Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.6 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 10640 40587 40586 2025-06-18T12:00:01Z JudithShe 9421 ke tsentse senepe sa ga Audley Moore 40587 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Audley Moore (13270254614).jpg|thumb|Senepe sa ga Audley Moore, o o itsegeng jaaka Mmakgosi Moore.]] '''Audley "Mmakgosi" Moore''' (o o tshotsweng ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 1898, a tlhokfala ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 1997), e ne e le molweladitshwanelo wa kwa [[USA|America]] le motho montsho o e neng e le tsala le baeteledipele ba balweladitshwanelo ba tshwana le Marcus Gravey, [[Nelson Mandela]], Winnie Mandela, Rosa Parks le Jesse jackson. E ne e le motho o o itsegeng mo letsholong la ditshwanelo tsa setho kwa America ebile e le mosimolodi wa Republic of New Afrika. Delois Blakey e ene e le mothusi wa gagwe dingwaga di le masome mabedi. Blakey o ne morago a tlhongwa kwa Ghana e le Nana "mmakgosi". == Botshelo jwa a santse a le mmotlana == Mmakgosi Moore o tshotswe e le Audley moore kwa New Iberia, kwa Louisana, e le ngwana wa ga Ella le St. Cyr Moore ka Phukwi a le malatsi a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 1898. Rragwe, ebong St, Cyr Moore, e ne e le morongwa wa kereke ya Iberia. O ne a nyala gararo mme a na le bana ba ferabobedi. Fa a santse a nyetse Ella Moore, mmakgosi Moore e ne ele ene o motona mo baneng ba le bararo, bomonnawe e le Lorita le Eloise. Fa e santse e le bana, Moore le bomonnawe ba ne ba tsena sekolo sa St. Catherine sa Roma.<ref name=":0">Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America. [https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:45173976$5i "Black Women Oral History Project. Interviews, 1976-1981. Audley Moore. OH-31. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass"]. ''Harvard University Library''. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> Mmagwe Moore o ne a tlhokafala Audley a le dingwaga tse thataro, ene le bomonnawe ba nna mo tlhokomelong ya ga mmabonemogolo. Mmagwemogolo ebong nora Henry, o ne a belegetswe mo bokgobeng, mme fa mmagwe Audley Ella a santse e le ngwana, rragwemogolo o ne a bolawa ke setlhopha sa batho, a tlogela Ella le batsalwa le ene mo tlhokomelong ya ga mmabo. Moore le bomonnawe morago ba boela mo tlhokomelong ya ga rrabo kwa New Orleans, mme rrabo a tlhokafala fa Moore a bala lokwalo lwa bone, a felele a tswa mo sekolong.<ref name=":0" /> Bojaboswa jo bo neng bo lebane Moore le bomonnawe bo ne jwa tsewa ke kgaitsadiabone, mme a ba koba mo lwapeng. Go itshetsa ene le bomonnawe, Moore o ne a rekisa meboulo ya ga rragwe ka palobalo a dirisa madi ao go firisa ntlo. Morago o ne a aketsa batho ka dingwaga tsa gagwe gore a kgone go bereka a dira meriri, maemo a a neng a ba tshetsa ka lobaka.<ref name=":0" /> Kamano ya bone le go lwela ditshwanelo e simolotse fa ba santse ba le makgarejwana, ka Moore le bomonnawe ba gwetlha baagisani ba bone ka ntwa ya lefatshe ya ntlha go thusa batho bantsho ba ba mo ntweng fa ba sana go itse gore lekgotla la Red Cross le ne le thusa masole a mmala o mosweu fela. Monnawe ebong Eloise, o ne a tlhama lekgotla la United Service la ntlha kwa Anniston Alabama. O ne a bona lefelo kwa kagong e e neng e sa dirisiwe kwa masole a lotso lo lontsho ba neng ba ya teng go itapolosa, golo mo pele go neng go letlelelwa masole a masweu fela go go dira.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1919, Moore o ne a utlwalela ka Marcus Harvey a ya go mo reetsa a bua kwa New Orleans ka ngwaga wa 1920. ka nako e, moore o ne a nyetswe mme ene le bo monnawe ba tsibogela boswa jwa bone jwa se Aforika morago ga puo ya ga Harvey.<ref name=":0" /> == Go lwela ditshwanelo == Morago ga go tsenela dipuisano tsa ga Marcus Harvey, Moore o ne a simoloa go ipaakanyetsa go fudugela kwa Aforika le monna wa gagwe. le fa go ntse jalo, morago ga go tlelwa ke mathata a tsa selegae, o ne a nna kwa United States, a fudugela pele kwa California, a tloga a ya Chicago pele ga a itshetlela kwa harley, New York le monna wa gagwe le bomonnawe ka ngwaga wa 1922.<ref name=":0" /> Moore o ne a nna bontlha jwa ditlhopha tsa go lweladitshwanelo gantsi; pele ga a nna leloko la phathi ya Communist ka ngwaga wa 1933, Moore o ne a nna leloko la International labor Defense. Mo phathing ya Communist, o ne a ikutlwa a le bontlha jwa setšhaba se a neng a nna mo go sone. O ne a bereka le phathi e ka nakwana pele ga a ithola marapo ka ngwaga wa 1950 ka ntlha ya go dumela gore phathi e ga e sa tlhole e direla dikgathlego tsa batho bantsho.<ref name=":0" /> Morago ga go kopana le Mary McLeod Bethune kwa Washington, Moore o ne a nna leloko la khansele ya basadi ba bantsho. Moore o ne a buisana le boidiidi jwa batho ba ba neng ba kgatlhegela go lwela ditshwanelo tsa batho.<ref name=":0" /> Morago Moore o ne a nna moeteledipele wa UNIA, e e tlhamilweng ka ngwaga wa 1914, ke Marcus Harvey. O ne a tsaya karolo mo bokopanong jwa ntlha jwa ga Harvey kwa New York. Mo godimo ga go nna moeteledipele wa letsholo la ditshwanelo tsa batho, Moore o ne a berekela matsholo a a farologanneg dingwaga di ka nna masome a marataro. O tlhageletse la bofelo mo setšhabeng kwa mogwantong wa Million man a na le Jesse Jackson ka Phalane ngwaga wa 1995. Moore e ne e le mosimolodi ebile e le tautona wa bokopano jwa basadi ba kwa Ethiopia ebile e le mosimolodi wa komiti e e batlang dituelo tsa dikokomane tsa batswasetlhabelo ba bokgoba kwa United States. E ne e le mongwe wa ba ba simolotseng Republic of New Afrika go lwela go ikemela, lefatshe le dituelo. Ka ngwaga w a1964, Moore o ne a simolola sekolo sa Eloise Moore College of Africa Studies Mt. Addis Ababa, kwa Parksville New York. Sekolo se se ne sa lora mo molelong ka dingwaga tsa 1970.<ref name=":0" /> Ka dingwaga tsa 1950 le 1960, moore o ne a itsege e le mmueledi wa dituelo tsa batho bantsho ba kwa America. A berekela kwa Harlem le kwa lekgotleng, le kwa bokopanong jwa basadi ba Ethiopia, moore o ne a rotloetsa dituelo go tswa ka 1950 go tsena fa a tlhokafala. Le ntswa a godiseditswe mo kerekeng ya Catholic, moore o ne a ikgaoganya le yone ka nako ya ntwa ya bobedi ya Italy le Ethiopia, ka Moore a ne dumela gore Moapa Pius wa lesome le bobedi o ne a sa tseye dikgato tse di tshwanetseng mo go emeng nokeng sesole sa Italy, Moore o ne a fetola ditumelo, go tswa mo go nneg morongwa mo kerekeng ya Baptist, go nna leloko la Apostolic Othodox Church of judah, mme morago a kolobediwa mo kerekeng ya Ethiopian Othodox Church. E ne e le mongwe wa basimolodi ba komitiya go emisa kgetholo ya lotso le mmala, khansele ya dikereke tsa New York. E ne e le mongwe wa basimolodi ba lekgotla la African American Cultural Foundation, le le neng le eteletse pele go ema kgatlhanong le tiriso ya lefoko "Negro". Ka ngwaga wa 1957, Moore o ne a isa kopo kwa united Nations a isa ya bobedi kwa ngwaga wa 1959, a supa fa a ikemiseditse go ema kgatlhanong le kganyaolo, lefatshe le dituelo, se se dira gore a nne mmueledi wa mafatshe. Fa a buisana le E. Menelik Pinto, Moore o ne a tlhalosa kopo, e mo go yone a neng a kopile di dolara di le didikadike tse di makgolo mabedi go duelela dingwaga tse di makgolo mane tsa bokgoba. Kopo e e ne e kopa gape gore batho bantsho ba kwa America ba ba eletsang go boela kwa Aforika le ba batlang go ala mo America ba duelwe. MmaKgosi Moore ke ene wa ntlha go baya monwana tumalano ya Aforika o mošha. Moore o tsere loeto go ya kwa Aforika makgetho a le mantsi ka dingwaga tsa 1972 le 1977. Ka loeto lwa gagwe lwa ntlha go ya Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1972, o ne a ya Guinea ka phitlho ya ga Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, pele ga a bilediwa kwa Ghana ke kgosi. kwa Ghana o ne a neelwa maemo a go nna mmakgosi ke morafe wa Ashanti mo moletlong. O ne a boela gape kwa Aforika a ya bokopanong jwa basadi botlhe kwa Tanzania. O ne a ya gape kwa Guinea-Bissau e le moeng wa ga Amilcar Cabral, kwa Nigeria go tsenelela moletlo wa botaki le ngwao, a boela kwa Tanzania go tsenelela bokopano jwa botsalano jwa Aforika le kwa Uganda.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1990, Blakey o ne a mo tsaya go ya go kopana le Nelson mandela morago ga go gololwa kwa kgolegelong kwa Aforika Borwa, kwa go neng go nna tautona Kenneth kaunda kwa Lusaka Zambia. Ka ngwaga wa 1996, Blakey o ne a thusa Moore go tlhomamisa Winnie Mandela kwa Lowes kwa New York kwa Harlem. Modulasetilo wa ntlha wa motho montsho kwa DNC le mokwaledimogolo wa thekiso Ron Brown, Charles Rangel le David Dinkins gammogo le yo a nenga emetse ditlhopho tsa botautona Jesse Jackson ba ne ba eme nokeng, ebile ba tlotla ba bo ba lemoga go sireletsega ga ga Moore jaaka mogolwane wa bogosi kwa setšhabeng sa Harlem. Ka kgwedi ya motsheganong e le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 1997, Moore o ne a tlhokafala kwa Brooklyn ka ntlha ya malwetsi a tlholego a le dingwaga tse di masome a ferabongwe le boferabobedi.<ref>Pace, Eric (May 7, 1997). [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/07/nyregion/queen-mother-moore-98-harlem-rights-leader-dies.html "Queen Mother Moore, 98, Harlem Rights Leader, Dies"]. ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> == Dituelo le kopo kwa United Nations == Mmakgosi Moore o supiwa e le mongwe wa balweladitshwanelo ba tlhwatlhwa mo ntweng ya dituelo. Maikaelelo a gagwe a mabedi e ne e le go bona mafatshe a duelelwa tse di ba latlhegetseng mo bokgobeng, le go ikemela ga batho bantsho ba America.<ref>Moore, Queen Mother (1973). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41163797?seq=7 "The Black Scholar Interviews: Queen Mother Moore"]. ''The Black Scholar''. '''4''' (6/7): 47–55. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0006-4246 0006-4246].</ref> O ne a buelela go lemoga gore bosetlhogo jo bo dirilweng mo bathong ba Aforika ka nako ya melao ya Jim Crow le ya go tswa ga ma Aforika kwa malwapeng a bone go ya kwa lotshitshing pele ga ba rekisiwa. Tiro ya gagwe e ne e le go nna le seabe se segolo mo go akanyeng ka seabe sa basadi ba bantsho mo go duelweng le go dira makgotla a ditšhaba tsa Aforika le go batla dituelo tsa madi.<ref name=":1">Farmer, Ashley D. (2018). ""[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/704644 Somebody Has to Pay": Audley Moore and the Modern Reparations Movement"]. ''Palimpsest: A Journal on Women, Gender, and the Black International''. '''7''' (2): 108–134. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2165-1612 2165-1612].</ref> ka thotloetso ya ga marcus harvey, Moore o ne a re paakanyo e tshwanetse go akaretsa go busa madi le matlotlo a ngwao a a neng a tserwe ka nako ya bokgoba. Moore o ne a ya go nna leloko la komiti ya ditshwanelo tsa setho, mme a nna le keletso ya go bereka le ditshwanelo, mo go neng go akaretsa go ngoka makgotla a mafatshefatshe. Sebaka se se botlhokwa sa ga Moore ke ka ngwaga wa 1951 fa modulasetilo wa CRC William Patterson a ne a a fa lekgotla la United Nations kopo ya gore "re baya tlhwatlhwa mo kganyaolong".<ref>Farmer, Ashley (February 28, 2019). [https://www.aaihs.org/audley-moore-and-the-modern-reparations-movement/ "Audley Moore and the Modern Reparations Movement - AAIHS"]. ''www.aaihs.org''. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> Kopo e e ne ya upolola kgokgontsho y batho bantsho ba America, mme ya gwetlha kgato ya mafatshefatshe. Moore o berekile le Patterson, mme mo tirong eo a simolola go dira maano a go kopa makgotla a mafatshefatshe go baakanya seemo.<ref name=":1" /> == Metswedi == dzkamzmqmaaoq8m587avpyhci3ok32u 40588 40587 2025-06-18T12:04:21Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tsentse kitso ka botshelo jwa ga Mmakgosi Moore 40588 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Audley "Mmakgosi" Moore''' (o o tshotsweng ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 1898, a tlhokfala ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 1997), e ne e le molweladitshwanelo wa kwa [[USA|America]] le motho montsho o e neng e le tsala le baeteledipele ba balweladitshwanelo ba tshwana le Marcus Gravey, [[Nelson Mandela]], Winnie Mandela, {{Infobox religious biography|name=Mmakgosi Moore|birth_date=Phukwi a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa 1898|birth_place=New Iberia, Louisiana, United States|known_for=Tuelo kgotsa paakanyo ya bokgoba Ditshwanelo tsa batho kwa America|death_date=Motsheganong a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 1997|image=Audley Moore (13270254614).jpg}} Rosa Parks le Jesse jackson. E ne e le motho o o itsegeng mo letsholong la ditshwanelo tsa setho kwa America ebile e le mosimolodi wa Republic of New Afrika. Delois Blakey e ene e le mothusi wa gagwe dingwaga di le masome mabedi. Blakey o ne morago a tlhongwa kwa Ghana e le Nana "mmakgosi". == Botshelo jwa a santse a le mmotlana == Mmakgosi Moore o tshotswe e le Audley moore kwa New Iberia, kwa Louisana, e le ngwana wa ga Ella le St. Cyr Moore ka Phukwi a le malatsi a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 1898. Rragwe, ebong St, Cyr Moore, e ne e le morongwa wa kereke ya Iberia. O ne a nyala gararo mme a na le bana ba ferabobedi. Fa a santse a nyetse Ella Moore, mmakgosi Moore e ne ele ene o motona mo baneng ba le bararo, bomonnawe e le Lorita le Eloise. Fa e santse e le bana, Moore le bomonnawe ba ne ba tsena sekolo sa St. Catherine sa Roma.<ref name=":0">Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America. [https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:45173976$5i "Black Women Oral History Project. Interviews, 1976-1981. Audley Moore. OH-31. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass"]. ''Harvard University Library''. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> Mmagwe Moore o ne a tlhokafala Audley a le dingwaga tse thataro, ene le bomonnawe ba nna mo tlhokomelong ya ga mmabonemogolo. Mmagwemogolo ebong nora Henry, o ne a belegetswe mo bokgobeng, mme fa mmagwe Audley Ella a santse e le ngwana, rragwemogolo o ne a bolawa ke setlhopha sa batho, a tlogela Ella le batsalwa le ene mo tlhokomelong ya ga mmabo. Moore le bomonnawe morago ba boela mo tlhokomelong ya ga rrabo kwa New Orleans, mme rrabo a tlhokafala fa Moore a bala lokwalo lwa bone, a felele a tswa mo sekolong.<ref name=":0" /> Bojaboswa jo bo neng bo lebane Moore le bomonnawe bo ne jwa tsewa ke kgaitsadiabone, mme a ba koba mo lwapeng. Go itshetsa ene le bomonnawe, Moore o ne a rekisa meboulo ya ga rragwe ka palobalo a dirisa madi ao go firisa ntlo. Morago o ne a aketsa batho ka dingwaga tsa gagwe gore a kgone go bereka a dira meriri, maemo a a neng a ba tshetsa ka lobaka.<ref name=":0" /> Kamano ya bone le go lwela ditshwanelo e simolotse fa ba santse ba le makgarejwana, ka Moore le bomonnawe ba gwetlha baagisani ba bone ka ntwa ya lefatshe ya ntlha go thusa batho bantsho ba ba mo ntweng fa ba sana go itse gore lekgotla la Red Cross le ne le thusa masole a mmala o mosweu fela. Monnawe ebong Eloise, o ne a tlhama lekgotla la United Service la ntlha kwa Anniston Alabama. O ne a bona lefelo kwa kagong e e neng e sa dirisiwe kwa masole a lotso lo lontsho ba neng ba ya teng go itapolosa, golo mo pele go neng go letlelelwa masole a masweu fela go go dira.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1919, Moore o ne a utlwalela ka Marcus Harvey a ya go mo reetsa a bua kwa New Orleans ka ngwaga wa 1920. ka nako e, moore o ne a nyetswe mme ene le bo monnawe ba tsibogela boswa jwa bone jwa se Aforika morago ga puo ya ga Harvey.<ref name=":0" /> == Go lwela ditshwanelo == Morago ga go tsenela dipuisano tsa ga Marcus Harvey, Moore o ne a simoloa go ipaakanyetsa go fudugela kwa Aforika le monna wa gagwe. le fa go ntse jalo, morago ga go tlelwa ke mathata a tsa selegae, o ne a nna kwa United States, a fudugela pele kwa California, a tloga a ya Chicago pele ga a itshetlela kwa harley, New York le monna wa gagwe le bomonnawe ka ngwaga wa 1922.<ref name=":0" /> Moore o ne a nna bontlha jwa ditlhopha tsa go lweladitshwanelo gantsi; pele ga a nna leloko la phathi ya Communist ka ngwaga wa 1933, Moore o ne a nna leloko la International labor Defense. Mo phathing ya Communist, o ne a ikutlwa a le bontlha jwa setšhaba se a neng a nna mo go sone. O ne a bereka le phathi e ka nakwana pele ga a ithola marapo ka ngwaga wa 1950 ka ntlha ya go dumela gore phathi e ga e sa tlhole e direla dikgathlego tsa batho bantsho.<ref name=":0" /> Morago ga go kopana le Mary McLeod Bethune kwa Washington, Moore o ne a nna leloko la khansele ya basadi ba bantsho. Moore o ne a buisana le boidiidi jwa batho ba ba neng ba kgatlhegela go lwela ditshwanelo tsa batho.<ref name=":0" /> Morago Moore o ne a nna moeteledipele wa UNIA, e e tlhamilweng ka ngwaga wa 1914, ke Marcus Harvey. O ne a tsaya karolo mo bokopanong jwa ntlha jwa ga Harvey kwa New York. Mo godimo ga go nna moeteledipele wa letsholo la ditshwanelo tsa batho, Moore o ne a berekela matsholo a a farologanneg dingwaga di ka nna masome a marataro. O tlhageletse la bofelo mo setšhabeng kwa mogwantong wa Million man a na le Jesse Jackson ka Phalane ngwaga wa 1995. Moore e ne e le mosimolodi ebile e le tautona wa bokopano jwa basadi ba kwa Ethiopia ebile e le mosimolodi wa komiti e e batlang dituelo tsa dikokomane tsa batswasetlhabelo ba bokgoba kwa United States. E ne e le mongwe wa ba ba simolotseng Republic of New Afrika go lwela go ikemela, lefatshe le dituelo. Ka ngwaga w a1964, Moore o ne a simolola sekolo sa Eloise Moore College of Africa Studies Mt. Addis Ababa, kwa Parksville New York. Sekolo se se ne sa lora mo molelong ka dingwaga tsa 1970.<ref name=":0" /> Ka dingwaga tsa 1950 le 1960, moore o ne a itsege e le mmueledi wa dituelo tsa batho bantsho ba kwa America. A berekela kwa Harlem le kwa lekgotleng, le kwa bokopanong jwa basadi ba Ethiopia, moore o ne a rotloetsa dituelo go tswa ka 1950 go tsena fa a tlhokafala. Le ntswa a godiseditswe mo kerekeng ya Catholic, moore o ne a ikgaoganya le yone ka nako ya ntwa ya bobedi ya Italy le Ethiopia, ka Moore a ne dumela gore Moapa Pius wa lesome le bobedi o ne a sa tseye dikgato tse di tshwanetseng mo go emeng nokeng sesole sa Italy, Moore o ne a fetola ditumelo, go tswa mo go nneg morongwa mo kerekeng ya Baptist, go nna leloko la Apostolic Othodox Church of judah, mme morago a kolobediwa mo kerekeng ya Ethiopian Othodox Church. E ne e le mongwe wa basimolodi ba komitiya go emisa kgetholo ya lotso le mmala, khansele ya dikereke tsa New York. E ne e le mongwe wa basimolodi ba lekgotla la African American Cultural Foundation, le le neng le eteletse pele go ema kgatlhanong le tiriso ya lefoko "Negro". Ka ngwaga wa 1957, Moore o ne a isa kopo kwa united Nations a isa ya bobedi kwa ngwaga wa 1959, a supa fa a ikemiseditse go ema kgatlhanong le kganyaolo, lefatshe le dituelo, se se dira gore a nne mmueledi wa mafatshe. Fa a buisana le E. Menelik Pinto, Moore o ne a tlhalosa kopo, e mo go yone a neng a kopile di dolara di le didikadike tse di makgolo mabedi go duelela dingwaga tse di makgolo mane tsa bokgoba. Kopo e e ne e kopa gape gore batho bantsho ba kwa America ba ba eletsang go boela kwa Aforika le ba batlang go ala mo America ba duelwe. MmaKgosi Moore ke ene wa ntlha go baya monwana tumalano ya Aforika o mošha. Moore o tsere loeto go ya kwa Aforika makgetho a le mantsi ka dingwaga tsa 1972 le 1977. Ka loeto lwa gagwe lwa ntlha go ya Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1972, o ne a ya Guinea ka phitlho ya ga Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, pele ga a bilediwa kwa Ghana ke kgosi. kwa Ghana o ne a neelwa maemo a go nna mmakgosi ke morafe wa Ashanti mo moletlong. O ne a boela gape kwa Aforika a ya bokopanong jwa basadi botlhe kwa Tanzania. O ne a ya gape kwa Guinea-Bissau e le moeng wa ga Amilcar Cabral, kwa Nigeria go tsenelela moletlo wa botaki le ngwao, a boela kwa Tanzania go tsenelela bokopano jwa botsalano jwa Aforika le kwa Uganda.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1990, Blakey o ne a mo tsaya go ya go kopana le Nelson mandela morago ga go gololwa kwa kgolegelong kwa Aforika Borwa, kwa go neng go nna tautona Kenneth kaunda kwa Lusaka Zambia. Ka ngwaga wa 1996, Blakey o ne a thusa Moore go tlhomamisa Winnie Mandela kwa Lowes kwa New York kwa Harlem. Modulasetilo wa ntlha wa motho montsho kwa DNC le mokwaledimogolo wa thekiso Ron Brown, Charles Rangel le David Dinkins gammogo le yo a nenga emetse ditlhopho tsa botautona Jesse Jackson ba ne ba eme nokeng, ebile ba tlotla ba bo ba lemoga go sireletsega ga ga Moore jaaka mogolwane wa bogosi kwa setšhabeng sa Harlem. Ka kgwedi ya motsheganong e le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 1997, Moore o ne a tlhokafala kwa Brooklyn ka ntlha ya malwetsi a tlholego a le dingwaga tse di masome a ferabongwe le boferabobedi.<ref>Pace, Eric (May 7, 1997). [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/07/nyregion/queen-mother-moore-98-harlem-rights-leader-dies.html "Queen Mother Moore, 98, Harlem Rights Leader, Dies"]. ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> == Dituelo le kopo kwa United Nations == Mmakgosi Moore o supiwa e le mongwe wa balweladitshwanelo ba tlhwatlhwa mo ntweng ya dituelo. Maikaelelo a gagwe a mabedi e ne e le go bona mafatshe a duelelwa tse di ba latlhegetseng mo bokgobeng, le go ikemela ga batho bantsho ba America.<ref>Moore, Queen Mother (1973). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41163797?seq=7 "The Black Scholar Interviews: Queen Mother Moore"]. ''The Black Scholar''. '''4''' (6/7): 47–55. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0006-4246 0006-4246].</ref> O ne a buelela go lemoga gore bosetlhogo jo bo dirilweng mo bathong ba Aforika ka nako ya melao ya Jim Crow le ya go tswa ga ma Aforika kwa malwapeng a bone go ya kwa lotshitshing pele ga ba rekisiwa. Tiro ya gagwe e ne e le go nna le seabe se segolo mo go akanyeng ka seabe sa basadi ba bantsho mo go duelweng le go dira makgotla a ditšhaba tsa Aforika le go batla dituelo tsa madi.<ref name=":1">Farmer, Ashley D. (2018). ""[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/704644 Somebody Has to Pay": Audley Moore and the Modern Reparations Movement"]. ''Palimpsest: A Journal on Women, Gender, and the Black International''. '''7''' (2): 108–134. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2165-1612 2165-1612].</ref> ka thotloetso ya ga marcus harvey, Moore o ne a re paakanyo e tshwanetse go akaretsa go busa madi le matlotlo a ngwao a a neng a tserwe ka nako ya bokgoba. Moore o ne a ya go nna leloko la komiti ya ditshwanelo tsa setho, mme a nna le keletso ya go bereka le ditshwanelo, mo go neng go akaretsa go ngoka makgotla a mafatshefatshe. Sebaka se se botlhokwa sa ga Moore ke ka ngwaga wa 1951 fa modulasetilo wa CRC William Patterson a ne a a fa lekgotla la United Nations kopo ya gore "re baya tlhwatlhwa mo kganyaolong".<ref>Farmer, Ashley (February 28, 2019). [https://www.aaihs.org/audley-moore-and-the-modern-reparations-movement/ "Audley Moore and the Modern Reparations Movement - AAIHS"]. ''www.aaihs.org''. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> Kopo e e ne ya upolola kgokgontsho y batho bantsho ba America, mme ya gwetlha kgato ya mafatshefatshe. Moore o berekile le Patterson, mme mo tirong eo a simolola go dira maano a go kopa makgotla a mafatshefatshe go baakanya seemo.<ref name=":1" /> == Metswedi == bownd38qfr9kd05wjiedm2yj6fakppd 0 10641 40589 40585 2025-06-18T12:11:27Z KatieKea 10150 /* Molao o mosha */ ke simolotse go ranola karolo e #AWC2025 40589 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng''' e ne e le molao o o neng wa fetisiwa ke Congress ya bomasomemararo ya Amerika ka Lwetse a le lesome le boferabobedi, 1850,<ref>Cobb, James C. (September 18, 2015). [https://time.com/4039140/fugitive-slace-act-165/ "One of American History's Worst Laws Was Passed 165 Years Ago"]. [[:en:Time_(magazine)|Time]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> jaaka karolo ya Tumalano ya 1850 magareng ga dikgatlhego tsa Borwa mo bokgobeng le Ba-Free-Soilers ba Bokone. Molao o e ne e le nngwe ya dintlha tse di neng di ngangisanwa thata tsa tumalano ya 1850 mme ya oketsa poifo ya Bokone ya leano la maatla a makgoba. E ne e tlhoka gore makgoba otlhe a a falotseng, fa a tshwarwa, a busediwe kwa go mong wa makgoba le gore badiredipuso le baagi ba dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng ba tshwanetse go dirisana mmogo.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Allan_Nevins|Nevins, Allan]] (1947). Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852. Vol. 1. Collier Books. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0020354413|978-0020354413]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Molao o ne wa thusa mo go nneng le kgaogano e e golang ya lefatshe ka kgang ya bokgoba. E ne e le nngwe ya dintlha tse di dirileng gore go tlhomiwe Mokgatlho wa Rephaboliki le go simolola ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika.<ref>Cooke, Charles C. W.; Jahr, Michael (May 1, 2025). [https://podcast.charlescwcooke.com/episodes/episode-86-joshua-glovers-freedom "Episode 86: Joshua Glover's Freedom"]. The Charles C. W. Cooke Podcast. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> == Tshimologo == [[Setshwantsho:Slave kidnap post 1851 boston.jpg|thumb|Mokwalo wa Moranang a le masome mabedi le bone, 1851 e e neng e tlhagisa "batho ba mmala ba Boston" ka mapodisi a a dirang jaaka batshwari ba makgoba.]] Ka 1843, batho ba le makgolo a le mmalwa ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ka ngwaga ba ne ba tshabela kwa Bokone ka katlego, mme seno sa dira gore bokgoba e nne motheo o o sa tlhomamang mo dikgaolong tse di mo melelwaneng.<ref name=":0" />^{[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citing_sources|tsebe e a tlhokafala]]]} Molao wa pele wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1793 e ne e le molao wa Puso o o neng o kwadilwe ka maikaelelo a go diragatsa Molawana wa bone, Karolo ya bobedi, Polelwana ya boraro ya Molaomotheo wa Amerika, e e neng e batla gore makgoba a a tshabileng a busiwe. E ne e batla go pateletsa balaodi ba dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng go busetsa batho ba ba tshabileng bokgoba kwa bathong ba ba neng ba ba dirile makgoba. Dikgaolo di le dintsi tse di gololesegileng di ne di batla go itlhokomolosa Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng. Dikgaolo dingwe di ne tsa fetisa melao ya kgololesego ya motho ka namana, e e neng e laela gore go nne le tsheko ya jury pele ga makgoba a go tweng a tshabile a ka fudusiwa; tse dingwe di ne di thibela go dirisiwa ga dikgolegelo tsa lefelo leo kgotsa go thusiwa ke badiredibagolo ba puso go tshwara kana go busetsa makgoba a go neng go twe a tshabile. Mo dikgetseng dingwe, dijury di ne tsa gana go bona batho ba ba neng ba latofaditswe ka fa tlase ga molao wa Bosetshaba molato.<ref>Thomas D. Morris (1974). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LJmyWcP0YzIC&pg=PA49 Free Men All: The Personal Liberty Laws of the North, 1780–1861]. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 49. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9781584771074|9781584771074]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Missouri e ne e tshwara ka metlha, ka melao ya dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng tse di mabapi, gore batho ba ba neng ba makgoba a bone a neng a ba isitse ka go ithaopa go ya kwa dikgaolong tse di gololesegileng, ka maikaelelo a gore makgoba a nnele koo ruri kgotsa ka bosakhutleng, ba ne ba bona kgololesego ya bone ka ntlha ya seo.<ref>Stampp, Kenneth M. (1990). ''America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. p. 84. <q>Missouri courts on a number of occasions had granted freedom to slaves whose owners had taken them for long periods of residence in free states or territories</q></ref> Molao wa 1793 o ne o bua ka batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba neng ba tshabela kwa dikgaolong tse di gololesegileng kwantle ga tumelelo ya makgoba a bone. Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Amerika e ne ya atlhola, mo kgetsing ya ga ''Prigg v. Pennsylvania'' (1842), gore dikgaolo ga di a tshwanela go thusa mo go tsomeng kgotsa go gapa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba gape, mme seo se ne sa koafatsa molao wa 1793 thata. Morago ga 1840, batho ba Bantsho ba Cass County, Michigan ba ne ba ata fa malapa a ne a gogelwa ke go sa ikobele ga Basweu melao ya tlhaolele, ke Ba-Quaker ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba ba ema nokeng thata, le ka lefatshe le le tlhwatlhwatlase. Bantsho ba ba gololesegileng le ba ba tshabang ba ne ba bona Cass County e le botshabelo. Lesego la bone le ne la ngoka leitlho la makgoba a Borwa. Ka 1847 le 1849, balemi ba ba tswang kwa dikgaolong tsa Bourbon le Boone, kwa Kentucky, ba ne ba etelela pele diphuruphutso mo Kgaolong ya Cass go gapa gape batho ba ba neng ba tshaba bokgoba. Ditlhaselo di ne tsa palelwa, fela seemo se ne sa thusa mo ditlhokegong tsa Borwa ka 1850 go fetisa molao o o nonotshitsweng wa makgoba a a tshabileng.<ref>Wilson, Benjamin C. (1976). "Kentucky Kidnappers, Fugitives, and Abolitionists in Antebellum Cass County Michigan". ''[[:en:Michigan_History_(magazine)|Michigan History]]''. '''60''' (4): 339–358. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Boradipolotiki ba borwa gantsi ba ne ba feteletsa palo ya batho ba ba tshabelang bokgoba, ba pega molato wa go tshaba mo bafedising ba Bokone, ba ba neng ba ba bona ba tlhotlheletsa makgoba a bone a go tweng a itumetse, ba kgoreletsa "ditshwanelo tsa dithoto tsa Borwa". Go ya ka ''Columbus'' [Georgia] Enquirer ya 1850, Tshegetso e e tswang kwa bathong ba Bokone ya makgoba a a tshabileng e ne ya baka go sa rate sepe fa gare ga Bokone le Borwa go feta mabaka a mangwe otlhe fa a kopantswe.<ref>Humphreys, Hugh C. (1994). "'Agitate! Agitate! Agitate!' The Great Fugitive Slave Law Convention and its rare Daguerrotype". ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madison_County_Heritage&action=edit&redlink=1 Madison County Heritage]'' (19): 3–66. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref>: ⁶ == Molao o mosha == [[Setshwantsho:Cartoon Supporting the Fugitive Slave Act (1851).jpg|thumb|Kgatiso ka E. W. Clay, motaki yo o neng a gatisa dipopae tse dintsi tsa go dumalana le bokgoba, o rotloetsa Fugitive Slave Act wa 1850. Mo dipopaeng tseno, motho wa kwa Borwa o sotla motho wa kwa Bokone yo o bolelang gore dithoto tsa gagwe, e leng dikgethe di le mmalwa tsa letsela, di utswitswe. "Ke batshabi mo go wena, akere?" go botsa monngwa makgoba. Fa a amogela puo ya bafedisi, o tswelela ka gore, "Fa e le ka molao wa lefatshe, ke na le molao o o kwa godimo wa me, mme go nna le dilo ke dintlha di robabongwe mo molaong."|left]] Fa a tsibogela go koafala ga Molao wa ntlhantlha wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng, Senator wa Democratic James M. Mason wa Virginia o ne a kwala Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850, o o neng o otlhaya badiredi ba puso ba ba neng ba sa tshware motho yo go neng go twe o ne a tshaba bokgoba, mme wa dira gore ba duedisiwe madi a a kana ka $1,000 (e e lekanang le $37,800 ka 2024). Badiredi ba molao gongwe le gongwe ba ne ba tshwanetse go tshwara batho ba ba belaelwang gore ba falotse go dirwa makgoba ka bosupi jo bonnye fela jwa motho yo o batlang go dira bopaki jo bo ikanetsweng jwa gore ke ene mong wa lone. Go ne ga bolelwa gore ''Habeas corpus'' ga e maleba. Molaodi yo motshabi wa bokgoba a neng a tlisiwa fa pele ga gagwe go tla go reediwa—go ne go sa letlelelwe jury epe, mme motshabi yo go neng go twe o ne a tshaba mo bokgobeng o ne a sa kgone go neela bosupi<ref>Williams, Irene E. (1921). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qA8QAQAAMAAJ&q=Fugitive+Slave+Law+of+1850&pg=PA150 "The Operation of the Fugitive Slave Law in Western Pennsylvania from 1850 to 1860"]. ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine''. '''4''': 150–160. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi.</ref>—o ne a duelwa $10 (e e lekanang le $380 ka 2024) fa a ne a ka fitlhela gore motho yoo o ne a supiwa gore ke motshabi fela le $5 fela(e e lekanang lr $190 ka 2024) fa a ne a tlhomamisa gore bosupi ga bo a lekana.<ref>"The Fugitive Slave Law". ''Sabbath Recorder''. (Transcribed in Marlene K. Parks, ed., ''New York Central College, 1849–1860,'' 2017, <nowiki>ISBN 1548505757</nowiki>, Volume 1, Part 3). October 10, 1850.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, motho ope fela yo o neng a thusa motshabi ka go mo naya dijo kgotsa bonno o ne a ka tsenngwa mo kgolegelong dikgwedi di ka nna thataro le go duedisiwa madi a a ka fitlhang go $1,000. Batlhankedi ba ba neng ba tshwara motshabi mo bokgobeng ba ne ba tshwanelwa ke go newa tebogo kgotsa go tlhatlhosiwa maemo ka ntlha ya tiro ya bone. == Phelelo ya Molao o == Mo dikgatong tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika, Union e ne e se na molao o o tlhomameng wa batho ba ba neng ba tshaba bokgoba. Batho ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tswa mo masimong a bone ba lebile kwa meleng ya Union. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo dikgatong tsa ntlha tsa ntwa, batshabi ba bokgoba gantsi ba ne ba busediwa ke masole a Union kwa makgobeng a bone. Lefa go ntse jalo, Mojenerale Benjamin Butler le bangwe ba bajenerale ba bangwe ba Union ba ne ba gana go gapa gape batho ba ba neng ba tshaba ka fa tlase ga molao ka gonne Union le Confederacy di ne di lwa. O ne a gapa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba jaaka dilo tse di thibetsweng tsa ntwa mme a ba golola, ka tshiamiso ya gore go latlhegelwa ke tiro le gone go ne go tla senya Confederacy. Lincoln o ne a letla Butler go tswelela ka pholisi ya gagwe mme a ganetsa ditaelo tse di anameng tse di neng tsa ntshiwa ke balaodi ba bangwe ba Union tse di neng tsa golola batho botlhe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba mo mafelong a a neng a le ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bona. == Metswedi == c9st5y6eyemvbsll9f8ihevarpr8cpb 40590 40589 2025-06-18T12:19:29Z KatieKea 10150 /* Phelelo ya Molao o */ ke simolotse go ranola karolo e #AWC2025 40590 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng''' e ne e le molao o o neng wa fetisiwa ke Congress ya bomasomemararo ya Amerika ka Lwetse a le lesome le boferabobedi, 1850,<ref>Cobb, James C. (September 18, 2015). [https://time.com/4039140/fugitive-slace-act-165/ "One of American History's Worst Laws Was Passed 165 Years Ago"]. [[:en:Time_(magazine)|Time]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> jaaka karolo ya Tumalano ya 1850 magareng ga dikgatlhego tsa Borwa mo bokgobeng le Ba-Free-Soilers ba Bokone. Molao o e ne e le nngwe ya dintlha tse di neng di ngangisanwa thata tsa tumalano ya 1850 mme ya oketsa poifo ya Bokone ya leano la maatla a makgoba. E ne e tlhoka gore makgoba otlhe a a falotseng, fa a tshwarwa, a busediwe kwa go mong wa makgoba le gore badiredipuso le baagi ba dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng ba tshwanetse go dirisana mmogo.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Allan_Nevins|Nevins, Allan]] (1947). Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852. Vol. 1. Collier Books. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0020354413|978-0020354413]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Molao o ne wa thusa mo go nneng le kgaogano e e golang ya lefatshe ka kgang ya bokgoba. E ne e le nngwe ya dintlha tse di dirileng gore go tlhomiwe Mokgatlho wa Rephaboliki le go simolola ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika.<ref>Cooke, Charles C. W.; Jahr, Michael (May 1, 2025). [https://podcast.charlescwcooke.com/episodes/episode-86-joshua-glovers-freedom "Episode 86: Joshua Glover's Freedom"]. The Charles C. W. Cooke Podcast. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> == Tshimologo == [[Setshwantsho:Slave kidnap post 1851 boston.jpg|thumb|Mokwalo wa Moranang a le masome mabedi le bone, 1851 e e neng e tlhagisa "batho ba mmala ba Boston" ka mapodisi a a dirang jaaka batshwari ba makgoba.]] Ka 1843, batho ba le makgolo a le mmalwa ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ka ngwaga ba ne ba tshabela kwa Bokone ka katlego, mme seno sa dira gore bokgoba e nne motheo o o sa tlhomamang mo dikgaolong tse di mo melelwaneng.<ref name=":0" />^{[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citing_sources|tsebe e a tlhokafala]]]} Molao wa pele wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1793 e ne e le molao wa Puso o o neng o kwadilwe ka maikaelelo a go diragatsa Molawana wa bone, Karolo ya bobedi, Polelwana ya boraro ya Molaomotheo wa Amerika, e e neng e batla gore makgoba a a tshabileng a busiwe. E ne e batla go pateletsa balaodi ba dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng go busetsa batho ba ba tshabileng bokgoba kwa bathong ba ba neng ba ba dirile makgoba. Dikgaolo di le dintsi tse di gololesegileng di ne di batla go itlhokomolosa Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng. Dikgaolo dingwe di ne tsa fetisa melao ya kgololesego ya motho ka namana, e e neng e laela gore go nne le tsheko ya jury pele ga makgoba a go tweng a tshabile a ka fudusiwa; tse dingwe di ne di thibela go dirisiwa ga dikgolegelo tsa lefelo leo kgotsa go thusiwa ke badiredibagolo ba puso go tshwara kana go busetsa makgoba a go neng go twe a tshabile. Mo dikgetseng dingwe, dijury di ne tsa gana go bona batho ba ba neng ba latofaditswe ka fa tlase ga molao wa Bosetshaba molato.<ref>Thomas D. Morris (1974). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LJmyWcP0YzIC&pg=PA49 Free Men All: The Personal Liberty Laws of the North, 1780–1861]. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 49. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9781584771074|9781584771074]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Missouri e ne e tshwara ka metlha, ka melao ya dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng tse di mabapi, gore batho ba ba neng ba makgoba a bone a neng a ba isitse ka go ithaopa go ya kwa dikgaolong tse di gololesegileng, ka maikaelelo a gore makgoba a nnele koo ruri kgotsa ka bosakhutleng, ba ne ba bona kgololesego ya bone ka ntlha ya seo.<ref>Stampp, Kenneth M. (1990). ''America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. p. 84. <q>Missouri courts on a number of occasions had granted freedom to slaves whose owners had taken them for long periods of residence in free states or territories</q></ref> Molao wa 1793 o ne o bua ka batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba neng ba tshabela kwa dikgaolong tse di gololesegileng kwantle ga tumelelo ya makgoba a bone. Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Amerika e ne ya atlhola, mo kgetsing ya ga ''Prigg v. Pennsylvania'' (1842), gore dikgaolo ga di a tshwanela go thusa mo go tsomeng kgotsa go gapa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba gape, mme seo se ne sa koafatsa molao wa 1793 thata. Morago ga 1840, batho ba Bantsho ba Cass County, Michigan ba ne ba ata fa malapa a ne a gogelwa ke go sa ikobele ga Basweu melao ya tlhaolele, ke Ba-Quaker ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba ba ema nokeng thata, le ka lefatshe le le tlhwatlhwatlase. Bantsho ba ba gololesegileng le ba ba tshabang ba ne ba bona Cass County e le botshabelo. Lesego la bone le ne la ngoka leitlho la makgoba a Borwa. Ka 1847 le 1849, balemi ba ba tswang kwa dikgaolong tsa Bourbon le Boone, kwa Kentucky, ba ne ba etelela pele diphuruphutso mo Kgaolong ya Cass go gapa gape batho ba ba neng ba tshaba bokgoba. Ditlhaselo di ne tsa palelwa, fela seemo se ne sa thusa mo ditlhokegong tsa Borwa ka 1850 go fetisa molao o o nonotshitsweng wa makgoba a a tshabileng.<ref>Wilson, Benjamin C. (1976). "Kentucky Kidnappers, Fugitives, and Abolitionists in Antebellum Cass County Michigan". ''[[:en:Michigan_History_(magazine)|Michigan History]]''. '''60''' (4): 339–358. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Boradipolotiki ba borwa gantsi ba ne ba feteletsa palo ya batho ba ba tshabelang bokgoba, ba pega molato wa go tshaba mo bafedising ba Bokone, ba ba neng ba ba bona ba tlhotlheletsa makgoba a bone a go tweng a itumetse, ba kgoreletsa "ditshwanelo tsa dithoto tsa Borwa". Go ya ka ''Columbus'' [Georgia] Enquirer ya 1850, Tshegetso e e tswang kwa bathong ba Bokone ya makgoba a a tshabileng e ne ya baka go sa rate sepe fa gare ga Bokone le Borwa go feta mabaka a mangwe otlhe fa a kopantswe.<ref>Humphreys, Hugh C. (1994). "'Agitate! Agitate! Agitate!' The Great Fugitive Slave Law Convention and its rare Daguerrotype". ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madison_County_Heritage&action=edit&redlink=1 Madison County Heritage]'' (19): 3–66. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref>: ⁶ == Molao o mosha == [[Setshwantsho:Cartoon Supporting the Fugitive Slave Act (1851).jpg|thumb|Kgatiso ka E. W. Clay, motaki yo o neng a gatisa dipopae tse dintsi tsa go dumalana le bokgoba, o rotloetsa Fugitive Slave Act wa 1850. Mo dipopaeng tseno, motho wa kwa Borwa o sotla motho wa kwa Bokone yo o bolelang gore dithoto tsa gagwe, e leng dikgethe di le mmalwa tsa letsela, di utswitswe. "Ke batshabi mo go wena, akere?" go botsa monngwa makgoba. Fa a amogela puo ya bafedisi, o tswelela ka gore, "Fa e le ka molao wa lefatshe, ke na le molao o o kwa godimo wa me, mme go nna le dilo ke dintlha di robabongwe mo molaong."|left]] Fa a tsibogela go koafala ga Molao wa ntlhantlha wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng, Senator wa Democratic James M. Mason wa Virginia o ne a kwala Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850, o o neng o otlhaya badiredi ba puso ba ba neng ba sa tshware motho yo go neng go twe o ne a tshaba bokgoba, mme wa dira gore ba duedisiwe madi a a kana ka $1,000 (e e lekanang le $37,800 ka 2024). Badiredi ba molao gongwe le gongwe ba ne ba tshwanetse go tshwara batho ba ba belaelwang gore ba falotse go dirwa makgoba ka bosupi jo bonnye fela jwa motho yo o batlang go dira bopaki jo bo ikanetsweng jwa gore ke ene mong wa lone. Go ne ga bolelwa gore ''Habeas corpus'' ga e maleba. Molaodi yo motshabi wa bokgoba a neng a tlisiwa fa pele ga gagwe go tla go reediwa—go ne go sa letlelelwe jury epe, mme motshabi yo go neng go twe o ne a tshaba mo bokgobeng o ne a sa kgone go neela bosupi<ref>Williams, Irene E. (1921). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qA8QAQAAMAAJ&q=Fugitive+Slave+Law+of+1850&pg=PA150 "The Operation of the Fugitive Slave Law in Western Pennsylvania from 1850 to 1860"]. ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine''. '''4''': 150–160. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi.</ref>—o ne a duelwa $10 (e e lekanang le $380 ka 2024) fa a ne a ka fitlhela gore motho yoo o ne a supiwa gore ke motshabi fela le $5 fela(e e lekanang lr $190 ka 2024) fa a ne a tlhomamisa gore bosupi ga bo a lekana.<ref>"The Fugitive Slave Law". ''Sabbath Recorder''. (Transcribed in Marlene K. Parks, ed., ''New York Central College, 1849–1860,'' 2017, <nowiki>ISBN 1548505757</nowiki>, Volume 1, Part 3). October 10, 1850.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, motho ope fela yo o neng a thusa motshabi ka go mo naya dijo kgotsa bonno o ne a ka tsenngwa mo kgolegelong dikgwedi di ka nna thataro le go duedisiwa madi a a ka fitlhang go $1,000. Batlhankedi ba ba neng ba tshwara motshabi mo bokgobeng ba ne ba tshwanelwa ke go newa tebogo kgotsa go tlhatlhosiwa maemo ka ntlha ya tiro ya bone. == Phelelo ya Molao o == [[Setshwantsho:Slaves Escaping from the South.jpg|thumb|''Vicksburg Whig'' ga e a umaka metswedi epe ya dipolelo tse ka ga palo ya batshabi go tswa kwa bokgobeng jwa Amerika ("Makgoba a a Tshabang go tswa kwa Borwa", Firikgong a le lesome le borataro, 1861)]] Mo dikgatong tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika, Union e ne e se na molao o o tlhomameng wa batho ba ba neng ba tshaba bokgoba. Batho ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tswa mo masimong a bone ba lebile kwa meleng ya Union. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo dikgatong tsa ntlha tsa ntwa, batshabi ba bokgoba gantsi ba ne ba busediwa ke masole a Union kwa batshwari ba bone.<ref name=":1">Noralee Frankel, "Breaking the Chain: 1860–1880", in [[:en:Robin_D._G._Kelley|Robin D. G. Kelley]] & [[:en:Earl_Lewis|Earl Lewis]] (eds), ''To Make Our World Anew'' (Vol. I: A History of African Americans to 1880, Oxford University Press, 2000: paperback edn 2005), pp. 230–231.</ref> Lefa go ntse jalo, Mojenerale Benjamin Butler le bangwe ba bajenerale ba Union ba ne ba gana go gapa gape batho ba ba neng ba tshaba ka fa tlase ga molao ka gonne Union le Confederacy di ne di lwa. O ne a gapa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba jaaka dilo tse di thibetsweng tsa ntwa mme a ba golola, ka tshiamiso ya gore go latlhegelwa ke tiro le gone go ne go tla senya Confederacy.<ref>Goodheart, Adam (April 1, 2011). [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/magazine/mag-03CivilWar-t.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 "How Slavery Really Ended in America"]. ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Lincoln o ne a letla Butler go tswelela ka molao wa gagwe mme a ganetsa ditaelo tse di anameng tse di neng tsa ntshiwa ke balaodi ba bangwe ba Union tse di neng tsa golola batho botlhe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba mo mafelong a a neng a le ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone.<ref name=":1" /> == Metswedi == th4uzrbac96ma26kkewhp4ultba20t5 0 10642 40591 2025-06-18T12:52:55Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e #AWC2025 40591 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1793''' e ne e le Molao wa Congress ya Amerika go tsenya tirisong Karolwana ya Makgoba a a Tshabileng ya Molaomotheo wa U.S. (Molawana IV, Karolo ya bobedi, Polelwana ya boraro), e moragonyana e neng ya emisediwa ka Tlhabololo ya Bolesome le boraro, le gape go tsenya mo tirisong Karolwana ya go Busetsa Batho kwa Gabone (Athikele2,2 ).<ref>[http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_A4Sec2.html "U.S. Constitution - Article 4 Section 2 - the U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net"].</ref> Molao wa Molaomotheo wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng o ne o tlhomamisa gore mong wa lekgoba o na le tshwanelo ya go lata lekgoba le le tshabileng. Molao o o neng wa latela, "Molao o o tlotlang batho ba ba tshabang mo tshiamisong, le batho ba ba tshabang mo tirelong ya beng ba bone", o ne wa tlhama mokgwa wa semolao o ka one seo se neng se ka fitlhelelwa. == Phetiso le paakanyo ya morago == Molao o ne wa fetisiwa ke Ntlo ya Baemedi ka Tlhakole 4, 1793, ka boutu ya 48–7, mme ba le 14 ba ne ba ikgapha.[2] "Dibuka tsa Khonkerese" di bolela gore molao o ne wa amogelwa ka Tlhakole 12, 1793.[3] Molao o kwadilwe mo gare ga kganetsano ka ga monna wa montsho yo o gololesegileng yo o bidiwang John Davis yo o neng a gapiwa ka dikgoka go tswa kwa Pennsylvania mme a tlisiwa kwa Virginia. Le fa go ntse jalo, Molao o ne wa palelwa ke go rarabolola kganetsano eo; batho ba ba neng ba mo gapa ka dikgoka go tswa kwa Virginia ga ba ise ba ko ba busediwe kwa Pennsylvania, mme John Davis o ne a nna lekgoba.[4] Molao o ne wa nonotshiwa moragonyana ka go gatelelwa ke dinaga tsa makgoba tsa Amerika Borwa ka Tumelano ya 1850, e e neng e tlhoka gore dipuso tsa dinaga le baagi ba dinaga tse di gololesegileng ba gapeletsa go tshwarwa le go busiwa ga makgoba a a tshabileng.[5] Go tsenngwa tirisong ga Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850 go ne ga galefisa maikutlo a batho ba Bokone. == Dinopolo == <blockquote>SEC. 3. Mme gape go tsenngwe molao, Gore fa motho yo o tshwerweng go dira tiro mo go epe ya United States, kgotsa mo go epe ya Dikgaolo tse di kwa Bokonebophirima kgotsa Borwa jwa noka ya Ohio, ka fa tlase ga melao ya teng, o tla tshabela kwa karolong epe e nngwe ya Dinaga kgotsa Kgaolo e e umakilweng, motho yo tiro eo kgotsa tirelo eo e ka tshwanelwang ke go mo direla, moemedi wa gagwe kgotsa mmueledi wa gagwe o tshwanetse go tshwarwa. tiro, le go mo isa fa pele ga Moatlhodi mongwe le mongwe wa Dikgotlatshekelo tsa Potologo kgotsa tsa Kgaolo tsa United States, yo o nnang kgotsa yo o leng mo teng ga Naga, kgotsa fa pele ga magiseterata mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo, toropo, kgotsa toropo, e mo go yone go tsewang kgotsa go tshwarwa jalo go tla dirwang, le fa go na le bosupi jo bo kgotsofatsang jwa Moatlhodi yoo yo o netefaditsweng ke moatlhodi kgotsa magiseterata. magiseterata wa Naga kgotsa Kgaolo nngwe le nngwe e e ntseng jalo, gore motho yo o tserweng kgotsa yo o tshwerweng jalo, a, ka fa tlase ga melao ya Naga kgotsa Kgaolo e a tshabileng mo go yone, o kolota tirelo kgotsa tiro mo mothong yo o mo batlang, e tla nna tiro ya Moatlhodi kgotsa magiseterata yoo go naya mokopi yoo setifikeiti se se lekaneng se moemedi wa gagwe motshabi wa tiro go ya kwa Nageng kgotsa Kgaolong e a tshabileng kwa go yone. SEC. 4. Mme go tsenngwe molao gape, Gore motho mongwe le mongwe yo o tla kgoreletsang kgotsa a kgoreletsa mokopi yoo, moemedi wa gagwe, kgotsa mmueledi, ka go itse le go rata go tshwara kgotsa go tshwara motshabi yoo go tswa mo tirong, kgotsa o tla namola motshabi yoo mo mokoping yoo, moemedi wa gagwe kgotsa mmueledi, fa a tshwerwe jalo go ya ka taolo e e neetsweng fano le go ya ka taolo e e neetsweng fano; kgotsa o tla tlhokomela kgotsa o fitlha motho yoo morago ga go lemoga gore e ne e le motshabi mo tirong, jaaka go boletswe fa godimo, o tla, ka ntlha ya nngwe ya ditlolomolao tse di umakilweng, a latlhegelwa le go duela madi a didolara di le makgolo a matlhano. Ke kotlhao efe e e ka busediwang ke le go solegela mokopi yoo molemo, ka kgato ya sekoloto, mo Kgotlatshekelong nngwe le nngwe e e tshwanetseng go seka se se tshwanang, go boloka mo godimo ga moo mo mothong yo o batlang tiro kgotsa tirelo eo tshwanelo ya gagwe ya kgato ka ntlha ya kgotsa ka ntlha ya dikgobalo tse di boletsweng, kgotsa nngwe ya tsone.[6]</blockquote>Mokwalo o o feletseng wa Molao o ka bonwa go tswa kwa Laeboraring ya Khonkerese (le mo inthaneteng) mo Annals of Congress ya Khonkerese ya bobedi, Session ya bobedi, e mo go yone dithulaganyo le dingangisano di neng tsa tshwarwa go tloga ka Ngwanaitseele 5, 1792, go fitlha ka Mopitlwe 2, 1793. Molao o o rileng le boutu ya Khonkerese di mo ditsebeng[41–11]. == Ditlamorago == Molao ono o ne o tsenya makgoba a a tshabileng mo kotsing ya go gapiwa gape botshelo jwa bone jotlhe, mme beng bangwe ba makgoba ba ne ba sa akanye gore o nonofile go lekana. Gape e ne e tlhaola bana ba ba tsholetsweng ke bomme ba makgoba ba ba tshabileng jaaka makgoba le dithoto tsa mong wa ga mmaabone botshelo jwa bone jotlhe. Ona Maria Moatlhodi, yo ka dinako tse dingwe a neng a bidiwa ka ‘Oney’ e e ngotlang ke beng ba gagwe, e ne e le mongwe wa makgoba le badiredi ba diphaposi tsa ga Martha Washington. O ne a direla ba lelapa la ga Washington kwa Virginia le kwa Ntlong ya ga Moporesidente kwa Philadelphia fa George Washington e ne e le Moporesidente (toropo eno e ne e le motsemogolo wa nakwana go tloga ka 1790 go ya go 1800). O ne a tshaba ka Motsheganong 21, 1796.[7] Washington o ne a dira maiteko a mabedi a go mo tshwara ka bonako morago ga moo, a ba a kopa thuso ya Mokwaledi wa Lefapha la Matlotlo Oliver Wolcott Jr. mo lekwalong le le kwadilweng ka Lwetse 1, 1796.[8] Moragonyana, setlogolo sa gagwe se ne sa mo etela mme sa mo kopa gore a boele gape. Ga go na maiteko ape a a neng a atlega. Washington o ne a dira ka botlhale gore a se ka a nna le dikganetsano kwa Philadelphia, e e neng e na le setšhaba se se nonofileng sa go fedisa bo-Quaker. == Metswedi == 9zi5u0nouxnflz5khl0w35uwdrpcj7j 40592 40591 2025-06-18T13:11:22Z KatieKea 10150 /* Phetiso le paakanyo ya morago */ ke ranotse karolo e #AWC2025 40592 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1793''' e ne e le Molao wa Congress ya Amerika go tsenya tirisong Karolwana ya Makgoba a a Tshabileng ya Molaomotheo wa U.S. (Molawana IV, Karolo ya bobedi, Polelwana ya boraro), e moragonyana e neng ya emisediwa ka Tlhabololo ya Bolesome le boraro, le gape go tsenya mo tirisong Karolwana ya go Busetsa Batho kwa Gabone (Athikele2,2 ).<ref>[http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_A4Sec2.html "U.S. Constitution - Article 4 Section 2 - the U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net"].</ref> Molao wa Molaomotheo wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng o ne o tlhomamisa gore mong wa lekgoba o na le tshwanelo ya go lata lekgoba le le tshabileng. Molao o o neng wa latela, "Molao o o tlotlang batho ba ba tshabang mo tshiamisong, le batho ba ba tshabang mo tirelong ya beng ba bone", o ne wa tlhama mokgwa wa semolao o ka one seo se neng se ka fitlhelelwa. == Phetiso le paakanyo ya morago == Molao o ne wa fetisiwa ke Ntlo ya Baemedi ka Tlhakole a le malatsi mane, 1793, ka tlhopho ya masome mane le boferabobedi–supa, mme ba le lesome le bone ba ne ba ikgapha.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/2-2/h85 TO PASS S. 42, AN ACT RESPECTING FUGITIVES FROM JUSTICE AND PERSONS ESCAPING FROM THE SERVICE OF THEIR MASTERS], govtrack.gov</ref> "Dibuka tsa Congress" di bolela gore molao o ne wa amogelwa ka Tlhakole a le lesome le bobedi, 1793.<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=003/llac003.db&recNum=702 "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875"], ''Annals of Congress,'' 2nd Congress, 2nd Session, pp. 1413 & 1414 of 1456, ''American Memory,'' Library of Congress, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi kka 2025.</ref> Molao o kwadilwe mo gare ga kganetsano ka ga monna wa montsho yo o gololesegileng yo o bidiwang John Davis yo o neng a gapiwa ka dikgoka go tswa kwa Pennsylvania mme a tlisiwa kwa Virginia. Le fa go ntse jalo, Molao o ne wa palelwa ke go rarabolola kganetsano eo; batho ba ba neng ba mo gapa ka dikgoka go tswa kwa Virginia ga ba ise ba ko ba busediwe kwa Pennsylvania, mme John Davis o ne a tswelela a nna lekgoba.<ref>Finkelman, Paul. "The Kidnapping of John Davis and the Adoption of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793", ''The Journal of Southern History'', Vol. 56, (Aug., 1990), pp. 397, 422.</ref> Molao o ne wa nonotshiwa moragonyana ka go gatelelwa ke dikgaolo tsa makgoba tsa Amerika Borwa ka Tumelano ya 1850, e e neng e tlhoka gore dipuso tsa dikgaolo le baagi ba dinaga tse di gololesegileng ba gapeletsa go tshwarwa le go busiwa ga makgoba a a tshabileng.<ref>[http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fugitive-slave-acts "Fugitive Slave Acts - Black History - HISTORY.com"]. ''HISTORY.com''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga [[Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850]] go ne ga galefisa maikutlo a batho ba Bokone. == Dinopolo == <blockquote>SEC. 3. Mme gape go tsenngwe molao, Gore fa motho yo o tshwerweng go dira tiro mo go epe ya United States, kgotsa mo go epe ya Dikgaolo tse di kwa Bokonebophirima kgotsa Borwa jwa noka ya Ohio, ka fa tlase ga melao ya teng, o tla tshabela kwa karolong epe e nngwe ya Dinaga kgotsa Kgaolo e e umakilweng, motho yo tiro eo kgotsa tirelo eo e ka tshwanelwang ke go mo direla, moemedi wa gagwe kgotsa mmueledi wa gagwe o tshwanetse go tshwarwa. tiro, le go mo isa fa pele ga Moatlhodi mongwe le mongwe wa Dikgotlatshekelo tsa Potologo kgotsa tsa Kgaolo tsa United States, yo o nnang kgotsa yo o leng mo teng ga Naga, kgotsa fa pele ga magiseterata mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo, toropo, kgotsa toropo, e mo go yone go tsewang kgotsa go tshwarwa jalo go tla dirwang, le fa go na le bosupi jo bo kgotsofatsang jwa Moatlhodi yoo yo o netefaditsweng ke moatlhodi kgotsa magiseterata. magiseterata wa Naga kgotsa Kgaolo nngwe le nngwe e e ntseng jalo, gore motho yo o tserweng kgotsa yo o tshwerweng jalo, a, ka fa tlase ga melao ya Naga kgotsa Kgaolo e a tshabileng mo go yone, o kolota tirelo kgotsa tiro mo mothong yo o mo batlang, e tla nna tiro ya Moatlhodi kgotsa magiseterata yoo go naya mokopi yoo setifikeiti se se lekaneng se moemedi wa gagwe motshabi wa tiro go ya kwa Nageng kgotsa Kgaolong e a tshabileng kwa go yone. SEC. 4. Mme go tsenngwe molao gape, Gore motho mongwe le mongwe yo o tla kgoreletsang kgotsa a kgoreletsa mokopi yoo, moemedi wa gagwe, kgotsa mmueledi, ka go itse le go rata go tshwara kgotsa go tshwara motshabi yoo go tswa mo tirong, kgotsa o tla namola motshabi yoo mo mokoping yoo, moemedi wa gagwe kgotsa mmueledi, fa a tshwerwe jalo go ya ka taolo e e neetsweng fano le go ya ka taolo e e neetsweng fano; kgotsa o tla tlhokomela kgotsa o fitlha motho yoo morago ga go lemoga gore e ne e le motshabi mo tirong, jaaka go boletswe fa godimo, o tla, ka ntlha ya nngwe ya ditlolomolao tse di umakilweng, a latlhegelwa le go duela madi a didolara di le makgolo a matlhano. Ke kotlhao efe e e ka busediwang ke le go solegela mokopi yoo molemo, ka kgato ya sekoloto, mo Kgotlatshekelong nngwe le nngwe e e tshwanetseng go seka se se tshwanang, go boloka mo godimo ga moo mo mothong yo o batlang tiro kgotsa tirelo eo tshwanelo ya gagwe ya kgato ka ntlha ya kgotsa ka ntlha ya dikgobalo tse di boletsweng, kgotsa nngwe ya tsone.[6]</blockquote>Mokwalo o o feletseng wa Molao o ka bonwa go tswa kwa Laeboraring ya Khonkerese (le mo inthaneteng) mo Annals of Congress ya Khonkerese ya bobedi, Session ya bobedi, e mo go yone dithulaganyo le dingangisano di neng tsa tshwarwa go tloga ka Ngwanaitseele 5, 1792, go fitlha ka Mopitlwe 2, 1793. Molao o o rileng le boutu ya Khonkerese di mo ditsebeng[41–11]. == Ditlamorago == Molao ono o ne o tsenya makgoba a a tshabileng mo kotsing ya go gapiwa gape botshelo jwa bone jotlhe, mme beng bangwe ba makgoba ba ne ba sa akanye gore o nonofile go lekana. Gape e ne e tlhaola bana ba ba tsholetsweng ke bomme ba makgoba ba ba tshabileng jaaka makgoba le dithoto tsa mong wa ga mmaabone botshelo jwa bone jotlhe. Ona Maria Moatlhodi, yo ka dinako tse dingwe a neng a bidiwa ka ‘Oney’ e e ngotlang ke beng ba gagwe, e ne e le mongwe wa makgoba le badiredi ba diphaposi tsa ga Martha Washington. O ne a direla ba lelapa la ga Washington kwa Virginia le kwa Ntlong ya ga Moporesidente kwa Philadelphia fa George Washington e ne e le Moporesidente (toropo eno e ne e le motsemogolo wa nakwana go tloga ka 1790 go ya go 1800). O ne a tshaba ka Motsheganong 21, 1796.[7] Washington o ne a dira maiteko a mabedi a go mo tshwara ka bonako morago ga moo, a ba a kopa thuso ya Mokwaledi wa Lefapha la Matlotlo Oliver Wolcott Jr. mo lekwalong le le kwadilweng ka Lwetse 1, 1796.[8] Moragonyana, setlogolo sa gagwe se ne sa mo etela mme sa mo kopa gore a boele gape. Ga go na maiteko ape a a neng a atlega. Washington o ne a dira ka botlhale gore a se ka a nna le dikganetsano kwa Philadelphia, e e neng e na le setšhaba se se nonofileng sa go fedisa bo-Quaker. == Metswedi == q9zwoej2eecrow1ytbket474wkjldg1 40594 40592 2025-06-18T13:31:04Z KatieKea 10150 /* Dinopolo */ ke feditse go ranola karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025 40594 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1793''' e ne e le Molao wa Congress ya Amerika go tsenya tirisong Karolwana ya Makgoba a a Tshabileng ya Molaomotheo wa U.S. (Molawana IV, Karolo ya bobedi, Polelwana ya boraro), e moragonyana e neng ya emisediwa ka Tlhabololo ya Bolesome le boraro, le gape go tsenya mo tirisong Karolwana ya go Busetsa Batho kwa Gabone (Athikele2,2 ).<ref>[http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_A4Sec2.html "U.S. Constitution - Article 4 Section 2 - the U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net"].</ref> Molao wa Molaomotheo wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng o ne o tlhomamisa gore mong wa lekgoba o na le tshwanelo ya go lata lekgoba le le tshabileng. Molao o o neng wa latela, "Molao o o tlotlang batho ba ba tshabang mo tshiamisong, le batho ba ba tshabang mo tirelong ya beng ba bone", o ne wa tlhama mokgwa wa semolao o ka one seo se neng se ka fitlhelelwa. == Phetiso le paakanyo ya morago == Molao o ne wa fetisiwa ke Ntlo ya Baemedi ka Tlhakole a le malatsi mane, 1793, ka tlhopho ya masome mane le boferabobedi–supa, mme ba le lesome le bone ba ne ba ikgapha.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/2-2/h85 TO PASS S. 42, AN ACT RESPECTING FUGITIVES FROM JUSTICE AND PERSONS ESCAPING FROM THE SERVICE OF THEIR MASTERS], govtrack.gov</ref> "Dibuka tsa Congress" di bolela gore molao o ne wa amogelwa ka Tlhakole a le lesome le bobedi, 1793.<ref name=":0">[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=003/llac003.db&recNum=702 "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875"], ''Annals of Congress,'' 2nd Congress, 2nd Session, pp. 1413 & 1414 of 1456, ''American Memory,'' Library of Congress, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi kka 2025.</ref> Molao o kwadilwe mo gare ga kganetsano ka ga monna wa montsho yo o gololesegileng yo o bidiwang John Davis yo o neng a gapiwa ka dikgoka go tswa kwa Pennsylvania mme a tlisiwa kwa Virginia. Le fa go ntse jalo, Molao o ne wa palelwa ke go rarabolola kganetsano eo; batho ba ba neng ba mo gapa ka dikgoka go tswa kwa Virginia ga ba ise ba ko ba busediwe kwa Pennsylvania, mme John Davis o ne a tswelela a nna lekgoba.<ref>Finkelman, Paul. "The Kidnapping of John Davis and the Adoption of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793", ''The Journal of Southern History'', Vol. 56, (Aug., 1990), pp. 397, 422.</ref> Molao o ne wa nonotshiwa moragonyana ka go gatelelwa ke dikgaolo tsa makgoba tsa Amerika Borwa ka Tumelano ya 1850, e e neng e tlhoka gore dipuso tsa dikgaolo le baagi ba dinaga tse di gololesegileng ba gapeletsa go tshwarwa le go busiwa ga makgoba a a tshabileng.<ref>[http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fugitive-slave-acts "Fugitive Slave Acts - Black History - HISTORY.com"]. ''HISTORY.com''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga [[Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850]] go ne ga galefisa maikutlo a batho ba Bokone. == Dinopolo == <blockquote>SEC. 3. Mme gape go tsenngwe molao, Gore fa motho yo o tshwerweng go dira tiro mo go epe kgaolo ya Amerika, kgotsa mo go epe ya Dikgaolo tse di kwa Bokonebophirima kgotsa Borwa jwa noka ya Ohio, ka fa tlase ga melao ya teng, o tla tshabela kwa karolong epe e nngwe ya Dikgaolo kgotsa Kgaolo e e umakilweng, motho yo tiro eo kgotsa tirelo eo e ka tshwanelwang ke go mo direla, moemedi wa gagwe kgotsa mmueledi wa gagwe o tshwanetse go tshwara motshabi yoo wa tiro, le go mo isa fa pele ga Moatlhodi mongwe le mongwe wa Dikgotlatshekelo tsa kgaolo kgotsa tsa Kgaolo tsa Amerika, yo o nnang kgotsa yo o leng mo teng ga kgaolo, kgotsa fa pele ga mmakaseterata mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo, toropo, kgotsa toropo, e mo go yone go tsewang kgotsa go tshwarwa jalo go tla dirwang, le fa go na le bosupi jo bo kgotsofatsang jwa Moatlhodi yoo yo o netefaditsweng ke moatlhodi kgotsa mmakaseterata wa Lefatshe kgotsa Kgaolo nngwe le nngwe e e ntseng jalo, gore motho yo o tserweng kgotsa yo o tshwerweng jalo, a, ka fa tlase ga melao ya Lefatshe kgotsa Kgaolo e a tshabileng mo go yone, o kolota tirelo kgotsa tiro mo mothong yo o mmatlang, e tla nna tiro ya Moatlhodi kgotsa mmakaseterata yoo go naya mokopi yoo setlankana se se lekaneng se moemedi wa motshabi wa tiro go ya kwa Lefatsheng kgotsa Kgaolong e a tshabileng kwa go yone.</blockquote><blockquote>SEC. 4. Mme go tsenngwe mo molaong gape, Gore motho mongwe le mongwe yo o tla kgoreletsang kgotsa a kgoreletsa mokopi yoo, moemedi wa gagwe, kgotsa mmueledi, ka go itse le go rata go tshwara kgotsa go tshwara motshabi yoo go tswa mo tirong, kgotsa o tla namola motshabi yoo mo mokoping yoo, moemedi wa gagwe kgotsa mmueledi, fa a tshwerwe jalo go ya ka taolo e e neetsweng fano; kgotsa o tla tlhokomela kgotsa o fitlha motho yoo morago ga go lemoga gore e ne e le motshabi mo tirong, jaaka go boletswe fa godimo, o tla, ka ntlha ya nngwe ya ditlolomolao tse di umakilweng, a tshwanelwa ke go duela madi a didolara di le makgolo a matlhano. Ke kotlhao efe e e ka busediwang ke le go solegela mokopi yoo molemo, ka kgato ya sekoloto, mo Kgotlatshekelong nngwe le nngwe e e tshwanetseng go seka se se tshwanang, go boloka mo godimo ga moo mo mothong yo o batlang tiro kgotsa tirelo eo tshwanelo ya gagwe ya kgato ka ntlha ya dikgobalo tse di boletsweng, kgotsa nngwe ya tsone.<ref>[http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/history/slaveact1793.htm History: "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090923082639/http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/history/slaveact1793.htm Archived] September 23, 2009, at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], ''President's House in Philadelphia,'' US History.org</ref></blockquote>Mokwalo o o feletseng wa Molao o ka bonwa go tswa kwa motlobong wa dibuka wa Congress (le mo maranyaneng) mo Annals of Congress ya Congress ya bobedi, Karolo ya bobedi, e mo go yone dithulaganyo le dingangisano di neng tsa tshwarwa go tloga ka Ngwanaatseele a le malatsi a matlhano, 1792, go fitlha ka Mopitlo a le gabedi, 1793. Molao o o rileng le tlhopho ya Congress di mo ditsebeng[41–11].<ref name=":0" /> == Ditlamorago == Molao ono o ne o tsenya makgoba a a tshabileng mo kotsing ya go gapiwa gape botshelo jwa bone jotlhe, mme beng bangwe ba makgoba ba ne ba sa akanye gore o nonofile go lekana. Gape e ne e tlhaola bana ba ba tsholetsweng ke bomme ba makgoba ba ba tshabileng jaaka makgoba le dithoto tsa mong wa ga mmaabone botshelo jwa bone jotlhe. Ona Maria Moatlhodi, yo ka dinako tse dingwe a neng a bidiwa ka ‘Oney’ e e ngotlang ke beng ba gagwe, e ne e le mongwe wa makgoba le badiredi ba diphaposi tsa ga Martha Washington. O ne a direla ba lelapa la ga Washington kwa Virginia le kwa Ntlong ya ga Moporesidente kwa Philadelphia fa George Washington e ne e le Moporesidente (toropo eno e ne e le motsemogolo wa nakwana go tloga ka 1790 go ya go 1800). O ne a tshaba ka Motsheganong 21, 1796.[7] Washington o ne a dira maiteko a mabedi a go mo tshwara ka bonako morago ga moo, a ba a kopa thuso ya Mokwaledi wa Lefapha la Matlotlo Oliver Wolcott Jr. mo lekwalong le le kwadilweng ka Lwetse 1, 1796.[8] Moragonyana, setlogolo sa gagwe se ne sa mo etela mme sa mo kopa gore a boele gape. Ga go na maiteko ape a a neng a atlega. Washington o ne a dira ka botlhale gore a se ka a nna le dikganetsano kwa Philadelphia, e e neng e na le setšhaba se se nonofileng sa go fedisa bo-Quaker. == Metswedi == iiipbv57c0hoigbies07zuftoejkq3e 40595 40594 2025-06-18T13:53:04Z KatieKea 10150 /* Ditlamorago */ Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025 40595 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1793''' e ne e le Molao wa Congress ya Amerika go tsenya tirisong Karolwana ya Makgoba a a Tshabileng ya Molaomotheo wa U.S. (Molawana IV, Karolo ya bobedi, Polelwana ya boraro), e moragonyana e neng ya emisediwa ka Tlhabololo ya Bolesome le boraro, le gape go tsenya mo tirisong Karolwana ya go Busetsa Batho kwa Gabone (Athikele2,2 ).<ref>[http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_A4Sec2.html "U.S. Constitution - Article 4 Section 2 - the U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net"].</ref> Molao wa Molaomotheo wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng o ne o tlhomamisa gore mong wa lekgoba o na le tshwanelo ya go lata lekgoba le le tshabileng. Molao o o neng wa latela, "Molao o o tlotlang batho ba ba tshabang mo tshiamisong, le batho ba ba tshabang mo tirelong ya beng ba bone", o ne wa tlhama mokgwa wa semolao o ka one seo se neng se ka fitlhelelwa. == Phetiso le paakanyo ya morago == Molao o ne wa fetisiwa ke Ntlo ya Baemedi ka Tlhakole a le malatsi mane, 1793, ka tlhopho ya masome mane le boferabobedi–supa, mme ba le lesome le bone ba ne ba ikgapha.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/2-2/h85 TO PASS S. 42, AN ACT RESPECTING FUGITIVES FROM JUSTICE AND PERSONS ESCAPING FROM THE SERVICE OF THEIR MASTERS], govtrack.gov</ref> "Dibuka tsa Congress" di bolela gore molao o ne wa amogelwa ka Tlhakole a le lesome le bobedi, 1793.<ref name=":0">[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=003/llac003.db&recNum=702 "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875"], ''Annals of Congress,'' 2nd Congress, 2nd Session, pp. 1413 & 1414 of 1456, ''American Memory,'' Library of Congress, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi kka 2025.</ref> Molao o kwadilwe mo gare ga kganetsano ka ga monna wa montsho yo o gololesegileng yo o bidiwang John Davis yo o neng a gapiwa ka dikgoka go tswa kwa Pennsylvania mme a tlisiwa kwa Virginia. Le fa go ntse jalo, Molao o ne wa palelwa ke go rarabolola kganetsano eo; batho ba ba neng ba mo gapa ka dikgoka go tswa kwa Virginia ga ba ise ba ko ba busediwe kwa Pennsylvania, mme John Davis o ne a tswelela a nna lekgoba.<ref>Finkelman, Paul. "The Kidnapping of John Davis and the Adoption of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793", ''The Journal of Southern History'', Vol. 56, (Aug., 1990), pp. 397, 422.</ref> Molao o ne wa nonotshiwa moragonyana ka go gatelelwa ke dikgaolo tsa makgoba tsa Amerika Borwa ka Tumelano ya 1850, e e neng e tlhoka gore dipuso tsa dikgaolo le baagi ba dinaga tse di gololesegileng ba gapeletsa go tshwarwa le go busiwa ga makgoba a a tshabileng.<ref>[http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fugitive-slave-acts "Fugitive Slave Acts - Black History - HISTORY.com"]. ''HISTORY.com''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga [[Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850]] go ne ga galefisa maikutlo a batho ba Bokone. == Dinopolo == <blockquote>SEC. 3. Mme gape go tsenngwe molao, Gore fa motho yo o tshwerweng go dira tiro mo go epe kgaolo ya Amerika, kgotsa mo go epe ya Dikgaolo tse di kwa Bokonebophirima kgotsa Borwa jwa noka ya Ohio, ka fa tlase ga melao ya teng, o tla tshabela kwa karolong epe e nngwe ya Dikgaolo kgotsa Kgaolo e e umakilweng, motho yo tiro eo kgotsa tirelo eo e ka tshwanelwang ke go mo direla, moemedi wa gagwe kgotsa mmueledi wa gagwe o tshwanetse go tshwara motshabi yoo wa tiro, le go mo isa fa pele ga Moatlhodi mongwe le mongwe wa Dikgotlatshekelo tsa kgaolo kgotsa tsa Kgaolo tsa Amerika, yo o nnang kgotsa yo o leng mo teng ga kgaolo, kgotsa fa pele ga mmakaseterata mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo, toropo, kgotsa toropo, e mo go yone go tsewang kgotsa go tshwarwa jalo go tla dirwang, le fa go na le bosupi jo bo kgotsofatsang jwa Moatlhodi yoo yo o netefaditsweng ke moatlhodi kgotsa mmakaseterata wa Lefatshe kgotsa Kgaolo nngwe le nngwe e e ntseng jalo, gore motho yo o tserweng kgotsa yo o tshwerweng jalo, a, ka fa tlase ga melao ya Lefatshe kgotsa Kgaolo e a tshabileng mo go yone, o kolota tirelo kgotsa tiro mo mothong yo o mmatlang, e tla nna tiro ya Moatlhodi kgotsa mmakaseterata yoo go naya mokopi yoo setlankana se se lekaneng se moemedi wa motshabi wa tiro go ya kwa Lefatsheng kgotsa Kgaolong e a tshabileng kwa go yone.</blockquote><blockquote>SEC. 4. Mme go tsenngwe mo molaong gape, Gore motho mongwe le mongwe yo o tla kgoreletsang kgotsa a kgoreletsa mokopi yoo, moemedi wa gagwe, kgotsa mmueledi, ka go itse le go rata go tshwara kgotsa go tshwara motshabi yoo go tswa mo tirong, kgotsa o tla namola motshabi yoo mo mokoping yoo, moemedi wa gagwe kgotsa mmueledi, fa a tshwerwe jalo go ya ka taolo e e neetsweng fano; kgotsa o tla tlhokomela kgotsa o fitlha motho yoo morago ga go lemoga gore e ne e le motshabi mo tirong, jaaka go boletswe fa godimo, o tla, ka ntlha ya nngwe ya ditlolomolao tse di umakilweng, a tshwanelwa ke go duela madi a didolara di le makgolo a matlhano. Ke kotlhao efe e e ka busediwang ke le go solegela mokopi yoo molemo, ka kgato ya sekoloto, mo Kgotlatshekelong nngwe le nngwe e e tshwanetseng go seka se se tshwanang, go boloka mo godimo ga moo mo mothong yo o batlang tiro kgotsa tirelo eo tshwanelo ya gagwe ya kgato ka ntlha ya dikgobalo tse di boletsweng, kgotsa nngwe ya tsone.<ref>[http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/history/slaveact1793.htm History: "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090923082639/http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/history/slaveact1793.htm Archived] September 23, 2009, at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], ''President's House in Philadelphia,'' US History.org</ref></blockquote>Mokwalo o o feletseng wa Molao o ka bonwa go tswa kwa motlobong wa dibuka wa Congress (le mo maranyaneng) mo Annals of Congress ya Congress ya bobedi, Karolo ya bobedi, e mo go yone dithulaganyo le dingangisano di neng tsa tshwarwa go tloga ka Ngwanaatseele a le malatsi a matlhano, 1792, go fitlha ka Mopitlo a le gabedi, 1793. Molao o o rileng le tlhopho ya Congress di mo ditsebeng[41–11].<ref name=":0" /> == Ditlamorago == Molao ono o ne o tsenya makgoba a a tshabileng mo kotsing ya go gapiwa gape botshelo jwa bone jotlhe, mme beng bangwe ba makgoba ba ne ba sa akanye gore o nonofile go lekana. Gape e ne e tlhaola bana ba ba tsholetsweng ke bomme ba makgoba ba ba tshabileng jaaka makgoba le dithoto tsa mong wa ga mmaabone botshelo jwa bone jotlhe. Ona Maria Judge, yo ka dinako tse dingwe a neng a bidiwa ka ‘Oney’ e e ngotlang ke beng ba gagwe, e ne e le mongwe wa makgoba le badiredi ba diphaposi tsa ga Martha Washington. O ne a direla ba lelapa la ga Washington kwa Virginia le kwa Ntlong ya ga Tautona kwa Philadelphia fa George Washington e ne e le Tautona (toropo eo e ne e le motsemogolo wa nakwana go tloga ka 1790 go ya go 1800). O ne a tshaba ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le motso, 1796.<ref>[http://www.phillyarchaeology.org/news/inq070108.htm Stephan Salisbury, "A slave's defiance"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105190023/http://www.phillyarchaeology.org/news/inq070108.htm Archived] 2009-01-05 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], ''Philadelphia Inquirer'', July 2008, at Philly Archeology Forum, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Washington o ne a dira maiteko a mabedi a go mo tshwara ka bonako morago ga moo, a ba a kopa thuso ya Mokwaledi wa Lephata la Matlotlo Oliver Wolcott Jr. mo lekwalong le le kwadilweng ka Lwetse a rogwa, 1796.<ref>[http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-washington?specfile=/texts/english/washington/fitzpatrick/search/gw.o2w&act=surround&offset=44096527&tag=Writings+of+Washington,+Vol.+35:+*To+THE+SECRETARY+OF+THE+TREASURY&query=i+mentioned+to+you+last&id=gw350157 Letter to Secretary of the Treasury Oliver Wolcott, Jr, September 1, 1796] [https://web.archive.org/web/20050313110632/http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-washington?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fwashington%2Ffitzpatrick%2Fsearch%2Fgw.o2w Archived] March 13, 2005, at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], ''Writings of Washington'', Vol. 35, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Moragonyana, setlogolo sa gagwe se ne sa mo etela mme sa mo kopa gore a boele gape. Ga go na maiteko ape a a neng a atlega. Washington o ne a dira ka botlhale gore a se ka a nna le dikganetsano kwa Philadelphia, e e neng e na le setshaba se se nonofileng sa go fedisa bokgoba sa Quaker. == Metswedi == ngl8xxn4pnxh73lhjpc5u2lazjato65 0 10643 40593 2025-06-18T13:25:33Z JudithShe 9421 Ke dirile tsebe ya ga Esther Standfor-Xosei le lenaneo la dipaakanyo kgotsa dituelo tsa Aforika otlhe 40593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Esther Standford-Xosei|birth_date=pele ga ngwaga wa 1974|birth_place=Borwa jwa London, kwa England|nationality=British|education=University ya kent (molao) University ya Chichester|occupation=Mogakolodi wa tsa molao, molweladitshwanelo tsa go busediwa tse di latlhegetseng batho ka nako ya bokgoba, mmueledi wa setshaba|organizations=Maangamizi Educational Trust International network of scholars and activists for African Reparations|known for=Mongwe wa ba ba simolotseng lekgotla la bokopano kwa Europe la go busetsa batho ba Aforika se se ba latlhegetseng. Mosimolodi wa emisa Maangamizi}} '''Esther Stanford-Xosei''' (o o tshotsweng pele ga ngwaga wa 1974) ke moitseanape wa tsa molao wa kwa Britain, ebile e le mmueledi wa go bopagana ga [[Aferika|Aforika]] o lentswe la gagwe le utlwetseng thata ka letsholo la mafatshefatshe la go duela dikokomane tsa batho ba Aforika. Seabe sa gagwe se setona se akaretsa go thusa go tlhama bokopano jwa dituelo tsa mafatshe a Aforika kwa Europe, jo bo bidiwang (PARCOE) ka ngwaga wa 2001, le go tsamaisa go dirwa ga setlhopha sa diphathi tsotlhe mo go duelweng ga Aforika kwa palamenteng ya [[United Kingdom]] ka 2021.<ref name=":0">[https://roape.net/2022/03/10/afrika-and-reparations-activism-in-the-uk-an-interview-with-esther-stanford-xosei/ "Afrika and reparations activism in the UK – an interview with Esther Stanford-Xosei"]. ''Review of African Political Economy''. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> == Ka fa a godileng ka teng le thuto ya gagwe == A tsholetswe kwa borwa jwa London ke batsadi ba ba tswang kwa Caribbean kwa Barbados le Guyana, go tsibogela sepolotiki ga ga Standford-Xosei go simolotse a santse a le mošha ka letsholo la go nna kgatlhanong le tlhaolele. A le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 1987, o ne a supa talente ya tsa thuto le polotiki ka go fenya kgaisano ya go kwala ya bakwadi ba bašha ba mmala o montsho, ka tlhamo e e neng e bidiwa "e seng tekatekano fela, le tshiamelo", e e neng e bua ka go fedisa tlhaolele.<ref name=":0" /> Loeto lwa thutego ya gagwe lo mo isitse kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Kent go ya go ithuta tsa molao, kwa a kopaneng le letsholo la critical Legal studies. Standford-Xosei gone jaana o dira dipatlisiso kwa University ya Chichester, a itebagantse le letsholo la go duela mafatshe a Aforika a remeletse mo Britain.<ref>[https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/csis/events-and-projects/csis-barriers-black-academia/speaker-bios/ "Speaker Bios]". ''University of Liverpool''. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> == Tsa pereko le bubueledi == === Boitseanape jwa molao === Standford-Xosei ka pereko ke mogakolodi wa semolao, a itebagantse le go diragatsa molao wa kgotlatshekelo. O supa tiro ya gagwe e e sa tlwaelesegang e le ya mmueledi wa mafatshefatshe, wa Aforika o o kopaneng, o o berekang jaaka moithuti wa molweladitshwanelo mo setšhabeng, mo go tsa molao.<ref name=":0" /> === Tshimololo ya PARCOE === Ngwaga wa 2001, o tshwaya go berekisana le ba batlang Aforika o o kopaneng ba kwa Ghana (Kofi Mawuli Klu le Kwame Adofo Sampong) ga ga Standford-Xosei, mo go tlhameng lekgotla la bokopano jwa kwa Europe mo dituelong tsa mafatshe a Aforika otlhe. Lekgotla le le ne le tlhamelwa go mekamekana le se Standford-Xosei a se bitsang go tlhokafala ga buelelwa ga dituelo tsa mafatshe a Aforika mo polotiking ya Europe. <ref>"[https://www.inosaar.llc.ed.ac.uk/en/timeline/pan-afrikan-reparations-coalition-europe Pan-Afrikan Reparations Coalition in Europe]". ''INOSAAR''. 2001. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> === Letsholo la Maangamizi === Standford-Xosei o simolotse ebile o eteletse pele letsholo la go emisa Maangamizi le gore go beilwe tlhwatlhwa mo kganyaolong. Lefoko Manangamizi le le tswang mo puong ya Swahili le ya go bopaganag ga Aforika, le tlhalosa maiteko a go fedisa batho ba Aforika le ditsela tsotlhe tsa go itshupa o le mo Aforika, mo go supiwang ka metseletsele ya bokgoba jwa dithoto, go laolwa ke mafatshe a sele le go tlontlololwa.<ref>[https://stopthemaangamizi.com/2021/10/20/ourstory-continues-to-be-made-appg-on-african-reparations-appgar-established-today/ "Ourstory continues to be made: APPG on African Reparations (APPGAR) established today"]. ''Stop the Maangamizi''. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> === Boeteledipele jwa thuto === Jaaka moeteledipele wa lekgotla la Maangamizi la thuto, Standford-Xosei o okametse bontlha jwa thuto jwa letsholo la go emisa Maangamizi. Maikaelelo a lekgotla le ke go tsibosa batho ka dikgang tsa dituelo le go ja boswa ga ngwao ya Aforika.<ref>[https://www.linkedin.com/in/esther-xosei?originalSubdomain=uk "Esther Xosei - Executive Director]". ''LinkedIn''. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> === Go tsaya karolo mo palamenteng === Standford-Xosei o ne a na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhameng setlhopha sa diphathi tsotlhe tsa palamente go lwela dituelo tsa Aforika tsa bokgoba, kwa makgotleng a palamente ya United Kingdom a a itebagantseng le go netefatsa gore Aforika o duelelwa ditshenyegelo tsa bokgoba.<ref>"[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmallparty/211117/afrikan-reparations.htm All-Party Parliamentary Group for African Reparations]". ''UK Parliament''. 17 November 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == 0incn9km875uibgw308v6n5wfqovrgx 40602 40593 2025-06-19T07:10:21Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya ga Esther Standford-Xosei le lenaneo la dipaakanyo kgotsa dituelo tsa Aforika otlhe 40602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Esther Standford-Xosei|birth_date=pele ga ngwaga wa 1974|birth_place=Borwa jwa London, kwa England|nationality=British|education=University ya kent (molao) University ya Chichester|occupation=Mogakolodi wa tsa molao, molweladitshwanelo tsa go busediwa tse di latlhegetseng batho ka nako ya bokgoba, mmueledi wa setshaba|organizations=Maangamizi Educational Trust International network of scholars and activists for African Reparations|known for=Mongwe wa ba ba simolotseng lekgotla la bokopano kwa Europe la go busetsa batho ba Aforika se se ba latlhegetseng. Mosimolodi wa emisa Maangamizi}} '''Esther Stanford-Xosei''' (o o tshotsweng pele ga ngwaga wa 1974) ke moitseanape wa tsa molao wa kwa Britain, ebile e le mmueledi wa go bopagana ga [[Aferika|Aforika]] o lentswe la gagwe le utlwetseng thata ka letsholo la mafatshefatshe la go duela dikokomane tsa batho ba Aforika. Seabe sa gagwe se setona se akaretsa go thusa go tlhama bokopano jwa dituelo tsa mafatshe a Aforika kwa Europe, jo bo bidiwang (PARCOE) ka ngwaga wa 2001, le go tsamaisa go dirwa ga setlhopha sa diphathi tsotlhe mo go duelweng ga Aforika kwa palamenteng ya [[United Kingdom]] ka 2021.<ref name=":0">[https://roape.net/2022/03/10/afrika-and-reparations-activism-in-the-uk-an-interview-with-esther-stanford-xosei/ "Afrika and reparations activism in the UK – an interview with Esther Stanford-Xosei"]. ''Review of African Political Economy''. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> == Ka fa a godileng ka teng le thuto ya gagwe == A tsholetswe kwa borwa jwa London ke batsadi ba ba tswang kwa Caribbean kwa Barbados le Guyana, go tsibogela sepolotiki ga ga Standford-Xosei go simolotse a santse a le mošha ka letsholo la go nna kgatlhanong le tlhaolele. A le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 1987, o ne a supa talente ya tsa thuto le polotiki ka go fenya kgaisano ya go kwala ya bakwadi ba bašha ba mmala o montsho, ka tlhamo e e neng e bidiwa "e seng tekatekano fela, le tshiamelo", e e neng e bua ka go fedisa tlhaolele.<ref name=":0" /> Loeto lwa thutego ya gagwe lo mo isitse kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Kent go ya go ithuta tsa molao, kwa a kopaneng le letsholo la critical Legal studies. Standford-Xosei gone jaana o dira dipatlisiso kwa University ya Chichester, a itebagantse le letsholo la go duela mafatshe a Aforika a remeletse mo Britain.<ref>[https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/csis/events-and-projects/csis-barriers-black-academia/speaker-bios/ "Speaker Bios]". ''University of Liverpool''. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> == Tsa pereko le bubueledi == === Boitseanape jwa molao === Standford-Xosei ka pereko ke mogakolodi wa semolao, a itebagantse le go diragatsa molao wa kgotlatshekelo. O supa tiro ya gagwe e e sa tlwaelesegang e le ya mmueledi wa mafatshefatshe, wa Aforika o o kopaneng, o o berekang jaaka moithuti wa molweladitshwanelo mo setšhabeng, mo go tsa molao.<ref name=":0" /> === Tshimololo ya PARCOE === Ngwaga wa 2001, o tshwaya go berekisana le ba batlang Aforika o o kopaneng ba kwa Ghana (Kofi Mawuli Klu le Kwame Adofo Sampong) ga ga Standford-Xosei, mo go tlhameng lekgotla la bokopano jwa kwa Europe mo dituelong tsa mafatshe a Aforika otlhe. Lekgotla le le ne le tlhamelwa go mekamekana le se Standford-Xosei a se bitsang go tlhokafala ga buelelwa ga dituelo tsa mafatshe a Aforika mo polotiking ya Europe. <ref>"[https://www.inosaar.llc.ed.ac.uk/en/timeline/pan-afrikan-reparations-coalition-europe Pan-Afrikan Reparations Coalition in Europe]". ''INOSAAR''. 2001. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> === Letsholo la Maangamizi === Standford-Xosei o simolotse ebile o eteletse pele letsholo la go emisa Maangamizi le gore go beilwe tlhwatlhwa mo kganyaolong. Lefoko Manangamizi le le tswang mo puong ya Swahili le ya go bopaganag ga Aforika, le tlhalosa maiteko a go fedisa batho ba Aforika le ditsela tsotlhe tsa go itshupa o le mo Aforika, mo go supiwang ka metseletsele ya bokgoba jwa dithoto, go laolwa ke mafatshe a sele le go tlontlololwa.<ref>[https://stopthemaangamizi.com/2021/10/20/ourstory-continues-to-be-made-appg-on-african-reparations-appgar-established-today/ "Ourstory continues to be made: APPG on African Reparations (APPGAR) established today"]. ''Stop the Maangamizi''. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> === Boeteledipele jwa thuto === Jaaka moeteledipele wa lekgotla la Maangamizi la thuto, Standford-Xosei o okametse bontlha jwa thuto jwa letsholo la go emisa Maangamizi. Maikaelelo a lekgotla le ke go tsibosa batho ka dikgang tsa dituelo le go ja boswa ga ngwao ya Aforika.<ref>[https://www.linkedin.com/in/esther-xosei?originalSubdomain=uk "Esther Xosei - Executive Director]". ''LinkedIn''. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> === Go tsaya karolo mo palamenteng === Standford-Xosei o ne a na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhameng setlhopha sa diphathi tsotlhe tsa palamente go lwela dituelo tsa Aforika tsa bokgoba, kwa makgotleng a palamente ya United Kingdom a a itebagantseng le go netefatsa gore Aforika o duelelwa ditshenyegelo tsa bokgoba.<ref>"[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmallparty/211117/afrikan-reparations.htm All-Party Parliamentary Group for African Reparations]". ''UK Parliament''. 17 November 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> == Motheo wa kakanyo le mokwa wa tuelo == === mofuta o o tseneletseng wa dituelo === Standford-Xosei o rotloetsa mofuta wa dituelo o eseng wa madi fela. mofuta wa gagwe o akaretsa: == Thotloetso mo lefatsheng ka bophara le dikatlego tsa gagwe == === Tsa thuto === Standford-Xosei o itlhomile kwa pele jaaka moithuti wa molweladitshwanelo a ithuta ka tsa molao le tsa ditso. O tsere karolo mo bokopanong jwa dipatlisiso tsa thuto tse di itebagantseng le dituelo, ka go ikopanya le mafarafatlha a baithuti le malweladitshwanelo tsa dituelo tsa Aforika.<ref>"[https://www.inosaar.llc.ed.ac.uk/en/principles-participation Principles of participation]". ''INOSAAR''. Retrieved 19 June 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == fe0xq74jo7s1qa8iecdsak70540ef2f 0 10644 40596 2025-06-18T14:33:50Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e le go tsenya ditshwantsho le metswedi #AWC2025 40596 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Slave Patrol.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa balebeledi ba makgoba ba tlhatlhoba dipasa tsa setlhopha sa Maaforika a Amerika a a dirilweng makgoba]] '''Motshwari wa makgoba''' ke motho yo o thapilweng go latedisa le go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng kwa go ba ba dirileng makgoba. Batshwari ba ntlha ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba le matlhagatlhaga kwa dikoloning tsa Yuropa kwa West Indies ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesomethataro. Kwa Virginia le Carolina tsa bokoloniale, batshwari ba makgoba (jaaka karolo ya thulaganyo ya go paterola makgoba) ba ne ba thapiwa ke bajadi ba Borwa go simolola ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesomerobedi go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng; kgopolo e ne ya anama ka bonako kwa Dikoloning tsotlhe tse di Lesometharo.<ref>Kappeler (7 January 2014). [https://ekuonline.eku.edu/blog/police-studies/brief-history-slavery-and-origins-american-policing/ "A Brief History of Slavery and the Origins of American Policing"]. ''EKU Online''. Eastern Kentucky University. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025</ref><ref>Wells (2019). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NCyVDwAAQBAJ&q=slave%20catchers Blind No More African American Resistance, Free-Soil Politics, and the Coming of the Civil War]''. University of Georgia Press. pp. 12, 44, 86–88. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780820354842|9780820354842]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga go tlhongwa ga United States, batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba tswelela go thapiwa mo godimo ga go nna matlhagatlhaga kwa dinageng tse dingwe tse di neng di sa fedisa bokgoba, jaaka Brazil. Ditiro tsa batho ba ba neng ba tshwara makgoba ba ba tswang kwa Amerika Borwa di ne tsa nna selo se se neng se baka kganetsano e kgolo pele ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika; Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng o ne o batla gore batho ba ba nnang kwa Bokone jwa United States ba thuse batho ba ba tshwarang makgoba. Batshwari ba makgoba kwa United States ba ne ba kgaotsa go nna matlhagatlhaga fa go ne go amogelwa Molao wa Bolesometharo. == Ditso tsa batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika == Batshwari ba ntlha ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba le matlhagatlhaga kwa dikoloning tsa Yuropa kwa West Indies ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesomethataro. Kwa Virginia le Carolina tsa bokoloniale, batshwari ba makgoba (jaaka karolo ya thulaganyo ya go paterola makgoba) ba ne ba thapiwa ke bajadi ba Borwa go simolola ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesomerobedi go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng; kgopolo e ne ya anama ka bonako kwa Dikoloning tsotlhe tse di Lesometharo.: 7 Batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba na le batswakwa ba basweu ba ba neng ba thapilwe ke bajadi go laola palo e e oketsegang ka bonako ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ka ntlha ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Atlantic. Maiteko ano a ntlha a go tlhoma thulaganyo ya go paterola makgoba a ne a kgorelediwa ke palo e nnye ya batshwari ba makgoba ba ba neng ba dira mo lefelong le legolo. Ka ntlha ya seo, bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba kgona go falola go lemogiwa mme ba tshabela kwa dikgaolong tse ba neng ba ka tshela kwa go tsone e le batho ba mmala ba ba gololesegileng. == Go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga molao kwa Amerika wa bokolone == Motlha wa bokoloniale wa United States o ne wa bona go tlhaga tsamaiso ya go dira gore molao o diragadiwe e e neng e tshwana le ya kwa Yuropa. Kwa Dikoloning tsa Bokone, tseno di ne di na le balebedi, ba ba neng ba thapilwe ke baagi ba poraefete go tlhokomela mebila le go boloka thulaganyo; kwa Dikoloning tse di kwa Borwa, go dira gore molao o diragadiwe go ne go lebisitswe thata mo go tlhokomeleng batho ba le bantsi ba Maaforika a Amerika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba ba ba neng ba bereka mo masimong. Ditlhopha tseno di ne di na le bobedi jwa bajadi le bakoloniale ba ba neng ba sena makgoba, mme ba ne ba duelwa ke bajadi go batla makgoba a a tshabileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Dikoloni tsa Borwa di ne di na le batho ba bannye thata go feta tsa Bokone, mme seno se ne se dira gore batho ba ba neng ba tshwara makgoba ba nne le mathata. Le fa bokgoba bo ne bo le teng kwa Dikoloning tsa Bokone, bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba kwa Amerika ya Bokoloniale ba ne ba nna kwa Borwa, mme seno sa dira gore palo e e sa lekaneng ya batshwari ba makgoba ba nne matlhagatlhaga mo kgaolong eo. Le fa borahisitori ba lemogile gore kgang eno ga e a emelwa sentle mo hisitoring ya Amerika, balemi ba basadi le bone ba ne ba tla tsaya karolo mo maitekong a go gapa makgoba a a tshabileng gape.: 2 : 123 Mo e ka nnang motho mongwe le mongwe yo o neng a batla makgoba o ne a ka kgona go nna motsomi wa makgoba, mme o ne a ka atlega. == Melao ya makgoba a a tshabileng == Batho ba basweu ba ba neng ba fedisa makgoba le ope fela yo o neng a thusa go golola kgotsa go fitlha makgoba ba ne ba otlhaelwa maiteko a bone. Pego nngwe ya go tshwarwa ga makgoba a a tshabileng ka tsela e e setlhogo e ne e le Masole a lewatle a ka nna 200 a U.S. a a neng a felegetsa lekgoba le le lengwe le le tshabileng go boela kwa tlhokomelong ya mong wa lone.[citation needed] Jaaka fa melao le kwa Bokone e ne e otlhaya batho ba ba neng ba thusa makgoba go tshaba mmogo le makgoba a a tshabileng kwa makgoba a neng a le teng1, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tshabela kwa Canada1. Ka go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850, ditiro tsa batshwari ba makgoba di ne tsa nolofadiwa ke go laela badiredipuso go batla le go sekisa makgoba a a tshabileng, go naya batshwari ba makgoba kgololesego e ntsi ya go dira ka fa tlase ga molao. Ka molao ono, go begwa gore batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba kgona go bona ditaelo tsa go tshwara ba ba neng ba supiwa e le makgoba a a tshabileng.[page needed] == Dikarabo tsa Bokone == Bokone bo ne jwa nna kgatlhanong thata le kgopolo ya gore go nne le batho ba ba tshabang ba ba tshwarang makgoba. Dinaga di le mmalwa tsa Bokone di ne tsa fetisa melao e mesha ya kgololesego ya motho ka namana di sa dumalane le maiteko a Borwa a go dira gore makgoba a tshwarwe le go busiwa. Go tshwara makgoba go ne go letleletswe kwa Bokone mme melao e mesha kwa Bokone e ne e sa dire gore go se kgonege go tshwara makgoba a a tshabileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga nna thata, ga tura, e bile ga ja nako mo e leng gore batshwari ba makgoba ba ba tshabileng le beng ba one ba ne ba tlogela go leka. Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng o ne wa nonotsha tsibogo ya bafedisi kgatlhanong le batshwari ba makgoba, ka ditlhopha tsa bafedisi go akaretsa le Free Soil Party di buelela tiriso ya ditlhobolo go emisa batshwari ba makgoba le batshwari ba makgoba, ba e bapisa le Phetogo ya Amerika. Dingwaga tsa bo 1850 di ne tsa bona tlhatlogo e e bonalang ya dikgotlhang tsa tirisodikgoka magareng ga bafedisi le ba tiragatso ya molao, ka ditlhopha tse dikgolo tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go lwantsha ditiro tse di neng di tshosetsa makgoba a a tshabileng. Batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba fokodiwa thata ka palo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika ka bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tsenela kgotsa ba tsenngwa mo Sesoleng sa Confederate; mme setheo sa go paterola makgoba se ne sa nyelela morago ga gore Tlhabololo ya Bolesometharo ya Molaomotheo wa Amerika e fedise bokgoba kwa Amerika.: 340 == Metswedi == rgfw5qgwbd820v1kkux6blu0g5yy9o9 40597 40596 2025-06-18T14:52:12Z KatieKea 10150 /* Ditso tsa batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika */ ke simolotse go ranola karolo e #AWC2025 40597 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Slave Patrol.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa balebeledi ba makgoba ba tlhatlhoba dipasa tsa setlhopha sa Maaforika a Amerika a a dirilweng makgoba]] '''Motshwari wa makgoba''' ke motho yo o thapilweng go latedisa le go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng kwa go ba ba dirileng makgoba. Batshwari ba ntlha ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba le matlhagatlhaga kwa dikoloning tsa Yuropa kwa West Indies ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le borataro. Kwa Virginia le Carolina tsa bokolone, batshwari ba makgoba (jaaka karolo ya thulaganyo ya go kata makgoba) ba ne ba thapiwa ke bajadi ba Borwa go simolola ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le borobabedi go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng; kgopolo e ne ya anama ka bonako kwa Dikoloning tsotlhe tse di Lesome le boraro.<ref>Kappeler (7 January 2014). [https://ekuonline.eku.edu/blog/police-studies/brief-history-slavery-and-origins-american-policing/ "A Brief History of Slavery and the Origins of American Policing"]. ''EKU Online''. Eastern Kentucky University. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025</ref><ref>Wells (2019). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NCyVDwAAQBAJ&q=slave%20catchers Blind No More African American Resistance, Free-Soil Politics, and the Coming of the Civil War]''. University of Georgia Press. pp. 12, 44, 86–88. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780820354842|9780820354842]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga go tlhongwa ga Amerika, batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba tswelela go thapiwa mo godimo ga go nna matlhagatlhaga kwa mafatsheng a mangwe tse a a neng a sa fedisa bokgoba, jaaka Brazil. Ditiro tsa batho ba ba neng ba tshwara makgoba ba ba tswang kwa Amerika Borwa di ne tsa nna selo se se neng se baka kganetsano e kgolo pele ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika; [[Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850|Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng]] o ne o batla gore batho ba ba nnang kwa Bokone jwa Amerika ba thuse batho ba ba tshwarang makgoba. Batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba emisa go nna matlhagatlhaga fa go ne go amogelwa [[Phetolo ya molaomotheo wa kwa United States ya lesome le boraro]]. == Ditso tsa batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika == [[Setshwantsho:Capitao-mato.jpg|left|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motho yo o tshwarang makgoba kwa Brazil ya bokolone se se dirilweng ke motaki wa Mojeremane e bong Johann Moritz Rugendas.]] Batshwari ba ntlha ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba le matlhagatlhaga kwa dikoloning tsa Yuropa kwa West Indies ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesomethataro. Kwa Virginia le Carolina tsa bokolone, batshwari ba makgoba (jaaka karolo ya thulaganyo ya go kata makgoba) ba ne ba thapiwa ke bajadi ba Borwa go simolola ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesomerobedi go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng; kgopolo e ne ya anama ka bonako kwa Dikoloning tsotlhe tse di Lesometharo.<ref>Hadden, Sally E. (2001). ''[[:en:Slave_Patrols:_Law_and_Violence_in_Virginia_and_the_Carolinas|Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas]]''. Harvard Historical Studies. Cambridge, MA: [[:en:Harvard_University_Press|Harvard University Press]]. p. 340. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780674012349|9780674012349]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref>: ⁷ Batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika e ne e le batswakwa ba basweu ba ba neng ba thapilwe ke bajadi go laola palo e e oketsegang ka bonako ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ka ntlha ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Atlantic. Maiteko ano a ntlha a go tlhoma thulaganyo ya go paterola makgoba a ne a kgorelediwa ke palo e nnye ya batshwari ba makgoba ba ba neng ba dira mo lefelong le legolo. Ka ntlha ya seo, bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba kgona go falola go lemogiwa mme ba tshabela kwa dikgaolong tse ba neng ba ka tshela kwa go tsone e le batho ba mmala ba ba gololesegileng.<ref>Lubet, Steven (2010). Fugitive Justice: Runaways, Rescuers, and Slavery on Trial. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 1. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0674047044|978-0674047044]].</ref> == Go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga molao kwa Amerika wa bokolone == Motlha wa bokoloniale wa United States o ne wa bona go tlhaga tsamaiso ya go dira gore molao o diragadiwe e e neng e tshwana le ya kwa Yuropa. Kwa Dikoloning tsa Bokone, tseno di ne di na le balebedi, ba ba neng ba thapilwe ke baagi ba poraefete go tlhokomela mebila le go boloka thulaganyo; kwa Dikoloning tse di kwa Borwa, go dira gore molao o diragadiwe go ne go lebisitswe thata mo go tlhokomeleng batho ba le bantsi ba Maaforika a Amerika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba ba ba neng ba bereka mo masimong. Ditlhopha tseno di ne di na le bobedi jwa bajadi le bakoloniale ba ba neng ba sena makgoba, mme ba ne ba duelwa ke bajadi go batla makgoba a a tshabileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Dikoloni tsa Borwa di ne di na le batho ba bannye thata go feta tsa Bokone, mme seno se ne se dira gore batho ba ba neng ba tshwara makgoba ba nne le mathata. Le fa bokgoba bo ne bo le teng kwa Dikoloning tsa Bokone, bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba kwa Amerika ya Bokoloniale ba ne ba nna kwa Borwa, mme seno sa dira gore palo e e sa lekaneng ya batshwari ba makgoba ba nne matlhagatlhaga mo kgaolong eo. Le fa borahisitori ba lemogile gore kgang eno ga e a emelwa sentle mo hisitoring ya Amerika, balemi ba basadi le bone ba ne ba tla tsaya karolo mo maitekong a go gapa makgoba a a tshabileng gape.: 2 : 123 Mo e ka nnang motho mongwe le mongwe yo o neng a batla makgoba o ne a ka kgona go nna motsomi wa makgoba, mme o ne a ka atlega. == Melao ya makgoba a a tshabileng == Batho ba basweu ba ba neng ba fedisa makgoba le ope fela yo o neng a thusa go golola kgotsa go fitlha makgoba ba ne ba otlhaelwa maiteko a bone. Pego nngwe ya go tshwarwa ga makgoba a a tshabileng ka tsela e e setlhogo e ne e le Masole a lewatle a ka nna 200 a U.S. a a neng a felegetsa lekgoba le le lengwe le le tshabileng go boela kwa tlhokomelong ya mong wa lone.[citation needed] Jaaka fa melao le kwa Bokone e ne e otlhaya batho ba ba neng ba thusa makgoba go tshaba mmogo le makgoba a a tshabileng kwa makgoba a neng a le teng1, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tshabela kwa Canada1. Ka go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850, ditiro tsa batshwari ba makgoba di ne tsa nolofadiwa ke go laela badiredipuso go batla le go sekisa makgoba a a tshabileng, go naya batshwari ba makgoba kgololesego e ntsi ya go dira ka fa tlase ga molao. Ka molao ono, go begwa gore batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba kgona go bona ditaelo tsa go tshwara ba ba neng ba supiwa e le makgoba a a tshabileng.[page needed] == Dikarabo tsa Bokone == Bokone bo ne jwa nna kgatlhanong thata le kgopolo ya gore go nne le batho ba ba tshabang ba ba tshwarang makgoba. Dinaga di le mmalwa tsa Bokone di ne tsa fetisa melao e mesha ya kgololesego ya motho ka namana di sa dumalane le maiteko a Borwa a go dira gore makgoba a tshwarwe le go busiwa. Go tshwara makgoba go ne go letleletswe kwa Bokone mme melao e mesha kwa Bokone e ne e sa dire gore go se kgonege go tshwara makgoba a a tshabileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga nna thata, ga tura, e bile ga ja nako mo e leng gore batshwari ba makgoba ba ba tshabileng le beng ba one ba ne ba tlogela go leka. Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng o ne wa nonotsha tsibogo ya bafedisi kgatlhanong le batshwari ba makgoba, ka ditlhopha tsa bafedisi go akaretsa le Free Soil Party di buelela tiriso ya ditlhobolo go emisa batshwari ba makgoba le batshwari ba makgoba, ba e bapisa le Phetogo ya Amerika. Dingwaga tsa bo 1850 di ne tsa bona tlhatlogo e e bonalang ya dikgotlhang tsa tirisodikgoka magareng ga bafedisi le ba tiragatso ya molao, ka ditlhopha tse dikgolo tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go lwantsha ditiro tse di neng di tshosetsa makgoba a a tshabileng. Batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba fokodiwa thata ka palo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika ka bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tsenela kgotsa ba tsenngwa mo Sesoleng sa Confederate; mme setheo sa go paterola makgoba se ne sa nyelela morago ga gore Tlhabololo ya Bolesometharo ya Molaomotheo wa Amerika e fedise bokgoba kwa Amerika.: 340 == Metswedi == 14yrj9ctfse7c5xhkuxdyp0wum4v550 40598 40597 2025-06-18T19:07:34Z KatieKea 10150 /* Go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga molao kwa Amerika wa bokolone */ ke feditse go ranola karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025 40598 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Slave Patrol.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa balebeledi ba makgoba ba tlhatlhoba dipasa tsa setlhopha sa Maaforika a Amerika a a dirilweng makgoba]] '''Motshwari wa makgoba''' ke motho yo o thapilweng go latedisa le go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng kwa go ba ba dirileng makgoba. Batshwari ba ntlha ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba le matlhagatlhaga kwa dikoloning tsa Yuropa kwa West Indies ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le borataro. Kwa Virginia le Carolina tsa bokolone, batshwari ba makgoba (jaaka karolo ya thulaganyo ya go kata makgoba) ba ne ba thapiwa ke bajadi ba Borwa go simolola ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le borobabedi go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng; kgopolo e ne ya anama ka bonako kwa Dikoloning tsotlhe tse di Lesome le boraro.<ref>Kappeler (7 January 2014). [https://ekuonline.eku.edu/blog/police-studies/brief-history-slavery-and-origins-american-policing/ "A Brief History of Slavery and the Origins of American Policing"]. ''EKU Online''. Eastern Kentucky University. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025</ref><ref>Wells (2019). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NCyVDwAAQBAJ&q=slave%20catchers Blind No More African American Resistance, Free-Soil Politics, and the Coming of the Civil War]''. University of Georgia Press. pp. 12, 44, 86–88. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780820354842|9780820354842]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga go tlhongwa ga Amerika, batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba tswelela go thapiwa mo godimo ga go nna matlhagatlhaga kwa mafatsheng a mangwe tse a a neng a sa fedisa bokgoba, jaaka Brazil. Ditiro tsa batho ba ba neng ba tshwara makgoba ba ba tswang kwa Amerika Borwa di ne tsa nna selo se se neng se baka kganetsano e kgolo pele ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika; [[Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850|Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng]] o ne o batla gore batho ba ba nnang kwa Bokone jwa Amerika ba thuse batho ba ba tshwarang makgoba. Batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba emisa go nna matlhagatlhaga fa go ne go amogelwa [[Phetolo ya molaomotheo wa kwa United States ya lesome le boraro]]. == Ditso tsa batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika == [[Setshwantsho:Capitao-mato.jpg|left|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motho yo o tshwarang makgoba kwa Brazil ya bokolone se se dirilweng ke motaki wa Mojeremane e bong Johann Moritz Rugendas.]] Batshwari ba ntlha ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba le matlhagatlhaga kwa dikoloning tsa Yuropa kwa West Indies ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesomethataro. Kwa Virginia le Carolina tsa bokolone, batshwari ba makgoba (jaaka karolo ya thulaganyo ya go kata makgoba) ba ne ba thapiwa ke bajadi ba Borwa go simolola ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesomerobedi go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng; kgopolo e ne ya anama ka bonako kwa Dikoloning tsotlhe tse di Lesometharo.<ref name=":0">Hadden, Sally E. (2001). ''[[:en:Slave_Patrols:_Law_and_Violence_in_Virginia_and_the_Carolinas|Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas]]''. Harvard Historical Studies. Cambridge, MA: [[:en:Harvard_University_Press|Harvard University Press]]. p. 340. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780674012349|9780674012349]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref>: ⁷ Batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika e ne e le batswakwa ba basweu ba ba neng ba thapilwe ke bajadi go laola palo e e oketsegang ka bonako ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ka ntlha ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Atlantic. Maiteko ano a ntlha a go tlhoma thulaganyo ya go paterola makgoba a ne a kgorelediwa ke palo e nnye ya batshwari ba makgoba ba ba neng ba dira mo lefelong le legolo. Ka ntlha ya seo, bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba kgona go falola go lemogiwa mme ba tshabela kwa dikgaolong tse ba neng ba ka tshela kwa go tsone e le batho ba mmala ba ba gololesegileng.<ref>Lubet, Steven (2010). Fugitive Justice: Runaways, Rescuers, and Slavery on Trial. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 1. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0674047044|978-0674047044]].</ref> == Go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga molao kwa Amerika wa bokolone == Motlha wa bokolone wa Amerika o ne wa bona go tlhaga tsamaiso ya go dira gore molao o diragadiwe e e neng e tshwana le ya kwa Yuropa. Kwa Dikoloning tsa Bokone, tse di ne di na le balebedi, ba ba neng ba thapilwe ke baagi ba ba ikemetseng go tlhokomela mebila le go boloka thulaganyo; kwa Dikoloning tse di kwa Borwa, go dira gore molao o diragadiwe go ne go lebisitswe thata mo go tlhokomeleng batho ba le bantsi ba Maaforika a Amerika ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba neng ba bereka mo masimong. Ditlhopha tseo di ne di na le bobedi jwa bajadi le bakolone ba ba neng ba sena makgoba, mme ba ne ba duelwa ke bajadi go batla makgoba a a tshabileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Dikoloni tsa Borwa di ne di na le batho ba bannye thata go feta tsa Bokone, mme seno se ne se dira gore batho ba ba neng ba tshwara makgoba ba nne le mathata. Le fa bokgoba bo ne bo le teng kwa Dikoloning tsa Bokone, bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba kwa Amerika ya Bokolone ba ne ba nna kwa Borwa, mme seno sa dira gore palo e e sa lekaneng ya batshwari ba makgoba ba nne matlhagatlhaga mo kgaolong eo. Le fa boraditso ba lemogile gore kgang e ga e a emelwa sentle mo ditsong tsa Amerika, balemi ba basadi le bone ba ne ba tla tsaya karolo mo maitekong a go gapa makgoba a a tshabileng gape.<ref name=":0" />: ² <ref>The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Victims.New York: The American Anti-Slavery Society. ISBN 978-0469387676</ref>: ¹²³<ref>Jackson, Kellie Carter (2019). Force and Freedom: Black Abolitionists and the Politics of Violence. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 60-61 [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0469387676|978-0469387676]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Mo e ka nnang motho mongwe le mongwe yo o neng a batla makgoba o ne a ka kgona go nna motsomi wa makgoba, mme o ne a ka atlega.<ref>Lubet, Steven (2010). Fugitive Justice: Runaways, Rescuers, and Slavery on Trial. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 234. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0674047044|978-0674047044]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> == Melao ya makgoba a a tshabileng == Batho ba basweu ba ba neng ba fedisa makgoba le ope fela yo o neng a thusa go golola kgotsa go fitlha makgoba ba ne ba otlhaelwa maiteko a bone. Pego nngwe ya go tshwarwa ga makgoba a a tshabileng ka tsela e e setlhogo e ne e le Masole a lewatle a ka nna 200 a U.S. a a neng a felegetsa lekgoba le le lengwe le le tshabileng go boela kwa tlhokomelong ya mong wa lone.[citation needed] Jaaka fa melao le kwa Bokone e ne e otlhaya batho ba ba neng ba thusa makgoba go tshaba mmogo le makgoba a a tshabileng kwa makgoba a neng a le teng1, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tshabela kwa Canada1. Ka go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850, ditiro tsa batshwari ba makgoba di ne tsa nolofadiwa ke go laela badiredipuso go batla le go sekisa makgoba a a tshabileng, go naya batshwari ba makgoba kgololesego e ntsi ya go dira ka fa tlase ga molao. Ka molao ono, go begwa gore batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba kgona go bona ditaelo tsa go tshwara ba ba neng ba supiwa e le makgoba a a tshabileng.[page needed] == Dikarabo tsa Bokone == Bokone bo ne jwa nna kgatlhanong thata le kgopolo ya gore go nne le batho ba ba tshabang ba ba tshwarang makgoba. Dinaga di le mmalwa tsa Bokone di ne tsa fetisa melao e mesha ya kgololesego ya motho ka namana di sa dumalane le maiteko a Borwa a go dira gore makgoba a tshwarwe le go busiwa. Go tshwara makgoba go ne go letleletswe kwa Bokone mme melao e mesha kwa Bokone e ne e sa dire gore go se kgonege go tshwara makgoba a a tshabileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga nna thata, ga tura, e bile ga ja nako mo e leng gore batshwari ba makgoba ba ba tshabileng le beng ba one ba ne ba tlogela go leka. Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng o ne wa nonotsha tsibogo ya bafedisi kgatlhanong le batshwari ba makgoba, ka ditlhopha tsa bafedisi go akaretsa le Free Soil Party di buelela tiriso ya ditlhobolo go emisa batshwari ba makgoba le batshwari ba makgoba, ba e bapisa le Phetogo ya Amerika. Dingwaga tsa bo 1850 di ne tsa bona tlhatlogo e e bonalang ya dikgotlhang tsa tirisodikgoka magareng ga bafedisi le ba tiragatso ya molao, ka ditlhopha tse dikgolo tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go lwantsha ditiro tse di neng di tshosetsa makgoba a a tshabileng. Batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba fokodiwa thata ka palo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika ka bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tsenela kgotsa ba tsenngwa mo Sesoleng sa Confederate; mme setheo sa go paterola makgoba se ne sa nyelela morago ga gore Tlhabololo ya Bolesometharo ya Molaomotheo wa Amerika e fedise bokgoba kwa Amerika.: 340 == Metswedi == i4fg7beivrskpb8vrtwf1oy6p9crsti 40599 40598 2025-06-18T19:29:51Z KatieKea 10150 /* Melao ya makgoba a a tshabileng */ ke feditse go ranola karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025 40599 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Slave Patrol.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa balebeledi ba makgoba ba tlhatlhoba dipasa tsa setlhopha sa Maaforika a Amerika a a dirilweng makgoba]] '''Motshwari wa makgoba''' ke motho yo o thapilweng go latedisa le go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng kwa go ba ba dirileng makgoba. Batshwari ba ntlha ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba le matlhagatlhaga kwa dikoloning tsa Yuropa kwa West Indies ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le borataro. Kwa Virginia le Carolina tsa bokolone, batshwari ba makgoba (jaaka karolo ya thulaganyo ya go kata makgoba) ba ne ba thapiwa ke bajadi ba Borwa go simolola ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le borobabedi go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng; kgopolo e ne ya anama ka bonako kwa Dikoloning tsotlhe tse di Lesome le boraro.<ref>Kappeler (7 January 2014). [https://ekuonline.eku.edu/blog/police-studies/brief-history-slavery-and-origins-american-policing/ "A Brief History of Slavery and the Origins of American Policing"]. ''EKU Online''. Eastern Kentucky University. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025</ref><ref>Wells (2019). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NCyVDwAAQBAJ&q=slave%20catchers Blind No More African American Resistance, Free-Soil Politics, and the Coming of the Civil War]''. University of Georgia Press. pp. 12, 44, 86–88. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780820354842|9780820354842]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga go tlhongwa ga Amerika, batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba tswelela go thapiwa mo godimo ga go nna matlhagatlhaga kwa mafatsheng a mangwe tse a a neng a sa fedisa bokgoba, jaaka Brazil. Ditiro tsa batho ba ba neng ba tshwara makgoba ba ba tswang kwa Amerika Borwa di ne tsa nna selo se se neng se baka kganetsano e kgolo pele ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika; [[Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850|Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng]] o ne o batla gore batho ba ba nnang kwa Bokone jwa Amerika ba thuse batho ba ba tshwarang makgoba. Batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba emisa go nna matlhagatlhaga fa go ne go amogelwa [[Phetolo ya molaomotheo wa kwa United States ya lesome le boraro]]. == Ditso tsa batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika == [[Setshwantsho:Capitao-mato.jpg|left|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motho yo o tshwarang makgoba kwa Brazil ya bokolone se se dirilweng ke motaki wa Mojeremane e bong Johann Moritz Rugendas.]] Batshwari ba ntlha ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba le matlhagatlhaga kwa dikoloning tsa Yuropa kwa West Indies ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesomethataro. Kwa Virginia le Carolina tsa bokolone, batshwari ba makgoba (jaaka karolo ya thulaganyo ya go kata makgoba) ba ne ba thapiwa ke bajadi ba Borwa go simolola ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesomerobedi go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng; kgopolo e ne ya anama ka bonako kwa Dikoloning tsotlhe tse di Lesometharo.<ref name=":0">Hadden, Sally E. (2001). ''[[:en:Slave_Patrols:_Law_and_Violence_in_Virginia_and_the_Carolinas|Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas]]''. Harvard Historical Studies. Cambridge, MA: [[:en:Harvard_University_Press|Harvard University Press]]. p. 340. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780674012349|9780674012349]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref>: ⁷ Batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika e ne e le batswakwa ba basweu ba ba neng ba thapilwe ke bajadi go laola palo e e oketsegang ka bonako ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ka ntlha ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Atlantic. Maiteko ano a ntlha a go tlhoma thulaganyo ya go paterola makgoba a ne a kgorelediwa ke palo e nnye ya batshwari ba makgoba ba ba neng ba dira mo lefelong le legolo. Ka ntlha ya seo, bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba kgona go falola go lemogiwa mme ba tshabela kwa dikgaolong tse ba neng ba ka tshela kwa go tsone e le batho ba mmala ba ba gololesegileng.<ref>Lubet, Steven (2010). Fugitive Justice: Runaways, Rescuers, and Slavery on Trial. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 1. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0674047044|978-0674047044]].</ref> == Go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga molao kwa Amerika wa bokolone == Motlha wa bokolone wa Amerika o ne wa bona go tlhaga tsamaiso ya go dira gore molao o diragadiwe e e neng e tshwana le ya kwa Yuropa. Kwa Dikoloning tsa Bokone, tse di ne di na le balebedi, ba ba neng ba thapilwe ke baagi ba ba ikemetseng go tlhokomela mebila le go boloka thulaganyo; kwa Dikoloning tse di kwa Borwa, go dira gore molao o diragadiwe go ne go lebisitswe thata mo go tlhokomeleng batho ba le bantsi ba Maaforika a Amerika ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba neng ba bereka mo masimong. Ditlhopha tseo di ne di na le bobedi jwa bajadi le bakolone ba ba neng ba sena makgoba, mme ba ne ba duelwa ke bajadi go batla makgoba a a tshabileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Dikoloni tsa Borwa di ne di na le batho ba bannye thata go feta tsa Bokone, mme seno se ne se dira gore batho ba ba neng ba tshwara makgoba ba nne le mathata. Le fa bokgoba bo ne bo le teng kwa Dikoloning tsa Bokone, bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba kwa Amerika ya Bokolone ba ne ba nna kwa Borwa, mme seno sa dira gore palo e e sa lekaneng ya batshwari ba makgoba ba nne matlhagatlhaga mo kgaolong eo. Le fa boraditso ba lemogile gore kgang e ga e a emelwa sentle mo ditsong tsa Amerika, balemi ba basadi le bone ba ne ba tla tsaya karolo mo maitekong a go gapa makgoba a a tshabileng gape.<ref name=":0" />: ² <ref>The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Victims.New York: The American Anti-Slavery Society. ISBN 978-0469387676</ref>: ¹²³<ref>Jackson, Kellie Carter (2019). Force and Freedom: Black Abolitionists and the Politics of Violence. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 60-61 [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0469387676|978-0469387676]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Mo e ka nnang motho mongwe le mongwe yo o neng a batla makgoba o ne a ka kgona go nna motsomi wa makgoba, mme o ne a ka atlega.<ref>Lubet, Steven (2010). Fugitive Justice: Runaways, Rescuers, and Slavery on Trial. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 234. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0674047044|978-0674047044]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> == Melao ya makgoba a a tshabileng == Batho ba basweu ba ba neng ba bata go fedisa bokgoba le ope fela yo o neng a thusa go golola kgotsa go fitlha makgoba ba ne ba otlhaelwa maiteko a bone. Pego nngwe ya go tshwarwa ga makgoba a a tshabileng ka tsela e e setlhogo e ne e le ya Masole a lewatle a Amerika a ka nna makgolo a mabedi a a neng a felegetsa lekgoba le le lengwe le le tshabileng go boela kwa tlhokomelong ya mong wa lone.^{[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|citation needed]]]} Jaaka fa melao le kwa Bokone e ne e otlhaya batho ba ba neng ba thusa makgoba go tshaba mmogo le makgoba a a tshabileng, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tshabela kwa Canada kwa bokgoba [[Molao wa go Fedisa Bokgoba wa 1833|bo neng bo fedisitswe ka 1834]]. Ka go fetisiwa ga [[Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850]], ditiro tsa batshwari ba makgoba di ne tsa nolofadiwa ke go laela badirelapuso go batla le go sekisa makgoba a a tshabileng, go naya batshwari ba makgoba kgololesego e ntsi ya go dira ka fa tlase ga molao.<ref>Foner, Eric (2 February 2016). ''Gateway to Freedom''. National Geographic Books. pp. 126–150. ISBN 978-0393352191. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Ka molao oo, go begwa gore batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba kgona go bona ditaelo tsa go tshwara ba ba neng ba supiwa e le makgoba a a tshabileng.<ref>Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (1841). ''[[iarchive:slaverydomestics01phil|Slavery and the Domestic Slave Trade in the United States]]''. Merrihew and Thompson. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref>^{[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citing_sources|page needed]]]} == Dikarabo tsa Bokone == Bokone bo ne jwa nna kgatlhanong thata le kgopolo ya gore go nne le batho ba ba tshabang ba ba tshwarang makgoba. Dinaga di le mmalwa tsa Bokone di ne tsa fetisa melao e mesha ya kgololesego ya motho ka namana di sa dumalane le maiteko a Borwa a go dira gore makgoba a tshwarwe le go busiwa. Go tshwara makgoba go ne go letleletswe kwa Bokone mme melao e mesha kwa Bokone e ne e sa dire gore go se kgonege go tshwara makgoba a a tshabileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga nna thata, ga tura, e bile ga ja nako mo e leng gore batshwari ba makgoba ba ba tshabileng le beng ba one ba ne ba tlogela go leka. Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng o ne wa nonotsha tsibogo ya bafedisi kgatlhanong le batshwari ba makgoba, ka ditlhopha tsa bafedisi go akaretsa le Free Soil Party di buelela tiriso ya ditlhobolo go emisa batshwari ba makgoba le batshwari ba makgoba, ba e bapisa le Phetogo ya Amerika. Dingwaga tsa bo 1850 di ne tsa bona tlhatlogo e e bonalang ya dikgotlhang tsa tirisodikgoka magareng ga bafedisi le ba tiragatso ya molao, ka ditlhopha tse dikgolo tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go lwantsha ditiro tse di neng di tshosetsa makgoba a a tshabileng. Batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba fokodiwa thata ka palo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika ka bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tsenela kgotsa ba tsenngwa mo Sesoleng sa Confederate; mme setheo sa go paterola makgoba se ne sa nyelela morago ga gore Tlhabololo ya Bolesometharo ya Molaomotheo wa Amerika e fedise bokgoba kwa Amerika.: 340 == Metswedi == ovcm5hnei7bhgm1hq4mkes4foskc9b6 40600 40599 2025-06-18T19:37:37Z KatieKea 10150 /* Dikarabo tsa Bokone */ ke feditse go ranola karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025 40600 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Slave Patrol.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa balebeledi ba makgoba ba tlhatlhoba dipasa tsa setlhopha sa Maaforika a Amerika a a dirilweng makgoba]] '''Motshwari wa makgoba''' ke motho yo o thapilweng go latedisa le go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng kwa go ba ba dirileng makgoba. Batshwari ba ntlha ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba le matlhagatlhaga kwa dikoloning tsa Yuropa kwa West Indies ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le borataro. Kwa Virginia le Carolina tsa bokolone, batshwari ba makgoba (jaaka karolo ya thulaganyo ya go kata makgoba) ba ne ba thapiwa ke bajadi ba Borwa go simolola ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le borobabedi go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng; kgopolo e ne ya anama ka bonako kwa Dikoloning tsotlhe tse di Lesome le boraro.<ref>Kappeler (7 January 2014). [https://ekuonline.eku.edu/blog/police-studies/brief-history-slavery-and-origins-american-policing/ "A Brief History of Slavery and the Origins of American Policing"]. ''EKU Online''. Eastern Kentucky University. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025</ref><ref>Wells (2019). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NCyVDwAAQBAJ&q=slave%20catchers Blind No More African American Resistance, Free-Soil Politics, and the Coming of the Civil War]''. University of Georgia Press. pp. 12, 44, 86–88. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780820354842|9780820354842]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga go tlhongwa ga Amerika, batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba tswelela go thapiwa mo godimo ga go nna matlhagatlhaga kwa mafatsheng a mangwe tse a a neng a sa fedisa bokgoba, jaaka Brazil. Ditiro tsa batho ba ba neng ba tshwara makgoba ba ba tswang kwa Amerika Borwa di ne tsa nna selo se se neng se baka kganetsano e kgolo pele ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika; [[Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850|Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng]] o ne o batla gore batho ba ba nnang kwa Bokone jwa Amerika ba thuse batho ba ba tshwarang makgoba. Batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba emisa go nna matlhagatlhaga fa go ne go amogelwa [[Phetolo ya molaomotheo wa kwa United States ya lesome le boraro]]. == Ditso tsa batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika == [[Setshwantsho:Capitao-mato.jpg|left|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motho yo o tshwarang makgoba kwa Brazil ya bokolone se se dirilweng ke motaki wa Mojeremane e bong Johann Moritz Rugendas.]] Batshwari ba ntlha ba makgoba kwa Amerika ba ne ba le matlhagatlhaga kwa dikoloning tsa Yuropa kwa West Indies ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesomethataro. Kwa Virginia le Carolina tsa bokolone, batshwari ba makgoba (jaaka karolo ya thulaganyo ya go kata makgoba) ba ne ba thapiwa ke bajadi ba Borwa go simolola ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesomerobedi go busetsa makgoba a a tshabileng; kgopolo e ne ya anama ka bonako kwa Dikoloning tsotlhe tse di Lesometharo.<ref name=":0">Hadden, Sally E. (2001). ''[[:en:Slave_Patrols:_Law_and_Violence_in_Virginia_and_the_Carolinas|Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas]]''. Harvard Historical Studies. Cambridge, MA: [[:en:Harvard_University_Press|Harvard University Press]]. p. 340. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780674012349|9780674012349]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref>: ⁷ Batshwari ba makgoba kwa Amerika e ne e le batswakwa ba basweu ba ba neng ba thapilwe ke bajadi go laola palo e e oketsegang ka bonako ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ka ntlha ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Atlantic. Maiteko ano a ntlha a go tlhoma thulaganyo ya go paterola makgoba a ne a kgorelediwa ke palo e nnye ya batshwari ba makgoba ba ba neng ba dira mo lefelong le legolo. Ka ntlha ya seo, bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba kgona go falola go lemogiwa mme ba tshabela kwa dikgaolong tse ba neng ba ka tshela kwa go tsone e le batho ba mmala ba ba gololesegileng.<ref>Lubet, Steven (2010). Fugitive Justice: Runaways, Rescuers, and Slavery on Trial. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 1. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0674047044|978-0674047044]].</ref> == Go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga molao kwa Amerika wa bokolone == Motlha wa bokolone wa Amerika o ne wa bona go tlhaga tsamaiso ya go dira gore molao o diragadiwe e e neng e tshwana le ya kwa Yuropa. Kwa Dikoloning tsa Bokone, tse di ne di na le balebedi, ba ba neng ba thapilwe ke baagi ba ba ikemetseng go tlhokomela mebila le go boloka thulaganyo; kwa Dikoloning tse di kwa Borwa, go dira gore molao o diragadiwe go ne go lebisitswe thata mo go tlhokomeleng batho ba le bantsi ba Maaforika a Amerika ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba neng ba bereka mo masimong. Ditlhopha tseo di ne di na le bobedi jwa bajadi le bakolone ba ba neng ba sena makgoba, mme ba ne ba duelwa ke bajadi go batla makgoba a a tshabileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Dikoloni tsa Borwa di ne di na le batho ba bannye thata go feta tsa Bokone, mme seno se ne se dira gore batho ba ba neng ba tshwara makgoba ba nne le mathata. Le fa bokgoba bo ne bo le teng kwa Dikoloning tsa Bokone, bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba kwa Amerika ya Bokolone ba ne ba nna kwa Borwa, mme seno sa dira gore palo e e sa lekaneng ya batshwari ba makgoba ba nne matlhagatlhaga mo kgaolong eo. Le fa boraditso ba lemogile gore kgang e ga e a emelwa sentle mo ditsong tsa Amerika, balemi ba basadi le bone ba ne ba tla tsaya karolo mo maitekong a go gapa makgoba a a tshabileng gape.<ref name=":0" />: ² <ref>The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Victims.New York: The American Anti-Slavery Society. ISBN 978-0469387676</ref>: ¹²³<ref>Jackson, Kellie Carter (2019). Force and Freedom: Black Abolitionists and the Politics of Violence. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 60-61 [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0469387676|978-0469387676]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Mo e ka nnang motho mongwe le mongwe yo o neng a batla makgoba o ne a ka kgona go nna motsomi wa makgoba, mme o ne a ka atlega.<ref>Lubet, Steven (2010). Fugitive Justice: Runaways, Rescuers, and Slavery on Trial. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 234. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0674047044|978-0674047044]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> == Melao ya makgoba a a tshabileng == Batho ba basweu ba ba neng ba bata go fedisa bokgoba le ope fela yo o neng a thusa go golola kgotsa go fitlha makgoba ba ne ba otlhaelwa maiteko a bone. Pego nngwe ya go tshwarwa ga makgoba a a tshabileng ka tsela e e setlhogo e ne e le ya Masole a lewatle a Amerika a ka nna makgolo a mabedi a a neng a felegetsa lekgoba le le lengwe le le tshabileng go boela kwa tlhokomelong ya mong wa lone.^{[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|citation needed]]]} Jaaka fa melao le kwa Bokone e ne e otlhaya batho ba ba neng ba thusa makgoba go tshaba mmogo le makgoba a a tshabileng, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tshabela kwa Canada kwa bokgoba [[Molao wa go Fedisa Bokgoba wa 1833|bo neng bo fedisitswe ka 1834]]. Ka go fetisiwa ga [[Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850]], ditiro tsa batshwari ba makgoba di ne tsa nolofadiwa ke go laela badirelapuso go batla le go sekisa makgoba a a tshabileng, go naya batshwari ba makgoba kgololesego e ntsi ya go dira ka fa tlase ga molao.<ref name=":1">Foner, Eric (2 February 2016). ''Gateway to Freedom''. National Geographic Books. pp. 126–150. ISBN 978-0393352191. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Ka molao oo, go begwa gore batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba kgona go bona ditaelo tsa go tshwara ba ba neng ba supiwa e le makgoba a a tshabileng.<ref>Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (1841). ''[[iarchive:slaverydomestics01phil|Slavery and the Domestic Slave Trade in the United States]]''. Merrihew and Thompson. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref>^{[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citing_sources|page needed]]]} == Dikarabo tsa Bokone == Bokone bo ne jwa nna kgatlhanong thata le kgopolo ya gore go nne le batho ba ba tshwarang makgoba a a tshabileng. Dikgaolo di le mmalwa tsa Bokone di ne tsa fetisa melao e mesha ya kgololesego ya motho ka namana di sa dumalane le maiteko a Borwa a go dira gore makgoba a tshwarwe le go busiwa. Go tshwara makgoba go ne go letleletswe kwa Bokone mme melao e mesha kwa Bokone e ne e sa dire gore go se kgonege go tshwara makgoba a a tshabileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga nna thata, ga tura, e bile ga ja nako mo e leng gore batshwari ba makgoba ba ba tshabileng le beng ba one ba ne ba tlogela go leka.<ref>John Hope Franklin; Loren Schweninger (20 July 2000). ''[[iarchive:runawayslavesreb00john_0|Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation]]''. Oxford University Press, USA. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508451-1|978-0-19-508451-1]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng o ne wa nonotsha tsibogo ya bafedisi kgatlhanong le batshwari ba makgoba, ka ditlhopha tsa bafedisi go akaretsa le Free Soil Party di buelela tiriso ya ditlhobolo go emisa batshwari ba makgoba le batshwari ba makgoba, ba e bapisa le Phetogo ya Amerika. Dingwaga tsa bo 1850 di ne tsa bona tlhatlogo e e bonalang ya dikgotlhang tsa tirisodikgoka magareng ga bafedisi le ba tiragatso ya molao, ka ditlhopha tse dikgolo tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go lwantsha ditiro tse di neng di tshosetsa makgoba a a tshabileng.<ref name=":1" /> Batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba fokodiwa thata ka palo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika ka bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tsenela kgotsa ba tsenngwa mo Sesoleng sa Confederate; mme motheo wa go kata makgoba o ne a nyelela morago ga gore [[Phetolo ya molaomotheo wa kwa United States ya lesome le boraro]] e fedise bokgoba kwa Amerika.<ref name=":0" />: ³⁴⁰ == Metswedi == 6wfikq1m50dnqr2fk8woduhi8pm766k 0 10645 40601 2025-06-18T20:07:08Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025 40601 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Dipusetso tsa California''' e ne e le motheo wa puso o o sa laoleng kwa California o o tlhomilweng ke Molaokakanyetso wa Kokoano ya California wa 3121 ka 2020 go ithuta le go tlhama dikakanyetso tsa dipusetso tsa Maaforika a Amerika, segolobogolo ba e leng ditlogolwana tsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba kwa Amerika. E ne e le komiti ya ntlha ya lefatshe ya go duela dipusetso<ref>Arango, Tim (May 16, 2023). [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/16/us/san-francisco-reparations.html "Can Reparations Bring Black Residents Back to San Francisco?"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> mme e ne ya tlhamiwa go ithuta mekgwa ya go rarabolola bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng kgatlhanong le Maaforika a Amerika jo bo bakilweng ke boswa jo bo nnelang ruri jwa bokgoba. <ref>Lyngaas, Sean (May 9, 2023). [https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/09/politics/fbi-disrupts-russian-hacking-tool/index.html "FBI disrupts Russian hacking tool used to steal information from foreign governments | CNN Politics"]. ''CNN''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref>Setlhopha sa tiro se ne se diretswe go akantsha ditsela tsa go ruta setšhaba sa California ka diphitlhelelo tsa setlhopha sa tiro le go tshitshinya dipheko. Maloko a matlhano a ne a tlhomiwa ke mmusi, maloko a le mabedi a ne a tlhomiwa ke tautona wa nakwana wa Senate, le maloko a le mabedi ke motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente.<ref>Kolhatkar, Sonali (December 21, 2021). [https://www.yesmagazine.org/social-justice/2021/12/21/california-reparations-task-force "California Forms a State-Level Reparations Task Force"]. ''[[:en:Yes!_(U.S._magazine)|Yes Magazine]]''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.</ref> Maloko a ne a boutela go lekanyetsa thutopatlisiso ya bona go samagana fela le paakanyo ya ditlogolwana tsa bokgoba jwa pele ga ntwa kwa Amerika, go na le tiriso e e anameng mo bathong ba lotso lwa Bantsho ba Aforika ka kakaretso ba ba nnang kwa Amerika. Morago ga dingwaga di ka nna tharo tsa go batlisisa dintlha, dipegelo, le ditheetso tsa phatlalatsa, setlhopha sa tiro sa ntlha mo setshabeng sa California sa dipusetso ka Labone, Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe, 2023, se ne sa golola pego ya sone ya bofelo go batlhami ba molao ba naga ka dikgakololo tsa gore naga e tshwanetse go duelela jang ditso tsa yone tsa tirisodikgoka ya semorafe kgatlhanong le Bantsho le go tlhaola batho.<ref>Clayton, Abene (January 29, 2023). [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jun/29/california-reparations-taskforce-release-final-report-slavery "'California's first-in-nation reparations taskforce to release final report': The document could serve as a national blueprint for how states atone for their history of racial violence against Black residents"]. ''The Guardian''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabongwe ka 2025.</ref> == Ditso == Setlhopha sa tiro se ne sa kopana ka 2021. Ka 2022, komiti e ne ya amogela bosupi ka ga go kgaoganngwa, go tsenngwa mola o mohibidu, go thibela batlhophi, le mefuta e mengwe ya go tlhaola mme ya buisana ka gore a go siame go duela dipusetso go Maaforika otlhe a Amerika kwa California kgotsa fela ba bagologolwane ba bone ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Komiti e ne ya newa dipalelo tsa ditiragalo dingwe tse di akaretsang dipalo tse di fitlhang go dikete di le makgolokgolo tsa didolara tsa dipusetso tsa moagi mongwe le mongwe wa California yo o ka supang gore ke setlogolwana sa motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba. Phokotso nngwe e ne ya akantsha gore "ka fa tlase fela ga sekete sa didolara wa Mo-California mongwe le mongwe wa Montsho yo o tswang mo makgobeng," go ikaegilwe ka palelo ya $127,000 ka ngwaga ya pharologano ya botshelo fa gare ga Ba-California ba Bantsho le ba Basweu. Kamilah Moore o lemogile gore California e ne e ka se kgone go duela sekoloto se se ntseng jalo ka tlhamalalo, le gore dipusetso di ka nna tsa se ka tsa tla ka sebopego sa madi, mme ka boleng jo bo lekanang, jaaka mananeo a mahala a tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo kgotsa ditleliniki tsa kalafi. California ke naga ya ntlha ya Amerika go tlhoma setheo se se tla ithutang ka kgethololo kgatlhanong le Maaforika a Amerika le go akantsha gore go duelwe. Lefa go ntse jalo, kgato e e ntseng jalo ga e tlhoke sekao; Jeremane e ne ya duela bafalodi ba Polao ya Kgailo mme Amerika e ne ya duela Majapane a Amerika a a neng a tsentswe mo kgolegelong ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe II. Mo kgetseng nngwe lefatshe la lelapa le ne la tsewa ka lefatshe le le itsegeng mme la nna phaka ya puso. == Maloko == Maloko ke: senator Steven Bradford, Amos C. Brown, Cheryl Grills, Lisa Holder, assembly member Reginald Jones-Sawyer, Jovan Scott Lewis, Kamilah Moore (Chair), councilmember Monica Montgomery Steppe, and councilmember Donald K. Tamaki. Eight members are African American le wa boferabongwe e le moJapanese American. == Ditiro == Gareng ga ditharabololo tse di tshitshintsweng ke setlhopha e ne e le go kopa maitshwarelo phatlalatsa go tswa kwa California ka seabe sa yona sa go letlelela bokgoba le boswa jwa yona jo bontsi jwa bogolo jwa basweu, mmogo le dituelo go batho ba bagologolwane ba bone e neng e le makgoba. Setlhopha sa Tiro sa California sa go Ithuta le go Tlhama Ditshitshinyo tsa Pusetso ya Maaforika a Amerika se ntshitse pegelo ya sone ya bofelo kwa Lekgotleng la Peomolao la California ka Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le boferabongwe, 2023. === '''San Francisco''' === Go ya ka New York Times, le mororo ditoropo di le mmalwa tsa Amerika di akanyetsa ditharabololo tse di tshwanang le tseno, ga go na epe e e kileng ya nna matlhagatlhaga jaaka San Francisco, e setlhopha sa yone sa tiro sa maloko a le lesome le botlhano se ileng sa naya badiredibagolo ba mmasepala ditshitshinyo di le lekgolo le lesome le motso mo pegong ya ntlha. Ntle le tshisinyo ya kagosešwa, setlhopha sa tiro sa dipusetso se tlhagisitse dintlha di le dintsi tse di tlogetseng baagi ba Bantsho kwa morago, go simolola ka "thibelo ya naga ka bophara ya kgato ya go tlhomamisa" go ya kwa dikgoreletsing tsa kgethololo tse di bakileng phitlhelelo e e lekanyeditsweng ya ditirelo tsa kalafi. Setlhopha sa tiro sa toropo se itsisitse go duela tuelo ya didolara di le dimilione di le tlhano gangwe fela, go mongwe le mongwe yo o tshwanelegang ka maiteko a go fedisa phatlha ya khumo ya merafe, e e ntseng e le lebaka la konokono la go duela dipusetso ka nako e telele. Go farologana le seo, setlhopha sa tiro sa dipusetso tsa naga ya California se tshitshintse sekale se se relelang se se nang le tekanyetso ya didolara di le dimilione di le 1,2 tsa batho ba ba godileng ba Bantsho. Madi a a seatleng a ne a tlhokomelwa thata, mme bontsi jwa one a tsewa e le a a ka se fitlhelelweng mo toropong e e nang le dikgwetlho tse di ntseng di oketsega tsa madi le go tlhoka tumalano ya sepolotiki mo kgannyeng eno.[13] == Phelelo == Nngwe ya dikgakololo tsa Setlhopha se sa tiro, tsa go phimola polelwana ya go ikgethela ga kotlhao go tswa mo thibelong ya molaomotheo wa kgaolo ya bokgoba le bokgoba jo bo sa ithaopeng, e ne ya bewa mo pampiring ya ditlhopho ya Ngwanaatseele 2024 ke Bamolao jaaka ACA 8 ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa, 2024. == Metswedi == hylv2mmktgzco7xnwmr54mwcj3mu8pv 0 10646 40603 2025-06-19T09:03:26Z JudithShe 9421 Ke dirile tsebe ya Go busetsa seriti e le thanolo ya tsebe ya Dignity Restoration 40603 wikitext text/x-wiki Go busetsa seriti ke tsela ya go busetsa batho le merafe dituelo tsa dithoto ka ditsamaiso tse di netefatsang setho sa bone le go monotsha se ba se emetseng. Go busetsa seriti gantsi go tlhaloganngwa e le go fodisa kgotsa go baakanya go tsaya seriti - fa lefatshe le senya kgotsa le tsaya ditshwanelo tsa batho tsa dithoto, ditlamorago ke go ba diga seriti kgotsa go ba tlontlolola.<ref name=":0">''[https://global.oup.com/academic/product/we-want-whats-ours-9780198714637?cc=us&lang=en& We Want What's Ours: Learning from South Africa's Land Restitution Program]''. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 2014-08-26. p. 4. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871463-7|978-0-19-871463-7]]</bdi>.</ref> == Motheo == thulaganyo ya go busetsa seriti e tlhamilwe pele ke motlhatlhelela dithuto Bernadette Atuahene morago ga go tlhotlhomisa ka go tsewa ga lefatshe kwa Aforika Borwa mo bukeng ya gagwe ya ''We want whats Ours:Learning from South Africa's Restitution Program.'' Atuahene o ne a leba go tseelwa seriti e le fa lefatshe le le senya kgotsa le tsaya ditshwanelo tsa dithoto mo bathong, ba feleletsa ba ba tseetse seriti le go ba tlontlolola. Atuahene o ne a leba pusetso ya se e se dituelo fela, mme e le go tsosolosa seriti sa bone, kana go ba duela ka tsela e e tla tsosolosang serodumo sa bone''.'' <ref name=":0" /> Go busetsa seriti go fa merafe e e tseetsweng dithoto maatla a go tsaya tshwetso ya ka fa ba batlang go thatafadiwa ka teng. Kgang ya go busetsa seriti e fa tshono ya go buisana ka tsela e e tshwanetseng ya go baakanya seemo sa go tsaya seriti, mme ka tsela e nngwe go akanngwa gape ka maikaelelo le kgonagalo ya go baakanya.<ref name=":1">Atuahene, Bernadette (2016-10-27). [https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-084457 "Takings as a Sociolegal Concept: An Interdisciplinary Examination of Involuntary Property Loss"]. ''Annual Review of Law and Social Science''. '''12''' (1): 179. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-084457 10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-084457]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-3585 1550-3585.]</ref><ref>Atuahene, Bernadette (2016-10-27). "Takings as a Sociolegal Concept: An Interdisciplinary Examination of Involuntary Property Loss". ''Annual Review of Law and Social Science''. '''12''' (1): 174, 178-79. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]]10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-084457. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] 1550-3585.</ref> Fa e sale ka mokwalo wa ga Atuahene, baithuti ba le bantsi ba dirisitse tsela e mo dipatlisisong mo mafelong a a farologaneng le dinako tse di farologaneng.<ref>"[https://studentorgs.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/live-symposia/dignity-takings-dignity-restoration/ Dignity Takings | Dignity Restoration]". ''Chicago-Kent Law Review''. Retrieved 19 June 2025.</ref> == Dipopego tsa go busetsa seriti == === Botlhokwa jwa go itseela ditshwetso === Go busetsa seriti go gatelela botlhokwa jwa gore ba ba tseetsweng seriti ba tseye tshwetso ya ka f ba batlang se busediwa ka teng, fa godimo ga dipoelo tsa dithoto. Sekai: moithuti wa tsa molao le setho Cesar Rosado o ne a dira tiro ya botaki jwa dilo tsa setso kwa komponeng ya Chicago worker center e e bidiwang Arise e e thusang babereki ba ba seng mo teseletsong le ba bangwe ba ba tlhokang thuso.<ref>Rosado Marzan, Cesar F. (2017). "[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3078735 Dignity Takings and Wage Theft]". ''Chicago-Kent L. Rev''. '''92''': 1135. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3078735 10.2139/ssrn.3078735]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1556-5068 1556-5068].</ref> O ne a feleletsa ka gore go tlhoka go duelwa ke go ganelwa ka dithoto ebile e le go tseela motho seriri, le gore melao e e sireletsang ditshwanelo tsa babereki e botlhokwa ka e letla babereki go lwela dipoelo.<ref>Rosado Marzan, Cesar F. (2017). "Dignity Takings and Wage Theft". ''Chicago-Kent L. Rev''. '''92''': 1206. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:10.2139/ssrn.3078735. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] 1556-5068.</ref> Mo sekaing se sengwe, moithuti wa tsa molao Eva Pils o ne a tlhalosa fa go pateletsa batho go fuduga kwa maganeng go sutela go gola ga toropo ga lefatshe la China, ke go tseela batho seriti.<ref>Pils, Eva (2016). "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-social-inquiry/article/resisting-dignity-takings-in-china/ED5E547D0EEB0020AEFF3B072836F4C1 Resisting Dignity Takings in China]". ''Law & Social Inquiry''. '''41''' (4): 888–916. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-social-inquiry/article/resisting-dignity-takings-in-china/ED5E547D0EEB0020AEFF3B072836F4C1 10.1111/lsi.12203]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0897-6546 0897-6546]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a21a3859033e9d710bf2faa68f7fc1ee2a174f40 146335471].</ref> Go ya ka Pils, dituelo le mananeo a go fudusa batho ga puso ya lefatshe la China ga go lekane seelo sa go tsosolosa seriti sa batho. Le ntswa go le diphatsa, Pils o ne a tlhalosa gore go gana go fudusiwa go ka busetsa serodumo sa batho.<ref>Pils, Eva (2016). "Resisting Dignity Takings in China". ''Law & Social Inquiry''. '''41''' (04): 905. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:10.1111/lsi.12203. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] 0897-6546.</ref> === Go farologanya kgatlhanong le go busetsa === Pusetso ya seriti ga e tlhoke go akaretsa go busetsa batho ba ba fudusitweng, jaaka baithuti ba supile gore go amogela go itseela tshwetso ga batswasetlhabelo go ka feleletsa go na le molao le go tsosologa ka lobaka mo go bone. Moithuti wa mekgwa ya batho Justin Richland o akgolelwa go ntšhafatsa tlhaloso ya pusetso ya seriri go nna: phodiso e e batlang go duela batho le merafe e e fudusitsweng ka ditsela tse di tlhomamisang setho sa bone le gatelela se ba leng sone,<ref name=":1" /> fa tlhaloso ya ntlha e ne e akaretsa mosola wa go busetsa seriti ele go busetsa seriti le go ba busetsa mo setšhabeng ka tsamaiso.<ref name=":0" /> Richland o ne a lebela go ntsha batho ba Hopi kwa lefatsheng la bone la ngwao le go isa tlase ga lefatshe le ke U.S Forest Service, e le sekai sa ka fa go busetsa seriti go ka amogelang go kgaoganngwa le go itseela ditshwetso go na le go busediwa.<ref>Richland, Justin B. (2016). "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-social-inquiry/article/dignity-as-self-determination-hopi-sovereignty-in-the-face-of-us-dispossessions/7D8E2B108FCF520711AA8087F1AF1DC2 Dignity as (Self-) Determination: Hopi Sovereignty in the Face of US Dispossessions]". ''Law & Social Inquiry''. '''41''' (4): 917–938. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-social-inquiry/article/dignity-as-self-determination-hopi-sovereignty-in-the-face-of-us-dispossessions/7D8E2B108FCF520711AA8087F1AF1DC2 10.1111/lsi.12191]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0897-6546 0897-6546]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Dignity-as-(Self-)-Determination%3A-Hopi-Sovereignty-Richland/dd3d9479515e81304dbe74a8f07f65a9021aea9c 148319987].</ref> == Dikai tsa go busetsa seriti mo go tletseng kgotsa bontlha jwa gone == === Dithoto tsa lenyalo kwa borwa jwa Nigeria === Go ya ka moithuti wa tsa molao Anthony Diala, molao wa kwa borwa jwa Nigeria o o laolang go tlhoka tekatekano ga kaogano ya dithoto morago ga tlhalo, ke go tseela motho seriti. Ka go sala morago molao wa ngwao, basadi ba tseelwa dithoto tse di ba tshwanetseng.<ref name=":2">Diala, Anthony C. (2018). [https://www.ahrlj.up.ac.za/diala-ac-2018-2 "The shadow of legal pluralism in matrimonial property division outside the courts in Southern Nigeria"]. ''African Human Rights Law Journal''. '''18''' (2): 706–731. doi:[https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1996-20962018000200014&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en 10.17159/1996-2096/2018/v18n2a13]. [[:en:Handle_System|hdl:]][[hdl:10566/4924|10566/4924]].</ref> Go baakanya seemo se, puso ya Nigeria e dirile lephata la go nna sentle ga batho, le le laelang banna go kgaoganya dithoto tsa lenyalo le go duela basadi. Go dira jaana, go na le seabe mo go busetseng seriti ka go baakanya melao ya mo gae.<ref name=":2" /> === Go dira go ratana ka bong bo le bongwe molato kwa Kenya === Go ya ka ra maranyane wa sepolotiki Ari Shaw, go dira go raatna ka bong molato ga kwa Kenya ke sekai se se papametseng sa go tseela batho seriti.<ref>Shaw, Ari (2018). [https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1996-20962018000200013&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en "From disgust to dignity: Criminalisation of same-sex conduct as a dignity taking and the human rights pathways to achieve dignity restoration"]. ''African Human Rights Law Journal''. '''18''' (2). [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1996-20962018000200013&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en 10.17159/1996-2096/2018/v18n2a12].</ref> Ka maiteko a go busetsa seriti sa bone, balweladitshwanelo ba lekgotla la LGBT ba kwa Kenya ba ne ba amogela ditshwanelo tsa setho tsa lefatshe ka kakaretso. Ka go lwela ditshwanelo ba ka supa tlhomamo ya bone, mo go dirang go busetsa seriti bontlha bongwe. Go busetsa seriti gotlhelele ga go ise go diragadiwe ka tsamaiso ya ga Shaw, ka go ratana ka bong go santse go se mo molaong kwa Kenya. == Metswedi == ay4xpqpl8n7nqb2vfh2j96lyr4iv0pw 0 10647 40604 2025-06-19T10:35:41Z JudithShe 9421 ke dirile tsebe ya Maafa 40604 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maafa ('''lefoko la puo ya Swahili le le rayang "masetlapelo a magolo"'''),''' kganyaolo ya [[Aferika|Aforika]], kganyaolo ya bokgoba, kgotsa kganyaolo ya batho bantsho<ref>William Wright points to the differences between ''black'' history, and ''African'' history, and argues that the African Holocaust is a major reason why these two histories are not synonymous: William D. Wright, Black History and Black Identity: A Call for a New Historiography, p. 117</ref><ref>[https://archive.ph/20071018171553/http://www.temple-news.com/media/storage/paper143/news/2003/10/30/Opinion/What-African.Holocaust-543918.shtml?norewrite200612211320&sourcedomain=www.temple-news. "What Holocaust"]. ''Glenn Reitz''. Archived from [https://temple-news.com/media/storage/paper143/news/2003/10/30/Opinion/What-African.Holocaust-543918.shtml?norewrite200612211320&sourcedomain=www.temple-news. the original] on 2007-10-18.</ref><ref>Ryan Michael Spitzer, "The African Holocaust: Should Europe pay reparations to Africa for Colonialism and Slavery?", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 35, 2002, p. 1319.</ref> ke mafoko a a anameng fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1988<ref name=":0">Barndt, Joseph. ''Understanding and Dismantling Racism: The Twenty-First Century''. 2007, page 269.</ref><ref>''The Global African: A Portrait of [[:en:Ali_Mazrui|Ali A. Mazrui]]''. Omari H. Kokole.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211958/http://humanrights.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/767/2014/06/Howard-Hassmann_Slavetrade.pdf "Reparations for the Slave Trade: Rhetoric, Law, History and Political Realities""] (PDF). Archived from [https://humanrights.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/767/2014/06/Howard-Hassmann_Slavetrade.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 19 June 2025.</ref><ref name=":2">Jones, Lee and [[:en:Cornel_West|West, Cornel]]. ''Making It on Broken Promises: Leading African American Male Scholars Confront the Culture of Higher Education''. 2002, p. 178.</ref> go tlhalosa ditso le ditlamorago tse di tsweletseng tsa bosetlhogo bo bo dirwang mo bathong bantsho lefatshe ka bophara. Tse di etsweng tlhoko thata ke tse di dirwang ke batho ba eseng ba Aforika (bogolo jang ba kwa Europe le ba Arabea mo [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara]], kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle la Indian, [[kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya noka ya Red Sea]], le [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic]], mo go tsweletseng gompieno ka go busa mafatshe a mangwe, bokolone le mefuta e mengwe ya go gatelela.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>Wright, William D. (2001). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=8KKeSy7AhpAC&dq=African+holocaust&pg=PA164&redir_esc=y Black History and Black Identity: A Call for a New Historiography]''. [[:en:Greenwood_Publishing_Group|Greenwood Publishing Group.]] [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780275974428|9780275974428]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>''The Global African: A Portrait of Ali A. Mazrui''. Omari H. Kokole.</ref><ref>Ryan Michael Spitzer, "The African Holocaust: Should Europe pay reparations to Africa for Colonialism and Slavery?", ''[[:en:Vanderbilt_University_Law_School#Publications|Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law]]'', vol. 35, 2002, p. 1319.</ref> == Tlhaloso == Maulana Karenga o baya bokgoba ka fa tlase ga Maafa, a supa fa ditlamorago tsa bone di feta go bogisiwa ga senama le go tseela batho ditshwanelo : go senya bokgoni jwa batho go ne go akaretsa go fetola ka fa lefatshe ka bophara le bonang batho ba Aforika ka teng, go senya dikamano tse re nnileng le tsone pele, tsa gone jaana le tse di santseng di tla nna teng mo bokamosong, ka jaana re tla itsege ka gone mme go senye botsalano jwa boammaruri le batho ba bangwe.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305153712/http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-africa&month=1004&week=e&msg=KSScXIfhte%2F1VQdw5EkI3Q&user=&pw= Letter by Maulana Karenga, 2001]". H-net.msu.edu. 2010-04-29. Archived from [https://35.9.18.4/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-africa&month=1004&week=e&msg=KSScXIfhte/1VQdw5EkI3Q&user=&pw= the original] on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 19 June 2025.</ref> Moithuti wa kwa Canada Adam Jones o ne a supa fa dintsho tse dintsi tsa didikadike tsa ma Aforika ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic e le kganyaolo ka ke nngwe ya dikganyaolo tse di maswe thata mo ditsong tsa setho ka e bakile dintsho di le didikadike di le lesome le botlhano go tsena masome a mabedi go ya kakanyetso e nngwe, ebile o supa fa ba ba kgatlhanong jaaka ba ba reng "go ne go le mo kgatlhegong ya beng ba makgoba go dira gore makgoba a tswelele ka go tshela, e seng go ba bolaya" ka go bua gore "polao le tshenyo di ne di dirwa ka bomo, le fa bangwe ba ba falotseng ba ne ba beilwe gore ba dirisiwe jaaka babereki. Go akanya ka maikaelelo gape: fa lekgotla le dirwa gore le tswelele ebile le godisiwa ke batho ba ba itseng gore le baka dintsho tse dintsi mo setlhopheng sengwe, a se ga se a tshwanela go bidiwa kganyaolo?"<ref>Jones, Adam (2006). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Publishers. pp. 23-24 <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-415-35385-4</nowiki>.</ref> == Ditso le tiriso ya mafoko == Tiriso ya lefoko la Swahili la Maafa, 'kganyaolo e kgolo' ka Setswana, e simolotswe ke buka ya ga Marimba Ani ya ngwaga wa 1988 e e bidiwang "''Let the Circle be Unbroken:The Implications of African Spirituality in the Diaspora''".<ref>[[:en:Nah_Dove|Dove, Nah]]. ''Afrikan Mothers: Bearers of Culture, Makers of Social Change''. 1998, p. 240.</ref><ref name=":3">Gunn Morris, Vivian and Morris, Curtis L. ''The Price They Paid: Desegregation in an African American Community''. 2002, p. x.</ref> Le tswa mo lefokong la puo ya Swahili le le rayang masetlapelo, bosetlhogo kgotsa matlhotlhapelo.<ref>Harp, O.J. ''Across Time: Mystery of the Great Sphinx''. 2007, p. 247.</ref><ref>Cheeves, Denise Nicole (2004). ''Legacy''. p. 1.</ref> Lefoko le le ne la itsege thata ka dingwaga tsa 1990.<ref>Pero Gaglo Dagbovie (2010). ''African American History Reconsidered''. [[:en:University_of_Illinois_Press|University of Illinois]] Press. p. 191.</ref> Maafa e emela tsela ya go buisana ka matlhotlhapelo a bogologolo le ditlamorago tsa go gweba ka makgoba mo Aforika.<ref>[https://naacp.org/latest/naacp-president-commemorate-african-maafa/ NAACP PRESIDENT TO COMMEMORATE AFRICAN MAAFA]</ref> Baithuti bangwe ba itlhophela go dirisa mafoko a kganyaolo ya Aforika, jaaka Maulana Karenga ka a supa gore go ne go na le maikaelelo. Mathata mangwe a a lemogilweng ke Karenga ke gore lefoko la Maafa le ka raya "kotsi" mme go ya ka baithuti bangwe kganyaolo ya go dira batho makgoba e ne e se phoso.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/race/interviews/karenga.html "Interview With Dr. Maulana Karenga | The Two Nations Of Black America | FRONTLINE"]. ''www.pbs.org''. Retrieved 19 June 2025.</ref> Ali Mazrui o supa fa lefoko kganyaolo e le go kopa ka le tswa mo puong ya segerika ya bogologolo, le gore le ntswa ba amana le kganyaolo ya BaJuta, ga gona ope o o ka ikgagapelelang lefoko le. Mazrui o supa gore: "Go adima mo bathong ba ba adimileng ba sa bue kwa ba adimileng teng, ke go kopa gabedi. Mme go kopa mo go ka femelwa ka puo ya matlhotlhapelo a tshwana le kganyaolo le bokgoba ga di tshwanela go kganelwa go dirisiwa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313035549/http://igcs.binghamton.edu/igcs_site/mltrs/Newsletter17.pdf "Ancestry, Descent And Identity"] (PDF). Igcs.binghamton.edu. Archived from [http://igcs.binghamton.edu/igcs_site/mltrs/Newsletter17.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 19 June 2025</ref> Baithuti ba ditso tsa Aforika ba itlhophela go dirisa lefoko ''Maaf''a go na le ''kganyaolo ya Aforika''<ref>Tarpley, Natasha. ''Testimony: Young African-Americans on Self-Discovery and Black Identity. 1995, p. 252.''</ref> ka ba dumela gore tiriso ya mafoko a Aforika e supa tiragalo sentle.<ref name=":3" /> Lefoko Maafa mo ma Aforikeng le na le boleng fela jaaka la kganyaolo le le supang maiphitlhelo a BaJuta fa ba ganyaolwa ke ma Jeremane le na le boleng mo go bone.<ref>Aldridge, Delores P. and Young, Carlene. ''Out of the Revolution: The Development of Africana Studies''. 2000, p. 250.</ref> Dikganetso tse dingwe tse di emang nokeng Maafa eseng kganyaolo di gatelela gore go latola setho sa batho ba Aforika go tswa bogologolong: "Maafa ke tsamaiso e e tswelelang, e e nnang e le teng, e feletse ya go latola le go nyeletsa setho."<ref name=":2" /> Moitseanape wa ditso Sylviane Diouf o supa gore mafoko a tshwana le "kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic" a borai ka ke mafoko a a nyenyafatsang bosetlhogo jo bo tseneletseng le polao ya bontsi jwa batho. Go go bitsa "kgwebo", sebaka se seleele se sa pogiso le tshotlego e supiwa fa e le bothata jwa thekiso eseng bosetlhogo jwa setho.<ref>[[:en:Sylviane_Diouf|Diouf, Sylviane Anna]]. ''Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies''. 2003, p. xi.</ref> Go dira kgwebo boremelelo, bosetlhogo jo bogolo bo dirwa ntlha ya bobedi fela ya "tse di senyegileng" ka nako ya thekiso. Le fa go ntse jalo, ba bangwe ba akanya gore go tila go dirisa lefoko "kgwebo" ke tiro ya go ikopa maitshwarelo ka go ikgagapelela, se se falotsa ba ba ikgagapelelang mo seabeng sa bone masetlapelong a batho.<ref>Epps, Henry (4 September 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=qUTrAwAAQBAJ&dq=slave+trade+apologetic+act+capitalism&pg=PA57&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=slave%20trade%20apologetic%20act%20capitalism&f=false A Concise Chronicle History of the African-American People Experience in America]''. Lulu.com. p. 57. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781300161431|9781300161431]]</bdi>. Retrieved 19 June 2025.</ref> Roger Garaudy o en a supa lefatshe la America ka monwana ka kganyaolo ya palo kakanyetso ya didkadike di le makgolo a mabedi tsa batho ba Aforika.<ref>Weitz, E.; Fenner, A. (2016). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=A0sBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA256&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Fascism and Neofascism: Critical Writings on the Radical Right in Europe]''. Studies in European Culture and History. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 256. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-137-04122-7|978-1-137-04122-7]]</bdi>. Retrieved 19 June 2025.</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Polao ya batho ba merafe ya Herero le Nama]] * [[Ditiro tse di setlhogo kwa Congo Free State]] * [[Bo-Aforika-Jotlhe]] * [[Dipusetso tsa bokgoba]] == Metswedi == k4ig5rnyfhi3luf9wexdpxzdwwp8ypn 0 10648 40605 2025-06-19T11:54:49Z JudithShe 9421 Ke dirile tsebe ya Kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu, e le thanolo ya tsebe ya Red Sea Slave Trade 40605 wikitext text/x-wiki Kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu, e gantsi e bidiwang kgwebo ya makgoba ya tumelo ya Islam,<ref name=":0">Miran, Jonathan (2022-04-20), "[https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-868 Red Sea Slave Trade]", ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History'', [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-868 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.868], [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|978-0-19-027773-4]]</bdi>, retrieved 19 June 2025</ref> kgotsa Kgwebo ya makgoba ya ma Arabea,<ref name=":0" /> kgotsa kgwebo ya makgoba ya kwa botlhaba,<ref name=":0" /> e ne e le kgwebo ya makgoba e go neng go tsewa batho ba [[Aferika|Aforika]] ka dikgoka go tswa kwa borwa jwa Aforika go kgabaganya lewatle le le hibidu, go ya go nna makgoba kwa Arabian Peninsula le legare la botlhaba go tswa goo lowe go tsena ka legare la dingwaga tse di makgolo a le masome mabedi. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya lewatle le lehibidu e itsege e le nngwe ya dikgwebo tsa makgoba tse di nnileng ka lobaka mo lefatsheng ka bophara, ka e sale e nna go tswa bogologolong go fitlhelela ka dingwaga tsa 1960, fa bokgoba kwa Saudi Arabia le Yemen bo ne bo fedisiwa.<ref name=":0" /> Fa ditsela tse dingwe tsa bokgoba di ne di tswalwa, kgwebo ya bokgoba ya lewatle le lehibidu e ne ya itsegala mo leaftsheng ka bophara e le lefelo la go gweba ka makgoba ka nako ya go fela ga ntwa ya ntlha ya lefatshe go tsena ka tshimologo ya ntwa ya bobedi ya lefatshe. Morago ga ntwa ya bobedi ya lefatshe, kgatelelo ya mafatshe e ne ya dira gore e emisiwe ka dingwaga tse di makgolo mabedi tse di fitileng. [[Setshwantsho:African slave trade.png|thumb|Go gweba ka makgoba ga Aforika]] Lewatle le lehibidu, Sahara le lewatle la Indian e ne e le tsone ditsela tsa boremelelo tse makgoba a kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika a neng a isiwa kwa lefatsheng la batho ba Muslim ka tsone.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2013-12-16). ''[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315035383/economics-indian-ocean-slave-trade-nineteenth-century-william-gervase-clarence-smith The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]'' (0 ed.). Routledge. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315035383/economics-indian-ocean-slave-trade-nineteenth-century-william-gervase-clarence-smith 10.4324/9781315035383]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18214-4|978-1-135-18214-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Nunn, Nathan (2008). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25098896 "The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades"]. ''The Quarterly Journal of Economics''. '''123''' (1): 139–176. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/123/1/139/1889789?login=true 10.1162/qjec.2008.123.1.139]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0033-5533 0033-5533]. [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25098896 25098896].</ref> == Tshedimosetso ya ditso == Kgwebo ya makgoba go tswa Aforika go ya Arabia go fetiwa ka lewatle le lehibidu, e tswa bogologolong. Le fa pele ga Arabia wa tumelo ya Islam, magolegwa a lotso lwa Arab a ne a tlwaelesegile ka go tswasetlhabelo sa bokgoba, go tsewa ga makgoba go tswa kwa Ethiopia go kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu le gone go ne go le teng.<ref name=":1">The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing.</ref> Kgwebo ya makgoba ya lewatle le lehibidu e supa fa e tswa bogologolong jwa lekgolo lantlha la dingwaga, fa magolegwa a Aforika a ne a tsewa go tswa kwa Aforika, go tlola lewatle le lehibidu go ya Arabia le Yemen.<ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:Slave routes of the Ethiopian Empire.jpg|thumb|Ditsela tsa kgwebo ya makgoba tsa bogosi jwa Ethiopia]] [[Setshwantsho:Map Slave Routes Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Ditsela tsa kgwebo ya makgoba tse di ralalang Ethiopia]] Ka lekgolo la boferabongwe la dingwaga, makgoba a ne a ntshiwa go tswa kwa lewatleng le lehibidu, go ya Jeddah, Mecca le Medina, ba bo ba tsewa ka caravan go feta sekaka go ya Baghdad le kwa Abbasid Caliphate.<ref>Black, J. (2015). The Atlantic Slave Trade in World History. USA: Taylor & Francis. p. 14 [[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=NMsqBwAAQBAJ&dq=basra+slave+market&pg=PA14&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=basra%20slave%20market&f=false 1]]</ref><ref>[[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=cLOeBAAAQBAJ&dq=basra+slave+market&pg=PT102&redir_esc=y 2]] Hazell, A. (2011). The Last Slave Market: Dr John Kirk and the Struggle to End the East African Slave Trade. Storbritannien: Little, Brown Book Group.</ref> Kgwebo ya makgoba e ne e ntse e tsweletse dingwaga di le makgolo morago ga foo, ga e ne e lemogwa ke baeti ba kwa bophirima. Richard Francis Burton o tlhalositse marekisetso a bokgoba kwa Medina ka dingwaga tsa 1850 are: ** " Marekisetso a kwa Al-Madinah a bokoa ebile ekare makgoba otlhe a tswa kwa Meccah ka batho ba ba noleng thata kgotsa bakgweetsi morago ga go isa ba ba botoka kwa Egypt, toropo e tsaya masalela...bangwe ba makgoba a ba tswa kwa Abyssinia: bontsi bo kgweediwe go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Galla, ba isiwe kwa maemelong a dikepe kwa lotshitshing lwa Somali, Berberah, Tajoura le Zayla. Makgoba a ka nna bontsi jwa dikete tse pedi go tswa kwa Galla le a le dikete tse nne go tswa kwa Zayla, a isiwa kwa Mocha, Jeddah, Suez le Maskat ngwaga le ngwaga...ke tsela e tona e e ruletsweng ka boboa e tletse matlo a kofi. Dithoto di ne di nna mo ditselaneng tse di lebaganeng le mabotana. Basetsana ba bantle thata ba ne ba nna mo ditilong tse di kwa godimo. Kwa tlase e ne e le basimane ba ba kwa tlase ka seemo. Botlhe ba ne ba apesitswe ka mmala o mo pinki le diaparo tse dingwe tse di mebala e e galotseng, ka masire a a lotsatsa mo ditlhogong; mme ba ne ba bonala ba itumetse, go sa itsege fa e le ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go tlwaela seemos e kgotsa go tsibogela go atlega mo mosepeleng wa bone o o makgwakgwa wa tsela le lewatle."<ref>Mirzai, B. A. (2017). A History of Slavery and Emancipation in Iran, 1800-1929. USA: University of Texas Press. p. 56-57</ref> Go ya ka pego ya kwa Britain, makgoba a le makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi a ne a tsamaisiwa ba kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu go ya Jeddah ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 1879.<ref>Toledano, E. R. (2014). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=gOH_AwAAQBAJ&dq=slave+trade+damascus&pg=PA230&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=slave%20trade%20damascus&f=false The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression: 1840-1890]. USA: Princeton University Press. p. 228-230</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Boutre indien.jpg|thumb|Dikepe di ne di dirisiwa go tsamaisa dithoto le makgoba]] Makgoba a ne a gwantisiwa a bofilwe ka dikeetane go tswa dinokeng tsa bophirima go ya matshitshing a Sudan, Ethiopia le Somalia, ba beilwe ka ditselana ba tlodisiwa lewatle la Indian go ya kwa Aden kgotsa go tlola lewatle le lehibidu go ya Arabia le Aden, ba ba bokoa ba latlhelwa mo lewatleng.<ref name=":2">Miers, Suzanne (2003). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=zZk9Y-HTQzcC&q=1926%2520Slavery%2520Convention&redir_esc=y Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem]''. Rowman Altamira. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0340-5|978-0-7591-0340-5]]</bdi>.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Slaves captured from a dhow RMG E9091 (cropped).tiff|thumb|Senepe sa makgoba a le mo sekepeng]] Morago ga ntwa ya ntlha ya lefatshe, lotshitshi lo lo kwa botlhaba jwa lewatle le lehibidu le ne la tlhama morafo o o ikemetseng e le bogosi jwa Heja (go tswa ka 1916 go tsena ka 1925). Batho ba Hejaz ba ne ba sa ipone ba patelesega go obamela melao le ditumalano tse di beilweng monwana ke bogosi jwa Ottoman mo go tsa bokgoba le thekiso ya bone. Ka nako ya fa gare ga dintwa tsa mafatshe, bogosi jwa Hejaz bo ne bo itsege mo leafstheng ka kakaretso e le lefelo la go gweba ka makgoba mo kgaolong. == Metswedi le ditsela == Metswedi e e neng e tlamela kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu bontsi jwa yone e ne e le mo Aforika. E ne e akaretsa ditsela tse di kgabaganyang lewatle le lehibidu go tswa kwa Aforika, le tsela e e neng e kopana le kgwebo ya makgoba ya lewatle la Indian, kwa makgoba a neng a tlodisiwa teng pele go tsena mo lewatleng le lehibidu go feta Yemen. Bontsi jwa makgoba e ne e le ba Aforika, mme go ne go na le palo e se kae ya ditso tse dingwe jaaka ba Asia. === Botlhaba jwa Aforika === Botlhaba jwa Aforika bo nnile mostwedi wa makgoba wa Arabian Peninsula ka tsela ya lewatle la Indian fa e sale ka legare la dingwaga. Fa bontsi jwa makgoba a supa a isitswe kwa Arabian Peninsula ba feta ka Oman le Muscat go na le go feta ka lewatle le lehibisu, lewatle le lehibidu e ne e e tsela le yone ya kgwebo ya makgoba gareng ga botlhaba jwa Aforika le Arabian Peninsula. E ne e le tsela gape ya makgoba go ya [[Egypt]]. Ka dingwaga di le makgolo a le lesome le bobedi, Muhammah al-Idrisi o ne a rekisa bana ba Aforika go tswa kwa e leng [[Kenya]] gompieno go ya Arabia.<ref name=":1" /> Kgwebo ya makgoba e ne e na le ditsela tsa boremelelo di le pedi go ya Hejaz. Makgoba a Aforika a ne a tswa kwa [[South Sudan]] le [[Ethiopia]]. Gantsi bana le makgarejwana ba ne ba rekiwa kgotsa ba fiwa e le go supa tlotlo ke batsadi ba bone mo magosing a kwa Ethiopia, ba ba neng ba ba rekisetsa bagwebi ba makgoba.<ref name=":2" /> Batsadi ba ne ba bolelelwa gore bana ba bone ba ya go neelwa matshelo a a botoka e le makgoba kwa Arabia.<ref name=":2" /> Makgoba a ne a isiwa kwa Arabia ka lotshitshi abo a kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu go ya Jeddah.<ref name=":2" /> Banna ba meopa, basadi ba dinyatsi le babereki ba banna, e ne e le tsone ditiro tsa makgoba a a eng a tswa kwa Ethiopia go ya Jidda le mafelo a mangwe a Hejaz.<ref>Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2013). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=TLtdAgAAQBAJ&dq=ethiopian+slaves+arabia+indian&pg=PA99&redir_esc=y The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]''. Routledge. p. 99. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1135182212|978-1135182212]]</bdi>.</ref> Dikgaolo tsa borwa le borwa-bophirima jwa Ethiopia di ne di tlamela ka bontsi jwa basetsana ba baneng ba isiwa kwa India le Arabia.<ref>Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C&dq=ethiopian+slaves+arabia+indian&pg=PA73&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ethiopian%20slaves%20arabia%20indian&f=false An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change]''. Cuvillier Verlag. p. 73. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/3865372066|3865372066]]</bdi>.</ref> Makgoba abasadi le a banna go tswa kwa Ethiopia e ne e le one boremelelo jwa makgoba go ysa India le legare la botlhaba.<ref>Barendse, Rene J. (2016). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=inClDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Of+these+,+400+were+normally+bought+by+representatives+of+the+imam+%3B+100+were+sold+by+representatives+of+merchants+from+Pate+at+Muscat.283+However+%22&pg=PA259&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Of%20these%20%2C%20400%20were%20normally%20bought%20by%20representatives%20of%20the%20imam%20%3B%20100%20were%20sold%20by%20representatives%20of%20merchants%20from%20Pate%20at%20Muscat.283%20However%20%22&f=false The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century]'' (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 259. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1317458364|978-1317458364]]</bdi>.</ref> Egypt le Hejaz e ne e le ba ba amogelang basadi ba kwa India ba ba neg ba tlodisiwa go kgabaganya Aden le Goa.<ref>Brown, Jonathan A. C. (2020). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=z6jRDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22selling+Indian+slaves+through+the+Red+Sea.+Women+in+particular+were+brought+from+the+Indian+port+of+Goa+to+Aden,+and+from+there+sold+on+to+the+Hejaz+and+Egypt.98+India+was+also+the+source+for+a+lesser+known+but+still+substantial+%22&pg=PT172&redir_esc=y Slavery and Islam]''. Simon and Schuster. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1786076366|978-1786076366]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>"[https://dokumen.pub/slavery-and-islam-4543201504-9781786076359-9781786076366-a-1647425.html Slavery and Islam 4543201504, 9781786076359, 9781786076366]". ''dokumen.pub''.</ref> Fa e sale lefatshe la Britain le emisa go gweba ka makgoba mo dikoloneng tsa lone, lefatshe la Aden le le neng le busiwa ke Britain ka dingwaga di le makgolo a le lesome le boferabongwe, le ne la seka la tlhola le amogela makgoba, mme makgoba a neng a tswa Ethiopia go ya Arabia a ne a isiwa kwa Hejaz mo boemong.<ref>Ahmed, Hussein (2021). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=zM1GEAAAQBAJ&dq=ethiopian+slaves+arabia+indian&pg=PA152&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ethiopian%20slaves%20arabia%20indian&f=false Islam in Nineteenth-Century Wallo, Ethiopia: Revival, Reform and Reaction]''. Vol. 74 of Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia. BRILL. p. 152. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-9004492288|978-9004492288]]</bdi>.</ref> == Metswedi == kk3uiys6k15k40wrgewpvz0xhe5rvwz