Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.6 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 8 9953 40712 37113 2025-06-23T16:45:53Z Maintenance script 4132 Adding version data 40712 json application/json { "$version": "1.0.0", "GEInfoboxTemplates": [], "copyedit": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" }, "expand": { "disabled": false, "templates": [ "Stub" ], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" }, "image_recommendation": { "disabled": false, "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "", "maxTasksPerDay": 25, "templates": [] }, "link_recommendation": { "disabled": false, "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "", "maximumLinksToShowPerTask": 3, "excludedSections": [ "bibliography", "bona gape", "dikgoge tsa kwa ntle", "dikgolagano tsa kwa ntle", "dipadi tsa kwa ntle", "endnotes", "external links", "notes", "references", "see also" ], "maxTasksPerDay": 25, "underlinkedWeight": 0.5, "minimumLinkScore": 0.6, "maximumEditsTaskIsAvailable": "no" }, "links": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" }, "references": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" }, "section_image_recommendation": { "disabled": false, "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "", "maxTasksPerDay": 25 }, "update": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" } } nz10hqoj3xmyqnrgugpz7e282k66fqj 40713 40712 2025-06-23T17:10:57Z Maintenance script 4132 Migrating data to new format 40713 json application/json { "$version": "2.0.0", "GEInfoboxTemplates": [], "copyedit": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" }, "expand": { "disabled": false, "templates": [ "Stub" ], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" }, "image_recommendation": { "disabled": false, "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "", "maxTasksPerDay": 25, "templates": [] }, "link_recommendation": { "disabled": false, "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "", "maximumLinksToShowPerTask": 3, "excludedSections": [ "bibliography", "bona gape", "dikgoge tsa kwa ntle", "dikgolagano tsa kwa ntle", "dipadi tsa kwa ntle", "endnotes", "external links", "notes", "references", "see also" ], "maxTasksPerDay": 25, "underlinkedWeight": 0.5, "minimumLinkScore": 0.6, "maximumEditsTaskIsAvailable": "no" }, "links": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" }, "references": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" }, "section_image_recommendation": { "disabled": false, "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "", "maxTasksPerDay": 25 }, "update": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" } } 1lobrd6sw946yljnq5ztbm3z97xi1ka 0 10673 40703 40696 2025-06-23T12:00:25Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya bokgoba mo lekgolong la masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga 40703 wikitext text/x-wiki Bokgoba jwa segompieno, nako tse dingwe bo itsege jaaka bokgoba jwa sešha kgotsa motlha wa sešha wa bokgoba, ke bokgoba jwa metheo bo bo tsweletseng ka go nna teng mo lekgolong la masome a mabedi le motso la dingwaga. Dikakanyetso tsa palo ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba di tswa kwa didkadikeng tse di masome a mararo le borobabobedi<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100209072059/http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Forced_Labour/lang--en/index.htm Forced labour – Themes]". Ilo.org. Archived from [https://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Forced_Labour/lang--en/index.htm the original] on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> go tsena ka didikadike tse di masome a mane le borobabongwe<ref>Kelly, Annie (1 June 2016). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jun/01/46-million-people-living-as-slaves-latest-global-index-reveals-russell-crowe "46 million people living as slaves, latest global index reveals"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|''The Guardian''.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180712025032/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jun/01/46-million-people-living-as-slaves-latest-global-index-reveals-russell-crowe Archived] from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref><ref name=":0">"[https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/ What is modern slavery?]". ''[[:en:Anti-Slavery_International|Anti-Slavery International]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190430142552/https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/ Archived] from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref><ref>"[https://hopeforjustice.org/modern-slavery/ What is Modern Slavery? | Hope for Justice]". ''hopeforjustice.org''. 23 December 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230504153017/https://hopeforjustice.org/modern-slavery/ Archived] from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref>, go ya ka mofuta o o dirisitsweng go dira kakanyetso le mofuta wa bokgoba o o dirisiwang.<ref>"[https://www.minderoo.org/404/ Walk Free]". ''The Minderoo Foundation''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190428150909/https://www.minderoo.com.au/walk-free/ Archived] from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Palo kakanyetso ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba e a ganeidwa, ka go sena mafoko a a tlhamaletseng a a rayang bokgoba jwa gompieno;<ref>Paz-Fuchs, Amir. "[https://www.modernlawreview.co.uk/september-2016/badges-of-modern-slavery/ Badges of Modern Slavery]". ''The Modern Law Review''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200719114929/https://www.modernlawreview.co.uk/september-2016/badges-of-modern-slavery/ Archived] from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> ba ba mo bokgobeng go dingalo go ba lemoga, dipalo tsa boammaruri gantsi ga di o. Lekgotla la tsa pereko la mafatshefatshe<ref>International Labour Organization (19 September 2017). [https://www.ilo.org/publications/global-estimates-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage "Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage]". ''International Labour Organization''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191220204125/http://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_575479/lang--en/index.htm Archived] from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref>, le akanyetsa gore go ya ka mafoko a a ba a dirisang, batho ba feta didikadike di le masome a mane ba mo bokgobeng jwa mofuta mongwe gompieno. Batho bangwe ba le didikadike tse di masome a mabedi le bone ba patelediwa go bereka, ba le didikadike di le lesome le borataro ba a tsuulolwa mo mohameng o o ikemetseng jaaka wa tiro ya mo gae, kago kana temothuo<ref name=":1">[https://www.ilo.org/topics-and-sectors/forced-labour-modern-slavery-and-trafficking-persons "Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking (Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking)"]. ''www.ilo.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210422021606/http://www2.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm Archived] from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref>, didikadike di le nne ba tsuulolwa mo go tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, didikadike di le nne tsa batho ba mo perekong e e patelediwang ke baeteledipele ba mafatshe.<ref name=":1" /> Palo e nngwe ya didikadike di le lesome le botlhano ba mo manyalong a a pateleditsweng. == Tlhaloso == [[Setshwantsho:Maps Global Slavery Index 2024.svg|thumb|Go anama ga bokgoba jwa sešha, ka mafatshe, go ya ka Global Slavery Index]] Ofisi e e elang tlhoko e bo e emisa thekiso ya batho e e leng lephatana la lephata la mafatshe la United States, la re "bokgoba jwa sešha", "thekiso mo bathong", le "thekiso ya batho" di dirisitswe e le mafoko a a rayang go thapa, go baya batho mo lefelong, go tsamaisa batho, go tsaya motho o mmerekisa kgotsa go gwebisa motho ka mmele o dirisa dikgoka, tsietso kgotsa go mo pateletsa". Ntle le tse, mafoko a mangwe a dirisiwa kwa pusong ya United States, molao wa 2000 wa batswasetlhabelo ba thekiso ya batho le tshireletso ya kgokgontsho, le molao wa go thibela, go fokotsa le go otlhaya thekiso mo bathong, bogolo jang bana le basadi, go akaretsa go bereka o patelediwa, bokgoba kgotsa ditiro tse di tshwanang le bokgoba, go patelediwa go adima madi le tiro e e pateleditsweng.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/what "What is Modern Slavery?]". ''Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons''. [[:en:United_States_Department_of_State|United States Department of State]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220418023959/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/what/index.htm Archived] from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Go ya ka motlhatlhelelladithuto wa kwa America Kevin Bales, mosimolodi le tautona wa pele wa lekgotla le eseng la puso le setlhopha se se buelelang makgoba sa "gololang makgoba" (Free the slaves), are ke bokgoba jwa sešha bo bo diragalang fa motho a le mo taolong ya motho o mongwe o o dirisang dikgoka le kgokgontsho go nna a le mo taolong, mme maikaelelo a taolo eo e le go tsuulola."<ref name=":2">Maral Noshad Sharifi (8 June 2016). [https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/06/08/er-zijn-458-miljoen-moderne-slaven-1625640-a1507929 "Er zijn 45,8 miljoen moderne slaven"] [There are 45.8 million modern slaves]. ''[[:en:NRC_(newspaper)|NRC Handelsblad]]'' (in Dutch). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014406/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/06/08/er-zijn-458-miljoen-moderne-slaven-1625640-a1507929 Archived] from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Ditlamorago tsa bokgoba di oketsega fa di itebagantse le ditlhopha tse di bokoa jaaka bana. Go ya ka tlhaloso e, patlisiso ya kwa lekgotleng la Walk Free e e ikaegileng ka dipalo tsa bokgoba tsa 2018 e ne e akanyetsa fa go na le makgoba a ka nna didikadike di le masome a mane mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref name=":2" /> <ref>Fudge, Judy (Fall 2018). "Slavery and Unfree Labour: The Politics of Naming, Framing, and Blaming". ''Labour''.</ref> Mo kakanyetsong e nngwe, e e supang fa palo e ka nna didikadike di le lesome le boraro, e akanyetsa fa didikadike di le lesome le bobedi tsa makgoba a a sešha e le bana.<ref name=":0" /> Bales o ne a tlhagisa gore ka bokgoba bo emisitswe gongwe le gongwe, tiragalo e e tlola molao, ebile e fitlhelwa batho le baeteledipele. Se se dira gore go nne dingalo go bona dipalo tse di rurifaditsweng mo metsweding ya nnete. Se se ka dirwang ke go akanyetsa go ya ka metswedi ya bobedi, jaaka ditlhotlhomiso tsa UN, ditsebe tsa metswedi ya dikgang, dipego tsa puso, le dipalo go tswa mo makgotleng a a ikemetseng.<ref name=":2" /> Bokgoba jwa sešha bo tsweletse ka ntlha ya mabaka a a tshwanang le a pele: ke tiragalo e e nang le dipoelo mo beng ba makgoba, le ntswa go na le matshwenyego a boitsholo. Bothata bo bo kgonne go golela pele mo dingwageng tse di fetileng ka ntlha ya go latlhiwa ga makgoba le gore tlhwatlhwa ya makgoba e wetse tlase thata.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20191024084041/http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/07/cost-of-slaves-falls-to-historic-low/ Cost of slaves falls to historic low]". ''[[:en:CNN|CNN]] Freedom Project''. CNN. 7 March 2011. Archived from [http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/07/cost-of-slaves-falls-to-historic-low/ the original] on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025</ref> == Se se bakang == Fa e sale bokgoba bo ilediwa, go dira batho makgoba ga go sa tlhole go ikaegile ka go rua motho semmuso, mme ka go laola e se ka fa molaong. Diphetogo tse pedi ke go tswa mo go rekeng makgoba a pereko le go nna teng ga makgoba mo phirong, Fa palo e supa fa marekisetso a go tlontlolola motho mo perekong a phophoma, kgang ya gore batho ba rekisiwa ebile ba rekiwa golo go le gongwe, e siilwe ke nako. Fa ditheko tseo di santse di le teng, mo sešheng batho ba iphitlhela ba le mo diemong tse di tshwanang le tsa bokgoba ka ditsela tse di farologaneng.<ref>Nolan, Justine; Boersma, Martijn (September 2019). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=3humDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y Addressing Modern Slaver]y (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2019)''. University of New South Wales Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781742244631|9781742244631]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201028025858/https://books.google.com/books?id=3humDwAAQBAJ Archived] from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020</ref> Bokgoba jwa sešha bo bonwa e le ntlha e nngwe ya lehuma. Mo mafatsheng a a senang thuto le molao, popego ya setšhaba e e bokoa e ka dira tikologo e e rotloetsang kamogelo le kanamo ya bokgoba. Bokgoba bo bontsi mo mafatsheng a a sotlegang le a a nang le palo potlana ya merafe e e bokoa, le ntswa bo le teng le mo mafatsheng a a a tlhabologileng. Dikete di le masome tsa batho ba bereka mo diemong tse di tshwanang le tsa bokgoba mo mehameng ya meepo, temothuo le madirelo, ba dira dithoto gore di dirisiwe mo magaeng kgotsa di rekisidiwe kwa ntle kwa mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng.<ref>"[https://www.cfr.org/modern-slavery#!/section1/item-1 Modern Slavery: Its Root Causes and the Human Toll]". ''Council on Foreign Relations''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190421211352/https://www.cfr.org/interactives/modern-slavery/ Archived] from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Mo mofuteng wa pele wa bokgoba, beng ba makgoba ba ne ba dirisa madi a mantsi mo go rekeng makgoba. Go ne go le thataa go ba latlha fela. Tlhwatlhwa ya go dira gore ba nne le botsogo jo bo siameng e ne e bonwa e le go boloka madi go na le go reka lekgoba le lenwge go emelela leo. Mo bokgobeng jwa sešha, go motlhofo go bona batho ba bangwe ka tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase, ka jalo go ba emeltsa ka ba bangwe go nna motlhofo. Makgoba a dirisiwa mo mafelong a ba ka fitlhiwang motlhofo kwa go one mme ba tsweletse ba direla mong wa bone dipoelo. Bokgoba jwa sešha bo kgona go nna le dipoelo,<ref>Siddarth Kara, ''Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010)</ref> makgotla mangwe a letlelela se, ntswa se ilediwa ke ditumalano di tshwana le bokopano jwa tlaleletso jwa kemiso ya bokgoba le melao ya mo gae. Dipoelo tsotlhe tsa ngwaga mo thekisong ya batho di akanyeditswe ka ngwaga wa 2014 fa di feta di bilione di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano a di dolara,<ref>"[https://humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human-trafficking-numbers Human Trafficking Numbers]". ''Human Rights First''. 7 December 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190507064607/https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human-trafficking-numbers Archived] from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> le ntswa dipoelo di le kwa tlase. Makgoba a kwa America ka ngwaga wa 1809 a ne a rekisiwa ka selekanyo sa dikete di le masome mane a di dolara mo mading a gompieno.<ref>"[https://freetheslaves.net/slavery-today-2/ Slavery Today]". ''Free The Slaves''. 19 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180918033125/https://www.freetheslaves.net/our-model-for-freedom/slavery-today/ Archived] from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Gompieno lekgoba le kgona go rekwa ka di dolara di le masome a ferabongwe go ya kwa lekgolong.<ref>Batha, Emma (16 November 2017). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slavery-conference-lives-idUSKBN1DG2O4/ "How much is a life worth, ask activists fighting slavery?"]. ''Reuters''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142812/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slavery-conference-lives-idUSKBN1DG2O4 Archived] from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Bales o tlhalosa gore, mo bokgobeng jwa sešha, "se ke tlolo molao wa itsholelo...batho ga ba dire ba bangwe makgoba go nna setlhogo mo go bone; ba dira jalo go dira dipoelo".<ref>Bales, Kevin (March 2010). "[https://www.ted.com/speakers/kevin_bales Kevin Bales | Speaker | TED]". ''www.ted.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220418023959/https://www.ted.com/speakers/kevin_bales Archived] from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> == Mefuta == === Bokgoba jwa lotso le jwa dithoto === Bokgoba jwa lotso, bo gape bo bidiwang jwa dithoto, ke mofuta o gantsi o amangwang le lefoko "bokgoba". Mo bokgobeng jwa dithoto, motho o dirilweng lekgoba o bonwa e le thoto ya mongwe o sele, ebile o ka rekwa kgotsa a rekisiwa. Go tswa mo ditsong mo motho o o fentsweng a dirwa lekgoba, jaaka kwa bogosing jwa Roma le jwa Ottoman, kgotsa mo go rekiseng makoba, jaaka kwa Sahara kgotsa kwa kgwebong ya makgoba ya Atlantic.<ref>"[https://liluye.org/human-trafficking-is-it-a-crime/ Human Trafficking]". ''Liluye | by and for people with Great Spirit''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142823/https://liluye.org/human-trafficking/ Archived] from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Fa e sale ka ntwa ya ngwaga wa 2014 kwa Lybia, le go tlhofofadiwa ga molao le taolo, go nnile le dipego tsa batswakwa ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba rekisiwa mo pontsheng, go akaretsa marekisetso a makgoba mo lefatsheng leo.<ref>Graham-Harrison, Emma (10 April 2017). "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/10/libya-public-slave-auctions-un-migration Migrants from west Africa being 'sold in Libyan slave markets]'". ''the Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190520144206/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/10/libya-public-slave-auctions-un-migration Archived] from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Lefatshe la Mauritania le na le ditso tsa bogologolo tsa bokgoba. Bokgoba jwa dithoto bo ne jwa diriwa tlolo molao semmuso kwa lefatsheng leo mme melao e e kgatlhanong le jone, ga e dirisiwe. Go akanyediwa gore batho ba le dikete di le masome a ferabongwe (bobedi mo lekgolong la batho ba Mauritania) ke makgoba.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142812/https://www.voanews.com/africa/unshackled-yet-far-free-former-slaves-struggle-mauritania Unshackled Yet Far From Free, Former Slaves Struggle in Mauritania]". ''Voice of America''. [https://www.voanews.com/africa/unshackled-yet-far-free-former-slaves-struggle-mauritania Archived] from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Go patelediwa go tsaya sekoloto le gone go kgona go fetisediwa kwa dikokomaneng, jaaka bokgoba jwa dithoto. Ba ba kaletseng mo bokgobeng jwa tlhakanelo dikobo mo lefatsheng la gompieno, ba felela e nna dithoto, bogolo jang fa ba patelediwa go gweba ka mebele. === Tiro e e patelediwang ke puso === Tiro e e patelediwang ke puso, e tlhalosiwa ke lekgotla la tsa pereko la mafatshefatshe e le diemo tse batho ba patelediwang go bereka ka tiriso ya dikgoka kgotsa go tshosediwa, kgotsa go kokotletsa sekoloto, go baya dipampiri tsa tshupo ya motho kgotsa matshosetsi a go tshwarisiwa<ref>"[https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/meanings-forced-labour The Meanings of Forced Labour]". ''International Labour Organization''. 10 March 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190328110820/http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/news/WCMS_237569/lang--en/index.htm Archived] from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref>. * Kwa Eritrea, palo kakanyetso ya dikete di le makgolo a mararo go tsena ka makgolo a mane a batho ba mo thulaganyong ya tirelo ya sesole e e lekanang le bokgoba jwa palo e ntsi ya batho, go ya ka batlhotlhomisi ba kwa UN. Pego ya bone e fitlhetse gape go na le bokgoba jwa tlhakanelo dikobo le pereko e e patelediwang.<ref>"[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-eritrea-slavery-human-rights-1.3621631 As many as 400,000 enslaved in Eritrea, UN estimates]". ''CBC News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124004004/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-eritrea-slavery-human-rights-1.3621631 Archived] from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> * Kwa bokone jwa Korea, puso e pateletsa batho ba le bantsi go berekela lefatshe, mo teng le kwa ntle ga North Korea, dingwaga di le dinsti. palo ya ngwaga wa 2018 ya makgoba e akanyetsa fa didikadike tse pedi tsa batho e ne e le makgoba kwa lefatsheng leo. <ref>"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/19/north-korea-has-2-6-million-modern-slaves-new-report-estimates/ North Korea has 2.6 million 'modern slaves', new report estimates]". ''Washington Post''. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/19/north-korea-has-2-6-million-modern-slaves-new-report-estimates/ Archived] from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Tlhwatlhwa ya tiro yotlhe e e dirilweng ke batho ba North Korea ba direla puso e akanyediwa e ka nna di dolara tsaa America di le didikadike di le makgolo a ferabongwe, amsoema asupa le botlhano, ka babereki ba bašha ba patelediwa go dira ditiro tse di kotsi tsa kago, basadi le basetsana ba patelediwa go dira diaparo kwa mabentleleng a a sa siamang. Babereki ba gantsi ga ba duelwe.<ref name=":3">Borowiec, Steven (6 October 2016). [https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-north-korea-forced-labor-20161006-snap-story.html "North Koreans perform $975 million worth of forced labor each year]". ''Los Angeles Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191020054319/https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-north-korea-forced-labor-20161006-snap-story.html Archived] from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Fa godimo ga moo, sesole sa kwa North Korea sa masole a le sedikadike, se berekisiwa mo dikagong tse di sa tsamaelaneng le go sireletsa, di akaretsa matlo a babusi. <ref name=":3" /> Puso e nnile le babereki ba ka nna dikete tse di lekgolo kwa mafatsheng a sele.<ref>Yoon, Dasl (20 December 2019). "[https://www.wsj.com/articles/north-korean-workers-flock-home-as-sanctions-deadline-hits-11576837803 North Korean Workers Flock Home as Sanctions Deadline Hits".] ''Wall Street Journal''. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660 ISSN] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660 0099-9660]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191221152605/https://www.wsj.com/articles/north-korean-workers-flock-home-as-sanctions-deadline-hits-11576837803 Archived] from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025</ref> * Kwa Uzbekistan, sekai, puso e pateletsa baithuti le babereki ba puso go roba setlhatshana sa letsela, se e leng sone boremelelo jwa thekiso ya lefatshe leo, ngwaga le ngwaga, ba ba pateletsa go tlogela ditiro tsa bone tse dingwe.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190226121827/https://www.antislavery.org/take-action/campaigns/end-uzbek-cotton-crimes/ End Uzbek Cotton Crimes]". ''Anti-Slavery International''. Archived from [https://www.antislavery.org/take-action/campaigns/end-uzbek-cotton-crimes/ the original] on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Mo sekaing se, tiriso ya baithuti go akarediwa ba dikolo tse dipotlana, tse di fa gare, le tse dikgolwane, go raya gore pereko ya bana e kwa godimo.<ref>Bhat, Bilal Ahmad (1 May 2011). "Socioeconomic Dimensions of Child Labor in Central Asia". ''Problems of Economic Transition''. '''54''' (1): 84–99. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2753/PET1061-1991540108 10.2753/pet1061-1991540108]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1061-1991 1061-1991]. S2CID [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1061-1991 153335200.]</ref> Puso ya kwa Uzbekistan e berekile go fokotsa pereko e e pateleditsweng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 2022, go gana go reka letsela kwa Uzbekistan go nega ema, ka dipego tsa gore tiro ya pateletso e emisitswe.<ref>Imamova, Navbahor (11 May 2022). [https://www.voanews.com/a/uzbek-cotton-industry-greets-end-of-13-year-global-boycott-/6568054.html "Uzbek Cotton Industry Greets End of 13-Year Global Boycott".] VOA News. [https://www.voanews.com/a/uzbek-cotton-industry-greets-end-of-13-year-global-boycott-/6568054.html Archived] from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref><ref>Putz, Catherine (10 March 2022). [https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/uzbek-cotton-free-systemic-child-labour-and-forced-labour "The Boycott of Uzbek Cotton is Over"]. The Diplomat. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221207083928/http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_838396/lang--en/index.htm Archived] from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref><ref>"[https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/uzbek-cotton-free-systemic-child-labour-and-forced-labour Uzbek cotton is free from systemic child labour and forced labour]". ''International Labor Organization''. March 2022. [https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/uzbek-cotton-free-systemic-child-labour-and-forced-labour Archived] from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> === Pereko ya kwa kgolegelong === Ka ngwaga wa 1865, lefatshe la United States le ne la amogela molao paakanyo wa bo lesome le boraro kwa molao motheong wa United States, o o neng o fedisa bokgoba le botlhanka, ntle le fa e le kotlhao ya molato o motho a tla bong a o lebisitswe,<ref>"[https://guides.loc.gov/sb.php?subject_id=162830 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)"]. ''www.loc.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111010110013/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html Archived] from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> se se siame mo molaong, mo jaanong go bidiwang pereko ya kotlhao, go tswelela mo lefatsheng leo.<ref name=":4">"[https://www.economist.com/united-states/2017/03/16/prison-labour-is-a-billion-dollar-industry-with-uncertain-returns-for-inmates Prison labour is a billion-dollar industry, with uncertain returns for inmates"]. ''The Economist''. 16 March 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180913035051/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2017/03/16/prison-labour-is-a-billion-dollar-industry-with-uncertain-returns-for-inmates Archived] from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025</ref> Mo ditsong, se ne sa baka mokgwa wa go adima tiro mo go santseng go ama batho ba lotso lwa African - American. Kwa Texas, Georgia, Alabama le Arkansas, magolegwa ga a duelelwe ditiro tsa bone gotlhelele.<ref>Walker, Jason (6 September 2016). [https://truthout.org/articles/unpaid-labor-in-texas-prisons-is-modern-day-slavery/ "Unpaid Labor in Texas Prisons Is Modern-Day Slavery]". ''Truthout''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180814113951/https://truthout.org/articles/unpaid-labor-in-texas-prisons-is-modern-day-slavery/ Archived] from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025</ref> Kwa dikgaolong tse dingwe, magolegwa a duelwa 0.12 le 1.15 dolara ka oura ka ngwaga wa 2013.<ref>"[https://isps.yale.edu/news/blog/2013/10/time-to-reckon-with-prison-labor-0#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Federal%20Bureau,for%20private%20companies%20as%20well. Time to Reckon with Prison Labor | Institution for Social and Policy Studies"]. ''isps.yale.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210613205823/https://isps.yale.edu/news/blog/2013/10/time-to-reckon-with-prison-labor-0#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Federal%20Bureau,for%20private%20companies%20as%20well. Archived] from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Mohama wa dikgolegelo o ne o duela magolegwa 0.90 ka oura ka ngwaga wa 2017.<ref name=":4" /> Magolegwa ba ba ganang go bereka ba ka bewa ba le nosi,<ref>"[https://www.truthdig.com/articles/americas-slave-empire-2/ America's Slave Empire]". ''Truthdig: Expert Reporting, Current News, Provocative Columnists''. 22 June 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210309094503/https://www.truthdig.com/articles/americas-slave-empire-2/ Archived] from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> kgotsa a idiwa go etelwa ke ba lolwapa.<ref>Benns, Whitney (21 September 2015). [https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/09/prison-labor-in-america/406177/ "American Slavery, Reinvented]". ''The Atlantic''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171027011230/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/09/prison-labor-in-america/406177/ Archived] from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 2010 go tsena ka 2015<ref>[[:en:Chris_Hedges|Hedges, Chris]] (22 June 2015). "[https://www.truthdig.com/articles/americas-slave-empire-2/ America's Slave Empire]". ''[[:en:Truthdig|Truthdig]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112534/https://www.truthdig.com/articles/americas-slave-empire-2/ Archived] from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025</ref> le ka 2016 <ref>Speri, Alice (16 September 2016). [https://theintercept.com/2016/09/16/the-largest-prison-strike-in-u-s-history-enters-its-second-week/ "The Largest Prison Strike in U.S. History Enters Its Second Week"]. ''[[:en:The_Intercept|The Intercept]]''. [https://archive.ph/20160916204056/https://theintercept.com/2016/09/16/the-largest-prison-strike-in-u-s-history-enters-its-second-week/ Archived] from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref>gape le ka 2018<ref>Lopez, German (22 August 2018). [https://www.vox.com/2018/8/17/17664048/national-prison-strike-2018 "America's prisoners are going on strike in at least 17 states"]. ''Vox''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201217033720/https://www.vox.com/2018/8/17/17664048/national-prison-strike-2018 Archived] from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref>, magolegwa mangwe kwa United States ba ne ba gana go bereka, ba lwela dituelo tse di botoka, tikologo e e botroka le go emisiwa ga pereko e e patelediwang. Ba ba neng ba goga mogwanto ba ne ba otlhaiwa ka go bewa ba le nosi sebaka se ba tla se nnang kwa kgolegelong.<ref>Pilkington, Ed (21 August 2018). "[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/aug/20/prison-labor-protest-america-jailhouse-lawyers-speak US inmates stage nationwide prison labor strike over 'modern slavery]'". ''The Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180912223642/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/aug/20/prison-labor-protest-america-jailhouse-lawyers-speak Archived] from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref><ref>Fryer, Brooke (5 September 2018). "[https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/us-inmates-sent-to-solitary-confinement-over-prison-slavery-strike/9acl0f8rh US inmates sent to solitary confinement over 'prison slavery' strike]". ''NITV News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150131/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/09/05/us-inmates-sent-solitary-confinement-over-prison-slavery-strike Archived] from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 23 june 2025</ref> == Metswedi == 4i7hgfhdpd4edmsiom3xzne14d39lek 0 10674 40707 40701 2025-06-23T14:31:20Z KatieKea 10150 /* Thibelo pelegi */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025 40707 wikitext text/x-wiki Basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba solofetswe go oketsa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba, se se neng sa dira gore basadi ba tsuologele tebelelo eno ka go dirisa dithibelapelegi le go senya mpa. Gape go ne go bolawa masea e le tsela ya go sireletsa bana gore ba se ka ba nna makgoba kgotsa gore ba se ka ba boela kwa bokgobeng. == Go sotlwa mo mmeleng le mo thobalanong == Dikakanyo tse di dikologileng maatla a mmele le go tsala ga basadi ba Maaforika di ne di dirisiwa go dirisa basadi ba Maaforika botlhaswa mo nakong yotlhe ya go dira makgoba. Le fa basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba lebeletswe go dira tiro ya diatla e e lekanang le ya banna ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba, basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba le bone ba ne ba lebeletswe go dira tiro ya go tsala. Mo lekgobeng, go ne go le mosola thata go tlhagisa batho ba gagwe ba ba dirilweng makgoba go na le go reka batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba.<ref name=":0">Jennings, Thelma (1990). ""Us Colored Women Had to Go Though A Plenty": Sexual Exploitation of African-American Slave Women". ''Journal of Women's History''. '''1''' (3): 45–74. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jowh.2010.0050|10.1353/jowh.2010.0050]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2036 1527-2036]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145310907 145310907]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 2025.</ref> Keletso eno ya go bona dipoelo le go oketsega ga bogolo jwa lefatshe e ne ya dira gore go patelediwe go tsadisa makgoba, e ka tswa e le le banna ba bangwe ba ba dirilweng makgoba kgotsa makgoba a bone. Fa basadi bangwe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba kgona go tlhopha balekane ba bone ba banna, ba bangwe ba ne ba ganediwa kgololesego ya go itlhophela mme ba patelediwa ke molekane wa monna. E ka tswa molekane wa monna a ne a tlhophilwe ke basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba kgotsa nnyaa, go ne go santse go solofetswe gore a tshole bana ba le bantsi ka fa go ka kgonegang ka teng gore a kgone go oketsa dipoelo tsa lekgoba la bona.<ref name=":0" /> Makgoba mangwe gape a ne a ntsha dituelo tsa go nna le bana ba bangwe gore ba kgothaletse basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go nna le bana, mme seno se ne se oketsa dipoelo tsa makgoba a bone.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ntlha ya seo, ka dinako tse dingwe go tsuologa ga basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go ne go nna ka tsela ya go dira kgatlhanong le ditsholofelo tseno. == Thibelo pelegi == [[Setshwantsho:Caesalpinia pulcherrima - Peacock Flower.jpg|thumb|Caesalpinia pulcherrima, se se itsegeng gape jaaka "sethunya sa phikoko", se ne se dirisiwa go senya mpa.]] Go thibela pelegi e ne e le tiro ya botsuolodi ka gonne go ne go sutisa maatla le taolo go tswa mo go yo o tshwereng makgoba go ya kwa go yo o dirilweng lekgoba. E re ka basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba solofetswe go tshegetsa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba, basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba dirisa mekgwa e e farologaneng go nyatsa tsholofelo eo. Go senya mpa le dithibelapelegi le tsone di ne di bonwa e le tsela ya gore basadi ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba kgone go itlhophela mebele ya bone ka go letla basadi go laola bokgoni jwa bone jwa go imisiwa. Sethunya sa phikoko le modi wa letseta e ne e le dimela tse di neng di ka dirisiwa jaaka dipilisi tsa go senya mpa.<ref name=":1">Perrin, Liese M. "Resisting Reproduction: Reconsidering Slave Contraception in the Old South." ''Journal of American Studies''35, no. 2 (2001):255–74.</ref> Tiriso ya modi wa letseta e ne e tlwaelegile, fa banna ba bangwe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba tshwenyega ka palo ya bona ka ntlha ya tiriso e e kwa godimo ya modi wa letseta.<ref name=":1" /> Mo bukeng ya ga Maria Merian ya ''Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam'', o ne a kwala gore basadi ba tlhago ba ne ba dirisa semela seo go senya mpa.<ref>Merian, Maria (1705). ''Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam''.</ref><ref>Schiebinger, Linda (2007). ''Plants And Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting In The Atlantic World''. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674025684. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 2025.</ref> Kwa Amerika le kwa Caribbean, basadi ba foo le ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ile ba dirisa sethunya sa phikoko go senya boimana. Ka go nwa dithibelapelegi le dipilisi tsa go senya mpa, basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba ganna beng ba bone taolo mo mebeleng ya bone; ka go tlhoka bana, basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba lekanyetsa dipoelo tse batshwari ba bone ba neng ba ka di bona mo mebeleng ya bone.<ref name=":1" /> == Polao ya masea == [[Setshwantsho:Margaret Garner.jpg|thumb|Margaret Garner jaaka a bontshitswe mo Harper's Weekly ka 1867.]] Go bolaya masea e ne e le tiro ya botsuolodi ka gonne go ne go letla basadi ba ba dirilweng makgoba go thibela gore bana ba bone ba se ka ba dirwa makgoba. Ka ntlha ya partus sequitur ventrum, molawana wa gore ngwana o rua maemo a ga mmaagwe, ngwana mongwe le mongwe yo o tsholwang ke mosadi yo o dirileng lekgoba o ne a tla tsholwa e le lekgoba, e le karolo ya thoto ya lekgoba. Ka ntlha ya kgopolo e, basadi bangwe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tshwarwa fa gare ga go batla bana ba bona ba tshela le ba ba suleng. Seno se ne sa dira gore basadi bangwe ba bolaye masea go sireletsa bana ba bone mo botshelong jwa bokgoba. Nngwe ya dikgetsi tse di tlhomologileng thata tsa go bolaya masea ke ya ga Margaret Garner. Fa a ntse a tshabela kwa bokone le monna wa gagwe le bana ba bone ba le bane, ba lelapa la ga Garner ba ne ba tshwarwa kwa go lengwe la matlo a ba neng ba iphitlhile mo go one. Le fa Garner a ne a rulagantse go bolaya bana ba gagwe mme morago ga moo a bolaya ene ka boene, o ne a kgona go bolaya mongwe wa barwadie mme a gobatsa ba bangwe fa batlhankedi ba sesole ba ne ba tsena mo ntlong ba batla lelapa la ga Garner. Garner o ne a sekisiwa mme a latofadiwa ka tshenyo ya dithoto. Bana ba gagwe ba ba setseng, monna wa gagwe le ene ba ne ba busediwa kwa go morwarraagwe lekgoba kwa Louisiana. Harriet Jacobs, mosadi yo o kileng a bo a le lekgoba yo o neng a kwala ka maitemogelo a gagwe, le ene o ne a nna le maitemogelo a a utlwisang botlhoko a go nna mmè. Mo bukeng ya gagwe, Ditiragalo mo Botshelong jwa Mosetsana wa Lekgoba, Jacobs o tlhalositse ka fao mong wa gagwe a neng a tshosetsa ka teng go mo tseela bana ba gagwe fa a ne a sa ikobele dikgatelelo tsa gagwe tsa thobalano. == Metswedi == lgrhp48tz7hp19dtv4kj8eg7vrimucu 40708 40707 2025-06-23T14:42:06Z KatieKea 10150 /* Polao ya masea */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025 40708 wikitext text/x-wiki Basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba solofetswe go oketsa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba, se se neng sa dira gore basadi ba tsuologele tebelelo eno ka go dirisa dithibelapelegi le go senya mpa. Gape go ne go bolawa masea e le tsela ya go sireletsa bana gore ba se ka ba nna makgoba kgotsa gore ba se ka ba boela kwa bokgobeng. == Go sotlwa mo mmeleng le mo thobalanong == Dikakanyo tse di dikologileng maatla a mmele le go tsala ga basadi ba Maaforika di ne di dirisiwa go dirisa basadi ba Maaforika botlhaswa mo nakong yotlhe ya go dira makgoba. Le fa basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba lebeletswe go dira tiro ya diatla e e lekanang le ya banna ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba, basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba le bone ba ne ba lebeletswe go dira tiro ya go tsala. Mo lekgobeng, go ne go le mosola thata go tlhagisa batho ba gagwe ba ba dirilweng makgoba go na le go reka batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba.<ref name=":0">Jennings, Thelma (1990). ""Us Colored Women Had to Go Though A Plenty": Sexual Exploitation of African-American Slave Women". ''Journal of Women's History''. '''1''' (3): 45–74. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jowh.2010.0050|10.1353/jowh.2010.0050]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2036 1527-2036]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145310907 145310907]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 2025.</ref> Keletso eno ya go bona dipoelo le go oketsega ga bogolo jwa lefatshe e ne ya dira gore go patelediwe go tsadisa makgoba, e ka tswa e le le banna ba bangwe ba ba dirilweng makgoba kgotsa makgoba a bone. Fa basadi bangwe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba kgona go tlhopha balekane ba bone ba banna, ba bangwe ba ne ba ganediwa kgololesego ya go itlhophela mme ba patelediwa ke molekane wa monna. E ka tswa molekane wa monna a ne a tlhophilwe ke basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba kgotsa nnyaa, go ne go santse go solofetswe gore a tshole bana ba le bantsi ka fa go ka kgonegang ka teng gore a kgone go oketsa dipoelo tsa lekgoba la bona.<ref name=":0" /> Makgoba mangwe gape a ne a ntsha dituelo tsa go nna le bana ba bangwe gore ba kgothaletse basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go nna le bana, mme seno se ne se oketsa dipoelo tsa makgoba a bone.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ntlha ya seo, ka dinako tse dingwe go tsuologa ga basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go ne go nna ka tsela ya go dira kgatlhanong le ditsholofelo tseno. == Thibelo pelegi == [[Setshwantsho:Caesalpinia pulcherrima - Peacock Flower.jpg|thumb|Caesalpinia pulcherrima, se se itsegeng gape jaaka "sethunya sa phikoko", se ne se dirisiwa go senya mpa.]] Go thibela pelegi e ne e le tiro ya botsuolodi ka gonne go ne go sutisa maatla le taolo go tswa mo go yo o tshwereng makgoba go ya kwa go yo o dirilweng lekgoba. E re ka basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba solofetswe go tshegetsa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba, basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba dirisa mekgwa e e farologaneng go nyatsa tsholofelo eo. Go senya mpa le dithibelapelegi le tsone di ne di bonwa e le tsela ya gore basadi ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba kgone go itlhophela mebele ya bone ka go letla basadi go laola bokgoni jwa bone jwa go imisiwa. Sethunya sa phikoko le modi wa letseta e ne e le dimela tse di neng di ka dirisiwa jaaka dipilisi tsa go senya mpa.<ref name=":1">Perrin, Liese M. "Resisting Reproduction: Reconsidering Slave Contraception in the Old South." ''Journal of American Studies''35, no. 2 (2001):255–74.</ref> Tiriso ya modi wa letseta e ne e tlwaelegile, fa banna ba bangwe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba tshwenyega ka palo ya bona ka ntlha ya tiriso e e kwa godimo ya modi wa letseta.<ref name=":1" /> Mo bukeng ya ga Maria Merian ya ''Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam'', o ne a kwala gore basadi ba tlhago ba ne ba dirisa semela seo go senya mpa.<ref>Merian, Maria (1705). ''Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam''.</ref><ref>Schiebinger, Linda (2007). ''Plants And Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting In The Atlantic World''. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674025684. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 2025.</ref> Kwa Amerika le kwa Caribbean, basadi ba foo le ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ile ba dirisa sethunya sa phikoko go senya boimana. Ka go nwa dithibelapelegi le dipilisi tsa go senya mpa, basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba ganna beng ba bone taolo mo mebeleng ya bone; ka go tlhoka bana, basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba lekanyetsa dipoelo tse batshwari ba bone ba neng ba ka di bona mo mebeleng ya bone.<ref name=":1" /> == Polao ya masea == [[Setshwantsho:Margaret Garner.jpg|thumb|Margaret Garner jaaka a bontshitswe mo Harper's Weekly ka 1867.]] Go bolaya masea e ne e le tiro ya botsuolodi ka gonne go ne go letla basadi ba ba dirilweng makgoba go thibela gore bana ba bone ba se ka ba dirwa makgoba. Ka ntlha ya ''partus sequitur ventrum'', molawana wa gore ngwana o tsaya maemo a ga mmaagwe, ngwana mongwe le mongwe yo o tsholwang ke mosadi yo o dirileng lekgoba o ne a tla tsholwa e le lekgoba, e le karolo ya thoto ya motshwari wa makgoba.<ref>Morgan, Jennifer L. (April 3, 2018). [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/689365 "Partus sequitur ventrem: Law, Race, and Reproduction in Colonial Slavery"]. ''Small Axe''. '''22''' (1): 1–17. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1215/07990537-4378888|10.1215/07990537-4378888]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-6714 1534-6714]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150349388 150349388].</ref> Ka ntlha ya kgopolo e, basadi bangwe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tshwarwa fa gare ga go batla bana ba bona ba tshela le kgotsa ba sule.<ref>Dukats, Mara L. 1993. "A Narrative of Violated Maternity: Moi, Tituba, Sorcière ... Noire De Salem." ''World Literature Today'' 67(4):745.</ref><ref>Roth, Sarah N. "‘The Blade Was in My Own Breast’: Slave Infanticide in 1850s Fiction." ''American Nineteenth Century History''8, no. 2 (2007):169-185. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/14664650701387896|10.1080/14664650701387896]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 2025.</ref> Seno se ne sa dira gore basadi bangwe ba bolaye masea go sireletsa bana ba bone mo botshelong jwa bokgoba. Nngwe ya dikgetsi tse di tumileng thata tsa go bolaya masea ke ya ga Margaret Garner. Fa a ntse a tshabela kwa bokone le monna wa gagwe le bana ba bone ba le bane, ba lelapa la ga Garner ba ne ba tshwarwa kwa go lengwe la matlo a ba neng ba iphitlhile mo go one. Le fa Garner a ne a rulagantse go bolaya bana ba gagwe mme morago ga moo a bolaya ene ka boene, o ne a kgona go bolaya mongwe wa barwadie mme a gobatsa ba bangwe fa batlhankedi ba sesole ba ne ba tsena mo ntlong ba batla lelapa la ga Garner.<ref>Noble, Thomas. 1867. "The Story of Margaret Garner [Margaret Garner, a Slave Who Escaped from Kentucky to Ohio; Her 4 Children, 2 of Which She Killed so They Would Not Have to Endure Slavery, Lying Dead on Floor; and 4 Men Who Pursued Her]". ''Harper's Weekly''11:308.</ref> Garner o ne a sekisiwa mme a latofadiwa ka tshenyo ya dithoto. Bana ba gagwe ba ba setseng, monna wa gagwe le ene ba ne ba busediwa kwa go morwarraagwe mongwabone kwa Louisiana.<ref>Carroll, Rebecca (January 31, 2019). [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/obituaries/margaret-garner-overlooked.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/obituaries/margaret-garner-overlooked.html "Margaret Garner, a Runaway Slave Who Killed Her Own Daughter"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 2025.</ref> Harriet Jacobs, mosadi yo o kileng a bo a le lekgoba yo o neng a kwala ka maitemogelo a gagwe, le ene o ne a nna le maitemogelo a a utlwisang botlhoko a go nna mme. Mo bukeng ya gagwe, ''Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl'', Jacobs o tlhalositse ka fao mong wa gagwe a neng a tshosetsa ka teng go mo tseela bana ba gagwe fa a ne a sa ikobele dikgatelelo tsa gagwe tsa thobalano.<ref>Li, Stephanie. 2006. "Motherhood as Resistance in Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl." ''Legacy''23(1):14–29.</ref><ref>Jacobs, Harriet A. ''Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself''. Boston, MA: Thayer & Eldridge, 1861.</ref> == Metswedi == axmgsi6qeo7sx6t28sffb3mp03aylce 0 10675 40704 2025-06-23T12:12:42Z Olgatladi2020 10646 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1247972056|Joint Operations Command (Zimbabwe)]]" 40704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taolo ya Ditiro tse di Kopanetsweng''' ( '''JOC''' ) ke setheo se segolo se se laolang pabalesego ya naga ya [[Zimbabwe]] . E ne ya tlhongwa ke Masole a Tshireletso a Rhodesia jaaka Ntlokgolo ya Ditiro tse di Kopantsweng go okamela letsholo la yona la go lwantsha borukutlhi mo Ntweng ya Rhodesia ya Bush mmogo le ditlhaselo tsa kwa ntle kwa mafatshe a mabapi jaaka [[Zambia]] le Mozambique . JOC e ne ya tswelela ka seabe sa yone mo Masoleng a Tshireletso a Zimbabwe morago ga boipuso, mme fa e sa le ka nako eo, e ntse e latofadiwa ka go tsietsa mo ditlhophong le go rulaganya tirisodikgoka ya sepolotiki . == 2008 == JOC e ne e eteletswe pele ka ngwaga wa 2008 ke Tona ya tshireletso ya lefatshe Didymus Mutasa, mme o ne a emisediwa ka bonako morago ga ditlhopho tsa boporesidente tsa Zimbabwe tse di neng di tshwerwe ka di 29 Mopitlwe 2008, ke Tona ya Matlo a Magae le Ditirelo tsa Loago Emmerson Mnangagwa . JOC e latofaditswe ka go rulaganya matsholo a kgatelelo kgatlhanong le batlhagisi ba makoko a kganetso, mekgatlho ya baagi le moemedi wa Amerika. Go ile ga bolelwa gore morago ga ditlhopho tsa mopresidente wa Zimbabwe, JOC e ne ya tsaya taolo ya go tsaya ditshwetso tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa puso, e dira jaaka puso ya sesole JOC gape e ne ya nna le seabe mo mo kgoreletsong ya tirisodikgoka ya batshegetsi ba kganetso magareng ga ditlhopho tsa 29 Mopitlwe le ditlhopho tsa bobedi ka Phukwi 2008. E tlhatlhobilwe ke maloko a Politburo ya ZANU-PF .{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">go tlhokega nopolo</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Boloko === Maloko le maloko a pele a ne a akaretsa: * Oppah Muchinguri – Tona ya Tshireletso * Mojenerale Philip Valerio Sibanda – Molaodi wa Sesole sa Tshireletso sa Zimbabwe * Molefetenente Mojenerale Edzai Chimonyo – Molaodi wa Sesole sa Bosetšhaba sa Zimbabwe * Molaodi wa Sesole sa Difofane (Elsen Moyo) – Molaodi wa Sesole sa Difofane sa Zimbabwe * Mokhomišenara Godwin Matanga – Mokhomišenara wa Sepodisi sa Repaboliki ya Zimbabwe * Mojenerale (O rotseng) [[Paradzayi Zimondi]] – Tlhogo ya tirelo ya kgolegelo ya Zimbabwe * [[Isaac Moyo]] – Mokaedi-Kakaretso wa Mokgatlho wa Botlhodi wa Bogare * John Mangudya – Mmusi wa Banka ya Resefe ya Zimbabwe * Mojenerale wa Sesole [[Douglas Nyikayaramba]] <ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim general calls prime minister a security risk|date=24 June 2011|newspaper=Independent Online (IOL)|location=South Africa|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/zim-general-calls-prime-minister-a-security-risk-1088024}}</ref> == Thulaganyo e e akantsweng ya go baakanya == Go ya ka tumalano e e neng ya nna teng ka ntlha ya dipuisanong tsa sepolotiki magareng ga makoko a mararo a magolo a sepolotiki, JOC e ne e tshwanetse go bitswa [[National Security Council (Zimbabwe)|Lekgotla la Tshireletso la Bosetšhaba]] . E ne e tshwanetse go etelelelwa pele ke Robert Mugabe mme tonakgolo ya pele, Morgan Tsvangirai, e ne e tshwanetse go nna leloko la yone. == Ditshupiso == <references /> == Dikgolagano tsa kwa ntle == * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/15/zimbabwe-joint-operations-command Molebeledi (2009-02-15): Go abelana maatla kwa Zimbabwe go tshosediwa ke setlhopha sa banna ba le batlhano.] {{Robert Mugabe}}{{Military of Zimbabwe}} j8mg8s3xuexcej2lvlejiu36z0867l3 0 10676 40705 2025-06-23T13:25:37Z JudithShe 9421 Ke dirile tsebe ya Bokopano jwa kwebo ya bokgoba jwa Maesemane le batho ba Egepeto 40705 wikitext text/x-wiki Bokopano jwa kgwebo ya bokgoba jwa mebuso ya Maesemane le ba Egepeto e ne e le tumalano gareng ga mafsthe a United Kingdom, Ireland le Khedivate of [[Egypt]] ka ngwaga wa 1877. Tumalano ya ntlha ya 1877, e ne ya salwa morago ke koketso ka ngwaga wa 1884, le e nngwe gape ka 1895. Tumalano e e ne e fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Egypt. Fa bokgoba ka bo bone bo ne bo sa emisiwa, makgoba a a neng a le teng a ne a fiwa tshwanelo ya go kopa go gololwa, mo go neng ga kgona go fedisa bokgoba ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi. == Tse di diragetseng pele == Batho ba kwa Britain ba ne ba na le molao o o tsweletseng wa go gatelela bogosi jwa Ottoman go emisa kgwebo ya bokgoba. Bokopano jwa mafatshe a [[United Kingdom]], Ireland le Egypt bo ne jwa salwa morago ke kemiso ya kgwebo ya bokgoba jwa batho bantsho ya ngwaga wa 1857, e e neng e emisa bokgoba le kgwebo ya jone ya makgoba a kwa Aforika go ya bogosing jwa Ottoman, e Ottoman Egypt e neng e le bontlha jwa yone pele. Le fa go ntse jalo, Firman ya 1857 e ne e sa diragadiwe e le mokwalo fela, mme kgatelelo ya lefatshe la Britain ya tswelela mo kgang e. == Bokopano == Tumalano ya ngwaga wa 1877 e ne e emisa kgwebo ya bokgoba semmuso go tswa kwa [[Sudan]], ka jalo e emisa semmuso go rekwa ga makgoba go tswa kwa Sudan. Sudan e ne e le boremelelo jwa motswedi wa makgoba a banna ka nako eo, go ya Egypt. Phediso e e ne ya salwa morago ke kemiso ya go tsisiwa ga basadi ba basweu ka ngwaga wa 1884, molao o o ne o lebagane le go tsisiwa ga basadi ba basweu, ba ba neng ba itlhophelwa go nna dinyatsi mo bathong ba maemo ba kwa Egypt.<ref name=":0">Kenneth M. Cuno: ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=RYP3CgAAQBAJ&dq=Walida+Pasha+harem&pg=PA20&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Walida%20Pasha%20harem&f=false Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early .]..''</ref><ref name=":1">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Egypten: Syracuse University Press. p. 25</ref> Koketso ya ngwaga wa 1895, e ne ya emisa go tsenelela ga go nna le ditahat tsotlhe ga makgoba, ka jalo ba ba tshepisa go nna le tshwanelo ya go nyala le go ja boswa, mo go neng ba go ilediwa ke beng ba bone ba pele; kgwebo ya bokgoba e ne jaanong e lebilwe ke dikgotlatshekelo tsa tlolo molao, se se ne sa dira gore e nne le maduo, go okediwa ga dikotlhao le go ela tlhoko, go itsa thekiso ya makgoba go tswa kwa [[kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu]] go ya Egypt.<ref name=":2">Indian Ocean Slavery in the Age of Abolition. (2013). USA: Yale University Press.</ref> == Ditlamorago == Theko ya makgoba a banna go tswa Sudan go tla go nna masole, go dira ditiro tsa mogae le go nna meopa, ga mmogo le theko ya makgoba a basadi go tswa Caucasus go nna dinyatsi, e ne e ele yone metswedi e metona ya theko ya makgoba go tswa Egypt, ka jalo melao e e neng e kwadilwe e, e ne e kgoreletsa bokgoba kwa Egypt. Bokgoba ka bo bone bo ne bo sa emisiwa, theko ya bone fela ke yone e eneng e emisitswe. Le fa go ntse jalo, kiletso thekiso ya makgoba a a neng a le teng e ne ya itsisiwe ga mmogo le molao o o neng oo fa makgoba a aneng a le teng tshwanelo ya molao ya go kopa go ntshiwa mo bokgobeng kwa ofising ya mafatshe ya Britain kwa mafelong a a farologanneg a lefatshe leo, mme makgoba a le dikete a ne a dirisa tshono eo go kopa go gololwa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ba ba kgatlhanong ba kwa Britain,ba ne ba bula lolwapa lwa makgoba a pele a basadi go ba thusa le go ba sireletsa mo go tsweng setlhabelo sa go gweba ka mebele, mo go neng go le teng ka ngwaga wa 1884 go tsena ka 1908.<ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1901, moeladilotlhoko wa kwa France o ne a abelana kakanyo ya gore bokgoba kwa Egypt bo fedile, mo molaong le mo go dirweng; palobatho ya kwa Egypt ya ngwaga wa 1907 e ne e sa tlhole e kwadile makgoba ape, ka ngwagawa 1911 maphata a kgwebo ya makgoba a tswalwa a fetolelwa kwa Sudan.<ref name=":2" /> Le fa go ne go amogetswe gore bokgoba ga bo a emisiwa ebile bo santse bo le teng ka ngwaga wa 1908, bo ne bo sa tlhole bo bonala thata go nna go boremelelo jwa go kgala ga mafatshe a bophirima. == Metswedi == 4hfe6spf9lt3915nbhjo7x3rkv42qsx 0 10677 40706 2025-06-23T13:55:05Z JudithShe 9421 Ke dirile tsebe ya Thibelo ya kgwebo ya bokgoba jwa batho bantsho 40706 wikitext text/x-wiki Firman ya ngwaga wa 1857, e gape e bidiwang '''thibelo ya kgwebo ya bokgoba jwa batho bantsho''' ke kitsiso e e ntshitsweng ke kgosi Abdulmecid ka ngwaga wa 1857. Kitsiso e e ne e emisa semmuso go tsisiwa ga makgoba a kwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] mo bogosing jwa Ottoman. Le fa go ntse jalo, kitsiso e e ne e itsisiwe ka ntlha ya kgatelelo ya mafatshe a mangwe, e ne ya seka ya diragadiwa ya nna mo mokwalong fela. E ne e kgapela kwa ntle kgaolo ya Hejaz, e e neng e le yone boremelelo jwa kgorogo ya kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu. == Motheo le Kitsiso == E ne e le nngwe ya ditsamaiso tse di emetseng go emisiwa semmuso ga bokgoba kwa bogosing jwa Ottoman, go akaretsa kitsiso ya 1830, kemiso ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya kwa Instabul ka 1847, kemiso ya kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Persian Gulf, kiletso ya kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Circassia le Georgia ka 1854 go tsena 1855, kemiso ya kgwebo ya bokgoba jwa batho bantsho ka 1857 le bokopano jwa Maesemane le Ottoman ka ngwaga wa 1880.<ref>[[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=6WHFEAAAQBAJ&dq=Firman+of+1830+slave+trade&pg=PA536&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Firman%20of%201830%20slave%20trade&f=false 1]] The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p536</ref> Kitsiso e ntshitswe ka nako e bogosi jwa Ottoman bo neng bo gateletswe ke mafatshe a bophirima go emisa bokgoba le kgwebo ya jone. Molao wa kemiso o ne o tsamaelana le maiteko a sesha a nako ya Tanzimat. Kitsiso ya 1854 e ne e emisitse kgwebo ya makgoba go tswa kwa Caucasus. Ka ngwaga wa 1855, kgwebo ya go isa makgoba a Aforika kwa Crete le Janina e ne ya emisiwa.<ref>Toledano, E. R. (2014). The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression: 1840-1890. USA: Princeton University Press. 124</ref> E ne e le kemiso kgatlhanong le tsela e le nngwe ya kgwebo ya makgoba a kwa Aforika go ya bogosing jwa Ottoman. Ka ngwaga wa 1857, kgatelelo ya lefatshe la Britain e ne ya baka gore kgosi wa Ottoman a ntshe kitsiso e e kganelang kgwebo ya makgoba go tswa [[Sudan]] go ya Ottoman [[Egypt]] go kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu go ya Ottoman Hijaz.<ref>Schiffer, R. (2023). Oriental Panorama: British Travellers in 19th Century Turkey. Tyskland: Brill. p. 186-187</ref> Kitsiso e e ne ya seka ya emisa bokgoba,ebile ya seka ya kganela kgwebo ya bokgoba, e ne ya seka ya emisa le go tsewa ga makgoba go stwa kwa mafatshenga mangwe kwa ntle ga bogosi go kgabaganya melelwane go ya bogosing jwa Ottoman. == Ditlamorago == Le fa go ntse jalo, kemiso ya kgwebo ya bokgoba jwa batho basweu ya pele e ne e setse e bakile go tsuologa ga Hejaz kwa kgaolong ya Hijaz, mo go bakileng gore kgwebo ya bokgoba kwa Hijaz e seegelwe kwa thoko mo kemisong ya kgwebo ya bokgoba go kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu,<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 17</ref> mme ga nna mo mokwalong fela go sa diragadiwe. Kitsiso ya 1857 e ne ya seka ya diragadiwa. Kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu go ya Ottoman Arabia e ne ya tswelela, fela jaaka kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya Atlantic le go kgabaganya Sahara go fetwa ka Lybia, le kgwebo ya makgoba go ya Ottoman Egypt go fetwa ka Sudan.<ref>UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. VI, Abridged Edition: Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s. (1998). Storbritannien: University of California Press. p74</ref> Go tlhoka go diragadiwa ga kitsiso ya 1857 go ne ga baka gore lefatshe la Vritain le tswelele le gatelele. E ne ya salwa morago ke [[bokopano jwa kgwebo ya bokgoba jwa Maesemane le batho ba Egepeto]] ka ngwaga wa 1877. == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[bokopano jwa kgwebo ya bokgoba jwa Maesemane le batho ba Egepeto]] == Metswedi == 9xr503hfry0hh0rrtctg86cx6crs119 0 10678 40709 2025-06-23T14:50:51Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025 40709 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Manyalo a makgoba kwa''' '''Amerika''' ka tlwaelo a ne a se kafa molaong pele ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika e fedisa bokgoba kwa US. Maaforika a Amerika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a tsewa semolao jaaka chattel, mme ba ne ba ganediwa ditshwanelo tsa selegae le tsa sepolotiki go fitlha United States e fedisa bokgoba ka go fetisiwa ga Tlhabololo ya Bolesometharo ya Molaotheo wa United States. Melao ya puso le ya puso ka bobedi e ne e gana, kgotsa e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata, ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 302–304.</ref> == Melao ya makgoba == Melao ya makgoba, melao ya puso le ya naga e e neng e laola boemo le maemo a semolao a Maaforika a Amerika, e ne ya simolola ka melao ka 1705. Ba ne ba tshwarwa jaaka mefuta e mengwe ya dithoto, jaaka didirisiwa tsa polase, dikgomo le dipitse. Batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba thibetswe go dira dikonteraka tsa selegae mme ba ne ba sa kgone go nna le dithoto tsa mmatota kgotsa tsa botho ka fa molaong kgotsa go di amogela. Makgoba a bone a ne a na le sengwe le sengwe se motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba a neng a na le sone semolao. Ba ne ba ganediwa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le tsa sepolotiki le bokgoni jwa go rulaganyetsa nako ya bone le motsamao wa bone. Morago ga ditsuolodi di le mmalwa tsa makgoba go ne ga dirwa gore go se ka ga nna kafa molaong go ruta batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go bala le go kwala.<ref name=":0" /> Mo kgetsing ya 1856 ya Dred Scott v. Sandford, Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya United States e ne ya tshegetsa molaomotheo wa gore batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba se na tshwanelo ya go sirelediwa ke molaotheo ka gonne, jaaka dithoto tsa chattel, e ne e se baagi ba United States. Kwa Bokone jwa United States, dinaga dingwe di ne tsa dira gore manyalo a batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba a nne semolao. Kwa New York, banna le basadi ba ba neng ba le mo dikgoleng ba ne ba letleletswe go nyala, mme bana ba bone ba ne ba le kafa molaong ka go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa, 1809. Tennessee e ne e le yone fela naga ya makgoba e e neng e letla gore batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba nyale ka tumelelo ya mong wa yone. Go na le go nna chattel, Tennessee e ne ya lemoga botho jwa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, ba ba neng ba na le maemo a semolao a go nna "baemedi ba beng ba bone". == Kopano == === Seka-manyalo === Banna le basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tsena mo botsalanong le ba bangwe ba ikaegile ka kitso ya gore botsalano jo bo nang le bokao bo botlhokwa gore ba kgone go tshela. Kwa tshimologong, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba bopa botsalano go ya ka dingwao tsa Afrika Bophirima. Go ne go solofetswe lorato, maikutlo a lorato le boikanyegi. "Lenyalo" magareng ga batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba le ne le bontsha kgolagano ya maikutlo e e tlhophilweng le kamano ya lenyalo e e ineetseng. Go nna mo botsalanong jo bo tshwanang le jwa lenyalo go ne go ama maemo a motho mo setšhabeng mme go thusa go tlhalosa mofuta wa botsalano mo gare ga bao ba leng mo setšhabeng sa bantsho le basweu. Nngwe ya mabaka a a maatla kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke gore bo ne bo dira gore go laola dikamano tsa lenyalo le tsa lelapa go nne kgwetlho. Diyunione tse di akaretsang motho kgotsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba di ne di sa tlame semolao.[6] Banyalani ba ba neng ba golotswe ba ka nna ba dira gore lenyalo la bone le nne le le masisi, le le neng le dira gore bana ba bone ba nne ba semolao. Ditlelereke di ne di thibetswe go ntsha dilaesense tsa lenyalo kgotsa go rekota manyalo. Mo mafelong mangwe, baruti ba ne ba thibetswe go dira meletlo ya lenyalo. Kamano ya nako e telele le motho yo o dirileng lekgoba gantsi e ne e bidiwa lenyalo, fela e ne e le kamano ya contubernium kgotsa ya quasi-marital. Go farologana le banyalani ba basweu, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba sena tshireletso ya molao, boitshepo jwa kereke, kgotsa kemonokeng ya setšhaba se segolo go rotloetsa manyalo a a atlegileng. Ka gonne di ne di tsewa e le di- chattel, di ne di sena boemo jwa semolao. Makgoba a bone a ne a dira ditshwetso ka matshelo a bone, se se neng se raya gore ba ne ba sena maikutlo a go nnela ruri fa ba tsena mo botsalanong jo bo ineetseng, jo bo atamalaneng. Kereke e ne e sa letlelele manyalo a a batlang a nyalana mme ka jalo e ne e sa dumalane le dithuto tsa kereke ya Bokeresete malebana le diabe tsa basadi, banna le bana. Fa banyalani ba ba dirilweng makgoba le bana ba bone ba nna mmogo ka lobaka lo loleele, go ne go ka direga thata gore makgoba a ba kgaoganye. Seno se ne sa nna jalo segolobogolo morago ga gore Molao o o Thibelang go Tsenngwa ga Makgoba o tsene mo tirisong ka Firikgong a rogwa, 1808, o kopantswe le ikonomi ya letseta e e neng ya dira gore batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba bonwe kwa Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng (mo e ka nnang ka nako e e tshwanang le e dipolase tsa motsoko kwa Borwa jo bo kwa Godimo di neng tsa fetogela kwa ikonoming e e neng e tlhoka gore badiri ba ba dirilweng makgoba). Kgwebisano ya makgoba fa gare ga dinaga e ne ya oketsega go fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di farologaneng tsa dijalo tsa polantere. Ka sekai, masimo a sukiri a ne a dirisiwa thata le banna ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ka gonne tiro e ne e le e e lapisang thata. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya mo gae e ne ya kgoreletsa nngwetharong ya manyalo a ntlha ka go kgaoganya balekane. Dikamano le tsone di ne tsa utlwisiwa botlhoko fa maloko a lelapa a ne a thapiwa go makgoba a mangwe ka nako e telele. === Meletlo === Mo gare ga merafe ya Maaforika a Amerika, banyalani ba ba neng ba tsena mo dikopanong ba ne ba tsewa ba nyalane. Manyalo a ne a ka tlhongwa fela jaaka go bona tetla ya makgoba le go abelana ntlwana. Fa ba ne ba abelana maikano, mafoko a ne a tshwanelwa ke go fetolwa. Maikano, "Go nna le go tshwara, mo bolwetseng le mo boitekanelong... til death do you part", e ne ya tlhabololwa go supa tshwanelo ya semolao ya makgoba ya go ba kgaoganya. Ka sekai, "go fitlha loso lo re kgaoganya" le ne la tlhabololwa go nna "go fitlha loso kgotsa buckra e go kgaoganya", lereo "buckra" le le kayang "monna yo mosweu", kgotsa "go fitlha loso kgotsa sekgala se go kgaoganya". Ka sewelo, badiredi ba mo gae ba ne ba ka nna le meletlo ya lenyalo e e tlhomameng e e dirwang ke moreri wa masimo a montsho kgotsa moruti wa mosweu. Fa banyalani ba sena go tlotla, go ne go ka latela moletlo le tantshe. Ditiragalo tse di ntseng jalo di ne di sa tlwaelega ka kakaretso, mme fa di diragala go ne go ka direga thata gore di tshwarelwe batlhanka ba mo ntlong. Go tlola lefeelo e ne e le ngwao ya moletlo e e neng e direlwa banyalani ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Mekgwa e ne e sa tshwane. Mo maemong mangwe, lefeelo le ne le tshwarwa mo e ka nnang leoto go tswa fa fatshe, mme molekane mongwe le mongwe o ne a tlolela kwa morago mo godimo ga lefeelo. Mokgwa o mongwe e ne e le go nna le difeelo tse pedi; molekane mongwe le mongwe o ne a tlola mo godimo ga lefeelo fa a ntse a tshwarane ka diatla. Moetlo o ne wa thusa banyalani go ikutlwa ba "nyalane thata". == Metswedi == jh4cz1z2oup7iewpf1dzgk6yvmvg8wd 40714 40709 2025-06-23T17:33:48Z KatieKea 10150 ke ranotse "Melao ya makgoba" 40714 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Illustrations of the American anti-slavery almanac for 1840 (cropped).tif|thumb|Setshwantsho go tswa mo Almanakeng ya Amerika e e Kgatlhanong le Bokgoba ya 1840]] '''Manyalo a makgoba kwa''' '''Amerika''' ka tlwaelo a ne a se kafa molaong pele ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika e fedisa bokgoba kwa US. Maaforika a Amerika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a tsewa semolao jaaka chattel, mme ba ne ba ganediwa ditshwanelo tsa selegae le tsa sepolotiki go fitlha United States e fedisa bokgoba ka go fetisiwa ga Tlhabololo ya Bolesometharo ya Molaotheo wa United States. Melao ya puso le ya puso ka bobedi e ne e gana, kgotsa e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata, ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 302–304.</ref> == Melao ya makgoba == Melao ya makgoba, melao ya puso le ya kgaolo e e neng e laola boemo le maemo a semolao a Maaforika a Amerika, e ne ya simolola ka melao ka 1705. Ba ne ba tshwarwa jaaka mefuta e mengwe ya dithoto, jaaka didirisiwa tsa polase, dikgomo le dipitse. Batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba thibetswe go dira dikonteraka tsa selegae mme ba ne ba sa kgone go nna le dithoto tsa mmatota kgotsa tsa setho ka fa molaong kgotsa go di amogela. Beng ba bone ba ne ba na le sengwe le sengwe se motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba a neng a na le sone ka semolao. Ba ne ba ganediwa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le tsa sepolotiki le bokgoni jwa go rulaganyetsa nako ya bone le motsamao wa bone. Morago ga ditsuolodi di le mmalwa tsa makgoba go ne ga dirwa gore go se ka ga nna kafa molaong go ruta batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go bala le go kwala.<ref name=":0" /> Mo kgetsing ya 1856 ya ''Dred Scott v. Sandford'', Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya United States e ne ya tshegetsa molaomotheo wa gore batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba se na tshwanelo ya go sirelediwa ke molaomotheo ka gonne, jaaka dithoto tsa chattel, e ne e se baagi ba Amerika.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], p. 305.</ref> Kwa Bokone jwa Amerika, dikgaolo dingwe di ne tsa dira gore manyalo a batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba a nne ka fa molaong. Kwa New York, banna le basadi ba ba neng ba le mo dikgoleng ba ne ba letleletswe go nyala, mme bana ba bone ba ne ba le kafa molaong ka go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa, 1809. Tennessee e ne e le yone fela kgaolo ya makgoba e e neng e letla gore batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba nyale ka tumelelo ya mong wa yone. Go na le go nna chattel, Tennessee e ne ya lemoga botho jwa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, ba ba neng ba na le maemo a semolao a go nna "baemedi ba beng ba bone".<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 314–315.</ref> == Kopano == === Seka-manyalo === Banna le basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tsena mo botsalanong le ba bangwe ba ikaegile ka kitso ya gore botsalano jo bo nang le bokao bo botlhokwa gore ba kgone go tshela. Kwa tshimologong, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba bopa botsalano go ya ka dingwao tsa Afrika Bophirima. Go ne go solofetswe lorato, maikutlo a lorato le boikanyegi. "Lenyalo" magareng ga batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba le ne le bontsha kgolagano ya maikutlo e e tlhophilweng le kamano ya lenyalo e e ineetseng. Go nna mo botsalanong jo bo tshwanang le jwa lenyalo go ne go ama maemo a motho mo setšhabeng mme go thusa go tlhalosa mofuta wa botsalano mo gare ga bao ba leng mo setšhabeng sa bantsho le basweu. Nngwe ya mabaka a a maatla kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke gore bo ne bo dira gore go laola dikamano tsa lenyalo le tsa lelapa go nne kgwetlho. Diyunione tse di akaretsang motho kgotsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba di ne di sa tlame semolao.[6] Banyalani ba ba neng ba golotswe ba ka nna ba dira gore lenyalo la bone le nne le le masisi, le le neng le dira gore bana ba bone ba nne ba semolao. Ditlelereke di ne di thibetswe go ntsha dilaesense tsa lenyalo kgotsa go rekota manyalo. Mo mafelong mangwe, baruti ba ne ba thibetswe go dira meletlo ya lenyalo. Kamano ya nako e telele le motho yo o dirileng lekgoba gantsi e ne e bidiwa lenyalo, fela e ne e le kamano ya contubernium kgotsa ya quasi-marital. Go farologana le banyalani ba basweu, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba sena tshireletso ya molao, boitshepo jwa kereke, kgotsa kemonokeng ya setšhaba se segolo go rotloetsa manyalo a a atlegileng. Ka gonne di ne di tsewa e le di- chattel, di ne di sena boemo jwa semolao. Makgoba a bone a ne a dira ditshwetso ka matshelo a bone, se se neng se raya gore ba ne ba sena maikutlo a go nnela ruri fa ba tsena mo botsalanong jo bo ineetseng, jo bo atamalaneng. Kereke e ne e sa letlelele manyalo a a batlang a nyalana mme ka jalo e ne e sa dumalane le dithuto tsa kereke ya Bokeresete malebana le diabe tsa basadi, banna le bana. Fa banyalani ba ba dirilweng makgoba le bana ba bone ba nna mmogo ka lobaka lo loleele, go ne go ka direga thata gore makgoba a ba kgaoganye. Seno se ne sa nna jalo segolobogolo morago ga gore Molao o o Thibelang go Tsenngwa ga Makgoba o tsene mo tirisong ka Firikgong a rogwa, 1808, o kopantswe le ikonomi ya letseta e e neng ya dira gore batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba bonwe kwa Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng (mo e ka nnang ka nako e e tshwanang le e dipolase tsa motsoko kwa Borwa jo bo kwa Godimo di neng tsa fetogela kwa ikonoming e e neng e tlhoka gore badiri ba ba dirilweng makgoba). Kgwebisano ya makgoba fa gare ga dinaga e ne ya oketsega go fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di farologaneng tsa dijalo tsa polantere. Ka sekai, masimo a sukiri a ne a dirisiwa thata le banna ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ka gonne tiro e ne e le e e lapisang thata. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya mo gae e ne ya kgoreletsa nngwetharong ya manyalo a ntlha ka go kgaoganya balekane. Dikamano le tsone di ne tsa utlwisiwa botlhoko fa maloko a lelapa a ne a thapiwa go makgoba a mangwe ka nako e telele. === Meletlo === Mo gare ga merafe ya Maaforika a Amerika, banyalani ba ba neng ba tsena mo dikopanong ba ne ba tsewa ba nyalane. Manyalo a ne a ka tlhongwa fela jaaka go bona tetla ya makgoba le go abelana ntlwana. Fa ba ne ba abelana maikano, mafoko a ne a tshwanelwa ke go fetolwa. Maikano, "Go nna le go tshwara, mo bolwetseng le mo boitekanelong... til death do you part", e ne ya tlhabololwa go supa tshwanelo ya semolao ya makgoba ya go ba kgaoganya. Ka sekai, "go fitlha loso lo re kgaoganya" le ne la tlhabololwa go nna "go fitlha loso kgotsa buckra e go kgaoganya", lereo "buckra" le le kayang "monna yo mosweu", kgotsa "go fitlha loso kgotsa sekgala se go kgaoganya". Ka sewelo, badiredi ba mo gae ba ne ba ka nna le meletlo ya lenyalo e e tlhomameng e e dirwang ke moreri wa masimo a montsho kgotsa moruti wa mosweu. Fa banyalani ba sena go tlotla, go ne go ka latela moletlo le tantshe. Ditiragalo tse di ntseng jalo di ne di sa tlwaelega ka kakaretso, mme fa di diragala go ne go ka direga thata gore di tshwarelwe batlhanka ba mo ntlong. Go tlola lefeelo e ne e le ngwao ya moletlo e e neng e direlwa banyalani ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Mekgwa e ne e sa tshwane. Mo maemong mangwe, lefeelo le ne le tshwarwa mo e ka nnang leoto go tswa fa fatshe, mme molekane mongwe le mongwe o ne a tlolela kwa morago mo godimo ga lefeelo. Mokgwa o mongwe e ne e le go nna le difeelo tse pedi; molekane mongwe le mongwe o ne a tlola mo godimo ga lefeelo fa a ntse a tshwarane ka diatla. Moetlo o ne wa thusa banyalani go ikutlwa ba "nyalane thata". == Metswedi == rpuj003jp9rozwtrxnvqw4vr6d6e6oe 40715 40714 2025-06-23T17:50:24Z KatieKea 10150 /* Kopano */ Ke okeditse tlhanolo le go tsenya setshwantsho le metswedi. #AWC2025 40715 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Illustrations of the American anti-slavery almanac for 1840 (cropped).tif|thumb|Setshwantsho go tswa mo Almanakeng ya Amerika e e Kgatlhanong le Bokgoba ya 1840]] '''Manyalo a makgoba kwa''' '''Amerika''' ka tlwaelo a ne a se kafa molaong pele ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika e fedisa bokgoba kwa US. Maaforika a Amerika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a tsewa semolao jaaka chattel, mme ba ne ba ganediwa ditshwanelo tsa selegae le tsa sepolotiki go fitlha United States e fedisa bokgoba ka go fetisiwa ga Tlhabololo ya Bolesometharo ya Molaotheo wa United States. Melao ya puso le ya puso ka bobedi e ne e gana, kgotsa e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata, ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 302–304.</ref> == Melao ya makgoba == Melao ya makgoba, melao ya puso le ya kgaolo e e neng e laola boemo le maemo a semolao a Maaforika a Amerika, e ne ya simolola ka melao ka 1705. Ba ne ba tshwarwa jaaka mefuta e mengwe ya dithoto, jaaka didirisiwa tsa polase, dikgomo le dipitse. Batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba thibetswe go dira dikonteraka tsa selegae mme ba ne ba sa kgone go nna le dithoto tsa mmatota kgotsa tsa setho ka fa molaong kgotsa go di amogela. Beng ba bone ba ne ba na le sengwe le sengwe se motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba a neng a na le sone ka semolao. Ba ne ba ganediwa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le tsa sepolotiki le bokgoni jwa go rulaganyetsa nako ya bone le motsamao wa bone. Morago ga ditsuolodi di le mmalwa tsa makgoba go ne ga dirwa gore go se ka ga nna kafa molaong go ruta batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go bala le go kwala.<ref name=":0" /> Mo kgetsing ya 1856 ya ''Dred Scott v. Sandford'', Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya United States e ne ya tshegetsa molaomotheo wa gore batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba se na tshwanelo ya go sirelediwa ke molaomotheo ka gonne, jaaka dithoto tsa chattel, e ne e se baagi ba Amerika.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], p. 305.</ref> Kwa Bokone jwa Amerika, dikgaolo dingwe di ne tsa dira gore manyalo a batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba a nne ka fa molaong. Kwa New York, banna le basadi ba ba neng ba le mo dikgoleng ba ne ba letleletswe go nyala, mme bana ba bone ba ne ba le kafa molaong ka go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa, 1809. Tennessee e ne e le yone fela kgaolo ya makgoba e e neng e letla gore batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba nyale ka tumelelo ya mong wa yone. Go na le go nna chattel, Tennessee e ne ya lemoga botho jwa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, ba ba neng ba na le maemo a semolao a go nna "baemedi ba beng ba bone".<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 314–315.</ref> == Kgolagano == === Seka-manyalo === Banna le basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tsena mo botsalanong le ba bangwe ba ikaegile ka kitso ya gore botsalano jo bo nang le bokao bo botlhokwa gore ba kgone go tshela. Kwa tshimologong, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba bopa botsalano go ya ka dingwao tsa Afrika Bophirima.<ref name=":1">Hunter, Tera (February 11, 2010). [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123608207 "Slave Marriages, Families Were Often Shattered By Auction Block"]. ''NPR''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 2025.</ref> Go ne go solofetswe lorato, maikutlo a lorato le boikanyego.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFHunter2017|Hunter 2017]], pp. 6–8.</ref> "Lenyalo" magareng ga batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba le ne le bontsha kgolagano ya maikutlo e e tlhophilweng le kamano ya lenyalo e e ineetseng. Go nna mo botsalanong jo bo tshwanang le jwa lenyalo go ne go ama maemo a motho mo setshabeng mme go thusa go tlhalosa mofuta wa botsalano mo gare ga bao ba leng mo setshabeng sa bantsho le basweu.<ref name=":2" /> Nngwe ya mabaka a a maatla kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke gore bo ne bo dira gore go laola dikamano tsa lenyalo le tsa lelapa go nne kgwetlho.<ref name=":1" /> Dikgolagano tse di akaretsang motho kgotsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba di ne di sa tlame ka semolao.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], p. 307.</ref> Banyalani ba ba neng ba golotswe ba ka nna ba dira gore lenyalo la bone le nne le le tlamilweng, le le neng le dira gore bana ba bone ba nne ba semolao.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 308–309.</ref> Bakwaledi ba ne ba thibetswe go ntsha dilaesense tsa lenyalo kgotsa go gatisa manyalo. Mo mafelong mangwe, baruti ba ne ba thibetswe go dira meletlo ya lenyalo.<ref name=":3">[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], p. 308.</ref> Kamano ya nako e telele le motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba gantsi e ne e bidiwa lenyalo, fela e ne e le kamano ya contubernium kgotsa ya thatano ya seka-lenyalo.<ref name=":3" /> Go farologana le banyalani ba basweu, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba sena tshireletso ya molao, boitshepo jwa kereke, kgotsa kemonokeng ya setšhaba se segolo go rotloetsa manyalo a a atlegileng. Ka gonne di ne di tsewa e le di- chattel, di ne di sena boemo jwa semolao. Makgoba a bone a ne a dira ditshwetso ka matshelo a bone, se se neng se raya gore ba ne ba sena maikutlo a go nnela ruri fa ba tsena mo botsalanong jo bo ineetseng, jo bo atamalaneng. Kereke e ne e sa letlelele manyalo a a batlang a nyalana mme ka jalo e ne e sa dumalane le dithuto tsa kereke ya Bokeresete malebana le diabe tsa basadi, banna le bana. Fa banyalani ba ba dirilweng makgoba le bana ba bone ba nna mmogo ka lobaka lo loleele, go ne go ka direga thata gore makgoba a ba kgaoganye. Seno se ne sa nna jalo segolobogolo morago ga gore Molao o o Thibelang go Tsenngwa ga Makgoba o tsene mo tirisong ka Firikgong a rogwa, 1808, o kopantswe le ikonomi ya letseta e e neng ya dira gore batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba bonwe kwa Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng (mo e ka nnang ka nako e e tshwanang le e dipolase tsa motsoko kwa Borwa jo bo kwa Godimo di neng tsa fetogela kwa ikonoming e e neng e tlhoka gore badiri ba ba dirilweng makgoba). Kgwebisano ya makgoba fa gare ga dinaga e ne ya oketsega go fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di farologaneng tsa dijalo tsa polantere. Ka sekai, masimo a sukiri a ne a dirisiwa thata le banna ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ka gonne tiro e ne e le e e lapisang thata. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya mo gae e ne ya kgoreletsa nngwetharong ya manyalo a ntlha ka go kgaoganya balekane. Dikamano le tsone di ne tsa utlwisiwa botlhoko fa maloko a lelapa a ne a thapiwa go makgoba a mangwe ka nako e telele. === Meletlo === Mo gare ga merafe ya Maaforika a Amerika, banyalani ba ba neng ba tsena mo dikopanong ba ne ba tsewa ba nyalane. Manyalo a ne a ka tlhongwa fela jaaka go bona tetla ya makgoba le go abelana ntlwana. Fa ba ne ba abelana maikano, mafoko a ne a tshwanelwa ke go fetolwa. Maikano, "Go nna le go tshwara, mo bolwetseng le mo boitekanelong... til death do you part", e ne ya tlhabololwa go supa tshwanelo ya semolao ya makgoba ya go ba kgaoganya. Ka sekai, "go fitlha loso lo re kgaoganya" le ne la tlhabololwa go nna "go fitlha loso kgotsa buckra e go kgaoganya", lereo "buckra" le le kayang "monna yo mosweu", kgotsa "go fitlha loso kgotsa sekgala se go kgaoganya". Ka sewelo, badiredi ba mo gae ba ne ba ka nna le meletlo ya lenyalo e e tlhomameng e e dirwang ke moreri wa masimo a montsho kgotsa moruti wa mosweu. Fa banyalani ba sena go tlotla, go ne go ka latela moletlo le tantshe. Ditiragalo tse di ntseng jalo di ne di sa tlwaelega ka kakaretso, mme fa di diragala go ne go ka direga thata gore di tshwarelwe batlhanka ba mo ntlong. Go tlola lefeelo e ne e le ngwao ya moletlo e e neng e direlwa banyalani ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Mekgwa e ne e sa tshwane. Mo maemong mangwe, lefeelo le ne le tshwarwa mo e ka nnang leoto go tswa fa fatshe, mme molekane mongwe le mongwe o ne a tlolela kwa morago mo godimo ga lefeelo. Mokgwa o mongwe e ne e le go nna le difeelo tse pedi; molekane mongwe le mongwe o ne a tlola mo godimo ga lefeelo fa a ntse a tshwarane ka diatla. Moetlo o ne wa thusa banyalani go ikutlwa ba "nyalane thata". == Metswedi == 0ptvvup0sfim6fuu6ayu93mgrn7bkpb 40716 40715 2025-06-23T18:24:35Z KatieKea 10150 /* Seka-manyalo */ Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025 40716 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Illustrations of the American anti-slavery almanac for 1840 (cropped).tif|thumb|Setshwantsho go tswa mo Almanakeng ya Amerika e e Kgatlhanong le Bokgoba ya 1840]] '''Manyalo a makgoba kwa''' '''Amerika''' ka tlwaelo a ne a se kafa molaong pele ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika e fedisa bokgoba kwa US. Maaforika a Amerika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a tsewa semolao jaaka chattel, mme ba ne ba ganediwa ditshwanelo tsa selegae le tsa sepolotiki go fitlha United States e fedisa bokgoba ka go fetisiwa ga Tlhabololo ya Bolesometharo ya Molaotheo wa United States. Melao ya puso le ya puso ka bobedi e ne e gana, kgotsa e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata, ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 302–304.</ref> == Melao ya makgoba == Melao ya makgoba, melao ya puso le ya kgaolo e e neng e laola boemo le maemo a semolao a Maaforika a Amerika, e ne ya simolola ka melao ka 1705. Ba ne ba tshwarwa jaaka mefuta e mengwe ya dithoto, jaaka didirisiwa tsa polase, dikgomo le dipitse. Batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba thibetswe go dira dikonteraka tsa selegae mme ba ne ba sa kgone go nna le dithoto tsa mmatota kgotsa tsa setho ka fa molaong kgotsa go di amogela. Beng ba bone ba ne ba na le sengwe le sengwe se motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba a neng a na le sone ka semolao. Ba ne ba ganediwa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le tsa sepolotiki le bokgoni jwa go rulaganyetsa nako ya bone le motsamao wa bone. Morago ga ditsuolodi di le mmalwa tsa makgoba go ne ga dirwa gore go se ka ga nna kafa molaong go ruta batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go bala le go kwala.<ref name=":0" /> Mo kgetsing ya 1856 ya ''Dred Scott v. Sandford'', Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya United States e ne ya tshegetsa molaomotheo wa gore batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba se na tshwanelo ya go sirelediwa ke molaomotheo ka gonne, jaaka dithoto tsa chattel, e ne e se baagi ba Amerika.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], p. 305.</ref> Kwa Bokone jwa Amerika, dikgaolo dingwe di ne tsa dira gore manyalo a batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba a nne ka fa molaong. Kwa New York, banna le basadi ba ba neng ba le mo dikgoleng ba ne ba letleletswe go nyala, mme bana ba bone ba ne ba le kafa molaong ka go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa, 1809. Tennessee e ne e le yone fela kgaolo ya makgoba e e neng e letla gore batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba nyale ka tumelelo ya mong wa yone. Go na le go nna chattel, Tennessee e ne ya lemoga botho jwa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, ba ba neng ba na le maemo a semolao a go nna "baemedi ba beng ba bone".<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 314–315.</ref> == Kgolagano == === Seka-manyalo === Banna le basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tsena mo botsalanong le ba bangwe ba ikaegile ka kitso ya gore botsalano jo bo nang le bokao bo botlhokwa gore ba kgone go tshela. Kwa tshimologong, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba bopa botsalano go ya ka dingwao tsa Afrika Bophirima.<ref name=":1">Hunter, Tera (February 11, 2010). [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123608207 "Slave Marriages, Families Were Often Shattered By Auction Block"]. ''NPR''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 2025.</ref> Go ne go solofetswe lorato, maikutlo a lorato le boikanyego.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFHunter2017|Hunter 2017]], pp. 6–8.</ref> "Lenyalo" magareng ga batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba le ne le bontsha kgolagano ya maikutlo e e tlhophilweng le kamano ya lenyalo e e ineetseng. Go nna mo botsalanong jo bo tshwanang le jwa lenyalo go ne go ama maemo a motho mo setshabeng mme go thusa go tlhalosa mofuta wa botsalano mo gare ga bao ba leng mo setshabeng sa bantsho le basweu.<ref name=":2" /> Nngwe ya mabaka a a maatla kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke gore bo ne bo dira gore go laola dikamano tsa lenyalo le tsa lelapa go nne kgwetlho.<ref name=":1" /> Dikgolagano tse di akaretsang motho kgotsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba di ne di sa tlame ka semolao.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], p. 307.</ref> Banyalani ba ba neng ba golotswe ba ka nna ba dira gore lenyalo la bone le nne le le tlamilweng, le le neng le dira gore bana ba bone ba nne ba semolao.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 308–309.</ref> Bakwaledi ba ne ba thibetswe go ntsha dilaesense tsa lenyalo kgotsa go gatisa manyalo. Mo mafelong mangwe, baruti ba ne ba thibetswe go dira meletlo ya lenyalo.<ref name=":3">[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], p. 308.</ref> Kamano ya nako e telele le motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba gantsi e ne e bidiwa lenyalo, fela e ne e le kamano ya contubernium kgotsa ya thatano ya seka-lenyalo.<ref name=":3" /> Go farologana le banyalani ba basweu, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba sena tshireletso ya molao, boitshepo jwa kereke, kgotsa kemonokeng ya setshaba se segolo go rotloetsa manyalo a a atlegileng. Ka gonne ba ne ba tsewa e le di- chattel, ba ne ba sena boemo jwa semolao. Beng ba bone ba ne ba dira ditshwetso ka matshelo a bone, se se neng se raya gore ba ne ba sena maikutlo a go nnela ruri fa ba tsena mo botsalanong jo bo ineetseng, jo bo atamalaneng.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFHunter2017|Hunter 2017]], p. 12.</ref> Kereke e ne e sa letlelele seka-manyalo mme ka jalo e ne e sa dumalane le dithuto tsa kereke ya Bokeresete malebang le diabe tsa basadi, banna le bana.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 310, 312.</ref> Fa banyalani ba ba dirilweng makgoba le bana ba bone ba nna mmogo ka lobaka lo loleele, go ne go ka direga thata gore makgoba a ba kgaoganye. Seno se ne sa nna jalo segolobogolo morago ga gore [[Molao o o thibelang go tsenngwa ga makgoba mo lefatsheng]] o tsene mo tirisong ka Firikgong a rogwa, 1808, o kopantswe le itsholelo ya letseta e e neng ya dira gore batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba bonwe kwa Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng (mo e ka nnang ka nako e e tshwanang le e dipolase tsa motsoko kwa Borwa jo bo kwa Godimo di neng tsa fetogela kwa itsholelong ya korong le mmidi e e neng e tlhoka badiri ba le sekaenyana ba ba dirilweng makgoba).<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFHunter2017|Hunter 2017]], p. 20.</ref> Kgwebo ya makgoba fa gare ga dikgaolo e ne ya oketsega go fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di farologaneng tsa molemi. Sekai, masimo a sukiri a ne a direlwa thata ke banna ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ka gonne tiro e ne e le e e lapisang thata. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya mo gae e ne ya kgoreletsa bongwe mo borarong jwa manyalo a ntlha ka go kgaoganya balekane. Dikamano le tsone di ne tsa utlwisiwa botlhoko fa maloko a lelwapa a ne a thapiwa go beng ba bangwe ka nako e telele.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFHunter2017|Hunter 2017]], pp. 26–29.</ref> === Meletlo === Mo gare ga merafe ya Maaforika a Amerika, banyalani ba ba neng ba tsena mo dikopanong ba ne ba tsewa ba nyalane. Manyalo a ne a ka tlhongwa fela jaaka go bona tetla ya makgoba le go abelana ntlwana. Fa ba ne ba abelana maikano, mafoko a ne a tshwanelwa ke go fetolwa. Maikano, "Go nna le go tshwara, mo bolwetseng le mo boitekanelong... til death do you part", e ne ya tlhabololwa go supa tshwanelo ya semolao ya makgoba ya go ba kgaoganya. Ka sekai, "go fitlha loso lo re kgaoganya" le ne la tlhabololwa go nna "go fitlha loso kgotsa buckra e go kgaoganya", lereo "buckra" le le kayang "monna yo mosweu", kgotsa "go fitlha loso kgotsa sekgala se go kgaoganya". Ka sewelo, badiredi ba mo gae ba ne ba ka nna le meletlo ya lenyalo e e tlhomameng e e dirwang ke moreri wa masimo a montsho kgotsa moruti wa mosweu. Fa banyalani ba sena go tlotla, go ne go ka latela moletlo le tantshe. Ditiragalo tse di ntseng jalo di ne di sa tlwaelega ka kakaretso, mme fa di diragala go ne go ka direga thata gore di tshwarelwe batlhanka ba mo ntlong. Go tlola lefeelo e ne e le ngwao ya moletlo e e neng e direlwa banyalani ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Mekgwa e ne e sa tshwane. Mo maemong mangwe, lefeelo le ne le tshwarwa mo e ka nnang leoto go tswa fa fatshe, mme molekane mongwe le mongwe o ne a tlolela kwa morago mo godimo ga lefeelo. Mokgwa o mongwe e ne e le go nna le difeelo tse pedi; molekane mongwe le mongwe o ne a tlola mo godimo ga lefeelo fa a ntse a tshwarane ka diatla. Moetlo o ne wa thusa banyalani go ikutlwa ba "nyalane thata". == Metswedi == p53rbkc1z0vpy5i8okjdzlobd1wfw51 40717 40716 2025-06-23T18:26:50Z KatieKea 10150 /* Meletlo */ ke tsentse setshwantsho #AWC2025 40717 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Illustrations of the American anti-slavery almanac for 1840 (cropped).tif|thumb|Setshwantsho go tswa mo Almanakeng ya Amerika e e Kgatlhanong le Bokgoba ya 1840]] '''Manyalo a makgoba kwa''' '''Amerika''' ka tlwaelo a ne a se kafa molaong pele ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika e fedisa bokgoba kwa US. Maaforika a Amerika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a tsewa semolao jaaka chattel, mme ba ne ba ganediwa ditshwanelo tsa selegae le tsa sepolotiki go fitlha United States e fedisa bokgoba ka go fetisiwa ga Tlhabololo ya Bolesometharo ya Molaotheo wa United States. Melao ya puso le ya puso ka bobedi e ne e gana, kgotsa e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata, ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 302–304.</ref> == Melao ya makgoba == Melao ya makgoba, melao ya puso le ya kgaolo e e neng e laola boemo le maemo a semolao a Maaforika a Amerika, e ne ya simolola ka melao ka 1705. Ba ne ba tshwarwa jaaka mefuta e mengwe ya dithoto, jaaka didirisiwa tsa polase, dikgomo le dipitse. Batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba thibetswe go dira dikonteraka tsa selegae mme ba ne ba sa kgone go nna le dithoto tsa mmatota kgotsa tsa setho ka fa molaong kgotsa go di amogela. Beng ba bone ba ne ba na le sengwe le sengwe se motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba a neng a na le sone ka semolao. Ba ne ba ganediwa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le tsa sepolotiki le bokgoni jwa go rulaganyetsa nako ya bone le motsamao wa bone. Morago ga ditsuolodi di le mmalwa tsa makgoba go ne ga dirwa gore go se ka ga nna kafa molaong go ruta batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go bala le go kwala.<ref name=":0" /> Mo kgetsing ya 1856 ya ''Dred Scott v. Sandford'', Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya United States e ne ya tshegetsa molaomotheo wa gore batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba se na tshwanelo ya go sirelediwa ke molaomotheo ka gonne, jaaka dithoto tsa chattel, e ne e se baagi ba Amerika.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], p. 305.</ref> Kwa Bokone jwa Amerika, dikgaolo dingwe di ne tsa dira gore manyalo a batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba a nne ka fa molaong. Kwa New York, banna le basadi ba ba neng ba le mo dikgoleng ba ne ba letleletswe go nyala, mme bana ba bone ba ne ba le kafa molaong ka go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa, 1809. Tennessee e ne e le yone fela kgaolo ya makgoba e e neng e letla gore batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba nyale ka tumelelo ya mong wa yone. Go na le go nna chattel, Tennessee e ne ya lemoga botho jwa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, ba ba neng ba na le maemo a semolao a go nna "baemedi ba beng ba bone".<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 314–315.</ref> == Kgolagano == === Seka-manyalo === Banna le basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tsena mo botsalanong le ba bangwe ba ikaegile ka kitso ya gore botsalano jo bo nang le bokao bo botlhokwa gore ba kgone go tshela. Kwa tshimologong, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba bopa botsalano go ya ka dingwao tsa Afrika Bophirima.<ref name=":1">Hunter, Tera (February 11, 2010). [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123608207 "Slave Marriages, Families Were Often Shattered By Auction Block"]. ''NPR''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 2025.</ref> Go ne go solofetswe lorato, maikutlo a lorato le boikanyego.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFHunter2017|Hunter 2017]], pp. 6–8.</ref> "Lenyalo" magareng ga batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba le ne le bontsha kgolagano ya maikutlo e e tlhophilweng le kamano ya lenyalo e e ineetseng. Go nna mo botsalanong jo bo tshwanang le jwa lenyalo go ne go ama maemo a motho mo setshabeng mme go thusa go tlhalosa mofuta wa botsalano mo gare ga bao ba leng mo setshabeng sa bantsho le basweu.<ref name=":2" /> Nngwe ya mabaka a a maatla kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke gore bo ne bo dira gore go laola dikamano tsa lenyalo le tsa lelapa go nne kgwetlho.<ref name=":1" /> Dikgolagano tse di akaretsang motho kgotsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba di ne di sa tlame ka semolao.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], p. 307.</ref> Banyalani ba ba neng ba golotswe ba ka nna ba dira gore lenyalo la bone le nne le le tlamilweng, le le neng le dira gore bana ba bone ba nne ba semolao.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 308–309.</ref> Bakwaledi ba ne ba thibetswe go ntsha dilaesense tsa lenyalo kgotsa go gatisa manyalo. Mo mafelong mangwe, baruti ba ne ba thibetswe go dira meletlo ya lenyalo.<ref name=":3">[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], p. 308.</ref> Kamano ya nako e telele le motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba gantsi e ne e bidiwa lenyalo, fela e ne e le kamano ya contubernium kgotsa ya thatano ya seka-lenyalo.<ref name=":3" /> Go farologana le banyalani ba basweu, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba sena tshireletso ya molao, boitshepo jwa kereke, kgotsa kemonokeng ya setshaba se segolo go rotloetsa manyalo a a atlegileng. Ka gonne ba ne ba tsewa e le di- chattel, ba ne ba sena boemo jwa semolao. Beng ba bone ba ne ba dira ditshwetso ka matshelo a bone, se se neng se raya gore ba ne ba sena maikutlo a go nnela ruri fa ba tsena mo botsalanong jo bo ineetseng, jo bo atamalaneng.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFHunter2017|Hunter 2017]], p. 12.</ref> Kereke e ne e sa letlelele seka-manyalo mme ka jalo e ne e sa dumalane le dithuto tsa kereke ya Bokeresete malebang le diabe tsa basadi, banna le bana.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGoring2006|Goring 2006]], pp. 310, 312.</ref> Fa banyalani ba ba dirilweng makgoba le bana ba bone ba nna mmogo ka lobaka lo loleele, go ne go ka direga thata gore makgoba a ba kgaoganye. Seno se ne sa nna jalo segolobogolo morago ga gore [[Molao o o thibelang go tsenngwa ga makgoba mo lefatsheng]] o tsene mo tirisong ka Firikgong a rogwa, 1808, o kopantswe le itsholelo ya letseta e e neng ya dira gore batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba bonwe kwa Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng (mo e ka nnang ka nako e e tshwanang le e dipolase tsa motsoko kwa Borwa jo bo kwa Godimo di neng tsa fetogela kwa itsholelong ya korong le mmidi e e neng e tlhoka badiri ba le sekaenyana ba ba dirilweng makgoba).<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFHunter2017|Hunter 2017]], p. 20.</ref> Kgwebo ya makgoba fa gare ga dikgaolo e ne ya oketsega go fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di farologaneng tsa molemi. Sekai, masimo a sukiri a ne a direlwa thata ke banna ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ka gonne tiro e ne e le e e lapisang thata. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya mo gae e ne ya kgoreletsa bongwe mo borarong jwa manyalo a ntlha ka go kgaoganya balekane. Dikamano le tsone di ne tsa utlwisiwa botlhoko fa maloko a lelwapa a ne a thapiwa go beng ba bangwe ka nako e telele.<ref>[[:en:Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States#CITEREFHunter2017|Hunter 2017]], pp. 26–29.</ref> === Meletlo === [[Setshwantsho:The Broomstick Wedding - 1899 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa 1899 sa moletlo wa lenyalo wa lefeelo. Setheo sa Patlisiso ka Setso sa Bantsho sa Schomburg, Laeborari ya Botlhe ya New York]] Mo gare ga merafe ya Maaforika a Amerika, banyalani ba ba neng ba tsena mo dikopanong ba ne ba tsewa ba nyalane. Manyalo a ne a ka tlhongwa fela jaaka go bona tetla ya makgoba le go abelana ntlwana. Fa ba ne ba abelana maikano, mafoko a ne a tshwanelwa ke go fetolwa. Maikano, "Go nna le go tshwara, mo bolwetseng le mo boitekanelong... til death do you part", e ne ya tlhabololwa go supa tshwanelo ya semolao ya makgoba ya go ba kgaoganya. Ka sekai, "go fitlha loso lo re kgaoganya" le ne la tlhabololwa go nna "go fitlha loso kgotsa buckra e go kgaoganya", lereo "buckra" le le kayang "monna yo mosweu", kgotsa "go fitlha loso kgotsa sekgala se go kgaoganya". Ka sewelo, badiredi ba mo gae ba ne ba ka nna le meletlo ya lenyalo e e tlhomameng e e dirwang ke moreri wa masimo a montsho kgotsa moruti wa mosweu. Fa banyalani ba sena go tlotla, go ne go ka latela moletlo le tantshe. Ditiragalo tse di ntseng jalo di ne di sa tlwaelega ka kakaretso, mme fa di diragala go ne go ka direga thata gore di tshwarelwe batlhanka ba mo ntlong. Go tlola lefeelo e ne e le ngwao ya moletlo e e neng e direlwa banyalani ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Mekgwa e ne e sa tshwane. Mo maemong mangwe, lefeelo le ne le tshwarwa mo e ka nnang leoto go tswa fa fatshe, mme molekane mongwe le mongwe o ne a tlolela kwa morago mo godimo ga lefeelo. Mokgwa o mongwe e ne e le go nna le difeelo tse pedi; molekane mongwe le mongwe o ne a tlola mo godimo ga lefeelo fa a ntse a tshwarane ka diatla. Moetlo o ne wa thusa banyalani go ikutlwa ba "nyalane thata". == Metswedi == ls5qrzfe3mjnanqal50965pkj9iyeqp 0 10679 40710 2025-06-23T15:02:38Z Kgakgi 10857 Created page with "'''Thando Ntuli''' ke motlhami wa fešene wa [[Aforika Borwa]] le mothei wa letshwaokgwebo la MUNKUS, le le itsegeng ka go dira diaparo tse di senang nako, tse di tlhotlheleditsweng ke retro tse di tlotlomatsang botho le bosadi. O belegetswe le go golela kwa Soweto, Johannesburg, mme tiro ya gagwe e tlhotlheleditswe thata ke basadi le bomme mo botshelong jwa gagwe, go bontsha tlhotlheletso ya bomme le mokgwa wa setso sa metse ya Aforika Borwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le b..." 40710 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thando Ntuli''' ke motlhami wa fešene wa [[Aforika Borwa]] le mothei wa letshwaokgwebo la MUNKUS, le le itsegeng ka go dira diaparo tse di senang nako, tse di tlhotlheleditsweng ke retro tse di tlotlomatsang botho le bosadi. O belegetswe le go golela kwa Soweto, Johannesburg, mme tiro ya gagwe e tlhotlheleditswe thata ke basadi le bomme mo botshelong jwa gagwe, go bontsha tlhotlheletso ya bomme le mokgwa wa setso sa metse ya Aforika Borwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990.<ref>https://www.jetclub.co.za/celebs/getting-to-know-thandi-ntuli/</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele le lelapa la gagwe == Thando Ntuli o goletse mo tikologong ya lelapa le le tlhamang e e tlhotlheleditseng thata tsela ya gagwe ya tiro. O tlhalosa lelapa la gagwe jaaka le le modumo, le le mebalabala, le le nang le mogopolo o o bulegileng, ka go nna teng thata ga bomme ba ba jaaka mmaagwe, mmemogolo, le mmaagwemogolwagolwane, ba ba mo tlhotlheleditseng go rata fešene. O ne a tle a rekele mongwe le mongwe kwa gaabo dilwana, e leng se se neng sa dira gore a kgatlhegele fešene le dilo tse di dirilweng ka botswerere go tloga a sa le monnye. Kgaitsadiagwe yo mogolo, motsamaisi wa botaki, le ene o ne a nna le seabe se segolo ka go mo thusa go simolola tiro ya gagwe ya go tlhama le go bona tshegetso ya lelapa la gagwe mo maikaelelo a gagwe.<ref>https://twyg.co.za/qa-designer-thando-ntuli-reflects-on-the-latest-munkus-collection/</ref> s0048xm8yx8h0cp1lmjshx7ka6mw0nb 40711 40710 2025-06-23T15:44:09Z Kgakgi 10857 40711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thando Ntuli''' ke motlhami wa fešene wa [[Aforika Borwa]] le mothei wa letshwaokgwebo la MUNKUS, le le itsegeng ka go dira diaparo tse di senang nako, tse di tlhotlheleditsweng ke retro tse di tlotlomatsang botho le bosadi. O belegetswe le go golela kwa Soweto, Johannesburg, mme tiro ya gagwe e tlhotlheleditswe thata ke basadi le bomme mo botshelong jwa gagwe, go bontsha tlhotlheletso ya bomme le mokgwa wa setso sa metse ya Aforika Borwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990.<ref>https://www.jetclub.co.za/celebs/getting-to-know-thandi-ntuli/</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/462/235650.html</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele le lelapa la gagwe == Thando Ntuli o goletse mo tikologong ya lelapa le le tlhamang e e tlhotlheleditseng thata tsela ya gagwe ya tiro. O tlhalosa lelapa la gagwe jaaka le le modumo, le le mebalabala, le le nang le mogopolo o o bulegileng, ka go nna teng thata ga bomme ba ba jaaka mmaagwe, mmemogolo, le mmaagwemogolwagolwane, ba ba mo tlhotlheleditseng go rata fešene. O ne a tle a rekele mongwe le mongwe kwa gaabo dilwana, e leng se se neng sa dira gore a kgatlhegele fešene le dilo tse di dirilweng ka botswerere go tloga a sa le monnye. Kgaitsadiagwe yo mogolo, motsamaisi wa botaki, le ene o ne a nna le seabe se segolo ka go mo thusa go simolola tiro ya gagwe ya go tlhama le go bona tshegetso ya lelapa la gagwe mo maikaelelo a gagwe.<ref name=":0">https://twyg.co.za/qa-designer-thando-ntuli-reflects-on-the-latest-munkus-collection/</ref><ref>https://www.magzter.com/stories/lifestyle/Balanced-Life/5-MINUTES-WITH-THANDO-NTULI?srsltid=AfmBOorYWWarzxFjeXsgnrX0vtx_a1wIHYXWVO_z0_nLiUOz_2kGIrlU</ref> jpi1q4wflogovhgx0w6mssrq0ylf4ox 0 10680 40718 2025-06-24T07:03:28Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e le go tsenya setshwantsho le metswedi #AWC2025 40718 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Go tsadisa makgoba''' e ne e le tlwaelo kwa dikgaolong tsa makgoba tsa Amerika ya beng ba makgoba ba ba neng ba pateletsa makgoba ka thulaganyo go nna le bana go oketsa khumo ya bone.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFMarable2000|Marable 2000]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zXoOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 72].</ref> E ne e akaretsa dikamano tsa thobalano tse di patelediwang magareng ga banna le basadi ba ba dirilweng makgoba kgotsa basetsana, go ima ka pateletso ga basadi le basetsana ba ba dirilweng makgoba ka ntlha ya go pateletsa go tsalana le makgoba ka bone ka tsholofelo ya go ntsha makgoba a a nonofileng a isago.<ref name=":0" /> Maikaelelo e ne e le gore beng ba makgoba ba oketse palo ya batho ba ba neng ba ba dira makgoba kwantle ga go duelela ditshenyegelo tsa go reka, le go tlatsa tlhaelo ya badiri e e bakilweng ke [[Molao o o thibelang go tsenngwa ga makgoba mo lefatsheng|go fedisiwa ga kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Atlantic]].<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFDavis2014|Davis 2014]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=L7eVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 51-53]</ref> == Bokao jwa ditso == === Bokhutlo jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Amerika go kgabaganya Atlantic === [[Setshwantsho:SlaveDanceand Music.jpg|thumb|Batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba bina mo tshimong ya kwa Carolina Borwa. ''The Old Plantation'', c. 1790.]] Melao e e neng ya feleletsa e fedisitse kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Atlantic e ne ya nna teng ka ntlha ya maiteko a ditlhopha tsa Bokeresete tsa Borithane tse di neng di fedisa kgwebo tse di jaaka Mokgatlho wa Ditsala, o o neng o itsege jaaka Ba-Quaker, le Baefangele ba ba neng ba eteletswe pele ke William Wilberforce, ba maiteko a bone ka Komiti ya go Fedisa Kgwebisano ya Makgoba go ya kwa S71. Molao o o dirilweng ke palamente ya Borithane ka 1807. [tsebe e tlhokega] Seno se ne sa dira gore go nne le dipitso tse dintsi tsa gore go fedisiwe molao kwa Amerika, tse di neng di engwe nokeng ke maloko a U.S. Congress go tswa kwa Bokone le kwa Borwa, mmogo le Moporesidente Thomas Jefferson. Ka nako e le nngwe fa go tlisiwa ga Maaforika a a dirilweng makgoba go ne go thibelwa kgotsa go fedisiwa, Amerika e ne e ntse e oketsa ka bonako tlhagiso ya letseta, sukiri le raese kwa Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng le kwa Bophirima. Go tlhamiwa ga gin ya letseta go ne ga dira gore go kgonege go lema letseta le le nang le dipoelo le le nang le dipoelo tse dikhutshwane, le le neng le ka tlhagisiwa ka bontsi go feta mefuta e mengwe; seno se ne sa dira gore letseta le nne kwa godimo mo ikonoming go ralala Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng. Batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba tshwarwa jaaka thoto ke beng le bagwebi ka go tshwana, mme ba ne ba tsewa jaaka tiro e e botlhokwa ya go tlhagisa dijalo tse di nang le poelo tsa madi tse di neng di fepa kgwebo ya khutlotharo.[tsebe e tlhokega] Batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tshwarwa jaaka dithoto tsa chattel, go tshwana le go tshwarwa ga diphologolo tsa polase ka fa molaong. Batho ba ba neng ba dira makgoba ba ne ba tlhoma melao e e laolang bokgoba le kgwebo ya makgoba, e e neng e diretswe go sireletsa madi a ba a beeleditseng. Badiri ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba sena ditshwanelo tse dingwe go feta kgomo kgotsa pitse, kgotsa jaaka go ne ga bewa ka tsela e e sa siamang ke Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya U.S. mo kgetsing ya Dred Scott v. Sandford, "ba ne ba sena ditshwanelo tse monna yo mosweu a neng a tshwanetse go di tlotla". Mo masimong a magolo, malapa a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a kgaoganngwa gore a direlwe mefuta e e farologaneng ya tiro. Banna ba ne ba na le tshekamelo ya go abelwa digongwana tse dikgolo tsa kwa tshimong. Badiri ba ne ba abelwa tiro e ba neng ba e tshwanela thata mo mmeleng, go ya ka katlholo ya molebedi. === Go tsadisa go tsibogela bokhutlo jwa go tsaya makgoba kwantle === Go thibelwa ga go tlisa makgoba kwa United States morago ga 1808 go ne ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le makgoba a mantsi kwa United States. Se se tlile ka nako e go tlhamiwa ga gin ya letseta go neng ga kgontsha katoloso ya temo kwa dithabeng tsa letseta la setlhogo se sekhutshwane, se se neng sa lebisa kwa go phepafatseng mafatshe a a lemang letseta go ralala mafelo a magolo a Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng, bogolosegolo Black Belt. Go batlega ga badiri mo lefelong leno go ne ga oketsega thata mme ga dira gore go nne le katoloso ya mmaraka wa makgoba wa ka fa gare. Ka nako e le nngwe, Upper South e ne e na le palo e e feteletseng ya batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ka ntlha ya go fetogela kwa temothuong ya dijalo tse di tlhakaneng, e e neng e sa dirise tiro e ntsi jaaka motsoko. Go oketsa mo tlamelong ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, makgoba a ne a leba go tsala ga basadi ba ba dirilweng makgoba jaaka karolo ya ntshodikuno ya bona, mme ka dinako tse di rileng ba pateletsa basadi go nna le bana ba le bantsi. Mo pakeng e ya nako, mareo a "batsadi", "makgoba a a tsalang", "basadi ba ba tsalang bana", "paka ya tsadiso", le "go gola thata go ka tsala" a ne a tlwaelega. Bajadi kwa dinageng tsa Upper South ba ne ba simolola go rekisa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba kwa Deep South, ka kakaretso ka bagwebi ba makgoba jaaka Franklin le Armfield. Louisville, Kentucky, mo Nokeng ya Ohio e ne e le mmaraka o mogolo wa makgoba le boemakepe jwa go romela makgoba ka dikepe go ya kwa tlase ga noka ka Mississippi go ya kwa Borwa. New Orleans e ne e na le mmaraka o mogolo go gaisa wa makgoba mo nageng mme ya nna toropo ya bone e kgolo go gaisa mo US ka 1840 le go huma go gaisa, bontsi ka ntlha ya kgwebisano ya yona ya makgoba le dikgwebo tse di amanang le yona. == Metswedi == ef8txw5thcwbhl5o8qtpdxodb50ppwt 40719 40718 2025-06-24T07:17:23Z KatieKea 10150 /* Bokao jwa ditso */ ke ranotse karolo e, ke tsentse links le metswedi #AWC2025 40719 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Go tsadisa makgoba''' e ne e le tlwaelo kwa dikgaolong tsa makgoba tsa Amerika ya beng ba makgoba ba ba neng ba pateletsa makgoba ka thulaganyo go nna le bana go oketsa khumo ya bone.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFMarable2000|Marable 2000]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zXoOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 72].</ref> E ne e akaretsa dikamano tsa thobalano tse di patelediwang magareng ga banna le basadi ba ba dirilweng makgoba kgotsa basetsana, go ima ka pateletso ga basadi le basetsana ba ba dirilweng makgoba ka ntlha ya go pateletsa go tsalana le makgoba ka bone ka tsholofelo ya go ntsha makgoba a a nonofileng a isago.<ref name=":0" /> Maikaelelo e ne e le gore beng ba makgoba ba oketse palo ya batho ba ba neng ba ba dira makgoba kwantle ga go duelela ditshenyegelo tsa go reka, le go tlatsa tlhaelo ya badiri e e bakilweng ke [[Molao o o thibelang go tsenngwa ga makgoba mo lefatsheng|go fedisiwa ga kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Atlantic]].<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFDavis2014|Davis 2014]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=L7eVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 51-53]</ref> == Bokao jwa ditso == === Bokhutlo jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Amerika go kgabaganya Atlantic === [[Setshwantsho:SlaveDanceand Music.jpg|thumb|Batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba bina mo tshimong ya kwa Carolina Borwa. ''The Old Plantation'', c. 1790.]] Melao e e neng ya feleletsa e fedisitse [[Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic|kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Atlantic]] e ne ya nna teng ka ntlha ya maiteko a ditlhopha tsa Bokeresete tsa Borithane tse di neng di fedisa kgwebo tse di jaaka Mokgatlho wa Ditsala, o o neng o itsege jaaka Ba-Quaker, le Baefangele ba ba neng ba eteletswe pele ke [[William Wilberforce]], ba maiteko a bone ka Komiti ya go Fedisa Kgwebisano ya Makgoba e neng ya isa kwa go fetisiweng ga [[Molao wa Kgwebisano ya Makgoba wa 1807]] o o dirilweng ke palamente ya Borithane ka 1807.<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFFinkelmanMiller1998|Finkelman & Miller 1998]].</ref> [^{[[:en:Wikipedia:Citing_sources|tsebe e tlhokega]]}] Seo se ne sa dira gore go nne le dipitso tse dintsi tsa gore go fedisiwe bokgoba kwa Amerika, tse di neng di engwe nokeng ke maloko a U.S. Congress go tswa kwa Bokone le kwa Borwa, mmogo le Tautona Thomas Jefferson.<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFSchneiderSchneider2000|Schneider & Schneider 2000]], pp. 261–72.</ref> Ka nako e le nngwe fa go tlisiwa ga Maaforika a a dirilweng makgoba go ne go thibelwa kgotsa go fedisiwa, Amerika e ne e ntse e oketsa ka bonako tlhagiso ya letseta, sukiri le raese kwa Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng le kwa Bophirima. Go tlhamiwa ga gin ya letseta go ne ga dira gore go kgonege go lema letseta le le nang le dipoelo le le nang le dipoelo tse dikhutshwane, le le neng le ka tlhagisiwa ka bontsi go feta mefuta e mengwe; seno se ne sa dira gore letseta le nne kwa godimo mo ikonoming go ralala Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng. Batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba tshwarwa jaaka thoto ke beng le bagwebi ka go tshwana, mme ba ne ba tsewa jaaka tiro e e botlhokwa ya go tlhagisa dijalo tse di nang le poelo tsa madi tse di neng di fepa kgwebo ya khutlotharo.<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFBerlin1998|Berlin 1998]], pp. 95–101.</ref><ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGalenson1986|Galenson 1986]].</ref>^{[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citing_sources|tsebe e tlhokega]]]} Batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tshwarwa jaaka dithoto tsa chattel, go tshwana le go tshwarwa ga diphologolo tsa polase ka fa molaong. Batho ba ba neng ba dira makgoba ba ne ba tlhoma melao e e laolang bokgoba le kgwebo ya makgoba, e e neng e diretswe go sireletsa madi a ba a beeleditseng. Badiri ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba sena ditshwanelo tse dingwe go feta kgomo kgotsa pitse, kgotsa jaaka go ne ga bewa ka tsela e e sa siamang ke Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya U.S. mo kgetsing ya ''Dred Scott v. Sandford'', "ba ne ba sena ditshwanelo tse monna yo mosweu a neng a tshwanetse go di tlotla".<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFTaney1857|Taney 1857]].</ref> Mo masimong a magolo, malapa a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a kgaoganngwa gore a direlwe mefuta e e farologaneng ya tiro. Banna ba ne ba na le tshekamelo ya go abelwa digongwana tse dikgolo tsa kwa tshimong. Badiri ba ne ba abelwa tiro e ba neng ba e tshwanela thata mo mmeleng, go ya ka katlholo ya molebeledi.<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFSchneiderSchneider2000|Schneider & Schneider 2000]], pp. 52–56.</ref><ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFBerlin1998|Berlin 1998]], pp. 40–41, 129–32.</ref> === Go tsadisa e le tsibogelo ya go khutlisiwa ga go tsaya makgoba kwantle === Go thibelwa ga go tlisa makgoba kwa United States morago ga 1808 go ne ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le makgoba a mantsi kwa United States. Se se tlile ka nako e go tlhamiwa ga gin ya letseta go neng ga kgontsha katoloso ya temo kwa dithabeng tsa letseta la setlhogo se sekhutshwane, se se neng sa lebisa kwa go phepafatseng mafatshe a a lemang letseta go ralala mafelo a magolo a Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng, bogolosegolo Black Belt. Go batlega ga badiri mo lefelong leno go ne ga oketsega thata mme ga dira gore go nne le katoloso ya mmaraka wa makgoba wa ka fa gare. Ka nako e le nngwe, Upper South e ne e na le palo e e feteletseng ya batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ka ntlha ya go fetogela kwa temothuong ya dijalo tse di tlhakaneng, e e neng e sa dirise tiro e ntsi jaaka motsoko. Go oketsa mo tlamelong ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, makgoba a ne a leba go tsala ga basadi ba ba dirilweng makgoba jaaka karolo ya ntshodikuno ya bona, mme ka dinako tse di rileng ba pateletsa basadi go nna le bana ba le bantsi. Mo pakeng e ya nako, mareo a "batsadi", "makgoba a a tsalang", "basadi ba ba tsalang bana", "paka ya tsadiso", le "go gola thata go ka tsala" a ne a tlwaelega. Bajadi kwa dinageng tsa Upper South ba ne ba simolola go rekisa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba kwa Deep South, ka kakaretso ka bagwebi ba makgoba jaaka Franklin le Armfield. Louisville, Kentucky, mo Nokeng ya Ohio e ne e le mmaraka o mogolo wa makgoba le boemakepe jwa go romela makgoba ka dikepe go ya kwa tlase ga noka ka Mississippi go ya kwa Borwa. New Orleans e ne e na le mmaraka o mogolo go gaisa wa makgoba mo nageng mme ya nna toropo ya bone e kgolo go gaisa mo US ka 1840 le go huma go gaisa, bontsi ka ntlha ya kgwebisano ya yona ya makgoba le dikgwebo tse di amanang le yona. == Metswedi == denhmoaf9l3f7de585mbj8rn2vqhgi2 40720 40719 2025-06-24T07:25:37Z KatieKea 10150 /* Go tsadisa e le tsibogelo ya go khutlisiwa ga go tsaya makgoba kwantle */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025 40720 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Go tsadisa makgoba''' e ne e le tlwaelo kwa dikgaolong tsa makgoba tsa Amerika ya beng ba makgoba ba ba neng ba pateletsa makgoba ka thulaganyo go nna le bana go oketsa khumo ya bone.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFMarable2000|Marable 2000]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zXoOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 72].</ref> E ne e akaretsa dikamano tsa thobalano tse di patelediwang magareng ga banna le basadi ba ba dirilweng makgoba kgotsa basetsana, go ima ka pateletso ga basadi le basetsana ba ba dirilweng makgoba ka ntlha ya go pateletsa go tsalana le makgoba ka bone ka tsholofelo ya go ntsha makgoba a a nonofileng a isago.<ref name=":0" /> Maikaelelo e ne e le gore beng ba makgoba ba oketse palo ya batho ba ba neng ba ba dira makgoba kwantle ga go duelela ditshenyegelo tsa go reka, le go tlatsa tlhaelo ya badiri e e bakilweng ke [[Molao o o thibelang go tsenngwa ga makgoba mo lefatsheng|go fedisiwa ga kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Atlantic]].<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFDavis2014|Davis 2014]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=L7eVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 51-53]</ref> == Bokao jwa ditso == === Bokhutlo jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Amerika go kgabaganya Atlantic === [[Setshwantsho:SlaveDanceand Music.jpg|thumb|Batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba bina mo tshimong ya kwa Carolina Borwa. ''The Old Plantation'', c. 1790.]] Melao e e neng ya feleletsa e fedisitse [[Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic|kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Atlantic]] e ne ya nna teng ka ntlha ya maiteko a ditlhopha tsa Bokeresete tsa Borithane tse di neng di fedisa kgwebo tse di jaaka Mokgatlho wa Ditsala, o o neng o itsege jaaka Ba-Quaker, le Baefangele ba ba neng ba eteletswe pele ke [[William Wilberforce]], ba maiteko a bone ka Komiti ya go Fedisa Kgwebisano ya Makgoba e neng ya isa kwa go fetisiweng ga [[Molao wa Kgwebisano ya Makgoba wa 1807]] o o dirilweng ke palamente ya Borithane ka 1807.<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFFinkelmanMiller1998|Finkelman & Miller 1998]].</ref> [^{[[:en:Wikipedia:Citing_sources|tsebe e tlhokega]]}] Seo se ne sa dira gore go nne le dipitso tse dintsi tsa gore go fedisiwe bokgoba kwa Amerika, tse di neng di engwe nokeng ke maloko a U.S. Congress go tswa kwa Bokone le kwa Borwa, mmogo le Tautona Thomas Jefferson.<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFSchneiderSchneider2000|Schneider & Schneider 2000]], pp. 261–72.</ref> Ka nako e le nngwe fa go tlisiwa ga Maaforika a a dirilweng makgoba go ne go thibelwa kgotsa go fedisiwa, Amerika e ne e ntse e oketsa ka bonako tlhagiso ya letseta, sukiri le raese kwa Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng le kwa Bophirima. Go tlhamiwa ga gin ya letseta go ne ga dira gore go kgonege go lema letseta le le nang le dipoelo le le nang le dipoelo tse dikhutshwane, le le neng le ka tlhagisiwa ka bontsi go feta mefuta e mengwe; seno se ne sa dira gore letseta le nne kwa godimo mo ikonoming go ralala Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng. Batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba tshwarwa jaaka thoto ke beng le bagwebi ka go tshwana, mme ba ne ba tsewa jaaka tiro e e botlhokwa ya go tlhagisa dijalo tse di nang le poelo tsa madi tse di neng di fepa kgwebo ya khutlotharo.<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFBerlin1998|Berlin 1998]], pp. 95–101.</ref><ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGalenson1986|Galenson 1986]].</ref>^{[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citing_sources|tsebe e tlhokega]]]} Batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tshwarwa jaaka dithoto tsa chattel, go tshwana le go tshwarwa ga diphologolo tsa polase ka fa molaong. Batho ba ba neng ba dira makgoba ba ne ba tlhoma melao e e laolang bokgoba le kgwebo ya makgoba, e e neng e diretswe go sireletsa madi a ba a beeleditseng. Badiri ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba sena ditshwanelo tse dingwe go feta kgomo kgotsa pitse, kgotsa jaaka go ne ga bewa ka tsela e e sa siamang ke Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya U.S. mo kgetsing ya ''Dred Scott v. Sandford'', "ba ne ba sena ditshwanelo tse monna yo mosweu a neng a tshwanetse go di tlotla".<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFTaney1857|Taney 1857]].</ref> Mo masimong a magolo, malapa a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a kgaoganngwa gore a direlwe mefuta e e farologaneng ya tiro. Banna ba ne ba na le tshekamelo ya go abelwa digongwana tse dikgolo tsa kwa tshimong. Badiri ba ne ba abelwa tiro e ba neng ba e tshwanela thata mo mmeleng, go ya ka katlholo ya molebeledi.<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFSchneiderSchneider2000|Schneider & Schneider 2000]], pp. 52–56.</ref><ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFBerlin1998|Berlin 1998]], pp. 40–41, 129–32.</ref> === Go tsadisa e le tsibogelo ya go khutlisiwa ga go tsaya makgoba kwantle === [[Molao o o thibelang go tsenngwa ga makgoba mo lefatsheng|Go thibelwa ga go tlisa makgoba]] kwa Amerika morago ga 1808 go ne ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le makgoba a mantsi kwa Amerika. Se se tlile ka nako e go tlhamiwa ga gin ya letseta go neng ga kgontsha katoloso ya temo kwa dithabeng tsa letseta la setlhogo se sekhutshwane, se se neng sa lebisa kwa go phepafatseng mafatshe a a lemang letseta go ralala mafelo a magolo a Borwa jo bo Tseneletseng, segolobogolo Black Belt. Go batlega ga badiri mo lefelong le go ne ga oketsega thata mme ga dira gore go nne le katoloso ya mmaraka wa makgoba wa ka fa gare. Ka nako e le nngwe, Upper South e ne e na le palo e e feteletseng ya batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ka ntlha ya go fetogela kwa temothuong ya dijalo tse di tlhakaneng, e e neng e sa dirise tiro e ntsi jaaka motsoko. Go oketsa mo tlamelong ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, batshwari ba makgoba ba ne ba leba go tsala ga basadi ba ba dirilweng makgoba jaaka karolo ya dipoelo tsa bona, mme ka dinako tse di rileng ba pateletsa basadi go nna le bana ba le bantsi. Mo pakeng e ya nako, mareo a "batsadi", "makgoba a a tsalang", "basadi ba ba tsalang bana", "paka ya tsadiso", le "go gola thata go ka tsala" a ne a tlwaelega.<ref>[[:en:Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFFloyd_Smith1991|Floyd Smith 1991]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bZzDDt3RPkoC&pg=PA104 104]</ref> Bajadi kwa dikgaolong tsa kwa godimo ga Borwa ba ne ba simolola go rekisa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba kwa Boteng jwa Borwa, ka kakaretso ka bagwebi ba makgoba jaaka Franklin le Armfield. Louisville, Kentucky, mo Nokeng ya Ohio e ne e le mmaraka o mogolo wa makgoba le boemelodikepe jwa go romela makgoba ka dikepe go ya kwa tlase ga noka ka Mississippi go ya kwa Borwa. New Orleans e ne e na le mmaraka o mogolo go gaisa wa makgoba mo nageng mme ya nna toropo ya bone e kgolo go gaisa mo Amerika ka 1840 le go huma go gaisa, bontsi ka ntlha ya kgwebo ya yone ya makgoba le dikgwebo tse di amanang le yone.<ref>Hornsby, Alton Jr. (2011) ''Black America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia''. Santa Barbara CA: Greenwood Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fB3rQefP8wQC&pg=PA335 p. 335].</ref> == Metswedi == fmcx3hyikbkckzkvtoni6hy83s1q1lp 0 10681 40721 2025-06-24T07:31:44Z JudithShe 9421 Ke dirile tsebe ya tumalano ya ga Frere 40721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tumalano ya ga Frere''' ke tumalano e e beilweng monwana ke mafatshe a Britain le Sultanate of Zanzibar ka ngwaga wa 1873. E beilwe monwana ke Barghash bin Said wa kwa Zanzibar, e ne e emisa go tsisiwa ga makgoba kwa Zanzibar semmuso, e pateletsa le go tswalwa ga marekisetso a makgoba kwa Zanzibar kwa toropong ya Stone. Se se ne sa dira gore go kgonagale gore batho ba Britain ba emise dikepe tsotlhe tsa makgoba kwa lewatleng la Indian, se sa digela kgwebo ya makgoba ya lewatle la Indian kwa tlase. == Ditso == Tumalano e ne e le maduo a thomo e e dirilweng ke Henry Bartle Frere kwa Zanzibar. Molao o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba, o e neng e le bontlha jwa molao wa mafatshe wa Britain ka ba ne ba emisitse kgwebo ya bone ya makgoba ka ngwaga wa 1807. Thomo e e ne ya rarabolola kgang ya kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Zanzibar gareng ga lotshitshi lwa Shwahili kwa Zanzibar le Oman kwa Arabian Peninsula, kwa bogolo jwa teng e neng e le bontlha jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ya lewatle la Indian. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Zanzibar e ne e le bothata jo ba ba kgatlhanong ba kwa Britain ba neng ba bo beile leitlho dingwaga di le lesome. Tumalano ya Moresby ya ngwaga wa 1822 e ne e emisistse thekiso ya makgoba go tswa mo Zanzibar go ya India, fa tumalano ya Harmeton ya 1845 e ne e emisistse thekiso ya makgoba go ya Arabian Peninsula. Tumalano le lefatshe la Britain ka ngwaga wa 1867 e ne ya emisa go nna mo molaong ga kgwebo ya makgoba go tswa kwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] go ya Zanzibar.<ref>Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p172</ref> le fa go ntse jalo, ditumalano tse go ne go itlhophelwa gore a lefatshe le batla go di sala morago. Ka go ne go se mo molaong go reka makgoba go tswa kwa Aforika go ya setlhaketlhakeng sa Zanzibar, go ne go le tahat gore Britain e laole dikepe tsa makgoba le go di itsa go tswelelela kwa Aranian Peninsula. Batho ba Britain ka jalo ba ne ba bona go sthwanela go itsa motsamao wa dikepe tsotlhe tsa makgoba go itsa go rekiwa ga makgoba gareng ga lotshitshi lwa Aforika kwa botlhaba le Arabian Peninsula. Tumalano ya Frere ya ngwaga wa 1873 e ne ya iletsa theko ya makgoba yotlhe go tswa kwa Aforika go ya Zanzibar Archipelago. Tumalano e e ne ya felela e dira gore go tswalwe marekisetso otlhe a a neng a butswe a makgoba kwa toropong ya Stone Town kwa Zanzibar.<ref>McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 48</ref> E ne ya dira gore dikepe tsa Britain di kgone go emisa dikepe tsotlhe tsa makgoba kwa ntle ga lotshitshi lwa Swahili kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika le go kgona go emisa kgwebo ya makgoba gareng ga lotshitshi lwa Swahili le Oman le go fokotsa kgwebo ya makgoba ya lewatle la Indian. Le fa go ntse jalo, kgwebo ya makgoba e ne e sa fedisiwa. bagwebi ba makgoba ba kwa Zanzibar ba ne ba seka ba emisa kgwebo ya bone, mme ba tswelela ka go nna le makgoba ka go tsaya batho ka dikgoka le go ba rekisa ka go ba tsenya ka bokukuntshwane.<ref>McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 43-44</ref> Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Zanzibar e ne ya tswelela go fitlhelela ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi. [[Bokgoba kwa Zanzibar]] ga bo a ka jwa emisiwa go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1879 go stena ka 1909. == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Thibelo ya kgwebo ya bokgoba ya batho bantsho]] * [[Bokopano jwa kgwebo ya bokgoba jwa Maesemane le batho ba Egepeto]] == Metswedi == gw8erky5izyyho4zrs3ilnwxt44fa7d 0 10682 40722 2025-06-24T08:14:01Z JudithShe 9421 Ke dirile stebe ya Tiso ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika 40722 wikitext text/x-wiki Tiso ya kgwebo ya [[bokgoba mo Aforika]] ya lefatshe la [[USA|United States]] e ne e le bontlha jwa go emisa kgwebo ya makgoba a [[Aferika|Aforika]] go fokotsa [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic]] gareng ga ngwaga wa 1819 le tshimologo ya ntwa ya selegae kwa America ka ngwaga wa 1861. Ka ntlha ya letsholo la go emisa kgwebo ya makgoba kwa United States, mophato wa sesole sa United States sa dikepe tsa ntwa o ne wa neelwa tiro ya go tshwara bagwebi mo Aforika le tikologo . Mo dingwageng di le masome a mane le bobedi, dikepe tsa makgoba di le lekgolo di ne tsa tshwarwa.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190601203202/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/browse-by-topic/heritage/banners/battle-streamers/african-slave-trade-patrol.html African Slave Trade Patrol]". ''Naval History and Heritage Command''. 2017. Archived from [https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/browse-by-topic/heritage/banners/battle-streamers/african-slave-trade-patrol.html the original] on June 1, 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2025.</ref><ref name=":0">Heritage Auctions, Inc, pg. 34–36.</ref> == Ditiro == === Tshimologo === Mophato wa ntlha wa America o ne wa romelwa kwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1819, mme morago ga gore dikepe di dikolosiwe kwa ntle kwa, go ne go sena masole a America kwa Aforika go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1840. Mo dingwageng tse di masome mabedi tse di af gare, dikepe di le mmalwa fela di ne tsa tshwarwa ka go ne go sena dikepe tse di lekaneng tsa America go disa lotshitshi lwa di mile di le dikete tse tharo, ga mmogo le matshitshi a America le lewatle fa gare. Bagwebi ba makgoba ba ne ba itse gore fa ba fofisa folaga ya lefatshe la Spain kgotsa Portugal, ba ka falola. Bokopano jwa matona a puso bo ne bo dira gore go nne tahat gore sesole se nne le mophato kwa Aforika go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1842 fa tumalano ya Webster le Ashburton le lefatshe la [[United Kingdom|United kingdom]] e bewa monwana. Matthew C Perry o e neng e le mongwe wa sesole o ne a romelwa go laola mophato wa Aforika gape morago ga go nna ramasole ka ngwaga wa 1821. Go goroga ga gagwe go ne go tshwaya tshimologo ya go kgona ga lefatshe la America mo phokotshong, ka le ntswa dikatlego tse di ne di sena mosola fa di tshwantshiwa le mophato wa segosi wa botlhaba jwa Aforika ka nako eo. Ba Britain ba ne ba tshwara dikepe tsa makgoba di le makgolo, ebile ba lwa dintwa tsa sesole di le dintsi; katlego ya bone e ne e le ka ntlha ya bontsi jwa masole a bone le mafelo ba nnang mo go one a a kwa Aforika ka sebele. Maiteko a a kopantsweng a Britain le America a ne a falotsa makgoba a le dikete, mme kgwebo e ne ya tswelela, mme tiro ya anamisediwa kwa botlhaba jwa indies, Brazil le lewatle la Indian. Mophato wa kwa [[Brazil|Brazil,]] West Indies le wa kwa botlhaba jwa India le wa mo gae yotlhe e e ne ena le maikarabelo a go tshwara palo potlana ya bagwbi ba makgoba, mongwe le mongwe wa bone.<ref>Dow, pg. 270–276.</ref><ref name=":0" /> === Go tshwarwa ga Spitfire === Ka ngwaga wa 1844, Seetebosigo a le lesome le boraro, sekepe sa USS Truxtun se ne sa neelwa ramasole Henry Bruce o a nenga le mo taolong. Morago ga dibeke tse pedi, se ne sa tsamaya mo nokeng ya Delaware sa ya Atlantic. Morago ga go etela Funchal, Madeira, sekepe se ne sa tsena mo maemelong a Aforika kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Canary. == Metswedi == k2vaork6ugfu21tw0n0zhdiixn7ljfo 0 10683 40723 2025-06-24T09:24:56Z JudithShe 9421 Ke dirile tsebe ya ga Joseph Knight (Lekgoba) 40723 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Knight''' (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1769 a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1778) e ne e le monna o a nenga tsholetswe kwa lefatsheng la Guinea (leina kakaretso la bophirima jwa Aforika) mme a tshwarwa go dirwa lekgoba. Go lebega e le gore mokgweetsi wa sekepe se se mo isitsweng kwa GJamaica o ne a mo rekisetsa John Wedderburn wa kwa Scotland. Wedderburn o ne a direlwa ke Knight mo ntlong ya gagwe, mme a tsamaya le ene fa a boela kwa Scotland ka ngwaga wa 1769. Fa Knight a tlogela tiro ya gagwe, Wedderburn o ne a mo tshwarisa a tsisiwa fa pele ga kgotlatshekelo ya kagiso. Ka thotloetso ya tsheko ya ga Somersett ya ngwaga wa 1772 e dikgotlatshekelo di neng tsa itshwarelela di re ga go na bokgoba mo molaong wa Britain, Knight o ne a itsetsepela kgatlhanong le ene. Knight o ne a fenya tsheko ya gagwe morago ga go ikuela gabedi mo tshekong e e neng ya tlhoma molao wa gore molao wa Scotland ga o kake wa letlelela bokgoba (ntle le ele ba meepo,ba ba neng ba tshwanela go emela ngwaga wa 1799 pele ga ba ka gololwa). == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Joseph Knight o ne a tsholetswe kwa Guinea, go ya ka maikuelo a a nega tsisitswe mo boemong jwa gagwe kwa kgotlatshekelong; ga go itsagale gore leina la gagwe la pele ke mang kgotsa o ne a tswa mo morafeng ofe. O ne a isiwa kwa Jamaica e sa ntse e le ngwana, kwa a neng a rekisediwa John Wedderburn wa Ballendean go nnalekgoba la gagwe. == Knight kgatlhanong le Wedderburn == Fa a le kwa Scotland, Knight o ena kolobediwa a bo a nnyala Ann Thompson, motlhanka wa lolwapa lwa boora Wederburn, o ba neng ab nna le ngwana a le mongwe mmogo. O ne a kopa, go nna le mosadi wa gagwe mo lolwapeng mme Wedderburna gana. Morago ga gore Wedderburn a gane, Knight o ne a tlogela tiro. Wedderburn o supagala a ne a galefisiwa ke se, a ikutlwa e kare o file Knight dimpho tse dintsi ka go mo ruta le go mo tlhokomela, mme a mo tshwarisa. Ka ngwaga wa 1744, Knight o ne a tla ka kgang fa pele ga kgotlatshekelo ya kagiso kwa Perth, tsheko e e tla itsiweng jaaka Knight kgatlhanong le Wedderburn. === Ikuelo kwa molaoding === Fa kgotlatshekelo ya kagiso e ne e tsaya lotlhakore lwa ga Wedderburn, Knight o ne a ikuela kwa molaoding wa kwa Perth, John Swinton. O ne a fitlhela e le gore bokgoba ga bo ka fa molaong mo melaong ya bogosi joo, ebile ga bo tsamaelane le melao. Le gore melao ya Jamaica, e e amang makgoba, ga e anamele kwa bogosing jo. Go nna kgatlhanong ga ga Knight kw a kgotlatshekelong, e ne ya nna katlholo ya go emisa bokgoba. Ditsela tsa ka fa ba ba tsereng ngwana o go tswa lefatsheng la ga bone ga di istiwe, ka molao wa kwa Jamaica o sena patlisis ya kgang eo. Mme gore a o utsulwe, a o tserwe mo batsaing ba gagwe, molato o a tshwana. Gore bokgoba go amogetswe mo mafatshe a mangwe, ga go ree gore ga go molato. Polao ya ngwana, le melato e mengwe e e tseneletseng, di letleletswe ke melao ya mafsteh a a farologaneng. Kgatelelo, le mefuta yotlhe ya go gatelelwa, e ka otlhaelwa ka mabaka a a tshwanang. === Ikuelo kwa kgotlatshekelong === Ka ngwaga wa 1777, Wedderburn o ne a ikuela kwa kgotlatshekelong ya Scotland kwa Edinburgh a supa fa Knighta santse a mo kolota ditirelo mme a ka nna a tsewa mo go ene ka dikgoka a busediwa kwa Jamaica. Tsheko e e ne y tla fa pele ga baatlhodi ba le lesome le bobedi (jaaka go ne go tlwaelesegile nako eo) ba akaretsa Lord Kames, moitseanape wa ditso le molao. Babueledi ba ga Knight e ne e le Allan Maconchie (o morago a tla nnang moatlhodi Meadowbank), John Maclaurin (o morago a tla nnang moatlhodi Dreghorn) le Andrew Crosbie. Henry Dundas, le ene e ne e le mongwe wa ba setlhopha sa ga knight, e le mmueledi. Ba ka tswa ba thusitswe mo pakanyong ya bone ke James Boswell. "Ke ka se leletse mogolokwane puo ya ga Mr. Henry Dundas m8pqesisv1subwwfwr093gdmwcgtz6o 40730 40723 2025-06-24T10:40:13Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya Joseph Knight (lekgoba) 40730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Knight''' (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1769 a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1778) e ne e le monna o a neng a tsholetswe kwa lefatsheng la [[Guinea]] (leina kakaretso la bophirima jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]]) mme a tshwarwa go dirwa lekgoba. Go lebega e le gore mokgweetsi wa sekepe se se mo isitseng kwa Jamaica o ne a mo rekisetsa John Wedderburn wa kwa Scotland. Wedderburn o ne a direlwa ke Knight mo ntlong ya gagwe, mme a tsamaya le ene fa a boela kwa Scotland ka ngwaga wa 1769. Fa Knight a tlogela tiro ya gagwe, Wedderburn o ne a mo tshwarisa a tsisiwa fa pele ga kgotlatshekelo ya kagiso. Ka thotloetso ya tsheko ya ga Somersett ya ngwaga wa 1772 e dikgotlatshekelo di neng tsa itshwarelela di re ga go na bokgoba mo molaong wa Britain, Knight o ne a itsetsepela kgatlhanong le ene. Knight o ne a fenya tsheko ya gagwe morago ga go ikuela gabedi mo tshekong e e neng ya tlhoma molao wa gore molao wa Scotland ga o kake wa letlelela bokgoba (ntle le ele ba meepo,ba ba neng ba tshwanela go emela ngwaga wa 1799 pele ga ba ka gololwa). == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Joseph Knight o ne a tsholetswe kwa Guinea, go ya ka maikuelo a a neng a tsisitswe mo boemong jwa gagwe kwa kgotlatshekelong; ga go itsagale gore leina la gagwe la pele ke mang kgotsa o ne a tswa mo morafeng ofe. O ne a isiwa kwa Jamaica e sa ntse e le ngwana, kwa a neng a rekisediwa John Wedderburn wa Ballendean go nna lekgoba la gagwe. == Knight kgatlhanong le Wedderburn == Fa a le kwa Scotland, Knight o ena kolobediwa a bo a nyala Ann Thompson, motlhanka wa lolwapa lwa boora Wedderburn, o ba neng ba nna le ngwana a le mongwe mmogo. O ne a kopa, go nna le mosadi wa gagwe mo lolwapeng mme Wedderburna gana. Morago ga gore Wedderburn a gane, Knight o ne a tlogela tiro. Wedderburn o supagala a ne a galefisiwa ke se, a ikutlwa e kare o file Knight dimpho tse dintsi ka go mo ruta le go mo tlhokomela, mme a mo tshwarisa. Ka ngwaga wa 1744, Knight o ne a tla ka kgang fa pele ga kgotlatshekelo ya kagiso kwa Perth, tsheko e e tla itsiweng jaaka Knight kgatlhanong le Wedderburn.<ref name=":0">"[https://webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk/20170106021747/http://www.nas.gov.uk/ Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? – the Joseph Knight case]", National Archives of Scotland website feature, Retrieved 24 June 2025.</ref> === Ikuelo kwa molaoding === Fa kgotlatshekelo ya kagiso e ne e tsaya lotlhakore lwa ga Wedderburn, Knight o ne a ikuela kwa molaoding wa kwa Perth, John Swinton. O ne a fitlhela e le gore bokgoba ga bo ka fa molaong mo melaong ya bogosi joo, ebile ga bo tsamaelane le melao. Le gore melao ya Jamaica, e e amang makgoba, ga e anamele kwa bogosing jo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Whyte, Iain (21 June 2006). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=l9KqBgAAQBAJ&q=john+swinton+slavery+scotland&pg=PA18&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=john%20swinton%20slavery%20scotland&f=false Scotland and the Abolition of Black Slavery], 1756-1838''. p. 18. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780748626991|9780748626991]]</bdi>.</ref> Go nna kgatlhanong ga ga Knight kw a kgotlatshekelong, e ne ya nna katlholo ya go emisa bokgoba.<ref>National Archives, [https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/black-presence/ https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/rights/transcripts/somerset_case.htm]</ref> Ditsela tsa ka fa ba ba tsereng ngwana o go tswa lefatsheng la ga bone ga di istiwe, ka molao wa kwa Jamaica o sena patlisis ya kgang eo. Mme gore a o utsulwe, a o tserwe mo batsaing ba gagwe, molato o a tshwana. Gore bokgoba go amogetswe mo mafatshe a mangwe, ga go ree gore ga go molato. Polao ya ngwana, le melato e mengwe e e tseneletseng, di letleletswe ke melao ya mafsteh a a farologaneng. Kgatelelo, le mefuta yotlhe ya go gatelelwa, e ka otlhaelwa ka mabaka a a tshwanang. === Ikuelo kwa kgotlatshekelong === Ka ngwaga wa 1777, Wedderburn o ne a ikuela kwa kgotlatshekelong ya Scotland kwa Edinburgh a supa fa Knighta santse a mo kolota ditirelo mme a ka nna a tsewa mo go ene ka dikgoka a busediwa kwa Jamaica. Tsheko e e ne y tla fa pele ga baatlhodi ba le lesome le bobedi (jaaka go ne go tlwaelesegile nako eo) ba akaretsa Lord Kames, moitseanape wa ditso le molao. Babueledi ba ga Knight e ne e le Allan Maconchie (o morago a tla nnang moatlhodi Meadowbank), John Maclaurin (o morago a tla nnang moatlhodi Dreghorn) le Andrew Crosbie. Henry Dundas, le ene e ne e le mongwe wa ba setlhopha sa ga knight, e le mmueledi. Ba ka tswa ba thusitswe mo pakanyong ya bone ke James Boswell. "Ke ka se leletse mogolokwane puo ya ga Mr. Henry Dundas go gaisa fa", Boswell o ne a bua jalo, "ke dumalana gore potso e e maleba e e nkgatlhile."<ref>J. A. Lovat-Fraser (1916). ''Henry Dundas, Viscount Melville''. Cambridge. p. 3.</ref> Ngangisano e ne e le gore "ga gona motho o e leng motho wa mongwe", le gore le ntswa molao wa Jamaica o lemoga bokgoba, seo ga se ka ke sa anamela kwa Scotland. Setlhopha sa babueledi ba ga Wedderburn se ne sa nganga gore dikgatlhego tsa thekiso tsa Scotland di tshwanetse go tswelella, mo go dirang gore Scotland a phophome go tshwanetse ga tsweledisiwa. Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya tsweledisa tshwetso ya ga molaodi ka ditalama di robabobedi kgatlhanong le tse nne, tshwetso e e ne e re, "Bokgoba ga bo lemogiwe ke melao ya bogosi jo, ga bo anamele mo bogosing jo, ebile ke gantsa dikgang tsa go tsweledisa tiro". Ka jalo e ne ya gana ikuelo ya ga Wedderburn. Lord Kames o ne a supa gore "re nnetse fa go diragatsa ditshwanelo eseng go diragatsa molato". Rragwe Boswell ebong Lord Auchinlek o ne a re "le ntswa kwa dipolasing ba tshwere batho bantsho, ba ba dirile makgoba, mme ga ke dumalane gore a se se a dumelesega mo sethong, le mo tumelong ya SeKeresete.. A monna ke lekgoba ka gore o montsho? Nnyaa. Ke morwaarona; ke motho, le ntswa e se wa mmala wa rona; o mo lefatsheng la kgololesego, le mosadi wa gagwe le ngwana: mo tlogeleng a nne koo." Kgotlatshekelo ka jalo e ne ya re: taolo e e teng mo motho montshong o, mo molaong wa Jamaica, go sa nne le tshiamo, ga go letlelesege mo lefatsheng le ka mokgwa ope fela. Ka jalo, moganetsi o ne a sena tetla epe ya tirelo ya motho montsho o ka nako epe, kana go mo romela kwa ntle ga lefatshe kgatlhanong le tumalano ya gagwe. Motho montsho o, o sireleditswe mo molaong wa 1701 go ka ntshiwa mo lefatsheng le ntle le tumalano ya gagwe.<ref name=":0" /> Ka jalo, bokgoba bo ne jwa se ka jwa lemogiwa ke molao wa Scotlandd. makgoba a batswakwaa ne a ka sirelediwa ke dikgotlatshekelo fa ba ne ba eletsa go tlogela ditiro tsa mo gae kgotsa ba gana maiteko a go ba busetsa kwa dikoloneng tsa bokgoba.<ref>Court of Session, unextracted processes, [[:en:National_Archives_of_Scotland|National Archives of Scotland]] (reference CS235/K/2/2).</ref> == Botshelo jwa morago == Knight o ne a lemogiwa e le monna o o gololesegileng. Mosadi wa gagwe o ne a berekela Wedderburn e le motlhanka, mme o ne a mo koba morago ga lonyalo lwa bone. Ka nako e, Knight le lolwapa lwa gagwe ba nyelela mo dipegong; ga go na sepe se sengwe se se itseweng ka matshelo a bone kgotsa dintsho tsa bone.<ref>Oliver, Neil (2010). ''A History of Scotland''. London: Phoenix. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0753826638|978-0753826638]]</bdi>.</ref> == Boswa jo a bo tlogetseng == Ka ngwaga wa 2022, kgwei ya Morule, Sir Geoff Palmer le tautona wa kgotlatshekelo, Lord Carloway, ba ne ba apola mokwalo wa segopotso sa tsheko ya ngwaga wa 1788, e e neng e tsaya tshwetso ya gore bokgoba ga bo tsamaelane le molao wa Scotland.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-63879049 "Scotland's slavery role cannot be glossed over, Lord Carloway says"]. ''BBC News''. 6 December 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2025</ref> == Mo ditsong tsa botaki le botshelo jwa letsatsi le letsatsi == * Joseph Knight ke padi ya ngwaga wa 2003 e e ikaegileng ka monna o a neng a gololwa le tsheko ya gagwe, e e kwadilweng ke James Robertson e gatisitswe ke Fourth Estate Ltd.<ref>Ali Smith (7 June 2003). "[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/jun/07/fiction.alismith It's slavery that biggit this fine hoose]". ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 24 June 2025.</ref> * Motshameko wa seromamowa wa Tsheko ya ga Joseph Knight, o o kwadilweng ke May Sumbwanyambe, o ne wa tshamekiwa ke seromamowa sa BBC 4 ka Phukwi a le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa 2018, Nana Amoo-Gottfried a tshameka Knight, Ron Donachie a tshameka Wedderburn.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b94h2j The Trial of Joseph Knight]". BBC. Retrieved 24 June 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == dwaxyebs2hb5e64w3frakxxmxl0gfgl 0 10684 40724 2025-06-24T09:48:22Z Olgatladi2020 10646 Ke ranotse #AWC2025 40724 wikitext text/x-wiki Lekalana la Bosiamisi le Poelano (IJR) ke mokgatlho o e seng wa puso le setheo sa dikakanyole le le kwa Cape Town, Aferika Borwa. Le ne la bopiwa go tswa mo Khomišeneng ya Boammaaruri le Poelano ya naga ka 2000. Maikaelelo e ne e le go netefatsa gore dithuto tse di ithutilweng go tswa mo phetogong ya Aforika Borwa go tswa mo pusong ya tlhaolele go ya kwa pusong ya temokerasi di tsewa tsia fa setšhaba se tswelela pele. Mobishopo Mogolo yo o Tlogetseng Desmond Tutu e ne e le motshegetsi wa IJR. == Kakaretso == Ponelopele ya lekalana ke go aga ditšhaba tse di siameng, tsa puso e gololesegileng, le tse di akaretsang botlhe mo Aferika. Ka dipuisano le ditsereganyo tse di tlhophilweng ka kelotlhoko, IJR e batla go bopa mekgwa ya bosetšhaba ya tshiamiso ya phetogo le poelano mo Aferika ka go dirisa botlhale jwa baagi mmogo le dipatlisiso tsa diphetogo tse dikgolo le tshekatsheko ya papiso. IJR e gatisa dipatlisiso tsa yona, e dira kgakololo ya pholisi, le go dira tiro ya poelano mo lefelong. Barometara ya Poelano ya Aferika Borwa[1] le Boruni jwa Phetogo[2] ke dikgatiso tse pedi tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tse di ikaegileng ka dipatlisiso le tshekatsheko ya ka fa gare ya IJR. IJR ke molekane wa konokono wa Afrobarometer go tloga ka 2013, e laola go tsenngwa tirisong ga barometer le dipatlisiso tsa yona tsa kgaolo ya Borwa jwa Aferika. 4ro35ma5qoqhqln4f2e505qdvfffv95 40725 40724 2025-06-24T10:14:19Z Olgatladi2020 10646 ke tsentse dikitso #AWC2025 40725 wikitext text/x-wiki Lekalana la Bosiamisi le Poelano (IJR) ke mokgatlho o e seng wa puso le setheo sa dikakanyole le le kwa Cape Town, Aferika Borwa. Le ne la bopiwa go tswa mo Khomišeneng ya Boammaaruri le Poelano ya naga ka 2000. Maikaelelo e ne e le go netefatsa gore dithuto tse di ithutilweng go tswa mo phetogong ya Aforika Borwa go tswa mo pusong ya tlhaolele go ya kwa pusong ya temokerasi di tsewa tsia fa setšhaba se tswelela pele. Mobishopo Mogolo yo o Tlogetseng Desmond Tutu e ne e le motshegetsi wa IJR. == Kakaretso == Ponelopele ya lekalana ke go aga ditšhaba tse di siameng, tsa puso e gololesegileng, le tse di akaretsang botlhe mo Aferika. Ka dipuisano le ditsereganyo tse di tlhophilweng ka kelotlhoko, IJR e batla go bopa mekgwa ya bosetšhaba ya tshiamiso ya phetogo le poelano mo Aferika ka go dirisa botlhale jwa baagi mmogo le dipatlisiso tsa diphetogo tse dikgolo le tshekatsheko ya papiso. IJR e gatisa dipatlisiso tsa yona, e dira kgakololo ya pholisi, le go dira tiro ya poelano mo lefelong. Barometara ya Poelano ya Aferika Borwa<ref>http://www.reconciliationbarometer.org http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-SARB.php Archived 2014-02-01 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> le Boruni jwa Phetogo[2] ke dikgatiso tse pedi tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tse di ikaegileng ka dipatlisiso le tshekatsheko ya ka fa gare ya IJR. IJR ke molekane wa konokono wa Afrobarometer go tloga ka 2013, e laola go tsenngwa tirisong ga barometer le dipatlisiso tsa yona tsa kgaolo ya Borwa jwa Aferika. Maikemisetso magolo a IJR ke go dira gore poelano le tshiamiso ya loago e nne e le mo lenaneong la Aforika Borwa le Aforika. Bosupi bo bontsha gore go na le kamano e e bonalang sentle fa gare ga kgolo ya ikonomi, tlhabololo, kagiso le poelano, segolobogolo fa ditšhaba di rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira dilo ka tsela ya temokerasi. Ngwaga le ngwaga Setheo se lemoga seabe sa ba bangwe mo lephateng la bosiamisi le poelano ka IJR Reconciliation Award, ka bafenyi ba nako e e fetileng ba ba akaretsang Brigalia Bam, Pieter-Dirk Uys le Albie Sachs. Mobishopomogolo Emeritus Desmond Tutu ke motlhokomedi wa Setheo seno. Boto ya Batsamaisi e na le Moporofesa Brian O'Connel, Moatlhodi Richard Goldstone, Mmueledi Dumisa Ntsebeza, Louise Asmal le Ngaka Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela. Dr. Fanie du Toit, yo o ntseng a le mo IJR fa e sale e tlhomiwa, ke ene motsamaisi wa yone. Ka 2008 IJR e ne ya gapa Sekgele sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa UNESCO sa Thuto ya Kagiso ka ntlha ya seabe sa yone mo go bopeng thuto ya hisetori ya morago ga tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa. == Mananeo == '''Lenaneo la Ditshereganyo la go Aga Kagiso''' Lenaneo la Dithuso la go Aga Kagiso e dira go tlhabolola le go tsenya tirisong maiteko a a tla thusang mo go ageng ditšhaba tse di siameng, tsa temokerasi le tse di akaretsang botlhe. E batla go fitlhelela tekatekano e e siameng magareng ga tshiamiso le poelano, tlhabololo le tshireletsego ya batho, mmogo le go thusa mo go ageng gape dinaga tse di sentsweng ke ntwa le kgatelelo. Lenaneo le dira seno ka go dirisa maemo a le mararo a a tlatsanang le a a tshegetsanang: patlisiso le tshekatsheko e e tseneletseng, go aga bokgoni le go tsereganya ka tirisanommogo ya sepolotiki. Tlhogo ya Lenaneo la PBI ke Porofesa Tim Murithi. '''Lenanaeo la Dipatlisiso le ya Dipolotiki''' Ka patlisiso ya maikutlo a setšhaba le dipatlisiso ka dikamano magareng ga tlhabololo, momagano ya loago le poelano, Lenaneo la Patlisiso le Pholisi (RP) la IJR, le batla go tlamela ka motheo wa tiragatso wa ditsereganyo tsa mokgatlho, le maemo a pholisi a e a tlotlang go ralala kontinente ya Aforika. Tlhogo ya Lenaneo la RP ke Jan Hofmyer. '''Lenaneo la Puisano e e Tswelelang''' Lenaneo la Puisano e e Tswelelang le leka go lemoga, go lebana le go nna le seabe ka go buisana le batho ba ba sa tlholeng ba tshela ba ba tswelelang ba kgaphela batho kwa thoko, ba ba utlwisang botlhoko e bile ba dira gore go nne le tshiamololo. Sustained Dialogues e leka go fenya dikgoreletsi tseno ka go dira maiteko a a nang le bokao a go rotloetsa le go tsweletsa poelano mo teng ga batho le mo gare ga batho le ditšhaba. Diphitlhelelo tsa bone tsa 2016 di ne tsa begiwa kgatlhanong le Maitlhomo a Nako e e Potlana (MTO) a a tlhomilweng ke IJR. Diporojeke tsa Thulaganyo ya BIS di ne tsa dira go tlhotlheletsa MTOs tsotlhe ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. Tlhogo ya Thulaganyo ya SD ke Felicity Harrison. '''Lenaneo la Tlhaeletsano, Tshegetso le Leano''' Lenaneo la Tlhaeletsano, Tshegetso le Leano kwa IJR le kgweetsa dikgang tsotlhe tse di kgabaganyang mo mokgatlhong, le dira mmogo le mananeo mme le thusa ka go rulaganya, go rulaganya le go kokoanya matlole. Lenaneo le na le diteng tsa lone mme le rulaganya diporojeke tsa go fetisa melaetsa ya Poelano le Tshiamiso go thusa go netefatsa gore IJR e a tswela pele. Lenaneo le batla go dira ka tsela e e maleba e e tla itsiseng, go buelela le go tlhoma thulaganyo ya bosiamisi le poelano. Mookamedi wa Lenaneo la C&A ke Dr. Ric Amansure. == Bona gape == * Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang * Sekgele sa Poelano * Desmond Tutu == Dikitso == == Dikgokagano == Webosaete ya IJR arxcq4x31ev57hb4huvxd42040ps1k8 40726 40725 2025-06-24T10:22:23Z Olgatladi2020 10646 ke tsentse dikitso #AWC2025 40726 wikitext text/x-wiki Lekalana la Bosiamisi le Poelano (IJR) ke mokgatlho o e seng wa puso le setheo sa dikakanyole le le kwa Cape Town, Aferika Borwa. Le ne la bopiwa go tswa mo Khomišeneng ya Boammaaruri le Poelano ya naga ka 2000. Maikaelelo e ne e le go netefatsa gore dithuto tse di ithutilweng go tswa mo phetogong ya Aforika Borwa go tswa mo pusong ya tlhaolele go ya kwa pusong ya temokerasi di tsewa tsia fa setšhaba se tswelela pele. Mobishopo Mogolo yo o Tlogetseng Desmond Tutu e ne e le motshegetsi wa IJR. == Kakaretso == Ponelopele ya lekalana ke go aga ditšhaba tse di siameng, tsa puso e gololesegileng, le tse di akaretsang botlhe mo Aferika. Ka dipuisano le ditsereganyo tse di tlhophilweng ka kelotlhoko, IJR e batla go bopa mekgwa ya bosetšhaba ya tshiamiso ya phetogo le poelano mo Aferika ka go dirisa botlhale jwa baagi mmogo le dipatlisiso tsa diphetogo tse dikgolo le tshekatsheko ya papiso. IJR e gatisa dipatlisiso tsa yona, e dira kgakololo ya pholisi, le go dira tiro ya poelano mo lefelong. Barometara ya Poelano ya Aferika Borwa<ref>http://www.reconciliationbarometer.org http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-SARB.php Archived 2014-02-01 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> le Boruni jwa Phetogo<ref>http://www.transformationaudit.org [https://web.archive.org/web/20190104081531/http://transformationaudit.org/ Archived] 2019-01-04 at the Wayback Machine http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-TA.php [https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220312/http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-TA.php Archived] 2014-02-01 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> ke dikgatiso tse pedi tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tse di ikaegileng ka dipatlisiso le tshekatsheko ya ka fa gare ya IJR. IJR ke molekane wa konokono wa Afrobarometer go tloga ka 2013, e laola go tsenngwa tirisong ga barometer le dipatlisiso tsa yona tsa kgaolo ya Borwa jwa Aferika. Maikemisetso magolo a IJR ke go dira gore poelano le tshiamiso ya loago e nne e le mo lenaneong la Aforika Borwa le Aforika. Bosupi bo bontsha gore go na le kamano e e bonalang sentle fa gare ga kgolo ya ikonomi, tlhabololo, kagiso le poelano, segolobogolo fa ditšhaba di rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira dilo ka tsela ya temokerasi. Ngwaga le ngwaga Setheo se lemoga seabe sa ba bangwe mo lephateng la bosiamisi le poelano ka IJR Reconciliation Award, ka bafenyi ba nako e e fetileng ba ba akaretsang Brigalia Bam, Pieter-Dirk Uys le Albie Sachs. Mobishopomogolo Emeritus Desmond Tutu ke motlhokomedi wa Setheo seno. Boto ya Batsamaisi e na le Moporofesa Brian O'Connel, Moatlhodi Richard Goldstone, Mmueledi Dumisa Ntsebeza, Louise Asmal le Ngaka Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela. Dr. Fanie du Toit, yo o ntseng a le mo IJR fa e sale e tlhomiwa, ke ene motsamaisi wa yone. Ka 2008 IJR e ne ya gapa Sekgele sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa UNESCO sa Thuto ya Kagiso ka ntlha ya seabe sa yone mo go bopeng thuto ya hisetori ya morago ga tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa. == Mananeo == '''Lenaneo la Ditshereganyo la go Aga Kagiso''' Lenaneo la Dithuso la go Aga Kagiso e dira go tlhabolola le go tsenya tirisong maiteko a a tla thusang mo go ageng ditšhaba tse di siameng, tsa temokerasi le tse di akaretsang botlhe. E batla go fitlhelela tekatekano e e siameng magareng ga tshiamiso le poelano, tlhabololo le tshireletsego ya batho, mmogo le go thusa mo go ageng gape dinaga tse di sentsweng ke ntwa le kgatelelo. Lenaneo le dira seno ka go dirisa maemo a le mararo a a tlatsanang le a a tshegetsanang: patlisiso le tshekatsheko e e tseneletseng, go aga bokgoni le go tsereganya ka tirisanommogo ya sepolotiki. Tlhogo ya Lenaneo la PBI ke Porofesa Tim Murithi. '''Lenanaeo la Dipatlisiso le ya Dipolotiki''' Ka patlisiso ya maikutlo a setšhaba le dipatlisiso ka dikamano magareng ga tlhabololo, momagano ya loago le poelano, Lenaneo la Patlisiso le Pholisi (RP) la IJR, le batla go tlamela ka motheo wa tiragatso wa ditsereganyo tsa mokgatlho, le maemo a pholisi a e a tlotlang go ralala kontinente ya Aforika. Tlhogo ya Lenaneo la RP ke Jan Hofmyer. '''Lenaneo la Puisano e e Tswelelang''' Lenaneo la Puisano e e Tswelelang le leka go lemoga, go lebana le go nna le seabe ka go buisana le batho ba ba sa tlholeng ba tshela ba ba tswelelang ba kgaphela batho kwa thoko, ba ba utlwisang botlhoko e bile ba dira gore go nne le tshiamololo. Sustained Dialogues e leka go fenya dikgoreletsi tseno ka go dira maiteko a a nang le bokao a go rotloetsa le go tsweletsa poelano mo teng ga batho le mo gare ga batho le ditšhaba. Diphitlhelelo tsa bone tsa 2016 di ne tsa begiwa kgatlhanong le Maitlhomo a Nako e e Potlana (MTO) a a tlhomilweng ke IJR. Diporojeke tsa Thulaganyo ya BIS di ne tsa dira go tlhotlheletsa MTOs tsotlhe ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. Tlhogo ya Thulaganyo ya SD ke Felicity Harrison. '''Lenaneo la Tlhaeletsano, Tshegetso le Leano''' Lenaneo la Tlhaeletsano, Tshegetso le Leano kwa IJR le kgweetsa dikgang tsotlhe tse di kgabaganyang mo mokgatlhong, le dira mmogo le mananeo mme le thusa ka go rulaganya, go rulaganya le go kokoanya matlole. Lenaneo le na le diteng tsa lone mme le rulaganya diporojeke tsa go fetisa melaetsa ya Poelano le Tshiamiso go thusa go netefatsa gore IJR e a tswela pele. Lenaneo le batla go dira ka tsela e e maleba e e tla itsiseng, go buelela le go tlhoma thulaganyo ya bosiamisi le poelano. Mookamedi wa Lenaneo la C&A ke Dr. Ric Amansure. == Bona gape == * Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang * Sekgele sa Poelano * Desmond Tutu == Dikitso == == Dikgokagano == Webosaete ya IJR mtegf07ad85a0erystwvr599ig4z3n6 40727 40726 2025-06-24T10:24:10Z Olgatladi2020 10646 ke tsentse dikitso #AWC2025 40727 wikitext text/x-wiki Lekalana la Bosiamisi le Poelano (IJR) ke mokgatlho o e seng wa puso le setheo sa dikakanyole le le kwa Cape Town, Aferika Borwa. Le ne la bopiwa go tswa mo Khomišeneng ya Boammaaruri le Poelano ya naga ka 2000. Maikaelelo e ne e le go netefatsa gore dithuto tse di ithutilweng go tswa mo phetogong ya Aforika Borwa go tswa mo pusong ya tlhaolele go ya kwa pusong ya temokerasi di tsewa tsia fa setšhaba se tswelela pele. Mobishopo Mogolo yo o Tlogetseng Desmond Tutu e ne e le motshegetsi wa IJR. == Kakaretso == Ponelopele ya lekalana ke go aga ditšhaba tse di siameng, tsa puso e gololesegileng, le tse di akaretsang botlhe mo Aferika. Ka dipuisano le ditsereganyo tse di tlhophilweng ka kelotlhoko, IJR e batla go bopa mekgwa ya bosetšhaba ya tshiamiso ya phetogo le poelano mo Aferika ka go dirisa botlhale jwa baagi mmogo le dipatlisiso tsa diphetogo tse dikgolo le tshekatsheko ya papiso. IJR e gatisa dipatlisiso tsa yona, e dira kgakololo ya pholisi, le go dira tiro ya poelano mo lefelong. Barometara ya Poelano ya Aferika Borwa<ref>http://www.reconciliationbarometer.org http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-SARB.php Archived 2014-02-01 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> le Boruni jwa Phetogo<ref>http://www.transformationaudit.org [https://web.archive.org/web/20190104081531/http://transformationaudit.org/ Archived] 2019-01-04 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-TA.php [https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220312/http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-TA.php Archived] 2014-02-01 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> ke dikgatiso tse pedi tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tse di ikaegileng ka dipatlisiso le tshekatsheko ya ka fa gare ya IJR. IJR ke molekane wa konokono wa Afrobarometer go tloga ka 2013, e laola go tsenngwa tirisong ga barometer le dipatlisiso tsa yona tsa kgaolo ya Borwa jwa Aferika. Maikemisetso magolo a IJR ke go dira gore poelano le tshiamiso ya loago e nne e le mo lenaneong la Aforika Borwa le Aforika. Bosupi bo bontsha gore go na le kamano e e bonalang sentle fa gare ga kgolo ya ikonomi, tlhabololo, kagiso le poelano, segolobogolo fa ditšhaba di rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira dilo ka tsela ya temokerasi. Ngwaga le ngwaga Setheo se lemoga seabe sa ba bangwe mo lephateng la bosiamisi le poelano ka IJR Reconciliation Award, ka bafenyi ba nako e e fetileng ba ba akaretsang Brigalia Bam, Pieter-Dirk Uys le Albie Sachs. Mobishopomogolo Emeritus Desmond Tutu ke motlhokomedi wa Setheo seno. Boto ya Batsamaisi e na le Moporofesa Brian O'Connel, Moatlhodi Richard Goldstone, Mmueledi Dumisa Ntsebeza, Louise Asmal le Ngaka Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela. Dr. Fanie du Toit, yo o ntseng a le mo IJR fa e sale e tlhomiwa, ke ene motsamaisi wa yone. Ka 2008 IJR e ne ya gapa Sekgele sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa UNESCO sa Thuto ya Kagiso ka ntlha ya seabe sa yone mo go bopeng thuto ya hisetori ya morago ga tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa. == Mananeo == '''Lenaneo la Ditshereganyo la go Aga Kagiso''' Lenaneo la Dithuso la go Aga Kagiso e dira go tlhabolola le go tsenya tirisong maiteko a a tla thusang mo go ageng ditšhaba tse di siameng, tsa temokerasi le tse di akaretsang botlhe. E batla go fitlhelela tekatekano e e siameng magareng ga tshiamiso le poelano, tlhabololo le tshireletsego ya batho, mmogo le go thusa mo go ageng gape dinaga tse di sentsweng ke ntwa le kgatelelo. Lenaneo le dira seno ka go dirisa maemo a le mararo a a tlatsanang le a a tshegetsanang: patlisiso le tshekatsheko e e tseneletseng, go aga bokgoni le go tsereganya ka tirisanommogo ya sepolotiki. Tlhogo ya Lenaneo la PBI ke Porofesa Tim Murithi. '''Lenanaeo la Dipatlisiso le ya Dipolotiki''' Ka patlisiso ya maikutlo a setšhaba le dipatlisiso ka dikamano magareng ga tlhabololo, momagano ya loago le poelano, Lenaneo la Patlisiso le Pholisi (RP) la IJR, le batla go tlamela ka motheo wa tiragatso wa ditsereganyo tsa mokgatlho, le maemo a pholisi a e a tlotlang go ralala kontinente ya Aforika. Tlhogo ya Lenaneo la RP ke Jan Hofmyer. '''Lenaneo la Puisano e e Tswelelang''' Lenaneo la Puisano e e Tswelelang le leka go lemoga, go lebana le go nna le seabe ka go buisana le batho ba ba sa tlholeng ba tshela ba ba tswelelang ba kgaphela batho kwa thoko, ba ba utlwisang botlhoko e bile ba dira gore go nne le tshiamololo. Sustained Dialogues e leka go fenya dikgoreletsi tseno ka go dira maiteko a a nang le bokao a go rotloetsa le go tsweletsa poelano mo teng ga batho le mo gare ga batho le ditšhaba. Diphitlhelelo tsa bone tsa 2016 di ne tsa begiwa kgatlhanong le Maitlhomo a Nako e e Potlana (MTO) a a tlhomilweng ke IJR. Diporojeke tsa Thulaganyo ya BIS di ne tsa dira go tlhotlheletsa MTOs tsotlhe ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. Tlhogo ya Thulaganyo ya SD ke Felicity Harrison. '''Lenaneo la Tlhaeletsano, Tshegetso le Leano''' Lenaneo la Tlhaeletsano, Tshegetso le Leano kwa IJR le kgweetsa dikgang tsotlhe tse di kgabaganyang mo mokgatlhong, le dira mmogo le mananeo mme le thusa ka go rulaganya, go rulaganya le go kokoanya matlole. Lenaneo le na le diteng tsa lone mme le rulaganya diporojeke tsa go fetisa melaetsa ya Poelano le Tshiamiso go thusa go netefatsa gore IJR e a tswela pele. Lenaneo le batla go dira ka tsela e e maleba e e tla itsiseng, go buelela le go tlhoma thulaganyo ya bosiamisi le poelano. Mookamedi wa Lenaneo la C&A ke Dr. Ric Amansure. == Bona gape == * Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang * Sekgele sa Poelano * Desmond Tutu == Dikitso == == Dikgokagano == Webosaete ya IJR 5ckqatz9jq001b161vi94qul014mc8h 40729 40727 2025-06-24T10:40:00Z Olgatladi2020 10646 40729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|name=Institute for Justice and Reconciliation|organization_logo=Institute for Justice and Reconciliation logo.png|organization_type=Non-Government Organisation, Think Tank|founded_date=2000|homepage=[http://www.ijr.org.za www.ijr.org.za]|location=[[Cape Town]], South Africa <!-- this parameter modifies "Headquarters" -->|logo=Institute for Justice and Reconciliation logo.png|Non-profit_logo=Institute for Justice and Reconciliation logo.png}} Lekalana la Bosiamisi le Poelano (IJR) ke mokgatlho o e seng wa puso le setheo sa dikakanyole le le kwa Cape Town, Aferika Borwa. Le ne la bopiwa go tswa mo Khomišeneng ya Boammaaruri le Poelano ya naga ka 2000. Maikaelelo e ne e le go netefatsa gore dithuto tse di ithutilweng go tswa mo phetogong ya Aforika Borwa go tswa mo pusong ya tlhaolele go ya kwa pusong ya temokerasi di tsewa tsia fa setšhaba se tswelela pele. Mobishopo Mogolo yo o Tlogetseng Desmond Tutu e ne e le motshegetsi wa IJR. == Kakaretso == Ponelopele ya lekalana ke go aga ditšhaba tse di siameng, tsa puso e gololesegileng, le tse di akaretsang botlhe mo Aferika. Ka dipuisano le ditsereganyo tse di tlhophilweng ka kelotlhoko, IJR e batla go bopa mekgwa ya bosetšhaba ya tshiamiso ya phetogo le poelano mo Aferika ka go dirisa botlhale jwa baagi mmogo le dipatlisiso tsa diphetogo tse dikgolo le tshekatsheko ya papiso. IJR e gatisa dipatlisiso tsa yona, e dira kgakololo ya pholisi, le go dira tiro ya poelano mo lefelong. Barometara ya Poelano ya Aferika Borwa<ref>http://www.reconciliationbarometer.org http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-SARB.php Archived 2014-02-01 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> le Boruni jwa Phetogo<ref>http://www.transformationaudit.org [https://web.archive.org/web/20190104081531/http://transformationaudit.org/ Archived] 2019-01-04 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-TA.php [https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220312/http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-TA.php Archived] 2014-02-01 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> ke dikgatiso tse pedi tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tse di ikaegileng ka dipatlisiso le tshekatsheko ya ka fa gare ya IJR. IJR ke molekane wa konokono wa Afrobarometer go tloga ka 2013, e laola go tsenngwa tirisong ga barometer le dipatlisiso tsa yona tsa kgaolo ya Borwa jwa Aferika. Maikemisetso magolo a IJR ke go dira gore poelano le tshiamiso ya loago e nne e le mo lenaneong la Aforika Borwa le Aforika. Bosupi bo bontsha gore go na le kamano e e bonalang sentle fa gare ga kgolo ya ikonomi, tlhabololo, kagiso le poelano, segolobogolo fa ditšhaba di rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira dilo ka tsela ya temokerasi. Ngwaga le ngwaga Setheo se lemoga seabe sa ba bangwe mo lephateng la bosiamisi le poelano ka IJR Reconciliation Award, ka bafenyi ba nako e e fetileng ba ba akaretsang Brigalia Bam, Pieter-Dirk Uys le Albie Sachs. Mobishopomogolo Emeritus Desmond Tutu ke motlhokomedi wa Setheo seno. Boto ya Batsamaisi e na le Moporofesa Brian O'Connel, Moatlhodi Richard Goldstone, Mmueledi Dumisa Ntsebeza, Louise Asmal le Ngaka Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela. Dr. Fanie du Toit, yo o ntseng a le mo IJR fa e sale e tlhomiwa, ke ene motsamaisi wa yone. Ka 2008 IJR e ne ya gapa Sekgele sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa UNESCO sa Thuto ya Kagiso ka ntlha ya seabe sa yone mo go bopeng thuto ya hisetori ya morago ga tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa. == Mananeo == '''Lenaneo la Ditshereganyo la go Aga Kagiso''' Lenaneo la Dithuso la go Aga Kagiso e dira go tlhabolola le go tsenya tirisong maiteko a a tla thusang mo go ageng ditšhaba tse di siameng, tsa temokerasi le tse di akaretsang botlhe. E batla go fitlhelela tekatekano e e siameng magareng ga tshiamiso le poelano, tlhabololo le tshireletsego ya batho, mmogo le go thusa mo go ageng gape dinaga tse di sentsweng ke ntwa le kgatelelo. Lenaneo le dira seno ka go dirisa maemo a le mararo a a tlatsanang le a a tshegetsanang: patlisiso le tshekatsheko e e tseneletseng, go aga bokgoni le go tsereganya ka tirisanommogo ya sepolotiki. Tlhogo ya Lenaneo la PBI ke Porofesa Tim Murithi. '''Lenanaeo la Dipatlisiso le ya Dipolotiki''' Ka patlisiso ya maikutlo a setšhaba le dipatlisiso ka dikamano magareng ga tlhabololo, momagano ya loago le poelano, Lenaneo la Patlisiso le Pholisi (RP) la IJR, le batla go tlamela ka motheo wa tiragatso wa ditsereganyo tsa mokgatlho, le maemo a pholisi a e a tlotlang go ralala kontinente ya Aforika. Tlhogo ya Lenaneo la RP ke Jan Hofmyer. '''Lenaneo la Puisano e e Tswelelang''' Lenaneo la Puisano e e Tswelelang le leka go lemoga, go lebana le go nna le seabe ka go buisana le batho ba ba sa tlholeng ba tshela ba ba tswelelang ba kgaphela batho kwa thoko, ba ba utlwisang botlhoko e bile ba dira gore go nne le tshiamololo. Sustained Dialogues e leka go fenya dikgoreletsi tseno ka go dira maiteko a a nang le bokao a go rotloetsa le go tsweletsa poelano mo teng ga batho le mo gare ga batho le ditšhaba. Diphitlhelelo tsa bone tsa 2016 di ne tsa begiwa kgatlhanong le Maitlhomo a Nako e e Potlana (MTO) a a tlhomilweng ke IJR. Diporojeke tsa Thulaganyo ya BIS di ne tsa dira go tlhotlheletsa MTOs tsotlhe ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. Tlhogo ya Thulaganyo ya SD ke Felicity Harrison. '''Lenaneo la Tlhaeletsano, Tshegetso le Leano''' Lenaneo la Tlhaeletsano, Tshegetso le Leano kwa IJR le kgweetsa dikgang tsotlhe tse di kgabaganyang mo mokgatlhong, le dira mmogo le mananeo mme le thusa ka go rulaganya, go rulaganya le go kokoanya matlole. Lenaneo le na le diteng tsa lone mme le rulaganya diporojeke tsa go fetisa melaetsa ya Poelano le Tshiamiso go thusa go netefatsa gore IJR e a tswela pele. Lenaneo le batla go dira ka tsela e e maleba e e tla itsiseng, go buelela le go tlhoma thulaganyo ya bosiamisi le poelano. Mookamedi wa Lenaneo la C&A ke Dr. Ric Amansure. == Bona gape == * Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang * Sekgele sa Poelano * Desmond Tutu == Dikitso == <references /> == Dikgolagano == Webosaete ya IJR p4nj6h7hvvuvnwtlfd0fpe8jmbug326 40731 40729 2025-06-24T10:48:17Z Olgatladi2020 10646 ke tsentse kgolagano(links) #AWC2025 40731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|name=Institute for Justice and Reconciliation|organization_logo=Institute for Justice and Reconciliation logo.png|organization_type=Non-Government Organisation, Think Tank|founded_date=2000|homepage=[http://www.ijr.org.za www.ijr.org.za]|location=[[Cape Town]], South Africa <!-- this parameter modifies "Headquarters" -->|logo=Institute for Justice and Reconciliation logo.png|Non-profit_logo=Institute for Justice and Reconciliation logo.png}} Lekalana la Bosiamisi le Poelano (IJR) ke mokgatlho o e seng wa puso le setheo sa dikakanyole le le kwa Cape Town, Aferika Borwa. Le ne la bopiwa go tswa mo Khomišeneng ya Boammaaruri le Poelano ya naga ka 2000. Maikaelelo e ne e le go netefatsa gore dithuto tse di ithutilweng go tswa mo phetogong ya Aforika Borwa go tswa mo pusong ya tlhaolele go ya kwa pusong ya temokerasi di tsewa tsia fa setšhaba se tswelela pele. Mobishopo Mogolo yo o Tlogetseng Desmond Tutu e ne e le motshegetsi wa IJR. == Kakaretso == Ponelopele ya lekalana ke go aga ditšhaba tse di siameng, tsa puso e gololesegileng, le tse di akaretsang botlhe mo Aferika. Ka dipuisano le ditsereganyo tse di tlhophilweng ka kelotlhoko, IJR e batla go bopa mekgwa ya bosetšhaba ya tshiamiso ya phetogo le poelano mo Aferika ka go dirisa botlhale jwa baagi mmogo le dipatlisiso tsa diphetogo tse dikgolo le tshekatsheko ya papiso. IJR e gatisa dipatlisiso tsa yona, e dira kgakololo ya pholisi, le go dira tiro ya poelano mo lefelong. Barometara ya Poelano ya Aferika Borwa<ref>http://www.reconciliationbarometer.org http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-SARB.php Archived 2014-02-01 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> le Boruni jwa Phetogo<ref>http://www.transformationaudit.org [https://web.archive.org/web/20190104081531/http://transformationaudit.org/ Archived] 2019-01-04 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-TA.php [https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220312/http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-TA.php Archived] 2014-02-01 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> ke dikgatiso tse pedi tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tse di ikaegileng ka dipatlisiso le tshekatsheko ya ka fa gare ya IJR. IJR ke molekane wa konokono wa Afrobarometer go tloga ka 2013, e laola go tsenngwa tirisong ga barometer le dipatlisiso tsa yona tsa kgaolo ya Borwa jwa Aferika. Maikemisetso magolo a IJR ke go dira gore poelano le tshiamiso ya loago e nne e le mo lenaneong la Aforika Borwa le Aforika. Bosupi bo bontsha gore go na le kamano e e bonalang sentle fa gare ga kgolo ya ikonomi, tlhabololo, kagiso le poelano, segolobogolo fa ditšhaba di rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira dilo ka tsela ya temokerasi. Ngwaga le ngwaga Setheo se lemoga seabe sa ba bangwe mo lephateng la bosiamisi le poelano ka IJR Reconciliation Award, ka bafenyi ba nako e e fetileng ba ba akaretsang Brigalia Bam, Pieter-Dirk Uys le Albie Sachs. Mobishopomogolo Emeritus Desmond Tutu ke motlhokomedi wa Setheo seno. Boto ya Batsamaisi e na le Moporofesa Brian O'Connel, Moatlhodi Richard Goldstone, Mmueledi Dumisa Ntsebeza, Louise Asmal le Ngaka Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela. Dr. Fanie du Toit, yo o ntseng a le mo IJR fa e sale e tlhomiwa, ke ene motsamaisi wa yone. Ka 2008 IJR e ne ya gapa Sekgele sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa UNESCO sa Thuto ya Kagiso ka ntlha ya seabe sa yone mo go bopeng thuto ya hisetori ya morago ga tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa. == Mananeo == '''Lenaneo la Ditshereganyo la go Aga Kagiso''' Lenaneo la Dithuso la go Aga Kagiso e dira go tlhabolola le go tsenya tirisong maiteko a a tla thusang mo go ageng ditšhaba tse di siameng, tsa temokerasi le tse di akaretsang botlhe. E batla go fitlhelela tekatekano e e siameng magareng ga tshiamiso le poelano, tlhabololo le tshireletsego ya batho, mmogo le go thusa mo go ageng gape dinaga tse di sentsweng ke ntwa le kgatelelo. Lenaneo le dira seno ka go dirisa maemo a le mararo a a tlatsanang le a a tshegetsanang: patlisiso le tshekatsheko e e tseneletseng, go aga bokgoni le go tsereganya ka tirisanommogo ya sepolotiki. Tlhogo ya Lenaneo la PBI ke Porofesa Tim Murithi. '''Lenanaeo la Dipatlisiso le ya Dipolotiki''' Ka patlisiso ya maikutlo a setšhaba le dipatlisiso ka dikamano magareng ga tlhabololo, momagano ya loago le poelano, Lenaneo la Patlisiso le Pholisi (RP) la IJR, le batla go tlamela ka motheo wa tiragatso wa ditsereganyo tsa mokgatlho, le maemo a pholisi a e a tlotlang go ralala kontinente ya Aforika. Tlhogo ya Lenaneo la RP ke Jan Hofmyer. '''Lenaneo la Puisano e e Tswelelang''' Lenaneo la Puisano e e Tswelelang le leka go lemoga, go lebana le go nna le seabe ka go buisana le batho ba ba sa tlholeng ba tshela ba ba tswelelang ba kgaphela batho kwa thoko, ba ba utlwisang botlhoko e bile ba dira gore go nne le tshiamololo. Sustained Dialogues e leka go fenya dikgoreletsi tseno ka go dira maiteko a a nang le bokao a go rotloetsa le go tsweletsa poelano mo teng ga batho le mo gare ga batho le ditšhaba. Diphitlhelelo tsa bone tsa 2016 di ne tsa begiwa kgatlhanong le Maitlhomo a Nako e e Potlana (MTO) a a tlhomilweng ke IJR. Diporojeke tsa Thulaganyo ya BIS di ne tsa dira go tlhotlheletsa MTOs tsotlhe ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. Tlhogo ya Thulaganyo ya SD ke Felicity Harrison. '''Lenaneo la Tlhaeletsano, Tshegetso le Leano''' Lenaneo la Tlhaeletsano, Tshegetso le Leano kwa IJR le kgweetsa dikgang tsotlhe tse di kgabaganyang mo mokgatlhong, le dira mmogo le mananeo mme le thusa ka go rulaganya, go rulaganya le go kokoanya matlole. Lenaneo le na le diteng tsa lone mme le rulaganya diporojeke tsa go fetisa melaetsa ya Poelano le Tshiamiso go thusa go netefatsa gore IJR e a tswela pele. Lenaneo le batla go dira ka tsela e e maleba e e tla itsiseng, go buelela le go tlhoma thulaganyo ya bosiamisi le poelano. Mookamedi wa Lenaneo la C&A ke Dr. Ric Amansure. == Bona gape == * Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang * Sekgele sa Poelano * Desmond Tutu == Dikitso == <references /> == Dikgolagano == [https://www.ijr.org.za/ Webosaete ya IJR] e0j81n5z0kpkr4vz3m6b4zrz4v8eull 40732 40731 2025-06-24T11:03:52Z Olgatladi2020 10646 ke tsentse dikitso #AWC2025 40732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|name=Institute for Justice and Reconciliation|organization_logo=Institute for Justice and Reconciliation logo.png|organization_type=Non-Government Organisation, Think Tank|founded_date=2000|homepage=[http://www.ijr.org.za www.ijr.org.za]|location=[[Cape Town]], South Africa <!-- this parameter modifies "Headquarters" -->|logo=Institute for Justice and Reconciliation logo.png|Non-profit_logo=Institute for Justice and Reconciliation logo.png}} Lekalana la Bosiamisi le Poelano (IJR) ke mokgatlho o e seng wa puso le setheo sa dikakanyole le le kwa Cape Town, Aferika Borwa. Le ne la bopiwa go tswa mo Khomišeneng ya Boammaaruri le Poelano ya naga ka 2000. Maikaelelo e ne e le go netefatsa gore dithuto tse di ithutilweng go tswa mo phetogong ya Aforika Borwa go tswa mo pusong ya tlhaolele go ya kwa pusong ya temokerasi di tsewa tsia fa setšhaba se tswelela pele. Mobishopo Mogolo yo o Tlogetseng Desmond Tutu e ne e le motshegetsi wa IJR. == Kakaretso == Ponelopele ya lekalana ke go aga ditšhaba tse di siameng, tsa puso e gololesegileng, le tse di akaretsang botlhe mo Aferika. Ka dipuisano le ditsereganyo tse di tlhophilweng ka kelotlhoko, IJR e batla go bopa mekgwa ya bosetšhaba ya tshiamiso ya phetogo le poelano mo Aferika ka go dirisa botlhale jwa baagi mmogo le dipatlisiso tsa diphetogo tse dikgolo le tshekatsheko ya papiso. IJR e gatisa dipatlisiso tsa yona, e dira kgakololo ya pholisi, le go dira tiro ya poelano mo lefelong. Barometara ya Poelano ya Aferika Borwa<ref>http://www.reconciliationbarometer.org http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-SARB.php Archived 2014-02-01 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> le Boruni jwa Phetogo<ref>http://www.transformationaudit.org [https://web.archive.org/web/20190104081531/http://transformationaudit.org/ Archived] 2019-01-04 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-TA.php [https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220312/http://www.ijr.org.za/political-analysis-TA.php Archived] 2014-02-01 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> ke dikgatiso tse pedi tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tse di ikaegileng ka dipatlisiso le tshekatsheko ya ka fa gare ya IJR. IJR ke molekane wa konokono wa Afrobarometer go tloga ka 2013, e laola go tsenngwa tirisong ga barometer le dipatlisiso tsa yona tsa kgaolo ya Borwa jwa Aferika. Maikemisetso magolo a IJR ke go dira gore poelano le tshiamiso ya loago e nne e le mo lenaneong la Aforika Borwa le Aforika. Bosupi bo bontsha gore go na le kamano e e bonalang sentle fa gare ga kgolo ya ikonomi, tlhabololo, kagiso le poelano, segolobogolo fa ditšhaba di rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira dilo ka tsela ya temokerasi. Ngwaga le ngwaga Setheo se lemoga seabe sa ba bangwe mo lephateng la bosiamisi le poelano ka IJR Reconciliation Award, ka bafenyi ba nako e e fetileng ba ba akaretsang Brigalia Bam, Pieter-Dirk Uys le Albie Sachs. Mobishopomogolo Emeritus Desmond Tutu ke motlhokomedi wa Setheo seno. Boto ya Batsamaisi e na le Moporofesa Brian O'Connel, Moatlhodi Richard Goldstone, Mmueledi Dumisa Ntsebeza, Louise Asmal le Ngaka Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela. Dr. Fanie du Toit, yo o ntseng a le mo IJR fa e sale e tlhomiwa, ke ene motsamaisi wa yone. Ka 2008 IJR e ne ya gapa Sekgele sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa UNESCO sa Thuto ya Kagiso ka ntlha ya seabe sa yone mo go bopeng thuto ya hisetori ya morago ga tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa. == Mananeo == '''Lenaneo la Ditshereganyo la go Aga Kagiso''' Lenaneo la Dithuso la go Aga Kagiso e dira go tlhabolola le go tsenya tirisong maiteko a a tla thusang mo go ageng ditšhaba tse di siameng, tsa temokerasi le tse di akaretsang botlhe. E batla go fitlhelela tekatekano e e siameng magareng ga tshiamiso le poelano, tlhabololo le tshireletsego ya batho, mmogo le go thusa mo go ageng gape dinaga tse di sentsweng ke ntwa le kgatelelo. Lenaneo le dira seno ka go dirisa maemo a le mararo a a tlatsanang le a a tshegetsanang: patlisiso le tshekatsheko e e tseneletseng, go aga bokgoni le go tsereganya ka tirisanommogo ya sepolotiki. Tlhogo ya Lenaneo la PBI ke Porofesa Tim Murithi. '''Lenanaeo la Dipatlisiso le ya Dipolotiki''' Ka patlisiso ya maikutlo a setšhaba le dipatlisiso ka dikamano magareng ga tlhabololo, momagano ya loago le poelano, Lenaneo la Patlisiso le Pholisi (RP) la IJR, le batla go tlamela ka motheo wa tiragatso wa ditsereganyo tsa mokgatlho, le maemo a pholisi a e a tlotlang go ralala kontinente ya Aforika. Tlhogo ya Lenaneo la RP ke Jan Hofmyer. '''Lenaneo la Puisano e e Tswelelang''' Lenaneo la Puisano e e Tswelelang le leka go lemoga, go lebana le go nna le seabe ka go buisana le batho ba ba sa tlholeng ba tshela ba ba tswelelang ba kgaphela batho kwa thoko, ba ba utlwisang botlhoko e bile ba dira gore go nne le tshiamololo. Sustained Dialogues e leka go fenya dikgoreletsi tseno ka go dira maiteko a a nang le bokao a go rotloetsa le go tsweletsa poelano mo teng ga batho le mo gare ga batho le ditšhaba. Diphitlhelelo tsa bone tsa 2016 di ne tsa begiwa kgatlhanong le Maitlhomo a Nako e e Potlana (MTO) a a tlhomilweng ke IJR. Diporojeke tsa Thulaganyo ya BIS di ne tsa dira go tlhotlheletsa MTOs tsotlhe ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. Tlhogo ya Thulaganyo ya SD ke Felicity Harrison. '''Lenaneo la Tlhaeletsano, Tshegetso le Leano''' Lenaneo la Tlhaeletsano, Tshegetso le Leano kwa IJR le kgweetsa dikgang tsotlhe tse di kgabaganyang mo mokgatlhong, le dira mmogo le mananeo mme le thusa ka go rulaganya, go rulaganya le go kokoanya matlole. Lenaneo le na le diteng tsa lone mme le rulaganya diporojeke tsa go fetisa melaetsa ya Poelano le Tshiamiso go thusa go netefatsa gore IJR e a tswela pele. Lenaneo le batla go dira ka tsela e e maleba e e tla itsiseng, go buelela le go tlhoma thulaganyo ya bosiamisi le poelano. Mookamedi wa Lenaneo la C&A ke Dr. Ric Amansure. == Bona gape == * Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang * Sekgele sa Poelano * Desmond Tutu == Dikitso == <references /> == Dikgolagano == [https://www.ijr.org.za/ Webosaete ya IJR] [[Karolo:Poelano]] [[Karolo:Mekgatlho ya baagi le sepolotoki kwa Aferika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Khomishini ya nnete le itshwarelano ya Aferika Borwa]] jg3jzetare3grnw61muo0tu5itfh5oh 0 10685 40728 2025-06-24T10:38:09Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e le go tsenya ditshwantsho le metswedi #AWC2025 40728 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Scourged back by McPherson & Oliver, 1863, retouched.jpg|thumb|Mabadi a ga Peter, lekgoba le le neng le itewa kwa Louisiana, a ne a tsewa senepe ka Moranang 1863 mme moragonyana a anamisiwa ke batho ba ba neng ba lwantsha go fedisa bokgoba.]] Gantsi makgoba kwa Amerika a ne a sotliwa ka tlhakanelodikobo le go betelelwa, a sa newe thuto , le go otlhaiwa jaaka go itewa. Gantsi malapa a ne a kgaoganngwa ke go rekisiwa ga leloko le le lengwe kgotsa go feta, gantsi ba sa tlhole ba bonana kgotsa ba utlwa ka ga bangwe ka bone gape.<ref>Rosenwald, Mark (December 20, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/podcasts/retropod/last-seen-ads-1/ "Last Seen Ads"]. ''[[:en:Washington_Post|Washington Post]]''. Retropod. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191229111208/https://www.washingtonpost.com/podcasts/retropod/last-seen-ads-1/ Archived] from the original on December 29, 2019. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.</ref> == Kgaolo ya borwa pele ga ntwa == Babueledi bangwe ba bokgoba ba ne ba bolela gore makgoba a mantsi a ne a kgotsofaletse boemo jwa bone. Ba ne ba bona bokgoba e le molemo wa setšhaba, mo go ba ba dirang makgoba le mo bathong ba ba dirilweng makgoba. Ba ne ba sireletsa go dira batho makgoba a semolao ka ntlha ya tiro ya bone jaaka setheo se se molemo, sa borre se se nang le melemo ya loago le ya ikonomi, lebota le le botlhokwa la tlhabologo, le setheo sa bomodimo se se tshwanang kgotsa se se kwa godimo ga tiro e e gololesegileng kwa Bokone jwa United States. Mofedisi wa Moaforika wa Amerika J. Sella Martin o ne a ganetsa ka gore "go kgotsofala" go go bonalang e ne e le phemelo ya tlhaloganyo mo bosetlhogong jo bo tlosang botho jwa go tshwanelwa ke go supa gore balekane ba bone ba rekisiwa mo fantising mme barwadie ba betelelwa. [[Setshwantsho:1807 Auction Bill of Sale for Negro Slave Boy.jpg|thumb|Pampiri ya thekiso wa palabalo ya "Negro Boy Jacob" ka "Didolara di le Masome a robabobedi le sephatlo" (e e lekanang le $1,729 ka 2024) go kgotsofatsa katlholo ya madi kgatlhanong le "thoto" ya mong wa gagwe, Prettyman Boyce. Phalane a le lesome, 1807. Tobetsa mo setshwantshong go bona kwalololo e e feletseng.]] Morago ga Ntwa ya Selegae le kgololosego, batho ba basweu ba kwa Borwa ba ne ba tlhama dikinane tsa maaka tsa hisitori ya Lost Cause go buelela bogolo jwa basweu le go kgaoganngwa ga bone. Tlhamane eno e ne ya tlhotlheletsa thata mogopolo wa batho ba basweu ba kwa Borwa, ya tlhotlheletsa dibuka tsa thuto go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970.[a] Nngwe ya dintlha tsa yone e ne e le tlhamane ya lekgoba le le ikanyegang. Tota e bile, bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba batla kgololesego ka tlhoafalo. Fa masole a le 180,000 a Maaforika-Amerika a ne a lwa mo Sesoleng sa United States ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae, ke batho ba le mmalwa fela ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba neng ba lwa jaaka masole a Confederacy. Metswedi e supa gore makgoba a mantsho a ne a lwela borwa, go tloga ka Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Manassas (Bull Run) ka Phukwi 1861 mme a thusa maiteko a ntwa ka ditsela tse dintsi. == Melawana ya semolao == Melawana ya semolao ya bokgoba e ne e bidiwa melao ya makgoba. Mo dikgaolong le dinageng tse di tlhomilweng morago ga gore United States e ipuse, melawana eno ya makgoba e ne e tlhamilwe ke setlhopha sa balemi ba ba neng ba laola mo dipolotiking go dira gore "kgaolo e babalesege mo bokgobeng". Kwa North Carolina, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya go apesiwa le go fepiwa, mme go bolaya motho yo o neng a dirilwe makgoba go ne go otlhaiwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba sa kgone go neela bosupi kgatlhanong le basweu le fa e le go simolola dikgato tsa semolao. Go ne go sena tshireletso kgatlhanong le petelelo. "Tsamaiso yotlhe e ne e dira kgatlhanong le tshireletso ya basadi ba makgoba mo tlhaselong ya thobalano le tirisodikgoka". Kwa Grenada, Mississippi nngwe ya ditiro tsa lepodise la toropo ka 1838 e ne e le go letsa tshipi ka 9 p.m. "e e neng e le sesupo sa gore makgoba otlhe a nne mo mafelong a one a a tshwanetseng. == Maemo a botshelo == Fa a kokoanya metswedi e e farologaneng ya hisitori, raditiragalo Kenneth M. Stampp o ne a supa mo bukeng ya gagwe ya bogologolo ya The Peculiar Institution ditlhogo tse di ipoeletsang mo maitekong a makgoba a go tlhagisa "lekgoba le le siameng": Boloka kotlhao e e gagametseng le go ineela kwantle ga maemo. Tlhama maikutlo a go nna kwa tlase, gore makgoba a "itse lefelo la one." Tsenya poifo. Ruta batlhanka go kgatlhegela kgwebo ya mong wa bone. Thibela phitlhelelo ya thuto le boitlosobodutu, go netefatsa gore makgoba a nna a sa rutega, a se na thuso, e bile a ikaegile ka ba bangwe. === Kotlhao le tshotlakako === Batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba otlhaiwa ka go kgwathisiwa, go bofiwa ka dikeetane, go kalediwa, go itewa, go fisiwa, go kgaolwa ditokololo, go tshwaiwa, go betelelwa le go tsenngwa mo kgolegelong. Kotlhao gantsi e ne e ntshiwa go tsibogela go sa utlwe kgotsa ditlolomolao tse di lemogiwang, fela ka dinako tse dingwe go ne go dirisiwa tirisobotlhaswa go netefatsa gape taolo ya motlhanka (kgotsa molebedi) mo mothong yo o dirilweng lekgoba.[14] Go ima e ne e se sekgoreletsi sa go otlhaiwa; go ne ga tlhamiwa mekgwa ya go itaya lesea kwantle ga go gobatsa. Batho ba ba neng ba dira makgoba ba ne ba epa khuti e kgolo e e lekaneng gore mpa ya mosadi e robale mo go yone mme ba tswelele ka go mo itaya.[15] Balebedi ba makgoba ba ne ba newa taolo ya go itaya le go otlhaya batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Molebedi mongwe o ne a bolelela moeng mongwe a re, "Batho bangwe ba bantsho ba ikemiseditse gore ga ba kitla ba letlelela monna yo mosweu go ba itaya mme ba tla go gana, fa o leka go dira jalo; gone o tshwanetse go ba bolaya mo kgannyeng eo."[16] Mongwe yo o kileng a bo a le lekgoba o tlhalosa go bona basadi ba itewa: "Gantsi ba ne ba goa le go rapela, le fa go ntse jalo." Mo bukeng ya gagwe ya botshelo, Frederick Douglass o tlhalosa sefepi sa letlalo la kgomo: Letlalo la kgomo ... le dirilwe gotlhelele ka letlalo la kgomo le le sa tlhotlhiwa, mme le omisitswe, mme le batla le le thata jaaka karolo ya oak e e tshelang e e tswakilweng sentle. E dirilwe ka bogolo jo bo farologaneng, mme boleele jo bo tlwaelegileng bo ka nna dikgato di le tharo. Karolo e e tshwerweng ka seatla e batla e le bokima jwa intšhe; mme, go tswa kwa ntlheng e e feteletseng ya marago kgotsa setshwaro, letlalo la kgomo le fokotsega ka boleele jotlhe jwa lone go fitlha kwa ntlheng nngwe. Sena se etsa hore e batlang e elastic le selemo. Go itewa ka yone, mo mokwatleng o o thata go gaisa, go tlaa kgaola nama, mme go dire gore madi a simolole. Matlalo a kgomo a pentilwe bohibidu, botala jwa legodimo le botala, mme ke sefepi sa makgoba se se ratiwang thata. Ke akanya gore sefepi seno se maswe go feta "megatla ya katse-ya-robongwe." E fokotsa maatla otlhe a letsogo go nna ntlha e le nngwe, mme e tla ka seporo se se dirang gore mowa o lelele molodi. Ke sedirisiwa se se boitshegang, mme se mo diatleng thata, mo e leng gore molebedi a ka nna le sone ka metlha mo mothong wa gagwe, mme se siametse go dirisiwa. Thaelo ya go e dirisa e nna e le maatla ka metlha; mme molebedi a ka nna le lebaka la go e dirisa ka metlha, fa a ka e dirisa. Diphelelo tsa go otlhaiwa ka tsela e e setlhogo ka dinako tse dingwe di umakiwa mo dipapatso tsa makwalodikgang tse di tlhalosang makgoba a a tshabileng. Papatso nngwe e tlhalosa mosadi mongwe wa dingwaga di ka nna lesome le boferabobedi, yo o bidiwang Patty: “Go lebega mokwatla wa gagwe o tlwaetse go itewa." Mokgoba o ne a ka tsenngwa kholara ya tshipi. Dikholara tse di ntseng jalo di ne di le dikima e bile di le bokete; gantsi di ne di na le dintlha tse di tlhagelelang tse di neng di kgoreletsa tiro mmogo le go ikhutsa. Louis Cain, mofalodi wa bokgoba, o ne a tlhalosa kotlhao ya lekgoba ka ene: "Motho mongwe wa montsho o ne a tabogela kwa sekgweng go ya go nna montsho wa sekgwa, mme massa o ne a mo tshwara ka ntša mme a tsaya tshipi e e molelo mme a mo tshwaya. Go tswa foo o ne a mo tsenya tshipi, mo foreimeng ya logong se se relelang mo godimo ga magetla a nigger le ka fa tlase ga arll. o ne a tswa ka Keresemose go mo naya mpho. Go tshwaya makgoba go supa go ne go tlwaelegile ka nako ya bokoloniale; le fa go ntse jalo, ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesomerobongwe, le ne le dirisiwa thata jaaka kotlhao. Go kgaola makgoba ditokololo, jaaka go kgaola banna, go tlosa leino la kwa pele kgotsa meno, le go kgaola ditsebe e ne e le kotlhao e e tlwaelegileng thata ka nako ya bokoloniale, e e neng e santse e dirisiwa ka 1830: e ne e tlhofofatsa go ba tlhaola fa ba ka tshaba. Kotlhao nngwe le nngwe e ne e letleletswe makgoba a a tshabileng, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le dintho tsa go thunya ga ditlhobolo kgotsa go longwa ke dintša tse di neng di dirwa ke batshwari ba bone. Makgoba a ne a otlhaelwa mabaka a le mmalwa: go dira ka iketlo thata, go tlola molao (sekao, go tshaba), go tswa mo tshimong kwantle ga tetlelelo, go sa ikobele, go tlhoka maitseo jaaka go tlhalosiwa ke mong kgotsa molebedi, kgotsa kwantle ga lebaka, go gatelela matshosetsi kgotsa go tlhomamisa taolo le bonna jwa mong. Myers le Massy ba tlhalosa mekgwa: "Kotlhao ya makgoba a a fapogileng e ne e arotswe, e ikaegile ka masimo, mme e dirilwe ka botswerere gore e se ka ya kgoreletsa boleng jwa bona jaaka badiri." Basweu ba ne ba otlhaya makgoba phatlalatsa go tlhoma sekao. Monna mongwe yo o bidiwang Harding o tlhalosa tiragalo e mo go yone mosadi mongwe a neng a thusa banna ba le mmalwa mo botsuoloding jo bonnye: "Basadi ba a neng a ba tsholetsa ka menwana ya kgonope, a mo itaya le go mo kgaola [sic] ka dithipa fa pele ga makgoba a mangwe go fitlha a swa." Banna le basadi ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba otlhaiwa ka go farologana; go ya ka pegelo ya 1789 ya Komiti ya Virginia ya Lekgotla la Sephiri, gantsi banna ba ne ba bofiwa ka dikeetane, mme basadi le basetsana ba ne ba tlogelwa ba gololesegile. Wilma Dunaway o bolela gore gantsi makgoba a ne a otlhaelwa go palelwa ke go bontsha tlotlo e e tshwanetseng le go ikobela basweu. Go bontsha maitseo le boikokobetso go ne go bontsha gore lekgoba le ne le ikobela thulaganyo e e tlhomilweng ya lotso le ya loago, fa go palelwa ke go di latela go ne go bontsha go tlhoka maitseo le go nna matshosetsi mo maemong a loago. Dunway o lemogile gore makgoba a ne a otlhaelwa mo e ka nnang gantsi ka ntlha ya go tlola thulaganyo ya loago ka tsela ya tshwantshetso fela jaaka a ne a otlhaelwa go palelwa mo mmeleng; kwa Appalachia, peditharong ya go itewa e ne e dirwa ka ntlha ya ditlolomolao tsa loago fa e bapisiwa le nngwetharong ya ditlolomolao tsa mmele tse di jaaka go ntsha dikumo tse di kwa tlase kgotsa go latlhegelwa ke dithoto.<ref>Dunaway, Wilma A. (2003). ''Slavery in the American Mountain South''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–171. ISBN 978-0521012157. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == sf9kl8h1xuteio1m974yqsx7pbpvvla 0 10686 40733 2025-06-24T11:13:58Z Olgatladi2020 10646 Ke ranotse tsebe e #AWC2025 40733 wikitext text/x-wiki Setheo sa Aforika Borwa sa Bosiamisi le Poelano se neetse Kabo ya Poelano ya ngwaga le ngwaga go motho ka bongwe, setšhaba kgotsa mokgatlho mo Aforika Borwa o o nnileng le seabe, ka tsela nngwe kgotsa e nngwe, mo poelanong. Awate eno e ntse e abiwa go tloga ka 2000-2021. Ka awate eno Setheo se rata go akgola le go bontsha mekgwa le maano a baamogedi ba one a go kgontshang go boelana, e ka tswa a simolotse mo makaleng a dipolotiki, metswedi ya dikgang, kgwebo, setso, le thuto kgotsa tirelosetšhaba. Awate eno e abiwa ke motshegetsi wa Setheo seno Mobishopomogolo Emeritus Desmond Tutu. == Ditlhokego tsa batlhophiwa == Go tlhophiwa ga motho kgotsa mokgatlho go tshwanetse ga ikaega ka diphitlhelelo tse di fitlheletsweng kgotsa tiro e e dirilweng mo lephateng lepe la setšhaba sa Aforika Borwa go fitlha le go akaretsa ngwaga o o fetileng (2011). Se se raya gore e ka tsaya lobaka lo loleele mme e tshwanetse go akaretsa ngwaga o o fetileng. Diphitlhelelo kgotsa tiro ya batlhophiwa e tshwanetse go nna e e kgethegileng, ka gore di feta pitso ya tiro mme di na le boitshimololedi. Motlhophiwa o tshwanetse a bo a nnile le seabe se segolo mo kgopolong ya tsela ya poelano le mo poelanong mo lephateng/bokaong jo a dirang matlhagatlhaga mo go jona. Motho yo o tlhophilweng o tshwanetse go neelana ka bosupi jo bo tshelang jwa mekgwa ya temokerasi, go akaretsa le go tlhoka tirisodikgoka, mo botshelong jwa setšhaba le jwa poraefete. Motho yo o tlhophilweng o tshwanetse go neela bosupi jo bo tshelang jwa go rotloetsa mekgwa e e kwadilweng mo Molaotheong wa rona. Batho ba ba tlhophilweng ba ka tswa mo maemong otlhe a botshelo. Se se raya gore motho/batho/mokgatlho o ka tswa mo lephateng lengwe le lengwe. Batlhophiwa ba tshwanetse go nna mo Aforika Borwa (le fa ba sa tlhoke go bo ba tsholetswe fano) mme tiro ya poelano e tshwanetse go amana le diphitlhelelo mo Aforika Borwa. Tlhokeho ena e behilwe dikarolo tsa dithulaganyo tsa tshebeletso tsa tshebetso ya ho aba. Motho kgotsa mokgatlho ga o kake wa mo tlhopha ka bobone. Go letleletswe fela tlhopho e le nngwe ka motho. Go tlhokega gore go romelwe foromo e e tladitsweng ya tlhotlheletso le ya kopo. 0q1vvx8sznao03o47c24qyv5xurgjyp 40734 40733 2025-06-24T11:17:30Z Olgatladi2020 10646 Ke ranotse #AWC2025 40734 wikitext text/x-wiki Setheo sa Aforika Borwa sa Bosiamisi le Poelano se neetse Kabo ya Poelano ya ngwaga le ngwaga go motho ka bongwe, setšhaba kgotsa mokgatlho mo Aforika Borwa o o nnileng le seabe, ka tsela nngwe kgotsa e nngwe, mo poelanong. Awate eno e ntse e abiwa go tloga ka 2000-2021. Ka awate eno Setheo se rata go akgola le go bontsha mekgwa le maano a baamogedi ba one a go kgontshang go boelana, e ka tswa a simolotse mo makaleng a dipolotiki, metswedi ya dikgang, kgwebo, setso, le thuto kgotsa tirelosetšhaba. Awate eno e abiwa ke motshegetsi wa Setheo seno Mobishopomogolo Emeritus Desmond Tutu. == Ditlhokego tsa batlhophiwa == Go tlhophiwa ga motho kgotsa mokgatlho go tshwanetse ga ikaega ka diphitlhelelo tse di fitlheletsweng kgotsa tiro e e dirilweng mo lephateng lepe la setšhaba sa Aforika Borwa go fitlha le go akaretsa ngwaga o o fetileng (2011). Se se raya gore e ka tsaya lobaka lo loleele mme e tshwanetse go akaretsa ngwaga o o fetileng. Diphitlhelelo kgotsa tiro ya batlhophiwa e tshwanetse go nna e e kgethegileng, ka gore di feta pitso ya tiro mme di na le boitshimololedi. Motlhophiwa o tshwanetse a bo a nnile le seabe se segolo mo kgopolong ya tsela ya poelano le mo poelanong mo lephateng/bokaong jo a dirang matlhagatlhaga mo go jona. Motho yo o tlhophilweng o tshwanetse go neelana ka bosupi jo bo tshelang jwa mekgwa ya temokerasi, go akaretsa le go tlhoka tirisodikgoka, mo botshelong jwa setšhaba le jwa poraefete. Motho yo o tlhophilweng o tshwanetse go neela bosupi jo bo tshelang jwa go rotloetsa mekgwa e e kwadilweng mo Molaotheong wa rona. Batho ba ba tlhophilweng ba ka tswa mo maemong otlhe a botshelo. Se se raya gore motho/batho/mokgatlho o ka tswa mo lephateng lengwe le lengwe. Batlhophiwa ba tshwanetse go nna mo Aforika Borwa (le fa ba sa tlhoke go bo ba tsholetswe fano) mme tiro ya poelano e tshwanetse go amana le diphitlhelelo mo Aforika Borwa. Tlhokeho ena e behilwe dikarolo tsa dithulaganyo tsa tshebeletso tsa tshebetso ya ho aba. Motho kgotsa mokgatlho ga o kake wa mo tlhopha ka bobone. Go letleletswe fela tlhopho e le nngwe ka motho. Go tlhokega gore go romelwe foromo e e tladitsweng ya tlhotlheletso le ya kopo. == Baamogedi == Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, batho ba ba latelang ba ne ba amogela sekgele sa Poelano: 2021: Bhekisisa Centre for Health Journalism[1] - 'Ka go nna le seabe se segolo mo go abelaneng tshedimosetso ka nako ya leroborobo la COVID-19 ka dipegelo tsa bone tsa dikgang.' 2012: The Socio-Economic Rights Institute[2] - 'Ka go tshola batswasetlhabelo ba Marikana le ba malapa a bona mo lenaneong la bosetšhaba.' 2011: Mme Olga Macingwane - 'Ka ntlha ya maitlamo a gagwe a a tswelelang pele a go agisana le setšhaba.' 2010: Dikopo tse di sa lekaneng 2009: Moatlhodi Albie Sachs - 'Ka go fitlhelela poelano ka botshelo le tiro ya gagwe.' 2008: Shine Centre - 'Go thusa, ka go ithaopa, baithuti ba ba simololang go ithuta go bala le go kwala.' 2007: Setšhaba sa Masiphumelele - 'Ka go tlhoma sekao mo go rotloetseng go itshokelana le batswakwa, le go leka go netefatsa seriti le tshiamiso go botlhe mo setšhabeng sa bone.' 2006: Ouma Grietjie Adams - 'Ka go tshwaraganya setšhaba mmogo mo khutsafalong, kgotlhang le moletlo.' 2005: Brigalia Bam - "Ka seabe sa gagwe mo go kgontsheng ditlhopho tsa kagiso tsa temokerasi" 2004: Mary Burton - 'Ka tiro ya gagwe kwa Black Sash le kwa mafelong a mangwe' 2003: Dullah le Farieda Omar - "Ka ntlha ya seabe sa bone mo thulaganyong ya TRC" 2002: PJ Powers le Sibongile Khumalo - 'Ka go opelana dipina' 2001: Pieter Dirk Uys - 'Ka go dira gore re kgone go itshega' 2000: Tim Modise - 'Ka go dira gore setšhaba se bue' == Bona gape == * Institute for Justice and Reconciliation * Desmond Tutu * Conflict resolution == Dikgokagano == == Dikitso == 72zrn04v93ey7q4z35sfwku0mc61qjo 40735 40734 2025-06-24T11:26:29Z Olgatladi2020 10646 ke tsentse dikitso #AWC2025 40735 wikitext text/x-wiki Setheo sa Aforika Borwa sa Bosiamisi le Poelano se neetse Kabo ya Poelano ya ngwaga le ngwaga go motho ka bongwe, setšhaba kgotsa mokgatlho mo Aforika Borwa o o nnileng le seabe, ka tsela nngwe kgotsa e nngwe, mo poelanong. Awate eno e ntse e abiwa go tloga ka 2000-2021. Ka awate eno Setheo se rata go akgola le go bontsha mekgwa le maano a baamogedi ba one a go kgontshang go boelana, e ka tswa a simolotse mo makaleng a dipolotiki, metswedi ya dikgang, kgwebo, setso, le thuto kgotsa tirelosetšhaba. Awate eno e abiwa ke motshegetsi wa Setheo seno Mobishopomogolo Emeritus Desmond Tutu. == Ditlhokego tsa batlhophiwa == Go tlhophiwa ga motho kgotsa mokgatlho go tshwanetse ga ikaega ka diphitlhelelo tse di fitlheletsweng kgotsa tiro e e dirilweng mo lephateng lepe la setšhaba sa Aforika Borwa go fitlha le go akaretsa ngwaga o o fetileng (2011). Se se raya gore e ka tsaya lobaka lo loleele mme e tshwanetse go akaretsa ngwaga o o fetileng. Diphitlhelelo kgotsa tiro ya batlhophiwa e tshwanetse go nna e e kgethegileng, ka gore di feta pitso ya tiro mme di na le boitshimololedi. Motlhophiwa o tshwanetse a bo a nnile le seabe se segolo mo kgopolong ya tsela ya poelano le mo poelanong mo lephateng/bokaong jo a dirang matlhagatlhaga mo go jona. Motho yo o tlhophilweng o tshwanetse go neelana ka bosupi jo bo tshelang jwa mekgwa ya temokerasi, go akaretsa le go tlhoka tirisodikgoka, mo botshelong jwa setšhaba le jwa poraefete. Motho yo o tlhophilweng o tshwanetse go neela bosupi jo bo tshelang jwa go rotloetsa mekgwa e e kwadilweng mo Molaotheong wa rona. Batho ba ba tlhophilweng ba ka tswa mo maemong otlhe a botshelo. Se se raya gore motho/batho/mokgatlho o ka tswa mo lephateng lengwe le lengwe. Batlhophiwa ba tshwanetse go nna mo Aforika Borwa (le fa ba sa tlhoke go bo ba tsholetswe fano) mme tiro ya poelano e tshwanetse go amana le diphitlhelelo mo Aforika Borwa. Tlhokeho ena e behilwe dikarolo tsa dithulaganyo tsa tshebeletso tsa tshebetso ya ho aba. Motho kgotsa mokgatlho ga o kake wa mo tlhopha ka bobone. Go letleletswe fela tlhopho e le nngwe ka motho. Go tlhokega gore go romelwe foromo e e tladitsweng ya tlhotlheletso le ya kopo. == Baamogedi == Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, batho ba ba latelang ba ne ba amogela sekgele sa Poelano: 2021: Bhekisisa Centre for Health Journalism<ref>Kambule, Samantha. "[https://www.ijr.org.za/2021/11/bhekisisa-wins-the-2021-reconciliation-award-for-its-role-in-reporting-on-the-covid-pandemic/ Bhekisisa wins the 2021 Reconciliation Award for its role in reporting on the COVID pandemic]". ''IJR''. Retrieved 2022-04-08.</ref> - 'Ka go nna le seabe se segolo mo go abelaneng tshedimosetso ka nako ya leroborobo la COVID-19 ka dipegelo tsa bone tsa dikgang.' 2012: The Socio-Economic Rights Institute<ref>"[https://seri-sa.org/ Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa]". seri-sa.org. Retrieved 14 January 2014.</ref> - 'Ka go tshola batswasetlhabelo ba Marikana le ba malapa a bona mo lenaneong la bosetšhaba.' 2011: Mme Olga Macingwane - 'Ka ntlha ya maitlamo a gagwe a a tswelelang pele a go agisana le setšhaba.' 2010: Dikopo tse di sa lekaneng 2009: Moatlhodi Albie Sachs - 'Ka go fitlhelela poelano ka botshelo le tiro ya gagwe.' 2008: Shine Centre - 'Go thusa, ka go ithaopa, baithuti ba ba simololang go ithuta go bala le go kwala.' 2007: Setšhaba sa Masiphumelele - 'Ka go tlhoma sekao mo go rotloetseng go itshokelana le batswakwa, le go leka go netefatsa seriti le tshiamiso go botlhe mo setšhabeng sa bone.' 2006: Ouma Grietjie Adams - 'Ka go tshwaraganya setšhaba mmogo mo khutsafalong, kgotlhang le moletlo.' 2005: Brigalia Bam - "Ka seabe sa gagwe mo go kgontsheng ditlhopho tsa kagiso tsa temokerasi" 2004: Mary Burton - 'Ka tiro ya gagwe kwa Black Sash le kwa mafelong a mangwe' 2003: Dullah le Farieda Omar - "Ka ntlha ya seabe sa bone mo thulaganyong ya TRC" 2002: PJ Powers le Sibongile Khumalo - 'Ka go opelana dipina' 2001: Pieter Dirk Uys - 'Ka go dira gore re kgone go itshega' 2000: Tim Modise - 'Ka go dira gore setšhaba se bue' == Bona gape == * Institute for Justice and Reconciliation * Desmond Tutu * Conflict resolution == Dikgokagano == == Dikitso == mop7ur4x5xrv5nenrui4d2lsn8c8nn8 40736 40735 2025-06-24T11:28:05Z Olgatladi2020 10646 Ke tsentse link 40736 wikitext text/x-wiki Setheo sa Aforika Borwa sa Bosiamisi le Poelano se neetse Kabo ya Poelano ya ngwaga le ngwaga go motho ka bongwe, setšhaba kgotsa mokgatlho mo Aforika Borwa o o nnileng le seabe, ka tsela nngwe kgotsa e nngwe, mo poelanong. Awate eno e ntse e abiwa go tloga ka 2000-2021. Ka awate eno Setheo se rata go akgola le go bontsha mekgwa le maano a baamogedi ba one a go kgontshang go boelana, e ka tswa a simolotse mo makaleng a dipolotiki, metswedi ya dikgang, kgwebo, setso, le thuto kgotsa tirelosetšhaba. Awate eno e abiwa ke motshegetsi wa Setheo seno Mobishopomogolo Emeritus Desmond Tutu. == Ditlhokego tsa batlhophiwa == Go tlhophiwa ga motho kgotsa mokgatlho go tshwanetse ga ikaega ka diphitlhelelo tse di fitlheletsweng kgotsa tiro e e dirilweng mo lephateng lepe la setšhaba sa Aforika Borwa go fitlha le go akaretsa ngwaga o o fetileng (2011). Se se raya gore e ka tsaya lobaka lo loleele mme e tshwanetse go akaretsa ngwaga o o fetileng. Diphitlhelelo kgotsa tiro ya batlhophiwa e tshwanetse go nna e e kgethegileng, ka gore di feta pitso ya tiro mme di na le boitshimololedi. Motlhophiwa o tshwanetse a bo a nnile le seabe se segolo mo kgopolong ya tsela ya poelano le mo poelanong mo lephateng/bokaong jo a dirang matlhagatlhaga mo go jona. Motho yo o tlhophilweng o tshwanetse go neelana ka bosupi jo bo tshelang jwa mekgwa ya temokerasi, go akaretsa le go tlhoka tirisodikgoka, mo botshelong jwa setšhaba le jwa poraefete. Motho yo o tlhophilweng o tshwanetse go neela bosupi jo bo tshelang jwa go rotloetsa mekgwa e e kwadilweng mo Molaotheong wa rona. Batho ba ba tlhophilweng ba ka tswa mo maemong otlhe a botshelo. Se se raya gore motho/batho/mokgatlho o ka tswa mo lephateng lengwe le lengwe. Batlhophiwa ba tshwanetse go nna mo Aforika Borwa (le fa ba sa tlhoke go bo ba tsholetswe fano) mme tiro ya poelano e tshwanetse go amana le diphitlhelelo mo Aforika Borwa. Tlhokeho ena e behilwe dikarolo tsa dithulaganyo tsa tshebeletso tsa tshebetso ya ho aba. Motho kgotsa mokgatlho ga o kake wa mo tlhopha ka bobone. Go letleletswe fela tlhopho e le nngwe ka motho. Go tlhokega gore go romelwe foromo e e tladitsweng ya tlhotlheletso le ya kopo. == Baamogedi == Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, batho ba ba latelang ba ne ba amogela sekgele sa Poelano: 2021: Bhekisisa Centre for Health Journalism<ref>Kambule, Samantha. "[https://www.ijr.org.za/2021/11/bhekisisa-wins-the-2021-reconciliation-award-for-its-role-in-reporting-on-the-covid-pandemic/ Bhekisisa wins the 2021 Reconciliation Award for its role in reporting on the COVID pandemic]". ''IJR''. Retrieved 2022-04-08.</ref> - 'Ka go nna le seabe se segolo mo go abelaneng tshedimosetso ka nako ya leroborobo la COVID-19 ka dipegelo tsa bone tsa dikgang.' 2012: The Socio-Economic Rights Institute<ref>"[https://seri-sa.org/ Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa]". seri-sa.org. Retrieved 14 January 2014.</ref> - 'Ka go tshola batswasetlhabelo ba Marikana le ba malapa a bona mo lenaneong la bosetšhaba.' 2011: Mme Olga Macingwane - 'Ka ntlha ya maitlamo a gagwe a a tswelelang pele a go agisana le setšhaba.' 2010: Dikopo tse di sa lekaneng 2009: Moatlhodi Albie Sachs - 'Ka go fitlhelela poelano ka botshelo le tiro ya gagwe.' 2008: Shine Centre - 'Go thusa, ka go ithaopa, baithuti ba ba simololang go ithuta go bala le go kwala.' 2007: Setšhaba sa Masiphumelele - 'Ka go tlhoma sekao mo go rotloetseng go itshokelana le batswakwa, le go leka go netefatsa seriti le tshiamiso go botlhe mo setšhabeng sa bone.' 2006: Ouma Grietjie Adams - 'Ka go tshwaraganya setšhaba mmogo mo khutsafalong, kgotlhang le moletlo.' 2005: Brigalia Bam - "Ka seabe sa gagwe mo go kgontsheng ditlhopho tsa kagiso tsa temokerasi" 2004: Mary Burton - 'Ka tiro ya gagwe kwa Black Sash le kwa mafelong a mangwe' 2003: Dullah le Farieda Omar - "Ka ntlha ya seabe sa bone mo thulaganyong ya TRC" 2002: PJ Powers le Sibongile Khumalo - 'Ka go opelana dipina' 2001: Pieter Dirk Uys - 'Ka go dira gore re kgone go itshega' 2000: Tim Modise - 'Ka go dira gore setšhaba se bue' == Bona gape == * Institute for Justice and Reconciliation * Desmond Tutu * Conflict resolution == Dikgokagano == * [https://www.ijr.org.za/rec-award.php IJR] == Dikitso == 8leyi4stuudfwnu0efsao1k46tf5hjp 40737 40736 2025-06-24T11:28:46Z Olgatladi2020 10646 Ke tsentse link 40737 wikitext text/x-wiki Setheo sa Aforika Borwa sa Bosiamisi le Poelano se neetse Kabo ya Poelano ya ngwaga le ngwaga go motho ka bongwe, setšhaba kgotsa mokgatlho mo Aforika Borwa o o nnileng le seabe, ka tsela nngwe kgotsa e nngwe, mo poelanong. Awate eno e ntse e abiwa go tloga ka 2000-2021. Ka awate eno Setheo se rata go akgola le go bontsha mekgwa le maano a baamogedi ba one a go kgontshang go boelana, e ka tswa a simolotse mo makaleng a dipolotiki, metswedi ya dikgang, kgwebo, setso, le thuto kgotsa tirelosetšhaba. Awate eno e abiwa ke motshegetsi wa Setheo seno Mobishopomogolo Emeritus Desmond Tutu. == Ditlhokego tsa batlhophiwa == Go tlhophiwa ga motho kgotsa mokgatlho go tshwanetse ga ikaega ka diphitlhelelo tse di fitlheletsweng kgotsa tiro e e dirilweng mo lephateng lepe la setšhaba sa Aforika Borwa go fitlha le go akaretsa ngwaga o o fetileng (2011). Se se raya gore e ka tsaya lobaka lo loleele mme e tshwanetse go akaretsa ngwaga o o fetileng. Diphitlhelelo kgotsa tiro ya batlhophiwa e tshwanetse go nna e e kgethegileng, ka gore di feta pitso ya tiro mme di na le boitshimololedi. Motlhophiwa o tshwanetse a bo a nnile le seabe se segolo mo kgopolong ya tsela ya poelano le mo poelanong mo lephateng/bokaong jo a dirang matlhagatlhaga mo go jona. Motho yo o tlhophilweng o tshwanetse go neelana ka bosupi jo bo tshelang jwa mekgwa ya temokerasi, go akaretsa le go tlhoka tirisodikgoka, mo botshelong jwa setšhaba le jwa poraefete. Motho yo o tlhophilweng o tshwanetse go neela bosupi jo bo tshelang jwa go rotloetsa mekgwa e e kwadilweng mo Molaotheong wa rona. Batho ba ba tlhophilweng ba ka tswa mo maemong otlhe a botshelo. Se se raya gore motho/batho/mokgatlho o ka tswa mo lephateng lengwe le lengwe. Batlhophiwa ba tshwanetse go nna mo Aforika Borwa (le fa ba sa tlhoke go bo ba tsholetswe fano) mme tiro ya poelano e tshwanetse go amana le diphitlhelelo mo Aforika Borwa. Tlhokeho ena e behilwe dikarolo tsa dithulaganyo tsa tshebeletso tsa tshebetso ya ho aba. Motho kgotsa mokgatlho ga o kake wa mo tlhopha ka bobone. Go letleletswe fela tlhopho e le nngwe ka motho. Go tlhokega gore go romelwe foromo e e tladitsweng ya tlhotlheletso le ya kopo. == Baamogedi == Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, batho ba ba latelang ba ne ba amogela sekgele sa Poelano: 2021: Bhekisisa Centre for Health Journalism<ref>Kambule, Samantha. "[https://www.ijr.org.za/2021/11/bhekisisa-wins-the-2021-reconciliation-award-for-its-role-in-reporting-on-the-covid-pandemic/ Bhekisisa wins the 2021 Reconciliation Award for its role in reporting on the COVID pandemic]". ''IJR''. Retrieved 2022-04-08.</ref> - 'Ka go nna le seabe se segolo mo go abelaneng tshedimosetso ka nako ya leroborobo la COVID-19 ka dipegelo tsa bone tsa dikgang.' 2012: The Socio-Economic Rights Institute<ref>"[https://seri-sa.org/ Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa]". seri-sa.org. Retrieved 14 January 2014.</ref> - 'Ka go tshola batswasetlhabelo ba Marikana le ba malapa a bona mo lenaneong la bosetšhaba.' 2011: Mme Olga Macingwane - 'Ka ntlha ya maitlamo a gagwe a a tswelelang pele a go agisana le setšhaba.' 2010: Dikopo tse di sa lekaneng 2009: Moatlhodi Albie Sachs - 'Ka go fitlhelela poelano ka botshelo le tiro ya gagwe.' 2008: Shine Centre - 'Go thusa, ka go ithaopa, baithuti ba ba simololang go ithuta go bala le go kwala.' 2007: Setšhaba sa Masiphumelele - 'Ka go tlhoma sekao mo go rotloetseng go itshokelana le batswakwa, le go leka go netefatsa seriti le tshiamiso go botlhe mo setšhabeng sa bone.' 2006: Ouma Grietjie Adams - 'Ka go tshwaraganya setšhaba mmogo mo khutsafalong, kgotlhang le moletlo.' 2005: Brigalia Bam - "Ka seabe sa gagwe mo go kgontsheng ditlhopho tsa kagiso tsa temokerasi" 2004: Mary Burton - 'Ka tiro ya gagwe kwa Black Sash le kwa mafelong a mangwe' 2003: Dullah le Farieda Omar - "Ka ntlha ya seabe sa bone mo thulaganyong ya TRC" 2002: PJ Powers le Sibongile Khumalo - 'Ka go opelana dipina' 2001: Pieter Dirk Uys - 'Ka go dira gore re kgone go itshega' 2000: Tim Modise - 'Ka go dira gore setšhaba se bue' == Bona gape == * Institute for Justice and Reconciliation * Desmond Tutu * Conflict resolution == Dikgokagano == * [https://www.ijr.org.za/rec-award.php IJR] ijr.org.za. Retrieved 2014-04-04 == Dikitso == fnq1vuvjir3ep1wn4juyud6w10iipum