a3de9db7837f&pId=6202581 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=H. M. Government}}</ref> Noong 1891, nakatira siya sa 4 Culversden Road, Drysdale, [[Streatham]], London, kasama ang isang katulong, na inilarawan ang kanyang sarili bilang isang artista at watercolorist. <ref name="1891 Census Streatham">{{Cite web |title=1891 England Census RG12/455 p.61, schedule 112 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/6598/images/LNDRG12_455_457-0105?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=8e64966611cd7a739b6819fb2ec80104&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ZpY950&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=10337463 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=H. M. Government}}</ref> Natagpuan siya ng 1911 Census na nakatira mag-isa sa 4 Avenue Studios, Fulham, London, na inilarawan ang kanyang sarili bilang isang artista ng mga larawan ng aso, na nagtatrabaho nang mag-isa sa bahay. <ref name="1911 England Census Fulham">{{Cite web |title=1911 Census Fulham, schedule 89 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/2352/images/rg14_00114_0177_03?backlabel=ReturnSearchResults&queryId=14fc45f7b53272d898bc102275bc73b6&pId=897998 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=H. M. Government}}</ref> Noong 1873, nakita ni Fairman at ng kanyang ina ang isang maling [[Letter of recommendation|sanggunian]] na iniharap ng "matangkad at maayos ang pananamit" na si James Bartley noong nag-aaplay siya para sa posisyon ng mayordoma sa kanilang bahay sa Kensington. Nakaimbento si Bartley ng dating amo, ang Kagalang-galang na Ginang G. Sutton, at peke ang isang sulat na nagsasabing galing sa kanya. Umamin si Bartley sa korte at pinagmulta ng £15 10s ( {{Inflation|UK|15.5|1873}} . ) {{Inflation/fn|UK}} na may alternatibo sa pagkakakulong. <ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 1873 |title=Hammersmith |page=7 col.2 |work=London Evening Standard |agency=British Newspaper Archive |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18730410/057/0007 |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> Binayaran niya ang multa. <ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 1873 |title=A false character |page=9 col.1 |work=Pall Mall Gazette |agency=British Newspaper Archive |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18730409/011/0009 |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> Noong 1887, minana ni Fairman ang isang pamana mula sa kanyang tiyuhin na si George Gosselin ng Bristol. <ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 1887 |title=The will of Mr Gosselin |page=3 col.5 |work=Western Daily Press |agency=British Newspaper Archive |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/18870709/015/0003 |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> ==Sanggunian== <references /> {{stub}} nnislqtqlj8rt0p1qp277gazrad9cwu 0 337987 2204290 2026-04-22T23:06:10Z Derk29 114611 Ginawa si Eva Scott Fenyes 2204290 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Eva Scott Fényes''' (dating '''Muse''' ; Nobyembre 9, 1849 – Pebrero 3, 1930) <ref>[https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8g44rtm/entire_text/ Biography], oac.cdlib.org. Accessed March 16, 2024.</ref> ay isang Amerikanong pintor na kilala sa watercolor landscape ng [[Western United States|Kanlurang Amerika]] . <ref name="AskArt">{{Cite web |title=Eva Scott Fenyes |url=https://www.askart.com/artist_bio/Eva_Scott_Fenyes/3200/Eva_Scott_Fenyes.aspx |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=AskArt}}</ref> Kilala rin siya sa kanyang mga gawaing pilantropo. == Talambuhay == Si Eva Scott ay ipinanganak noong Nobyembre 9, 1849, sa New York City bilang nag-iisang anak nina Leonard at Rebecca (Briggs) Scott. Nag-aral siya sa Pelham Priory School, ang unang paaralang pang-preparasyon para sa mga babae sa lugar ng New York, kung saan niya natanggap ang kanyang unang pagsasanay sa sining. Noong mga 1868 o 1869, naglakbay siya sa Timog Europa at Hilagang Aprika kasama ang kanyang mga magulang at gumugol ng anim na linggo sa Ehipto, kung saan siya nakatanggap ng pagsasanay sa sining mula kay [[Sanford Robinson Gifford|Sanford R. Gifford]] . Noong Nobyembre 19, 1878, pinakasalan niya si Tenyente William S. Muse, ng US Marine Corps, Fort Monroe, Virginia, kung saan nagkaroon sila ng isang anak, [[Leonora Scott Muse Curtin|si Leonora Scott Muse Curtin]] (1879–1972). Noong 1889, si Eva at ang kanyang anak na babae ay dumating sa Santa Fe, New Mexico. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">kailangan ng sitasyon</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Nagsampa si Eva ng diborsyo mula kay William Muse sa korte distrito ng Santa Fe County noong Hunyo 1890. <ref>{{Cite news |date=1890-06-24 |title=Round About Town |page=4 |work=[[The Santa Fe New Mexican|Santa Fe Daily New Mexican]] |issue=105 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/600345072/?match=1&terms=%22Eva%20Muse%22 |url-access=subscription |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Noong 1895, muli siyang naglakbay patungong Ehipto, kung saan niya nakilala ang kanyang pangalawang asawa, ang maharlikang Hungarian [[Adelbert Fenyes|na si Adalbert Fényes de Csokaly]] . Ikinasal sila sa Budapest noong 1896 at bumalik sa Estados Unidos. <ref name="Gibbons">{{Cite web |last=Gibbons |first=Cuyler |date=May 3, 2016 |title=The Evolution of Eva Fenyes |url=https://pasadenamag.com/artsandculture/the-evolution-of-eva-fenyes/ |access-date=July 17, 2020 |website=Pasadena Magazine}}</ref> == Kamatayan == Namatay si Fényes noong Pebrero 3, 1930, sa edad na 80, sa [[Pasadena, California]] . <ref name="loc">{{Cite web |title=Fényes, Eva Scott, -1930 |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no95009073.html |access-date=July 17, 2020 |website=LC Linked Data Service |publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref> Ang kanyang mga watercolor at sketchbook ay nasa mga koleksyon ng [[Autry Museum of the American West|Autry Museum]] of the American West sa Los Angeles, ng [[Pasadena Museum of History]] at ng Acequia Madre House sa Santa Fe. <ref name="Autry">{{Cite web |title=Eva Scott Fényes |url=http://collections.theautry.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=PE62552;type=701 |access-date=July 17, 2020 |website=Autry’s Collections Online}}</ref> ==Sanggunian== <references /> {{stub}} h1ric2jkk3eyegwpgonkox0702h1v9a 0 337988 2204302 2026-04-23T00:02:41Z ShiminUfesoj 90200 Bagong pahina: {{short description|Neurosurgeon ng Kenya}} {{use dmy dates|date=November 2017}} {{Infobox person | name = Shitsama Nyamweya | image = Sylvia Shitsama Nyamweya.jpg | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1983}} | birth_place = [[Kenya]] | death_date = | death_place = | education = [[Unibersidad ng Nairobi]]<br/>{{small|([[Bachelor of Medicine at Bachelor of Surgery]])}}<br/>{{small|([[Master of Medicine]] sa [[Neurosurgery]])}} | occupation =... 2204302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Neurosurgeon ng Kenya}} {{use dmy dates|date=November 2017}} {{Infobox person | name = Shitsama Nyamweya | image = Sylvia Shitsama Nyamweya.jpg | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1983}} | birth_place = [[Kenya]] | death_date = | death_place = | education = [[Unibersidad ng Nairobi]]<br/>{{small|([[Bachelor of Medicine at Bachelor of Surgery]])}}<br/>{{small|([[Master of Medicine]] sa [[Neurosurgery]])}} | occupation = Konsultant na Neurosurgeon | years_active = | citizenship = Kenya | title = | website = https://drsylviashitsama.com | spouse = | |}} Si '''Sylvia Shitsama Nyamweya''' (née '''Sylvia Shitsama''') ay isang consultant ng Kenya na [[neurosurgeon]] sa [[Pambansang Ospital ng Kenyatta|Pambansang Ospital ng Referral ng Kenyatta]].<ref name="Data">{{cite news| url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya | date=2017|work=Business Daily Africa | accessdate=22 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] | location=Nairobi}}</ref> She is the first female neurosurgeon in Kenya<ref name="Muchangi 2022">{{cite news |last1=Muchangi |first1=John |title=Story of Kenya's only four female neurosurgeons |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/health/2022-11-10-the-story-of-kenyas-only-female-neurosurgeons/ |access-date=1 December 2022 |work=[[The Star (Kenya)|The Star]] |date=10 November 2022}}</ref> at isa sa iilang babaeng neurosurgeon sa bansa.<ref name="Bio">{{cite web| access-date=22 November 2017 |date=22 November 2014 |location=Nairobi | url=https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000114831/why-there-are-only-17-neurosurgeons-in-kenya |title=Why there are only 17 neurosurgeons in Kenya |publisher=SDE Kenya |last=Nyambega Gisesa |first=and Abigael Sum }}</ref> ==Kaligiran at edukasyon== Si Nyamweya ay ipinanganak sa Distrito ng Kakamega sa Kenya noong 1983,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sylvia Shitsama-Nyamweya: The Neurosurgeon |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/sylvia-shitsama-nyamweya-the-neurosurgeon/ |website=Paukwa |access-date=19 August 2023 |date=29 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Data"/> at nag-aral sa mga paaralan sa Kenya para sa kanyang elementarya at sekundaryang edukasyon. Siya ay natanggap sa [[Unibersidad ng Nairobi]], kung saan siya nag-aral ng [[human medicine]], at nagtapos na may digri na [[Bachelor of Medicine at Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBChB). Noong 2008, siya ay natanggap sa neurosurgery residency program sa Kenyatta National Hospital, na pinamamahalaan ng Unibersidad ng Nairobi.<ref name="Muchangi 2022" /> Ang programa, na tumatagal nang hindi bababa sa anim na taon, ay humahantong sa paggawad ng isang [[Master of Medicine]] (MMed) degree sa [[Neurosurgery]]. Nagtapos siya na may [[MMed]] degree noong 2015, at naging unang babaeng neurosurgeon sa Kenya.<ref name="Muchangi 2022" /><ref name="Data"/> ==Karera== Si Nyamweya ay hinirang bilang isang consultant neurosurgeon sa Kenyatta National Hospital, ang pinakamalaking referral hospital sa bansa, na nagsisilbi ring teaching hospital ng [[University of Nairobi|Nairobi Medical School]].<ref name="Data"/> Simula Enero 2016, siya ay kasalukuyang nagsisilbi bilang isang [[lecturer]] sa College of Health Sciences sa [[Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology]] (JKUAT).<ref name="Muchangi 2022" /> Noong Hunyo 2017, nagsimula siyang magtrabaho sa Sage Brain and Spine Clinic, na matatagpuan sa Kenya Medical Association Centre sa Nairobi..<ref name="Bio"/><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/07/relief-for-patients-as-neurosurgery-clinic-opens-in-nairobi/ |title=Relief for patients as neurosurgery clinic opens in Nairobi | accessdate=22 November 2017 | last=Ndonga |date=21 July 2017 |publisher=[[98.4 Capital FM]] | first=Simon |location=Nairobi}}</ref> Naiulat na naghahanap siya ng pondo upang isponsor ang mga residenteng naka-enroll sa neurosurgery Master of Medicine program upang mapataas ang bilang ng mga espesyalistang neurosurgeon.<ref name="Bio"/> Si Shitsama ay nagsilbi bilang miyembro ng lupon ng Kenya Medical Association Sacco (KMA), na responsable para sa mga isyu sa kredito ng miyembro..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kmasacco.com/en/about-us/board-of-directors-and-supervisory-committee |title=Kenya Medical Association Sacco: Board of Directors |publisher=Kenya Medical Association Sacco (KMASACCO) |author=KMASACCO | location=Nairobi | accessdate=22 November 2017 |date=22 November 2017}}</ref> ==Mga Parangal at Gawad== Noong 2017, napasama siya sa "Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya" ng [[Nation Media Group]].<ref name="Data"/> Noong 2022, isa siya sa 14 na taong pinarangalan sa [[Ghana UK-Based Achievement Awards|Grow, Unite, Build, Africa]] (GUBA) Awards, at natanggap ang Pioneer Award for Health Excellence.<ref>{{cite news |title=GUBA celebrates hard work, excellence of 14 role models at 13th Awards in Kigali |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/guba-celebrates-hard-work-excellence-of-14-role-models-at-13th-awards-in-kigali/ |access-date=1 December 2022 |work=[[Joy FM (Ghana)|JoyOnline]] |date=10 October 2022}}</ref> ==Mga Sanggunian== {{reflist}} ==Mga panlabas na link== {{Wikiquote}} *[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3205553/ Progress of women in neurosurgery] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nyamweya, Shitsama Sylvia}} 49d0c18l0ye68mioacokkcwu1kj9n7o 0 337989 2204309 2026-04-23T00:31:11Z ShiminUfesoj 90200 Bagong pahina: {{Short description|Doktor na Indian-Kenyan}} Si '''Mary Mathilda de Sousa''', {{nee}} '''Pereira''' (1890–1953) ay isang doktor na Indian-Kenyan. Siya ang unang babaeng doktor na Asyano sa [[Kenya]], na nagpapraktis mula 1919.<ref name="MonnaisWright2016">{{cite book|author1=Margaret Frenz|editor2=David Wright|editor=Laurence Monnais|title=Doctors beyond Borders: The Transnational Migration of Physicians in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtsQDA... 2204309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Doktor na Indian-Kenyan}} Si '''Mary Mathilda de Sousa''', {{nee}} '''Pereira''' (1890–1953) ay isang doktor na Indian-Kenyan. Siya ang unang babaeng doktor na Asyano sa [[Kenya]], na nagpapraktis mula 1919.<ref name="MonnaisWright2016">{{cite book|author1=Margaret Frenz|editor2=David Wright|editor=Laurence Monnais|title=Doctors beyond Borders: The Transnational Migration of Physicians in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtsQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150|year=2016|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-2961-5|pages=150–1|chapter=From Zebra to Motorbike: Transnational Trajectories of South Asian Doctors in East Africa, ca 1870-1970}}</ref> ==Buhay== Si Mary Mathilda Pereira ay lumaki sa Mazagon, [[Bombay]], isa sa labing-apat na anak ni Peter Paul Pereira. Nagtapos siya sa [[Grant Medical College]] noong 1914 bilang isang [[Lisensyado sa Medisina at Operasyon]]. Nagtrabaho siya bilang isang medical officer sa [[Distrito ng Bhavnagar]] at [[Distrito ng Chhota Udaipur]] bago bumalik sa Bombay upang magtrabaho sa Kerrawala Maternity Hospital. Noong 1919, dumalo siya sa sesyon sa Lahore ng [[Pambansang Kongreso ng India]].<ref name="MonnaisWright2016"/> Matapos pakasalan si Dr. Alex Caetano Lactancio de Sousa noong 1919, lumipat siya sa [[Nairobi]] kasama niya. Doon siya nagtrabaho bilang isang doktor at komadrona.<ref name="MonnaisWright2016"/> Matapos mabuo ang Lady Grigg Welfare League noong 1926, matagumpay na nakalikom ng pondo si de Sousa upang magtayo ng isang maternity hospital, ang [[Lady Grigg Indian Maternity Home]], para sa mga babaeng Indian.<ref name="GreenwoodTopiwala2016">{{cite book|author1=A. Greenwood|author2=H. Topiwala|title=Indian Doctors in Kenya, 1895-1940: The Forgotten History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5gMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|year=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-44053-2|page=142}}</ref> Siya at ang kanyang asawa ay tumanggi na makapasok sa lupon ng mga gobernador, dahil ang konstitusyon ng ospital ay hindi nagtatakda ng balanseng representasyon ng mga Indian at Europeo sa komite. Kasali rin siya sa Indian Education Board, at sa [[Kenya Girl Guides Association|Girl Guides]] at [[Kenya Scouts Association|Boy Scouts]]].<ref name="MonnaisWright2016"/> Si Mary de Sousa ay tumanggap ng mga mahahalagang bisitang Indian sa kanyang bahay, tulad ni [[Sarojini Naidu]], na dalawang beses na namuno sa [[East African Indian National Congress]]. Noong kalagitnaan ng dekada 1940, nagkasakit siya, at halos nakakulong sa kanyang bahay sa huling dekada ng kanyang buhay.<ref name="MonnaisWright2016"/> == Personal na buhay == Si Mary Pereira ay nagpakasal sa isang kapwa doktor, si Alexio Caetano Lactancio de Sousa, noong 1919. Nabuhay siya nang mamatay ito sa Nairobi noong 1953, sa edad na 63 taon. Mayroon silang tatlong anak, sina Theo, Peter, at Aura; ang kanilang anak na si Peter A. de Sousa ay naging isang doktor tulad ng kanyang mga magulang.<ref>Dr. Alan de Sousa Rodrigues, [https://sites.google.com/site/newsletterbrochures/dr-alexio-caetano-lactancio-de-sousa "Alexio Caetano Lactancio de Sousa"] Dr. Ribeiro Goan School Ex-Students.</ref> ==Mga Sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:de Sousa, Mary}} it3l69e4dd8jowsfeh90c9vrr5c9d54 0 337990 2204319 2026-04-23T01:45:20Z ShiminUfesoj 90200 Bagong pahina: {{Short description|Babaeng doktor ng Kenya}}{{Infobox person | name = Ng'endo Mwangi | image = Mwangi in operating room (cropped).jpg | caption = Si Mwangi sa operating room, 1965 | other_names = Florence Gladwell, Florence Mwangi Mwilu | birth_place = Kinoo, Kiambu, Kenya | death_date = Oktubre 30, 1989 | death_place = Nairobi, Kenya | alma_mater = [[Kolehiyo ng Smith]] (1961) | occupation =... 2204319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Babaeng doktor ng Kenya}}{{Infobox person | name = Ng'endo Mwangi | image = Mwangi in operating room (cropped).jpg | caption = Si Mwangi sa operating room, 1965 | other_names = Florence Gladwell, Florence Mwangi Mwilu | birth_place = Kinoo, Kiambu, Kenya | death_date = Oktubre 30, 1989 | death_place = Nairobi, Kenya | alma_mater = [[Kolehiyo ng Smith]] (1961) | occupation = Manggagamot }} Si '''Ng'endo Mwangi''' (Disyembre 1936 - Oktubre 30, 1989) <ref name=":0>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Dr. Florence Ng’endo Mwangi: Kenya’s First Female Physician and Champion of Rural Health - |url=https://kenyanhistory.com/dr-florence-ngendo-mwangi-kenyas-first-female-physician-and-champion-of-rural-health/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |language=en-US}}<</ref>, kilala rin bilang '''Florence Gladwell''' o '''Florence Mwangi Mwilu''', ay ang unang babaeng manggagamot ng Kenya. Nagtayo siya ng mga klinika na nagsisilbi sa napakalaking populasyon sa kanayunan. Siya ang unang babaeng Itim na Aprikano na nag-aral sa [[Kolehiyo ng Smith]], at ang unang estudyanteng Aprikano sa [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]]. == Maagang buhay at edukasyon == Si Mwangi ay ipinanganak noong Disyembre 1936 sa Kinoo, [[Kiambu]], Kenya,<ref name=":0" /> ang anak na babae nina Rahab Wambui Mwangi at Mwangi Muchiri. Nag-aral siya sa [[Loreto High School, Limuru|Loreto High school, Limuru]], bilang bahagi ng klase ng mga pioneer nito.<ref>{{cite web|title=A True Kenyan Heroine|last1=Kiili|first1=Wangui|url=https://kenyarocks.wordpress.com/category/kenyan-spirit/|website=Kenya Rocks! Kenyan Spirit|date=7 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314035631/https://kenyarocks.wordpress.com/category/kenyan-spirit/|url-status=live|archivedate=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Napili siyang lumahok sa [[Kennedy Airlifts]], na inorganisa ni [[Tom Mboya]], na nagbigay ng mga pagkakataon para sa mga estudyante ng Silangang Aprikano na ipagpatuloy ang mga pag-aaral sa unibersidad sa Estados Unidos. Siya ang naging unang babaeng Itim na Aprikano na nag-aral sa [[Smith College]] sa Massachusetts noong 1959.<ref name="friends">{{Cite web|url=http://newafricanmagazine.com/friends-salute-mboya-s-american-airlifts-50-years-ago/|title=Friends salute Mboya's American airlifts 50 years ago|website=New African Magazine|date=28 January 2014 |language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312083610/http://newafricanmagazine.com/friends-salute-mboya-s-american-airlifts-50-years-ago/|url-status=live|archivedate=2016-03-12}}</ref><ref name="smith">{{cite journal|last1=Mwangi|first1=Ng'endo|title=A Medical Center for the Masai|journal=Smith Alumnae Quarterly|date=Fall 1987|pages=12–13|url=http://saq.smith.edu/i/504516-fall-1987|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312065143/http://saq.smith.edu/i/504516-fall-1987|url-status=live|archivedate=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 18, 1960 |title=Smith College to Welcome Three African Students |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-union-smith-college-to-welco/176127672/ |access-date=July 7, 2025 |work=The Morning Union |pages=10 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Nagtapos siya sa Smith College noong 1961.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Dr. Florence Ng’endo Mwangi: Kenya’s First Female Physician and Champion of Rural Health - |url=https://kenyanhistory.com/dr-florence-ngendo-mwangi-kenyas-first-female-physician-and-champion-of-rural-health/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> .<ref name="smith" /><ref name="smithnews">{{cite web |last1=Cole |first1=Kristen |date=12 January Pagkatapos niyang makumpleto ang kanyang [[Bachelor of Arts]] sa Smith College, nag-aral si Ng’endo Mwangi ng medisina sa [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]] sa [[New York City]]. Siya ang unang estudyanteng Aprikano na natanggap sa programa at natanggap ang kanyang [[Doctor of Medicine]] degree noong 1965. Pagkatapos ng kanyang pagtatapos, pinili niyang bumalik sa Kenya kaysa manatili sa Estados Unidos, dahil sa kanyang pangakong mapabuti ang access sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan, lalo na sa mga komunidad sa kanayunan na kulang sa serbisyo.2005 |title=Thriving Mwangi Cultural Center Moves to Larger Home |url=http://www.smith.edu/newsoffice/releases/04-039.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219130924/http://www.smith.edu/newsoffice/releases/04-039.html |archivedate=19 February 2016 |publisher=Smith College}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Dr. Florence Ng’endo Mwangi: Kenya’s First Female Physician and Champion of Rural Health - |url=https://kenyanhistory.com/dr-florence-ngendo-mwangi-kenyas-first-female-physician-and-champion-of-rural-health/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Karera == Pagbalik sa Kenya bilang isang kwalipikadong manggagamot, binuksan ni Mwangi ang kanyang unang klinika, ang [[Athi River (bayan)|Athi River]] Clinic, sa isang tigang na rural na rehiyon sa timog-silangan ng [[Nairobi]] kung saan siya lamang ang doktor para sa mahigit 300,000 [[mga taong Maasai]]. Noong 1987, itinatag niya ang Reto Medical Center sa [[Sultan Hamud]]. <ref name="smith" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://libex.smith.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/black-students-alliance/florence-n-gendo-mwangi|title=Florence N'gendo Mwangi · History of the Black Students Alliance at Smith College · Smith Libraries Exhibits|website=libex.smith.edu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209211943/http://libex.smith.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/black-students-alliance/florence-n-gendo-mwangi|url-status=live|archivedate=2015-12-09}}</ref> == Honors == Members of the Black Students Alliance at Smith College made the case for additional facilities on campus and, in 1973, the Mwangi Cultural Center was established and named in her honor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Student Leadership & Cultural Centers. Mwangi Cultural Center|url=http://www.smith.edu/oma/leadership_mwangi.php|publisher=Smith College|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403191154/http://www.smith.edu/oma/leadership_mwangi.php|archivedate=3 April 2016|access-date=12 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>Noong panahong iyon, ang sentro ay matatagpuan sa Lilly Hall ngunit kalaunan ay inilipat ito sa Davis Center sa Smith College. .<ref name="smithnews" /><ref name="bsasc">{{cite web|title=The Mwangi Cultural Center|url=http://smithbsa.tripod.com/id14.html|website=The Black Students Alliance of Smith College|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042844/http://smithbsa.tripod.com/id14.html|url-status=live|archivedate=13 March 2016}}</ref> She was awarded an honorary degree by Smith College in 1987.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelliher |first=Judith |date=May 18, 1987 |title=Trudeau tells graduates to be 'impertinent' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-union-trudeau-tells-graduate/176126466/ |access-date=July 7, 2025 |work=The Morning Union |pages=15 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Noong 2005, ang Mwangi Center ay nirenovate at muling inialay, na may pangunahing talumpati ng kanyang anak na si Wangui Mwangi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Killian |first=Curtis |date=January 31, 2005 |title=Smith College rededicates Mwangi Center |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-hampshire-gazette-smith-college-re/176127190/ |access-date=July 7, 2025 |work=Daily Hampshire Gazette |pages=3 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> == Personal na buhay == Pormal na pinalitan ni Mwangi ang kanyang pangalan mula sa Florence Gladwell noong 1967.<ref name="kg">{{cite news|last1=Mwangi|first1=Ng'endo|title=Notice of change of name|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YORxJVP9-boC&q=ngendo+mwangi&pg=PT1|accessdate=12 March 2016|work=Kenya Gazette|date=3 January 1967}}</ref> Namatay siya dahil sa kanser sa suso noong 1989, sa Nairobi.<ref name="smithnews" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 6, 1991 |title=Cause No. 901 of 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcSDrdIqCFwC&dq=Ng%27endo+Mwangi&pg=PT10 |journal=Kenya Gazette |pages=1363}}</ref> ==Mga Sanggunian== {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [https://compass.fivecolleges.edu/islandora/object/smith:1374033 "Florence Gladwell Mwangi, from Kenya, 1961"] (photograph), Smith College Special Collections {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mwangi, Ng'endo}} dfu8wyoptoxabh23tv6w1jul8yzd0g0 2204367 2204319 2026-04-23T06:27:07Z ShiminUfesoj 90200 2204367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Babaeng doktor ng Kenya}}{{Infobox person | name = Ng'endo Mwangi | image = Mwangi in operating room (cropped).jpg | caption = Si Mwangi sa operating room, 1965 | other_names = Florence Gladwell, Florence Mwangi Mwilu | birth_place = Kinoo, Kiambu, Kenya | death_date = Oktubre 30, 1989 | death_place = Nairobi, Kenya | alma_mater = [[Kolehiyo ng Smith]] (1961) | occupation = Manggagamot }} Si '''Ng'endo Mwangi''' (Disyembre 1936 - Oktubre 30, 1989) <ref name=":0>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Dr. Florence Ng’endo Mwangi: Kenya’s First Female Physician and Champion of Rural Health - |url=https://kenyanhistory.com/dr-florence-ngendo-mwangi-kenyas-first-female-physician-and-champion-of-rural-health/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |language=en-US}}<</ref>, kilala rin bilang '''Florence Gladwell''' o '''Florence Mwangi Mwilu''', ay ang unang babaeng manggagamot ng Kenya. Nagtayo siya ng mga klinika na nagsisilbi sa napakalaking populasyon sa kanayunan. Siya ang unang babaeng Itim na Aprikano na nag-aral sa [[Kolehiyo ng Smith]], at ang unang estudyanteng Aprikano sa [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]]. == Maagang buhay at edukasyon == Si Mwangi ay ipinanganak noong Disyembre 1936 sa Kinoo, [[Kiambu]], Kenya,<ref name=":0" /> ang anak na babae nina Rahab Wambui Mwangi at Mwangi Muchiri. Nag-aral siya sa [[Loreto High School, Limuru|Loreto High school, Limuru]], bilang bahagi ng klase ng mga pioneer nito.<ref>{{cite web|title=A True Kenyan Heroine|last1=Kiili|first1=Wangui|url=https://kenyarocks.wordpress.com/category/kenyan-spirit/|website=Kenya Rocks! Kenyan Spirit|date=7 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314035631/https://kenyarocks.wordpress.com/category/kenyan-spirit/|url-status=live|archivedate=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Napili siyang lumahok sa [[Kennedy Airlifts]], na inorganisa ni [[Tom Mboya]], na nagbigay ng mga pagkakataon para sa mga estudyante ng Silangang Aprikano na ipagpatuloy ang mga pag-aaral sa unibersidad sa Estados Unidos. Siya ang naging unang babaeng Itim na Aprikano na nag-aral sa [[Smith College]] sa Massachusetts noong 1959.<ref name="friends">{{Cite web|url=http://newafricanmagazine.com/friends-salute-mboya-s-american-airlifts-50-years-ago/|title=Friends salute Mboya's American airlifts 50 years ago|website=New African Magazine|date=28 January 2014 |language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312083610/http://newafricanmagazine.com/friends-salute-mboya-s-american-airlifts-50-years-ago/|url-status=live|archivedate=2016-03-12}}</ref><ref name="smith">{{cite journal|last1=Mwangi|first1=Ng'endo|title=A Medical Center for the Masai|journal=Smith Alumnae Quarterly|date=Fall 1987|pages=12–13|url=http://saq.smith.edu/i/504516-fall-1987|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312065143/http://saq.smith.edu/i/504516-fall-1987|url-status=live|archivedate=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 18, 1960 |title=Smith College to Welcome Three African Students |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-union-smith-college-to-welco/176127672/ |access-date=July 7, 2025 |work=The Morning Union |pages=10 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Nagtapos siya sa Smith College noong 1961.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Dr. Florence Ng’endo Mwangi: Kenya’s First Female Physician and Champion of Rural Health - |url=https://kenyanhistory.com/dr-florence-ngendo-mwangi-kenyas-first-female-physician-and-champion-of-rural-health/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> Pagkatapos niyang makumpleto ang kanyang [[Bachelor of Arts]] sa Smith College, nag-aral si Ng’endo Mwangi ng medisina sa [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]] sa [[New York City]]. Siya ang unang estudyanteng Aprikano na natanggap sa programa at natanggap ang kanyang [[Doctor of Medicine]] degree noong 1965. Pagkatapos ng kanyang pagtatapos, pinili niyang bumalik sa Kenya kaysa manatili sa Estados Unidos, dahil sa kanyang pangakong mapabuti ang access sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan, lalo na sa mga komunidad sa kanayunan na kulang sa serbisyo.<ref name="smith" /><ref name="smithnews">{{cite web |last1=Cole |first1=Kristen |date=12 January 2005 |title=Thriving Mwangi Cultural Center Moves to Larger Home |url=http://www.smith.edu/newsoffice/releases/04-039.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219130924/http://www.smith.edu/newsoffice/releases/04-039.html |archivedate=19 February 2016 |publisher=Smith College}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Dr. Florence Ng’endo Mwangi: Kenya’s First Female Physician and Champion of Rural Health - |url=https://kenyanhistory.com/dr-florence-ngendo-mwangi-kenyas-first-female-physician-and-champion-of-rural-health/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Karera == Pagbalik sa Kenya bilang isang kwalipikadong manggagamot, binuksan ni Mwangi ang kanyang unang klinika, ang [[Athi River (bayan)|Athi River]] Clinic, sa isang tigang na rural na rehiyon sa timog-silangan ng [[Nairobi]] kung saan siya lamang ang doktor para sa mahigit 300,000 [[mga taong Maasai]]. Noong 1987, itinatag niya ang Reto Medical Center sa [[Sultan Hamud]]. <ref name="smith" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://libex.smith.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/black-students-alliance/florence-n-gendo-mwangi|title=Florence N'gendo Mwangi · History of the Black Students Alliance at Smith College · Smith Libraries Exhibits|website=libex.smith.edu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209211943/http://libex.smith.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/black-students-alliance/florence-n-gendo-mwangi|url-status=live|archivedate=2015-12-09}}</ref> == Honors == Members of the Black Students Alliance at Smith College made the case for additional facilities on campus and, in 1973, the Mwangi Cultural Center was established and named in her honor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Student Leadership & Cultural Centers. Mwangi Cultural Center|url=http://www.smith.edu/oma/leadership_mwangi.php|publisher=Smith College|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403191154/http://www.smith.edu/oma/leadership_mwangi.php|archivedate=3 April 2016|access-date=12 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>Noong panahong iyon, ang sentro ay matatagpuan sa Lilly Hall ngunit kalaunan ay inilipat ito sa Davis Center sa Smith College. .<ref name="smithnews" /><ref name="bsasc">{{cite web|title=The Mwangi Cultural Center|url=http://smithbsa.tripod.com/id14.html|website=The Black Students Alliance of Smith College|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042844/http://smithbsa.tripod.com/id14.html|url-status=live|archivedate=13 March 2016}}</ref> She was awarded an honorary degree by Smith College in 1987.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelliher |first=Judith |date=May 18, 1987 |title=Trudeau tells graduates to be 'impertinent' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-union-trudeau-tells-graduate/176126466/ |access-date=July 7, 2025 |work=The Morning Union |pages=15 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Noong 2005, ang Mwangi Center ay nirenovate at muling inialay, na may pangunahing talumpati ng kanyang anak na si Wangui Mwangi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Killian |first=Curtis |date=January 31, 2005 |title=Smith College rededicates Mwangi Center |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-hampshire-gazette-smith-college-re/176127190/ |access-date=July 7, 2025 |work=Daily Hampshire Gazette |pages=3 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> == Personal na buhay == Pormal na pinalitan ni Mwangi ang kanyang pangalan mula sa Florence Gladwell noong 1967.<ref name="kg">{{cite news|last1=Mwangi|first1=Ng'endo|title=Notice of change of name|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YORxJVP9-boC&q=ngendo+mwangi&pg=PT1|accessdate=12 March 2016|work=Kenya Gazette|date=3 January 1967}}</ref> Namatay siya dahil sa kanser sa suso noong 1989, sa Nairobi.<ref name="smithnews" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 6, 1991 |title=Cause No. 901 of 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcSDrdIqCFwC&dq=Ng%27endo+Mwangi&pg=PT10 |journal=Kenya Gazette |pages=1363}}</ref> ==Mga Sanggunian== {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [https://compass.fivecolleges.edu/islandora/object/smith:1374033 "Florence Gladwell Mwangi, from Kenya, 1961"] (photograph), Smith College Special Collections {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mwangi, Ng'endo}} iuufsvi9dg6gmm5l2tkhyrsrdkqhd3k 2204368 2204367 2026-04-23T06:28:21Z ShiminUfesoj 90200 /* Honors */ 2204368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Babaeng doktor ng Kenya}}{{Infobox person | name = Ng'endo Mwangi | image = Mwangi in operating room (cropped).jpg | caption = Si Mwangi sa operating room, 1965 | other_names = Florence Gladwell, Florence Mwangi Mwilu | birth_place = Kinoo, Kiambu, Kenya | death_date = Oktubre 30, 1989 | death_place = Nairobi, Kenya | alma_mater = [[Kolehiyo ng Smith]] (1961) | occupation = Manggagamot }} Si '''Ng'endo Mwangi''' (Disyembre 1936 - Oktubre 30, 1989) <ref name=":0>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Dr. Florence Ng’endo Mwangi: Kenya’s First Female Physician and Champion of Rural Health - |url=https://kenyanhistory.com/dr-florence-ngendo-mwangi-kenyas-first-female-physician-and-champion-of-rural-health/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |language=en-US}}<</ref>, kilala rin bilang '''Florence Gladwell''' o '''Florence Mwangi Mwilu''', ay ang unang babaeng manggagamot ng Kenya. Nagtayo siya ng mga klinika na nagsisilbi sa napakalaking populasyon sa kanayunan. Siya ang unang babaeng Itim na Aprikano na nag-aral sa [[Kolehiyo ng Smith]], at ang unang estudyanteng Aprikano sa [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]]. == Maagang buhay at edukasyon == Si Mwangi ay ipinanganak noong Disyembre 1936 sa Kinoo, [[Kiambu]], Kenya,<ref name=":0" /> ang anak na babae nina Rahab Wambui Mwangi at Mwangi Muchiri. Nag-aral siya sa [[Loreto High School, Limuru|Loreto High school, Limuru]], bilang bahagi ng klase ng mga pioneer nito.<ref>{{cite web|title=A True Kenyan Heroine|last1=Kiili|first1=Wangui|url=https://kenyarocks.wordpress.com/category/kenyan-spirit/|website=Kenya Rocks! Kenyan Spirit|date=7 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314035631/https://kenyarocks.wordpress.com/category/kenyan-spirit/|url-status=live|archivedate=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Napili siyang lumahok sa [[Kennedy Airlifts]], na inorganisa ni [[Tom Mboya]], na nagbigay ng mga pagkakataon para sa mga estudyante ng Silangang Aprikano na ipagpatuloy ang mga pag-aaral sa unibersidad sa Estados Unidos. Siya ang naging unang babaeng Itim na Aprikano na nag-aral sa [[Smith College]] sa Massachusetts noong 1959.<ref name="friends">{{Cite web|url=http://newafricanmagazine.com/friends-salute-mboya-s-american-airlifts-50-years-ago/|title=Friends salute Mboya's American airlifts 50 years ago|website=New African Magazine|date=28 January 2014 |language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312083610/http://newafricanmagazine.com/friends-salute-mboya-s-american-airlifts-50-years-ago/|url-status=live|archivedate=2016-03-12}}</ref><ref name="smith">{{cite journal|last1=Mwangi|first1=Ng'endo|title=A Medical Center for the Masai|journal=Smith Alumnae Quarterly|date=Fall 1987|pages=12–13|url=http://saq.smith.edu/i/504516-fall-1987|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312065143/http://saq.smith.edu/i/504516-fall-1987|url-status=live|archivedate=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 18, 1960 |title=Smith College to Welcome Three African Students |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-union-smith-college-to-welco/176127672/ |access-date=July 7, 2025 |work=The Morning Union |pages=10 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Nagtapos siya sa Smith College noong 1961.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Dr. Florence Ng’endo Mwangi: Kenya’s First Female Physician and Champion of Rural Health - |url=https://kenyanhistory.com/dr-florence-ngendo-mwangi-kenyas-first-female-physician-and-champion-of-rural-health/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> Pagkatapos niyang makumpleto ang kanyang [[Bachelor of Arts]] sa Smith College, nag-aral si Ng’endo Mwangi ng medisina sa [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]] sa [[New York City]]. Siya ang unang estudyanteng Aprikano na natanggap sa programa at natanggap ang kanyang [[Doctor of Medicine]] degree noong 1965. Pagkatapos ng kanyang pagtatapos, pinili niyang bumalik sa Kenya kaysa manatili sa Estados Unidos, dahil sa kanyang pangakong mapabuti ang access sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan, lalo na sa mga komunidad sa kanayunan na kulang sa serbisyo.<ref name="smith" /><ref name="smithnews">{{cite web |last1=Cole |first1=Kristen |date=12 January 2005 |title=Thriving Mwangi Cultural Center Moves to Larger Home |url=http://www.smith.edu/newsoffice/releases/04-039.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219130924/http://www.smith.edu/newsoffice/releases/04-039.html |archivedate=19 February 2016 |publisher=Smith College}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Dr. Florence Ng’endo Mwangi: Kenya’s First Female Physician and Champion of Rural Health - |url=https://kenyanhistory.com/dr-florence-ngendo-mwangi-kenyas-first-female-physician-and-champion-of-rural-health/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Karera == Pagbalik sa Kenya bilang isang kwalipikadong manggagamot, binuksan ni Mwangi ang kanyang unang klinika, ang [[Athi River (bayan)|Athi River]] Clinic, sa isang tigang na rural na rehiyon sa timog-silangan ng [[Nairobi]] kung saan siya lamang ang doktor para sa mahigit 300,000 [[mga taong Maasai]]. Noong 1987, itinatag niya ang Reto Medical Center sa [[Sultan Hamud]]. <ref name="smith" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://libex.smith.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/black-students-alliance/florence-n-gendo-mwangi|title=Florence N'gendo Mwangi · History of the Black Students Alliance at Smith College · Smith Libraries Exhibits|website=libex.smith.edu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209211943/http://libex.smith.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/black-students-alliance/florence-n-gendo-mwangi|url-status=live|archivedate=2015-12-09}}</ref> == Mga Karangalan == Ipinanukala ng mga miyembro ng Black Students Alliance sa Smith College ang karagdagang mga pasilidad sa kampus at, noong 1973, itinatag at ipinangalan ang Mwangi Cultural Center bilang parangal sa kanya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Student Leadership & Cultural Centers. Mwangi Cultural Center|url=http://www.smith.edu/oma/leadership_mwangi.php|publisher=Smith College|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403191154/http://www.smith.edu/oma/leadership_mwangi.php|archivedate=3 April 2016|access-date=12 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>Noong panahong iyon, ang sentro ay matatagpuan sa Lilly Hall ngunit kalaunan ay inilipat ito sa Davis Center sa Smith College. .<ref name="smithnews" /><ref name="bsasc">{{cite web|title=The Mwangi Cultural Center|url=http://smithbsa.tripod.com/id14.html|website=The Black Students Alliance of Smith College|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042844/http://smithbsa.tripod.com/id14.html|url-status=live|archivedate=13 March 2016}}</ref> Ginawaran siya ng honorary degree ng Smith College noong 1987.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelliher |first=Judith |date=May 18, 1987 |title=Trudeau tells graduates to be 'impertinent' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-union-trudeau-tells-graduate/176126466/ |access-date=July 7, 2025 |work=The Morning Union |pages=15 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Noong 2005, ang Mwangi Center ay nirenovate at muling inialay, na may pangunahing talumpati ng kanyang anak na si Wangui Mwangi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Killian |first=Curtis |date=January 31, 2005 |title=Smith College rededicates Mwangi Center |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-hampshire-gazette-smith-college-re/176127190/ |access-date=July 7, 2025 |work=Daily Hampshire Gazette |pages=3 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> == Personal na buhay == Pormal na pinalitan ni Mwangi ang kanyang pangalan mula sa Florence Gladwell noong 1967.<ref name="kg">{{cite news|last1=Mwangi|first1=Ng'endo|title=Notice of change of name|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YORxJVP9-boC&q=ngendo+mwangi&pg=PT1|accessdate=12 March 2016|work=Kenya Gazette|date=3 January 1967}}</ref> Namatay siya dahil sa kanser sa suso noong 1989, sa Nairobi.<ref name="smithnews" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 6, 1991 |title=Cause No. 901 of 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcSDrdIqCFwC&dq=Ng%27endo+Mwangi&pg=PT10 |journal=Kenya Gazette |pages=1363}}</ref> ==Mga Sanggunian== {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [https://compass.fivecolleges.edu/islandora/object/smith:1374033 "Florence Gladwell Mwangi, from Kenya, 1961"] (photograph), Smith College Special Collections {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mwangi, Ng'endo}} hoi1ewsrt15gvrqh4up4enjik8m9ayc 0 337991 2204388 2026-04-23T07:54:59Z Jojit fb 38 Inilipat ni Jojit fb ang pahinang [[Moro (Pilipinas)]] sa [[Mga Moro]] 2204388 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mga Moro]] n4c06n63s77sfkuylwg0gh02ovffbhc 1 337992 2204390 2026-04-23T07:54:59Z Jojit fb 38 Inilipat ni Jojit fb ang pahinang [[Usapan:Moro (Pilipinas)]] sa [[Usapan:Mga Moro]] 2204390 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Usapan:Mga Moro]] i5yz92q50z3sqxbzu44z3tmib7ulj8c 0 337993 2204393 2026-04-23T08:14:55Z ShiminUfesoj 90200 Bagong pahina: {{Infobox person | name = Elizabeth Gitaū | image = | alt = | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1988}} | birth_place = Kenya | death_date = | death_place = | education = {{ubl|[[Pamantasan ng Nairobi]]|([[Batsilyer ng Medisina sa Batsilyer ng Operasyon]])|[[Pamantasan ng Strathmore]]|([[Master ng Pangangasiwa ng Negosyo]])|Unibersidad ng Apli... 2204393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Elizabeth Gitaū | image = | alt = | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1988}} | birth_place = Kenya | death_date = | death_place = | education = {{ubl|[[Pamantasan ng Nairobi]]|([[Batsilyer ng Medisina sa Batsilyer ng Operasyon]])|[[Pamantasan ng Strathmore]]|([[Master ng Pangangasiwa ng Negosyo]])|[[Unibersidad ng Aplikadong Agham ng Hamburg]]|([[Pananaliksik|Kurso sa Metodolohiya ng Pananaliksik at Pamamahala ng Proyekto]])}} | occupation = [[Manggagamot]] at [[ehekutibo ng korporasyon]] | years_active = 2006–kasalukuyan | known_for = | networth = | title = [[Punong ehekutibong opisyal]] ng Samahan ng mga Medikal sa Kenya | website = | spouse = || }} Si '''Elizabeth Gitaū''' si '''Elizabeth Gitaū-Maina''' (ipinanganak {{circa|1988}}), ay isang [[manggagamot]] at [[ehekutibong korporasyon]] sa Kenya, sino ang [[punong ehekutibong opisyal]] ng Kenya Medical Association, ang pambansang asosasyon ng industriya na naglalayong itaguyod at pangalagaan ang mga interes ng mga medikal na doktor na nagpapraktis sa industriya sa bansa.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|work=[[Business Daily Africa]] |date=10 April 2019 |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/companies/board-picks--first-woman-chair/4003102-5065874-i99myjz/index.html | title=Doctors' board picks first woman chair |author=Nasibo Kabale |access-date=10 April 2019 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> ==Kaligiran at edukasyon== Si Gitaū ay ipinanganak sa Kenya {{circa|1988}}. Nagtapos siya sa [[University of Nairobi]] na may [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBChB) degree noong 2012. Nagpatuloy siya upang makakuha ng [[Master of Business Administration]] degree mula sa [[Unibersidad ng Strathmore]] sa [[Nairobi]] noong 2016. Noong 2017, ginawaran siya ng scholarship mula sa [[Serbisyo sa Pagpapalitang Akademiko ng Aleman]] (Aleman: Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst) (DAAD), upang mag-aral sa Germany, kung saan siya ay nagsagawa ng [[Pananaliksik|Kurso sa Metodolohiya ng Pananaliksik at Pamamahala ng Proyekto]] sa [[Pamantasan ng Aplikadong Agham ng Hamburg]].<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R">{{cite web |url=https://kmpdc.go.ke/2024/08/01/dr-elizabeth-gitau-maina/ |title=Kenya Medical Practitioners and Dentists Council: Dr. Elizabeth Gitau-Maina |work=Kenya Medical Practitioners and Dentists Council (KMPDC) |date=1 August 2024 |author=KMPDC | access-date=5 November 2024 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> ==Karera== Pagkatapos makapagtapos sa paaralan ng medisina, at pagkatapos ng mandatory internship, nagtrabaho siya bilang isang medical officer sa Mūrang'a County Hospital nang halos dalawang taon hanggang Disyembre 2014.<ref name="2R"/> Noong Abril 2019, nagtrabaho si Gitaū bilang isang [[senior lecturer]] sa [[Kenya Medical Training College]], isang paaralan na nagsasanay ng mga [[clinical officer]] (dating [[medical assistant]]) sa antas ng diploma, na nakabase sa kampus sa bayan ng [[Thika]].<ref name="2R"/> Bilang papasok na CEO sa Kenya Medical Association, pumalit siya kay [[Stellah Wairimu Bosire-Otieno]], na namuno sa asosasyon mula 2017 hanggang 2019.<ref name="1R"/> Previously, Gitaū was the treasurer of the Nairobi County Division of Kenya Medical Association (KMA).<ref name="3R">{{cite web | url=https://www.kma.co.ke/11-staff/ |title=Kenya Medical Association: KMA Divisions |date=7 January 2019 |publisher=Kenya Medical Association |access-date=11 April 2019 |author=Kenya Medical Association |location=Nairobi |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411021041/https://www.kma.co.ke/11-staff/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Noong Marso 2021, sa gitna ng [[pandemya ng COVID-19]], pinuna ni Gitaū ang Kenya dahil sa pagbibigay-priyoridad sa mga bakuna para sa mga diplomat kaysa sa mga manggagawa sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at mga matatanda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local doctors angry as Kenya offers COVID vaccines to diplomats |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/20/kenyan-covid-vaccine-offer-to-diplomats-draws-local-doctors-ire |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Noong Marso 2023, si Dr. Elizabeth Gitaū ay hinirang na umupo sa lupon ng ''Kenya Medical Practitioners and Dentists Council'' (KMPDC), bilang isang miyembro.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2023-03-24-new-kmpdc-board-members-assume-office-challenged-to-uphold-professional-ethics |title=New KMPDC board members assume office, challenged to uphold professional ethics |work=[[The Star (Kenya)]] |date=24 March 2023 |author=Magdalene Saya |access-date=5 November 2024 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> Siya rin ay miyembro at tagapangasiwa ng ''Young Doctors Network'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://issuu.com/kmaydnzine/docs/kma_ydn_at_5_3_/s/29758314 |title=Dr. Elizabeth Gitau-Maina |work=Kenya Medical Association (KMA) |date=August 2023 |author=KMA |access-date=5 November 2024 |location=Nairobi, Kenya |archive-date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125131919/https://issuu.com/kmaydnzine/docs/kma_ydn_at_5_3_/s/29758314 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tingnan din == * [[Shitsama Nyamweya]] == Mga Sanggunian == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gitau, Elizabeth}} gqne6pv8wq8d6u2hh19stlz34r8qjtp 0 337994 2204401 2026-04-23T08:36:21Z TentingZones1 122212 Bagong pahina: {{Infobox settlement |name = Quelaines-Saint-Gault |settlement_type = [[Talaan ng mga komyun sa Mayenne|Bayan]] |image_skyline = Quelaines-Saint-Gault - Église Saint-Gervais-et-Saint-Protais.jpg |image_caption = Ang Simbahan ng Saint-Gervais-et-Saint-Protais |image_shield = Blason ville fr Quelaines-Saint-Gault 53.svg |pushpin_map = France |map_caption = Lokasyon ng Quelaines-Saint-Gault |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}} |subdivision_t... 2204401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Quelaines-Saint-Gault |settlement_type = [[Talaan ng mga komyun sa Mayenne|Bayan]] |image_skyline = Quelaines-Saint-Gault - Église Saint-Gervais-et-Saint-Protais.jpg |image_caption = Ang Simbahan ng Saint-Gervais-et-Saint-Protais |image_shield = Blason ville fr Quelaines-Saint-Gault 53.svg |pushpin_map = France |map_caption = Lokasyon ng Quelaines-Saint-Gault |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Pransiya|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Pays de la Loire]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Mga Departamento ng Pransiya|Departamento]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Mayenne]] |subdivision_type3 = Arrondissement |subdivision_name3 = [[Arrondissement of Château-Gontier|Château-Gontier]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title = Alkade (2020–2026) |leader_name = Laurent Lefèvre<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 42.25 |population_as_of = 2023 |population_total = 2152 |population_density_km2 = auto |website = http://www.quelaines-saint-gault.fr/ |coordinates = {{coord|47.9253|-0.8011|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |postal_code = 53186/53360 |postal_code_type = INSEE/Postal code |elevation_m = 93 |elevation_min_m = 40 |elevation_max_m = 108 |population_demonym = Quelainais }} Ang '''Quelaines-Saint-Gault''' ay isang [[mga komuna sa Pransiya|bayan]] sa [[Pransiya]], na matatagpuan sa departamento ng [[Mayenne]] sa rehiyon ng [[Pays de la Loire]], na may populasyon na 2,152 katao.<ref name="Population">[[Chiffres de population de la France|Population municipale]] 2023.</ref> Ang komyun ay bahagi ng makasaysayang lalawigan ng [[Anjou]] ([[Haut-Anjou]]).<ref>{{Cite book|author1-last=Saugrain|author1-first=Claude-Marin|title=Dictionnaire universel de la France ancienne et moderne et de la Nouvelle France|year=1726|volume=2|pages=1293}}</ref> ==Heograpiya== {{expand section}} Ang bayan ay matatagpuan sa rehiyon ng [[Timog Mayenne]]. ==Urbanismo== ===Tipolohiya=== Noong Enero 1, 2024, ang Quelaines-Saint-Gault ay ikinategorya bilang isang bayan sa kanayunan, ayon sa bagong pitong-antas na iskala ng densidad ng munisipyo na tinukoy ng INSEE noong 2022. Ito ay matatagpuan sa labas ng isang urban area. Bukod pa rito, ang bayan ay bahagi ng [[metropolitan area ng Laval]], kung saan ito ay isang peripheral municipality. Ang lugar na ito, na kinabibilangan ng 66 na munisipalidad, ay ikinategorya bilang may populasyon sa pagitan ng 50,000 at 200,000. ===Paggamit ng lupa=== Ang paggamit ng lupa sa munisipalidad, gaya ng ipinapakita sa European biophysical land cover database na Corine Land Cover (CLC), ay nailalarawan sa pamamagitan ng malaking dami ng lupang pang-agrikultura (97.1% noong 2018), isang pagbaba kumpara sa 1990 (98.1%). Ang detalyadong pagkasira noong 2018 ay ang mga sumusunod: lupang maaaring sakahin (53.2%), magkakaibang mga lugar na pang-agrikultura (27.3%), mga damuhan (16.6%), mga urbanisadong lugar (2.6%), at mga kagubatan (0.3%). [[File:53186-Quelaines-Saint-Gault-Sols.png|thumb|center|alt=Carte en couleurs présentant l'occupation des sols.|Carte des infrastructures et de l'occupation des sols de la commune en 2018 ([[Corine Land Cover|CLC]]).]] ==Kasaysayan== Ang nayon ay umiral na noong ika-11 at ika-13 siglo. Noong panahong iyon, ito ay humalili sa isang "kolonya ng militar."<ref name="monographie1">Monographie communale, 1899, archives départementales, MS 80/26-9.</ref> Noong [[Gitnang Panahon]] at pagkatapos ay sa ilalim ng [[Ancien Régime]], ang komyun ay bahagi ng fiefdom ng [[baronya]] ng Angevin ng [[Craon]], na nakasalalay sa korte ng pangunahing [[seneschal ng Angers]] at sa distrito ng elektoral ng [[Château-Gontier]]. Ang simbahan ng Quelaines ay sinunog noong [[Digmaang Vendée]], sa utos ni [[Jean-Louis Treton|Treton Jambe-d'Argent]], na noon ay nagpapatakbo sa loob ng teritoryo ng komyun.<ref name="monographie1" /> Namatay siya pagkaraan ng ilang panahon, dahil sa mga pinsalang natamo sa isang labanan sa [[Cosmes]], at inilibing sa sementeryo ng Quelaines. ==Mga lugar at monumento== * Simbahan ng Saint-Gervais-et-Saint-Protais sa Quelaines * Dating simbahan ng Saint-Gault, inalis sa sagradong lugar noong Nobyembre 20, 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |language=fr |title=En Mayenne, une nouvelle étape pour l'église de Saint-Gault avec la désacralisation et la désaffectation de l'édifice - ICI |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/pays-de-la-loire/mayenne-53/quelaines-saint-gault/en-mayenne-une-nouvelle-etape-pour-l-eglise-de-saint-gault-avec-la-desacralisation-et-la-desaffectation-de-l-edifice-1546337 |website=ICI, le média de la vie locale |date=2025-11-28 |access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref> at ang bahagyang paggiba ay pinaplano sa 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |language=fr |title=La démolition partielle de l'église de Saint-Gault est prévue prochainement, assure le maire de Quelaines-Saint-Gault - ICI |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/emissions/l-info-d-ici-ici-mayenne/la-demolition-partielle-de-l-eglise-de-saint-gault-est-prevue-prochainement-assure-le-maire-de-quelaines-saint-gault-5581900 |website=ICI, le média de la vie locale |date=2026-02-04 |access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref> Isang atas ng prepektura noong Pebrero 4, 2026, ang nag-aatas ng paghinto sa pagkasira ng simbahan ng Saint-Gault dahil sa makasaysayang halaga nito. [https://www.urgencespatrimoine.fr/post/un-sursis-pour-saint-gault Pahinga para sa simbahan ng Saint-Gault.] * Kapilya ng Pré-Guyon * [[Château de la Roussardière]] * [[Château des Vignes]] * [[Château de Maineuf]] (Saint-Gault) * Libingan ni [[Pierre-François Goussin-Lacroix]] <gallery> Quelaines-Saint-Gault Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais 199.jpg |Intérieur de l’église Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais Quelaines-Saint-Gault - Église Saint-Gault 01.jpg |L’ancienne église Saint-Gault, en 2015 Tombeau de Pierre-François Goussin 01.jpg |Tombeau de Pierre-François Goussin-Lacroix </gallery> ==Eskudo de armas== [[File:Blason ville fr Quelaines-Saint-Gault 53.svg|thumb|Quelaines-Saint-Gault]] ''Grupo: 1 Argente, dalawang martlete na sable; 2 Asul, dalawang cinquefoil na may butas o; isang fess gule, na may kargang lira o may nakasulat na sable 1868 sa ilalim nito, napapalibutan ng dalawang mascle din o, sa kabuuan ay ang partisyon.''<ref>[https://armorialdefrance.fr/page_blason.php?ville=12121 Eskudo de armas ng Quelaines-Saint-Gault.]</ref> '''Mga Detalye:''' <blockquote>Ang patayong paghahati ay kumakatawan sa bawat isa sa mga entidad ng kasalukuyang nayon, katulad ng Quelaines sa kaliwa at Saint-Gault sa kanan. Para sa Quelaines, ang mga sandata ng pamilyang de Charnières ay nakadispley: "Argent, tatlong martlet na sable." Dahil ang buong paglalaan ng isang eskudo ng pamilya ay ipinagbabawal para sa mga munisipalidad, sapat na ang paghiram ng isa o higit pang mga elemento. Para sa Saint-Gault, ang mga sandata ng pamilyang du Buat ay nakadispley: "Azure, tatlong ''cinquefoil'' o." Ang parehong tuntunin tungkol sa mga eskudo ng pamilya ay naaangkop din dito. Ang pulang fess ay isang paalala ng mga sandata ng Dukado ng Rohan, ang unang nag-isa sa dalawang nayon, kaya naman ang pigurang ito na tila nagdurugtong sa mga seksyon ng pilak at asul. Ang lira ay nagpapahiwatig ng presensya sa loob ng teritoryo ng munisipalidad ng isa sa mga pinakamatandang bandang tanso sa Pransiya. Taglay nito ang petsa ng pagkakatatag nito, 1868, at nasa mga kulay ng banner ng banda. Ang mga palamuti ay dalawang berdeng dahon ng baging, namumunga ng pula, na nakalagay nang may asin sa mga dulo nito at tinalian ng pilak upang parangalan ang gawaing pang-agrikultura ng komyun. Ang pilak na balumbon ay may pangalan ng komyun sa itim at malalaking titik. Ang korona ng mga tore ay nagpapahiwatig na ang kalasag ay sa isang komyun; wala itong kinalaman sa mga kuta.</blockquote> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Quelaines-Saint-Gault]] [[Kategorya:Mayenne]] [[Kategorya:Mga pamayanan sa Pransiya]] [[Kategorya:Mga komuna sa Pransiya]] slc69cv61ivpnqpvku1vzjgxtjypc8f 1 337995 2204421 2026-04-23T08:58:35Z JWilz12345 77302 Bagong pahina: {{Translated page|en|Indonesian Wikipedia}} 2204421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translated page|en|Indonesian Wikipedia}} p3cekldi0jwspbui62ivxrucemmzuwm 0 337996 2204457 2026-04-23T11:30:32Z TentingZones1 122212 Bagong pahina: {{Infobox settlement |name = Han-sur-Meuse |other_name = Han sa Mosa |settlement_type = Bayan |image_skyline = FR-55-Ailly-sur-Meuse 2.JPG |image_caption = Isang tanawin sa loob ng Ailly-sur-Meuse |image_shield = Blason ville fr Han-sur-Meuse (Meuse).svg |pushpin_map = France |map_caption = Lokasyon ng Han-sur-Meuse |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Pransiya|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_name1 =... 2204457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Han-sur-Meuse |other_name = Han sa Mosa |settlement_type = Bayan |image_skyline = FR-55-Ailly-sur-Meuse 2.JPG |image_caption = Isang tanawin sa loob ng Ailly-sur-Meuse |image_shield = Blason ville fr Han-sur-Meuse (Meuse).svg |pushpin_map = France |map_caption = Lokasyon ng Han-sur-Meuse |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Pransiya|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Grand Est]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Mga Departamento ng Pransiya|Departamento]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Meuse (departamento)|Mosa]] |subdivision_type3 = Arrondissement |subdivision_name3 = [[Arrondissement of Commercy|Commercy]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title = Alkade (2020–2026) |leader_name = Jean-Pierre Chabousson<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 17.22 |population_as_of = 2023 |population_total = 270 |population_footnotes = |population_density_km2 = auto |website = |coordinates = {{coord|48.8669|5.5397|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation_min_m = 219 |elevation_max_m = 374 |elevation_m = 220 |postal_code_type = INSEE/Postal code |postal_code = 55229/55300 }} Ang '''Han-sur-Meuse''' ay isang [[Mga komuna sa Pransiya|bayan]] sa [[Pransiya]] na matatagpuan sa departamento ng [[Mosa (departamento)|Meuse]], sa rehiyon ng [[Grand Est]]. ==Heograpiya== Ang munisipalidad ay bahagi ng [[Rehiyonal na natural na parke ng Lorraine]]. de l'écologie, du développement durable et de l'énergie, ''Décret no. 2015-73 du 27 janvier 2015 portant renouvellement du classement du parc naturel régional de Lorraine'', ([https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jo_pdf.do?numJO=0&dateJO=20150129&numTexte=16&pageDebut lire en ligne])</ref>. ==Hidrograpiya== Ang munisipalidad ay matatagpuan sa basin ng Ilog Meuse, sa loob ng [[basin ng Rhine-Meuse]]. Ito ay dinadaluyan ng Ilog Meuse at ng Canal de l'Est (hilagang sangay).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.siges.fr/fr/fiche-territoire/commune/55229|title= Fiche communale de Han-sur-Meuse|website=le système d'information pour la gestion des eaux souterraines|access-date= 2026-03-09}}</ref> Ang [[Meuse]], na may habang 486 km sa bahagi nito sa Pransya, ay isang ilog Europeo na nagmumula sa Pransiya, sa munisipalidad ng Le [[Châtelet-sur-Meuse]], sa taas na 409 metro, at dumadaloy patungo sa [[Hilagang Dagat]] pagkatapos ng humigit-kumulang 950 kilometrong ruta sa [[Pransiya]], [[Belhika]], at [[Netherlands]]. Ang mga katangiang hidrolohiko ng Meuse ay ibinibigay ng istasyong hidrolohiko na matatagpuan sa munisipalidad ng [[Saint-Mihiel]]. Ang average na buwanang rate ng daloy ay 30.2 m³/s. Ang pinakamataas na karaniwang pang-araw-araw na daloy ay 530 m³/s, na naabot noong baha noong Abril 11, 1983. Ang pinakamataas na agarang daloy ay 658 m³/s, na naabot noong Disyembre 31, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hydro.eaufrance.fr/sitehydro/B2220010/synthese |title=Station hydrométrique B2220010 |date=2024-05-20 |website=l'Hydroportail |editor=Ministère de la transition écologique et de la cohésion des territoires |access-date=2024-06-09}}</ref> Ang [[Canal de l'Est]] Branche-Nord, na may habang 141 km, ay isang natural na daluyan ng tubig at kanal na maaaring lakaran na nagdurugtong sa [[Givet]] at [[Troussey]], kung saan ito sumasama sa [[Marne-Rhine Canal]]. [[File:55229-Han-sur-Meuse-Hydro.jpeg|thumb|center|alt=Carte en couleur présentant le réseau hydrographique de la commune|Réseau hydrographique de Han-sur-Meuse<ref name=NoteHidrograpiya>Les ruisseaux intermittents sont représentés en traits pointillés.</ref>.]] ==Pangalan== Ang pangalan ng lokalidad ay pinatutunayan sa mga anyong ''Haum'' (1106); ''Hamum-supra-Mozam'' (1135); ''Ham'' (1221); Han-sur-Meuze (1571); ''Hamnum'' (1738); ''Hamnus'' (1749).<ref>Félix Liénard, ''Dictionnaire topographique de la France : Dictionnaire topographique du département de la Meuse'', vol. 1, Paris, Impr. nationale, 1872, p. 102.</ref> Mula sa Lumang Pranses na ''ham'' na "nayon",<ref>Ernest Nègre, ''Toponymie générale de la France'', Genève, Droz, 1998, p. 1410.</ref> mula sa Germanic na ''hamm'': "nayon sa isang kurba" ng [[Ilog Meuse]], ''Maas''; sa [[Wikang Walloon|Walloon]], ''Moûse''; sa Latin, ang ''Mosa'' ay isang ilog sa Europa na umaagos sa Pransiya at dumadaloy patungo sa [[Hilagang Dagat]] pagkatapos tumawid sa Pransiya, [[Belhika]], at [[Netherlands]]. ==Kasaysayan== Noong Enero 1, 1973, ang Han-sur-Meuse ay nagsanib sa [[Ailly-sur-Meuse]] at [[Brasseitte]] sa ilalim ng iskema ng pagsasanib.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recherche sur une zone géographique / Insee<!-- Vérifiez ce titre --> |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/cog/fichecommunale.asp?codedep=55&codecom=229 |website=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|insee.fr]] |access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> ==Mga lugar at monumento== * Ang Simbahan ni Santa Maria Margaret sa Han-sur-Meuse, orihinal na itinayo noong ika-11 siglo, muling itinayo noong ika-18 siglo, at muling itinayo noong 1930. * Ang Simbahan ni Santa Leonard sa Brasseitte, muling itinayo noong 1930. * Ang Simbahan ni Santa Martin sa Ailly, muling itinayo noong 1930. ==Eskudo de armas== [[File:Blason ville fr Han-sur-Meuse (Meuse).svg|thumb|alt=De gueules, à une épée haute d'argent ornée d'or, accompagnée à dextre d'un épi de nard d'or et à senestre d'une gerbe d'or du même au chef ondé cousu d'azur à deux lions affrontés d'or. (sa Wikang Pranses)|Han-sur-Meuse]] ''Si Gules, isang tabak na pilak na nakatayo, pinalamutian ng ginto, may kasamang tainga ng nardo sa kanan o at sa kaliwa ay isang tungkos ng ginto na kapareho ng sagisag, sa ibabaw ng isang kulot na punong asul na may dalawang leon na nakaharap sa isang halimaw.''<ref>[https://armorialdefrance.fr/page_blason.php?ville=15655 Eskudo de armas ng Han-sur-Meuse.]</ref> '''Mga Detalye:''' <blockquote>Ang pinuno ay may bisa, dahil sa kanyang pamamahala. Ang asul na parang na may mga gintong leon ay nagpapaalala na ang tatlong nayon ng Han-sur-Meuse, Ailly-sur-Meuse, at Brasseitte ay matatagpuan sa Dukado ng Bar; Ang Ailly at Brasseitte ay bahagi ng kastilyo ng Koeurs, na inilalarawan ng gintong leon sa isang asul na parang (ang mga braso ng Koeurs ay: asul, isang gintong leon, sa pangkalahatan ay isang pilak na fess). Sinasabing nakatayo ang espada kapag ang dulo nito ay nakatutok sa pinuno; ito ang normal nitong heraldikong posisyon, na maaaring hindi matukoy.<br>Eskudo (Eskudo de armas/''blason'') na binubuo at dinisenyo ni Robert André Louis, pinagtibay ng munisipalidad noong Marso 18, 2016.</blockquote> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Han-sur-Meuse]] [[Kategorya:Mosa (departamento)|Meuse]] [[Kategorya:Mga pamayanan sa Pransiya]] [[Kategorya:Mga komuna sa Pransiya]] nfya44e9gv3i7jof6xwavmpsg5hkipt 2204458 2204457 2026-04-23T11:32:30Z TentingZones1 122212 /* Heograpiya */ Inayos 2204458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Han-sur-Meuse |other_name = Han sa Mosa |settlement_type = Bayan |image_skyline = FR-55-Ailly-sur-Meuse 2.JPG |image_caption = Isang tanawin sa loob ng Ailly-sur-Meuse |image_shield = Blason ville fr Han-sur-Meuse (Meuse).svg |pushpin_map = France |map_caption = Lokasyon ng Han-sur-Meuse |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Pransiya|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Grand Est]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Mga Departamento ng Pransiya|Departamento]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Meuse (departamento)|Mosa]] |subdivision_type3 = Arrondissement |subdivision_name3 = [[Arrondissement of Commercy|Commercy]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title = Alkade (2020–2026) |leader_name = Jean-Pierre Chabousson<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 17.22 |population_as_of = 2023 |population_total = 270 |population_footnotes = |population_density_km2 = auto |website = |coordinates = {{coord|48.8669|5.5397|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation_min_m = 219 |elevation_max_m = 374 |elevation_m = 220 |postal_code_type = INSEE/Postal code |postal_code = 55229/55300 }} Ang '''Han-sur-Meuse''' ay isang [[Mga komuna sa Pransiya|bayan]] sa [[Pransiya]] na matatagpuan sa departamento ng [[Mosa (departamento)|Meuse]], sa rehiyon ng [[Grand Est]]. ==Heograpiya== Ang munisipalidad ay bahagi ng [[Rehiyonal na natural na parke ng Lorraine]]. <ref>Ministère de l'écologie, du développement durable et de l'énergie, ''Décret no. 2015-73 du 27 janvier 2015 portant renouvellement du classement du parc naturel régional de Lorraine'', ([https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jo_pdf.do?numJO=0&dateJO=20150129&numTexte=16&pageDebut lire en ligne])</ref>. ==Hidrograpiya== Ang munisipalidad ay matatagpuan sa basin ng Ilog Meuse, sa loob ng [[basin ng Rhine-Meuse]]. Ito ay dinadaluyan ng Ilog Meuse at ng Canal de l'Est (hilagang sangay).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.siges.fr/fr/fiche-territoire/commune/55229|title= Fiche communale de Han-sur-Meuse|website=le système d'information pour la gestion des eaux souterraines|access-date= 2026-03-09}}</ref> Ang [[Meuse]], na may habang 486 km sa bahagi nito sa Pransya, ay isang ilog Europeo na nagmumula sa Pransiya, sa munisipalidad ng Le [[Châtelet-sur-Meuse]], sa taas na 409 metro, at dumadaloy patungo sa [[Hilagang Dagat]] pagkatapos ng humigit-kumulang 950 kilometrong ruta sa [[Pransiya]], [[Belhika]], at [[Netherlands]]. Ang mga katangiang hidrolohiko ng Meuse ay ibinibigay ng istasyong hidrolohiko na matatagpuan sa munisipalidad ng [[Saint-Mihiel]]. Ang average na buwanang rate ng daloy ay 30.2 m³/s. Ang pinakamataas na karaniwang pang-araw-araw na daloy ay 530 m³/s, na naabot noong baha noong Abril 11, 1983. Ang pinakamataas na agarang daloy ay 658 m³/s, na naabot noong Disyembre 31, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hydro.eaufrance.fr/sitehydro/B2220010/synthese |title=Station hydrométrique B2220010 |date=2024-05-20 |website=l'Hydroportail |editor=Ministère de la transition écologique et de la cohésion des territoires |access-date=2024-06-09}}</ref> Ang [[Canal de l'Est]] Branche-Nord, na may habang 141 km, ay isang natural na daluyan ng tubig at kanal na maaaring lakaran na nagdurugtong sa [[Givet]] at [[Troussey]], kung saan ito sumasama sa [[Marne-Rhine Canal]]. [[File:55229-Han-sur-Meuse-Hydro.jpeg|thumb|center|alt=Carte en couleur présentant le réseau hydrographique de la commune|Réseau hydrographique de Han-sur-Meuse<ref name=NoteHidrograpiya>Les ruisseaux intermittents sont représentés en traits pointillés.</ref>.]] ==Pangalan== Ang pangalan ng lokalidad ay pinatutunayan sa mga anyong ''Haum'' (1106); ''Hamum-supra-Mozam'' (1135); ''Ham'' (1221); Han-sur-Meuze (1571); ''Hamnum'' (1738); ''Hamnus'' (1749).<ref>Félix Liénard, ''Dictionnaire topographique de la France : Dictionnaire topographique du département de la Meuse'', vol. 1, Paris, Impr. nationale, 1872, p. 102.</ref> Mula sa Lumang Pranses na ''ham'' na "nayon",<ref>Ernest Nègre, ''Toponymie générale de la France'', Genève, Droz, 1998, p. 1410.</ref> mula sa Germanic na ''hamm'': "nayon sa isang kurba" ng [[Ilog Meuse]], ''Maas''; sa [[Wikang Walloon|Walloon]], ''Moûse''; sa Latin, ang ''Mosa'' ay isang ilog sa Europa na umaagos sa Pransiya at dumadaloy patungo sa [[Hilagang Dagat]] pagkatapos tumawid sa Pransiya, [[Belhika]], at [[Netherlands]]. ==Kasaysayan== Noong Enero 1, 1973, ang Han-sur-Meuse ay nagsanib sa [[Ailly-sur-Meuse]] at [[Brasseitte]] sa ilalim ng iskema ng pagsasanib.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recherche sur une zone géographique / Insee<!-- Vérifiez ce titre --> |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/cog/fichecommunale.asp?codedep=55&codecom=229 |website=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|insee.fr]] |access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> ==Mga lugar at monumento== * Ang Simbahan ni Santa Maria Margaret sa Han-sur-Meuse, orihinal na itinayo noong ika-11 siglo, muling itinayo noong ika-18 siglo, at muling itinayo noong 1930. * Ang Simbahan ni Santa Leonard sa Brasseitte, muling itinayo noong 1930. * Ang Simbahan ni Santa Martin sa Ailly, muling itinayo noong 1930. ==Eskudo de armas== [[File:Blason ville fr Han-sur-Meuse (Meuse).svg|thumb|alt=De gueules, à une épée haute d'argent ornée d'or, accompagnée à dextre d'un épi de nard d'or et à senestre d'une gerbe d'or du même au chef ondé cousu d'azur à deux lions affrontés d'or. (sa Wikang Pranses)|Han-sur-Meuse]] ''Si Gules, isang tabak na pilak na nakatayo, pinalamutian ng ginto, may kasamang tainga ng nardo sa kanan o at sa kaliwa ay isang tungkos ng ginto na kapareho ng sagisag, sa ibabaw ng isang kulot na punong asul na may dalawang leon na nakaharap sa isang halimaw.''<ref>[https://armorialdefrance.fr/page_blason.php?ville=15655 Eskudo de armas ng Han-sur-Meuse.]</ref> '''Mga Detalye:''' <blockquote>Ang pinuno ay may bisa, dahil sa kanyang pamamahala. Ang asul na parang na may mga gintong leon ay nagpapaalala na ang tatlong nayon ng Han-sur-Meuse, Ailly-sur-Meuse, at Brasseitte ay matatagpuan sa Dukado ng Bar; Ang Ailly at Brasseitte ay bahagi ng kastilyo ng Koeurs, na inilalarawan ng gintong leon sa isang asul na parang (ang mga braso ng Koeurs ay: asul, isang gintong leon, sa pangkalahatan ay isang pilak na fess). Sinasabing nakatayo ang espada kapag ang dulo nito ay nakatutok sa pinuno; ito ang normal nitong heraldikong posisyon, na maaaring hindi matukoy.<br>Eskudo (Eskudo de armas/''blason'') na binubuo at dinisenyo ni Robert André Louis, pinagtibay ng munisipalidad noong Marso 18, 2016.</blockquote> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Han-sur-Meuse]] [[Kategorya:Mosa (departamento)|Meuse]] [[Kategorya:Mga pamayanan sa Pransiya]] [[Kategorya:Mga komuna sa Pransiya]] ortpe3uj3u5y6zbloe6b5esgk7kxlvj 2204459 2204458 2026-04-23T11:32:48Z TentingZones1 122212 /* Hidrograpiya */ Inayos 2204459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Han-sur-Meuse |other_name = Han sa Mosa |settlement_type = Bayan |image_skyline = FR-55-Ailly-sur-Meuse 2.JPG |image_caption = Isang tanawin sa loob ng Ailly-sur-Meuse |image_shield = Blason ville fr Han-sur-Meuse (Meuse).svg |pushpin_map = France |map_caption = Lokasyon ng Han-sur-Meuse |subdivision_type = Bansa |subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Mga Rehiyon ng Pransiya|Rehiyon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Grand Est]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Mga Departamento ng Pransiya|Departamento]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Meuse (departamento)|Mosa]] |subdivision_type3 = Arrondissement |subdivision_name3 = [[Arrondissement of Commercy|Commercy]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title = Alkade (2020–2026) |leader_name = Jean-Pierre Chabousson<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 17.22 |population_as_of = 2023 |population_total = 270 |population_footnotes = |population_density_km2 = auto |website = |coordinates = {{coord|48.8669|5.5397|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation_min_m = 219 |elevation_max_m = 374 |elevation_m = 220 |postal_code_type = INSEE/Postal code |postal_code = 55229/55300 }} Ang '''Han-sur-Meuse''' ay isang [[Mga komuna sa Pransiya|bayan]] sa [[Pransiya]] na matatagpuan sa departamento ng [[Mosa (departamento)|Meuse]], sa rehiyon ng [[Grand Est]]. ==Heograpiya== Ang munisipalidad ay bahagi ng [[Rehiyonal na natural na parke ng Lorraine]]. <ref>Ministère de l'écologie, du développement durable et de l'énergie, ''Décret no. 2015-73 du 27 janvier 2015 portant renouvellement du classement du parc naturel régional de Lorraine'', ([https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jo_pdf.do?numJO=0&dateJO=20150129&numTexte=16&pageDebut lire en ligne])</ref>. ===Hidrograpiya=== Ang munisipalidad ay matatagpuan sa basin ng Ilog Meuse, sa loob ng [[basin ng Rhine-Meuse]]. Ito ay dinadaluyan ng Ilog Meuse at ng Canal de l'Est (hilagang sangay).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.siges.fr/fr/fiche-territoire/commune/55229|title= Fiche communale de Han-sur-Meuse|website=le système d'information pour la gestion des eaux souterraines|access-date= 2026-03-09}}</ref> Ang [[Meuse]], na may habang 486 km sa bahagi nito sa Pransya, ay isang ilog Europeo na nagmumula sa Pransiya, sa munisipalidad ng Le [[Châtelet-sur-Meuse]], sa taas na 409 metro, at dumadaloy patungo sa [[Hilagang Dagat]] pagkatapos ng humigit-kumulang 950 kilometrong ruta sa [[Pransiya]], [[Belhika]], at [[Netherlands]]. Ang mga katangiang hidrolohiko ng Meuse ay ibinibigay ng istasyong hidrolohiko na matatagpuan sa munisipalidad ng [[Saint-Mihiel]]. Ang average na buwanang rate ng daloy ay 30.2 m³/s. Ang pinakamataas na karaniwang pang-araw-araw na daloy ay 530 m³/s, na naabot noong baha noong Abril 11, 1983. Ang pinakamataas na agarang daloy ay 658 m³/s, na naabot noong Disyembre 31, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hydro.eaufrance.fr/sitehydro/B2220010/synthese |title=Station hydrométrique B2220010 |date=2024-05-20 |website=l'Hydroportail |editor=Ministère de la transition écologique et de la cohésion des territoires |access-date=2024-06-09}}</ref> Ang [[Canal de l'Est]] Branche-Nord, na may habang 141 km, ay isang natural na daluyan ng tubig at kanal na maaaring lakaran na nagdurugtong sa [[Givet]] at [[Troussey]], kung saan ito sumasama sa [[Marne-Rhine Canal]]. [[File:55229-Han-sur-Meuse-Hydro.jpeg|thumb|center|alt=Carte en couleur présentant le réseau hydrographique de la commune|Réseau hydrographique de Han-sur-Meuse<ref name=NoteHidrograpiya>Les ruisseaux intermittents sont représentés en traits pointillés.</ref>.]] ==Pangalan== Ang pangalan ng lokalidad ay pinatutunayan sa mga anyong ''Haum'' (1106); ''Hamum-supra-Mozam'' (1135); ''Ham'' (1221); Han-sur-Meuze (1571); ''Hamnum'' (1738); ''Hamnus'' (1749).<ref>Félix Liénard, ''Dictionnaire topographique de la France : Dictionnaire topographique du département de la Meuse'', vol. 1, Paris, Impr. nationale, 1872, p. 102.</ref> Mula sa Lumang Pranses na ''ham'' na "nayon",<ref>Ernest Nègre, ''Toponymie générale de la France'', Genève, Droz, 1998, p. 1410.</ref> mula sa Germanic na ''hamm'': "nayon sa isang kurba" ng [[Ilog Meuse]], ''Maas''; sa [[Wikang Walloon|Walloon]], ''Moûse''; sa Latin, ang ''Mosa'' ay isang ilog sa Europa na umaagos sa Pransiya at dumadaloy patungo sa [[Hilagang Dagat]] pagkatapos tumawid sa Pransiya, [[Belhika]], at [[Netherlands]]. ==Kasaysayan== Noong Enero 1, 1973, ang Han-sur-Meuse ay nagsanib sa [[Ailly-sur-Meuse]] at [[Brasseitte]] sa ilalim ng iskema ng pagsasanib.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recherche sur une zone géographique / Insee<!-- Vérifiez ce titre --> |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/cog/fichecommunale.asp?codedep=55&codecom=229 |website=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|insee.fr]] |access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> ==Mga lugar at monumento== * Ang Simbahan ni Santa Maria Margaret sa Han-sur-Meuse, orihinal na itinayo noong ika-11 siglo, muling itinayo noong ika-18 siglo, at muling itinayo noong 1930. * Ang Simbahan ni Santa Leonard sa Brasseitte, muling itinayo noong 1930. * Ang Simbahan ni Santa Martin sa Ailly, muling itinayo noong 1930. ==Eskudo de armas== [[File:Blason ville fr Han-sur-Meuse (Meuse).svg|thumb|alt=De gueules, à une épée haute d'argent ornée d'or, accompagnée à dextre d'un épi de nard d'or et à senestre d'une gerbe d'or du même au chef ondé cousu d'azur à deux lions affrontés d'or. (sa Wikang Pranses)|Han-sur-Meuse]] ''Si Gules, isang tabak na pilak na nakatayo, pinalamutian ng ginto, may kasamang tainga ng nardo sa kanan o at sa kaliwa ay isang tungkos ng ginto na kapareho ng sagisag, sa ibabaw ng isang kulot na punong asul na may dalawang leon na nakaharap sa isang halimaw.''<ref>[https://armorialdefrance.fr/page_blason.php?ville=15655 Eskudo de armas ng Han-sur-Meuse.]</ref> '''Mga Detalye:''' <blockquote>Ang pinuno ay may bisa, dahil sa kanyang pamamahala. Ang asul na parang na may mga gintong leon ay nagpapaalala na ang tatlong nayon ng Han-sur-Meuse, Ailly-sur-Meuse, at Brasseitte ay matatagpuan sa Dukado ng Bar; Ang Ailly at Brasseitte ay bahagi ng kastilyo ng Koeurs, na inilalarawan ng gintong leon sa isang asul na parang (ang mga braso ng Koeurs ay: asul, isang gintong leon, sa pangkalahatan ay isang pilak na fess). Sinasabing nakatayo ang espada kapag ang dulo nito ay nakatutok sa pinuno; ito ang normal nitong heraldikong posisyon, na maaaring hindi matukoy.<br>Eskudo (Eskudo de armas/''blason'') na binubuo at dinisenyo ni Robert André Louis, pinagtibay ng munisipalidad noong Marso 18, 2016.</blockquote> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Han-sur-Meuse]] [[Kategorya:Mosa (departamento)|Meuse]] [[Kategorya:Mga pamayanan sa Pransiya]] [[Kategorya:Mga komuna sa Pransiya]] i2a21eax7o89d9uxa91qztnslfg5fml