Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.3 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 9213 40426 40424 2025-06-10T13:46:07Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya African Union 40426 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Flag of the African Union.svg|thumb|Folaga ya African Union]] Lekgotla la African Union (AU) ke lekgotla la lefatshe la [[Aferika|Aforika]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a matlhano le botlhano.<ref>Staff writer (2025). "[https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100033436 African Union] (AU)". UIA Global Civil Society Database. ''uia.org''. Brussels, Belgium: [[:en:Union_of_International_Associations|Union of International Associations]]. Yearbook of International Organizations Online. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>"[https://www.africanunion-un.org/memberstates Member States AU-UN]". ''WorldAtlas''. 6 May 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Lekgotla le le itsisitswe ka go phatlaladiwa ga molao wa Sirte kwa Sirte, Lybia ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e ferabongwe ngwaga wa 1999, o o neng o batla gore go agiwe African Union. Lekgotla le le ne la simolola ka ngwaga wa 2002, Phukwi a ferabongwe kwa [[Durban]], [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (9 July 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503210549/http://www.africa-union.org/official_documents/Speeches_%26_Statements/HE_Thabo_Mbiki/Launch%20of%20the%20African%20Union%2C%209%20July%202002.htm "Launch of the African Union, 9 July 2002: Address by the chairperson of the AU, President Thabo Mbeki"]. ABSA Stadium, Durban, South Africa: africa-union.org. Archived from [http://www.africa-union.org/official_documents/Speeches_&_Statements/HE_Thabo_Mbiki/Launch%20of%20the%20African%20Union,%209%20July%202002.htm the original] on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Maikaelelo a AU e ne e le go emelela lekgotla la Organisationof African unity (OAU), le le simolotseng ka ngwaga wa 1963, Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le botlhano kwa Addis Ababa, le beilwe monwana ke dipuso di le masome a mararo le bobedi; lekgotla le le ne la emisiwa ka ngwaga wa 2002, Phukwi a ferabongwe. Ditshwetso tse di botlhokwa tsa AU di dirwa ke Assembly of the African Union, e e leng bokopano jwa babusi ba mafatshe le mafatshe a maloko a lone. Diofisi tsa bakwaledibagolo tsa African union Commission di kwa Addis Ababa. Toropo e tona mo AU ke ya Lagos kwa [[Nigeria]], fa e tona ya toropo e le ya Cairo kwa [[Egypt]]. Lekgotla la African Union le na le batho ba ka nna sedikadike se le sengwe le boraro, le bophara jwa lefatshe bo le didikadike di le masome a mararo, mme le akaretsa matshwao a a botlhokwa a tshwana le sekaka sa Sahara le noka ya Nile.<ref>Manboah-Rockson, Joseph (23 September 2016). ''Politics & the Struggle for Democracy in Ghana: An Introduction to Political Science''.</ref> Diteme tsa pereko tse di remeletseng ke seArabea, Sekgowa, SeFora, SePotokisi, Spanish le Swahili.<ref>"[https://au.int/en/about/languages AU Languages]". African Union. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190407001442/https://au.int/en/about/languages Archived] from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Mo lekgotleng le, go na le ditlhopha tsa semmuso jaaka khansele ya kagiso le tshireletso le palamente ya botsalano mo Aforika. Kwa bokopanong jwa makgotla a le masome mabedi bo bo neng bo tshwaretswe kwa New Dehli, India ka ngwaga wa 2023, lekgotla la African Union le ne la nna leloko la G20.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/09/african-union-made-permanent-member-of-g20-at-delhi-summit African Union made permanent member of G20 at Delhi summit"]. ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]''. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:50th Anniversary African Union Summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Kopano ya Aforika ko Addis Ababa, Ethopia]] == Dintlhakakaretso == Maikaelelo a lekgotla la African union ke a a latelang:<ref>"[https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf Constitutive Act]" (PDF). African Union. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200415235637/https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> # Go nna le kagisanyo, tirisanommogo le bongwefela mo mafatsheng a Aforika # Go sireletsa boeteledipele, boikanyego le go ipusa ga mafatshe a e leng maloko # Go fefosa kamano mo go tsa polotiki le itsholelo mo Aforika.<ref>"[https://www.guambia.com.uy/67/evolution-of-geopolitical-dynamics-in-africa/2312/ Evolution of Geopolitical Dynamics in Africa]". ''Guambia''. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>"[https://kcsgroup.com/the-new-power-play-in-africa-russia-china-and-the-shifting-sands-of-influence/ The New Power Play in Africa: Russia, China, and the Shifting Sands of Influence]". ''KCS Group''. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> # Go rotloetsa le go femela maemo a Aforika mo dikgannyeng tse di kgatlhang Aforika le batho ba gagwe. # Go rotloetsa go berekisana mmogo le mafkgotla a mangwe, bogolo jang a United Nations le Universal Declaration of Human Rights. # Go rotloetsa kagiso, tshireletso le thokgamo mo Aforika # Go rotloetsa le go sireletsa batho le ditshwanelo tsa bone go ya ka melao ya makgotla a [[Tumalano ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho]] le a mangwe a a lwelang ditshwanelo tsa setho. # Go bereka le bapati ba bangwe mo go emiseng malwetsi a aka thibelwang le go rotloetsa botsogo jo bo siameng mo Aforika. Lekgotla la African Union, le dirilwe ka ditlhopha tsa sepolotiki le tsa tsamaiso. Setlhopha se se kwa godimo se se tsayang ditshwetso ke sa Assembly of the African union, se se dirilweng ka baeteledipele ba mafatshe a AU. Bokopano jo modulasetilo wa jone ke Félix Tshisekedi, tautona wa lefatshe la [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Lekgotla le le na gape le moemedi e bong Palamente ya pan African, e e nang le maloko a le makgolo a mabedi, masome a marataro le botlhano a a tlhophilweng ke maloko a AU. Tautona wa lone ke Roger Nkodo Dang. Makgotla a mangwe a sepolotiki a AU a akaretsa: * Khansele kgolo, e e nang le bo tona ba mafatshe a sele, e e baakanyang ditshwetso e baakanyetsa Assembly. * Komiti ya baemedi ba sennela ruri, e e nang le baemedi ba mafatshe kwa Addis Ababa. * Khansele ya Itsholelo, setho le dingwao. Bokapono jwa bakwaledi ba AU ebong AU Commision, modulasetilo wa jone ke Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma wa Aforika Borwa. ka ngwaga wa 2012, Phukwi a le lesome le botlhano, Dlamini-Zuma o ne a fenya tlhopo go nna mosadi wa ntlha go etelela African Union Commission, a tsena mo maemong a ga Jean Ping wa kwa Gabon. Tsereganyo ya ntlha e lekgotla la AU le e dirileng mo lefatsheng la leloko ke ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2003 fa go romelwa masole a kagiso go tswa Aforika Borwa, [[Ethiopia]] le [[Mozambique]] go ya go ela tlhoko go diriwa ga ditumalano kwa [[Burundi]]. Masole a AU a ne a romelwa gape kwa [[Sudan]] go tsisa kagiso ka nako ya go le dikgogakgogano kwa khanseleng ya Darfur pele ga thomo e neelwa United Nations ka Firikgong a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2008. Lekgotla la AU le na le thomo ya go tsisa kagiso kwa Somalia, kwa go nang le masole a Uganda le Burundi. Lekgotla la AU le amogetse palo ya dipampiri tse disha go diragatsa tsa tlwaelo mo Aforika go tlaleletsa tse di ntseng di le teng. Di akaretsa [[Tumalano ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho]], Ditlhopho le puso (2007).<ref>[http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Treaties/treaties.htm Africa-union.org] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070604051527/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Treaties/treaties.htm Archived] 4 June 2007 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> == Ditso == Metheo ya ditso ya lekgotla la African union e simologile kwa bokopanong jwa ntlha jwa mafatshe a a ikemetseng ka nosi a Aforika, bo bo neng bo tshwaretswe kwa Accra, Ghana go tswa ka Moranang a le lesome le botlhano go tsena a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1958.Bokopano jo maikaelelo a bone e ne e le go simolodisa letsatsi la Aforika go tshwaya kgololesego e e amang batho ba Aforika fa ba ne ba ikgolola mo melaong ya go busiwa ke mafatshe a mangwe, gape e le maikaelelo a go kopanaya Aforika, le lekgotla la African unity le le dirilweng ka Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 1963 le African Economic Community ka 1991.<ref>[1] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181210205406/http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/history-africa-day-25-may Archived] 10 December 2018 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] South African History Online (SAHO), Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Ba ba kgalang ba ne ba tlhalosa fa OAU e dirile go se kae go sireletsa ditshwanelo le kgololesego ya baagi ba Aforika mo baeteledipele ba bone, ba le bitsa mmusaesi.<ref>Reynolds, Paul (8 July 2002). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2115736.stm African Union replaces dictators' club]". ''BBC News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100601025542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2115736.stm Archived] from the original on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Kakanyo ya go simolola lekgotla la AU e tsosolositswe ka dingwaga tsa 1990 di le fa gare ka fa tlase ga ketelelopele ya tautona wa Lybia Muammar al-Gaddafi;<ref>Adebajo, Adekeye (26 August 2011). "[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/26/gaddafi-legacy-meddling-africa Gaddafi: the man who would be king of Africa]". ''The Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210414011605/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/26/gaddafi-legacy-meddling-africa Archived] from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> baeteledipele ba mafatshe a AOU a ne a ntsha molao wa Sirte ka Lwetse a le malatsi a ferabongwe ngwaga wa 1999, ba kopa tshimolo ya lekgotla le.<ref>"[http://blogs.shu.edu/journalofdiplomacy/2011/12/the-african-union-after-gaddafi/ The African Union After Gaddafi]". ''The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations''. 5 December 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210410172928/http://blogs.shu.edu/journalofdiplomacy/2011/12/the-african-union-after-gaddafi/ Archived] from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Molao o ne wa salwa morago ke bokopano jwa kwa lome ka ngwaga wa 2000, fa molao wa African union o ne o dirisiwa, le kwa Lusaka ka ngwaga wa 2001 kwa lenaneo la go simolodisa African Union le neng la diragadiwa. Ka nako yone eo, lenaneo la tshimolodiso ya Botsalano jo bošha wa tlhabologo ya Aforika (NEPAD) le lone le ne la simololwa.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/07/10/summit.secretary/index.html "African leaders elect OAU boss]". ''CNN''. 10 July 2001. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210414032647/https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/07/10/summit.secretary/index.html Archived] from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://social.desa.un.org/issues/poverty-eradication/nepad New Partnership for Africa's Development – NEPAD] | Poverty Eradication". ''www.un.org''. 27 August 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210419153619/https://www.un.org/development/desa/socialperspectiveondevelopment/issues/new-partnership-for-africas-development-nepad.html Archived] from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Lekgotla la Africa Union le simolotswe kwa Durban ka Phukwi a ferabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2002, ke modulasetilo wa lone wa ntlha, ebong tautona wa pele wa Aforika Borwa [[Thabo Mbeki]], kwa bokopanong jwa ntlha jwa Assembly ya African Union.<ref>[https://africarenewal.un.org/en "The African Union is launched]". ''Africa Renewal''. 18 November 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210416010303/https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/september-2002/african-union-launched Archived] from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2025</ref> Bokopano jwa bobedi bo ne jwa tshwarelwa kwa Maputo ka ngwaga wa 2003, jwa boraro kwa Addis Ababa ka Phukwi a le malatsi a le marataro, ngwaga wa 2004. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2010, lekgotla la African Union le beile leitlho tshimolodiso ya lekgitla le le tlhakanetsweng la African Space Agency.<ref>Smith, David (5 September 2010). "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/05/africa-space-programme-david-smith Africa prepares to join the big boys in the space race".] ''The Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116213335/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/05/africa-space-programme-david-smith Archived] from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>Smith, David (6 September 2012). "Sudanese president calls for African space agency". ''The Guardian''. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</ref><ref>"A[https://phys.org/news/2012-09-ministers-african-space-agency.html frica eyes joint space agency]". Phys.org. 11 September 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131021070210/http://phys.org/news/2012-09-ministers-african-space-agency.html Archived] from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>Ezigbo, Onyebuchi; Okpara, Lois (9 August 2010). "[https://allafrica.com/stories/201008090886.html AU to Establish African Space Agency]". All Africa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140212084442/http://allafrica.com/stories/201008090886.html Archived] from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Barack Obama e ne e le ene tautona wa ntlha wa [[USA|united States]] go bua fa pele ga African Union kwa Addis Ababa ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ngwaga wa 2015. Fa a bega, o ne a rotloetsa lefatshe go oketsa dikamano tsa itsholelo ka go beeletsa le go gweba le Aforika mme a supa fa go na le tswelelopele mo go tsa thuto, dikago le itsholelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a kgala go tlhoka go nna le puso ya batho ka batho le baeteledipele ba ba ganelelelang mo ditilong, kgethololo kgatlhanong le ditlhopha tse dipotlana jaaka batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo le bongwe, ditumelo le merafe le tshenyetso setšhaba. O ne a akantsha go busa ga batho ka batho mo go tseneletseng le kgwebo ya mahala go oketsa seemo sa botshelo mo bathong ba Aforika.<ref>Lee, Carol E. (28 July 2015). "[https://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-becomes-first-u-s-president-to-address-african-union-1438090849 Obama Becomes First U.S. President to Address African Union]". ''The Wall Street Journal''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150729094216/http://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-becomes-first-u-s-president-to-address-african-union-1438090849 Archived] from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/remarks-president-obama-people-africa "Remarks by President Obama to the People of Africa]". ''[[:en:Whitehouse.gov|whitehouse.gov]]''. 28 July 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170120220442/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/remarks-president-obama-people-africa Archived] from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2025 – via [[:en:National_Archives_and_Records_Administration|National Archives]].</ref> == Polotiki == Lekgotla la African Union le na le palo ya mekgatlho ya semmuso: [[Palamente ya dipuso tse di kopaneng|Palamente ya dipuso tse di kopaneng tsa Aforika]] (PAP) Le tsile go nna lekgotla le le kwa godimo la African Union. Setilo sa PAP se kwa [[Midrand]], [[Johannesburg]], Aforika Borwa. Palamente e e na le baemedi ba le makgolo a mabedi, masome a marataro le botlhano ba ba tswang mo mafatsheng a e leng maloko a AU a a masome a matlhano le botlhano, le ikaelela go dira gore go kgone go tsewa karolo mo ditirelong tsa puso ya batho ka batho. Tautona wa lekgotla le ke Roger Nkodo Dang wa kwa [[Cameroon]]. [[Phuthego ya African Union]] Lekgotla le le dirilwe ka bateledipele ba mafatshe, ke lone lekgotla le le busang African Union. Ka bonya ka bonya le tlogelela dithata tsa lone tsa go tsaya ditshwetso lekgotla la dipalamente tse di kopaneng tsa Aforika. le kopana gangwe fela mo ngwageng mme le tseye ditshwetso ka palo ya batho kgotsa bobedi mo borarong. Modulasetilo wa gone jaana wa AU ke tautona wa kwa [[Senegal]] ebong Macky Sall. ==== Makgotla a madi ==== * Banka ya legare la Aforika - kwa Abuja, Nigeria * Banka ya dipeeletso tsa Aforika - kwa Tripoli, Lybia * Letlole la madi la Aforika - kwa yaounde, Cameroon ===== Botsogo ===== Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Aforika CDC), le le simolotsweng ka ngwaga wa 2016 la simolola go bereka ka 2017. Diofisikgolo tsa lone di kwa Addis Ababa kwa Ethiopia.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180630023917/https://au.int/en/newsevents/20170131/africa-cdc-official-launch Africa CDC Official Launch]". African Union. 31 January 2017. Archived from [https://au.int/en/newsevents/20170131/africa-cdc-official-launch the original] on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180037/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency "The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency]". ''[[:en:ReliefWeb|Reliefweb]]''. 2 February 2017. Archived from [https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency the original] on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html "Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent]". [[:en:Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]. 27 July 2017. Archived from [https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html the original] on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://africacdc.org/news-item/inspection-visit-to-africa-cdc-headquarters-building-site/ "Inspection visit to Africa CDC Headquarters building site". ''Africa CDC'']. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220205114846/https://africacdc.org/news-item/inspection-visit-to-africa-cdc-headquarters-building-site/ Archived] from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> ===== Lefaufau ===== Lekgotla la African Space Agency le simolodisitswe semmuso ka ngwaga wa 2023. Ofisikgolo ya lone e kwa Cairo. ===== Kgothetso ===== Lekgotla la African Energy Commission le simolotswe ka ngwaga wa 2008, le kwa Algiers. === Mafatshe a e leng maloko === Mafatshe otlhe a e leng maloko a AU a mo Aforika le mo ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Aforika, jaaka setlhaketlhake se se leng leloko bontlha bongwe sa Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.(SADR). Lefatshe la Morocco le ne la ikgogela morago mo lekgotleng la Organisation of African Unity ka ngwaga wa 1984 ka ntlha ya go amogelwa e le leloko la SADR, le le bitsang lefelo la bophirima jwa Sahara la lone. Le ne la busediwa mo AU e le leloko ka ngwaga wa 2017, Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mararo.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180720013737/http://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/183967/morocco-rejoins-african-union Morocco rejoins African Union]". Worldbulletin. 30 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Lefatshe la Somaliland , le le laolwang ke [[Somalia]], le tsentse kopo ya go nna leloko la AU ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>Nelson, Elizabeth A. (2021). ''Regional Politics and State Secession''. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 105. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-83910-377-3|<bdi>978-1-83910-377-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Lefatshe la Mali le ne la seegelwa fa thoko ga nakwana ka ngwaga wa 2020, Phatwe a le lesome le boferabongwe morago ga go tsaya puso ga sesole.<ref>"[https://www.dw.com/en/african-union-suspends-mali-following-coup/a-54626415 African Union suspends Mali following coup]". ''Agence France-Presse, Reuters''. Deutsche Welle. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210913003040/https://www.dw.com/en/african-union-suspends-mali-following-coup/a-54626415 Archived] from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Ka Phalane a ferabongwe ngwaga one oo, khansele ya kagiso le tshireletso ya African Union e ne ya boela morago tsheegelo fa thoko e, e supa fa go na le tswelelopele mo go boeleng mo pusong ya batho ka batho.<ref>"[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/9/african-union-lifts-malis-suspension-imposed-in-the-wake-of-coup African Union lifts Mali's suspension imposed in the wake of coup]". ''www.aljazeera.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201009202811/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/9/african-union-lifts-malis-suspension-imposed-in-the-wake-of-coup Archived] from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Lefatshe le ne la seegelwa fa thoko gape ka Seetebosi a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2021, morago ga go tsaya puso ga bobedi ga sesole sa koo, mo dikgweding di ferabongwe. Boloko jwa lefatshe la Guine le bone bo ne jwa seegelwa fa thoko ka nakwana ka Lwetse a le lesome ngwaga wa 2021, morago ga gore sesole se thankgole tautona wa lefatshe Alpha Conde.<ref>"[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210910-african-union-suspends-guinea-after-coup-ousting-cond%C3%A9 African Union suspends Guinea after coup, as envoys arrive for talks]". ''France 24, Agence France-Presse''. France 24. 10 September 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210912022912/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210910-african-union-suspends-guinea-after-coup-ousting-cond%C3%A9 Archived] from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Lefatshe la Sudan le ne la seegelwa fa thoko ga nakwana ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2021, moragio ga sesole se sena go thankgola puso ya ga Abdalla Hamdock.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211027130242/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/african-union-suspends-sudan-over-coup "African Union suspends Sudan over coup". ''www.aljazeera.com''. Archived] from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Boloko jwa Burkina Faso bone jwa seegelwa fa thoko ke lekgotla la African union morago ga sesole se sena go thankgola puso ka ngwaga wa 2022, Firikgong a le masome mararo le bongwe.<ref>"[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/31/africa-union-suspends-burkina-faso-after-coup-as-envoys-head-for-talks AU suspends Burkina Faso after coup as envoys head for talks]". ''www.aljazeera.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221223062926/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/31/africa-union-suspends-burkina-faso-after-coup-as-envoys-head-for-talks Archived] from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Boloko jwa Niger bo ne jwa seegelwa fa thoko ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 2023 morago ga go tsaya puso ga sesole Phukwi a ya fifing, mo go neng ga ntsha tautona o a neng a tlhophilwe Mohamed Bazoum mo setilong, se se ne sa baka tlhakatlhakano ya kwa Nigeria ya ngwaga wa 2023.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/african-union-suspends-niger-all-its-activities-following-coup-2023-08-22/ African Union suspends participation of Niger following coup]". ''Reuters''. 22 August 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230906024202/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/african-union-suspends-niger-all-its-activities-following-coup-2023-08-22/ Archived] from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved10 June 2025.</ref> Lefatshe la Gabon le ne la seegelwa fa thoko ka nakwana ka Phatwe a le malatsia le masome amararo le bongwe ngwaga wa 2023, morago ga go thankgola tautona Ali Bongo Ondimba ga sesole.<ref>Newspaper, The Peninsula (31 August 2023). "[https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/31/08/2023/african-union-says-to-immediately-suspend-gabon-after-coup African Union says to 'immediately suspend' Gabon after coup]". ''thepeninsulaqatar.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230902185942/http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/31/08/2023/african-union-says-to-immediately-suspend-gabon-after-coup Archived] from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2025</ref> Ka Moranang ngwaga ono, khansele ya kagiso le tshireletso e ne ya tlosa dikotlhao tsa lefatshe la Gabon.<ref>[https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/l-union-africaine-l%C3%A8ve-les-sanctions-contre-le-gabon-apr%C3%A8s-son-retour-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel/3553598 "L'Union africaine lève les sanctions contre le Gabon après son retour à l'ordre constitutionnel"]. ''aa.com.tr''. 30 April 2025. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> ===== Maloko ===== * [[Setshwantsho:Flag of Algeria.svg|left|frameless|40x40px]][[Algeria]] * * [[Angola]] * [[Benin]] * [[Botswana]] * [[Burkina Faso]] (le seegetswe fa thoko) * [[Burundi]] * [[Cameroon]] * [[Cape Verde]] * [[Central African Republic]] * [[Chad]] * [[Comoros]] * [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] * [[Djibouti]] * [[Egypt]] * [[Equatorial Guinea]] * [[Eritrea]] * [[Eswatini]] * [[Ethiopia]] == Metswedi == j7b02v3o6sc6iz0i8qp83ve0bh7p6gk 40440 40426 2025-06-11T08:36:17Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya African Union 40440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Flag of the African Union.svg|thumb|Folaga ya African Union]] Lekgotla la African Union (AU) ke lekgotla la lefatshe la [[Aferika|Aforika]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a matlhano le botlhano.<ref>Staff writer (2025). "[https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100033436 African Union] (AU)". UIA Global Civil Society Database. ''uia.org''. Brussels, Belgium: [[:en:Union_of_International_Associations|Union of International Associations]]. Yearbook of International Organizations Online. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>"[https://www.africanunion-un.org/memberstates Member States AU-UN]". ''WorldAtlas''. 6 May 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Lekgotla le le itsisitswe ka go phatlaladiwa ga molao wa Sirte kwa Sirte, Lybia ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e ferabongwe ngwaga wa 1999, o o neng o batla gore go agiwe African Union. Lekgotla le le ne la simolola ka ngwaga wa 2002, Phukwi a ferabongwe kwa [[Durban]], [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (9 July 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503210549/http://www.africa-union.org/official_documents/Speeches_%26_Statements/HE_Thabo_Mbiki/Launch%20of%20the%20African%20Union%2C%209%20July%202002.htm "Launch of the African Union, 9 July 2002: Address by the chairperson of the AU, President Thabo Mbeki"]. ABSA Stadium, Durban, South Africa: africa-union.org. Archived from [http://www.africa-union.org/official_documents/Speeches_&_Statements/HE_Thabo_Mbiki/Launch%20of%20the%20African%20Union,%209%20July%202002.htm the original] on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Maikaelelo a AU e ne e le go emelela lekgotla la Organisationof African unity (OAU), le le simolotseng ka ngwaga wa 1963, Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le botlhano kwa Addis Ababa, le beilwe monwana ke dipuso di le masome a mararo le bobedi; lekgotla le le ne la emisiwa ka ngwaga wa 2002, Phukwi a ferabongwe. Ditshwetso tse di botlhokwa tsa AU di dirwa ke Assembly of the African Union, e e leng bokopano jwa babusi ba mafatshe le mafatshe a maloko a lone. Diofisi tsa bakwaledibagolo tsa African union Commission di kwa Addis Ababa. Toropo e tona mo AU ke ya Lagos kwa [[Nigeria]], fa e tona ya toropo e le ya Cairo kwa [[Egypt]]. Lekgotla la African Union le na le batho ba ka nna sedikadike se le sengwe le boraro, le bophara jwa lefatshe bo le didikadike di le masome a mararo, mme le akaretsa matshwao a a botlhokwa a tshwana le sekaka sa Sahara le noka ya Nile.<ref>Manboah-Rockson, Joseph (23 September 2016). ''Politics & the Struggle for Democracy in Ghana: An Introduction to Political Science''.</ref> Diteme tsa pereko tse di remeletseng ke seArabea, Sekgowa, SeFora, SePotokisi, Spanish le Swahili.<ref>"[https://au.int/en/about/languages AU Languages]". African Union. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190407001442/https://au.int/en/about/languages Archived] from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Mo lekgotleng le, go na le ditlhopha tsa semmuso jaaka khansele ya kagiso le tshireletso le palamente ya botsalano mo Aforika. Kwa bokopanong jwa makgotla a le masome mabedi bo bo neng bo tshwaretswe kwa New Dehli, India ka ngwaga wa 2023, lekgotla la African Union le ne la nna leloko la G20.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/09/african-union-made-permanent-member-of-g20-at-delhi-summit African Union made permanent member of G20 at Delhi summit"]. ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]''. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:50th Anniversary African Union Summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Kopano ya Aforika ko Addis Ababa, Ethopia]] == Dintlhakakaretso == Maikaelelo a lekgotla la African union ke a a latelang:<ref>"[https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf Constitutive Act]" (PDF). African Union. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200415235637/https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> # Go nna le kagisanyo, tirisanommogo le bongwefela mo mafatsheng a Aforika # Go sireletsa boeteledipele, boikanyego le go ipusa ga mafatshe a e leng maloko # Go fefosa kamano mo go tsa polotiki le itsholelo mo Aforika.<ref>"[https://www.guambia.com.uy/67/evolution-of-geopolitical-dynamics-in-africa/2312/ Evolution of Geopolitical Dynamics in Africa]". ''Guambia''. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>"[https://kcsgroup.com/the-new-power-play-in-africa-russia-china-and-the-shifting-sands-of-influence/ The New Power Play in Africa: Russia, China, and the Shifting Sands of Influence]". ''KCS Group''. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> # Go rotloetsa le go femela maemo a Aforika mo dikgannyeng tse di kgatlhang Aforika le batho ba gagwe. # Go rotloetsa go berekisana mmogo le mafkgotla a mangwe, bogolo jang a United Nations le Universal Declaration of Human Rights. # Go rotloetsa kagiso, tshireletso le thokgamo mo Aforika # Go rotloetsa le go sireletsa batho le ditshwanelo tsa bone go ya ka melao ya makgotla a [[Tumalano ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho]] le a mangwe a a lwelang ditshwanelo tsa setho. # Go bereka le bapati ba bangwe mo go emiseng malwetsi a aka thibelwang le go rotloetsa botsogo jo bo siameng mo Aforika. Lekgotla la African Union, le dirilwe ka ditlhopha tsa sepolotiki le tsa tsamaiso. Setlhopha se se kwa godimo se se tsayang ditshwetso ke sa Assembly of the African union, se se dirilweng ka baeteledipele ba mafatshe a AU. Bokopano jo modulasetilo wa jone ke Félix Tshisekedi, tautona wa lefatshe la [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Lekgotla le le na gape le moemedi e bong Palamente ya pan African, e e nang le maloko a le makgolo a mabedi, masome a marataro le botlhano a a tlhophilweng ke maloko a AU. Tautona wa lone ke Roger Nkodo Dang. Makgotla a mangwe a sepolotiki a AU a akaretsa: * Khansele kgolo, e e nang le bo tona ba mafatshe a sele, e e baakanyang ditshwetso e baakanyetsa Assembly. * Komiti ya baemedi ba sennela ruri, e e nang le baemedi ba mafatshe kwa Addis Ababa. * Khansele ya Itsholelo, setho le dingwao. Bokapono jwa bakwaledi ba AU ebong AU Commision, modulasetilo wa jone ke Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma wa Aforika Borwa. ka ngwaga wa 2012, Phukwi a le lesome le botlhano, Dlamini-Zuma o ne a fenya tlhopo go nna mosadi wa ntlha go etelela African Union Commission, a tsena mo maemong a ga Jean Ping wa kwa Gabon. Tsereganyo ya ntlha e lekgotla la AU le e dirileng mo lefatsheng la leloko ke ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2003 fa go romelwa masole a kagiso go tswa Aforika Borwa, [[Ethiopia]] le [[Mozambique]] go ya go ela tlhoko go diriwa ga ditumalano kwa [[Burundi]]. Masole a AU a ne a romelwa gape kwa [[Sudan]] go tsisa kagiso ka nako ya go le dikgogakgogano kwa khanseleng ya Darfur pele ga thomo e neelwa United Nations ka Firikgong a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2008. Lekgotla la AU le na le thomo ya go tsisa kagiso kwa Somalia, kwa go nang le masole a Uganda le Burundi. Lekgotla la AU le amogetse palo ya dipampiri tse disha go diragatsa tsa tlwaelo mo Aforika go tlaleletsa tse di ntseng di le teng. Di akaretsa [[Tumalano ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho]], Ditlhopho le puso (2007).<ref>[http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Treaties/treaties.htm Africa-union.org] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070604051527/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Treaties/treaties.htm Archived] 4 June 2007 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> == Ditso == Metheo ya ditso ya lekgotla la African union e simologile kwa bokopanong jwa ntlha jwa mafatshe a a ikemetseng ka nosi a Aforika, bo bo neng bo tshwaretswe kwa Accra, Ghana go tswa ka Moranang a le lesome le botlhano go tsena a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1958.Bokopano jo maikaelelo a bone e ne e le go simolodisa letsatsi la Aforika go tshwaya kgololesego e e amang batho ba Aforika fa ba ne ba ikgolola mo melaong ya go busiwa ke mafatshe a mangwe, gape e le maikaelelo a go kopanaya Aforika, le lekgotla la African unity le le dirilweng ka Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 1963 le African Economic Community ka 1991.<ref>[1] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181210205406/http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/history-africa-day-25-may Archived] 10 December 2018 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] South African History Online (SAHO), Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Ba ba kgalang ba ne ba tlhalosa fa OAU e dirile go se kae go sireletsa ditshwanelo le kgololesego ya baagi ba Aforika mo baeteledipele ba bone, ba le bitsa mmusaesi.<ref>Reynolds, Paul (8 July 2002). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2115736.stm African Union replaces dictators' club]". ''BBC News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100601025542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2115736.stm Archived] from the original on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Kakanyo ya go simolola lekgotla la AU e tsosolositswe ka dingwaga tsa 1990 di le fa gare ka fa tlase ga ketelelopele ya tautona wa Lybia Muammar al-Gaddafi;<ref>Adebajo, Adekeye (26 August 2011). "[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/26/gaddafi-legacy-meddling-africa Gaddafi: the man who would be king of Africa]". ''The Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210414011605/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/26/gaddafi-legacy-meddling-africa Archived] from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> baeteledipele ba mafatshe a AOU a ne a ntsha molao wa Sirte ka Lwetse a le malatsi a ferabongwe ngwaga wa 1999, ba kopa tshimolo ya lekgotla le.<ref>"[http://blogs.shu.edu/journalofdiplomacy/2011/12/the-african-union-after-gaddafi/ The African Union After Gaddafi]". ''The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations''. 5 December 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210410172928/http://blogs.shu.edu/journalofdiplomacy/2011/12/the-african-union-after-gaddafi/ Archived] from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Molao o ne wa salwa morago ke bokopano jwa kwa lome ka ngwaga wa 2000, fa molao wa African union o ne o dirisiwa, le kwa Lusaka ka ngwaga wa 2001 kwa lenaneo la go simolodisa African Union le neng la diragadiwa. Ka nako yone eo, lenaneo la tshimolodiso ya Botsalano jo bošha wa tlhabologo ya Aforika (NEPAD) le lone le ne la simololwa.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/07/10/summit.secretary/index.html "African leaders elect OAU boss]". ''CNN''. 10 July 2001. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210414032647/https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/07/10/summit.secretary/index.html Archived] from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://social.desa.un.org/issues/poverty-eradication/nepad New Partnership for Africa's Development – NEPAD] | Poverty Eradication". ''www.un.org''. 27 August 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210419153619/https://www.un.org/development/desa/socialperspectiveondevelopment/issues/new-partnership-for-africas-development-nepad.html Archived] from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Lekgotla la Africa Union le simolotswe kwa Durban ka Phukwi a ferabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2002, ke modulasetilo wa lone wa ntlha, ebong tautona wa pele wa Aforika Borwa [[Thabo Mbeki]], kwa bokopanong jwa ntlha jwa Assembly ya African Union.<ref>[https://africarenewal.un.org/en "The African Union is launched]". ''Africa Renewal''. 18 November 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210416010303/https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/september-2002/african-union-launched Archived] from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2025</ref> Bokopano jwa bobedi bo ne jwa tshwarelwa kwa Maputo ka ngwaga wa 2003, jwa boraro kwa Addis Ababa ka Phukwi a le malatsi a le marataro, ngwaga wa 2004. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2010, lekgotla la African Union le beile leitlho tshimolodiso ya lekgitla le le tlhakanetsweng la African Space Agency.<ref>Smith, David (5 September 2010). "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/05/africa-space-programme-david-smith Africa prepares to join the big boys in the space race".] ''The Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116213335/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/05/africa-space-programme-david-smith Archived] from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>Smith, David (6 September 2012). "Sudanese president calls for African space agency". ''The Guardian''. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</ref><ref>"A[https://phys.org/news/2012-09-ministers-african-space-agency.html frica eyes joint space agency]". Phys.org. 11 September 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131021070210/http://phys.org/news/2012-09-ministers-african-space-agency.html Archived] from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>Ezigbo, Onyebuchi; Okpara, Lois (9 August 2010). "[https://allafrica.com/stories/201008090886.html AU to Establish African Space Agency]". All Africa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140212084442/http://allafrica.com/stories/201008090886.html Archived] from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Barack Obama e ne e le ene tautona wa ntlha wa [[USA|united States]] go bua fa pele ga African Union kwa Addis Ababa ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ngwaga wa 2015. Fa a bega, o ne a rotloetsa lefatshe go oketsa dikamano tsa itsholelo ka go beeletsa le go gweba le Aforika mme a supa fa go na le tswelelopele mo go tsa thuto, dikago le itsholelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a kgala go tlhoka go nna le puso ya batho ka batho le baeteledipele ba ba ganelelelang mo ditilong, kgethololo kgatlhanong le ditlhopha tse dipotlana jaaka batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo le bongwe, ditumelo le merafe le tshenyetso setšhaba. O ne a akantsha go busa ga batho ka batho mo go tseneletseng le kgwebo ya mahala go oketsa seemo sa botshelo mo bathong ba Aforika.<ref>Lee, Carol E. (28 July 2015). "[https://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-becomes-first-u-s-president-to-address-african-union-1438090849 Obama Becomes First U.S. President to Address African Union]". ''The Wall Street Journal''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150729094216/http://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-becomes-first-u-s-president-to-address-african-union-1438090849 Archived] from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/remarks-president-obama-people-africa "Remarks by President Obama to the People of Africa]". ''[[:en:Whitehouse.gov|whitehouse.gov]]''. 28 July 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170120220442/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/remarks-president-obama-people-africa Archived] from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2025 – via [[:en:National_Archives_and_Records_Administration|National Archives]].</ref> == Polotiki == Lekgotla la African Union le na le palo ya mekgatlho ya semmuso: [[Palamente ya dipuso tse di kopaneng|Palamente ya dipuso tse di kopaneng tsa Aforika]] (PAP) Le tsile go nna lekgotla le le kwa godimo la African Union. Setilo sa PAP se kwa [[Midrand]], [[Johannesburg]], Aforika Borwa. Palamente e e na le baemedi ba le makgolo a mabedi, masome a marataro le botlhano ba ba tswang mo mafatsheng a e leng maloko a AU a a masome a matlhano le botlhano, le ikaelela go dira gore go kgone go tsewa karolo mo ditirelong tsa puso ya batho ka batho. Tautona wa lekgotla le ke Roger Nkodo Dang wa kwa [[Cameroon]]. [[Phuthego ya African Union]] Lekgotla le le dirilwe ka bateledipele ba mafatshe, ke lone lekgotla le le busang African Union. Ka bonya ka bonya le tlogelela dithata tsa lone tsa go tsaya ditshwetso lekgotla la dipalamente tse di kopaneng tsa Aforika. le kopana gangwe fela mo ngwageng mme le tseye ditshwetso ka palo ya batho kgotsa bobedi mo borarong. Modulasetilo wa gone jaana wa AU ke tautona wa kwa [[Senegal]] ebong Macky Sall. ==== Makgotla a madi ==== * Banka ya legare la Aforika - kwa Abuja, Nigeria * Banka ya dipeeletso tsa Aforika - kwa Tripoli, Lybia * Letlole la madi la Aforika - kwa yaounde, Cameroon ===== Botsogo ===== Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Aforika CDC), le le simolotsweng ka ngwaga wa 2016 la simolola go bereka ka 2017. Diofisikgolo tsa lone di kwa Addis Ababa kwa Ethiopia.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180630023917/https://au.int/en/newsevents/20170131/africa-cdc-official-launch Africa CDC Official Launch]". African Union. 31 January 2017. Archived from [https://au.int/en/newsevents/20170131/africa-cdc-official-launch the original] on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180037/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency "The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency]". ''[[:en:ReliefWeb|Reliefweb]]''. 2 February 2017. Archived from [https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency the original] on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html "Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent]". [[:en:Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]. 27 July 2017. Archived from [https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html the original] on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://africacdc.org/news-item/inspection-visit-to-africa-cdc-headquarters-building-site/ "Inspection visit to Africa CDC Headquarters building site". ''Africa CDC'']. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220205114846/https://africacdc.org/news-item/inspection-visit-to-africa-cdc-headquarters-building-site/ Archived] from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> ===== Lefaufau ===== Lekgotla la African Space Agency le simolodisitswe semmuso ka ngwaga wa 2023. Ofisikgolo ya lone e kwa Cairo. ===== Kgothetso ===== Lekgotla la African Energy Commission le simolotswe ka ngwaga wa 2008, le kwa Algiers. === Mafatshe a e leng maloko === Mafatshe otlhe a e leng maloko a AU a mo Aforika le mo ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Aforika, jaaka setlhaketlhake se se leng leloko bontlha bongwe sa Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.(SADR). Lefatshe la Morocco le ne la ikgogela morago mo lekgotleng la Organisation of African Unity ka ngwaga wa 1984 ka ntlha ya go amogelwa e le leloko la SADR, le le bitsang lefelo la bophirima jwa Sahara la lone. Le ne la busediwa mo AU e le leloko ka ngwaga wa 2017, Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mararo.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180720013737/http://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/183967/morocco-rejoins-african-union Morocco rejoins African Union]". Worldbulletin. 30 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Lefatshe la Somaliland , le le laolwang ke [[Somalia]], le tsentse kopo ya go nna leloko la AU ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>Nelson, Elizabeth A. (2021). ''Regional Politics and State Secession''. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 105. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-83910-377-3|<bdi>978-1-83910-377-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Lefatshe la Mali le ne la seegelwa fa thoko ga nakwana ka ngwaga wa 2020, Phatwe a le lesome le boferabongwe morago ga go tsaya puso ga sesole.<ref>"[https://www.dw.com/en/african-union-suspends-mali-following-coup/a-54626415 African Union suspends Mali following coup]". ''Agence France-Presse, Reuters''. Deutsche Welle. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210913003040/https://www.dw.com/en/african-union-suspends-mali-following-coup/a-54626415 Archived] from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Ka Phalane a ferabongwe ngwaga one oo, khansele ya kagiso le tshireletso ya African Union e ne ya boela morago tsheegelo fa thoko e, e supa fa go na le tswelelopele mo go boeleng mo pusong ya batho ka batho.<ref>"[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/9/african-union-lifts-malis-suspension-imposed-in-the-wake-of-coup African Union lifts Mali's suspension imposed in the wake of coup]". ''www.aljazeera.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201009202811/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/9/african-union-lifts-malis-suspension-imposed-in-the-wake-of-coup Archived] from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Lefatshe le ne la seegelwa fa thoko gape ka Seetebosi a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2021, morago ga go tsaya puso ga bobedi ga sesole sa koo, mo dikgweding di ferabongwe. Boloko jwa lefatshe la Guine le bone bo ne jwa seegelwa fa thoko ka nakwana ka Lwetse a le lesome ngwaga wa 2021, morago ga gore sesole se thankgole tautona wa lefatshe Alpha Conde.<ref>"[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210910-african-union-suspends-guinea-after-coup-ousting-cond%C3%A9 African Union suspends Guinea after coup, as envoys arrive for talks]". ''France 24, Agence France-Presse''. France 24. 10 September 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210912022912/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210910-african-union-suspends-guinea-after-coup-ousting-cond%C3%A9 Archived] from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Lefatshe la Sudan le ne la seegelwa fa thoko ga nakwana ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2021, moragio ga sesole se sena go thankgola puso ya ga Abdalla Hamdock.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211027130242/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/african-union-suspends-sudan-over-coup "African Union suspends Sudan over coup". ''www.aljazeera.com''. Archived] from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Boloko jwa Burkina Faso bone jwa seegelwa fa thoko ke lekgotla la African union morago ga sesole se sena go thankgola puso ka ngwaga wa 2022, Firikgong a le masome mararo le bongwe.<ref>"[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/31/africa-union-suspends-burkina-faso-after-coup-as-envoys-head-for-talks AU suspends Burkina Faso after coup as envoys head for talks]". ''www.aljazeera.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221223062926/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/31/africa-union-suspends-burkina-faso-after-coup-as-envoys-head-for-talks Archived] from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Boloko jwa Niger bo ne jwa seegelwa fa thoko ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 2023 morago ga go tsaya puso ga sesole Phukwi a ya fifing, mo go neng ga ntsha tautona o a neng a tlhophilwe Mohamed Bazoum mo setilong, se se ne sa baka tlhakatlhakano ya kwa Nigeria ya ngwaga wa 2023.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/african-union-suspends-niger-all-its-activities-following-coup-2023-08-22/ African Union suspends participation of Niger following coup]". ''Reuters''. 22 August 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230906024202/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/african-union-suspends-niger-all-its-activities-following-coup-2023-08-22/ Archived] from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved10 June 2025.</ref> Lefatshe la Gabon le ne la seegelwa fa thoko ka nakwana ka Phatwe a le malatsia le masome amararo le bongwe ngwaga wa 2023, morago ga go thankgola tautona Ali Bongo Ondimba ga sesole.<ref>Newspaper, The Peninsula (31 August 2023). "[https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/31/08/2023/african-union-says-to-immediately-suspend-gabon-after-coup African Union says to 'immediately suspend' Gabon after coup]". ''thepeninsulaqatar.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230902185942/http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/31/08/2023/african-union-says-to-immediately-suspend-gabon-after-coup Archived] from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2025</ref> Ka Moranang ngwaga ono, khansele ya kagiso le tshireletso e ne ya tlosa dikotlhao tsa lefatshe la Gabon.<ref>[https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/l-union-africaine-l%C3%A8ve-les-sanctions-contre-le-gabon-apr%C3%A8s-son-retour-%C3%A0-l-ordre-constitutionnel/3553598 "L'Union africaine lève les sanctions contre le Gabon après son retour à l'ordre constitutionnel"]. ''aa.com.tr''. 30 April 2025. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> ===== Maloko ===== * [[Algeria]] * [[Angola]] * [[Benin]] * [[Botswana]] * [[Burkina Faso]] (le seegetswe fa thoko) * [[Burundi]] * [[Cameroon]] * [[Cape Verde]] * [[Central African Republic]] * [[Chad]] * [[Comoros]] * [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] * [[Djibouti]] * [[Egypt]] * [[Equatorial Guinea]] * [[Eritrea]] * [[Eswatini]] * [[Ethiopia]] * Gabon * Gambia * Ghana * Guinea(le seegetswe fa thoko) * Guinea Bissau * Ivory Coast * Kenya * Lesotho * Liberia * Lybia * Madagascar * Malawi * Mali(Le seegetswe fa thoko) * Mauritania * Mauritius * Morocco * Mozambique * Namibia * Niger (le seegetswe fa thoko) * Nigeria * Rwanda * Sahrawi Republic * São Tomé and Principe * Senegal * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Somalia * South Africa * South Sudan * Sudan (le seegetswe fa thoko) * Tanzania * Togo * Tunisia * Uganda * Zambia * Zimbabwe ===== Baeladilotlhoko ===== * Haiti<ref>"[https://haitihub.com/haiti-and-the-african-union/ Haiti Will Not Join the African Union]". ''Haiti Hub''. 22 May 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230622142803/https://haitihub.com/haiti-and-the-african-union/ Archived] from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2025.</ref> * Israel (le seegetswe kwa thoko ka Tlhakole 2023)<ref>"[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/20/african-union-says-israels-observer-status-suspended African Union says Israel's observer status suspended]". ''www.aljazeera.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230908195006/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/20/african-union-says-israels-observer-status-suspended Archived] from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2025.</ref><ref>i24NEWS (6 February 2022). "[https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1lpw16ay Israel dispute erupts at African Union summit]". ''Ynetnews''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220206151241/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1lpw16ay Archived] from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2025.</ref> * Kazakhstan<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20220327081029/https://www.igd.org.za/index.php/11327-kazakhstan-s-observer-status-at-the-african-union-what-does-it-mean-for-africa Kazakhstan's Observer status at the African Union: What Does It Mean for Africa?]". ''www.igd.org.za''. Archived from [https://igd.org.za/11327-kazakhstan-s-observer-status-at-the-african-union-what-does-it-mean-for-africa the original] on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2025.</ref> * Latvia<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140918030201/http://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/news/press-releases/2012/january/11-3/ Latvia becomes observer to African Union]". ''www.mfa.gov.lv''. [[:en:Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Latvia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia]]. 11 January 2012. Archived from [https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/news/press-releases/2012/january/11-3/ the original] on 11 June 2025.</ref> * Mexico<ref>"[https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20120618-3 Chairperson Receives the Credentials of the First Permanent Observer of Mexico to the African Union]". ''au.int''. 18 June 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901115222/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20120618-3 Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2025.</ref> * Palestine<ref>el-Dakhakhni, Fathya (27 May 2013). "[https://www.egyptindependent.com/au-grants-palestine-observer-status/ AU grants Palestine observer status]". ''egyptindependent.com''. [[:en:Egypt_Independent|Egypt Independent]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161229042151/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/au-grants-palestine-observer-status Archived] from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2025.</ref> * Serbia<ref>"[https://www.b92.net/o/info/vesti/index?yyyy=2014&mm=01&dd=30&nav_category=11&nav_id=806062 Mrkić na samitu u Adis Abebi]". ''b92.net'' (in Serbian (Latin script)). 30 January 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230616071458/https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2014&mm=01&dd=30&nav_category=11&nav_id=806062 Archived] from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2025.</ref> * Turkey<ref>"[https://www.theafricareport.com/165012/whats-driving-turkeys-commercial-military-relations-with-africa/ What's driving Turkey's commercial & military relations with Africa?"]. ''The Africa Report.com''. 11 January 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220206151227/https://www.theafricareport.com/165012/whats-driving-turkeys-commercial-military-relations-with-africa/ Archived] from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2025.</ref> * Ukraine<ref>"[https://mfa.gov.ua/en/news/48625-ukrajina-nabula-status-sposterigacha-v-afrikansykomu-sojuzi Ukraine has obtained the observer status in the African Union]". ''mfa.gov.ua''. [[:en:Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]]. 22 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230616071456/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/news/48625-ukrajina-nabula-status-sposterigacha-v-afrikansykomu-sojuzi Archived] from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2025</ref> * United Arab Emirates<ref>[https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20110316-0 "Chairperson Receives Credentials of the Permanent Observer of the United Arab Emirates. | African Union"]. ''au.int''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220206151252/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20110316-0 Archived] from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2025.</ref> === Tsamaiso === Setlhogo se go neng go ngagisanwa ka sone kwa bokopanong jwa AU ka Phukwi, ngwaga ya 2007, bo bo neng bo tshwaretswe kwa Accra, Ghana e ne ele go dirwa ga puo e e tlhakanetsweng, ka maikaelelo a go fitlhelela Aforika o o bopagananeng.<ref>Decision on the Report of the 9th Extraordinary session of the executive council on the proposals for the Union Government, DOC.Assembly/AU/10 (VIII), Assembly/AU/Dec.156 (VIII).</ref> Patlisiso ya puso e e kopanetsweng e simoloswe ka ngwaga wa 2006 o ya fifing,<ref>Study on an African Union Government: Towards a United States of Africa, 2006. See also, Decision on the Union Government, Doc. Assembly/AU/2(VII).</ref> mme e supa metlhale e le mentsi ya go fetsa ditiro tsa African Union. Go na le megopolo e e farologaneng mo mafatshe ng a Aforika ka kgang e, mangwe (bogolo jang la Lybia) a bona go le botlhokwa go nna le puso e e tlhakanetsweng le sesole sa AU, a mangwe (bogolo jang a a kwa borwa) a eme nokeng go thatafatsa dipopego tsa se se leng teng gone jaana, ka dipaakanyo dingwe go baakanya dikgwetlho tsa sepolotiki le tsamaiso go dira gore lekgotla le le nne le maduo.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070608200746/http://www.pambazuka.org/aumonitor/ Pambazuka.org]". Archived from [https://www.pambazuka.org/aumonitor/ the original] on 8 June 2007.</ref> Morago ga ngangisano kwa Accra, bokopano jwa baeteledipele ba mafatshe ba ne ba dumalana ka kitsiso go tlhatlhoba seemo sa ditiro tsa AU go bona gore le ipaakantse go le kae go nna le puso e e tlhakanetsweng. <ref>Accra Declaration, Assembly of the Union at its 9th Ordinary session in Accra, Ghana, 1–3 July 2007.</ref>Bokopano bo ne jwa dumala go: * Fefosa seemo sa go kopanela itsholelo le polotiki mo Aforika, go akaretsa go simololwa ga puso e e kopanetsweng ya Aforika; * Go tlhatlhoba ditheo le makalana a AU; go tlhatlhoba botsalano jwa AU le REC; go batla ditsela tsa go nonotsha AU le go baya nako ya go simolola puso e e kopanetsweng. ==== Tiro ya African Union ==== Nngwe ya dingagisano tse di tsamaelanang le go atlega ga go bopagana ga kontinente ke go baya pele go bopaganya kontinente e le seopo sengwe kgotsa go bopaganya makalana. Lenaeno la ditiro la kwa Lagos la tlhabololo ya Aforika la ngwaga wa 1980 le tumalano ya ngwaga wa 1991 go dira setshaba sa Aforika sa itsholelo, di ne tsa tsisa molao kakanyo wa go dira Reginal Economic Communities (REC's) e le one boremelelo jwa go kopana ga Aforika. <ref>See note on [https://web.archive.org/web/20040906140832/http://www.dfa.gov.za/docs/2003/au0815.htm The Role of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) as the Building Blocks of the African Union] prepared by the South African Department of Foreign Affairs.</ref> ==== Go tlhophiwa ga modulasetilo ==== Ka ngwaga wa 206, lekgotla la AU le ne la tsaya tshwetso ya go dira komiti e e tla dirang tsamaiso ya go faapanela bodulasetilo mo dikgaolong ka go farologana. Go ne ka tsoga mekubukubu kwa bokopanong jwa ngwaga wa 2006 fa lefatshe la Sudan le itsise moemedi wa lone wa bodulasetilo, go emela kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Aforika. Bontsi jwa mafatshe a e leng maloko a ne a gana go ema Sudan nokeng ka ntlha ya kgotlhang ya Darfur. Lefatshe la Sudan le ne la ikgogela morago mo go emeleng bodulasetilo mme tautona wa Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou-Nguesso a tlhophiwa go nna modulasetilo sebaka sa ngwaga o le mongwe. Kwa bokopanong jwa Firikgong ngwaga wa 2007, Sassou-Nguesso o ne a tlhatlhamiwa ke tautona John Agyekum Kufuor wa kwa Ghana, le ntswa lefatshe la Sudan le ne le dirile maiteko a mangwe gape go tsaya setilo. Ngwaga wa 2007 e ne e le ngwaga wa masome le matlhano leaftshe la Ghana le ipusa, se e le lobaka lo lo botlhokwa thata mo lefatsheng leo go tshegetsa setilo sa bodulasetilo le go nna bone ba ba tshwereng bokopano kwa go bopagana ga Aforika go neng ga buiwa ka gone teng. Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2008, tautona Jakaya Kikwete wa Tanzania o ne a nna ene modulasetilo, a emetse kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Aforika, A phirimisa ditoro tsa Sudan tsa go tsaya bodulasetilo, go fitlhelela kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Aforika e boela gape mo tsamaisong ya neelano.<ref>See ''[http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/report/AU_People-DrivenNov07.pdf Towards a People-Driven African Union: Current Obstacles and New Opportunities]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20080216054523/http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/report/AU_People-DrivenNov07.pdf Archived] 16 February 2008 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], AfriMAP, AFRODAD and Oxfam GB, Updated Edition November 2007, pp. 45–46, and ''[http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/report/AfriMAP-AU-Guide-EN.pdf Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union: A Guide to AU Structures and Processes]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20130927110741/http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/report/AfriMAP-AU-Guide-EN.pdf Archived] 27 September 2013 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], AfriMAP and Oxfam GB, 2010, pp. 8–9.</ref>Modulasetilo wa gompieno ke Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, tautona wa kwa Mauritania, o sebaka sa gagwe se semologileng ka Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 2024.<ref>[https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/eng_4033947 "President of Mauritania Elected as New Chairperson of AU".]</ref> ==== Ba ba kileng ba nna badulasetilo ==== [[Setshwantsho:Jakaya Kikwete and Muammar al-Gaddafi, 12th AU Summit, 090202-N-0506A-678.jpg|left|thumb|Muammar Gaddafi a atla tautona wa kwa Tanzania tautona Kikwete morago ga go palama setilo sa bodulasetilo]] ====== Badulasetilo ba African Union ====== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Leina !Tshimologo ya lobaka !Phelelo ya lobaka !Lefatshe |- |[[Thabo Mbeki]] |Phukwi a ferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2002 |Phukwi a le lesome ngwaga wa 2003 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Africa.svg|30x30px]] [[Aforika Borwa]] |- |Joaquim Chissano |Phukwi a le lesome ngwaga wa 2003 |Phukwi a le malatsi a marataro ngwgaa wa 2004 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mozambique (1974–1975).svg|30x30px]] [[Mozambique]] |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Phukwi a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 2004 |Firikgong a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 2006 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Nigeria.svg|30x30px]] [[Nigeria]] |- |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |Firikgong a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 2006 |Firikgong a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 2007 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|30x30px]] [[Republic of the Congo]] |- |John Kufuor |Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2007 |Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2008 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ghana.svg|30x30px]]Ghana |- |Jakaya Kikwete |Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2008 |Tlhakole a le metso e mebedi ngwaga wa 2009 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Tanzania.svg|30x30px]][[Tanzania]] |- |Muammar al-Gadaffi |Tlhakole a le metso e mebedi ngwaga wa 2009 |Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2010 |[[Setshwantsho:Lybia (Gaddafi loyalists) flag (2019- ).png|30x30px]][[Libya]] |- |Bingu wa Mutharika |Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2010 |Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2011 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Malawi (2010–2012).svg|30x30px]][[Malawi]] |- |Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo |Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2011 |Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le boferabongwe ngwaga wa 2012 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|30x30px]][[Equatorial Guinea]] |- |Yayi Boni |Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le boferabongwe ngwaga wa 2012 |Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2013 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Benin.svg|30x30px]][[Benin]] |- |Hailemariam Desalegn |Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2013 |Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2014 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|30x30px]][[Ethiopia]] |- |Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz |Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2014 |Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2015 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mauritania (1959–2017).svg|30x30px]][[Mauritania]] |- |Robert Mugabe |Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2015 |Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2016 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|30x30px]][[Zimbabwe]] |- |Idriss Déby |Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2016 |Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2017 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Chad.svg|30x30px]][[Chad]] |- |Alpha Condé |Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2017 |Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi ngwaga wa 2018 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Guinea.svg|30x30px]][[Guinea]] |- |Paul Kagame |Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi ngwaga wa 2018 |Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Rwanda.svg|30x30px]][[Rwanda]] |- |Abdel Fattah el-Sisi |Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019 |Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2020 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Egypt.svg|30x30px]][[Egypt]] |- |[[Cyril Ramaphosa]] |Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2020 |Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2021 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Africa.svg|30x30px]][[Aforika Borwa]] |- |Felix Tshisekedi |Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2021 |Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa 2022 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|30x30px]][[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |- |Macky Sall |Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa 2022 |Tlhakole a le malatsi a lesome le boferabobedi wa 2023 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Senegal.svg|30x30px]][[Senegal]] |- |Azali Assoumani |Tlhakole a le malatsi a lesome le boferabobedi wa 2023 |Tlhakole a le malatsi a lesome le bosupa wa 2024 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Comoros.svg|30x30px]][[Comoros]] |- |Mohamed Ould Ghazouani |Tlhakole a le malatsi a lesome le bosupa wa 2024 |''o santse a le mo setilong'' |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mauritania.svg|30x30px]][[Mauritania]] |} === Ofisikgolo === Ofisikgolo ya tsamaiso ya African Union e kwa Addis Ababa, kwa Ethiopia, kwa komišhene ya African Union e le teng. Kago e ntšha ya ofisikgolo e ne ya bulwa ka Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi ka ngwaga wa 2012, ka bokopano jwa bo lesome le boferabobedi.<ref>Press release No 13 / [https://au.int/en/sites/default/files/28%2001%202012_18SUMMIT_PR_INAUGURATION.pdf 18th AU Summit : Inauguration of the new African Union Conference Center] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120216164902/http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/28%2001%202012_18SUMMIT_PR_INAUGURATION.pdf Archived] 16 February 2012 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Directorate of Information and Communication. [[:en:African_Union_Commission|African Union Commission]] (11 June 2025).</ref> Kago e e agilwe ke koporase ya China State Contruction Engineering Corporation, e le mpho go tswa kwa pusong ya China. E na le ntlo lohalahala lwa ditilo di le dikete pedi makgolo matlhano, le matlhatlhaganyane a le masome a mabedi a diofisi. Boleleele jwa kago ke di mithara di ferabongwe le boferabongwe go supa kgwedi ya Lwetse a ferabongwe ngwaga wa 1999, kwa lekgotla la Organisation of African unity le neng la tlhopha go fetoga go nna African Union.<ref>Linyan, Wang. "[https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-01/30/content_14502354.htm New headquarters shows partnership entering era of hope: Ethiopia PM]". ''[[:en:China_Daily|China Daily]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190329195054/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-01/30/content_14502354.htm Archived] from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2025.</ref> Kago e lopile didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi go agiwa.<ref>iezzi, Shannon. "I[https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/if-china-bugged-the-au-headquarters-what-african-countries-should-be-worried/ f China Bugged the AU Headquarters, What African Countries Should Be Worried?"]. ''The Diplomat''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001133/https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/if-china-bugged-the-au-headquarters-what-african-countries-should-be-worried/ Archived] from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == j7l9a6syiwla2n5gihx6x45dhjb2wbb 0 10550 40427 40222 2025-06-10T13:57:40Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tsentse ditshwantsho mo tsebeng e le go e golaganya le tse dingwe 40427 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Benin brass plaque 03 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Kgotlho ya kwa Benin e le mo pontsheng kwa Motlobong wa Britain]] '''Di-Bronze tsa Benin''' ke setlhopha sa dipolakate tsa tshipi di le dikete di le mmalwa le ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng tse di neng di kgabisa ntlo ya segosi ya Bogosi jwa [[Benin]], kwa lefelong le jaanong le bidiwang Edo State, kwa [[Nigeria]]. Dipolaka tseno tsa tshipi di ne tsa dirwa ke Mokgatlho wa Badiri ba Boronse ba [[Benin]], o jaanong o mo Mmileng wa Igun, o gape o bidiwang Dikotara tsa Igun-Eronmwon. Ka kakaretso, dilo tseno di bopa dikao tse di gaisang tsa botaki jwa Benin mme di ne tsa tlhamiwa go tloga ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone ke bataki ba batho ba Edo. <ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1898-0115-23 "British Museum, "Curator's comments"".] Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</ref> <ref>[[:en:Benin_Bronzes#CITEREFHuera1988|Huera 1988, p. 36.]]</ref> <ref>Meyerowitz, Eva L. R. (1943). "Ancient Bronzes in the Royal Palace at Benin". ''The Burlington Magazine''. '''83''' (487). [[:en:The_Burlington_Magazine|The Burlington Magazine Publications,]] Ltd.: 248–253. JSTOR 868735.</ref>Dipolaka, tse ka puo ya Edo di bidiwang Ama, di bontsha ditiragalo kgotsa di emela ditlhogo mo hisitoring ya bogosi. <ref>Hicks, Dan (2020). ''The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution''. London: Pluto Press. pp. 138–139.</ref>Kwantle ga dipolakate, ditshwantsho tse dingwe tse di betlilweng ka kopore kgotsa boronse di akaretsa ditlhogo tsa ditshwantsho, mabenyane le dikarolo tse dinnye. Boronse jwa Benin jwa lekgolo la bo16 la dingwaga jo bo bontshang lesole la Mopotokisi, jo bo nang le di- manilla kwa morago (Musiamo wa Leipzig wa Thuto ya Ditso).<ref>[[:en:Benin_Bronzes#CITEREFGreenfield2007|Greenfield 2007, p. 122.]]</ref> Dingwe tsa ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng tsa terama di simolotse ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le bone, fela bontsi jwa kokoanyo e simolotse ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesometlhano le la bolesomethataro. Go dumelwa gore "Metlha ya Gauta" e mebedi mo tirong ya tshipi ya Benin e diragetse ka nako ya puso ya ga Esigie (fl. 1550) le ya ga Eresoyen (1735–1750), fa tiro ya bone e ne e fitlhelela boleng jo bo kwa godimo.<ref>Lusher, Adam (24 June 2018). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/benin-bronzes-british-museum-nigeria-stolen-imperialist-treasures-return-loan-elgin-marbles-looted-a8414661.html "British museums may loan Nigeria bronzes that were taken from Nigeria by the British".] ''The Independent''. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2018.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Ancestral shrine Royal Palace, Benin City, 1891 (cropped).jpg|thumb|lefelo la kobamelo kwa ntlong ya bogosi kwa toropokgolo ya Benin kwa ngwaga wa 1891]] Bontsi jwa dipolakate le dilo tse dingwe di tserwe ke masole a Borithane ka nako ya Leeto la Benin la 1897 jaaka fa taolo ya Puso ya Borithane e ne e kopanngwa kwa Borwa jwa Nigeria. Leeto leno le ne la bewa ke metswedi ya Borithane jaaka go ipusolosetsa mo polaong ya setlhopha se se sa tlhomelang sa barongwa ba Borithane le palo e kgolo ya batshodi ba bone ba Aforika ka Ferikgong 1897. Bakanoki bangwe ba motlha oo, ba ba jaaka Dan Hicks, ba bolela gore leeto leno e ne e le karolo ya motseletsele o o anameng wa ditlhaselo tse di neng di rulagantswe pele tsa Yuropa, dikgatlhego tsa bo-imperiale le tsa ikonomi mo Aforika. Morago ga loeto, dikarolo di le makgolo a mabedi di ne tsa isiwa kwa Musiamong wa Borithane kwa Lontone, fa tse dingwe di ne tsa isiwa kwa dimusiamo tse dingwe tsa Yuropa. <ref>Lusher, Adam (24 June 2018). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/benin-bronzes-british-museum-nigeria-stolen-imperialist-treasures-return-loan-elgin-marbles-looted-a8414661.html "British museums may loan Nigeria bronzes that were taken from Nigeria by the British".] ''The Independent''. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2018.</ref>Palo e kgolo e tshwerwe ke Musiamo wa Borithane le dikokoanyo tse dingwe tse di tlhomologileng kwa Jeremane le kwa [[USA|United States]]. [[Setshwantsho:Benin, portoghese, XVI-XVII sec.JPG|thumb|Kgotlho ya kwa Benin e supa lesole la kwa Portugal]] Bakanoki ba bofelo jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga O. M. Dalton le Charles Hercules Read ba ne ba swetsa ka phoso gore kitso ya Benin ya go dira ditshipi e ne e tswa kwa bagwebing ba Mapotokisi, ba ba neng ba ikgolaganya le Benin mo tshimologong ya motlha wa segompieno. Bogosi jwa Benin e ne e le setheo sa tlhabologo ya Aforika nako e telele pele ga bagwebi ba Mapotokisi ba etela, mme diboronse di ne di dirwa kwa Benin pele ga go goroga ga Mapotokisi.Go akanngwa gore ngwao ya go betla ga boronse ya Benin e tswa kgotsa e tlhotlheleditswe ke ya Bogosi jwa bogologolo jo bo gaufi jwa Ife kwa borwabophirima jwa Nigeria. Fa kokoanyo e itsege jaaka Benin Bronzes, jaaka bontsi jwa "boronse" jwa Aforika Bophirima dikarolo di dirilwe thata ka kopore ya popego e e farologaneng. Gape go na le dikarolo tse di dirilweng ka metswako ya boronse le kopore, ya logong, ya seramiki, le ya lonaka lwa tlou, gareng ga didirisiwa tse dingwe. Dikarolwana tsa tshipi di ne di dirilwe ka go dirisa go latlhela boka jo bo latlhegileng mme di tsewa e le dingwe tsa ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng tse di gaisang tsa Aforika tse di dirilweng ka go dirisa mokgwa ono. Benin e ne ya simolola go gweba ka lonaka lwa tlou, pepere, le makgoba le Mapotokisi kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo15 la dingwaga mme ya akaretsa tiriso ya manillas (di-ingots tsa kopore ka sebopego sa dibaga, tse di rekilweng mo Mapotokisi) jaaka motswedi wa tshipi mo setshwantshong sa bona se se setilweng. Koporo ya manillas, e pele go neng go akanngwa gore e tswa kwa Netherlands, jaanong go akanngwa gore e tswa kwa kgaolong ya Rhineland kwa Jeremane. == Botlhokwa jwa Pele ga 1897 == Nako ya pele ga 1897, mo pakeng ya bogosi jwa Benin, e ne ya supiwa e le boipuso jo bo lekanyeditsweng le maatla, jo gape bo bidiwang Mmusomogolo wa Edo. Botlhokwa jwa pele ga 1897 jwa Bogosi jwa Benin, jo bo neng bo laolwa ke di-oba, gape bo ne bo akaretsa taolo ya kgwebo le kgaolo le go godisa tlhagiso ya botaki jwa boronse le jwa lonaka lwa tlou. Bogosi jono gape bo ne jwa kopana le dikgwetlho go tswa kwa Maborithaneng ka gonne ba ne ba leka go bona ditsompelo tsa Benin. == Ditso == '''Bokao jwa loago le popo''' Bontsi jwa ditshwantsho tse di takilweng tsa terama di simolotse ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesometharo, mme karolo e kgolo ya kokoanyo e simolotse ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesometlhano le la bolesomethataro. Go dumelwa gore "Metlha ya Gauta" e mebedi mo tirong ya tshipi ya Benin e diragetse ka nako ya puso ya ga Esigie (fl. 1550) le ya ga Eresoyen (1735–1750), fa tiro ya bone e ne e fitlhelela boleng jo bo kwa godimo. "Ntlo ya segosi kgotsa kgotlatshekelo ya kgosi ke sekwere, mme e kgolo jaaka toropo ya Haarlem mme e dikologilwe gotlhelele ke lebota le le kgethegileng, jaaka le le dikologileng toropo. E kgaogantswe ka matlo a mantsi a a kgatlhang a segosi, matlo, le difolete tsa batlhanka ba kgosi, mme e akaretsa digalase tse dintle le tse di khurumeditsweng tsa logong go ya go... sekwere se se telele ka kopore e e tshetsweng, e mo go yone go gabilweng ditshwantsho tsa ditiro tsa bone tsa ntwa le dintwa, mme di bolokwa di le phepa thata." Olfert Dapper, mokwadi wa Mo-Dutch, a tlhalosa Benin mo bukeng ya gagwe ya Tlhaloso ya Aforika (1668) Bogosi jwa Benin, jo bo neng bo nna mo dikarolong tse di kwa borwa jwa Nigeria ya gompieno fa gare ga lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le bone le la bolesomerobongwe, bo ne bo humile ka ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng tsa didirisiwa tse di farologaneng, jaaka tshipi, boronse, logong, lonaka lwa tlou le terra cotta. Ntlo ya segosi ya ga Oba kwa Benin City, e leng lefelo le go neng go dirwa dialetare tsa bagologolwane ba segosi mo go lone, gape e ne e le lefelo la botshelo jo bo raraaneng jwa meletlo ya kgotlatshekelo jo mo go jone Oba wa Benin, batlhabani ba gagwe, dikgosi le batshodi ba maemo a a kwa godimo, baruti, maloko a mekgatlho ya ntlo ya segosi le mekgatlho ya bone ya bagwebi le bagwebi ba dinaga di sele, o ne a tsaya karolo. Ntlo ya segosi, e e neng e le kgobokano e kgolo ya dikago le mabala, e ne e le lefelo la makgolokgolo a dipolakete tsa kopore tse di khutlonnetsepa tse ditshwantsho tsa tsone di bontshang batho le ditiragalo tse di neng di tshedisa kgotlatshekelo. Dilo tsa boronse le tsa lonaka lwa tlou di ne di na le ditiro tse di farologaneng mo botshelong jwa meetlo le jwa segosi jwa Bogosi jwa Benin. Di ne di dirisiwa thata go kgabisa ntlo ya segosi, e e neng e na le ditiro tse dintsi tsa boronse. Di ne di kaleditswe mo dipilareng tsa ntlo ya segosi ka dipekere tse di neng di phuntswe mo go tsone. Jaaka botaki jwa ntlo ya segosi, maikaelelo a bone a magolo e ne e le go galaletsa Oba, kgosi ya bomodimo, le hisitori ya maatla a gagwe a bogosi kgotsa go tlotla Iyoba wa Benin (mma kgosigadi). Botaki mo Bogosing jwa Benin bo ne jwa nna le mefuta e le mentsi, e mo go yone ditshwantsho tsa boronse le tsa kopore le ditlhogo tsa dikgosi le bomme ba dikgosigadi e leng tsone tse di itsegeng thata. Dijana tsa boronse, ditloloko, mekgabiso, mabenyane, le dintho tsa meetlo le tsona di ne di na le dinonofo tsa bontle le botho, di bontsha bokgoni ba baetsi ba tsona, le ha hangata di fifatswa ke mesebetsi ya tshwantshetso ya ditshwantsho tse betlilweng tsa boronse le tsa manaka a tlou. Mo Afrika ya boboatsatsi mokgwa wa go latlhela boka jo bo latlhegileng o ne wa tlhamiwa go sa le gale, jaaka fa ditiro tse di tswang kwa Benin di bontsha. Fa kgosi e tlhokafala, motlhatlhami wa gagwe o ne a tla laela gore go dirwe tlhogo ya boronse ya kgosi e e neng e busa pele ga gagwe. Mo e ka nnang ditshwantsho tseno di le 170 di teng, mme tsa bogologolo thata ke tsa ngwagakgolo wa bolesomepedi.Oba, kana kgosi, o ne a dirisa dilo tse go neng go le thata go di bona, tse di jaaka gouta, meno a tlou le boronse. Dikgosi tseno di ne tsa dira gore go kgonege go tlhama diboronse tse dintlentle tsa Benin; ka jalo, dikgotlatshekelo tsa segosi di ne tsa thusa thata mo go tlhabololeng botaki jwa kwa borwa jwa Sahara.Ka 1939, ditlhogo tse di tshwanang thata le tsa Bogosi jwa Benin di ne tsa bonwa kwa Ife, motse o o boitshepo wa Ba-Yoruba, o o neng o le wa lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le bone le la bolesome le botlhano. Thibololo eno e ne ya tshegetsa ngwao ya pelenyana e e neng e re ke bataki ba ba tswang kwa Ife ba ba neng ba rutile Benin mekgwa ya go dira tshipi ya boronse. Go lemoga bogologolo jwa thekenoloji kwa Benin go ne ga tswelela pele fa ditshwantsho tseno tse di betlilweng di ne di beilwe ka tlhomamo mo motlheng oo. '''Kgatlhego ya Yuropa le Leeto la Benin la 1897''' Setlhogo se segolo: Leeto la Benin la 1897 [[Setshwantsho:Ancient Benin city.JPG|thumb|Tshupo ya toropo ya Benin ke motshwantshi wa mo Dutch ka ngwaga wa 1686]] Dikao di le mmalwa tsa botaki jwa Aforika di ne di kokoantswe ke Bayuropa pele ga ngwagakgolo wa bolesomerobongwe, le fa dibuka tse di gatisitsweng tsa Yuropa di ne di setse di akaretsa ditshwantsho tsa Benin City le tsa ntlo ya segosi ya ga oba go tloga kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1600 go ya pele. Ke fela kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesomerobongwe, fa bokoloniale le tiro ya borongwa di ne di simolola, fa dipalo tse dikgolo tsa ditiro tsa Aforika di ne tsa simolola go isiwa kwa Yuropa, kwa di neng tsa tlhalosiwa jaaka dilo tse di bonolo tsa go itse tsa ditlhopha tsa bodumedi tsa "boheitane". Boikutlo jono bo ne jwa fetoga morago ga Leeto la Benin la 1897. Ka 1897, motlatsa-moemedi-kakaretso James Robert Phillips, wa Lefapha la Sireletso la Lebopo la Niger, mmogo le badiredibagolo ba bangwe ba le barataro ba Boritane, borakgwebo ba le babedi, baranodi le batshodi ba le 215, ba ne ba .e ne ya simolola go ya kwa Benin go tswa kwa boemakepeng jo bonnye jwa Sapele, kwa Nigeria, Go ganetsanwa ka boikaelelo jwa mmatota jwa loeto lono. Maikaelelo a boemedi jo bo boletsweng e ne e le go buisana le Oba wa Benin, fa borahisitori bangwe ba nganga gore e ne e le thomo ya go tlhotlhomisa e e neng e itira boemedi jwa kagiso jwa bodipolomate ka maikaelelo a go menola kgosi (Oba) ya Benin kwa bofelong. Le fa ba ne ba file lefoko la ketelo ya bone e e ikaeletsweng, moragonyana ba ne ba itsisiwe gore loeto lwa bone lo tshwanetse go diega, ka gonne ga go na motswakwa yo o neng a ka tsena mo motseng fa go ntse go dirwa dingwao; le fa go ntse jalo, batsamai ba ne ba itlhokomolosa tlhagiso mme ba tswelela ka loeto lwa bone. Ba ne ba lalelwa kwa borwa jwa toropo ke batlhabani ba Oba, mme ke Bayuropa ba le babedi fela ba ba neng ba falola polao e e neng ya latela. [[Setshwantsho:Drawing of Benin City made by an English officer 1897.jpg|left|thumb|Tshupo ya toropo ya Benin ka ngwaga wa 1897, e tshwantshitswe ke motho wa kwa Britain o o mo pusong]] Dikgang tsa tiragalo e di ne tsa fitlha kwa Lontone malatsi a le robedi morago ga foo mme go ne ga rulaganngwa letsholo la kotlhao la sesole sa lewatle ka bonako, le le neng le tshwanetse go kaelwa ke Admiral Harry Rawson. Masole a Borithane a ne a thuba le go senya Toropo ya Benin. Morago ga tlhaselo, bafenyi ba ne ba tsaya ditiro tsa botaki tse di neng di kgabisa Ntlo ya Segosi le matlo a bonno a batho ba maemo, tse di neng di kokoantswe mo makgolong a dingwaga a le mantsi. Go ya ka pego ya semmuso ya tiragalo e e e kwadilweng ke Maesemane, tlhaselo e ne e tshwanetse ka gonne batho ba lefelo leo ba ne ba laletse thomo ya kagiso, le ka gonne leeto le ne la golola baagi mo pusong ya botshosetsi.[ Buka ya 2020 e akantsha gore; "fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, borahisitori ba ntse ba tlhaloganya ka botlalo leeto la go tlosa Oba Ovonramwen Nogbaisi (Overami) yo o neng a amogetse setulo sa bogosi ka 1888, e seng jaaka go ipusolosetsa, mme e le go laelwa ke pholisi ka nako e telele go nna le kganetso e e dikologileng." ka kgonagalo ya go boela ga segompieno ga diboronse kwa Benin. Ditiro tse di tserweng ke Maborithane e ne e le letlotlo la ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng tsa boronse le tsa lonaka lwa tlou, go akaretsa le ditlhogo tsa dikgosi, ditlhogo tsa ga mmaagwe kgosigadi, ditshwantsho tsa lengau, ditloloko le palo e kgolo ya ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng ka ditshwantsho tse di kwa godimo, tse tsotlhe di neng di dirilwe ka botswerere jwa go latlhela boka jo bo latlhegileng. Ka 1910, mmatlisisi wa Mojeremane Leo Frobenius o ne a dira loeto lwa go ya kwa Aforika ka maikaelelo a go kokoanya ditiro tsa botaki jwa Aforika go di tsenya mo dimusiamong tsa naga ya gagwe. Gompieno gongwe go setse dikarolo di le mmalwa fela tse di ka nnang masome a matlhano kwa Nigeria le fa dikarolo di ka nna 2 400 di tshwerwe mo dikokoanyong tsa Yuropa le Amerika. == Dithekiso tse di latelang, dipusetso le go busediwa gae == Dipokello tse pedi tse kgolo ka ho fetisisa tsa Benin Bronzes di fumaneha Musiamong wa Ethnological wa Berlin le Musiamong wa Borithane London, ha pokello ya boraro e kgolo ka ho fetisisa e fumaneha dimusiamo tse mmalwa Nigeria (haholoholo Musiamo wa Naha wa Nigeria Lagos). Fa e sa le Nigeria e bona boipuso ka 1960, e ntse e batla go busediwa ga boronse makgetlo a le mmalwa. Go nnile le kganetsano e e tseneletseng ka ga lefelo la boronse le le kgakala le lefelo le di tswang kwa go lone. Gantsi, go boa ga bone go ile ga tsewa e le sesupo sa go busediwa ga kontinente ya Aforika kwa gae. Dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla di fetogile kgetse ya teko mo ngangisanong ya boditšhabatšhaba ka ga go busediwa, e e ka bapisiwang le ya Elgin Marbles, mme di thusitse go fetola maikutlo ka ga go busediwa kwa gae. Go simolola ka 1950, Musiamo wa Boritane o ne wa rekisetsa puso ya Nigeria Boronse jwa Benin jo bo fetang 30. Ka nako eo, motlhokomedi wa musiamo ono, e bong Hermann Braunholtz, o ne a bolela gore, le mororo di ne di dirilwe ka bongwe, mo dipolakeng di le 203 tse musiamo ono o neng wa di bona ka 1898, di le 30 e ne e le dikhopi; ka gonne e ne e le ditshwantsho tse di tshwanang, o ne a swetsa ka gore di ne di sa tlhokege mo musiamong.Thekiso e ne ya ema ka 1972, mme moitseanape wa botaki jwa Aforika wa musiamo o ne a re o di ikotlhaela. Ka 1953, Sotheby's e ne ya rekisa tlhogo ya Boronse ya Benin ka £5,500 fa thekiso ya rekoto ya pele e ne e le £780. Ka 1968, Christie's o ne a rekisa tlhogo ya Benin e e neng ya bonwa ke lepodise mo ntlong ya moagelani wa gagwe ka £21,000. Ka 1984, Sotheby’s e ne ya fantisa polaka e e neng e bontsha seopedi; boleng jwa yone bo ne bo fopholediwa go fa gare ga £25,000 le £35,000 mo lenaaneng la difantisi. Ka 2015, tlhogo ya Boronse ya Benin e ne ya rekisediwa mokgoboketsi wa poraefete ka tuelo ya rekoto ya dimilione di le £10. Ka 2018, go ne ga dirwa tumalano magareng ga Setlhopha sa Dipuisano sa Benin le puso ya Borithane go busetsa Diboronse tsa Benin gore go tle go dirwe pontsho ya nakwana kwa Musiamong o mošwa wa Segosi wa Benin kwa Edo State. Setlhopha seno se na le baemedi ba dimusiamo di le mmalwa tsa boditšhabatšhaba, Kgotlatshekelo ya Segosi ya Benin, puso ya Edo State, le Khomišene ya Bosetšhaba ya Nigeria ya Dimusiamo le Difikantswe (NCMM). Ka 2015, Mark Walker o ne a busetsa Diboronse dingwe tsa Benin tse di neng di tserwe ke rraagwemogolo ka nako ya fa Bogosi jwa Benin bo ne bo dikaganyeditswe; o ne a amogelwa ke Kgosana Edun Akenzua kwa Toropong ya Benin. sekolo se se golwane sa Aberdeen e ne ya dumalana ka Mopitlwe 2021 go busetsa tlhogo ya boronse ya Oba e e neng e rekilwe kwa fantising ka 1957. Go busediwa ga dithoto go ne ga wediwa kwa moletlong wa go neela dithoto o o neng o tshwerwe ka di 28 Diphalane 2021. Ka Moranang 2021, puso ya Jeremane e ne ya bolela gore Diboronse tsa Benin tse di "thubilweng" di tla busediwa mo dikokoanyong tsa setšhaba tsa Jeremane ka 2022. Hartmut Dorgerloh, mokaedi wa Foramo ya Humboldt, e e akaretsang Musiamo wa Ditso wa Berlin, o ne a bolela kwa tiragalong ya bobegadikgang gore thulaganyo e ntšha ya musiamo wa Berlin ga go akanngwe". Gape ka Moranang 2021, Kereke ya Engelane e ne ya solofetsa go busetsa diboronse tse pedi tsa Benin tse di neng tsa newa e le dimpho go Mobishopomogolo wa nako eo wa Canterbury Robert Runcie ka 1982. Diboronse tseno di ne di diretswe go nna le seabe mo kokoanyong ya Musiamo wa Segosi wa Benin wa isagwe.[needs update] Mo go yone kgwedi eo, Musiamo wa Horniman kwa Lontone Borwa o ne wa re o akanyetsa kgakololo ya semolao malebana le go busetsa ditiro di le 49 go tswa kwa Benin City, go akaretsa le Diboronse di le 15 tsa Benin, tse di mo diatleng tsa one. Go tsibogela go gana ga Musiamo wa Borithane go go tswelelang go busetsa diboronse tsa Benin tse di thubilweng, Iyase (tona-kgolo ya setso) ya Bogosi jwa Benin o ne a sirolola letlapa le legolo go gaisa la boronse go fitlha ga jaana ka 30 Phukwi 2021. Letlapa le na le ditone di feta 2 tsa kopore mme le dirilwe ke mongwe wa ditlogolwana tsa ga Iyase Lukas Osarobo Zeickner-Okoro. E bidiwa Go Boa ga ga Oba Ewuare go tshwantshetsa tumelo ya Benin ya go tsalwa sesha le go simolola gape ga Motlha wa Boronse wa Benin ka nako ya puso ya ga Oba Ewuare II. Ka Diphalane 2021, Jesus College e ne ya itsise gore e tla busetsa setshwantsho se se setilweng sa koko, se se bidiwang Okukor, kwa Nigeria morago ga gore setlhopha sa baithuti se bontshe botlhokwa jwa sone mo hisitoring jaaka selo se se thubilweng. Sefikantswe seno se ne se tlositswe mo pontshong ka 2016 morago ga dipitso tsa gore se busediwe kwa gae; morago ga dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng ke Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Legacy of Slavery sa kholetšhe, go ne ga tlhomamisiwa gore sefikantswe seno se tserwe ka tlhamalalo kwa kgotlatshekelong ya Benin pele ga se newa kholetšhe ke rraagwe moithuti mongwe ka 1905.[68] Ka Tlhakole 2022, Okukor le boronse jo bo busitsweng ke sekolo se se golwane Aberdeen di ne tsa amogelwa kwa ntlong ya segosi kwa Benin City ke Oba wa Benin, Ewuare II. Ka Sedimonthole 2022, sekolo se se golwane sa Cambridge e ne ya fetisetsa semolao bong jwa dilo tsa botaki tsa Benin tse di fetang 100 go tswa kwa Musiamong wa yone wa Thutamarope le Thuto-Batho go ya kwa NCMM. Mmuelli wa musiamo o boletse hore jwalo. == Tlhotlheletso mo Botaking jwa Segompieno jwa Aforika == Pokello ya dintho tse utswitsweng mmusong wa Benin ka 1897, e bile le tshusumetso e kgolo le e kgolo bonono ba Aforika.Dintho di tsejwa ka bonono ba tsona bo rarahaneng le bohlokwa ba nalane. Seabe sa tsona se feta bontle, boswa jwa setso le kemedi ya Dilo tsa Botaki tsa Aforika ka kakaretso. '''Thekeniki''' Go latlhela ga boronse go dirisiwa mokgwa wa boka jo bo latlhegileng. Tshipi e e nyerolotsweng e tshelwa mo sebopegong. Le fa ditiro tseno ka kakaretso di bidiwa Benin Bronzes, di dirilwe ka dilo tse di farologaneng. Tse dingwe di dirilwe ka kopore, e tshekatsheko e bontshitseng gore ke motswako wa kopore, zinki le lloto ka dilekanyo tse di farologaneng. Tse dingwe ga di na tshipi, di dirilwe ka logong, seramiki, lonaka lwa tlou, letlalo kgotsa letsela. Dilo tse di dirilweng ka logong di dirilwe ka thulaganyo e e raraaneng. E simolola ka kutu ya setlhare kgotsa kala mme e betlilwe ka tlhamalalo. Motaki o bona sebopego sa bofelo sa tiro go tswa mo bolokong jwa logong. Ka go ne go tlwaelegile go dirisa logong lo lo sa tswang go segiwa mo ditshwantshong, fa setshwantsho se sena go wediwa boalogodimo bo ne bo tshubiwa go thibela go phanyega fa se omisiwa. Seno gape se ne sa letla ditiro tsa botaki tsa polychromatic, tse di neng tsa fitlhelelwa ka go dirisa go segwa ka thipa le go dirisa dipigment tsa tlholego tse di dirilweng ka oli ya merogo kgotsa oli ya palema. Mofuta ono wa mafura, o o neng o dirwa gaufi le mosi o o tswang kwa magaeng, o ne wa dira gore ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng tsa logong di nne le patina e e tshwanang le tshipi e e rusitseng. Ditshwantsho tse di bontshitsweng mo diboronseng di ne di latlhetswe ka phokotso ka dintlha tse di segilweng mo sekaong sa boka. Bataki ba sebetsang ka boronse ba ne ba hlophisitswe ho ba mofuta wa mokgatlo tlasa taelo ya borena mme ba ne ba dula sebakeng se ikgethileng sa ntlo ya borena tlasa taolo e tobileng ya Oba. Ditiro tse di neng di dirwa ka go dirisa go latlhela boka jo bo latlhegileng di ne di tlhoka go nna le bokgoni jo bogolo. Boleng jwa tsone bo ne bo le kwa godimo fa kgosi e ne e le maatla thata, mme seno se ne sa mo letla go thapa palo e ntsi ya baitseanape. == Metswedi == 0k4avabb3nonergqr8tukppegpexawt 0 10564 40439 40421 2025-06-11T00:27:33Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 40439 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:British Museum (aerial).jpg|thumb|Motlobo wa ditso wa Boritane o o bonweng go tswa kwa lefaufaung ka 2015]] '''Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane''' ke mabolokelo a matlotlo a setšhaba a a diretsweng ditso tsa batho, botaki le setso o o mo kgaolong ya Bloomsbury kwa Lontone. Kgobokanyo ya yone ya ditiro di le didikadike di robabobedi ke yone e kgolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>van Riel, Cees (30 October 2017). [https://www.forbes.com/sites/rsmdiscovery/2017/10/30/ranking-the-worlds-most-admired-art-museums-and-what-big-business-can-learn-from-them/?sh=1f0cee263b33 "Ranking The World's Most Admired Art Museums, And What Big Business Can Learn From Them"]. ''Forbes''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230518003932/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rsmdiscovery/2017/10/30/ranking-the-worlds-most-admired-art-museums-and-what-big-business-can-learn-from-them/?sh=1f0cee263b33 Archived] from the original on 18 May 2023. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref> E kwala kgang ya setso sa batho go tloga kwa tshimologong go fitlha gompieno.<ref>Among the national museums in London, sculpture and [[:en:Decorative_art|decorative]] and [[:en:Applied_art|applied art]] are in the [[:en:Victoria_and_Albert_Museum|Victoria and Albert Museum]]; the British Museum houses earlier art, non-Western art, prints and drawings. The [[:en:National_Gallery|National Gallery]] holds the national collection of Western European art to about 1900, while art of the 20th century on is at [[:en:Tate_Modern|Tate Modern]]. [[:en:Tate_Britain|Tate Britain]] holds British Art from 1500 onwards. Books, manuscripts and many works on paper are in the [[:en:British_Library|British Library]]. There are significant overlaps between the coverage of the various collections.</ref> O tlhomilwe ka 1753, Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane e ne e le motlobo wa ntlha wa bosetshaba.<ref>[http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/the_museums_story/general_history.aspx "History of the British Museum"]. ''The British Museum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161009092417/http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/the_museums_story/general_history.aspx Archived] from the original on 9 October 2016. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref> Ka 2023, motlobo o amogetse baeti ba le 5,820,860, 42% go feta ngwaga o o fetileng. Setlhopha se le sengwe se ne sa e tsaya e le kgogedi e e tumileng thata ya bojanala kwa United Kingdom.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-68577122 "British Museum is the most-visited UK attraction again"]. ''BBC News''. 18 March 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240318082106/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-68577122 Archived] from the original on 18 March 2024. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref> Kwa tshimologong, motlobo o ne o ikaegile thata ka dikokoanyo tsa ngaka le ramaranyane wa Anglo-Irish Sir Hans Sloane.<ref>[https://www.bl.uk/events/the-life-and-curiosity-of-hans-sloane "The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane"]. ''The British Library''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181119150309/https://www.bl.uk/events/the-life-and-curiosity-of-hans-sloane Archived] from the original on 19 November 2018. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref> E ne ya bulelwa setshaba ka 1759, kwa Montagu House, mo setsheng sa kago ya gone jaana. Katoloso ya motlobo mo dingwageng di le makgolo a mabedi le masome matlhano tse di latelang e ne e le ka ntlha ya bokolone jwa Borithane mme ya felela ka go tlhamiwa ga ditheo di le mmalwa tsa makala, kgotsa ditheo tse di ikemetseng, ya ntlha e ne e le Natural History Museum ka 1881. Dingwe tsa ditheko tsa yone tse di itsegeng thata, tse di jaaka Greek Elgin Marbles le Rosetta Stone ya kwa Egepeto, di na le dikgotlhang tsa lobaka lo loleele le dikopo tsa go busediwa kwa gae.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-big-question-what-is-the-rosetta-stone-and-should-britain-return-it-to-egypt-1836610.html "The Big Question: What is the Rosetta Stone, and should Britain return"]. ''The Independent''. 9 December 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180311015133/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-big-question-what-is-the-rosetta-stone-and-should-britain-return-it-to-egypt-1836610.html Archived] from the original on 11 March 2018. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref><ref>Tharoor, Kanishk (29 June 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/jun/29/museums-looting-art-artefacts-world-culture "Museums and looted art: the ethical dilemma of preserving world cultures"]. ''The Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200610134203/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/jun/29/museums-looting-art-artefacts-world-culture Archived] from the original on 10 June 2020. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref> Ka 1973, British Library Act 1972<ref>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/54/contents "British Library Act 1972"]. ''legislation.gov.uk''. 1972. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220808215058/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/54/contents Archived] from the original on 8 August 2022. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref> e ne ya kgaoganya lephatla la metlobo go tswa kwa Motlobong wa ditso wa Borithane, mme e ne ya tswelela go tshola British Library e jaanong e kgaoganeng mo phaposing e le nngwe ya go bala le kago jaaka motlobo go fitlha ka 1997. Motlobo ke mokgatlho wa setshaba o e seng wa lephata o o tshegediwang ke Lephata la Setso, Metswedi ya Dikgang le Metshameko. Fela jaaka metlobo yotlhe ya bosetshaba ya UK, ga e duele madi a go tsena kwa ntle ga dipontsho tsa kadimo.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/visiting/admission_and_opening_times.aspx "Admission and opening times"]. ''British Museum''. 14 June 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160708182945/http://www.britishmuseum.org/visiting/admission_and_opening_times.aspx Archived] from the original on 8 July 2016. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo e le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref> == Ditso == === Sir Hans Sloane === [[Setshwantsho:Sir Hans Sloane, an engraving from a portrait by T. Murray.jpg|thumb|Sir Hans Sloane]] Le fa gompieno e le motlobo wa dilo tsa botaki jwa setso le dilo tsa bogologolo, Motlobo wa Borithane o ne wa tlhongwa jaaka "motlobo wa lefatshe lotlhe". Motheo wa one o mo thatong ya ngaka le moithutatlholego wa Moesemane le Mo-Ireland Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), ngaka le ramaranyane yo o nnang kwa Lontone go tswa kwa Ulster. Mo tsamaong ya botshelo jwa gagwe, mme segolobogolo morago ga go nyala motlholagadi wa mojadi wa mohumi wa Jamaica,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/building_britain_gallery_05.shtml "BBC – History – British History in depth: Slavery and the Building of Britain"]. ''www.bbc.co.uk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191205004223/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/building_britain_gallery_05.shtml Archived] from the original on 5 December 2019. E nopotswe ke Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref> Sloane o ne a kokoanya kokoanyo e kgolo ya dilo tse di kgatlhang, mme ka a ne a sa eletse go bona kokoanyo ya gagwe e thubega morago ga loso, o ne a e tlogelela Kgosi George II, ka ntlha ya setshaba, ka madi a a kana ka £20,000 ( a a lekanang le £3,846,793 ka 2023)go duelwa bajaboswa jwa gagwe ke Palamente<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100102202555/http://www.fathom.com/course/21701728/session1.html "Creating a Great Museum: Early Collectors and The British Museum"]. Fathom. Archived from [http://www.fathom.com/course/21701728/session1.html the original] on 2 January 2010. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le marataro ka 2025.</ref> —ka bomo e le kwa tlase thata go feta boleng jo bo fopholediwang jwa dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla, jo ka nako eno bo fopholediwang go £50,000 (a a lekanang le £9,616,983 ka 2023) kgotsa go feta go ya ka metswedi mengwe, le go fitlha go £80,3000 (£15,387,173 ka 2023) kgotsa le go feta.<ref>[http://sloaneletters.com/about-sir-hans-sloane/ "Introducing Sir Hans Sloane – the Sloane Letters Project".] E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref><ref>[http://sloaneletters.com/will-sloane/ "Sir Hans Sloane's Will of 1739 – The Sloane Letters Project"]. ''sloaneletters.com''. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref> Ka nako eo, kokoanyo ya ga Sloane e ne e na le dilo di ka nna dikete tse masome a supa le motso o le mongwe tsa mefuta yotlhe<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/history/general_history.aspx "General history"]. ''British Museum''. 14 June 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120412162528/http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/history/general_history.aspx Archived] from the original on 12 April 2012. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref> go akaretsa le dibuka di ka nna diketse tse masome a mane tse di gatisitsweng, mekwalo ya seatla e le dikete di supa, dikai tse dintsi tsa ditso tsa tlholego go akaretsa le bokete jwa dimela di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mararo le metso e supa tse di omisitsweng, ditshwantsho tse di gatisitsweng le ditshwantsho tse di takilweng go akaretsa le tsa ga Gre Albürer D, le dilo tsa bogologolo go tswa ka Sudan, Egepeto, Greece, Roma, Ancient Near, Far East le kwa Amerika.<ref>[[:en:Gavin_de_Beer|de Beer, Gavin R.]] (1953). ''Sir Hans Sloane and the British Museum''. London. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref> === Motheo (1753) === Ka ngwaga wa 1753, Seetebosigo a le malatsi a supa, King George II o ne a amogela mogopolo wa palamente wa go aga mabolokelo a matlotlo a lefatshe.<ref>The question of the use of the term 'British' at this period has recently received some attention, e.g. Colley (1992), 85ff. There never has been a serious attempt to change the museum's name.</ref> Molao wa motlobo wa kwa Britain wa 1753 o ne wa oketsa metlobo ya dibuka e mengwe e le mebedi mo e e neng e setse e kokoantswe ke Sloane, metlobo e ke wa Cottonian o o dirilweng ke Sir Robert Cotton ka dinako tsa puso ya ga Queen Elizabeth wa ntlha, le motlobo wa Harleian, o e leng kgobokanyo ya bagolwane ba kwa Oxford. Di ne tsa kopanngwa ka ngwaga wa 1757 ke motlobo wa bogologolo wa ba bogosi, o jaanong o bidiwang Royal Manuscripts o o simolotsweng ke ba kwa bogosing kwa Britain.<ref>Letter to Charles Long (1823), BMCE115/3,10. Scrapbooks and illustrations of the Museum. Wilson, David M. (2002). ''The British Museum: A History''. London: The British Museum Press, p. 346.</ref> Dikokoano tse tsotlhe ka bone jwa tsone di ne di akaretsa dibuka tse e leng matlotlo gompieno mo motlobong wa British di akaretsa Lindisfame Gospels le lokwalo lo lo setseng lo le nosi wa Beowulf. [[Setshwantsho:The North Prospect of Mountague House JamesSimonc1715.jpg|thumb|Ntlo ya Montagu ka ngwaga wa 1715]] Motlobo wa British e ne e e le wa ntlha wa mefuta e ya metlobo - e le wa setšhaba, e se wa kereke kgotsa kgosi epe, o buletswe setšhaba ba sa lopiwe sepe ebile o ikaelela go kgobokanya sengwe le sengwe. Kgobokanyo ya ga Sloane le fa e ne e akaretsa dilo di le dintsi, e ne e sekametse thata ka fa go tsa maranyane.<ref>"[https://www.bmimages.com/preview.asp?image=00032676001&imagex=90&searchnum=0001 The British Museum Images]". Bmimages. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Go tsenya dikwalo tsa ga Cotton le Harley go ne ga tsisa tsa ditso le thuto, se sa raya gore motlobo o jaanong o ne o nna mabolokole a matlotlo a setšhaba le motlobo wa dibuka.<ref>Dunton, Larkin (1896). ''[[iarchive:worldanditspeop05duntgoog|The World and Its People]]''. Silver, Burdett. [[iarchive:worldanditspeop05duntgoog/page/n46|p. 38]].</ref> === Kobotlo ya go batla go itse (1753 - 1778) === Setlhopha sa batlhokomedi se ne sa tsaya tshwetso ya go dirisa ntlo e e mantlontlo ya Montagu go direla motlobo o mo go yone, se ne se rekile ntlo e mo lolwapeng lwa Montagu ka dikete di le masome mabedi a di ponto. Setlhopha se se ne sa se ka sa dumalana le go dirisa ntlo ya kwa Buckingham, ka ntlha ya tlhwatlhwa ya yone le lefelo le e leng mo go lone, morago e ne ya fetolwa go nna ntlo ya segosi ya Buckingham.<ref>Wilson, David, M. (2002). ''The British Museum: A History''. London: The British Museum Press. p. 25.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Rosetta Stone International Congress of Orientalists ILN 1874.jpg|thumb|Letlapa la Rosetta kwa sebontshing kwa British Museum ka ngwaga wa 1874]] Morago ga go reka ntlo ya Montagu, mafelo a go bontsha botaki le kamore ya go bala ya baithuti si ne tsa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1759, Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano.<ref>Cavendish, Richard (January 2009). [https://www.historytoday.com/archive/british-museum-opened "The British Museum opened on January 15th, 1759"]. ''[[:en:History_Today|History Today]]''. Vol. 59, no. 1. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160117213759/http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/british-museum-opened Archived] from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> Ka nako e dikgobokanyo tse dintsi e ne e le tsa motlobo wa dibuka, o o neng o le mo bontsing jwa dikamore tse di kwa moalong o o kwa tlase wa ntlo eo, le dilo tsa ditso tse di neng di tsere lotlhakoe lotlhe lwa moalo wa bobedi. Ka ngwaga wa 1763, batlhokomedi ka fa tlase ga thotloetso ya ga Peter Collinson le William Watson ba ne ba fira moithuti wa pele wa kwa Carl Linnaeus ebong Daniel Solander go tlhomaganya dibuka tsa ditso go ya ka tsamaiso ya kwa linnaena, ka jalo ba dira motlobo o lefelo la go ithuta le le neng le kgona go tsenwa ke baitseanape ba ditso ba kwa Europe.<ref>Rose, ED (15 April 2018). "Specimens, slips and systems: Daniel Solander and the classification of nature at the world's first public museum, 1753–1768" (PDF). ''British Journal for the History of Science''. '''51''' (2): 205–237. doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science/article/specimens-slips-and-systems-daniel-solander-and-the-classification-of-nature-at-the-worlds-first-public-museum-17531768/D9B06CA7B73563A6E217B9EC6F73BBD7 10.1017/S0007087418000249]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29655387/ 29655387]. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/275144/1/Edwin%20D.%20Rose%2c%20Specimens%2c%20Slips%20and%20Systems.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1823, Kgosi George wa bone o ne a abela motlobo kgobokanyo ya King's Library e e neng e kgobokantswe ke kgosi George wa boraro<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190807055224/https://www.bl.uk/collection-guides/the-kings-library Collection Guides – King's Library]". Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref>, palamente e ne ya a fa tetla ya buka nngwe le nngwe e e gatisitsweng mo lefatsheng leo, se se dira gore motlobo o kgone go gola. Dingwaganyana morago ga motheo wa one, motlobo wa Britain o ne wa amogela dimpho tse dingwe, di akaretsa kgobokanyo ya ga Thomason ya ntwa ya selegae le metshameko ya ga David Garrick e e sekete. E rile ka ngwaga wa 1772, motlobo wa reka dilo tsa bogologolo ka diponto di le dikete di ferabobedi mo kgobokanyong ya ntlha ya ga Sir William Hamilton ya dinkgwana tsa kwa Greece.<ref>Hoock, Holger (2010). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=tuW554NdWk8C&q=%22william+hamilton%22%22british+museum%22+greek+vases&pg=PA207&redir_esc=y Empires of the Imagination: Politics, War and the Arts in the British World], 1750–1850''. Profile Books. p. 207. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781861978592|9781861978592]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230315094930/https://books.google.com/books?id=tuW554NdWk8C&q=%22william+hamilton%22%22british+museum%22+greek+vases&pg=PA207 Archived] from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2025.</ref> === Botshwakga le maatla (1778-1800) === [[Setshwantsho:Entrance ticket to the British Museum, London March 3, 1790.jpg|left|thumb|thekete ya go tsena kwa motlobong wa British, kwa Lontone Mopitlo a le malatsi a le mararo, ngwaga wa 1790]] Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1778, dilo tse di neng di bontshiwa go tswa kwa mawatleng a a kwa borwa tse Captain James Cook a neng a di kgobokantse le babatlisisi ba bangwe di ne tsa gapa leitlho la baeng ka ee e le dilo tse di tswan kwa mafelong a asa itsagaleng. Kgobokanyo ya dibuka, madi a tshipi, tsedi gatisitsweng le ditshwantsho tsa ga Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode ka ngwaga wa 1800 di dirile go le gontsi go tsosolosa serodumo sa motlobo; mme ntlo ya kwa Montagu e ne ya tlala go bo go supa gore go a go nna dingalo go tsisa dilo tse dingwe.<ref>BMCE1/5, 1175 (13 May 1820). Minutes of General Meeting of the Trustees, 1754–63. Wilson, David M. (2002). ''The British Museum: A History'', p. 78.</ref> === Motlobo wa Britain gompieno === [[Setshwantsho:British Museum Great Court, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|Lefelo la Great Court le dirilwe ka ngwaga wa 2001, le dikaganyeditse kamore e go balelwang mo yone ya pele.]] Gompieno motlobo o ga o sa tlhole o na le dikgobokanyo tsa ditso le dibuka tse o neng o na le tsone pele, gompieno di kwa motlobong wa dibuka wa British library. Le fa go ntse jalo, motlobo o tsweletse ka go kgobokanya tse di supang dingwao tsa lefatshe, tsa bogologolo le tsa gompieno. Kamore e go balelwang mo go yone e e dirilweng ke motlhami wa dipolane Syney Smirke e butswe ka ngwaga wa 1857. Dingwaga di ka lekgolo le masome a matlhano, babatlisisi ba ne ba tla fa go bona motlobo o. Kamore e e balelang e tswetswe ka ngwaga wa 1997 fa motlobo wa dibuka wa setšhaba o fudugela kwa kagong e ntšha ya St. Pancras. Gompieno e fetotswe go nna lefelo la lekgotla la bopelotlhomogi la Waletr and Leonore Annenberg Centre. == Metswedi == 2i0uy4rbpzgyndcp61c08yrk9yvyn9j 0 10597 40444 40400 2025-06-11T11:23:04Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya Bokgoba kwa Ethiopia 40444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bokgoba kwa Ethiopia''' bo ne bo le teng ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga, go boela kwa morago kwa go bo 1495 BC mme bo felela ka 1942. Gape go na le metswedi e e supang theko ya makgoba go tswa kwa Mmusong wa Aksumite (100–940 AD). Mokgwa ono o ne o le karolo e e botlhokwa thata ya setshaba sa Ethiopia. Makgoba ka tlwaelo a ne a tsewa go tswa mo ditlhopheng tsa Nilotic tse di neng di itsege mo lefelong la gae jaaka ''Shanqella'', mmogo le Oromos.<ref>Shell, Sandra (2018). ''Children of Hope: The Odyssey of the Oromo Slaves from Ethiopia to South Africa''. 31 S Court St Suite 143, Athens, OH 45701, USA: Ohio University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780821423189|9780821423189]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025. </ref> Batshwarwa ba ntwa e ne e le motswedi o mongwe wa makgoba, le fa temogo, tshwaro le ditiro tsa magolegwa ano di ne di farologane thata.<ref name=":0">Abir, Mordechai (1968). ''[[iarchive:ethiopiaeraofpri0000abir|Ethiopia: the era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and re-unification of the Christian Empire, 1769-1855]]''. Praeger. p. [[iarchive:ethiopiaeraofpri0000abir/page/57|57]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> Molao wa bodumedi o ne o thibela beng ba makgoba ba Bakeresete go tsaya Bakeresete jaaka makgoba, le fa go ntse jalo bagwebi ba le bantsi ba makgoba ba maMuslim ba Ethiopia ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya MaArabea.<ref>Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (1989). ''The Economics of the Indian Ocean slave trade in the nineteenth century'' (1. publ. in Great Britain. ed.). London, England: Frank Cass. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0714633593|0714633593]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref><ref>Tegegne, Habtamu M. [https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=tmg "The Edict of King Gälawdéwos Against the Illegal Slave Trade in Christians: Ethiopia, 1548"] E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> Go fedisiwa ga bokgoba go ne ga nna selo se se beilweng kwa pele mo pusong ya ga Haile Selassie e e neng ya simolola ka 1930. Dikgatelelo tsa boditshabatshaba di ne tsa pateletsa go tsaya kgato, mme go ne go tlhokega gore lefatshe e nne leloko la Kgolagano ya Ditshaba. Ka nako ya fa Italy e ne e gapa lefatshe, puso ya nakwana e ne ya ntsha melao e mebedi ka Phalane 1935 le ka Moranang 1936 e e neng ya fedisa bokgoba mme ya golola makgoba a le 420 000 a Ethiopia. Fa Mantariana a sena go lelekwa, Mmusimogolo Haile Selassie o ne a boela mo pusong mme a fedisa semmuso bokgoba le bokgoba jo e seng ja boithaopi, ka go dira molao ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le borataro ka 1942.<ref>Hanibal Goitom, "Abolition of Slavery in Ethiopia" [https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2012/02/abolition-of-slavery-in-ethiopia/ ''On Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress'' February 14, 2012]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref><ref>Christine Whyte, "‘Everyone Knows that Laws Bring the Greatest Benefits to Mankind’: The Global and Local Origins of Anti-Slavery in Abyssinia, 1880–1942." ''Slavery & Abolition'' 35.4 (2014): 652-669.</ref><ref name=":1">''Ethiopia : the land, its people, history and culture''. [S.l.]: New Africa Press. April 2013. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-9987160242|978-9987160242]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> Moragonyana Ethiopia e ne ya amogela Tumalano ya Bokgoba ya 1926 ka 1969.<ref>[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-2&chapter=18&clang=_en "United Nations Treaty Collection"]. ''treaties.un.org''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940, makgoba a a golotsweng a ne a thapiwa jaaka badiri ba ba senang botsipa ke beng ba bona ba pele.<ref>Congrès international des sciences anthropologiques et ethnologiques, Pierre Champion (1963). [https://books.google.com/books?id=EksRAQAAMAAJ ''<nowiki>VIe [i.e. Sixième] Congrès international des sciences anthropologiques et ethnologiques, Paris, 30 juillet-6 août 1960: Ethnologie. 2 v</nowiki>''.] Musée de l'homme. p. 589. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> == Ditso == === Mmusomogolo wa Aksumite === Kgaolo ya Ethiopia le Eritrea, e e neng e le mo lefelong le le siameng fa gare ga ditsela tse pedi tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo, e ne e le lefelo le le botlhokwa la kgwebo ya makgoba. E ne e kgona go ya kwa Lewatleng le Lehibidu kwa botlhaba le kwa Mokgatsheng wa Nile kwa bophirima, mme seno se ne se e golaganya le mmaraka wa lefatshe lotlhe wa makgoba mo dingwageng di le dintsi. Mo godimo ga moo, kgaolo eno e ne e isa makgoba kwa mafatsheng a Bagerika le a Roma ka ntlha ya dikgolagano tsa yone le kgwebo ya Mediterranean. Mafelo a a fa gare ga mebuso ya Aksumite le ya Sudan, a a mo kgaolong ya Nilo-Sahara, gantsi a ne a tlhaselwa le go tshwarwa ga makgoba.<ref>Bonacci, Giulia; Meckelburg, Alexander (January 2023), [https://hal.science/hal-03972880 "Slavery and the Slave Trade in Ethiopia and Eritrea"], ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History'', Oxford University Press, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.836|10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.836]], [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|978-0-19-027773-4]]</bdi>, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> Maemelodikepe a Adulis a a neng a itsege jaaka lefelo la kgwebo ya makgoba go tloga ka lekgolo la ntlha la dingwaga ke Pliny the Elder.<ref>Jr, Richard A. Lobban (2021-04-10). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pRUYEAAAQBAJ&dq=pliny+the+elder+slaves+adulis&pg=PA10 Historical Dictionary of Ancient Nubia]''. Rowman & Littlefield. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3339-2|978-1-5381-3339-2]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> Dipatlisiso kwa lefelong la Aksumite la Matara di ne tsa ribolola marapo a motho a a neng a sa ntse a rwele dikeetane.<ref>Insoll, Timothy (2003-07-03). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=frC8SAu9QxQC The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa]''. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65702-0|978-0-521-65702-0]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> Mo lekgolong la borataro la dingwaga, mojanala wa Mogerika Cosmas Indicopleustes o ne a supa gore bontsi jwa makgoba a ne a tlisiwa go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le kwa morago la Sasu (le go lebegang e le mafelo a gompieno a Fazogli Sudan<ref>Horn, Ethiopia & The. [https://en.sewasew.com/p/fazog-li-(%E1%8D%8B%E1%8B%99%E1%89%81%E1%88%8E) "Sewasew | Fazoġli (ፋዙቁሎ)"]. ''en.sewasew.com''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref>) le dikgaolo tsa Barbaria (Somaliland).<ref>Cosmas (Indicopleustes) (1897). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lcEwb8m_C3sC Christian Topography of Cosmas]''. Hakluyt Society. p. 67. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> === Motlha wa bogare === Diphenyo tsa ga Mmusimogolo Amda Seyon di ne tsa felela ka palo e e bonalang ya makgoba. Mokwadi wa gagwe o ne a bua gantsi ka go tshwarwa ga magolegwa a le mantsi mo maetong a gagwe a sesole: "O ne a ya kwa lefatsheng la Hadiya mme a bolaya batho ba le bantsi ba lefatshe leo mme ba bangwe a ba tshwara le kgosi ya bone, banna ba bagolo le ba bannye, banna le basadi, bagolo le ba bannye, mme a ba isa mo bogosing jwa gagwe."<ref>Taddesse Tamrat.; Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) (1972). ''[[iarchive:church-and-state-in-ethiopia|Church and state in Ethiopia, 1270-1527]]''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> Mafoko a a dirisitsweng ke bakwadi ba ditiragalo tsa ga Amda Seyon fa a tlhalosa katlego ya gagwe a supa sentle gore go tlhasela makgoba e ne e le selo se se botlhokwa sa matsholo a gagwe a le mantsi: "Ka nako eo Gemaldin kgosi ya MaMoslem a tla kwa kgosing a tshotse dimpho tse dintsi mme a re, 'Ke a go rapela, kgosi, boela kwa motsemogolo wa gago, ka gonne o mpeile mmusi wa gago, ke tla dira thato ya gago. Gonne bonang, lefatshe la Bamoseleme le sentswe. Togela mo go setsheng mo lefatsheng mme lo se ka lwa le senya gape, gore ba tle ba lo direle ka kgwebo; gonne nna le merafe yotlhe ya a MaMoslem re batlhanka ba lona.' Kgosi ya mo araba ka bogale, ya re: "Ha ke longwe ke diphiri le dintsa, bana ba dinoga le bana ba lefifi, ba sa tshepang Morwa wa Modimo, ke khutlele motseng wa ka; mme fa ke boa pele ke senya lefatshe la Adale, a ke tshwane le yo o ntsetseng, mme; a ke se ka ka bidiwa monna, mme e kete nka bidiwa mosadi."<ref>[https://learninglink.oup.com/access/content/von-sivers-3e-dashboard-resources/document-selection-from-the-glorious-victories-of-amda-seyon "Document – Selection from The Glorious Victories of Amda Seyon - Patterns of World History 3e Dashboard Resources - Learning Link"]. ''learninglink.oup.com''. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> Pego ya kereke ya bogologolo ya Ge'ez e naya setshwantsho sa ditiro tsa kgwebo: "[Bagwebi ba BaMoslem] ba ne ba dira kgwebo kwa India, kwa Egepeto le mo bathong ba Gerika ka madi a kgosi. A ba naya dinaka tsa tlou, le dipitse tse dintle tse di tswang kwa Shäwa le gauta e khibidu, e e sa pekwang go tswa kwa Enarya...mme MaMoslem a...a ya kwa Egepeto, Gerika le Roma mme ba fetola ka di-damask tse di humileng thata tse di kgabisitsweng ka matlapa a matala le a mahibidu le ka matlhare a gouta e khibidu, tse ba neng ba di tlisetsa kgosi"<ref>Taddesse Tamrat.; Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) (1972). ''[[iarchive:church-and-state-in-ethiopia|Church and state in Ethiopia, 1270-1527]]''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> Dinaka tsa tlou e ne e le kgwebo e e tlhwatlhwakgolo mo bogosing go tloga bogologolo, ka dinoka tsa Takaze, Barka le Ansäba, le dikgaolo tse dingwe di ne di humile ka ditlou le diphologolo tse dingwe tsa naga. Dikgosi di ne tsa rulaganya go tsoma ditlou ka thulaganyo mme tsa neela dinaka mo baemeding ba tsone ba kgwebo. Mo lekgolong la bolesome le bone la dingwaga, mokanoki wa MoMoslem al-Umari o ne a tlhalosa kgwebo ya makgoba le tirisanommogo magareng ga dikgosi tsa Seiselamo le magosi a Bakeresete a a kwa godimo, a lemoga gore phaholo e ne e dirwa kwa lefelong le le rileng le le bidiwang Washlu, kwa borwa jwa Christian Ethiopia. Ba ba fagotsweng ba ne ba tla folla kwa lefelong la MaMoslem la Hadiya pele ba rekisiwa ka ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo kwa Arabea, koo batlhanka ba neng ba le tlhwatlhwa thata. Karoganyo eno ya tiro magareng ga Washlu, lefelo la boheitane, le le itsegeng thata mo go fagoleng, le Hadiya, le le itsegeng thata mo go fodiseng, François-Xavier Fauvelle o ne a bolela gore "e ne e tlhotlhelediwa go se kae ke mabaka a itsholelo go na le boitimokanyi jo bo tlwaelegileng jo bo neng bo letla Bakeresete le MaMoslem go dirisana mmogo mo tirong e ba neng ba sa batle go e bona."<ref>Bonacci, Giulia; Meckelburg, Alexander (2023-01-31), [https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-836 "Slavery and the Slave Trade in Ethiopia and Eritrea"], ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History'', [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.836|10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.836]], [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|978-0-19-027773-4]]</bdi>, E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> Puso ya Sekeresete ya Ethiopia ka nako eno e ne e tlhomilwe go ikgolaganya le batho ba bangwe ba "bantsho" ba ba itsegeng jaaka ''Shanqellas'', ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa Blue Nile. Fela jaaka Ba-''baryas'', naga ya Ba-Shanqellas e ne e tla nna motlhofo mo go phuruphutshweng ga makgoba gangwe le gape ke Ba-Abyssinia. Go ya ka pina ya lesole la lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga la Mmusimogolo Yeshaq I, Ba-Shanqellas ba ne ba patelesega go duela lekgetho go Ba-Abyssinia. Mo e ka nnang ka nako eno, palo e e itsegeng e le Fetha Negest (Molao wa Dikgosi), e ne ya ranolelwa mo puong ya Ge'ez mme e ne ya simolola go dirisiwa jaaka molao wa setso wa Bakeresete ba Orthodox ba kwa Ethiopia. Go ya ka molao ono, Bakeresete ba ba gololesegileng ba ne ba gololesegile e bile ba sireleditswe mo bokgobeng, fa batho ba e seng Bakeresete ba ba tshwerweng mo ntweng ba ne ba ka nna makgoba. Ka jalo bokgoba bo ne bo bakilwe ke go tlhoka tumelo, mme le fa go ntse jalo, go sokologela ga makgoba a boheitane mo Bokereseteng morago ga go tlhomiwa ga tshwanelo ya go nna mong wa beng ga bone ga go a ka ga fedisa bokgoba. Ka tsela e, palo e e ne ya neela mabaka a go kgaolwa le go tsenngwa mo bokgobeng ga batho ba e seng Bakeresete le Bakeresete ba bokgoba jwa bone bo neng bo bakilwe ke go tlhoka tumelo mo nakong e e fetileng. <ref>Tegegne, Habtamu M. [https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=tmg "The Edict of King Gälawdéwos Against the Illegal Slave Trade in Christians: Ethiopia, 1548"] E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref>^{[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citing_sources|page needed]]]}<ref>Pankhurst, Richard (1997). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century]''. Red Sea Press. p. 26. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780932415196|9780932415196]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> Ka nako ya puso ya ga Sarsa Dengel, batho ba kwa borwa ba baheitane ba ne ba fetogile go nna BaKeresete go itsa ditlhaselo tse dingwa tsa bokgoba. Gareng ga ba ba neng ba kopile go fetolwa e ne e le batho ba morafe wa Gafat kwa kgaolong ya Shat kwa Damot; Sarsa Dengel o ne a amogela kopo ya bone ka ngwaga wa 1581. Ka mo go tshwanang, batho ba kwa Ennarea ba ne ba kopile go fetolwa, se Sarsa Dengel a neng a se amogela ka ngwaga wa 1587. Ka nako ya diphudugo tsa Oromo ka dingwaga tsa lekgolo la lesome le borataro batho ba mo gae ba ne ba tsena mo maemong a Gabaros.<ref>Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&q=Gafat&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Gafat&f=false The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century.] The Red Sea Press (1997) pp. 35–300</ref><ref name=":2">Paul Trevor William Baxter, Jan Hultin, Alessandro Triulzi. [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=xmp2lsKlqx0C&dq=%22the+oromo+increased+their+numbers+through%22&pg=PA253&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22the%20oromo%20increased%20their%20numbers%20through%22&f=false Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries]. Nordic Africa Institute (1996) pp. 253–256</ref> Batho ba Oromos ba ne ba tsaya batho ba Gabaros ba le bantsi, ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa quomo mo tsamaisong e e itsegeng e le Mogasa le Gudifacha. Merafe e e ne ya fiwa ditatelano tsa malwapa mme ba simolola go ba bala e le bangwe ba bone ka jalo ba tshwanela go direla bafenyi ba bone<ref name=":2" /><ref>Paul Trevor William Baxter, Jan Hultin, Alessandro Triulzi. [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=xmp2lsKlqx0C&dq=%22the+oromo+term+for+the+conquered+people+was+gabbaro%22+(%22those+who+serve%22)&pg=PA254&redir_esc=y Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries]. Nordic Africa Institute (1996) pp. 254</ref> jaaka Damot ba go ya ka Bahrey morafe wa Boran o neng wa dikologa kgaolo ya bone wa thwara makgoba wa bo wa utlwa le dikgomo tsa bone.<ref>Pankhurst, Richard (1997). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&redir_esc=y The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century]''. Red Sea Press. p. 165. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780932415196|<bdi>9780932415196</bdi>.]]</ref> == Bokgoba jwa kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika == [[Setshwantsho:Slave routes of the Ethiopian Empire.jpg|thumb|Ditsela tsa pele tsa kwa Ethiopia tsa kgwebo ya bokgoba]] Go ya ka Francisco Alvares ba ne ba tseelwa kwa godimo ke ma Arabea ba ba neng ba sa ba letlelelel go tsamaya ka tlhwatlha epe fela. Mafatshe a Arabia, India le Egypt a ne a na le makgoba go tswa kwa Ethiopia, bogolo jang kwa borwa kwa go neng go na le makgoba a e seng BaKeresete, mme ba ne ba fetogela kwa Islam ba dirwa bagaka ba ntwa.<ref>Pankhurst, Richard (1997). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&redir_esc=y The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century]''. Red Sea Press. p. 151. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780932415196|<bdi>9780932415196</bdi>.]]</ref> Bontsi e ne e le malata a mo gae, le ntswa bangwe ba ne ba dira e le badiri ba temothuo, badisa, makgweetsi ba dikamela jalojalo. Ba ba lesego ba ne ba bereka e le badisa ba baeteledipele kgotsa ba tlhokomela barekisi. Ntle le basetsana ba Javanese le ba ma China ba ba neng ba rekisiwa go tswa kgakala kwa botlhaba, basetsana ba ma Ethiopia le bone ba ne ba le gareng ga dinyatsi tse di neng di tseelwa kwa godimo. Ba bantle thata ba ne ba akola botshelo jwa khumo ba nna basadi ba bahumi le batsadi ba baeteledipele.<ref name=":3">Campbell, Gwyn (2004). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=kgeMpPUyt80C&redir_esc=y Abolition and Its Aftermath in the Indian Ocean Africa and Asia]''. Psychology Press. p. 121. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0203493028|0203493028]]</bdi>.</ref> Palo e se kae ya banna ba ba senang bana e ne e tserwe ke bagwebi ba bokgoba kwa borwa jwa Ethiopia.<ref>Abir, Mordechai (1968). ''[[iarchive:ethiopiaeraofpri0000abir/page/n6/mode/1up|Ethiopia: the era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and re-unification of the Christian Empire]], 1769-1855''. Praeger. p. [[iarchive:ethiopiaeraofpri0000abir/page/56|56]].</ref> Bontsi e le bana ba bannye, ba ne ba tshela matshelo a a siameng, ebile ba lopa tlhwatlwa e e kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya bokgoba ka ba ne ba sa tlwaelesega. Ba ne ba bereka kwa bogosing kgotsa kwa matlong a a sireleditsweng.<ref name=":3" /> Bontsi jwa makgoba a a neng a isitswe kwa Arabia a ne a itshupa ka bontsho jwa mmalawa batho ba Tihamah. <ref>''[https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files3/roland_oliver_the_cambridge_history_of_africa_vbook4you.pdf The Cambridge History of Africa]'' (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 120.</ref> == Mefuta ya Bokgoba == Mefuta e le mentsi ya bokgoba le botlhanka e nnile teng mo ditsong tsa Aforika, ebile e ne e gwethiwa ke ka fa beng gae ba neng ba tshela ka teng le ka fa batho ba Roma ba neng ba dira bokgoba ka teng<ref>Stilwell, Sean (2013), "Slavery in African History", ''Slavery and Slaving in African History'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 29–59, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/slavery-and-slaving-in-african-history/slavery-in-african-history/13784B27AE241E7705D4974746AF4A51 10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003], ISBN 978-1-139-03499-9</ref> (le BaKeresete ba morago), dithulaganyo tsa bokgoba tsaa Islam ka tsela ya Muslim ya thekiso ya makgoba, le [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic]].<ref>Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip; Yildirim, Onur. "Slavery, Slave Trade". ''Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World''[[:en:Digital_object_identifier|. doi:10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_000524.]]</ref><ref name=":4">Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). ''Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa''. London: Cambridge University Press.</ref> Bokgoba e ne e le bontlha bongwe jwa ditsela tsa itsholeleo tsa merafe ya Aforika dingwaga di le dintsi le ntswa ka fa bo dirwang ka teng go ne go farologana.<ref>Painter, Nell Irvin; Berlin, Ira (2000). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2901390?origin=crossref Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America]". ''African American Review''. '''34''' (3): 515. doi:10.2307/2901390. ISSN 1062-4783[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2901390 . JSTOR 2901390.]</ref><ref name=":4" /> Kwa borwa jwa Aforika, botsalano jwa bokgoba bo ne bo le marara, ka batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba neelwa fithata le ditshwanelo tsa ka fa ba tshwanetseng go rekisiwa ka teng le ka fa beng ba bone ba tshwanetseng go ba tshwara ka teng.<ref>Fage, J.D. (1969). "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History". ''The Journal of African History''. '''10''' (3): 393–404. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/slavery-and-the-slave-trade-in-the-context-of-west-african-history/E2F8C0CE0FD0080C36BCD3BC5C6343A3 10.1017/s0021853700036343]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fba920a10bae6b91438fa40ba124f73780ccabb0 162902339].</ref> == Popego le mekgwa == Bokgoba go ya ka fa bo neng bo dirwa ka teng kwa Ethiopia, bo ne bo farologana go ya ka maemo a makgoba. Makgoba a Tiqur a mmala o montsho a ne a rekisiwa ka madi a a kwa tlase. Bangwe ba ne ba neelwa ditiro mo matlong kgotsa kwa masimong, fa bangwe ba ne dirwa masole. <ref name=":0" /> Mo letsogong le lengwe, ba basweu ka mmala ba ne ba na le tlhwatlhwa e e fa godingwana ebile a tlhophiwa go ya ka dingwaga le tiro: bana ba bannye thata go tsena ka dingwaga tsa lesome ba ne ba bidiwa Mamul. Tlhwatlhwa ya bone e ne e le kwa tlase fa e tshwantshanngwa le ya ba ba lesome go stena ka lesome le borataro ba basimane. Basimane ba ba ne ba katisiwa go nna malata. Oromos ba ne ba batlega thata kwa Arabia ebile bontsi bo ne bo felela koo. Bann aba ba dingwaga tse di mo masomeng a mabedi ba ne ba bidiwa Kadama, ka ba nen ba bonwa ba fetile dingwaga tsa go katisiwa ba ne lopa tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase go gaisa ba Gurbe. Ka jalo tlhwatlhwa ya banna e ne e ya kwa tlase le dingwaga tsa gagwe. Basetsana ba ba neng ba le tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo e ne e le ba makgarejwana ba ba neng ba bidiwa wosif. Ba ba neng ba le bantle go gaisa ba ne ba felela ba nna basadi le dinyatsi. Basadi ba bangwe ba ne ba tlhophiwa go ya ka bokgoni jwa bone jwa go bereka mo matlong le ka thata ya bone.<ref name=":0" /> == kemiso == Maiteko a ntlha a go emisa bokgoba a nnile ka ngwaga wa 1850 o simologa fa kgosi Tewodros wa bobedi a ne a dira gore bokgoba bo seka jwa nna ka fa molaong mo kgaolong ya gagwe mme le fa se se ne sa seka sa nna le maduo. Boleng teng jwa ba kwa Britain le ba lewatle le le hibidu bo ne jwa baka kgatelelo mo kgwebong.<ref>Hinks, Peter; John McKivigan, eds. (2006). ''Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition : Greenwood milestones in African American history''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 246. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0313331421|0313331421]]</bdi>.</ref> Kgosi Tewodros wa bobedi le Yohannes wa bone ba ne ba ntsha bokgoba mo molaong, mme ka merafe yotlhe e ne e se kgatlhanong le bokgoba ebile lefatshe le dikaganyeditswe ke bagwebi ba bokgoba, go ne go le thata go emisa tiro e le go tsena ka dingwaga tse di makgolo a le masome mabedi. <ref>Jean Allain [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=fmdECQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ethiopians+were+not+perse+against+slavery,+that%22+%22the+country+was+surrounded+on+all+sides+by+slave+raiders+and+traders%22&pg=PA128&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Law and Slavery: Prohibiting Human Exploitation] (2015) pp. 128 Google Books</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa 1890 di le fa gare, Menelik o ne a isitse tlase kgwebo, a senya ditoropo tsa bokgoba a bo a otlhaa makgoba ka go ba kgaola mabogo le maoto.<ref>Raymond Jonas [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&dq=%22by+the+mid-1890s,+menelik+was+actively+suppressing+the+trade,+destroying+notorious+slave+market+towns+and+punishing+slavers+with+amputation%22&pg=PA81&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Battle of Adwa: African Victory in the Age of Empire] (2011) pp. 81 Google Books</ref> Go ya ka Chris Prouty, Menelik o ne a le kgatlhanong le bokgoba le fa nne go se mo maruding a gagwe go fetola megopolo ya batho ka selo se se saleng se dirwa bogologolo, ebile se aname le lefatshe.<ref>Chris Prouty [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&q=%22menilek+immediately+proscribed+slavery%22&redir_esc=y Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910. Ravens Educational & Development Services] (1986) pp. 16 Google Books</ref> Gore lefatshe la gagwe le lemogiwe mo mafatsheng a mangwe, Haile Selassie o ne a kwala semmuso go nna bontlha bongwe jwa lekgotla la League of Nations ka ngwaga wa 1919. Go amogelwa ga Ethiopia go ne ga ganwa peel ka ntlha ya matshwenyego a bokgoba, le thekiso ya bone kwa lefatsheng leo. Mafatshe a [[Italia|Italy]] le Britain a ne a eteletse pele go nna kgatlhanong le go amogelwa ga Ethiopia ba supa fa bokgoba kwa Ethiopia e ele lone lebaka legolo la go gana ga bone. Lefatshe la Ethiopia le ne la amogelwa ka ngwaga wa 1923, ba sena go baya monwana molao wa St. Germain o ba neng ba dumalana go dira maiteko a go emisa bokgoba.<ref>Markakis, John (2011). [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1847010339|''Ethiopia : the last two frontiers''.]] Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey. p. 97. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>978-1847010339</bdi>.</ref><ref>Vestal, Theodore M. (2 February 2011). ''The Lion of Judah in the New World Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and the Shaping of Americans' Attitudes Toward Africa''. Westport: ABC-CLIO. p. 21. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0313386213|978-0313386213]]</bdi>.</ref> Lekgotla la League of Nations morago le ne la tlhopha komishini ya ngwaga wa 1924 e e lebelelang bokgoba mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso. Le ntswa maiteko a nnile teng, bokgoba bo ne jwa tswelela jwa nna ka fa molaong kwa Ethiopia le ba sena go baya monwana molao wa 1926.<ref name=":1" /> == Metswedi == 0pq8ykn9azjlrfg8ds8t7e5f5a9u7fz 0 10604 40425 2025-06-10T13:42:40Z KatieKea 10150 ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e le go tsenya metswedi le ditshwantsho #AWC2025 40425 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Map Slave Routes Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Ditsela tsa kgwebo ya makgoba tse di ralalang Ethiopia]] [[Setshwantsho:Boutre indien.jpg|thumb|Dikepe tsa Dhow di ne di dirisiwa go rwala dithoto le makgoba.]] [[Setshwantsho:Slaven afkomstig uit Djedda te Mekka, KITLV 90576.tiff|thumb|Makgoba a MaAforika a le kwa lefelong le le sa tlhalosiwang kwa Saudi Arabia, c. 1890]] [[Setshwantsho:Meccan merchant and his Circassian slave.jpg|thumb|Mogwebi wa kwa Mecca (ka fa mojeng) le lekgoba la gagwe la Circassia, magareng ga 1886 le 1887]] [[Setshwantsho:An Armenian woman in slavery after the genocide bears Thistles to fuel home..jpg|thumb|Lekgoba la mosadi wa moArmenia a kukile thistle]] [[Setshwantsho:Armenianslaves.jpg|thumb|Lekgoba la mosadi wa MoAmernia]] [[Setshwantsho:Jubail, 1935 10.jpg|thumb|Jubail, 1935. Kgwebo ya Pearling mo kgaolong ka nako eo e ne e laolwa ke tiro ya makgoba ya Aforika.]] [[Setshwantsho:FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy-colored.jpg|thumb|Said el Feisal (moja-kwa morago) le Prince Faisal (fa gare) le lekoko kwa Versaille]] '''Bokgoba jwa semolao''' bo ne bo le teng kwa Saudi Arabia go tloga bogologolo go fitlha bo fedisiwa ka bo1960. Hejaz (kgaolo ya bophirima ya Saudi Arabia ya segompieno), e e akaretsang diperesente di ka nna lesome le bobedi tsa lefatshe lotlhe la Saudi Arabia, e ne e le ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman go tloga ka 1517 go fitlha ka 1918, mme ka jalo e ne e ikobela melao ya Ottoman. Fa kgaolo e ne e nna naga e e ikemetseng pele jaaka Bogosi jwa Hejaz mme morago e le Saudi Arabia, e ne e le lefelo la kgwebo ya makgoba ka nako ya magareng ga ntwa. Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ya boditshabatshaba e ne ya felela ka gore mokgwa ono o fedisiwe. Bokgoba bo ne jwa fedisiwa ka 1962. Bontsi jwa maloko a Afro-Saudi ke ditlogolwana tsa makgoba. Mo Saudi Arabia ya segompieno, thulaganyo ya kafala, e mo go yone badiri ba batswakwa ba golegilweng le mothapi a le mongwe ka nako ya bone kwa Saudi Arabia, mme gantsi dipasa tsa bone di tserwe, e tlhalositswe ke mekgatlho ya ditshwanelo tsa botho e le mofuta wa bokgoba jwa segompieno. Tiro e e dirwang ke badiri ba kafala e tshwana le tiro e e neng e dirwa pele ke makgoba, mme badiri gantsi ba tswa kwa dikarolong tse di tshwanang tsa lefatshe tse makgoba a neng a tswa mo go tsone pele. == Tshimologo == Go ya ka ditso, motheo wa bokgoba mo kgaolong ya Saudi Arabia ya moragonyana se ne sa bonala mo setheong sa bokgoba mo Khalifateng ya Rashidun (632–661) bokgoba mo Bokhalifateng jwa Ba-Umayyad (661–750), bokgoba mo Bokhalifateng jwa Abbasid1–750), s80. (1258-1517), bokgoba mo Pusong ya Ottoman (1517-1916) le ya bokgoba mo Bogosing jwa Hejaz (1916-1925), dipuso tse tsotlhe di neng di akaretsa kgaolo e moragonyana e neng ya nna Saudi Arabia. Bokgoba jwa chattel jaaka bo ne bo lebega kwa Saudi Arabia bo ne jwa thewa mo molaong wa Boiselamo, mme bo agilwe mo setheong sa bokgoba jaaka bo ne bo lebega mo mebusong ya pele ya Boiselamo mo lefelong leo. Kgaolo ya Setlhaketlhake sa Arabia e e neng ya bidiwa Saudi Arabia ka 1932, e ne e le ka fa tlase ga Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman ka leina magareng ga 1517 le 1918, mme ka jalo e ne e ngaparela melao e e tshwanang le ya bokgoba jotlhe mo Mmusomogolong wa Ottoman mabapi le bokgoba le s. Melao ya Ottoman e e kgatlhanong le bokgoba e ne e sa diragadiwe mo tirisong, segolobogolo e seng kwa Hejaz; maiteko a ntlha a go thibela kgwebo ya makgoba a Lewatle le Lehibidu ka 1857, Firman wa 1857, a ne a felela ka gore Hejaz e gololwe ka tlhamalalo mo thibelong morago ga botsuolodi jwa Hejaz.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 17</ref> Tumalano ya Anglo-Ottoman ya 1880 e ne ya thibela semmuso kgwebo ya makgoba ya Lewatle le Lehibidu, mme e ne ya se ka ya diragadiwa kwa Diporofenseng tsa Ottoman kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Arabia.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 17</ref> Ka 1908, Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman o ne wa fedisa bokgoba ka leina fela, mme molao ono o ne wa se ka wa diragadiwa kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Arabia ke balaodi ba Ottoman. == Metswedi == navm229aq3o1cvqfk5adks4ic2uy6y3 40428 40425 2025-06-10T14:46:34Z KatieKea 10150 Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025 40428 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Map Slave Routes Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Ditsela tsa kgwebo ya makgoba tse di ralalang Ethiopia]] [[Setshwantsho:Boutre indien.jpg|thumb|Dikepe tsa Dhow di ne di dirisiwa go rwala dithoto le makgoba.]] [[Setshwantsho:Slaven afkomstig uit Djedda te Mekka, KITLV 90576.tiff|thumb|Makgoba a MaAforika a le kwa lefelong le le sa tlhalosiwang kwa Saudi Arabia, c. 1890]] [[Setshwantsho:Meccan merchant and his Circassian slave.jpg|thumb|Mogwebi wa kwa Mecca (ka fa mojeng) le lekgoba la gagwe la Circassia, magareng ga 1886 le 1887]] [[Setshwantsho:An Armenian woman in slavery after the genocide bears Thistles to fuel home..jpg|thumb|Lekgoba la mosadi wa moArmenia a kukile thistle]] [[Setshwantsho:Armenianslaves.jpg|thumb|Lekgoba la mosadi wa MoAmernia]] [[Setshwantsho:Jubail, 1935 10.jpg|thumb|Jubail, 1935. Kgwebo ya Pearling mo kgaolong ka nako eo e ne e laolwa ke tiro ya makgoba ya Aforika.]] [[Setshwantsho:FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy-colored.jpg|thumb|Said el Feisal (moja-kwa morago) le Prince Faisal (fa gare) le lekoko kwa Versaille]] '''Bokgoba jwa semolao''' bo ne bo le teng kwa Saudi Arabia go tloga bogologolo go fitlha bo fedisiwa ka bo1960. Hejaz (kgaolo ya bophirima ya Saudi Arabia wa gompieno), e e akaretsang diperesente di ka nna lesome le bobedi tsa lefatshe lotlhe la Saudi Arabia, e ne e le ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman go tloga ka 1517 go fitlha ka 1918, mme ka jalo e ne e ikobela melao ya Ottoman. Fa kgaolo e ne e nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng pele jaaka Bogosi jwa Hejaz mme morago e le Saudi Arabia, e ne e le lefelo la kgwebo ya makgoba ka nako ya magareng ga dintwa. Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ya boditshabatshaba e ne ya felela ka gore mokgwa ono o fedisiwe. Bokgoba bo ne jwa fedisiwa ka 1962. Bontsi jwa maloko a Afro-Saudi ke ditlogolwana tsa makgoba. Mo Saudi Arabia ya segompieno, thulaganyo ya kafala, e mo go yone badiri ba batswakwa ba golegilweng le mothapi a le mongwe ka nako ya bone kwa Saudi Arabia, mme gantsi dipasa tsa bone di tserwe, e tlhalositswe ke mekgatlho ya ditshwanelo tsa setho e le mofuta wa bokgoba jwa segompieno. Tiro e e dirwang ke badiri ba kafala e tshwana le tiro e e neng e dirwa pele ke makgoba, mme badiri gantsi ba tswa kwa dikarolong tse di tshwanang tsa lefatshe tse makgoba a neng a tswa mo go tsone pele. == Tshimologo == Go ya ka ditso, motheo wa bokgoba mo kgaolong ya Saudi Arabia ya moragonyana o ne wa bonala mo motheong wa bokgoba mo Khalifateng ya Rashidun (632–661) bokgoba mo Bokhalifateng jwa Ba-Umayyad (661–750), bokgoba mo Bokhalifateng jwa Abbasid1–750), s80. (1258-1517), bokgoba mo Pusong ya Ottoman (1517-1916) le ya bokgoba mo Bogosing jwa Hejaz (1916-1925), dipuso tse tsotlhe di neng di akaretsa kgaolo e moragonyana e neng ya nna Saudi Arabia. Bokgoba jwa chattel jaaka bo ne bo lebega kwa Saudi Arabia bo ne jwa thewa mo molaong wa Islam, mme bo agilwe mo motheong wa bokgoba jaaka bo ne bo lebega mo mebusong ya pele ya Islam mo lefelong leo. Kgaolo ya Setlhaketlhake sa Arabia e e neng ya bidiwa Saudi Arabia ka 1932, e ne e le ka fa tlase ga Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman ka leina magareng ga 1517 le 1918, mme ka jalo e ne e ngaparela melao e e tshwanang le ya bokgoba jotlhe mo Mmusomogolong wa Ottoman mabapi le bokgoba le kgwebo ya makgoba. Melao ya Ottoman e e kgatlhanong le bokgoba e ne e sa diragadiwe mo tirisong, segolobogolo e seng kwa Hejaz; maiteko a ntlha a go thibela kgwebo ya makgoba a Lewatle le Lehibidu ka 1857, Firman wa 1857, a ne a felela ka gore Hejaz e gololwe ka tlhamalalo mo thibelong morago ga botsuolodi jwa Hejaz.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 17</ref> Tumalano ya Anglo-Ottoman ya 1880 e ne ya thibela semmuso kgwebo ya makgoba ya Lewatle le Lehibidu, mme e ne ya se ka ya diragadiwa kwa Dikgaolong tsa Ottoman kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Arabia.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 17</ref> Ka 1908, Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman o ne wa fedisa bokgoba ka leina fela, mme molao ono o ne wa se ka wa diragadiwa kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Arabia ke balaodi ba Ottoman. == Kgwebo ya bokgoba == == Metswedi == 0h9wcxq6nn0wq27fj9xzsqu3kukp0ga 40429 40428 2025-06-10T14:57:09Z KatieKea 10150 /* Kgwebo ya bokgoba */ Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025 40429 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Map Slave Routes Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Ditsela tsa kgwebo ya makgoba tse di ralalang Ethiopia]] [[Setshwantsho:Boutre indien.jpg|thumb|Dikepe tsa Dhow di ne di dirisiwa go rwala dithoto le makgoba.]] [[Setshwantsho:Slaven afkomstig uit Djedda te Mekka, KITLV 90576.tiff|thumb|Makgoba a MaAforika a le kwa lefelong le le sa tlhalosiwang kwa Saudi Arabia, c. 1890]] [[Setshwantsho:Meccan merchant and his Circassian slave.jpg|thumb|Mogwebi wa kwa Mecca (ka fa mojeng) le lekgoba la gagwe la Circassia, magareng ga 1886 le 1887]] [[Setshwantsho:An Armenian woman in slavery after the genocide bears Thistles to fuel home..jpg|thumb|Lekgoba la mosadi wa moArmenia a kukile thistle]] [[Setshwantsho:Armenianslaves.jpg|thumb|Lekgoba la mosadi wa MoAmernia]] [[Setshwantsho:Jubail, 1935 10.jpg|thumb|Jubail, 1935. Kgwebo ya Pearling mo kgaolong ka nako eo e ne e laolwa ke tiro ya makgoba ya Aforika.]] [[Setshwantsho:FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy-colored.jpg|thumb|Said el Feisal (moja-kwa morago) le Prince Faisal (fa gare) le lekoko kwa Versaille]] '''Bokgoba jwa semolao''' bo ne bo le teng kwa Saudi Arabia go tloga bogologolo go fitlha bo fedisiwa ka bo1960. Hejaz (kgaolo ya bophirima ya Saudi Arabia wa gompieno), e e akaretsang diperesente di ka nna lesome le bobedi tsa lefatshe lotlhe la Saudi Arabia, e ne e le ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman go tloga ka 1517 go fitlha ka 1918, mme ka jalo e ne e ikobela melao ya Ottoman. Fa kgaolo e ne e nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng pele jaaka Bogosi jwa Hejaz mme morago e le Saudi Arabia, e ne e le lefelo la kgwebo ya makgoba ka nako ya magareng ga dintwa. Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ya boditshabatshaba e ne ya felela ka gore mokgwa ono o fedisiwe. Bokgoba bo ne jwa fedisiwa ka 1962. Bontsi jwa maloko a Afro-Saudi ke ditlogolwana tsa makgoba. Mo Saudi Arabia ya segompieno, thulaganyo ya kafala, e mo go yone badiri ba batswakwa ba golegilweng le mothapi a le mongwe ka nako ya bone kwa Saudi Arabia, mme gantsi dipasa tsa bone di tserwe, e tlhalositswe ke mekgatlho ya ditshwanelo tsa setho e le mofuta wa bokgoba jwa segompieno. Tiro e e dirwang ke badiri ba kafala e tshwana le tiro e e neng e dirwa pele ke makgoba, mme badiri gantsi ba tswa kwa dikarolong tse di tshwanang tsa lefatshe tse makgoba a neng a tswa mo go tsone pele. == Tshimologo == Go ya ka ditso, motheo wa bokgoba mo kgaolong ya Saudi Arabia ya moragonyana o ne wa bonala mo motheong wa bokgoba mo Khalifateng ya Rashidun (632–661) bokgoba mo Bokhalifateng jwa Ba-Umayyad (661–750), bokgoba mo Bokhalifateng jwa Abbasid1–750), s80. (1258-1517), bokgoba mo Pusong ya Ottoman (1517-1916) le ya bokgoba mo Bogosing jwa Hejaz (1916-1925), dipuso tse tsotlhe di neng di akaretsa kgaolo e moragonyana e neng ya nna Saudi Arabia. Bokgoba jwa chattel jaaka bo ne bo lebega kwa Saudi Arabia bo ne jwa thewa mo molaong wa Islam, mme bo agilwe mo motheong wa bokgoba jaaka bo ne bo lebega mo mebusong ya pele ya Islam mo lefelong leo. Kgaolo ya Setlhaketlhake sa Arabia e e neng ya bidiwa Saudi Arabia ka 1932, e ne e le ka fa tlase ga Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman ka leina magareng ga 1517 le 1918, mme ka jalo e ne e ngaparela melao e e tshwanang le ya bokgoba jotlhe mo Mmusomogolong wa Ottoman mabapi le bokgoba le kgwebo ya makgoba. Melao ya Ottoman e e kgatlhanong le bokgoba e ne e sa diragadiwe mo tirisong, segolobogolo e seng kwa Hejaz; maiteko a ntlha a go thibela kgwebo ya makgoba a Lewatle le Lehibidu ka 1857, Firman wa 1857, a ne a felela ka gore Hejaz e gololwe ka tlhamalalo mo thibelong morago ga botsuolodi jwa Hejaz.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 17</ref> Tumalano ya Anglo-Ottoman ya 1880 e ne ya thibela semmuso kgwebo ya makgoba ya Lewatle le Lehibidu, mme e ne ya se ka ya diragadiwa kwa Dikgaolong tsa Ottoman kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Arabia.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 17</ref> Ka 1908, Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman o ne wa fedisa bokgoba ka leina fela, mme molao ono o ne wa se ka wa diragadiwa kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Arabia ke balaodi ba Ottoman. == Kgwebo ya bokgoba == MaAforika a a dirilweng makgoba a ntse a rekisiwa kwa Lefatsheng la MaArabia go tloga bogologolo tala. Fa kwa Arabia ya pele ga Islam, batshwarwa ba ntwa ba MaArabia ba ne ba tlwaelegile go dirwa makgoba, go lebega makgoba le one a ne a tlisiwa go tswa kwa Ethiopia go kgabaganya Lewatle le Lehibidu.<ref>The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. 144</ref> Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Lewatle le Lehibidu e lebega e tlhomilwe ka lekgolo la ntlha la dingwaga, fa MaAforika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a rekisiwa go kgabaganya Lewatle le Lehibidu go ya kwa Arabia le Yemen.<ref>The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. 143</ref> Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha, lefelo leno le ne la bopa setshaba se se ikemetseng jaaka Bogosi jwa Hejaz (1916–1925). Hejaz e ne e sa itseye e tlamega go ikobela melao le ditumalano tse di neng di saenilwe ke Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman malebang le bokgoba le kgwebo ya makgoba. Ka nako ya fa gare ga dintwa, Bogosi jwa Hejaz bo ne bo itsege mo mafatsheng otlhe e le boremelelo jwa kgwebo ya makgoba. Kgwebisano ya Makgoba ya Lewatle le Lehibidu e ne e le, mmogo le Kgwebisano ya Makgoba ya Trans-Saharan le kgwebisano ya makgoba ya Lewatle la India, nngwe ya mabala a a akaretsang se se bidiwang "kgwebisano ya makgoba ya Islam", "kgwebisano ya makgoba ya Botlhaba", kgotsa "kgwebisano ya makgoba ya MaArabea" ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Aforika wa sub-Sahara go ya kwa lefatsheng la maMoslem.<ref>Miran, J. (2022, April 20). Red Sea Slave Trade. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Retrieved 21 Aug. 2023, from https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-868. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi a dingwaga, makgoba a ne a rekisiwa thata go tswa kwa Aforika Bophirima, Aforika Botlhaba, Setlhaketlhake sa Arabia, Levant, le Borwa-Bophirima jwa Asia.<ref>Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28499257. p. 1-3</ref> Mokgweetsi wa pele wa Royal Air Force, yo o neng a gweba ka makgoba go tswa kwa Aforika go ya kwa Arabia ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950, o ne a bolela jaana: "Ke gone fa ditsela tsotlhe di felelang teng [...] Arabia", ka Saudi Arabia e ne e le bogare le seteishene sa bokhutlo sa bokgoba jwa segompieno jwa chattel ka nako eo, mme e ne ya kgweetsa mmaraka o o neng o atologa wa kgwebisano ya makgoba morago ga WWII.<ref name=":0">Emancipating “The Unfortunates”: The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  2021. 28499257. p. 13</ref> Mo kganetsanong ya UN kgatlhanong le bokgoba ka 1957, Saudi Arabia e ne e le mo gare ga kganetsano ka e ne e le bogare jwa mafaratlhatlha a kgwebisano ya makgoba a Setlhaketlhake sa Arabia, se se neng se thopa le go dira batho makgoba go tswa kwa Aforika, Aden Protectorate, Dikgaolo tsa Trucial, Baluchistan, le kwa mafelong a mangwe a a kgakala.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == 55nyfpsdkzib5u7d6smvwljbnx9iq1h 0 10605 40430 2025-06-10T15:13:43Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e #AWC2025 40430 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bokgoba kwa Seychelles''' bo ne jwa nna teng go fitlha bo fedisiwa la bofelo ka 1835. Makgoba a ne a tlisiwa kwa Seychelles fa setlhaketlhake seno se ne se simolola go nna le baagi ba Fora le makgoba a bone ba ba tswang kwa Mauritius. Maborithane a ne a thibela kgwebisano ya makgoba mo setlhaketlhakeng fa se ne se nna kgaolo ya Borithane ka 1815, mme bokgoba ka bojone bo ne jwa fedisiwa dingwaga di le masome a mabedi moragonyana. == Ditso == Seychelles e ne e sena batho fa e ne e tsewa ke Fora ka 1756, mme e ne ya agiwa ka 1770 ke balemi ba Fora le makgoba a bona ke kolone ya Fora ya Mauritius. Bagwebi ba makgoba go tswa kwa Madagascar - Sakalava kgotsa Maarabia - ba ne ba reka makgoba go tswa mo makgobeng kwa lebopong la Swahili kgotsa Mozambique wa Mapotokisi mme ba ema kwa Seychelles go bona dilwana pele ba romela makgoba kwa mebarakeng ya makgoba ya Mauritius, Réunion le India.<ref name=":0">The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean. (2003). Storbritannien: Africa World Press. p. 65-68</ref> Fa Puso ya Phetogo ya Paris e ne e fedisa bokgoba ka 1794, dikoloni tsa Fora kwa Lewatleng la India - Mauritius, Réunion le Seychelles - tsotlhe di ne tsa gana go diragatsa molao, mme bokgoba bo ne jwa tsenngwa gape ke Napoleon ka 1802. Boritane e ne ya gapa Seychelles ka Moranang 1811, mme setlhaketlhake seno se ne sa nna kolone ya Boritane semmuso ka 1815. Molao wa Boritane o ne o thibetse kgwebo ya makgoba ka 1807, mme molao ono o ne wa diragadiwa kwa Seychelles fa setlhaketlhake seno se ne se nna kgaolo ya Boritane, se se neng se thibela semolao kgwebo ya makgoba e e bulegileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, bagwebi ba makgoba ba ba neng ba tshwarwa ke Maborithane gantsi ba ne ba kgona go fapoga molao ka go bolela gore makgoba a ba neng ba a romela go tswa kwa Afrika Botlhaba e ne e se batho ba ba gololesegileng ba ba sa tswang go dirwa makgoba le batswasetlhabelo ba kgwebo ya makgoba, mme go na le moo e ne e le batho ba ba tsetsweng e le makgoba mme ba ne ba fudusiwa fela ke beng ba bone, se se neng se dira gore go nne thata gore Maborithane a lega. Makgoba a kwa Seychelles a ne a bewa mo ditlhopheng di le nnè tse di anameng. Sa ntlha go ne go na le Ba-Creole (setlhopha se segolo), ba madi a a tlhakaneng a Aforika le Yuropa ba ba neng ba tlisiwa go tswa kwa Mauritius mme ba nna le bana ba ba tsholetsweng mo setlhaketlhakeng; gantsi ba ne ba tsewa e le ba ba kwa godimo mo tlhaloganyong. === Phediso === [[Setshwantsho:The Barque Orion captured by HMS Pluto Nov 1859 RMG PY8559.jpg|left|thumb|HMS Pluto e kgatlhana le sekebe sa makgoba sa Orion, kwa tlase ga Thibelo ya Aforika, ka 1859]] Mokgatlho wa Kgatlhanong le Bokgoba o o neng o eteletswe pele ke William Wilberforce o ne wa gola ka maatla mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga.[3] Boritane e ne ya feleletsa e thibetse bokgoba ka boyone kwa Seychelles ka 1835 ka maemo a gore makgoba a tswelele go direla makgoba a bone a pele ka paka ya phetogo ya dingwaga di le thataro.<ref name=":0" /> Ka letlha leno, go ne go na le makgoba a le 6521 kwa Seychelles: 3924 go tswa kwa Mozambique, 2231 Ba-Creole (ba ba tsholetsweng kwa Seychelles kgotsa Mauritius), 282 go tswa kwa Madagascar, 28 go tswa kwa India, 3 go tswa kwa Malaya, le 43 ba ba sa itsiweng gore ba tswa kae.<ref name=":0" /> Motsamaisi wa selegae ka nako eo, Mylius o ne a gakologelwa gore ka Letsatsi la Kgololesego ka Tlhakole 11 makgoba a a golotsweng a ne a tsiboga ka "ditshupetso tsa kagiso tsa boitumelo". Morago ga kgololo ya batho ba selegae, bontsi jwa "Maaforika a a golotsweng" ba ne ba tla go nna kwa Seychelles. Royal Navy le Thibelo ya yona ya Aforika, e ne ya thibela dikepe tsa makgoba, ya tshwara badiri le go golola makgoba a yona. Direkoto tsa bokoloniale di supile fa batho ba le 2,667 ba ba golotsweng ba ne ba agiwa mo ditlhaketlhakeng magareng ga 1861 le 1875. Ka Seetebosigo 20, 1897, bontsi jwa batho bano ba ba golotsweng ba ne ba nna le seabe mo meketeng ya Jubilee ya Teemane ya ga Kgosigadi Victoria kwa motsemogolong. Motsamaisi wa bokoloniale, H. Cockburn-Stewart, o ne a bolela ditiragalo tsa thapama ya letsatsi la jubile: "...setlhopha sa Maaforika se ne sa dira mokoloko o o sa rulaganngwang fela go ya kwa Ntlong ya Puso. Ba ne ba ithulaganya ka ditlhopha, mongwe le mongwe a tshotse folaga e e nang le leina la morafe wa bone wa Maaforika, mme tsotlhe di ne di etelwa pele ke Union Jack e kgolo e mo go yone go neng go gatisitswe mafoko a a reng “Folaga e e re gololang.” Fa ba sena go kokoana, puo e e ranotsweng, e e neng e laetswe ka Se-Créole, e ne ya balwa ka Seesemane: Rona maloko a merafe e e farologaneng ya Maaforika a a nnang kwa Seychelles, re tsaya nako ya Jubilee ya Teemane ya ga Kgosigadi Victoria go lo tlhalosetsa—Moemedi wa Gagwe mo Ditlhaketlhakeng tseno ditebogo tsa rona ka ntlha ya sotlhe se Ene le Engelane ba se re diretseng." == Metswedi == 0r0a4ryky7eju7oxzicqh2m1cb07i0t 40431 40430 2025-06-10T15:18:56Z KatieKea 10150 /* Ditso */ Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025 40431 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bokgoba kwa Seychelles''' bo ne jwa nna teng go fitlha bo fedisiwa la bofelo ka 1835. Makgoba a ne a tlisiwa kwa Seychelles fa setlhaketlhake seno se ne se simolola go nna le baagi ba Fora le makgoba a bone ba ba tswang kwa Mauritius. Maborithane a ne a thibela kgwebisano ya makgoba mo setlhaketlhakeng fa se ne se nna kgaolo ya Borithane ka 1815, mme bokgoba ka bojone bo ne jwa fedisiwa dingwaga di le masome a mabedi moragonyana. == Ditso == Seychelles e ne e sena batho fa e ne e tsewa ke Fora ka 1756, mme e ne ya agiwa ka 1770 ke balemi ba Fora le makgoba a bone ke kolone ya Fora ya Mauritius. Bagwebi ba makgoba go tswa kwa Madagascar - Sakalava kgotsa Maarabea - ba ne ba reka makgoba go tswa mo beng ba makgoba kwa lebopong la Swahili kgotsa Mozambique wa Mapotokisi mme ba ema kwa Seychelles go reka dilwana pele ba romela makgoba kwa mebarakeng ya makgoba ya Mauritius, Réunion le India.<ref name=":0">The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean. (2003). Storbritannien: Africa World Press. p. 65-68</ref> Fa Puso ya Phetogo ya Paris e ne e fedisa bokgoba ka 1794, dikolone tsa Fora kwa Lewatleng la India - Mauritius, Réunion le Seychelles - tsotlhe di ne tsa gana go diragatsa molao, mme bokgoba bo ne jwa tsenngwa gape ke Napoleon ka 1802. Borithane e ne ya gapa Seychelles ka Moranang 1811, mme setlhaketlhake seno se ne sa nna kolone ya Borithane semmuso ka 1815. Molao wa Borithane o ne o thibetse kgwebo ya makgoba ka 1807, mme molao ono o ne wa diragadiwa kwa Seychelles fa setlhaketlhake seno se ne se nna kgaolo ya Borithane, se se ne sa thibela semolao kgwebo ya makgoba e e bulegileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, bagwebi ba makgoba ba ba neng ba tshwarwa ke Maborithane gantsi ba ne ba kgona go fapoga molao ka go bolela gore makgoba a ba neng ba a romela go tswa kwa Aforika Botlhaba e ne e se batho ba ba gololesegileng ba ba sa tswang go dirwa makgoba le batswasetlhabelo ba kgwebo ya makgoba, mme go na le moo e ne e le batho ba ba tsetsweng e le makgoba mme ba ne ba fudusiwa fela ke beng ba bone, se se neng se dira gore go nne thata gore Maborithane a tsenelele.<ref>Barker, A. J. (1996). Slavery and Anti-Slavery in Mauritius, 1810-33: The Conflict Between Economic Expansion and Humanitarian Reform Under British Rule. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 36-40</ref> Makgoba a kwa Seychelles a ne a bewa mo ditlhopheng di le nne tse di anameng. Sa ntlha go ne go na le Ba-Creole (setlhopha se segolo), ba madi a a tlhakaneng a Aforika le Yuropa ba ba neng ba tlisiwa go tswa kwa Mauritius mme ba nna le bana ba ba tsholetsweng mo setlhaketlhakeng; gantsi ba ne ba tsewa e le ba ba kwa godimo mo tlhaloganyong.<ref>Carpin, Sarah, ''Seychelles'', Odyssey Guides, p.31, 1998, The Guidebook Company Limited, Retrieved on June 4, 2008</ref> === Phediso === [[Setshwantsho:The Barque Orion captured by HMS Pluto Nov 1859 RMG PY8559.jpg|left|thumb|HMS Pluto e kgatlhana le sekebe sa makgoba sa Orion, kwa tlase ga Thibelo ya Aforika, ka 1859]] Mokgatlho wa Kgatlhanong le Bokgoba o o neng o eteletswe pele ke William Wilberforce o ne wa gola ka maatla mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga.[3] Boritane e ne ya feleletsa e thibetse bokgoba ka boyone kwa Seychelles ka 1835 ka maemo a gore makgoba a tswelele go direla makgoba a bone a pele ka paka ya phetogo ya dingwaga di le thataro.<ref name=":0" /> Ka letlha leno, go ne go na le makgoba a le 6521 kwa Seychelles: 3924 go tswa kwa Mozambique, 2231 Ba-Creole (ba ba tsholetsweng kwa Seychelles kgotsa Mauritius), 282 go tswa kwa Madagascar, 28 go tswa kwa India, 3 go tswa kwa Malaya, le 43 ba ba sa itsiweng gore ba tswa kae.<ref name=":0" /> Motsamaisi wa selegae ka nako eo, Mylius o ne a gakologelwa gore ka Letsatsi la Kgololesego ka Tlhakole 11 makgoba a a golotsweng a ne a tsiboga ka "ditshupetso tsa kagiso tsa boitumelo". Morago ga kgololo ya batho ba selegae, bontsi jwa "Maaforika a a golotsweng" ba ne ba tla go nna kwa Seychelles. Royal Navy le Thibelo ya yona ya Aforika, e ne ya thibela dikepe tsa makgoba, ya tshwara badiri le go golola makgoba a yona. Direkoto tsa bokoloniale di supile fa batho ba le 2,667 ba ba golotsweng ba ne ba agiwa mo ditlhaketlhakeng magareng ga 1861 le 1875. Ka Seetebosigo 20, 1897, bontsi jwa batho bano ba ba golotsweng ba ne ba nna le seabe mo meketeng ya Jubilee ya Teemane ya ga Kgosigadi Victoria kwa motsemogolong. Motsamaisi wa bokoloniale, H. Cockburn-Stewart, o ne a bolela ditiragalo tsa thapama ya letsatsi la jubile: "...setlhopha sa Maaforika se ne sa dira mokoloko o o sa rulaganngwang fela go ya kwa Ntlong ya Puso. Ba ne ba ithulaganya ka ditlhopha, mongwe le mongwe a tshotse folaga e e nang le leina la morafe wa bone wa Maaforika, mme tsotlhe di ne di etelwa pele ke Union Jack e kgolo e mo go yone go neng go gatisitswe mafoko a a reng “Folaga e e re gololang.” Fa ba sena go kokoana, puo e e ranotsweng, e e neng e laetswe ka Se-Créole, e ne ya balwa ka Seesemane: Rona maloko a merafe e e farologaneng ya Maaforika a a nnang kwa Seychelles, re tsaya nako ya Jubilee ya Teemane ya ga Kgosigadi Victoria go lo tlhalosetsa—Moemedi wa Gagwe mo Ditlhaketlhakeng tseno ditebogo tsa rona ka ntlha ya sotlhe se Ene le Engelane ba se re diretseng." == Metswedi == d9y1haz96os06y0i3ytpgmlnw844w62 40432 40431 2025-06-10T15:28:50Z KatieKea 10150 /* Phediso */ Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. #AWC2025 40432 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bokgoba kwa Seychelles''' bo ne jwa nna teng go fitlha bo fedisiwa la bofelo ka 1835. Makgoba a ne a tlisiwa kwa Seychelles fa setlhaketlhake seno se ne se simolola go nna le baagi ba Fora le makgoba a bone ba ba tswang kwa Mauritius. Maborithane a ne a thibela kgwebisano ya makgoba mo setlhaketlhakeng fa se ne se nna kgaolo ya Borithane ka 1815, mme bokgoba ka bojone bo ne jwa fedisiwa dingwaga di le masome a mabedi moragonyana. == Ditso == Seychelles e ne e sena batho fa e ne e tsewa ke Fora ka 1756, mme e ne ya agiwa ka 1770 ke balemi ba Fora le makgoba a bone ke kolone ya Fora ya Mauritius. Bagwebi ba makgoba go tswa kwa Madagascar - Sakalava kgotsa Maarabea - ba ne ba reka makgoba go tswa mo beng ba makgoba kwa lebopong la Swahili kgotsa Mozambique wa Mapotokisi mme ba ema kwa Seychelles go reka dilwana pele ba romela makgoba kwa mebarakeng ya makgoba ya Mauritius, Réunion le India.<ref name=":0">The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean. (2003). Storbritannien: Africa World Press. p. 65-68</ref> Fa Puso ya Phetogo ya Paris e ne e fedisa bokgoba ka 1794, dikolone tsa Fora kwa Lewatleng la India - Mauritius, Réunion le Seychelles - tsotlhe di ne tsa gana go diragatsa molao, mme bokgoba bo ne jwa tsenngwa gape ke Napoleon ka 1802. Borithane e ne ya gapa Seychelles ka Moranang 1811, mme setlhaketlhake seno se ne sa nna kolone ya Borithane semmuso ka 1815. Molao wa Borithane o ne o thibetse kgwebo ya makgoba ka 1807, mme molao ono o ne wa diragadiwa kwa Seychelles fa setlhaketlhake seno se ne se nna kgaolo ya Borithane, se se ne sa thibela semolao kgwebo ya makgoba e e bulegileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, bagwebi ba makgoba ba ba neng ba tshwarwa ke Maborithane gantsi ba ne ba kgona go fapoga molao ka go bolela gore makgoba a ba neng ba a romela go tswa kwa Aforika Botlhaba e ne e se batho ba ba gololesegileng ba ba sa tswang go dirwa makgoba le batswasetlhabelo ba kgwebo ya makgoba, mme go na le moo e ne e le batho ba ba tsetsweng e le makgoba mme ba ne ba fudusiwa fela ke beng ba bone, se se neng se dira gore go nne thata gore Maborithane a tsenelele.<ref>Barker, A. J. (1996). Slavery and Anti-Slavery in Mauritius, 1810-33: The Conflict Between Economic Expansion and Humanitarian Reform Under British Rule. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 36-40</ref> Makgoba a kwa Seychelles a ne a bewa mo ditlhopheng di le nne tse di anameng. Sa ntlha go ne go na le Ba-Creole (setlhopha se segolo), ba madi a a tlhakaneng a Aforika le Yuropa ba ba neng ba tlisiwa go tswa kwa Mauritius mme ba nna le bana ba ba tsholetsweng mo setlhaketlhakeng; gantsi ba ne ba tsewa e le ba ba kwa godimo mo tlhaloganyong.<ref name=":1">Carpin, Sarah, ''Seychelles'', Odyssey Guides, p.31, 1998, The Guidebook Company Limited, Retrieved on June 4, 2008</ref> === Phediso === [[Setshwantsho:The Barque Orion captured by HMS Pluto Nov 1859 RMG PY8559.jpg|left|thumb|HMS Pluto e kgatlhana le sekebe sa makgoba sa Orion, kwa tlase ga Thibelo ya Aforika, ka 1859]] Mokgatlho wa Kgatlhanong le Bokgoba o o neng o eteletswe pele ke William Wilberforce o ne wa gola ka maatla mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga.<ref name=":1" /> Borithane e ne ya feleletsa e thibetse bokgoba ka boyone kwa Seychelles ka 1835 ka maemo a gore makgoba a tswelele go direla beng ba bone ba pele ka paka ya phetogo ya dingwaga di le thataro.<ref name=":0" /> Ka letstsi leo, go ne go na le makgoba a le 6521 kwa Seychelles: 3924 go tswa kwa Mozambique, 2231 Ba-Creole (ba ba tsholetsweng kwa Seychelles kgotsa Mauritius), 282 go tswa kwa Madagascar, 28 go tswa kwa India, ba le bararo go tswa kwa Malaya, le 43 ba ba sa itsiweng gore ba tswa kae.<ref name=":0" /> Motsamaisi wa selegae ka nako eo, Mylius o ne a gakologelwa gore ka Letsatsi la Kgololesego ka Tlhakole a le lesome le motso makgoba a a golotsweng a ne a tsiboga ka "ditshupetso tsa kagiso tsa boitumelo". Morago ga kgololo ya batho ba selegae, bontsi jwa "MaAforika a a golotsweng" ba ne ba tla go nna kwa Seychelles.<ref name=":2">Indian Ocean Slavery in the Age of Abolition (2013). Harms, Robert W.; Freamon, Bernard K.; Blight, David W. (eds.). ''Indian Ocean Slavery in the Age of Abolition''. New Haven: [[:en:Yale_University_Press|Yale University Press]]. p. 101. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.12987/9780300166460|10.12987/9780300166460]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Royal Navy le Thibelo ya yone ya Aforika, e ne ya thibela dikepe tsa makgoba, ya tshwara badiri le go golola makgoba a tsone.<ref>Letters (2018-02-14). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/14/the-british-empires-role-in-ending-slavery "The British empire's role in ending slavery"]. ''The Guardian''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077 0261-3077]. Retrieved 2024-05-13. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Direkoto tsa bokolone di supile fa batho ba le 2,667 ba ba golotsweng ba ne ba agelwa mo ditlhaketlhakeng magareng ga 1861 le 1875.<ref name=":2" /> Ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi, 1897, bontsi jwa batho bano ba ba golotsweng ba ne ba nna le seabe mo meketeng ya Jubilee ya Teemane ya ga Kgosigadi Victoria kwa motsemogolong.<ref name=":2" /> Motsamaisi wa bokolone, H. Cockburn-Stewart, o ne a bolela ditiragalo tsa thapama ya letsatsi la jubilee: "...setlhopha sa MaAforika se ne sa dira mogwanto o o sa rulaganngwang fela go ya kwa Ntlong ya Puso. Ba ne ba ithulaganya ka ditlhopha, mongwe le mongwe a tshotse folaga e e nang le leina la morafe wa bone wa Maaforika, mme tsotlhe di ne di etelwa pele ke Union Jack e kgolo e mo go yone go neng go gatisitswe mafoko a a reng “Folaga e e re gololang.” Fa ba sena go kokoana, puo e e ranotsweng, e e neng e laetswe ka Se-Créole, e ne ya balwa ka Seesemane: Rona maloko a merafe e e farologaneng ya Maaforika a a nnang kwa Seychelles, re tsaya nako ya Jubilee ya Teemane ya ga Kgosigadi Victoria go lo tlhalosetsa—Moemedi wa Gagwe mo Ditlhaketlhakeng tseno ditebogo tsa rona ka ntlha ya sotlhe se Ene le Enyelane ba se re diretseng."<ref name=":2" /> == Metswedi == q4g6uyk39e952dkm7n0cbiljbli34rx 0 10606 40433 2025-06-10T16:26:34Z KatieKea 10150 ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e le go tsenya metswedi le ditshwantsho #AWC2025 40433 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Arabslavers.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga se se supang koloi ya Maarabea e e rekisang makgoba e tsamaisa makgoba a Aforika wa sub-Sahara go kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Aforika Bokone.]] '''Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara''', e gape e itsiweng jaaka '''kgwebo ya makgoba ya Maarabea''',<ref>Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (1990). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193 "Islamization in Sudan: A Critical Assessment"]. ''Middle East Journal''. '''44''' (4): 610–623. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141 0026-3141]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193 4328193]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> e ne e le kgwebisano ya makgoba e mo go yona makgoba a neng a rwalwa thata go kgabaganya Sahara. Bontsi jwa tsone di ne tsa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara go ya kwa Afrika Bokone gore di rekisediwe ditlhabologo tsa Mediterranean le Botlhabagare; peresente e nnye e ne ya ya kwa ntlheng e nngwe. Diphopholetso tsa palo yotlhe ya makgoba a mantsho a a neng a fuduga go tswa kwa Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara go ya kwa lefatsheng la Maarabia di simolola ka dimilione di le 6 go ya go di le 10, mme ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa trans-Sahara di ne tsa fetisa palo e e bonalang ya palogotlhe eno, ka phopholetso e le nngwe e e neng e bala makgoba a a ka nnang dimilione di le 7.2 a a neng a kgabaganya Sahara go tloga mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo7 la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bo7. e fedisitswe. Maarabia a ne a laola le go tsamaisa kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara, le fa Maberber le one a ne a amega ka tlhagafalo. Go bapa le Maaforika a a kwa borwa jwa Sahara, Maturkey, Ma-Iran, Ma-Yuropa le Ma-Berber ba ne ba le gareng ga batho ba ba neng ba rekisiwa ke Maarabia, mme kgwebisano e ne e dirwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe la Maarabia, bogolosegolo kwa Asia Bophirima, Afrika Bokone, Afrika Botlhaba, le Yuropa. == Kgwebo ya pele ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara == Direkoto tsa kgwebisano ya makgoba le dipalangwa kwa Sahara di simolola kwa morago kwa mileniamong wa bo 3 BC ka nako ya puso ya kgosi ya Egepeto Sneferu yo o neng a kgabaganya cataract ya bone ya Nile go tsena mo go se gompieno e leng Sudan ya segompieno go tshwara makgoba le go ba romela kwa bokone. Diphuduso tseno tsa magolegwa a ntwa, a moragonyana a neng a nna makgoba, e ne e le selo se se neng se direga ka metlha kwa Mokgatšheng wa Nile wa bogologolo le kwa Afrika. Ka dinako tsa phenyo le morago ga go fenya dintwa, Ba-Nubia ba bogologolo ba ne ba tsewa jaaka makgoba ke Baegepeto ba bogologolo. Ba-Garamante ba ne ba ikaegile thata ka tiro ya makgoba go tswa kwa Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Ba ne ba dirisa makgoba mo merafeng ya bona go aga le go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsa nosetso tse di ka fa tlase ga lefatshe tse di neng di itsege mo Maberber jaaka foggara. Raditiragalo wa bogologolo wa Mogerika Herodotus o ne a kwala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 5 BC gore Bagaramante ba ne ba dira Baethiopia ba ba neng ba nna mo logageng makgoba, ba ba neng ba itsege jaaka Troglodytae, ba ba lelekisa ka dikara. Mo Pusong ya Roma ya ntlha, toropo ya Lepcis e ne ya tlhoma mmaraka wa makgoba go reka le go rekisa makgoba go tswa kwa bogareng jwa Aforika ya Bantu. Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 5 AD, Carthage ya Roma e ne e gweba ka makgoba a mantsho a a neng a tlisiwa go kgabaganya Sahara. Mmusomogolo o ne wa tlhoma lekgetho la melelwane mo kgwebong ya makgoba. Go lebega makgoba a bantsho a ne a tsewa a le botlhokwa jaaka makgoba a mo gae ka ntlha ya tebego ya one e e sa tlwaelegang. Borahisitori bangwe ba bolela gore selekanyo sa kgwebisano ya makgoba mo pakeng eno se ka tswa se ne se le kwa godimo go feta mo metlheng ya bogare ka ntlha ya go batlega thata ga makgoba mo Pusong ya Roma. Le fa go ntse jalo kgwebisano ya makgoba go ralala Sahara mo nakong ya bogologolo e ka tswa e ne e le nnye e bile e le sewelo ka kgwebisano ya Sahara e ne e sa fitlhelele bogolo jo bogolo go fitlha Maarabia le Maberber ba tsenya dipalo tse dintsi tsa dikamela mo sekakeng. Tsela ya kgwebisano ya kharabene ya Bogologolo ya Garamantian fa gare ga lebopo la Tripolitania go kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Letsheng la Chad e ne e tsamaisa diphologolo tse di kwa pele tsa disorokisi, gauta, cabochon le dilo tse di tala tsa go dira dijo le go dira dinkgisamonate, mme gape le makgoba; kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika le fa go ntse jalo e ka tswa e ne e lekanyeditswe pele ga paka ya Boiselamo, mme makgoba a Aforika a ne a lebega a le mmalwa mo Mmusong wa Roma, kwa a neng a tsewa jaaka makgoba a manobonobo a a sa tlwaelegang. == Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara ya dingwaga tsa magare == [[Setshwantsho:African slave trade.png|thumb|Ditsela tse dikgolo tsa makgoba mo Aforika wa bogologolo]] Paul Lovejoy o fopholetsa gore makgoba a bantsho a ka nna dimilione di le 6 a ne a rwalwa go kgabaganya Sahara magareng ga dingwaga tsa 650 AD le 1500 AD. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya trans-Sahara, e e neng ya tlhongwa mo Bogologolo, e ne ya tswelela ka Metlha ya Bogare. Morago ga go fenya Afrika Bokone mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo8 la dingwaga, Maarabia, Ba-Berber le merafe e mengwe ba ne ba tsena mo Afrika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara la ntlha go bapa le Mokgatšha wa Nile go ya kwa Nubia, mme gape ba kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Afrika Bophirima. Ba ne ba kgatlhegela kgwebo ya go kgabaganya Sahara, bogolosegolo makgoba, ka go ne go nna go batlega makgoba kwa merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Maarabia le Constantinople. Bagwebi ba makgoba ba Mamoseleme ba ne ba itlhaola mo bathong ba ba kwa letlhakoreng le lengwe la Sahara, ba bitsa batho bano ba Aforika ba re ke Zanj kgotsa Sudan e e kayang "bantsho". == Metswedi == 78hl83in25jopn6ht9p8gaxfm8m3cud 40434 40433 2025-06-10T16:46:08Z KatieKea 10150 Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. #AWC2025 40434 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Arabslavers.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga se se supang koloi ya Maarabea e e rekisang makgoba e rwele makgoba a Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Aforika Bokone.]] '''Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara''', e gape e itsiweng jaaka '''kgwebo ya makgoba ya Maarabea''',<ref>Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (1990). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193 "Islamization in Sudan: A Critical Assessment"]. ''Middle East Journal''. '''44''' (4): 610–623. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141 0026-3141]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193 4328193]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> e ne e le kgwebo ya makgoba e mo go yon makgoba a neng a rwalwa thata go kgabaganya Sahara. Bontsi jwa one a ne a fudusiwa go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go ya kwa Aforika Bokone gore a rekisediwe ditlhabologo tsa Mediterranean le Botlhabagare; peresente e nnye e ne e boela kwa ntlheng e nngwe.<ref>Bradley, Keith R. "Apuleius and the sub-Saharan slave trade". ''Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays''. p. 177.</ref> Diphopholetso tsa palo yotlhe ya makgoba a mantsho a a neng a fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go ya kwa lefatsheng la Maarabea di simolola ka didikadike di le thataro go ya go di le lesome, mme ditsela tsa kgwebo tsa trans-Sahara di ne tsa fetisa palo e e bonalang ya palogotlhe eno, ka phopholetso e le nngwe e e neng e bala makgoba a a ka nnang didikadike di le 7.2 a a neng a kgabaganya Sahara go tloga mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga fa kgwebo ya bokgoba e fedisiwa.<ref>[[:en:Trans-Saharan_slave_trade#CITEREFSegal2001|Segal 2001]], p. 55-57. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nQbylEdqJKkC Islam and the Abolition of Slavery]''. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–12. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522151-0|978-0-19-522151-0]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1045855145 1045855145]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Maarabea a ne a laola le go tsamaisa kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara,<ref>Ayittey, George (1 September 2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sW-wCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA450 Indigenous African Institutions: 2nd Edition]''. BRILL. p. 450. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4003-1|978-90-474-4003-1]]</bdi>. <q>While the Europeans organized the West African slave trade, the Arabs managed the East African and trans-Saharan counterparts.</q></ref> le fa Maberber le one a ne a amega ka tlhagafalo.<ref>Badru, Pade; Sackey, Brigid M. (23 May 2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BQx9lqZheggC&pg=PA54 Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform]''. Scarecrow Press. p. 54. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8470-0|978-0-8108-8470-0]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Go bapa le Maaforika a a kwa borwa jwa Sahara, Maturkey, Ma-Iran, Ma-Yuropa le Ma-Berber ba ne ba le gareng ga batho ba ba neng ba rekisiwa ke Maarabea, mme kgwebo e ne e dirwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe la Maarabea, segolobogolo kwa Asia Bophirima, Aforika Bokone, Aforika Botlhaba, le Yuropa.<ref>Akinbode, Ayomide (20 December 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231206205820/https://www.thehistoryville.com/arab-slave-trade/ "The Forgotten Arab Slave Trade of East Africa"]. ''The History Ville''. Archived from [https://www.thehistoryville.com/arab-slave-trade/ the original] on 6 December 2023. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> == Kgwebo ya pele ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara == Direkoto tsa kgwebisano ya makgoba le dipalangwa kwa Sahara di simolola kwa morago kwa mileniamong wa bo 3 BC ka nako ya puso ya kgosi ya Egepeto Sneferu yo o neng a kgabaganya cataract ya bone ya Nile go tsena mo go se gompieno e leng Sudan ya segompieno go tshwara makgoba le go ba romela kwa bokone. Diphuduso tseno tsa magolegwa a ntwa, a moragonyana a neng a nna makgoba, e ne e le selo se se neng se direga ka metlha kwa Mokgatšheng wa Nile wa bogologolo le kwa Afrika. Ka dinako tsa phenyo le morago ga go fenya dintwa, Ba-Nubia ba bogologolo ba ne ba tsewa jaaka makgoba ke Baegepeto ba bogologolo. Ba-Garamante ba ne ba ikaegile thata ka tiro ya makgoba go tswa kwa Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Ba ne ba dirisa makgoba mo merafeng ya bona go aga le go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsa nosetso tse di ka fa tlase ga lefatshe tse di neng di itsege mo Maberber jaaka foggara. Raditiragalo wa bogologolo wa Mogerika Herodotus o ne a kwala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 5 BC gore Bagaramante ba ne ba dira Baethiopia ba ba neng ba nna mo logageng makgoba, ba ba neng ba itsege jaaka Troglodytae, ba ba lelekisa ka dikara. Mo Pusong ya Roma ya ntlha, toropo ya Lepcis e ne ya tlhoma mmaraka wa makgoba go reka le go rekisa makgoba go tswa kwa bogareng jwa Aforika ya Bantu. Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 5 AD, Carthage ya Roma e ne e gweba ka makgoba a mantsho a a neng a tlisiwa go kgabaganya Sahara. Mmusomogolo o ne wa tlhoma lekgetho la melelwane mo kgwebong ya makgoba. Go lebega makgoba a bantsho a ne a tsewa a le botlhokwa jaaka makgoba a mo gae ka ntlha ya tebego ya one e e sa tlwaelegang. Borahisitori bangwe ba bolela gore selekanyo sa kgwebisano ya makgoba mo pakeng eno se ka tswa se ne se le kwa godimo go feta mo metlheng ya bogare ka ntlha ya go batlega thata ga makgoba mo Pusong ya Roma. Le fa go ntse jalo kgwebisano ya makgoba go ralala Sahara mo nakong ya bogologolo e ka tswa e ne e le nnye e bile e le sewelo ka kgwebisano ya Sahara e ne e sa fitlhelele bogolo jo bogolo go fitlha Maarabia le Maberber ba tsenya dipalo tse dintsi tsa dikamela mo sekakeng. Tsela ya kgwebisano ya kharabene ya Bogologolo ya Garamantian fa gare ga lebopo la Tripolitania go kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Letsheng la Chad e ne e tsamaisa diphologolo tse di kwa pele tsa disorokisi, gauta, cabochon le dilo tse di tala tsa go dira dijo le go dira dinkgisamonate, mme gape le makgoba; kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika le fa go ntse jalo e ka tswa e ne e lekanyeditswe pele ga paka ya Boiselamo, mme makgoba a Aforika a ne a lebega a le mmalwa mo Mmusong wa Roma, kwa a neng a tsewa jaaka makgoba a manobonobo a a sa tlwaelegang. == Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara ya dingwaga tsa magare == [[Setshwantsho:African slave trade.png|thumb|Ditsela tse dikgolo tsa makgoba mo Aforika wa bogologolo]] Paul Lovejoy o fopholetsa gore makgoba a bantsho a ka nna dimilione di le 6 a ne a rwalwa go kgabaganya Sahara magareng ga dingwaga tsa 650 AD le 1500 AD. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya trans-Sahara, e e neng ya tlhongwa mo Bogologolo, e ne ya tswelela ka Metlha ya Bogare. Morago ga go fenya Afrika Bokone mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo8 la dingwaga, Maarabia, Ba-Berber le merafe e mengwe ba ne ba tsena mo Afrika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara la ntlha go bapa le Mokgatšha wa Nile go ya kwa Nubia, mme gape ba kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Afrika Bophirima. Ba ne ba kgatlhegela kgwebo ya go kgabaganya Sahara, bogolosegolo makgoba, ka go ne go nna go batlega makgoba kwa merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Maarabia le Constantinople. Bagwebi ba makgoba ba Mamoseleme ba ne ba itlhaola mo bathong ba ba kwa letlhakoreng le lengwe la Sahara, ba bitsa batho bano ba Aforika ba re ke Zanj kgotsa Sudan e e kayang "bantsho". == Metswedi == 5zl1rufaid9ng8hcca23x43xw6rzkec 40435 40434 2025-06-10T19:45:53Z KatieKea 10150 Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. #AWC2025 40435 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Arabslavers.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga se se supang koloi ya Maarabea e e rekisang makgoba e rwele makgoba a Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Aforika Bokone.]] '''Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara''', e gape e itsiweng jaaka '''kgwebo ya makgoba ya Maarabea''',<ref>Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (1990). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193 "Islamization in Sudan: A Critical Assessment"]. ''Middle East Journal''. '''44''' (4): 610–623. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141 0026-3141]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193 4328193]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Johnson, Willard R. (1980). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40201914 "Africans and Arabs: Collaboration without Co-Operation, Change without Challenge"]. ''International Journal''. '''35''' (4): 766–793. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/40201914|10.2307/40201914]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7020 0020-7020]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40201914 40201914]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Stanziani, Alessandro (2018), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcm9z.11 "Bondage across the Ocean: Indentured Labor in the Indian Ocean"], ''Bondage'', Labor and Rights in Eurasia from the Sixteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries (1 ed.), Berghahn Books, pp. 175–203, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qcm9z.11|10.2307/j.ctt9qcm9z.11]], [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-250-8|978-1-78238-250-8]]</bdi>, [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcm9z.11 j.ctt9qcm9z.11], e nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Shepperson, George (2006). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779209 "Islam in Central Africa: a historiographical document"]. ''The Society of Malawi Journal''. '''59''' (2): 1–5. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-993X 0037-993X]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779209 29779209]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Reilly, Benjamin (2015), "Arabian Agricultural Slavery in the Longue Durée", ''Slavery, Agriculture, and Malaria in the Arabian Peninsula'' (1 ed.), Ohio University Press, pp. 123–152, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/j.ctt1rfsnxf.10|10.2307/j.ctt1rfsnxf.10]], [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1rfsnxf.10 j.ctt1rfsnxf.10]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Mazrui, Ali A. (1975). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039542 "Black Africa and the Arabs"]. ''Foreign Affairs''. '''53''' (4): 725–742. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/20039542|10.2307/20039542]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120 0015-7120]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039542 20039542]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1977). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44947358 "SOME ASPECTS OF THE ARAB SLAVE TRADE FROM THE SUDAN 7th — 19th CENTURY"]. ''Sudan Notes and Records''. '''58''': 85–106. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0375-2984 0375-2984]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44947358 44947358]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Bean, Frank D.; Brown, Susan K. (1 March 2023). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c2qxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 Selected Topics in Migration Studies]''. Springer Nature. p. 27. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-031-19631-7|978-3-031-19631-7]]</bdi>. <q>Trans-Saharan slave trade was conducted within the ambits of the trans-Saharan trade, otherwise referred to as the Arab trade. Trans-Saharan trade, conducted across the Sahara Desert, was a web of commercial interactions between the Arab world (North Africa and the Persian Gulf) and sub-Saharan Africa.</q></ref> e ne e le kgwebo ya makgoba e mo go yon makgoba a neng a rwalwa thata go kgabaganya Sahara. Bontsi jwa one a ne a fudusiwa go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go ya kwa Aforika Bokone gore a rekisediwe ditlhabologo tsa Mediterranean le Botlhabagare; peresente e nnye e ne e boela kwa ntlheng e nngwe.<ref>Bradley, Keith R. "Apuleius and the sub-Saharan slave trade". ''Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays''. p. 177.</ref> Diphopholetso tsa palo yotlhe ya makgoba a mantsho a a neng a fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go ya kwa lefatsheng la Maarabea di simolola ka didikadike di le thataro go ya go di le lesome, mme ditsela tsa kgwebo tsa trans-Sahara di ne tsa fetisa palo e e bonalang ya palogotlhe eno, ka phopholetso e le nngwe e e neng e bala makgoba a a ka nnang didikadike di le 7.2 a a neng a kgabaganya Sahara go tloga mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga fa kgwebo ya bokgoba e fedisiwa.<ref>[[:en:Trans-Saharan_slave_trade#CITEREFSegal2001|Segal 2001]], p. 55-57. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nQbylEdqJKkC Islam and the Abolition of Slavery]''. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–12. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522151-0|978-0-19-522151-0]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1045855145 1045855145]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Maarabea a ne a laola le go tsamaisa kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara,<ref>Ayittey, George (1 September 2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sW-wCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA450 Indigenous African Institutions: 2nd Edition]''. BRILL. p. 450. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4003-1|978-90-474-4003-1]]</bdi>. <q>While the Europeans organized the West African slave trade, the Arabs managed the East African and trans-Saharan counterparts.</q></ref> le fa Maberber le one a ne a amega ka tlhagafalo.<ref>Badru, Pade; Sackey, Brigid M. (23 May 2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BQx9lqZheggC&pg=PA54 Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform]''. Scarecrow Press. p. 54. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8470-0|978-0-8108-8470-0]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Go bapa le Maaforika a a kwa borwa jwa Sahara, Maturkey, Ma-Iran, Ma-Yuropa le Ma-Berber ba ne ba le gareng ga batho ba ba neng ba rekisiwa ke Maarabea, mme kgwebo e ne e dirwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe la Maarabea, segolobogolo kwa Asia Bophirima, Aforika Bokone, Aforika Botlhaba, le Yuropa.<ref>Akinbode, Ayomide (20 December 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231206205820/https://www.thehistoryville.com/arab-slave-trade/ "The Forgotten Arab Slave Trade of East Africa"]. ''The History Ville''. Archived from [https://www.thehistoryville.com/arab-slave-trade/ the original] on 6 December 2023. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> == Kgwebo ya pele ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara == Direkoto tsa kgwebisano ya makgoba le dipalangwa kwa Sahara di simolola kwa morago kwa mileniamong wa bo 3 BC ka nako ya puso ya kgosi ya Egepeto Sneferu yo o neng a kgabaganya cataract ya bone ya Nile go tsena mo go se gompieno e leng Sudan ya segompieno go tshwara makgoba le go ba romela kwa bokone. Diphuduso tseno tsa magolegwa a ntwa, a moragonyana a neng a nna makgoba, e ne e le selo se se neng se direga ka metlha kwa Mokgatšheng wa Nile wa bogologolo le kwa Afrika. Ka dinako tsa phenyo le morago ga go fenya dintwa, Ba-Nubia ba bogologolo ba ne ba tsewa jaaka makgoba ke Baegepeto ba bogologolo. Ba-Garamante ba ne ba ikaegile thata ka tiro ya makgoba go tswa kwa Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Ba ne ba dirisa makgoba mo merafeng ya bona go aga le go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsa nosetso tse di ka fa tlase ga lefatshe tse di neng di itsege mo Maberber jaaka foggara. Raditiragalo wa bogologolo wa Mogerika Herodotus o ne a kwala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 5 BC gore Bagaramante ba ne ba dira Baethiopia ba ba neng ba nna mo logageng makgoba, ba ba neng ba itsege jaaka Troglodytae, ba ba lelekisa ka dikara. Mo Pusong ya Roma ya ntlha, toropo ya Lepcis e ne ya tlhoma mmaraka wa makgoba go reka le go rekisa makgoba go tswa kwa bogareng jwa Aforika ya Bantu. Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 5 AD, Carthage ya Roma e ne e gweba ka makgoba a mantsho a a neng a tlisiwa go kgabaganya Sahara. Mmusomogolo o ne wa tlhoma lekgetho la melelwane mo kgwebong ya makgoba. Go lebega makgoba a bantsho a ne a tsewa a le botlhokwa jaaka makgoba a mo gae ka ntlha ya tebego ya one e e sa tlwaelegang. Borahisitori bangwe ba bolela gore selekanyo sa kgwebisano ya makgoba mo pakeng eno se ka tswa se ne se le kwa godimo go feta mo metlheng ya bogare ka ntlha ya go batlega thata ga makgoba mo Pusong ya Roma. Le fa go ntse jalo kgwebisano ya makgoba go ralala Sahara mo nakong ya bogologolo e ka tswa e ne e le nnye e bile e le sewelo ka kgwebisano ya Sahara e ne e sa fitlhelele bogolo jo bogolo go fitlha Maarabia le Maberber ba tsenya dipalo tse dintsi tsa dikamela mo sekakeng. Tsela ya kgwebisano ya kharabene ya Bogologolo ya Garamantian fa gare ga lebopo la Tripolitania go kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Letsheng la Chad e ne e tsamaisa diphologolo tse di kwa pele tsa disorokisi, gauta, cabochon le dilo tse di tala tsa go dira dijo le go dira dinkgisamonate, mme gape le makgoba; kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika le fa go ntse jalo e ka tswa e ne e lekanyeditswe pele ga paka ya Boiselamo, mme makgoba a Aforika a ne a lebega a le mmalwa mo Mmusong wa Roma, kwa a neng a tsewa jaaka makgoba a manobonobo a a sa tlwaelegang. == Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara ya dingwaga tsa magare == [[Setshwantsho:African slave trade.png|thumb|Ditsela tse dikgolo tsa makgoba mo Aforika wa bogologolo]] Paul Lovejoy o fopholetsa gore makgoba a bantsho a ka nna dimilione di le 6 a ne a rwalwa go kgabaganya Sahara magareng ga dingwaga tsa 650 AD le 1500 AD. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya trans-Sahara, e e neng ya tlhongwa mo Bogologolo, e ne ya tswelela ka Metlha ya Bogare. Morago ga go fenya Afrika Bokone mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo8 la dingwaga, Maarabia, Ba-Berber le merafe e mengwe ba ne ba tsena mo Afrika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara la ntlha go bapa le Mokgatšha wa Nile go ya kwa Nubia, mme gape ba kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Afrika Bophirima. Ba ne ba kgatlhegela kgwebo ya go kgabaganya Sahara, bogolosegolo makgoba, ka go ne go nna go batlega makgoba kwa merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Maarabia le Constantinople. Bagwebi ba makgoba ba Mamoseleme ba ne ba itlhaola mo bathong ba ba kwa letlhakoreng le lengwe la Sahara, ba bitsa batho bano ba Aforika ba re ke Zanj kgotsa Sudan e e kayang "bantsho". == Metswedi == 712iq4u972k7sjxi5w96qgfq4a5domj 40436 40435 2025-06-10T20:04:27Z KatieKea 10150 /* Kgwebo ya pele ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara */ Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. #AWC2025 40436 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Arabslavers.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga se se supang koloi ya Maarabea e e rekisang makgoba e rwele makgoba a Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Aforika Bokone.]] '''Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara''', e gape e itsiweng jaaka '''kgwebo ya makgoba ya Maarabea''',<ref>Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (1990). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193 "Islamization in Sudan: A Critical Assessment"]. ''Middle East Journal''. '''44''' (4): 610–623. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141 0026-3141]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193 4328193]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Johnson, Willard R. (1980). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40201914 "Africans and Arabs: Collaboration without Co-Operation, Change without Challenge"]. ''International Journal''. '''35''' (4): 766–793. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/40201914|10.2307/40201914]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7020 0020-7020]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40201914 40201914]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Stanziani, Alessandro (2018), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcm9z.11 "Bondage across the Ocean: Indentured Labor in the Indian Ocean"], ''Bondage'', Labor and Rights in Eurasia from the Sixteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries (1 ed.), Berghahn Books, pp. 175–203, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qcm9z.11|10.2307/j.ctt9qcm9z.11]], [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-250-8|978-1-78238-250-8]]</bdi>, [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcm9z.11 j.ctt9qcm9z.11], e nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Shepperson, George (2006). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779209 "Islam in Central Africa: a historiographical document"]. ''The Society of Malawi Journal''. '''59''' (2): 1–5. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-993X 0037-993X]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779209 29779209]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Reilly, Benjamin (2015), "Arabian Agricultural Slavery in the Longue Durée", ''Slavery, Agriculture, and Malaria in the Arabian Peninsula'' (1 ed.), Ohio University Press, pp. 123–152, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/j.ctt1rfsnxf.10|10.2307/j.ctt1rfsnxf.10]], [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1rfsnxf.10 j.ctt1rfsnxf.10]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Mazrui, Ali A. (1975). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039542 "Black Africa and the Arabs"]. ''Foreign Affairs''. '''53''' (4): 725–742. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/20039542|10.2307/20039542]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120 0015-7120]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039542 20039542]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1977). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44947358 "SOME ASPECTS OF THE ARAB SLAVE TRADE FROM THE SUDAN 7th — 19th CENTURY"]. ''Sudan Notes and Records''. '''58''': 85–106. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0375-2984 0375-2984]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44947358 44947358]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Bean, Frank D.; Brown, Susan K. (1 March 2023). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c2qxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 Selected Topics in Migration Studies]''. Springer Nature. p. 27. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-031-19631-7|978-3-031-19631-7]]</bdi>. <q>Trans-Saharan slave trade was conducted within the ambits of the trans-Saharan trade, otherwise referred to as the Arab trade. Trans-Saharan trade, conducted across the Sahara Desert, was a web of commercial interactions between the Arab world (North Africa and the Persian Gulf) and sub-Saharan Africa.</q></ref> e ne e le kgwebo ya makgoba e mo go yon makgoba a neng a rwalwa thata go kgabaganya Sahara. Bontsi jwa one a ne a fudusiwa go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go ya kwa Aforika Bokone gore a rekisediwe ditlhabologo tsa Mediterranean le Botlhabagare; peresente e nnye e ne e boela kwa ntlheng e nngwe.<ref name=":0">Bradley, Keith R. "Apuleius and the sub-Saharan slave trade". ''Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays''. p. 177.</ref> Diphopholetso tsa palo yotlhe ya makgoba a mantsho a a neng a fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go ya kwa lefatsheng la Maarabea di simolola ka didikadike di le thataro go ya go di le lesome, mme ditsela tsa kgwebo tsa trans-Sahara di ne tsa fetisa palo e e bonalang ya palogotlhe eno, ka phopholetso e le nngwe e e neng e bala makgoba a a ka nnang didikadike di le 7.2 a a neng a kgabaganya Sahara go tloga mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga fa kgwebo ya bokgoba e fedisiwa.<ref>[[:en:Trans-Saharan_slave_trade#CITEREFSegal2001|Segal 2001]], p. 55-57. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nQbylEdqJKkC Islam and the Abolition of Slavery]''. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–12. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522151-0|978-0-19-522151-0]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1045855145 1045855145]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Maarabea a ne a laola le go tsamaisa kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara,<ref>Ayittey, George (1 September 2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sW-wCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA450 Indigenous African Institutions: 2nd Edition]''. BRILL. p. 450. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4003-1|978-90-474-4003-1]]</bdi>. <q>While the Europeans organized the West African slave trade, the Arabs managed the East African and trans-Saharan counterparts.</q></ref> le fa Maberber le one a ne a amega ka tlhagafalo.<ref>Badru, Pade; Sackey, Brigid M. (23 May 2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BQx9lqZheggC&pg=PA54 Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform]''. Scarecrow Press. p. 54. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8470-0|978-0-8108-8470-0]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Go bapa le Maaforika a a kwa borwa jwa Sahara, Maturkey, Ma-Iran, Ma-Yuropa le Ma-Berber ba ne ba le gareng ga batho ba ba neng ba rekisiwa ke Maarabea, mme kgwebo e ne e dirwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe la Maarabea, segolobogolo kwa Asia Bophirima, Aforika Bokone, Aforika Botlhaba, le Yuropa.<ref>Akinbode, Ayomide (20 December 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231206205820/https://www.thehistoryville.com/arab-slave-trade/ "The Forgotten Arab Slave Trade of East Africa"]. ''The History Ville''. Archived from [https://www.thehistoryville.com/arab-slave-trade/ the original] on 6 December 2023. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> == Kgwebo ya pele ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara == Direkoto tsa kgwebo ya makgoba le dipalangwa kwa Sahara di simolola kwa morago kwa mileniamong wa boraro BC ka nako ya puso ya kgosi ya Egepeto Sneferu yo o neng a kgabaganya cataract ya bone ya Nile go tsena mo go se gompieno e leng Sudan ya gompieno go tshwara makgoba le go ba romela kwa bokone.<ref>Gordon, Murray (1989). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC&pg=PA122 Slavery in the Arab World]''. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 108. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-941533-30-0|978-0-941533-30-0]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120917849 1120917849]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Diphuruphuso tseo tsa magolegwa a ntwa, a moragonyana a neng a nna makgoba, e ne e le selomodiro Mokgatsheng wa Nile wa bogologolo le kwa Aforika. Ka dinako tsa phenyo le morago ga go fenya dintwa, Ba-Nubia ba bogologolo ba ne ba tsewa jaaka makgoba ke Baegepeto ba bogologolo.<ref>Redford, D. B.. From Slave to Pharaoh: The Black Experience of Ancient Egypt. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Project MUSE</ref> Ba-Garamante ba ne ba ikaegile thata ka tiro ya makgoba go tswa kwa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/05/gaddafi-sahara-lost-civilisation-garamantes "Fall of Gaddafi opens a new era for the Sahara's lost civilisation"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2011. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Ba ne ba dirisa makgoba mo merafeng ya bone go aga le go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsa nosetso tse di ka fa tlase ga lefatshe tse di neng di itsege mo Maberber jaaka ''foggara''.<ref>David Mattingly. "The Garamantes and the Origins of Saharan Trade". ''Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–28.</ref> Raditiragalo wa bogologolo wa Mogerika Herodotus o ne a kwala ka ngwagakgolo wa botlhano BC gore Bagaramante ba ne ba dira MaEthiopia ba ba neng ba nna mo logageng makgoba, ba ba neng ba itsege jaaka Troglodytae, ba ba lelekisa ka dikara.<ref>Austen, R. (2015). "Regional study: Trans-Saharan trade". In C. Benjamin (Ed.), ''The Cambridge World History'' pp. 662–686. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139059251.026</ref> Mo Pusong ya Roma ya ntlha, toropo ya Lepcis e ne ya tlhoma mmaraka wa makgoba go reka le go rekisa makgoba go tswa kwa bogareng jwa Aforika ya Bantu.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwagakgolo wa botlhano AD, Carthage ya Roma e ne e gweba ka makgoba a mantsho a a neng a tlisiwa go kgabaganya Sahara.<ref name=":1">Wilson, Andrew. "Saharan Exports to the Roman World". ''Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]]. pp. 192–3. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Mmusomogolo o ne wa tlhoma lekgetho la melelwane mo kgwebong ya makgoba.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Go lebega makgoba a bantsho a ne a tsewa a le botlhokwa jaaka makgoba a mo gae ka ntlha ya tebego ya one e e sa tlwaelegang.<ref name=":1" /> Boraditso bangwe ba bolela gore selekanyo sa kgwebo ya makgoba mo pakeng eno se ka tswa se ne se le kwa godimo go feta mo metlheng ya bogare ka ntlha ya go batlega thata ga makgoba mo Pusong ya Roma.<ref name=":1" /> Le fa go ntse jalo kgwebo ya makgoba go ralala Sahara mo nakong ya bogologolo e ka tswa e ne e le nnye e bile e le sewelo ka kgwebo ya Sahara e ne e sa fitlhelele bogolo jo bogolo go fitlha Maarabea le Maberber ba tsenya dipalo tse dintsi tsa dikamela mo sekakeng.<ref>Segal, Ronald (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fdh3GYnXvrAC Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora]''. Macmillan. pp. 129–130. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52797-6|978-0-374-52797-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1014163824 1014163824]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:Trans-Saharan_slave_trade#CITEREFGordon1989|Gordon 1989]], p. 108-110. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Tsela ya kgwebisano ya koloi ya Bogologolo ya Garamantian fa gare ga lebopo la Tripolitania go kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Letsheng la Chad e ne e tsamaisa diphologolo tse di kwa pele tsa disorokisi, gauta, cabochon le dilo tse di tala tsa go dira dijo le go dira dinkgisamonate, mme gape le makgoba; kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika le fa go ntse jalo e ka tswa e ne e lekanyeditswe pele ga paka ya Boiselamo, mme makgoba a Aforika a ne a lebega a le mmalwa mo Mmusong wa Roma, kwa a neng a tsewa jaaka makgoba a manobonobo a a sa tlwaelegang.<ref>Wright, J. (2007). The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p.15-16</ref> == Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara ya dingwaga tsa magare == [[Setshwantsho:African slave trade.png|thumb|Ditsela tse dikgolo tsa makgoba mo Aforika wa bogologolo]] Paul Lovejoy o fopholetsa gore makgoba a bantsho a ka nna dimilione di le 6 a ne a rwalwa go kgabaganya Sahara magareng ga dingwaga tsa 650 AD le 1500 AD. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya trans-Sahara, e e neng ya tlhongwa mo Bogologolo, e ne ya tswelela ka Metlha ya Bogare. Morago ga go fenya Afrika Bokone mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo8 la dingwaga, Maarabia, Ba-Berber le merafe e mengwe ba ne ba tsena mo Afrika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara la ntlha go bapa le Mokgatšha wa Nile go ya kwa Nubia, mme gape ba kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Afrika Bophirima. Ba ne ba kgatlhegela kgwebo ya go kgabaganya Sahara, bogolosegolo makgoba, ka go ne go nna go batlega makgoba kwa merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Maarabia le Constantinople. Bagwebi ba makgoba ba Mamoseleme ba ne ba itlhaola mo bathong ba ba kwa letlhakoreng le lengwe la Sahara, ba bitsa batho bano ba Aforika ba re ke Zanj kgotsa Sudan e e kayang "bantsho". == Metswedi == 5dainqwb84fnze4cl2windalidgmnov 40437 40436 2025-06-10T20:11:16Z KatieKea 10150 /* Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara ya dingwaga tsa magare */ Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. #AWC2025 40437 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Arabslavers.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga se se supang koloi ya Maarabea e e rekisang makgoba e rwele makgoba a Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Aforika Bokone.]] '''Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara''', e gape e itsiweng jaaka '''kgwebo ya makgoba ya Maarabea''',<ref>Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (1990). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193 "Islamization in Sudan: A Critical Assessment"]. ''Middle East Journal''. '''44''' (4): 610–623. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141 0026-3141]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193 4328193]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Johnson, Willard R. (1980). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40201914 "Africans and Arabs: Collaboration without Co-Operation, Change without Challenge"]. ''International Journal''. '''35''' (4): 766–793. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/40201914|10.2307/40201914]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7020 0020-7020]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40201914 40201914]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Stanziani, Alessandro (2018), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcm9z.11 "Bondage across the Ocean: Indentured Labor in the Indian Ocean"], ''Bondage'', Labor and Rights in Eurasia from the Sixteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries (1 ed.), Berghahn Books, pp. 175–203, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qcm9z.11|10.2307/j.ctt9qcm9z.11]], [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-250-8|978-1-78238-250-8]]</bdi>, [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcm9z.11 j.ctt9qcm9z.11], e nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Shepperson, George (2006). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779209 "Islam in Central Africa: a historiographical document"]. ''The Society of Malawi Journal''. '''59''' (2): 1–5. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-993X 0037-993X]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779209 29779209]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Reilly, Benjamin (2015), "Arabian Agricultural Slavery in the Longue Durée", ''Slavery, Agriculture, and Malaria in the Arabian Peninsula'' (1 ed.), Ohio University Press, pp. 123–152, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/j.ctt1rfsnxf.10|10.2307/j.ctt1rfsnxf.10]], [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1rfsnxf.10 j.ctt1rfsnxf.10]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Mazrui, Ali A. (1975). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039542 "Black Africa and the Arabs"]. ''Foreign Affairs''. '''53''' (4): 725–742. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/20039542|10.2307/20039542]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120 0015-7120]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039542 20039542]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1977). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44947358 "SOME ASPECTS OF THE ARAB SLAVE TRADE FROM THE SUDAN 7th — 19th CENTURY"]. ''Sudan Notes and Records''. '''58''': 85–106. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0375-2984 0375-2984]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44947358 44947358]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>Bean, Frank D.; Brown, Susan K. (1 March 2023). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c2qxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 Selected Topics in Migration Studies]''. Springer Nature. p. 27. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-031-19631-7|978-3-031-19631-7]]</bdi>. <q>Trans-Saharan slave trade was conducted within the ambits of the trans-Saharan trade, otherwise referred to as the Arab trade. Trans-Saharan trade, conducted across the Sahara Desert, was a web of commercial interactions between the Arab world (North Africa and the Persian Gulf) and sub-Saharan Africa.</q></ref> e ne e le kgwebo ya makgoba e mo go yon makgoba a neng a rwalwa thata go kgabaganya Sahara. Bontsi jwa one a ne a fudusiwa go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go ya kwa Aforika Bokone gore a rekisediwe ditlhabologo tsa Mediterranean le Botlhabagare; peresente e nnye e ne e boela kwa ntlheng e nngwe.<ref name=":0">Bradley, Keith R. "Apuleius and the sub-Saharan slave trade". ''Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays''. p. 177.</ref> Diphopholetso tsa palo yotlhe ya makgoba a mantsho a a neng a fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go ya kwa lefatsheng la Maarabea di simolola ka didikadike di le thataro go ya go di le lesome, mme ditsela tsa kgwebo tsa trans-Sahara di ne tsa fetisa palo e e bonalang ya palogotlhe eno, ka phopholetso e le nngwe e e neng e bala makgoba a a ka nnang didikadike di le 7.2 a a neng a kgabaganya Sahara go tloga mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga fa kgwebo ya bokgoba e fedisiwa.<ref>[[:en:Trans-Saharan_slave_trade#CITEREFSegal2001|Segal 2001]], p. 55-57. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref name=":2">Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nQbylEdqJKkC Islam and the Abolition of Slavery]''. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–12. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522151-0|978-0-19-522151-0]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1045855145 1045855145]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Maarabea a ne a laola le go tsamaisa kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara,<ref>Ayittey, George (1 September 2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sW-wCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA450 Indigenous African Institutions: 2nd Edition]''. BRILL. p. 450. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4003-1|978-90-474-4003-1]]</bdi>. <q>While the Europeans organized the West African slave trade, the Arabs managed the East African and trans-Saharan counterparts.</q></ref> le fa Maberber le one a ne a amega ka tlhagafalo.<ref>Badru, Pade; Sackey, Brigid M. (23 May 2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BQx9lqZheggC&pg=PA54 Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform]''. Scarecrow Press. p. 54. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8470-0|978-0-8108-8470-0]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Go bapa le Maaforika a a kwa borwa jwa Sahara, Maturkey, Ma-Iran, Ma-Yuropa le Ma-Berber ba ne ba le gareng ga batho ba ba neng ba rekisiwa ke Maarabea, mme kgwebo e ne e dirwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe la Maarabea, segolobogolo kwa Asia Bophirima, Aforika Bokone, Aforika Botlhaba, le Yuropa.<ref>Akinbode, Ayomide (20 December 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231206205820/https://www.thehistoryville.com/arab-slave-trade/ "The Forgotten Arab Slave Trade of East Africa"]. ''The History Ville''. Archived from [https://www.thehistoryville.com/arab-slave-trade/ the original] on 6 December 2023. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> == Kgwebo ya pele ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara == Direkoto tsa kgwebo ya makgoba le dipalangwa kwa Sahara di simolola kwa morago kwa mileniamong wa boraro BC ka nako ya puso ya kgosi ya Egepeto Sneferu yo o neng a kgabaganya cataract ya bone ya Nile go tsena mo go se gompieno e leng Sudan ya gompieno go tshwara makgoba le go ba romela kwa bokone.<ref>Gordon, Murray (1989). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC&pg=PA122 Slavery in the Arab World]''. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 108. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-941533-30-0|978-0-941533-30-0]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120917849 1120917849]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Diphuruphuso tseo tsa magolegwa a ntwa, a moragonyana a neng a nna makgoba, e ne e le selomodiro Mokgatsheng wa Nile wa bogologolo le kwa Aforika. Ka dinako tsa phenyo le morago ga go fenya dintwa, Ba-Nubia ba bogologolo ba ne ba tsewa jaaka makgoba ke Baegepeto ba bogologolo.<ref>Redford, D. B.. From Slave to Pharaoh: The Black Experience of Ancient Egypt. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Project MUSE</ref> Ba-Garamante ba ne ba ikaegile thata ka tiro ya makgoba go tswa kwa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/05/gaddafi-sahara-lost-civilisation-garamantes "Fall of Gaddafi opens a new era for the Sahara's lost civilisation"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2011. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Ba ne ba dirisa makgoba mo merafeng ya bone go aga le go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsa nosetso tse di ka fa tlase ga lefatshe tse di neng di itsege mo Maberber jaaka ''foggara''.<ref>David Mattingly. "The Garamantes and the Origins of Saharan Trade". ''Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–28.</ref> Raditiragalo wa bogologolo wa Mogerika Herodotus o ne a kwala ka ngwagakgolo wa botlhano BC gore Bagaramante ba ne ba dira MaEthiopia ba ba neng ba nna mo logageng makgoba, ba ba neng ba itsege jaaka Troglodytae, ba ba lelekisa ka dikara.<ref>Austen, R. (2015). "Regional study: Trans-Saharan trade". In C. Benjamin (Ed.), ''The Cambridge World History'' pp. 662–686. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139059251.026</ref> Mo Pusong ya Roma ya ntlha, toropo ya Lepcis e ne ya tlhoma mmaraka wa makgoba go reka le go rekisa makgoba go tswa kwa bogareng jwa Aforika ya Bantu.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwagakgolo wa botlhano AD, Carthage ya Roma e ne e gweba ka makgoba a mantsho a a neng a tlisiwa go kgabaganya Sahara.<ref name=":1">Wilson, Andrew. "Saharan Exports to the Roman World". ''Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]]. pp. 192–3. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Mmusomogolo o ne wa tlhoma lekgetho la melelwane mo kgwebong ya makgoba.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Go lebega makgoba a bantsho a ne a tsewa a le botlhokwa jaaka makgoba a mo gae ka ntlha ya tebego ya one e e sa tlwaelegang.<ref name=":1" /> Boraditso bangwe ba bolela gore selekanyo sa kgwebo ya makgoba mo pakeng eno se ka tswa se ne se le kwa godimo go feta mo metlheng ya bogare ka ntlha ya go batlega thata ga makgoba mo Pusong ya Roma.<ref name=":1" /> Le fa go ntse jalo kgwebo ya makgoba go ralala Sahara mo nakong ya bogologolo e ka tswa e ne e le nnye e bile e le sewelo ka kgwebo ya Sahara e ne e sa fitlhelele bogolo jo bogolo go fitlha Maarabea le Maberber ba tsenya dipalo tse dintsi tsa dikamela mo sekakeng.<ref>Segal, Ronald (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fdh3GYnXvrAC Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora]''. Macmillan. pp. 129–130. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52797-6|978-0-374-52797-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1014163824 1014163824]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:Trans-Saharan_slave_trade#CITEREFGordon1989|Gordon 1989]], p. 108-110. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Tsela ya kgwebisano ya koloi ya Bogologolo ya Garamantian fa gare ga lebopo la Tripolitania go kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Letsheng la Chad e ne e tsamaisa diphologolo tse di kwa pele tsa disorokisi, gauta, cabochon le dilo tse di tala tsa go dira dijo le go dira dinkgisamonate, mme gape le makgoba; kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika le fa go ntse jalo e ka tswa e ne e lekanyeditswe pele ga paka ya Boiselamo, mme makgoba a Aforika a ne a lebega a le mmalwa mo Mmusong wa Roma, kwa a neng a tsewa jaaka makgoba a manobonobo a a sa tlwaelegang.<ref>Wright, J. (2007). The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p.15-16</ref> == Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara ya dingwaga tsa magare == [[Setshwantsho:African slave trade.png|thumb|Ditsela tse dikgolo tsa makgoba mo Aforika wa bogologolo]] Paul Lovejoy o fopholetsa gore makgoba a bantsho a ka nna didikadike di le thataro a ne a rwalwa go kgabaganya Sahara magareng ga dingwaga tsa 650 AD le 1500 AD.<ref name=":2" /> Kgwebo ya makgoba ya trans-Sahara, e e neng ya tlhongwa mo Bogologolong,<ref name=":1" /> e ne ya tswelela ka Metlha ya Bogare. Morago ga go fenya Aforika Bokone mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la boferabobedi la dingwaga, Maarabea, Ba-Berber le merafe e mengwe ba ne ba tsena mo Aforika yo o kwa Borwa jwa Sahara la ntlha go bapa le Mokgatsha wa Nile go ya kwa Nubia, mme gape ba kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Aforika Bophirima. Ba ne ba kgatlhegela kgwebo ya go kgabaganya Sahara, segolobogolo makgoba, ka go ne go nna go batlega makgoba kwa merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Maarabea le Constantinople.<ref>[[:en:Trans-Saharan_slave_trade#CITEREFGordon1989|Gordon 1989]], p. 114-115. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> Bagwebi ba makgoba ba MaMoslem ba ne ba itlhaola mo bathong ba ba kwa letlhakoreng le lengwe la Sahara, ba bitsa batho bano ba Aforika ba re ke ''Zanj'' kgotsa ''Sudan'' e e kayang "bantsho".<ref>Lewis, Bernard (1992). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WdjvedBeMHYC Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry]''. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–51. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5|978-0-19-505326-5]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1022745387 1022745387]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == nr6ekjf7dvsssifsjkovuxfrr83ub8x 0 10607 40438 2025-06-10T20:26:28Z KatieKea 10150 ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e le go tsenya metswedi le ditshwantsho #AWC2025 40438 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Mulay Ismail.jpg|thumb|Ismail lbn Sharif, yo o itsegeng ka serapa sa dinyatsi tsa makgoba ga mmogo le sesole sa makgoba.]] [[Setshwantsho:Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 044.jpg|thumb|Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 044]] [[Setshwantsho:Arabslavers.jpg|thumb|Sesupo sa makgoba a rwelwe go ralala sekaka sa Sahara]] [[Setshwantsho:Le Petit Parisien 2 Jun 1907, Au Maroc - Le Marché d'Esclaves de Marakech.jpg|thumb|Mmaraka wa bokgoba kwa Marrakesh jaaka o supiwa mo kgabareng ya ''Le Petit Parisien'' ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mabedi, 1907.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k910371s "Le Petit Parisien. Supplément littéraire illustré"]. ''Gallica''. 1907-06-02. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025</ref>]] [[Setshwantsho:Tafilet; the narrative of a journey of exploration in the Atlas mountains and the oases of the north-west Sahara (1895) (14596234198).jpg|thumb|Tafilet; tlhaloso ya loeto lwa go sika kwadithabeng tsa Atlas le megobe ya Bokone-bophirima jwa Sahara (1895) (14596234198)]] '''Bokgoba''' bo ne bo ntse bo le teng kwa Morocco go tloga bogologolo go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga. Morocco e ne e le bogare jwa tsela ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan ya Maaforika a Bantsho a a dirilweng makgoba go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga, mmogo le bogare jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Barbary ya Bayuropa ba ba neng ba tshwerwe ke dirukutlhi tsa Barbary go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Kgwebo ya makgoba e e bulegileng e ne ya feleletsa e gatelelwa kwa Morocco ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920. Ba-haratin le ba-gnawa ba ile ba bidiwa ditlogolwana tsa batho ba e kileng ya bo e le makgoba. == Kgwebo ya makgoba == == Metswedi == a638wemzd55gd1nca17zai1ambtnhp6 40441 40438 2025-06-11T09:21:35Z KatieKea 10150 Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025 40441 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Mulay Ismail.jpg|thumb|Ismail lbn Sharif, yo o itsegeng ka serapa sa dinyatsi tsa makgoba ga mmogo le sesole sa makgoba.]] [[Setshwantsho:Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 044.jpg|thumb|Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 044]] [[Setshwantsho:Arabslavers.jpg|thumb|Sesupo sa makgoba a rwelwe go ralala sekaka sa Sahara]] [[Setshwantsho:Le Petit Parisien 2 Jun 1907, Au Maroc - Le Marché d'Esclaves de Marakech.jpg|thumb|Mmaraka wa bokgoba kwa Marrakesh jaaka o supiwa mo kgabareng ya ''Le Petit Parisien'' ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mabedi, 1907.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k910371s "Le Petit Parisien. Supplément littéraire illustré"]. ''Gallica''. 1907-06-02. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025</ref>]] [[Setshwantsho:Tafilet; the narrative of a journey of exploration in the Atlas mountains and the oases of the north-west Sahara (1895) (14596234198).jpg|thumb|Tafilet; tlhaloso ya loeto lwa go sika kwadithabeng tsa Atlas le megobe ya Bokone-bophirima jwa Sahara (1895) (14596234198)]] '''Bokgoba''' bo ne bo ntse bo le teng kwa Morocco go tloga bogologolo go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga. Morocco e ne e le bogare jwa tsela ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan ya Maaforika a Bantsho a a dirilweng makgoba go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga, mmogo le bogare jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Barbary ya Bayuropa ba ba neng ba tshwerwe ke dirukutlhi tsa lewatle tsa Barbary go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Kgwebo ya makgoba e e bulegileng e ne ya feleletsa e gatelelwa kwa Morocco ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920. Ba-haratin le ba-gnawa ba nna ba bidiwa ditlogolwana tsa batho ba e kileng ya bo e le makgoba. == Kgwebo ya makgoba == === Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika === Go tloga ka lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga ka nako ya Metlha ya Bogare go fitlha kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, Morocco e ne e le lefelo la kgwebo ya makgoba ya MaAforika a a neng a dirwa makgoba mo tseleng e e tswang kwa Timbuktu go ya kwa mmarakeng wa makgoba kwa Marrakesh, kwa ba neng ba rwalwa teng go isiwa kwa Morocco yotlhe le lefatshe lotlhe la Mediterranean.<ref name=":0">Zahra Babar: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KPcTEAAAQBAJ&dq=slavery+morocco+banned&pg=PA169 Mobility and Forced Displacement in the Middle East]'', p. 169. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.</ref> Go ya ka molao wa Seiselamo wa gore MaMoslem ba ne ba gololesegile go dira batho ba e seng MaMoslem makgoba, merafe ya MAaforika e e neng e sokologela mo Islam e ne ya tshwara batho ba e seng MaMoslem mme ya ba romela kwa ntle mo tseleng ya kgwebo go bapa le lotshitshi lwa bokone go ya kwa Morocco. Ka nako ya puso ya Almoravid (1040–1147) tsela ya kgwebo e ne ya romela dibetsa le masela go tswa kwa Spain kwa bokone go ya kwa Senegal kwa borwa jwa Sahara, ka phapanyetsano ya gauta, tlou, letswai le makgoba go tswa kwa mafelong a e seng a SeIslam kwa borwa jwa Senegal go ya kwa Morocco, al-Andalus kwa Spain le lefatshe la Mediterranean.<ref>Oxford University Press: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ssNMAgAAQBAJ&dq=slavery+morocco+banned&pg=RA3-PA110 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History]''. p. 1110. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.</ref> Jaaka thopo ya ntwa morago ga go fenya Mmusomogolo wa Songhai, sultan Isma'il ibn Sharif wa kwa Morocco o ne a romelelwa diketekete tsa makgoba a a tswang kwa borwa jwa Sahara go tswa kwa Timbuktu ngwaga le ngwaga, bao ba neng ba oketsa setlhopha sa gagwe se segolo sa makgoba a bantsho ba Aforika le masole a makgoba a Haratin a a bidiwang Black Guard (kgotsa Abid al-Bukhari). Ba ne ba sokologela kwa Islam ka fa tlase ga Maarabea le Berbers<ref>Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA549 Encyclopedia of Africa]. Oxford University Press. p. 549. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9|978-0-19-533770-9]]., Quote: "Haratine. Social caste in several northwestern African countries consisting of blacks, many of whom are former slaves (...)"</ref> mme ba ne ba tsenngwa mo sesoleng sa Morocco ba pateletswa ke Ismail Ibn Sharif (Sultan wa Morocco go tloga ka 1672 go ya go 1727) go tiisa maatla.<ref>Meyers, Allan R. (1977). "Class, Ethnicity, and Slavery: The Origins of the Moroccan 'Abid". ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''10''' (3). Boston University African Studies Center: 427–442. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/216736|10.2307/216736]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/216736 216736]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.</ref> Tsela ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan go tswa kwa toropong ya Timbuktu e ne e ya kwa toropong ya Marrakesh kwa Morocco, e e neng e itsege e le lefelo le legolo la mmaraka wa Mediterranean wa makgoba a Aforika go tloga ka lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go ya pele, mme e ne ya tswelela go nna jalo ka dingwaga tse di fetang sekete, go fitlha Morocco e nna ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya Fora mo lekgolong la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":0" /> Mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, makgoba a a magareng ga 3500 le 4000 a Maaforika a ne a rekisiwa kwa Morocco ka kgwebo ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan ngwaga le ngwaga. ka bo1880, a ne a santse a le makgolo a matlhano ka ngwaga.<ref>UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. VI, Abridged Edition: Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s. (1998). Storbritannien: University of California Press. p74</ref> Bontsi jwa dinyatsi kwa Morocco e ne e le batho ba bantsho, ka ga di ne di tsewa motlhofo mo mebarakeng ya selegae ka ntlha ya tlamelo e e tswelelang ya ngwaga le ngwaga go tswa mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara.<ref>El Hamel, Chouki (2014). ''Black Morocco''. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781107651777|9781107651777]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bongwe ka 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == b704cq9ek0tahrrrembifz2gcs1yshe 40442 40441 2025-06-11T09:44:16Z KatieKea 10150 /* Kgwebo ya makgoba */ Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. #AWC2025 40442 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Mulay Ismail.jpg|thumb|Ismail lbn Sharif, yo o itsegeng ka serapa sa dinyatsi tsa makgoba ga mmogo le sesole sa makgoba.]] [[Setshwantsho:Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 044.jpg|thumb|Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 044]] [[Setshwantsho:Arabslavers.jpg|thumb|Sesupo sa makgoba a rwelwe go ralala sekaka sa Sahara]] [[Setshwantsho:Le Petit Parisien 2 Jun 1907, Au Maroc - Le Marché d'Esclaves de Marakech.jpg|thumb|Mmaraka wa bokgoba kwa Marrakesh jaaka o supiwa mo kgabareng ya ''Le Petit Parisien'' ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mabedi, 1907.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k910371s "Le Petit Parisien. Supplément littéraire illustré"]. ''Gallica''. 1907-06-02. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025</ref>]] [[Setshwantsho:Tafilet; the narrative of a journey of exploration in the Atlas mountains and the oases of the north-west Sahara (1895) (14596234198).jpg|thumb|Tafilet; tlhaloso ya loeto lwa go sika kwadithabeng tsa Atlas le megobe ya Bokone-bophirima jwa Sahara (1895) (14596234198)]] '''Bokgoba''' bo ne bo ntse bo le teng kwa Morocco go tloga bogologolo go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga. Morocco e ne e le bogare jwa tsela ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan ya Maaforika a Bantsho a a dirilweng makgoba go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga, mmogo le bogare jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Barbary ya Bayuropa ba ba neng ba tshwerwe ke dirukutlhi tsa lewatle tsa Barbary go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Kgwebo ya makgoba e e bulegileng e ne ya feleletsa e gatelelwa kwa Morocco ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920. Ba-haratin le ba-gnawa ba nna ba bidiwa ditlogolwana tsa batho ba e kileng ya bo e le makgoba. == Kgwebo ya makgoba == === Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika === Go tloga ka lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga ka nako ya Metlha ya Bogare go fitlha kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, Morocco e ne e le lefelo la kgwebo ya makgoba ya MaAforika a a neng a dirwa makgoba mo tseleng e e tswang kwa Timbuktu go ya kwa mmarakeng wa makgoba kwa Marrakesh, kwa ba neng ba rwalwa teng go isiwa kwa Morocco yotlhe le lefatshe lotlhe la Mediterranean.<ref name=":0">Zahra Babar: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KPcTEAAAQBAJ&dq=slavery+morocco+banned&pg=PA169 Mobility and Forced Displacement in the Middle East]'', p. 169. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.</ref> Go ya ka molao wa Seiselamo wa gore MaMoslem ba ne ba gololesegile go dira batho ba e seng MaMoslem makgoba, merafe ya MAaforika e e neng e sokologela mo Islam e ne ya tshwara batho ba e seng MaMoslem mme ya ba romela kwa ntle mo tseleng ya kgwebo go bapa le lotshitshi lwa bokone go ya kwa Morocco. Ka nako ya puso ya Almoravid (1040–1147) tsela ya kgwebo e ne ya romela dibetsa le masela go tswa kwa Spain kwa bokone go ya kwa Senegal kwa borwa jwa Sahara, ka phapanyetsano ya gauta, tlou, letswai le makgoba go tswa kwa mafelong a e seng a SeIslam kwa borwa jwa Senegal go ya kwa Morocco, al-Andalus kwa Spain le lefatshe la Mediterranean.<ref>Oxford University Press: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ssNMAgAAQBAJ&dq=slavery+morocco+banned&pg=RA3-PA110 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History]''. p. 1110. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.</ref> Jaaka thopo ya ntwa morago ga go fenya Mmusomogolo wa Songhai, sultan Isma'il ibn Sharif wa kwa Morocco o ne a romelelwa diketekete tsa makgoba a a tswang kwa borwa jwa Sahara go tswa kwa Timbuktu ngwaga le ngwaga, bao ba neng ba oketsa setlhopha sa gagwe se segolo sa makgoba a bantsho ba Aforika le masole a makgoba a Haratin a a bidiwang Black Guard (kgotsa Abid al-Bukhari). Ba ne ba sokologela kwa Islam ka fa tlase ga Maarabea le Berbers<ref>Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA549 Encyclopedia of Africa]. Oxford University Press. p. 549. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9|978-0-19-533770-9]]., Quote: "Haratine. Social caste in several northwestern African countries consisting of blacks, many of whom are former slaves (...)"</ref> mme ba ne ba tsenngwa mo sesoleng sa Morocco ba pateletswa ke Ismail Ibn Sharif (Sultan wa Morocco go tloga ka 1672 go ya go 1727) go tiisa maatla.<ref>Meyers, Allan R. (1977). "Class, Ethnicity, and Slavery: The Origins of the Moroccan 'Abid". ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''10''' (3). Boston University African Studies Center: 427–442. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/216736|10.2307/216736]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/216736 216736]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.</ref> Tsela ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan go tswa kwa toropong ya Timbuktu e ne e ya kwa toropong ya Marrakesh kwa Morocco, e e neng e itsege e le lefelo le legolo la mmaraka wa Mediterranean wa makgoba a Aforika go tloga ka lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go ya pele, mme e ne ya tswelela go nna jalo ka dingwaga tse di fetang sekete, go fitlha Morocco e nna ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya Fora mo lekgolong la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":0" /> Mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, makgoba a a magareng ga 3500 le 4000 a Maaforika a ne a rekisiwa kwa Morocco ka kgwebo ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan ngwaga le ngwaga. ka bo1880, a ne a santse a le makgolo a matlhano ka ngwaga.<ref>UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. VI, Abridged Edition: Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s. (1998). Storbritannien: University of California Press. p74</ref> Bontsi jwa dinyatsi kwa Morocco e ne e le batho ba bantsho, ka ga di ne di tsewa motlhofo mo mebarakeng ya selegae ka ntlha ya tlamelo e e tswelelang ya ngwaga le ngwaga go tswa mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara.<ref>El Hamel, Chouki (2014). ''Black Morocco''. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781107651777|9781107651777]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bongwe ka 2025.</ref> === '''Kgwebo ya makgoba ya''' '''Yuropa''' === Go tloga ka lekgolo la bolesome le borataro go ya go la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga, Aforika Bokone ya Ottoman e ne e le boremelelo jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Barbary koo dikepe tsa Yuropa le metse e e mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle e e bapileng le Mediterranean di neng di tlhaselwa ke dirukutlhi tsa Barbary. Morocco mmogo le Algiers le dikgaolo tse dingwe tsa Aforika Bokone ya Ottoman, le yone e ne e le boremelelo jwa kgwebo ya makgoba. Ka dinako tse dingwe ditlhaselo tseno tsa makgoba kgotsa di-razzia di ne di feta ka kwa ga Mediterranean, mme le mafelo a a kwa bokone jaaka Ireland a ne a tlhaselwa gangwe fela. Dikepe tsa Amerika kwa Mediterranean le tsone di ne di tlhaselwa.<ref>Conlin, Joseph (2009), ''[https://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=9780495572886 The American Past: A Survey of American History]'', [[:en:Boston|Boston]], [[:en:Massachusetts|MA]]: Wadsworth, p. 206, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57288-6|978-0-495-57288-6]]</bdi>, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.</ref> Bontsi jwa makgoba a a neng a rekisiwa go kgabaganya kgaolo ya Mediterranean a ne a tswa thata mo Aforika le Yuropa go tloga ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bosupa go ya go la bolesome le botlhano.<ref>McDaniel, Antonio (1995), ''Swing low, sweet chariot: the mortality cost of colonizing Liberia in the nineteenth century'', University of Chicago Press, p. 11, ISBN 978-0-226-55724-3. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.</ref> Mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga, MaEthiopia ba ne ba rekisa makgoba go tswa kwa mafelong a a kwa melelwaneng ya bophirima (gantsi fela kwa ntle ga puso ya Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia) kgotsa Ennarea.<ref>Emery Van Donzel, "Primary and Secondary Sources for Ethiopian Historiography. The Case of Slavery and Slave-Trade in Ethiopia," in Claude Lepage, ed., ''Études éthiopiennes'', vol I. France: Société française pour les études éthiopiennes, 1994, pp.187-88.</ref> Go tloga ka lekgolo la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga go fitlha kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, Morocco gape e ne e le boremelelo jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Barbary ya Bayuropa ba ba neng ba tshwerwe ke dirukutlhi tsa barbary kwa lewatleng la Atlantic le la Mediterranean. Batlhabani ba Barbary le badiri go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le gaufi le go ikemela<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rWIJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA2 Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne]'' (in French). 1834. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.</ref> tsa Ottoman tsa Aforika Bokone tsa Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, le Sultanate e e ikemetseng ya Morocco ka fa tlase ga losika lwa segosi lwa Alaouite (lotshitshi la Barbary) e ne e le sefako sa Mediterranean.<ref>Masselman, George. ''[https://www.questia.com/read/59497520/the-cradle-of-colonialism The Cradle of Colonialism]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170904062150/https://www.questia.com/read/59497520/the-cradle-of-colonialism Archived] 4 September 2017 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [[oclc:242863|242863]]. p. 205. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.</ref> Go gapa dikepe tsa kgwebo le go dira badiri ba tsone makgoba kana go ba rekolola go ne ga dira gore babusi ba ditshaba tseno ba nne le dikhumo le maatla a sesole sa lewatle. Mokgatlho wa Tharonngwe, kgotsa mokgatlho wa "Mathurins", o ne o dira go tswa kwa Fora ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga ka thomo e e kgethegileng ya go kokoanya le go ntsha madi a go thusa le go rekolola magolegwa a dirukutlhi tsa Mediterranean. Go ya ka Robert Davis, Bayuropa ba ba fa gare ga sedikadike se le sengwe le se le sengwe le sephatlo sa sephatlo ba ne ba tshwarwa ke dirukutlhi tsa kwa Barbary mme ba rekisiwa jaaka makgoba fa gare ga lekgolo la bolesome le borataro le la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga.<ref>R. Davis (2003). [[iarchive:trent_0116405722392/page/|''Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800''.]] Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. https://news.osu.edu/when-europeans-were-slaves--research-suggests-white-slavery-was-much-more-common-than-previously-believed<nowiki>/[1]</nowiki>^{[''[[:en:Wikipedia:Citing_sources|page needed]]'']}. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4551-8|978-1-4039-4551-8]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025. </ref> == Metswedi == tgzgu9y28q3oufqpjv7oei1f77rh2jn 0 10608 40443 2025-06-11T11:10:58Z KatieKea 10150 ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e le go tsenya metswedi le ditshwantsho #AWC2025 40443 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bokgoba''' bo ne bo le teng kwa Comoros go fitlha ka 1904. Comoros e ne e le motsayakarolo mo kgwebong ya makgoba kwa Indian Ocean, moo makgoba go tswa kwa lotshitshing lwa Seswahili kwa Afrika Botlhaba ba neng ba rekisiwa go kgabaganya Indian Ocean go ya kwa Oman kwa Arabian Peninsula, mme e ne e le nngwe ya batsayakarolo ba bagolo ba kgwebo ya makgoba go bapa le kgwebo ya makgoba ya Zanzibar. == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:Moroni-Harbour.jpg|thumb|Maemelodikepe a Moroni]] [[Setshwantsho:Moroni-Port.jpg|thumb|Maemelodikepe a Moroni]] [[Setshwantsho:Moroni-Place des Assemblées.jpg|thumb|Moroni-Place des Assemblées]] Bokgoba bo ne bo le teng kwa Comoros fa fela ditso ya ditlhaketlhake e kwadilwe, mme e ka tswa e ne e tsentswe ke kgwebo ya makgoba ya Maarabea. === Kgwebo ya bokgoba ya Comoros === Morago ga dingwaga tsa bo1820, kgwebo ya makgoba ya kwa Comoros e ne ya atologa go nna karolo e kgolo ya kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Indian Ocean, e e neng e na le madi a mantsi mme ya nna nngwe ya lotseno lo logolo lwa ditlhaketlhake go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Dikepe tsa Arabia dhow, gantsi di ne di hirilwe kgotsa e le karolo ya kgwebo, ka setlhopha sa Maarabea le Seswahili, se se neng se le makgoba ka bontlhabongwe kgotsa ka botlalo, moo poelo e neng e kgaoganngwa magareng ga mong, mokapotene le badiri (makgoba a setlhopha a ne a tshwanelwa ke go neela motlhanka wa bone sephatlo sa tuelo ya bone).<ref>Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press. 80</ref> Mmogo le Zanzibar, Comoros e ne e romela makgoba kwa Oman kwa Arabian Peninsula.<ref>Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press.</ref> Comoros e ne ya nna lefelo le le bogareng la kgwebo ya makgoba magareng ga lotshitshi lwa Seswahili kwa Aforika Botlhaba go ya kwa French Réunion fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa kwa Réunion mme bo emisediwa ke thulaganyo ya go dira tiro e e gololesegileng (1848–1864), fa makgoba a ne a romelwa kwa Comoros, mme morago go tswa kwa Comoros go ya kwa Réunion jaaka badiri ba ba gololesegileng.<ref>Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press.</ref> Comoros e ne e reka makgoba go tswa kwa Mozambique ya Portugal kgotsa bagwebi ba makgoba ba Maarabea ba kwa lotshitshing lwa Seswahili, jaaka kgwebo ya makgoba ya Zanzibar, Ouitangonha, Angoche kgotsa Kilwa, ba ba neng ba romela makgoba a makua a le mantsi kwa Comoros.<ref>Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press.</ref> Kwa Comoros, makgoba a naga e kgolo a ne a bewa ngwaga o le mongwe, morago ga moo a romelwa kwa Réunion, semmuso e le badiri ba ba gololesegileng go tswa kwa Comoros.<ref>Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press.</ref> Comoros le yone e ne e romela makgoba kwa Madagascar go fitlha ka bo1860.<ref>Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press.</ref> Go tila British Anti Slavery Patrol Fleet mo Indian Ocean, dikepe tsa makgoba go tswa kwa Zanzibar gammogo le go tswa kwa Comoros di ne di dirisa dipampiri tsa maaka go tswa kwa French Mayotte kwa Comoros go neela lefelo le le seng boammaaruri la loeto lwa bone le go tila go thopiwa ga Borithane.<ref>Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press.</ref> == Metswedi == 5xjkp2f4x4jsdkbijcjfvu7h1ivs2ih