Tumalano ya go gweba mahala mo Aforika

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    <title>Tumalano ya go gweba mahala mo Aforika</title>
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      <comment>Ke tsentse metswedi ya tsebe ya Tumalano ya go gweba mahala mo Aforika</comment>
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      <text bytes="35008" sha1="8lpa2i91ipt62qr84jruuiigiw62n52" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:AfricanContinentalFreeTradeArea.svg|thumb|Mmepe wa tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika]]
'''Lefelo ya kgwebo ya mahala la Aforika'''&lt;ref&gt;Loes Witschge (March 20, 2018). [https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2018/3/20/african-continental-free-trade-area-what-you-need-to-know &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know]&quot;. [[:en:Al_Jazeera_Media_Network|''Al Jazeera''.]]&lt;/ref&gt; ke lefelo la kgwebo ya mahala le le akaretsang bontsi jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43489255 &quot;African states agree massive trade bloc]&quot;. ''BBC News''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-21/africa-set-to-agree-3-trillion-trade-bloc-without-key-economy Africa Set to Agree $3 Trillion Trade Bloc, Without Key Economy]&quot;. ''Bloomberg.com''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;AfricaNews. [https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/21/forty-four-countries-sign-historic-africa-union-free-trade-agreement/ &quot;Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement | Africanews&quot;]. ''Africanews''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Le tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa 2018 ke tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika, e e nang le batsaya karolo ba le masome a mane le boraro, le ba ba beileng monwana ba le lesome le motso, se se dira gore e nne lone lefelo le letona la kgwebo ya mahala ka palo ya mafatshe a e leng maloko, le sala morago World Trade Organisation&lt;ref&gt;Justina Crabtree (March 20, 2018). &quot;[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/20/africa-leaders-to-form-largest-free-trade-area-since-the-wto.html Africa is on the verge of forming the largest free trade area since the World Trade Organization&quot;. ''CNBC''.]&lt;/ref&gt; e e leng yone e tona ka palo ya batho le bophara, le akaretsa batho ba le 1.3 billion mo lefatsheng lotlhe.

Tumalano e e tlhamileng AfCFTA e ne ya emelwa ke lekgotla la African Union ya bewa monwana ke mafatshe a e leng maloko a le masome a mane le bone jwa mafatshe a a masome a matlhano le botlhano kwa Kigali, Rwanda ka mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le bongwe, ngwaga wa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/03/22/forty-four-african-countries-sign-a-free-trade-deal Forty-four African countries sign a free-trade deal]&quot;. ''The Economist''. March 22, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1270936/business-economy &quot;44 African nations sign pact establishing free trade area&quot;]. ''Arab News''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Kakanyetso e ne e tshwanetse go simolola mo malatsing a le masome a mararo morago ga paakanyo ya mafatshe a a beileng monwana a le masome a mabedi le bobedi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le malatsi a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019,&lt;ref&gt;Abdi Latif Dahir (April 3, 2019). [https://qz.com/africa/1586526/africa-free-trade-deal-gets-gambia-signature-to-go-into-force &quot;Africa's historic free trade deal now has enough countries signed up to go into force&quot;]. ''Quartz Africa''.&lt;/ref&gt; lefatshe la Sahrawi Republic le ne la dira paakanyo ya bo masome a mabedi le bobedi, se se baka gore tumalano e twelele ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome mararo; e simolotse go bereka morago ga bokopano ka Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019,&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190429/afcfta-agreement-secures-minimum-threshold-22-ratification-sierra-leone-and &quot;AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments&quot;]. African Union. April 29, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; mme ya simolola semmuso ka Firikgong a tlhola gangwe, ngwaga wa 2021. Ditherisanyo le tlhamo ya AfCFTA di eteletswe pele ke mokwaledimogolo wa sennelaruri o o kwa Accra, Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/african-continental-free-trade-area U.S. International Trade Administration, African Continental Free Trade Area] (3 January 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/akufo-addo-commissions-and-hands-over-afcfta-secretariat-to-au-commission/ &quot;Akufo-Addo commissions and hands-over AfCFTA secretariat to AU commission&quot;]. ''Joy online''. August 17, 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo tumalanong e, maloko a AfCFTA a itlamile go emisa makgetho mo dilwaneng le ditirelo tse dintsi mo sebakeng sa dingwaga di le tlhano, some kotsa lesome le boraro go ya ka tlhabologo ya lefatshe kgotsa seemo sa dithoto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Maikaelelo a akaretsa go dira marekisetso a a moono mongwe; a fokotsa mathata a madi a tshimololo le pereko go dira gore go nne motlhofo go beeletsa; go tlhabolola dikago mo kgaolong; le go diragatsa bokopano jwa kgwebo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african-union/2162-afcfta-agreement-legally-scrubbed-version-signed-16-may-2018/file.html &quot;Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; maikaelelo a AfCFTA ke go oketsa tlhabololo ya itsholelo, go fokotsa lehuma, le go dira gore Aforika a phadisane mo itsholelelong ya mafatshe.

Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2022, a le malatsi a le lesome le boraro, AfCFTA e ne ya tsaya kgato e tona mo maikaelelong a yone ka go tlhama mafaratlhatlha a dituelo a Aforika a le mongwe, a a letlang dituelo mo dikomponeng tse di dirang mo Aforika go dirwa ka madi mangwe le mangwe a Aforika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ka Moranang ngwaga wa 2024, lekgotla la African Union le ne la itsese gore AfCFTA e simolotse go diragatsa tumalano. Legato le le le diragatsang tumalano, le supagala ka tse di latelang:

* Go tlhomiwa ga melao ya tshimolo, e e tla a laolang diemo tsa ka fa selwana kgotsa tirelo di tlaa rekisiwang ka teng go sa tlhokafale babereki;
* Phokotso ya makgethomo dilwaneng ka masome a robabongwe mo lekgolong;
* Tiriso ya maranyane e letla maloko go bega mathata a ba a itemogelang a go tlhoka makgetho;
* Mafaratlhatlha a dituelo tsa Aforika o mongwe, a letla go tlhomamisa dituelo ebile gore batho ba tshephe mafaratlhatlha ao.
* Maranyane a peo leitlho kgwebo ya Aforika, go baakanya tse dikganelang kgwebo go tlaa dirwa ke maloko a AU.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://au.int/en/articles/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched Operational Phase Of The African Continental Free Trade Area Launched]&quot;. ''African Union''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditso ==

=== Motheo ===
Ka ngwaga wa 1963, lekgotla la bokopano jwa Aforika le ne la tlhamiwa ke mafatshe a Aforika a a neng a ikemetse ka nosi. Lekgotla le la AOU le ne le ikaelela go rotloetsa tirisano mmogo mo mafatsheng a Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa 1980, le ne la tsenya mo tirisong leano la tiro la Lagos. Leano le ne le akanyetsa gore Aforika o tshwanetse go fokotsa go ikaega ka mafatshe a bophirima ka go rotloetsa kgwebo mo Aforika. Sese simologile ka go tlhama makgotla a le mmalwa a bokopano mo dikgaolong tse difarologanneg tsa Aforika, jaaka Bokopano jwa tlhabololo ya borwa jwa Aforika (Southern African Development Coordination Conference). Se se ne sa baka tumalano ya kwa Abuja ka ngwaga wa 1991, e e neng ya tlhama Komiti ya itsholelo ya Aforika (African Economic Community), lekgotla le le neng le rotloetsa tlhamo ya mafelo a kgwebo a mahala, dikopano tsa dituelo, banka ya legare, le bokopano jwa ledi le le lengwe la Aforika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/webditc2016d7_en.pdf &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods&quot;] (PDF). ''unctad.org''. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190704/african-union-will-launch-operational-phase-afcfta-summit-niger &quot;African Union will launch operational phase of the AfCFTA at Summit in Niger&quot;]. ''African Union''. July 4, 2019. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa 2002, OAU e ne ya tlhatlhamiwa ke African Union (AU), e nngwe ya maikaelelo a yone e neng e le go fefosa kamano ya itsholelo mo Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf &quot;Constitutive Act of the African Union&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. Retrieved July 2, 2025. &lt;q&gt;Article 3c: &quot;accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;&quot;&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Maikaelelo a bobedi e le go berekisa mmogo melawana gareng ga makgotla a itsholelo a a teng le a a tla nnang teng mo isagong gore lekgotla le kgone go fitlhelela maikaelelo a lone.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf &quot;Constitutive Act of the African Union]&quot; (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. Retrieved July 2, 2025. &lt;q&gt;Article 3 (l): &quot;coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;&quot;&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditherisanyo ===
Kwa bokopanong jwa ngwaga wa 2012 jwa African Union kwa Addis Ababa, baeteledipele ba ne ba dumalana go tlhama lefelo le lešha la go gweba mahala ka ngwaga wa 2017. Kwa bokpanong jwa ngwaga wa 2015 kwa Johannesburg, bokopabo bo ne jwa dumalana go simolola ditherisanyo. Se se ne sa simolola metseletsele ya ditherisanyo di le lesome tse di diragetseng mo dingwageng di le tharo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/webditc2016d7_en.pdf &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods&quot;] (PDF). ''unctad.org''. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Signé, Landry; van der Ven, Colette (May 2019). [https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Keys_to_success_for_AfCFTA.pdf &quot;Keys to success for the AfCFTA negotiations&quot;] (PDF). ''Brookings''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Therisanyo ya ntlha e ne e tshwerwe ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2016, ga tshwarwa dikopano di ferabobedi go fitlhelela ka bokopano jwa Mopitlo 2018 kwa Kigali. Go tswa ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2017 ditlhopha tsa maranyane di ne ta tshwara dikopano di le nne, kwa mathata a tsa maranyane go neng ag buisanwa ka one a bo a kwala. Ka Mopitlo a ferabobedi go tsena a ferabongwe, bo tona ba tsa kgwebo ba African Union ba ne ba tlhomamisa kakanyetso e.&lt;ref&gt;tralac, trade law centre. &quot;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/cfta.html African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents&quot;]. ''tralac.org''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bokopano jwa 2018 kwa Kigali ===
Ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 2018, kwa bokopanong jo bo haphegileng jwa bo lesome jwa African Union mabapi le AcFTA, ditumalano tse difarologaneng di le tharo di ne tsa bewa menwana: tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika, tumalano ya Kigali le Molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho. Molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho o ikaelela go dira kgaolo e e sa tlhokeng teseletso ya mosepele mo mafatsheng a maloko a AfCFTA, le go ema nokeng go tlhamiwa ga bukana ya mesepele ya Africa Union.&lt;ref&gt;Gwatiwa, Tshepo T.; Sam, Michael Noel (March 14, 2018). [https://theconversation.com/how-the-free-movement-of-people-could-benefit-africa-92057 &quot;How the free movement of people could benefit Africa]&quot;. ''The Conversation''. Retrieved 02 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa bokopanong jwa Kigali ka Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018, mafatshe a le masome a mane le bone a ne a baya monwana AfCFTA, a le masome a mane le bosupa a baya monwana tumalano ya Kigali, fa a le masome a mararo a ne a baya monwana molao wa tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho. Le ntswa go ne go atlegilwe, go ne go na le ba ba saletseng kwa morago, ebong Aforika Borwa le Nigeria, mafatshe a a nang le diitsholelo tse ditona mo Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (March 21, 2018). [https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/21/forty-four-countries-sign-historic-africa-union-free-trade-agreement// &quot;Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement&quot;]. ''AfricaNews''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/our-resources/6730-continental-free-trade-area-cfta.html &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Tralac Trade Law Centre. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/african-union-resources.html &quot;African Union Legal Resources and Policy Documents&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;

Se se neng se thatafatsa dilo mo ditherisanyong tse e ne e le gore Aforika o setse akgaogantswe ka dikgaolo tsa kgwebo ya mahala di ferabobedi, nngwe le nngwe e na le melao e e farologaneng. Makgotla a a dikgaolo a tla tswelela ka go bereka; tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika e batla go fokotsan mathata a thekiso kgotsa kgwebo mo Aforika, mme morago e dirisa makgotla a a dikgaolo go simolodisa maikaelelo a Aforika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html &quot;How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Melawana e e beilweng monwana kwa bokopanong jwa 2018 jwa Kigali&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african-union/1831-legal-instruments-signed-at-10th-extraordinary-summit-on-afcfta-21-march-2018/file.html &quot;INDICATION OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS SIGNED AT THE 10TH EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY ON THE LAUNCH OF THE AFCFTA&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; ====
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|Tautona Cyril Ramaphosa
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|Tonakgolo Abdalla Hamdok
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|ee
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=== Go kwalwa ga melao e mengwe ===
Ditherisanyo di ne tsa stwelela ka ngwaga wa 2018 ka legato la bobedi, di akaretsa melawana ya tsa peeletso, phadisanyo le ditshwanelo tsa dithoto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190403214541/https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/33984-doc-qa_cfta_en_rev15march.pdf &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area - Questions &amp; Answers&quot; (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union]. March 15, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2020, ditherisanyo tsa AU Assembly di tla konetelwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/34055-ext_assembly_dec_1x_e26_march.pdf &quot;Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 21, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Mokwalo wa ntlha o solofetswe kwa bokopanong jwa AU jwa Firikgong 2020.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/34055-ext_assembly_dec_1x_e26_march.pdf &quot;Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 21, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditsholofelo ===
Ka ngwaga wa 2018, komiti ya itsholelo ya Aforika e ne ya akanyetsa gore AcFCTA e tla oketsa kgwebo ya gare ga Aforika ka masome a matlhano le bobedi mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2022.&lt;ref&gt;Witschge, Loes (March 20, 2018). &quot;[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2018/3/20/african-continental-free-trade-area-what-you-need-to-know African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know&quot;]. Al-Jazeera.&lt;/ref&gt; Pego ya ngwaga wa 2020 ya banka ya mafatshe e ne ya solofela fa AfCFTA e ka ntsha batho ba Aforika ba le didikadike di le masome a mararo mo lehumeng la nta ya tlhogo, ya oketsa dikamogelo ya batho ba le didikadike di le masome a supa, le go nna le dipoelo tsa dibilione di le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2035.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/publication/the-african-continental-free-trade-area &quot;The African Continental Free Trade Area]&quot;. ''World Bank''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metheo ==
Metheo e e latelang e ne e tlhametswe go kgona go tlhama lefelo la kgwebo ya mahala. Morago ga ditherisanyo tsa legato la bobedi, dikomiti tse dingwe di ka tlhamiwa ka melao.&lt;ref&gt;Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html &quot;How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?&quot;]. ''tralac Discussion''. trade law centre. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mokwaledi wa AfCFTA o lebagane le go lomaganya go tlhamiwa ga tumalano, ebile ke mokgatlho mo AU. Le ntswa e na le ba molao ba ba ikemetseng, e bereka thata le komiti ya AU ebile e amogela madi go tswa kwa AU. Khansele ya botona ba tsa kgwebo e ne e tshwanetse go tsaya tshwetso ya lefelo la ofisikgolo, ka fa e tla dirwang ka teng, ditiro le maikarabelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Bokopano jwa botautona ba mafatshe a e leng maloko a AU ke bone bo tsayang ditshwetso. E ka nna ya kopana ka dikopano tsa AU.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Chidede, Talkmore (March 15, 2018). [https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12838-the-legal-and-institutional-architecture-of-the-agreement-establishing-the-african-continental-free-trade-area.html &quot;The legal and institutional architecture of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;]. ''tralac Discussion''. trade law centre. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Khansele ya botona ba kgwebo e baya melao ebo e netefatsa gore tlhamo le kgonagalo ya tumalano ya AfCFTA e a diragadiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Dikomiti di le mmalwa di tlhamilwe: ka kgwebo ya dithoto, kgwebo ya ditirelo, melao ya tlholego, tshiamiso ya kgwebo, mathata a makgetho; mathata a tsa maranyane le dikgato tsa bophepa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Ditsela tsa go baakanya dintwa di santse di buisanwa, mme di tla akaretsa lekgotla la tharabololo ya dikgotlang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Komiti ya botona ba kgwebo e diragatsa ditshwetso tsa khansele. Komiti e e e itebaganste le tlhabololo ya mananeo le maano a go dira tumalano e ya AfCFTA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Tiragatso ==
AfCFTA e tla diragadiwa ka magato, mangwe a magato a a santse go buisanwa ka one.&lt;ref&gt;Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html &quot;How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?&quot;.] ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Legato lantlha le akaretsa kgwebo ya dithoto le ya ditirelo. Legato la bobedi le akaretsa ditshwanelo tsa dithoto tsa tlhaloganyo, peeletso le go phadisana. Legato la boraro le akaretsa kgwebo ya mo maranyaneng.

Kwa bokopanong jwa Kigali jwa ngwaga wa 2018, ditumalano di nnile mo melaong ya thekiso, ditsela tsa go rarabolola ditlhoka kutlwisisano, tirisanommogo ya thekiso, ka fa kgwebo e tla dirwang ka teng le melao ya tlholego ya dithoto. Go ne ga nna le tumalano ya go fokotsa makgetho ka masome a robabongwe mo lekgolong ga dithoto tsotlhe. Lefatshe lengwe le lengwe le letl elelwa go ntsha boraro mo lekgolong la dithoto tsa lone mo tumalanong e. Se e ne e le legato la ntlha la tumalano, le le akaretsang go gololwa ga dithoto le ditirelo. Mathata mangwe a legato lantlha a a santseng go buisanwa ka one a karetsa nako ya makgetho le tse dingwe.

Bokopano jo bo haphegileng jwa bo lesome le bobedi jwa African Union mabapi le AfCFTA, bo ne jwa simolola tumalano e, kwa Niamey ka Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019. Kwa tshimololong go ne ga simololwa melao e le metlhano e e tlaa etelelang pele: molao wa tlhamo, bokopano jwa therisanyo jwa maranyane, go lebelela le go emisa mathata a tsa makgetho, mafaratlhatlha a tsa dituelo, le lekalana le le okametseng kgwebo mo Aforika.

Legato la bobedi le la boraro a solofetswe go simololwa ke mafatshe a e leng maloko a AU. Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2020, bokopano jwa baeteledipele kgotsa botautona ba mafatshe jwa AU bo ne jwa tsaya tshwetso ya gore legato la boraro le tla simolola morago ga ditherisanyo tsa legato la bobedi, tse di neng di solofetswe go fela ka Morule ngwaga wa 2020. Le fa go ntse jalo, sebaak se se ne sa diega ka ntlha ya segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Aforika, mme letsatsi le lesha la morule a le malatsi a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2021 le ne la bewa gore go fediwe legato la bobedi le laboraro. AfCFTA e simolotse semmuso ka Firikgong a rogwa ngwaga wa 2021.

== Boloko ==
Mo mafatsheng a e leng maloko a AU a a masome a matlhano le botlhano, a le masome a mane le bone a beile monwana tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala, a le masome a mane le bosupa a beile monwana molao wa Kigali fa a le masome a mararo a beile monwana molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng kwa phelelong ya bokopano jwa Kigali jwa ngwaga wa 2018. Mafatshe a Benin, Botswana, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria le Zambia ke mangwe a mafatshe a a lesome le motso a a neng a sa baya monwana pele. Morago ga bokopano jwa Kigali jwa 2018, menwana e mengwe e ne ya tsewa, Kwa bokopanong jwa bo masome a mararo le motso kwa African Union kwa Nouakchott ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa 2018, lefatshe la Aforika Borwa (le e leng la bobedi ka itsholelo mo Aforika), Sierra Leone, Namibia, Lesotho le Burundi a ne a tsenelela tumalano. Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2019, Guinea Bissau, Zambia le Botswana le one a ne a tsenelela. Kenya le Ghana ke mafatshe a ntlha go dumalana le tumalano e, ba tlhomamisa tumalano ya bone ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018.

Mo menwaneng e, e le masome a mabedi le bobedi e ne e tlhoka go tlhomamisa tumalano pele ga e ka diragadiwa, se se ne sa diragala ka Moranang a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019, fa Sierra Leone le Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic a ne a tlhomamisa tumalano. Ka ntlha ya se, tumalano e ne ya simolola malatsi a la masome a mararo morago ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2019.

Tautona wa lefatshe la nigeria Muhammadu Buhari o ne a le maoto a tshupa go tsenelela AfCFTA a tshaba gore e tla utlusa lefatshe la Nigeria botlhoko mo go tsa kgwebo le mehama ya mo gae, tshwetso ya gagwe ya go sa tsenelele e ne ya galalediwa ke ditlhopha dingwe mo gae di akaretsa lekgotla la batlhami la Nigeria le bokopano jwa pereko kwa Nigeria. Puso ya lefatshe la Nigeria e ne e ikaelela go botsolosa mo go tseneletseng le dikgwebo tsa mo gae go netefatsa gore ba dikgwebo tse diikemetseng ba dumalana le tumalano e, ka tshwenyego e tona e ne e le gore a tumalano e e tla hemela ditirelo tsa go phadisana di tshwana le go turusa dithoto. Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa 2019, dikgwedi fela morago ga go tlhophiwa gape, Buhari o ne a dumalana go tsenelela tumalano kwa bokopanong jwa UN jwa bo lesome le bobedi mabapi le AfCFTA.

Kwa bokopanong joo, lefatshe la Benin le lone le ne la itlama go baya monwana tumalano, le tlogela la Eritrea e le lone fela la mafatshe a maloko a AU a a masome a matlhano le botlhano a a sa bayang monwana. Lefatshe la Eritrea le ne la seka la nna bontlha jwa tumalano ya ntlha ka ntlha ya ntwa e e neng e tsweletse, mme tumalano ya kagiso ya ngwaga wa 2018 gareng ga mafatshe a Ethiopia le Eritrea e ne ya fedisa kgotlhang ya bo ya emisa se se neng se kganela Eritrea go tsaya karolo mo tumalanong ya kgwebo ya mahala.

Ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 2024, go na le mafatshe a maloko a le masome a matlhano le bone a a beileng monwana, a le masome a mane le borobabobedi a tlhomamisitse. Fa godimo ga foo, lefatshe le le lengwe (Somalia) le feditse tlhomamiso ya lone ya mo gae, mme le ne le ise le tlhomamise ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2020. Eritrea ke lone fela lefatshe le e lelng leloko la AU le le iseng le beye monwana ka ngwaga wa 2019.

=== Lenaane la ba ba beileng menwana le batsaya karolo mo tumalanong ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Lefatshe 
!a le beile monwana
!letsatsi la go baya monwana
!a le tlhomamisitse
!letsatsi la tlhomamiso
!A le beeleditse
!letsatsi la peeletso
|-
|Algeria
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2021
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2021
|-
|Angola
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phalane a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane, ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|Benin
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|Botswana
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023
|-
|Burkina Faso
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Burundi
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 2021
|ee
|Phatwe a le masome a  mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa 2021
|-
|Cameroon
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Morule a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|Central African Republic
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|Cape Verde
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa 2022
|-
|Chad
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwag wa 2018
|-
|Ivory Coast
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|Comoros
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023
|-
|Republic of the Congo
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Democratic Republic of the Congo
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2022
|ee
|Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2022
|-
|Djibouti
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Egypt
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a robaboedi ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Equatorial Guinea
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Eritrea
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|Eswatini
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le motso, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|Ethiopia
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome amabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Gabon
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Gambia
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Ghana
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|Guinea
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phalane a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|Guinea-Bissau
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Phalane a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phatwe a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2022
|-
|Kenya
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong ale malatsi a marataro, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|Lesotho
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phalane a le malatsi a a masome mabedi, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le amsome a amabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|Liberia
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2023
|ee
|Phukwi a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2024
|-
|Libya
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|Madagascar
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|nnyaa
|
|nyaa
|
|-
|Malawi
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2021
|-
|Mali
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le lesome le motso, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Mauritania
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome le motso, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Mauritius
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Lwetse a le masome a mararo, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Phalane a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Morocco
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa 2022
|ee
|
|-
|Mozambique
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firkgong a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023
|ee
|
|-
|Namibia
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|
|-
|Niger
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|
|-
|Nigeria
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Morule a le malatsi a mararo, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|
|-
|Rwanda
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|
|-
|Sahrawi Republic
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|
|-
|São Tomé and Prìncipe
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ngwag wa 2019
|-
|Senegal
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Mopitlo a le lesome le bobedi, ngwaga  wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le malatsia  mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Seychelles
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a robabobedi, ngwaga wa 2021
|ee
|Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2021
|-
|Sierra Leone
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Somalia
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|South Africa
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firkgong a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|South Sudan
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|Sudan
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|Tanzania
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2022
|ee
|Firikgong a le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2022
|-
|Togo
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Tunisia
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Lwetse a le mlatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|Uganda
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Zambia
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a a lesome ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Firkgong a le masome amabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2021
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2021
|-
|Zimbabwe
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a le masome mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa 2019
|}

== Mafatshe a mangwe a e leng maloko a AU ==
Lefatshe la Eritrea ga le a baya monwana ka ntlha ya dikgotlhang le la Ethiopia, mme ka ngwaga wa 2019, morago ga bokopano jwa 2018 jwa Eritrea le Ethiopia, mogogi wa tsa kgwebo le mehama wa African union o ne a solofetse gore lefatshe la Eritrea le tla a baya monwana mo tumalanong e.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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        <id>9421</id>
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      <comment>Ke okeditse thanolo le metswedi ya tsebe ya &quot;Tumalano ya go gweba mahala mo Aforika&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="41347" sha1="dw3ono78x21rtwssy7awzy56gkflaw8" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:AfricanContinentalFreeTradeArea.svg|thumb|Mmepe wa tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika]]
'''Lefelo ya kgwebo ya mahala la Aforika'''&lt;ref&gt;Loes Witschge (March 20, 2018). [https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2018/3/20/african-continental-free-trade-area-what-you-need-to-know &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know]&quot;. [[:en:Al_Jazeera_Media_Network|''Al Jazeera''.]]&lt;/ref&gt; ke lefelo la kgwebo ya mahala le le akaretsang bontsi jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43489255 &quot;African states agree massive trade bloc]&quot;. ''BBC News''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-21/africa-set-to-agree-3-trillion-trade-bloc-without-key-economy Africa Set to Agree $3 Trillion Trade Bloc, Without Key Economy]&quot;. ''Bloomberg.com''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;AfricaNews. [https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/21/forty-four-countries-sign-historic-africa-union-free-trade-agreement/ &quot;Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement | Africanews&quot;]. ''Africanews''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Le tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa 2018 ke tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika, e e nang le batsaya karolo ba le masome a mane le boraro, le ba ba beileng monwana ba le lesome le motso, se se dira gore e nne lone lefelo le letona la kgwebo ya mahala ka palo ya mafatshe a e leng maloko, le sala morago World Trade Organisation&lt;ref&gt;Justina Crabtree (March 20, 2018). &quot;[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/20/africa-leaders-to-form-largest-free-trade-area-since-the-wto.html Africa is on the verge of forming the largest free trade area since the World Trade Organization&quot;. ''CNBC''.]&lt;/ref&gt; e e leng yone e tona ka palo ya batho le bophara, le akaretsa batho ba le 1.3 billion mo lefatsheng lotlhe.

Tumalano e e tlhamileng AfCFTA e ne ya emelwa ke lekgotla la African Union ya bewa monwana ke mafatshe a e leng maloko a le masome a mane le bone jwa mafatshe a a masome a matlhano le botlhano kwa Kigali, Rwanda ka mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le bongwe, ngwaga wa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/03/22/forty-four-african-countries-sign-a-free-trade-deal Forty-four African countries sign a free-trade deal]&quot;. ''The Economist''. March 22, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1270936/business-economy &quot;44 African nations sign pact establishing free trade area&quot;]. ''Arab News''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Kakanyetso e ne e tshwanetse go simolola mo malatsing a le masome a mararo morago ga paakanyo ya mafatshe a a beileng monwana a le masome a mabedi le bobedi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le malatsi a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019,&lt;ref&gt;Abdi Latif Dahir (April 3, 2019). [https://qz.com/africa/1586526/africa-free-trade-deal-gets-gambia-signature-to-go-into-force &quot;Africa's historic free trade deal now has enough countries signed up to go into force&quot;]. ''Quartz Africa''.&lt;/ref&gt; lefatshe la Sahrawi Republic le ne la dira paakanyo ya bo masome a mabedi le bobedi, se se baka gore tumalano e twelele ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome mararo; e simolotse go bereka morago ga bokopano ka Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019,&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190429/afcfta-agreement-secures-minimum-threshold-22-ratification-sierra-leone-and &quot;AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments&quot;]. African Union. April 29, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; mme ya simolola semmuso ka Firikgong a tlhola gangwe, ngwaga wa 2021. Ditherisanyo le tlhamo ya AfCFTA di eteletswe pele ke mokwaledimogolo wa sennelaruri o o kwa Accra, Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/african-continental-free-trade-area U.S. International Trade Administration, African Continental Free Trade Area] (3 January 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/akufo-addo-commissions-and-hands-over-afcfta-secretariat-to-au-commission/ &quot;Akufo-Addo commissions and hands-over AfCFTA secretariat to AU commission&quot;]. ''Joy online''. August 17, 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo tumalanong e, maloko a AfCFTA a itlamile go emisa makgetho mo dilwaneng le ditirelo tse dintsi mo sebakeng sa dingwaga di le tlhano, some kotsa lesome le boraro go ya ka tlhabologo ya lefatshe kgotsa seemo sa dithoto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Maikaelelo a akaretsa go dira marekisetso a a moono mongwe; a fokotsa mathata a madi a tshimololo le pereko go dira gore go nne motlhofo go beeletsa; go tlhabolola dikago mo kgaolong; le go diragatsa bokopano jwa kgwebo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african-union/2162-afcfta-agreement-legally-scrubbed-version-signed-16-may-2018/file.html &quot;Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; maikaelelo a AfCFTA ke go oketsa tlhabololo ya itsholelo, go fokotsa lehuma, le go dira gore Aforika a phadisane mo itsholelelong ya mafatshe.

Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2022, a le malatsi a le lesome le boraro, AfCFTA e ne ya tsaya kgato e tona mo maikaelelong a yone ka go tlhama mafaratlhatlha a dituelo a Aforika a le mongwe, a a letlang dituelo mo dikomponeng tse di dirang mo Aforika go dirwa ka madi mangwe le mangwe a Aforika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ka Moranang ngwaga wa 2024, lekgotla la African Union le ne la itsese gore AfCFTA e simolotse go diragatsa tumalano. Legato le le le diragatsang tumalano, le supagala ka tse di latelang:

* Go tlhomiwa ga melao ya tshimolo, e e tla a laolang diemo tsa ka fa selwana kgotsa tirelo di tlaa rekisiwang ka teng go sa tlhokafale babereki;
* Phokotso ya makgethomo dilwaneng ka masome a robabongwe mo lekgolong;
* Tiriso ya maranyane e letla maloko go bega mathata a ba a itemogelang a go tlhoka makgetho;
* Mafaratlhatlha a dituelo tsa Aforika o mongwe, a letla go tlhomamisa dituelo ebile gore batho ba tshephe mafaratlhatlha ao.
* Maranyane a peo leitlho kgwebo ya Aforika, go baakanya tse dikganelang kgwebo go tlaa dirwa ke maloko a AU.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://au.int/en/articles/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched Operational Phase Of The African Continental Free Trade Area Launched]&quot;. ''African Union''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditso ==

=== Motheo ===
Ka ngwaga wa 1963, lekgotla la bokopano jwa Aforika le ne la tlhamiwa ke mafatshe a Aforika a a neng a ikemetse ka nosi. Lekgotla le la AOU le ne le ikaelela go rotloetsa tirisano mmogo mo mafatsheng a Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa 1980, le ne la tsenya mo tirisong leano la tiro la Lagos. Leano le ne le akanyetsa gore Aforika o tshwanetse go fokotsa go ikaega ka mafatshe a bophirima ka go rotloetsa kgwebo mo Aforika. Sese simologile ka go tlhama makgotla a le mmalwa a bokopano mo dikgaolong tse difarologanneg tsa Aforika, jaaka Bokopano jwa tlhabololo ya borwa jwa Aforika (Southern African Development Coordination Conference). Se se ne sa baka tumalano ya kwa Abuja ka ngwaga wa 1991, e e neng ya tlhama Komiti ya itsholelo ya Aforika (African Economic Community), lekgotla le le neng le rotloetsa tlhamo ya mafelo a kgwebo a mahala, dikopano tsa dituelo, banka ya legare, le bokopano jwa ledi le le lengwe la Aforika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/webditc2016d7_en.pdf &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods&quot;] (PDF). ''unctad.org''. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190704/african-union-will-launch-operational-phase-afcfta-summit-niger &quot;African Union will launch operational phase of the AfCFTA at Summit in Niger&quot;]. ''African Union''. July 4, 2019. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa 2002, OAU e ne ya tlhatlhamiwa ke African Union (AU), e nngwe ya maikaelelo a yone e neng e le go fefosa kamano ya itsholelo mo Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf &quot;Constitutive Act of the African Union&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. Retrieved July 2, 2025. &lt;q&gt;Article 3c: &quot;accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;&quot;&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Maikaelelo a bobedi e le go berekisa mmogo melawana gareng ga makgotla a itsholelo a a teng le a a tla nnang teng mo isagong gore lekgotla le kgone go fitlhelela maikaelelo a lone.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf &quot;Constitutive Act of the African Union]&quot; (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. Retrieved July 2, 2025. &lt;q&gt;Article 3 (l): &quot;coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;&quot;&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditherisanyo ===
Kwa bokopanong jwa ngwaga wa 2012 jwa African Union kwa Addis Ababa, baeteledipele ba ne ba dumalana go tlhama lefelo le lešha la go gweba mahala ka ngwaga wa 2017. Kwa bokpanong jwa ngwaga wa 2015 kwa Johannesburg, bokopabo bo ne jwa dumalana go simolola ditherisanyo. Se se ne sa simolola metseletsele ya ditherisanyo di le lesome tse di diragetseng mo dingwageng di le tharo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/webditc2016d7_en.pdf &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods&quot;] (PDF). ''unctad.org''. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Signé, Landry; van der Ven, Colette (May 2019). [https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Keys_to_success_for_AfCFTA.pdf &quot;Keys to success for the AfCFTA negotiations&quot;] (PDF). ''Brookings''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Therisanyo ya ntlha e ne e tshwerwe ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2016, ga tshwarwa dikopano di ferabobedi go fitlhelela ka bokopano jwa Mopitlo 2018 kwa Kigali. Go tswa ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2017 ditlhopha tsa maranyane di ne ta tshwara dikopano di le nne, kwa mathata a tsa maranyane go neng ag buisanwa ka one a bo a kwala. Ka Mopitlo a ferabobedi go tsena a ferabongwe, bo tona ba tsa kgwebo ba African Union ba ne ba tlhomamisa kakanyetso e.&lt;ref&gt;tralac, trade law centre. &quot;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/cfta.html African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents&quot;]. ''tralac.org''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bokopano jwa 2018 kwa Kigali ===
Ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 2018, kwa bokopanong jo bo haphegileng jwa bo lesome jwa African Union mabapi le AcFTA, ditumalano tse difarologaneng di le tharo di ne tsa bewa menwana: tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika, tumalano ya Kigali le Molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho. Molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho o ikaelela go dira kgaolo e e sa tlhokeng teseletso ya mosepele mo mafatsheng a maloko a AfCFTA, le go ema nokeng go tlhamiwa ga bukana ya mesepele ya Africa Union.&lt;ref&gt;Gwatiwa, Tshepo T.; Sam, Michael Noel (March 14, 2018). [https://theconversation.com/how-the-free-movement-of-people-could-benefit-africa-92057 &quot;How the free movement of people could benefit Africa]&quot;. ''The Conversation''. Retrieved 02 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa bokopanong jwa Kigali ka Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018, mafatshe a le masome a mane le bone a ne a baya monwana AfCFTA, a le masome a mane le bosupa a baya monwana tumalano ya Kigali, fa a le masome a mararo a ne a baya monwana molao wa tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho. Le ntswa go ne go atlegilwe, go ne go na le ba ba saletseng kwa morago, ebong Aforika Borwa le Nigeria, mafatshe a a nang le diitsholelo tse ditona mo Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (March 21, 2018). [https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/21/forty-four-countries-sign-historic-africa-union-free-trade-agreement// &quot;Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement&quot;]. ''AfricaNews''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/our-resources/6730-continental-free-trade-area-cfta.html &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Tralac Trade Law Centre. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/african-union-resources.html &quot;African Union Legal Resources and Policy Documents&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;

Se se neng se thatafatsa dilo mo ditherisanyong tse e ne e le gore Aforika o setse akgaogantswe ka dikgaolo tsa kgwebo ya mahala di ferabobedi, nngwe le nngwe e na le melao e e farologaneng. Makgotla a a dikgaolo a tla tswelela ka go bereka; tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika e batla go fokotsan mathata a thekiso kgotsa kgwebo mo Aforika, mme morago e dirisa makgotla a a dikgaolo go simolodisa maikaelelo a Aforika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html &quot;How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Melawana e e beilweng monwana kwa bokopanong jwa 2018 jwa Kigali&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african-union/1831-legal-instruments-signed-at-10th-extraordinary-summit-on-afcfta-21-march-2018/file.html &quot;INDICATION OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS SIGNED AT THE 10TH EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY ON THE LAUNCH OF THE AFCFTA&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Lefatshe
!O beilwe monwana ke
!AfCFTA
!Molao wa Kigali
!Molao wa go tsamaya ka kgololesego
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Algeria.svg|left|30x30px]][[Algeria]]
|Tonakgolo Ahmed Ouyahia
|ee
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Angola.svg|left|30x30px]][[Angola]]
|Tautona Joao Lourenco
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|left|30x30px]][[Central African Republic]]
|Tautona Faustin Archange Touadera
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Chad.svg|left|30x30px]][[Chad]]
|Tautona Idriss Deby
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Comoros]]
|Tautona Azali Assoumani
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Djibouti]]
|Tautona Ismail Omar Guelleh
|ee
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Equatorial Guinea]]
|Tonakgolo Francisco Pascual Obama Asue
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Eswatini]]
|Tonakgolo Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini
|ee
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Gabon]]
|Tautona Ali Bongo Ondimba
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[The Gambia|Gambia]]
|Tautona Adama Barrow
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|Ghana
|Tautona Nana Akofu-Addo
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Ivory Coast]]
|Mothusa tautona Daniel Kablan Duncan
|ee
|nnyaa
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Kenya]]
|Tautona Uhuru Kenyatta
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Lesotho]]
|Tonakgolo Tom Thabane
|nnyaa
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Mauritania]]
|Tautona Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Morocco]]
|Tonakgolo Saadeddine Othmani
|ee
|nnyaa
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Mozambique]]
|Tautona Filipe Nyusi
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Nigeria|Niger]]
|Tautona Mahamadou Issoufou
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Republic of the Congo]]
|Tautona Denis Sassou Nguesso
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Rwanda]]
|Tautona Paul Kagame
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Sahrwari Republic]]
|Tautona Brahim Ghali
|ee
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Senegal]]
|Tautona Macky Sall
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Seychelles]]
|Mothusa tautona Vincent Meriton
|ee
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Aforika Borwa|South Africa]]
|Tautona Cyril Ramaphosa
|nnyaa
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Sudan]]
|Tonakgolo Abdalla Hamdok
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Tanzania]]
|Tonakgolo Kassim Majaliwa
|nnyaa
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Uganda]]
|Tautona Yoweri Museveni&lt;ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[https://www.tralac.orgtralac.org/news/article/13750-uganda-deposits-its-instrument-of-ratification-of-the-agreement-on-the-afcfta.html TRALAC (November 28, 2018). &quot;Uganda Deposits Its Instrument of Ratification of The Agreement On The AfCFTA&quot;]. Addis Ababa:[''permanent dead link'']&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Zimbabwe]]
|Tautona Emmerson Mnangagwa
|ee
|ee
|nnyaa
|}

=== Go kwalwa ga melao e mengwe ===
Ditherisanyo di ne tsa stwelela ka ngwaga wa 2018 ka legato la bobedi, di akaretsa melawana ya tsa peeletso, phadisanyo le ditshwanelo tsa dithoto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190403214541/https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/33984-doc-qa_cfta_en_rev15march.pdf &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area - Questions &amp; Answers&quot; (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union]. March 15, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2020, ditherisanyo tsa AU Assembly di tla konetelwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/34055-ext_assembly_dec_1x_e26_march.pdf &quot;Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 21, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Mokwalo wa ntlha o solofetswe kwa bokopanong jwa AU jwa Firikgong 2020.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/34055-ext_assembly_dec_1x_e26_march.pdf &quot;Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 21, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditsholofelo ===
Ka ngwaga wa 2018, komiti ya itsholelo ya Aforika e ne ya akanyetsa gore AcFCTA e tla oketsa kgwebo ya gare ga Aforika ka masome a matlhano le bobedi mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2022.&lt;ref&gt;Witschge, Loes (March 20, 2018). &quot;[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2018/3/20/african-continental-free-trade-area-what-you-need-to-know African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know&quot;]. Al-Jazeera.&lt;/ref&gt; Pego ya ngwaga wa 2020 ya banka ya mafatshe e ne ya solofela fa AfCFTA e ka ntsha batho ba Aforika ba le didikadike di le masome a mararo mo lehumeng la nta ya tlhogo, ya oketsa dikamogelo ya batho ba le didikadike di le masome a supa, le go nna le dipoelo tsa dibilione di le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2035.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/publication/the-african-continental-free-trade-area &quot;The African Continental Free Trade Area]&quot;. ''World Bank''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metheo ==
Metheo e e latelang e ne e tlhametswe go kgona go tlhama lefelo la kgwebo ya mahala. Morago ga ditherisanyo tsa legato la bobedi, dikomiti tse dingwe di ka tlhamiwa ka melao.&lt;ref&gt;Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html &quot;How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?&quot;]. ''tralac Discussion''. trade law centre. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mokwaledi wa AfCFTA o lebagane le go lomaganya go tlhamiwa ga tumalano, ebile ke mokgatlho mo AU. Le ntswa e na le ba molao ba ba ikemetseng, e bereka thata le komiti ya AU ebile e amogela madi go tswa kwa AU. Khansele ya botona ba tsa kgwebo e ne e tshwanetse go tsaya tshwetso ya lefelo la ofisikgolo, ka fa e tla dirwang ka teng, ditiro le maikarabelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Bokopano jwa botautona ba mafatshe a e leng maloko a AU ke bone bo tsayang ditshwetso. E ka nna ya kopana ka dikopano tsa AU.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Chidede, Talkmore (March 15, 2018). [https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12838-the-legal-and-institutional-architecture-of-the-agreement-establishing-the-african-continental-free-trade-area.html &quot;The legal and institutional architecture of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;]. ''tralac Discussion''. trade law centre. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Khansele ya botona ba kgwebo e baya melao ebo e netefatsa gore tlhamo le kgonagalo ya tumalano ya AfCFTA e a diragadiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Dikomiti di le mmalwa di tlhamilwe: ka kgwebo ya dithoto, kgwebo ya ditirelo, melao ya tlholego, tshiamiso ya kgwebo, mathata a makgetho; mathata a tsa maranyane le dikgato tsa bophepa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Ditsela tsa go baakanya dintwa di santse di buisanwa, mme di tla akaretsa lekgotla la tharabololo ya dikgotlang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Komiti ya botona ba kgwebo e diragatsa ditshwetso tsa khansele. Komiti e e e itebaganste le tlhabololo ya mananeo le maano a go dira tumalano e ya AfCFTA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Tiragatso ==
AfCFTA e tla diragadiwa ka magato, mangwe a magato a a santse go buisanwa ka one.&lt;ref&gt;Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html &quot;How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?&quot;.] ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Legato lantlha le akaretsa kgwebo ya dithoto le ya ditirelo. Legato la bobedi le akaretsa ditshwanelo tsa dithoto tsa tlhaloganyo, peeletso le go phadisana. Legato la boraro le akaretsa kgwebo ya mo maranyaneng.

Kwa bokopanong jwa Kigali jwa ngwaga wa 2018, ditumalano di nnile mo melaong ya thekiso, ditsela tsa go rarabolola ditlhoka kutlwisisano, tirisanommogo ya thekiso, ka fa kgwebo e tla dirwang ka teng le melao ya tlholego ya dithoto. Go ne ga nna le tumalano ya go fokotsa makgetho ka masome a robabongwe mo lekgolong ga dithoto tsotlhe. Lefatshe lengwe le lengwe le letl elelwa go ntsha boraro mo lekgolong la dithoto tsa lone mo tumalanong e.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Se e ne e le legato la ntlha la tumalano, le le akaretsang go gololwa ga dithoto le ditirelo. Mathata mangwe a legato lantlha a a santseng go buisanwa ka one a karetsa nako ya makgetho le tse dingwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Bokopano jo bo haphegileng jwa bo lesome le bobedi jwa African Union mabapi le AfCFTA, bo ne jwa simolola tumalano e, kwa Niamey ka Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190429/afcfta-agreement-secures-minimum-threshold-22-ratification-sierra-leone-and &quot;AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments&quot;.] ''African Union''. April 29, 2019. Retrieved 02 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Meldrum, Andrew (July 7, 2019). [https://apnews.com/article/e5ab779ada5e40c2a2ae782f844e519a &quot;African leaders to launch continent-wide free trade zone&quot;.] ''AP News''. Associated Press. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa tshimololong go ne ga simololwa melao e le metlhano e e tlaa etelelang pele: molao wa tlhamo, bokopano jwa therisanyo jwa maranyane, go lebelela le go emisa mathata a tsa makgetho, mafaratlhatlha a tsa dituelo, le lekalana le le okametseng kgwebo mo Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190707/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched-niger-summit &quot;Operational phase of the African Continental Free Trade Area is launched at Niger Summit of the African Union&quot;]. ''African Union''. July 7, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Legato la bobedi le la boraro a solofetswe go simololwa ke mafatshe a e leng maloko a AU. Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2020, bokopano jwa baeteledipele kgotsa botautona ba mafatshe jwa AU bo ne jwa tsaya tshwetso ya gore legato la boraro le tla simolola morago ga ditherisanyo tsa legato la bobedi, tse di neng di solofetswe go fela ka Morule ngwaga wa 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, sebaka se se ne sa diega ka ntlha ya segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Aforika, mme letsatsi le lesha la morule a le malatsi a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2021 le ne la bewa gore go fediwe legato la bobedi le laboraro. AfCFTA e simolotse semmuso ka Firikgong a rogwa ngwaga wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/1/1/after-months-of-covid-delays-african-free-trade-bloc-launches &quot;After months of COVID delays, African free trade bloc launches&quot;.] ''aljazeera.com''. Al Jazeera English. January 1, 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;

== Boloko ==
Mo mafatsheng a e leng maloko a AU a a masome a matlhano le botlhano, a le masome a mane le bone a beile monwana tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala, a le masome a mane le bosupa a beile monwana molao wa Kigali fa a le masome a mararo a beile monwana molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng kwa phelelong ya bokopano jwa Kigali jwa ngwaga wa 2018. Mafatshe a [[Benin]], [[Botswana]], Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, [[Nigeria]] le [[Zambia]] ke mangwe a mafatshe a a lesome le motso a a neng a sa baya monwana pele.&lt;ref&gt;Uwiringiyimana, Clement (March 21, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-trade/nigeria-keen-to-ensure-africa-trade-bloc-good-for-itself-president-idUSKBN1GX29V/ &quot;Nigeria keen to ensure Africa trade bloc good for itself: president&quot;]. Reuters.&lt;/ref&gt; Morago ga bokopano jwa Kigali jwa 2018, menwana e mengwe e ne ya tsewa, Kwa bokopanong jwa bo masome a mararo le motso kwa African Union kwa Nouakchott ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa 2018, lefatshe la [[Aforika Borwa]] (le e leng la bobedi ka itsholelo mo Aforika), [[Sierra Leone]], [[Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] le [[Burundi]] a ne a tsenelela tumalano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;More countries sign the African free trade area agreement&quot;. ''The East African''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2019, Guinea Bissau, Zambia le Botswana le one a ne a tsenelela. [[Kenya]] le Ghana ke mafatshe a ntlha go dumalana le tumalano e, ba tlhomamisa tumalano ya bone ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Mo menwaneng e, e le masome a mabedi le bobedi e ne e tlhoka go tlhomamisa tumalano pele ga e ka diragadiwa, se se ne sa diragala ka Moranang a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019, fa Sierra Leone le Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic a ne a tlhomamisa tumalano.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/cfta.html &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents&quot;]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ntlha ya se, tumalano e ne ya simolola malatsi a la masome a mararo morago ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2019.

Tautona wa lefatshe la Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari o ne a le maoto a tshupa go tsenelela AfCFTA a tshaba gore e tla utlusa lefatshe la Nigeria botlhoko mo go tsa kgwebo le mehama ya mo gae,&lt;ref&gt;Giles, Chris (March 22, 2018). [https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/22/africa/african-trade-agreement-world/index.html &quot;44 African countries agree free trade agreement, Nigeria yet to sign&quot;]. CNN.&lt;/ref&gt; tshwetso ya gagwe ya go sa tsenelele e ne ya galalediwa ke ditlhopha dingwe mo gae di akaretsa lekgotla la batlhami la Nigeria&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/23/nigeria-s-buhari-explains-failure-to-sign-continental-free-trade-agreement// &quot;Nigeria's Buhari explains failure to sign continental free trade agreement&quot;.] Retrieved 03 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt; le bokopano jwa pereko kwa Nigeria. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pulse.ng/bi/strategy/strategy-why-nigeria-south-africa-did-not-join-other-nations-to-sign-continental-free/1sfvms6 &quot;Why Nigeria, South Africa did not join other Nations to sign Continental Free Trade agreement&quot;]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;Puso ya lefatshe la Nigeria e ne e ikaelela go botsolosa mo go tseneletseng le dikgwebo tsa mo gae go netefatsa gore ba dikgwebo tse diikemetseng ba dumalana le tumalano e,&lt;ref&gt;[https://theconversation.com/why-nigeria-had-good-reasons-to-delay-signing-africas-free-trade-deal-100203 &quot;Why Nigeria had good reasons to delay signing Africa's free trade deal]&quot;. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; ka tshwenyego e tona e ne e le gore a tumalano e e tla hemela ditirelo tsa go phadisana di tshwana le go turusa dithoto.&lt;ref&gt;[https://allafrica.com/stories/201811080199.html &quot;Nigeria: Why We Are Worried Over African Free Trade Agreement - Dangote, MAN, LCCI&quot;]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa 2019, dikgwedi fela morago ga go tlhophiwa gape, Buhari o ne a dumalana go tsenelela tumalano kwa bokopanong jwa UN jwa bo lesome le bobedi mabapi le AfCFTA.&lt;ref&gt;Kazeem, Yomi (July 3, 2019). [https://qz.com/africa/1657861/nigeria-to-sign-africa-free-trade-agreement-afcfta &quot;Africa's largest economy is finally backing the continent's plans for a single free trade market&quot;]. ''Quartz Africa''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa bokopanong joo, lefatshe la Benin le lone le ne la itlama go baya monwana tumalano, le tlogela la Eritrea e le lone fela la mafatshe a maloko a AU a a masome a matlhano le botlhano a a sa bayang monwana.&lt;ref&gt;AfricaNews (July 6, 2019). [https://www.africanews.com/2019/07/06/eritrea-now-sole-outsiders-of-free-trade-deal-as-nigeria-benin-sign-up/ &quot;Eritrea now sole outsiders of free trade deal as Nigeria, Benin sign up&quot;]. ''Africanews''. Retrieved 3 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/nigeria-finally-commits-to-signing-the-africa-free-trade-agreement/ &quot;Nigeria finally commits to signing the Africa free trade agreement&quot;]. ''The South African''. July 3, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;Lefatshe la Eritrea le ne la seka la nna bontlha jwa tumalano ya ntlha ka ntlha ya ntwa e e neng e tsweletse, mme tumalano ya kagiso ya ngwaga wa 2018 gareng ga mafatshe a Ethiopia le Eritrea e ne ya fedisa kgotlhang ya bo ya emisa se se neng se kganela Eritrea go tsaya karolo mo tumalanong ya kgwebo ya mahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48899701 &quot;Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement&quot;]. BBC. July 7, 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Mayeni (July 7, 2019). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48899701 &quot;Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement&quot;.] ''BBC News''. BBC. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ighobor, Kingsley (August–November 2018). [https://africarenewal.un.org/en &quot;Africa set for a massive free trade area&quot;.] ''Africa Renewal''. United Nations. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographics/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html &quot;Status of AfCFTA Ratification&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 2024, go na le mafatshe a maloko a le masome a matlhano le bone a a beileng monwana, a le masome a mane le borobabobedi a tlhomamisitse.&lt;ref&gt;Ndlovu, Sitshengisiwe (July 23, 2020). [https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/afcfta-establishment-pushed-to-2021-by-covid-19/ &quot;AfCFTA establishment pushed to 2021 by Covid-19&quot;.] ''The Herald''. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/en/speeches/20200319/statement-he-mr-wamkele-mene-occasion-swearing-secretary-general-afcfta &quot;Statement of H.E. Mr. Wamkele Mene on the Occasion of Swearing-in as the Secretary General of the AfCFTA Secretariat&quot;.] African Union. March 19, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographic/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html &quot;AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;.] ''Tralac''. May 6, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Fa godimo ga foo, lefatshe le le lengwe ([[Somalia]]) le feditse tlhomamiso ya lone ya mo gae, mme le ne le ise le tlhomamise ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2020.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographic/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html &quot;AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;]. ''Tralac''. May 6, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.news.cn/ &quot;Somalia approves Africa free trade area treaty for ratification - Xinhua | English.news.cn&quot;]. ''www.xinhuanet.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; Eritrea ke lone fela lefatshe le e lelng leloko la AU le le iseng le beye monwana ka ngwaga wa 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

=== Lenaane la ba ba beileng menwana le batsaya karolo mo tumalanong ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Lefatshe 
!a le beile monwana
!letsatsi la go baya monwana
!a le tlhomamisitse
!letsatsi la tlhomamiso
!A le beeleditse
!letsatsi la peeletso
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Algeria.svg|left|30x30px]][[Algeria]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2021
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2021
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Angola.svg|left|30x30px]][[Angola]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phalane a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane, ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Benin.svg|left|30x30px]][[Benin]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Botswana.svg|left|30x30px]][[Botswana]]
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|left|30x30px]][[Burkina Faso]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Burundi]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 2021
|ee
|Phatwe a le masome a  mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa 2021
|-
|[[Cameroon]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Morule a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|[[Central African Republic]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|[[Cape Verde]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa 2022
|-
|[[Chad]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwag wa 2018
|-
|[[Ivory Coast]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|[[Comoros]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023
|-
|[[Republic of the Congo]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2022
|ee
|Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2022
|-
|[[Djibouti]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a robaboedi ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Equatorial Guinea]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Eritrea
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|[[Eswatini]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le motso, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|[[Ethiopia]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome amabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Gabon]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Gambia]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Ghana
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|[[Guinea]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phalane a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|[[Guinea-Bissau]]
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Phalane a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phatwe a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2022
|-
|[[Kenya]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong ale malatsi a marataro, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|[[Lesotho]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phalane a le malatsi a a masome mabedi, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le amsome a amabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|[[Liberia]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2023
|ee
|Phukwi a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2024
|-
|[[Libya]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|[[Madagascar]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|nnyaa
|
|nyaa
|
|-
|[[Malawi]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2021
|-
|[[Mali]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le lesome le motso, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Mauritania]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome le motso, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Mauritius]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Lwetse a le masome a mararo, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Phalane a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Morocco]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa 2022
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2022
|-
|[[Mozambique]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firkgong a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2023
|-
|[[Namibia]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Niger
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|[[Nigeria]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Morule a le malatsi a mararo, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Morule a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|[[Rwanda]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|[[Sahrawi Republic]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le masome a mararo, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Prìncipe]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Senegal]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Mopitlo a le lesome le bobedi, ngwaga  wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le malatsia  mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Seychelles]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a robabobedi, ngwaga wa 2021
|ee
|Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2021
|-
|[[Sierra Leone]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Somalia]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|[[Aforika Borwa|South Africa]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firkgong a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[South Sudan]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|[[Sudan]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|[[Tanzania]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2022
|ee
|Firikgong a le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2022
|-
|[[Togo]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Tunisia]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Lwetse a le mlatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|[[Uganda]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Zambia]]
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a a lesome ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Firkgong a le masome amabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2021
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2021
|-
|[[Zimbabwe]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a le masome mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa 2019
|}

== Mafatshe a mangwe a e leng maloko a AU ==
Lefatshe la Eritrea ga le a baya monwana ka ntlha ya dikgotlhang le la Ethiopia, mme ka ngwaga wa 2019, morago ga bokopano jwa 2018 jwa Eritrea le Ethiopia, mogogi wa tsa kgwebo le mehama wa African union o ne a solofetse gore lefatshe la Eritrea le tla a baya monwana mo tumalanong e.

== Metswedi ==</text>
      <sha1>dw3ono78x21rtwssy7awzy56gkflaw8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>40942</id>
      <parentid>40941</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-03T07:37:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JudithShe</username>
        <id>9421</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ke okeditse metswedi ya tsebe ya Tumalano ya go gweba mahala mo Aforika</comment>
      <origin>40942</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45995" sha1="tgjqu0t7u9gjjar7gjngd9x2hi601de" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:AfricanContinentalFreeTradeArea.svg|thumb|Mmepe wa tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika]]
'''Lefelo ya kgwebo ya mahala la Aforika'''&lt;ref&gt;Loes Witschge (March 20, 2018). [https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2018/3/20/african-continental-free-trade-area-what-you-need-to-know &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know]&quot;. [[:en:Al_Jazeera_Media_Network|''Al Jazeera''.]]&lt;/ref&gt; ke lefelo la kgwebo ya mahala le le akaretsang bontsi jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43489255 &quot;African states agree massive trade bloc]&quot;. ''BBC News''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-21/africa-set-to-agree-3-trillion-trade-bloc-without-key-economy Africa Set to Agree $3 Trillion Trade Bloc, Without Key Economy]&quot;. ''Bloomberg.com''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;AfricaNews. [https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/21/forty-four-countries-sign-historic-africa-union-free-trade-agreement/ &quot;Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement | Africanews&quot;]. ''Africanews''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Le tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa 2018 ke tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika, e e nang le batsaya karolo ba le masome a mane le boraro, le ba ba beileng monwana ba le lesome le motso, se se dira gore e nne lone lefelo le letona la kgwebo ya mahala ka palo ya mafatshe a e leng maloko, le sala morago World Trade Organisation&lt;ref&gt;Justina Crabtree (March 20, 2018). &quot;[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/20/africa-leaders-to-form-largest-free-trade-area-since-the-wto.html Africa is on the verge of forming the largest free trade area since the World Trade Organization&quot;. ''CNBC''.]&lt;/ref&gt; e e leng yone e tona ka palo ya batho le bophara, le akaretsa batho ba le 1.3 billion mo lefatsheng lotlhe.

Tumalano e e tlhamileng AfCFTA e ne ya emelwa ke lekgotla la African Union ya bewa monwana ke mafatshe a e leng maloko a le masome a mane le bone jwa mafatshe a a masome a matlhano le botlhano kwa Kigali, Rwanda ka mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le bongwe, ngwaga wa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/03/22/forty-four-african-countries-sign-a-free-trade-deal Forty-four African countries sign a free-trade deal]&quot;. ''The Economist''. March 22, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1270936/business-economy &quot;44 African nations sign pact establishing free trade area&quot;]. ''Arab News''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Kakanyetso e ne e tshwanetse go simolola mo malatsing a le masome a mararo morago ga paakanyo ya mafatshe a a beileng monwana a le masome a mabedi le bobedi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le malatsi a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019,&lt;ref&gt;Abdi Latif Dahir (April 3, 2019). [https://qz.com/africa/1586526/africa-free-trade-deal-gets-gambia-signature-to-go-into-force &quot;Africa's historic free trade deal now has enough countries signed up to go into force&quot;]. ''Quartz Africa''.&lt;/ref&gt; lefatshe la Sahrawi Republic le ne la dira paakanyo ya bo masome a mabedi le bobedi, se se baka gore tumalano e twelele ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome mararo; e simolotse go bereka morago ga bokopano ka Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019,&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190429/afcfta-agreement-secures-minimum-threshold-22-ratification-sierra-leone-and &quot;AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments&quot;]. African Union. April 29, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; mme ya simolola semmuso ka Firikgong a tlhola gangwe, ngwaga wa 2021. Ditherisanyo le tlhamo ya AfCFTA di eteletswe pele ke mokwaledimogolo wa sennelaruri o o kwa Accra, Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/african-continental-free-trade-area U.S. International Trade Administration, African Continental Free Trade Area] (3 January 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/akufo-addo-commissions-and-hands-over-afcfta-secretariat-to-au-commission/ &quot;Akufo-Addo commissions and hands-over AfCFTA secretariat to AU commission&quot;]. ''Joy online''. August 17, 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo tumalanong e, maloko a AfCFTA a itlamile go emisa makgetho mo dilwaneng le ditirelo tse dintsi mo sebakeng sa dingwaga di le tlhano, some kotsa lesome le boraro go ya ka tlhabologo ya lefatshe kgotsa seemo sa dithoto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Maikaelelo a akaretsa go dira marekisetso a a moono mongwe; a fokotsa mathata a madi a tshimololo le pereko go dira gore go nne motlhofo go beeletsa; go tlhabolola dikago mo kgaolong; le go diragatsa bokopano jwa kgwebo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african-union/2162-afcfta-agreement-legally-scrubbed-version-signed-16-may-2018/file.html &quot;Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; maikaelelo a AfCFTA ke go oketsa tlhabololo ya itsholelo, go fokotsa lehuma, le go dira gore Aforika a phadisane mo itsholelelong ya mafatshe.

Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2022, a le malatsi a le lesome le boraro, AfCFTA e ne ya tsaya kgato e tona mo maikaelelong a yone ka go tlhama mafaratlhatlha a dituelo a Aforika a le mongwe, a a letlang dituelo mo dikomponeng tse di dirang mo Aforika go dirwa ka madi mangwe le mangwe a Aforika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ka Moranang ngwaga wa 2024, lekgotla la African Union le ne la itsese gore AfCFTA e simolotse go diragatsa tumalano. Legato le le le diragatsang tumalano, le supagala ka tse di latelang:

* Go tlhomiwa ga melao ya tshimolo, e e tla a laolang diemo tsa ka fa selwana kgotsa tirelo di tlaa rekisiwang ka teng go sa tlhokafale babereki;
* Phokotso ya makgethomo dilwaneng ka masome a robabongwe mo lekgolong;
* Tiriso ya maranyane e letla maloko go bega mathata a ba a itemogelang a go tlhoka makgetho;
* Mafaratlhatlha a dituelo tsa Aforika o mongwe, a letla go tlhomamisa dituelo ebile gore batho ba tshephe mafaratlhatlha ao.
* Maranyane a peo leitlho kgwebo ya Aforika, go baakanya tse dikganelang kgwebo go tlaa dirwa ke maloko a AU.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://au.int/en/articles/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched Operational Phase Of The African Continental Free Trade Area Launched]&quot;. ''African Union''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditso ==

=== Motheo ===
Ka ngwaga wa 1963, lekgotla la bokopano jwa Aforika le ne la tlhamiwa ke mafatshe a Aforika a a neng a ikemetse ka nosi. Lekgotla le la AOU le ne le ikaelela go rotloetsa tirisano mmogo mo mafatsheng a Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa 1980, le ne la tsenya mo tirisong leano la tiro la Lagos. Leano le ne le akanyetsa gore Aforika o tshwanetse go fokotsa go ikaega ka mafatshe a bophirima ka go rotloetsa kgwebo mo Aforika. Sese simologile ka go tlhama makgotla a le mmalwa a bokopano mo dikgaolong tse difarologanneg tsa Aforika, jaaka Bokopano jwa tlhabololo ya borwa jwa Aforika (Southern African Development Coordination Conference). Se se ne sa baka tumalano ya kwa Abuja ka ngwaga wa 1991, e e neng ya tlhama Komiti ya itsholelo ya Aforika (African Economic Community), lekgotla le le neng le rotloetsa tlhamo ya mafelo a kgwebo a mahala, dikopano tsa dituelo, banka ya legare, le bokopano jwa ledi le le lengwe la Aforika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/webditc2016d7_en.pdf &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods&quot;] (PDF). ''unctad.org''. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190704/african-union-will-launch-operational-phase-afcfta-summit-niger &quot;African Union will launch operational phase of the AfCFTA at Summit in Niger&quot;]. ''African Union''. July 4, 2019. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa 2002, OAU e ne ya tlhatlhamiwa ke African Union (AU), e nngwe ya maikaelelo a yone e neng e le go fefosa kamano ya itsholelo mo Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf &quot;Constitutive Act of the African Union&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. Retrieved July 2, 2025. &lt;q&gt;Article 3c: &quot;accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;&quot;&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Maikaelelo a bobedi e le go berekisa mmogo melawana gareng ga makgotla a itsholelo a a teng le a a tla nnang teng mo isagong gore lekgotla le kgone go fitlhelela maikaelelo a lone.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf &quot;Constitutive Act of the African Union]&quot; (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. Retrieved July 2, 2025. &lt;q&gt;Article 3 (l): &quot;coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;&quot;&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditherisanyo ===
Kwa bokopanong jwa ngwaga wa 2012 jwa African Union kwa Addis Ababa, baeteledipele ba ne ba dumalana go tlhama lefelo le lešha la go gweba mahala ka ngwaga wa 2017. Kwa bokpanong jwa ngwaga wa 2015 kwa Johannesburg, bokopabo bo ne jwa dumalana go simolola ditherisanyo. Se se ne sa simolola metseletsele ya ditherisanyo di le lesome tse di diragetseng mo dingwageng di le tharo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/webditc2016d7_en.pdf &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods&quot;] (PDF). ''unctad.org''. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Signé, Landry; van der Ven, Colette (May 2019). [https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Keys_to_success_for_AfCFTA.pdf &quot;Keys to success for the AfCFTA negotiations&quot;] (PDF). ''Brookings''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Therisanyo ya ntlha e ne e tshwerwe ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2016, ga tshwarwa dikopano di ferabobedi go fitlhelela ka bokopano jwa Mopitlo 2018 kwa Kigali. Go tswa ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2017 ditlhopha tsa maranyane di ne ta tshwara dikopano di le nne, kwa mathata a tsa maranyane go neng ag buisanwa ka one a bo a kwala. Ka Mopitlo a ferabobedi go tsena a ferabongwe, bo tona ba tsa kgwebo ba African Union ba ne ba tlhomamisa kakanyetso e.&lt;ref&gt;tralac, trade law centre. &quot;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/cfta.html African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents&quot;]. ''tralac.org''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bokopano jwa 2018 kwa Kigali ===
Ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 2018, kwa bokopanong jo bo haphegileng jwa bo lesome jwa African Union mabapi le AcFTA, ditumalano tse difarologaneng di le tharo di ne tsa bewa menwana: tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika, tumalano ya Kigali le Molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho. Molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho o ikaelela go dira kgaolo e e sa tlhokeng teseletso ya mosepele mo mafatsheng a maloko a AfCFTA, le go ema nokeng go tlhamiwa ga bukana ya mesepele ya Africa Union.&lt;ref&gt;Gwatiwa, Tshepo T.; Sam, Michael Noel (March 14, 2018). [https://theconversation.com/how-the-free-movement-of-people-could-benefit-africa-92057 &quot;How the free movement of people could benefit Africa]&quot;. ''The Conversation''. Retrieved 02 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa bokopanong jwa Kigali ka Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018, mafatshe a le masome a mane le bone a ne a baya monwana AfCFTA, a le masome a mane le bosupa a baya monwana tumalano ya Kigali, fa a le masome a mararo a ne a baya monwana molao wa tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho. Le ntswa go ne go atlegilwe, go ne go na le ba ba saletseng kwa morago, ebong Aforika Borwa le Nigeria, mafatshe a a nang le diitsholelo tse ditona mo Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (March 21, 2018). [https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/21/forty-four-countries-sign-historic-africa-union-free-trade-agreement// &quot;Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement&quot;]. ''AfricaNews''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/our-resources/6730-continental-free-trade-area-cfta.html &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Tralac Trade Law Centre. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/african-union-resources.html &quot;African Union Legal Resources and Policy Documents&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;

Se se neng se thatafatsa dilo mo ditherisanyong tse e ne e le gore Aforika o setse akgaogantswe ka dikgaolo tsa kgwebo ya mahala di ferabobedi, nngwe le nngwe e na le melao e e farologaneng. Makgotla a a dikgaolo a tla tswelela ka go bereka; tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika e batla go fokotsan mathata a thekiso kgotsa kgwebo mo Aforika, mme morago e dirisa makgotla a a dikgaolo go simolodisa maikaelelo a Aforika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html &quot;How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Melawana e e beilweng monwana kwa bokopanong jwa 2018 jwa Kigali&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african-union/1831-legal-instruments-signed-at-10th-extraordinary-summit-on-afcfta-21-march-2018/file.html &quot;INDICATION OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS SIGNED AT THE 10TH EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY ON THE LAUNCH OF THE AFCFTA&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Lefatshe
!O beilwe monwana ke
!AfCFTA
!Molao wa Kigali
!Molao wa go tsamaya ka kgololesego
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Algeria.svg|left|30x30px]][[Algeria]]
|Tonakgolo Ahmed Ouyahia
|ee
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Angola.svg|left|30x30px]][[Angola]]
|Tautona Joao Lourenco
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|left|30x30px]][[Central African Republic]]
|Tautona Faustin Archange Touadera
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Chad.svg|left|30x30px]][[Chad]]
|Tautona Idriss Deby
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Comoros]]
|Tautona Azali Assoumani
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Djibouti]]
|Tautona Ismail Omar Guelleh
|ee
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Equatorial Guinea]]
|Tonakgolo Francisco Pascual Obama Asue
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Eswatini]]
|Tonakgolo Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini
|ee
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Gabon]]
|Tautona Ali Bongo Ondimba
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[The Gambia|Gambia]]
|Tautona Adama Barrow
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|Ghana
|Tautona Nana Akofu-Addo
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Ivory Coast]]
|Mothusa tautona Daniel Kablan Duncan
|ee
|nnyaa
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Kenya]]
|Tautona Uhuru Kenyatta
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Lesotho]]
|Tonakgolo Tom Thabane
|nnyaa
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Mauritania]]
|Tautona Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Morocco]]
|Tonakgolo Saadeddine Othmani
|ee
|nnyaa
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Mozambique]]
|Tautona Filipe Nyusi
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Nigeria|Niger]]
|Tautona Mahamadou Issoufou
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Republic of the Congo]]
|Tautona Denis Sassou Nguesso
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Rwanda]]
|Tautona Paul Kagame
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Sahrwari Republic]]
|Tautona Brahim Ghali
|ee
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Senegal]]
|Tautona Macky Sall
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Seychelles]]
|Mothusa tautona Vincent Meriton
|ee
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Aforika Borwa|South Africa]]
|Tautona Cyril Ramaphosa
|nnyaa
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Sudan]]
|Tonakgolo Abdalla Hamdok
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Tanzania]]
|Tonakgolo Kassim Majaliwa
|nnyaa
|ee
|nnyaa
|-
|[[Uganda]]
|Tautona Yoweri Museveni&lt;ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[https://www.tralac.orgtralac.org/news/article/13750-uganda-deposits-its-instrument-of-ratification-of-the-agreement-on-the-afcfta.html TRALAC (November 28, 2018). &quot;Uganda Deposits Its Instrument of Ratification of The Agreement On The AfCFTA&quot;]. Addis Ababa:[''permanent dead link'']&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|ee
|ee
|ee
|-
|[[Zimbabwe]]
|Tautona Emmerson Mnangagwa
|ee
|ee
|nnyaa
|}

=== Go kwalwa ga melao e mengwe ===
Ditherisanyo di ne tsa stwelela ka ngwaga wa 2018 ka legato la bobedi, di akaretsa melawana ya tsa peeletso, phadisanyo le ditshwanelo tsa dithoto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190403214541/https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/33984-doc-qa_cfta_en_rev15march.pdf &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area - Questions &amp; Answers&quot; (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union]. March 15, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2020, ditherisanyo tsa AU Assembly di tla konetelwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/34055-ext_assembly_dec_1x_e26_march.pdf &quot;Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 21, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Mokwalo wa ntlha o solofetswe kwa bokopanong jwa AU jwa Firikgong 2020.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/34055-ext_assembly_dec_1x_e26_march.pdf &quot;Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 21, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditsholofelo ===
Ka ngwaga wa 2018, komiti ya itsholelo ya Aforika e ne ya akanyetsa gore AcFCTA e tla oketsa kgwebo ya gare ga Aforika ka masome a matlhano le bobedi mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2022.&lt;ref&gt;Witschge, Loes (March 20, 2018). &quot;[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2018/3/20/african-continental-free-trade-area-what-you-need-to-know African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know&quot;]. Al-Jazeera.&lt;/ref&gt; Pego ya ngwaga wa 2020 ya banka ya mafatshe e ne ya solofela fa AfCFTA e ka ntsha batho ba Aforika ba le didikadike di le masome a mararo mo lehumeng la nta ya tlhogo, ya oketsa dikamogelo ya batho ba le didikadike di le masome a supa, le go nna le dipoelo tsa dibilione di le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2035.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/publication/the-african-continental-free-trade-area &quot;The African Continental Free Trade Area]&quot;. ''World Bank''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metheo ==
Metheo e e latelang e ne e tlhametswe go kgona go tlhama lefelo la kgwebo ya mahala. Morago ga ditherisanyo tsa legato la bobedi, dikomiti tse dingwe di ka tlhamiwa ka melao.&lt;ref&gt;Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html &quot;How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?&quot;]. ''tralac Discussion''. trade law centre. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mokwaledi wa AfCFTA o lebagane le go lomaganya go tlhamiwa ga tumalano, ebile ke mokgatlho mo AU. Le ntswa e na le ba molao ba ba ikemetseng, e bereka thata le komiti ya AU ebile e amogela madi go tswa kwa AU. Khansele ya botona ba tsa kgwebo e ne e tshwanetse go tsaya tshwetso ya lefelo la ofisikgolo, ka fa e tla dirwang ka teng, ditiro le maikarabelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Bokopano jwa botautona ba mafatshe a e leng maloko a AU ke bone bo tsayang ditshwetso. E ka nna ya kopana ka dikopano tsa AU.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Chidede, Talkmore (March 15, 2018). [https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12838-the-legal-and-institutional-architecture-of-the-agreement-establishing-the-african-continental-free-trade-area.html &quot;The legal and institutional architecture of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;]. ''tralac Discussion''. trade law centre. Retrieved 02 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Khansele ya botona ba kgwebo e baya melao ebo e netefatsa gore tlhamo le kgonagalo ya tumalano ya AfCFTA e a diragadiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Dikomiti di le mmalwa di tlhamilwe: ka kgwebo ya dithoto, kgwebo ya ditirelo, melao ya tlholego, tshiamiso ya kgwebo, mathata a makgetho; mathata a tsa maranyane le dikgato tsa bophepa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Ditsela tsa go baakanya dintwa di santse di buisanwa, mme di tla akaretsa lekgotla la tharabololo ya dikgotlang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Komiti ya botona ba kgwebo e diragatsa ditshwetso tsa khansele. Komiti e e e itebaganste le tlhabololo ya mananeo le maano a go dira tumalano e ya AfCFTA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Tiragatso ==
AfCFTA e tla diragadiwa ka magato, mangwe a magato a a santse go buisanwa ka one.&lt;ref&gt;Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html &quot;How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?&quot;.] ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Legato lantlha le akaretsa kgwebo ya dithoto le ya ditirelo. Legato la bobedi le akaretsa ditshwanelo tsa dithoto tsa tlhaloganyo, peeletso le go phadisana. Legato la boraro le akaretsa kgwebo ya mo maranyaneng.

Kwa bokopanong jwa Kigali jwa ngwaga wa 2018, ditumalano di nnile mo melaong ya thekiso, ditsela tsa go rarabolola ditlhoka kutlwisisano, tirisanommogo ya thekiso, ka fa kgwebo e tla dirwang ka teng le melao ya tlholego ya dithoto. Go ne ga nna le tumalano ya go fokotsa makgetho ka masome a robabongwe mo lekgolong ga dithoto tsotlhe. Lefatshe lengwe le lengwe le letl elelwa go ntsha boraro mo lekgolong la dithoto tsa lone mo tumalanong e.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Se e ne e le legato la ntlha la tumalano, le le akaretsang go gololwa ga dithoto le ditirelo. Mathata mangwe a legato lantlha a a santseng go buisanwa ka one a karetsa nako ya makgetho le tse dingwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Bokopano jo bo haphegileng jwa bo lesome le bobedi jwa African Union mabapi le AfCFTA, bo ne jwa simolola tumalano e, kwa Niamey ka Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190429/afcfta-agreement-secures-minimum-threshold-22-ratification-sierra-leone-and &quot;AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments&quot;.] ''African Union''. April 29, 2019. Retrieved 02 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Meldrum, Andrew (July 7, 2019). [https://apnews.com/article/e5ab779ada5e40c2a2ae782f844e519a &quot;African leaders to launch continent-wide free trade zone&quot;.] ''AP News''. Associated Press. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa tshimololong go ne ga simololwa melao e le metlhano e e tlaa etelelang pele: molao wa tlhamo, bokopano jwa therisanyo jwa maranyane, go lebelela le go emisa mathata a tsa makgetho, mafaratlhatlha a tsa dituelo, le lekalana le le okametseng kgwebo mo Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190707/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched-niger-summit &quot;Operational phase of the African Continental Free Trade Area is launched at Niger Summit of the African Union&quot;]. ''African Union''. July 7, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Legato la bobedi le la boraro a solofetswe go simololwa ke mafatshe a e leng maloko a AU. Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2020, bokopano jwa baeteledipele kgotsa botautona ba mafatshe jwa AU bo ne jwa tsaya tshwetso ya gore legato la boraro le tla simolola morago ga ditherisanyo tsa legato la bobedi, tse di neng di solofetswe go fela ka Morule ngwaga wa 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, sebaka se se ne sa diega ka ntlha ya segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Aforika, mme letsatsi le lesha la morule a le malatsi a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2021 le ne la bewa gore go fediwe legato la bobedi le laboraro. AfCFTA e simolotse semmuso ka Firikgong a rogwa ngwaga wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/1/1/after-months-of-covid-delays-african-free-trade-bloc-launches &quot;After months of COVID delays, African free trade bloc launches&quot;.] ''aljazeera.com''. Al Jazeera English. January 1, 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;

== Boloko ==
Mo mafatsheng a e leng maloko a AU a a masome a matlhano le botlhano, a le masome a mane le bone a beile monwana tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala, a le masome a mane le bosupa a beile monwana molao wa Kigali fa a le masome a mararo a beile monwana molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng kwa phelelong ya bokopano jwa Kigali jwa ngwaga wa 2018. Mafatshe a [[Benin]], [[Botswana]], Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, [[Nigeria]] le [[Zambia]] ke mangwe a mafatshe a a lesome le motso a a neng a sa baya monwana pele.&lt;ref&gt;Uwiringiyimana, Clement (March 21, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-trade/nigeria-keen-to-ensure-africa-trade-bloc-good-for-itself-president-idUSKBN1GX29V/ &quot;Nigeria keen to ensure Africa trade bloc good for itself: president&quot;]. Reuters.&lt;/ref&gt; Morago ga bokopano jwa Kigali jwa 2018, menwana e mengwe e ne ya tsewa, Kwa bokopanong jwa bo masome a mararo le motso kwa African Union kwa Nouakchott ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa 2018, lefatshe la [[Aforika Borwa]] (le e leng la bobedi ka itsholelo mo Aforika), [[Sierra Leone]], [[Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] le [[Burundi]] a ne a tsenelela tumalano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;More countries sign the African free trade area agreement&quot;. ''The East African''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2019, Guinea Bissau, Zambia le Botswana le one a ne a tsenelela. [[Kenya]] le Ghana ke mafatshe a ntlha go dumalana le tumalano e, ba tlhomamisa tumalano ya bone ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Mo menwaneng e, e le masome a mabedi le bobedi e ne e tlhoka go tlhomamisa tumalano pele ga e ka diragadiwa, se se ne sa diragala ka Moranang a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019, fa Sierra Leone le Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic a ne a tlhomamisa tumalano.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/cfta.html &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents&quot;]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ntlha ya se, tumalano e ne ya simolola malatsi a la masome a mararo morago ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2019.

Tautona wa lefatshe la Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari o ne a le maoto a tshupa go tsenelela AfCFTA a tshaba gore e tla utlusa lefatshe la Nigeria botlhoko mo go tsa kgwebo le mehama ya mo gae,&lt;ref&gt;Giles, Chris (March 22, 2018). [https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/22/africa/african-trade-agreement-world/index.html &quot;44 African countries agree free trade agreement, Nigeria yet to sign&quot;]. CNN.&lt;/ref&gt; tshwetso ya gagwe ya go sa tsenelele e ne ya galalediwa ke ditlhopha dingwe mo gae di akaretsa lekgotla la batlhami la Nigeria&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/23/nigeria-s-buhari-explains-failure-to-sign-continental-free-trade-agreement// &quot;Nigeria's Buhari explains failure to sign continental free trade agreement&quot;.] Retrieved 03 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt; le bokopano jwa pereko kwa Nigeria. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pulse.ng/bi/strategy/strategy-why-nigeria-south-africa-did-not-join-other-nations-to-sign-continental-free/1sfvms6 &quot;Why Nigeria, South Africa did not join other Nations to sign Continental Free Trade agreement&quot;]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;Puso ya lefatshe la Nigeria e ne e ikaelela go botsolosa mo go tseneletseng le dikgwebo tsa mo gae go netefatsa gore ba dikgwebo tse diikemetseng ba dumalana le tumalano e,&lt;ref&gt;[https://theconversation.com/why-nigeria-had-good-reasons-to-delay-signing-africas-free-trade-deal-100203 &quot;Why Nigeria had good reasons to delay signing Africa's free trade deal]&quot;. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; ka tshwenyego e tona e ne e le gore a tumalano e e tla hemela ditirelo tsa go phadisana di tshwana le go turusa dithoto.&lt;ref&gt;[https://allafrica.com/stories/201811080199.html &quot;Nigeria: Why We Are Worried Over African Free Trade Agreement - Dangote, MAN, LCCI&quot;]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa 2019, dikgwedi fela morago ga go tlhophiwa gape, Buhari o ne a dumalana go tsenelela tumalano kwa bokopanong jwa UN jwa bo lesome le bobedi mabapi le AfCFTA.&lt;ref&gt;Kazeem, Yomi (July 3, 2019). [https://qz.com/africa/1657861/nigeria-to-sign-africa-free-trade-agreement-afcfta &quot;Africa's largest economy is finally backing the continent's plans for a single free trade market&quot;]. ''Quartz Africa''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa bokopanong joo, lefatshe la Benin le lone le ne la itlama go baya monwana tumalano, le tlogela la Eritrea e le lone fela la mafatshe a maloko a AU a a masome a matlhano le botlhano a a sa bayang monwana.&lt;ref&gt;AfricaNews (July 6, 2019). [https://www.africanews.com/2019/07/06/eritrea-now-sole-outsiders-of-free-trade-deal-as-nigeria-benin-sign-up/ &quot;Eritrea now sole outsiders of free trade deal as Nigeria, Benin sign up&quot;]. ''Africanews''. Retrieved 3 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/nigeria-finally-commits-to-signing-the-africa-free-trade-agreement/ &quot;Nigeria finally commits to signing the Africa free trade agreement&quot;]. ''The South African''. July 3, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;Lefatshe la Eritrea le ne la seka la nna bontlha jwa tumalano ya ntlha ka ntlha ya ntwa e e neng e tsweletse, mme tumalano ya kagiso ya ngwaga wa 2018 gareng ga mafatshe a Ethiopia le Eritrea e ne ya fedisa kgotlhang ya bo ya emisa se se neng se kganela Eritrea go tsaya karolo mo tumalanong ya kgwebo ya mahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48899701 &quot;Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement&quot;]. BBC. July 7, 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Mayeni (July 7, 2019). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48899701 &quot;Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement&quot;.] ''BBC News''. BBC. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ighobor, Kingsley (August–November 2018). [https://africarenewal.un.org/en &quot;Africa set for a massive free trade area&quot;.] ''Africa Renewal''. United Nations. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographics/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html &quot;Status of AfCFTA Ratification&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 2024, go na le mafatshe a maloko a le masome a matlhano le bone a a beileng monwana, a le masome a mane le borobabobedi a tlhomamisitse.&lt;ref&gt;Ndlovu, Sitshengisiwe (July 23, 2020). [https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/afcfta-establishment-pushed-to-2021-by-covid-19/ &quot;AfCFTA establishment pushed to 2021 by Covid-19&quot;.] ''The Herald''. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/en/speeches/20200319/statement-he-mr-wamkele-mene-occasion-swearing-secretary-general-afcfta &quot;Statement of H.E. Mr. Wamkele Mene on the Occasion of Swearing-in as the Secretary General of the AfCFTA Secretariat&quot;.] African Union. March 19, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographic/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html &quot;AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;.] ''Tralac''. May 6, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Fa godimo ga foo, lefatshe le le lengwe ([[Somalia]]) le feditse tlhomamiso ya lone ya mo gae, mme le ne le ise le tlhomamise ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2020.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographic/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html &quot;AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;]. ''Tralac''. May 6, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.news.cn/ &quot;Somalia approves Africa free trade area treaty for ratification - Xinhua | English.news.cn&quot;]. ''www.xinhuanet.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; Eritrea ke lone fela lefatshe le e lelng leloko la AU le le iseng le beye monwana ka ngwaga wa 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

=== Lenaane la ba ba beileng menwana le batsaya karolo mo tumalanong ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Lefatshe 
!a le beile monwana
!letsatsi la go baya monwana
!a le tlhomamisitse
!letsatsi la tlhomamiso
!A le beeleditse
!letsatsi la peeletso
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Algeria.svg|left|30x30px]][[Algeria]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2021
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2021&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-06/25/c_1310026264.htm &quot;UNECA announces initiative to spur role of AfCFTA in Africa's post-COVID-19 economic recovery&quot;.] June 25, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Angola.svg|left|30x30px]][[Angola]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phalane a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane, ngwaga wa 2020&lt;ref&gt;Abdulrahman Olagunju (November 4, 2020)[https://www.africannewspage.net/2020/11/angola-becomes-30th-state-party-to-the-afcfta-by-depositing-instruments-of-ratification/ . &quot;Angola becomes 30th state party to the AfCFTA by depositing instruments of ratification&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Benin.svg|left|30x30px]][[Benin]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Botswana.svg|left|30x30px]][[Botswana]]
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023
|-
|[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|left|30x30px]][[Burkina Faso]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://northafricapost.com/31338-africas-free-trade-zone-kicks-off.html &quot;Africa's Free Trade Zone Kicks-Off&quot;.] Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Burundi]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 2021
|ee
|Phatwe a le masome a  mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa 2021
|-
|[[Cameroon]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Morule a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|[[Central African Republic]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|[[Cape Verde]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa 2022
|-
|[[Chad]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;[https://en.igihe.com/news/five-more-countries-sign-two-ratify-afcfta-at-au.html &quot;Five more countries sign, two ratify AfCFTA at AU Summit&quot;.] July 3, 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Ivory Coast]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|[[Comoros]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023
|-
|[[Republic of the Congo]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2022
|ee
|Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2022
|-
|[[Djibouti]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a robaboedi ngwaga wa 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/68092/Egypt-is-18th-AfCFTA-ratification-instrument-depositor &quot;Egypt is 18th AfCFTA ratification instrument depositor&quot;.] April 8, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Equatorial Guinea]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190707143303/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/07/c_138206491.htm &quot;Gabon, Equatorial Guinea submit AfCFTA ratification to AU&quot;.] Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Eritrea
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|[[Eswatini]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le motso, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Ethiopia]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome amabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/ar/node/36361 &quot;Ethiopia deposits instruments of ratification of AfCFTA&quot;]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Gabon]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190707143303/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/07/c_138206491.htm &quot;Gabon, Equatorial Guinea submit AfCFTA ratification to AU&quot;.] Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Gambia]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Ghana
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/news/article/13033-kenya-and-ghana-ratify-instruments-of-african-continental-free-trade-area.html &quot;Kenya and Ghana deposit instruments of African Continental Free Trade Area ratification&quot;]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Guinea]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phalane a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 2018
|-
|[[Guinea-Bissau]]
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Phalane a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phatwe a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2022
|-
|[[Kenya]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong ale malatsi a marataro, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Lesotho]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phalane a le malatsi a a masome mabedi, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le amsome a amabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|[[Liberia]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2023
|ee
|Phukwi a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2024&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographic/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html &quot;Status of AfCFTA Ratification&quot;]. ''Tralac.org''. Retrieved July 3, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Libya]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|[[Madagascar]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|nnyaa
|
|nyaa
|
|-
|[[Malawi]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2021&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.news.cn/ &quot;Malawi deposits AfCFTA ratification to AU&quot;.] January 15, 2021. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mali]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le lesome le motso, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Mauritania]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome le motso, ngwaga wa 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.int/sw/node/35799 &quot;Deposit of the instrument of Ratification of the AfCFTA Agreement by Mauritania&quot;]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mauritius]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Lwetse a le masome a mararo, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Phalane a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Morocco]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa 2022
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2022
|-
|[[Mozambique]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firkgong a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2023
|-
|[[Namibia]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|Niger
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2018&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/news/article/13137-niger-deposits-its-instrument-of-ratification-of-the-agreement-on-the-afcfta.html &quot;Niger deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA&quot;.] Retrieved 3 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Nigeria]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Morule a le malatsi a mararo, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Morule a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2020&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uneca.org/storys/nigeria-becomes-34th-country-ratify-afcfta-agreement &quot;Nigeria becomes 34th country to ratify AfCFTA agreement&quot;.] December 5, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Rwanda]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa 2018&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.africanews.com/2018/05/27/rwanda-becomes-third-country-to-ratify-au-free-trade-pact/ &quot;Rwanda becomes third country to ratify A.U. free trade pact&quot;]. May 27, 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sahrawi Republic]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le masome a mararo, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Prìncipe]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Seetebosigo a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/africanunion.ecosocc/posts/2381006718834255/ &quot;African Union ECOSOCC&quot;.] ''Facebook''. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Senegal]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Mopitlo a le lesome le bobedi, ngwaga  wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le malatsia  mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Seychelles]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Phukwi a robabobedi, ngwaga wa 2021
|ee
|Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2021
|-
|[[Sierra Leone]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Somalia]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|[[Aforika Borwa|South Africa]]
|ee
|Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firkgong a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Tlhakole a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;[https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/president-deposits-sas-afcfta-instrument-ratification &quot;President deposits SA's AfCFTA instrument of ratification&quot;]. February 11, 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[South Sudan]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|[[Sudan]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|nnyaa
|
|nnyaa
|
|-
|[[Tanzania]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2022
|ee
|Firikgong a le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2022&lt;ref&gt;[https://x.com/tanzaniainaddis/status/1482988442338439168 &lt;nowiki&gt;Tanzania Embassy in Ethiopia [@tanzaniainaddis] (January 17, 2022). &quot;Ambassador deposits instrument of accession&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;] (Tweet). Addis Ababa. Retrieved 3 July 2025– via Twitter.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Togo]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Firikgong a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Moranang a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019
|-
|[[Tunisia]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Lwetse a le mlatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2020
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2020
|-
|[[Uganda]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi, ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tralac.org/news/article/13750-uganda-deposits-its-instrument-of-ratification-of-the-agreement-on-the-afcfta.html &quot;Uganda deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA&quot;]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Zambia]]
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a a lesome ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Firkgong a le masome amabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2021
|ee
|Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2021&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uneca.org/stories/zambia-latest-country-ratify-african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta-agreement &quot;Zambia is latest country to ratify the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement&quot;.] February 8, 2021. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Zimbabwe]]
|ee
|Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
|ee
|Moranang a le masome mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2019
|ee
|Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190814122820/https://www.uneca.org/stories/zimbabwe%E2%80%99s-national-consultative-forum-african-continental-free-trade-area-slated-19-june &quot;Zimbabwe's National Consultative Forum on the African continental free trade area slated for 19 June&quot;]. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/stories/zimbabwe%E2%80%99s-national-consultative-forum-african-continental-free-trade-area-slated-19-june the original] on August 14, 2019. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Mafatshe a mangwe a e leng maloko a AU ==
Lefatshe la Eritrea ga le a baya monwana ka ntlha ya dikgotlhang le la Ethiopia, mme ka ngwaga wa 2019, morago ga bokopano jwa 2018 jwa Eritrea le Ethiopia, mogogi wa tsa kgwebo le mehama wa African union o ne a solofetse gore lefatshe la Eritrea le tla a baya monwana mo tumalanong e.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
      <sha1>tgjqu0t7u9gjjar7gjngd9x2hi601de</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Afro-Brazilians</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10716</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40925</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T13:08:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KatieKea</username>
        <id>10150</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025</comment>
      <origin>40925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13281" sha1="hzed8tlg23gpetufr6db936ufcjmbxq" xml:space="preserve">'''Afro-Brazilians''' (Sepotokisi: ''Afro-brasileiros''; ba bitswa [ˈafɾo bɾaziˈle(j)ɾus]), ba gape ba itsiweng jaaka '''Ba-Brazil ba Bantsho''' (Sepotokisi: ''Brasileiros negros''), ke Ba-Brazil ba letso lotlhe kgotsa bontsi jwa bone ba tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa Borwa jwa Sahara. Bontsi jwa batho ba merafe e e farologaneng ya kwa Brazil le bone ba na le dilekanyo tse di farologaneng tsa letso la Aforika. Ba-Brazil ba diponagalo tsa bone tsa Seaforika di bonalang thata ka kakaretso ba bonwa ke ba bangwe jaaka Bantsho mme ba ka nna ba itshupa jalo, fa ba ba nang le diponagalo tse di sa bonaleng thata tsa Seaforika ba ka nna ba se ka ba bonwa jalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140514090334/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/caracteristicas_raciais/pcerp_classificacoes_e_identidades.pdf &quot;Características Étnico-raciais da População:Classificações e identidades&quot;] (PDF) (in Portuguese). IBGE. 2010. p. 58. Archived from [http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/caracteristicas_raciais/pcerp_classificacoes_e_identidades.pdf the original] (PDF) on 14 May 2014. &lt;q&gt;(Trans.) Since 1945, a Brazilian Black movement has resulted in more people using the term (and concept) of Afro-Brazilian. But, this term was coined by and remains associated with the United States and its culture, derived from a culturalist viewpoint.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202222851/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~mloveman/papers/LovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf &quot;Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality&quot;] (PDF). ''Ethnic and Racial Studies''. '''35''' (8): 1466–1483. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.607503|10.1080/01419870.2011.607503]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32438550 32438550]. Archived from [http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~mloveman/papers/LovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba Brazil ba dirisa lereo &quot;Afro-Brazilian&quot; ka sewelo jaaka lereo la boitshupo jwa letso&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; mme ga ba ke ba dirisa lereo mo puong e e sa tlhomamang.

''Preto'' (&quot;montsho&quot;) le ''pardo'' (&quot;borokwa/botlhakaneng&quot;) di gareng ga ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe tse di dirisiwang ke Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), mmogo le ''branco'' (&quot;basweu&quot;), ''amarelo'' (&quot;basetlha&quot;, ba morafe wa Asia Botlhaba), le ''indigena'' (batho ba tlhago). Mo palong ya batho ya 2022, didikadike di le masome mabedi le .7 tsa batho ba Brazil (10,2% ya baagi) ba ne ba itshupa e le ''preto'', fa didikadike di le masome a ferabongwe le bobedi.1 (45,3% ya baagi) ba ne ba itshupa e le ''pardo'', mmogo ba dira 55.5% ya baagi ba Brazil. Lereo ''preto'' gantsi le dirisiwa go kaya ba ba nang le mmala o montsho thata wa letlalo, ka jalo ka ntlha ya seo batho ba le bantsi ba Brazil ba ba tswang mo Aforika ba itlhaola e le ba ''pardos''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Brazil/Ongoing-domestic-migration &quot;Brazil - Migration, Urbanization, Population | Britannica&quot;]. ''www.britannica.com''. 11 August 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mokgatlho wa Bantsho ba Brazil|Mokgatlho wa Bantsho wa Brazil]] o tsaya pretos le pardos mmogo e le karolo ya setlhopha se le sengwe: ''negros'' (Bathobantsho). Ka 2010, pono eno e ne ya amogelwa semmuso fa Congress ya Brazil e ne e fetisa molao o o neng o tlhama Molao wa Tekatekano ya Merafe. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso eno e a ganetswa ka gonne karolo ya ''pardos'' ke batho ba tlholego ba ba nang le setso kgotsa batho ba ba nang le lotso lwa tlholego le lwa Yuropa go na le lwa Aforika, segolobogolo kwa Bokone jwa Brazil. Patlisiso go tloga ka 2002 e senotse gore fa setlhopha sa pardo se ka tlosiwa mo palong ya batho, bonnye halofo ya ba ba itlhaolang e le ba pardo go na le moo ba tla tlhopha go itlhaola e le bantsho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202222851/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~mloveman/papers/LovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf &quot;Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality&quot;] (PDF). ''Ethnic and Racial Studies''. '''35''' (8): 1466–1483. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.607503|10.1080/01419870.2011.607503]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32438550 32438550]. Archived from [http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~mloveman/papers/LovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Patlisiso e nngwe go tswa ka 2024 e bontshitse gore ke 40% fela ya ''pardos'' ba baitsayang e le Bantsho.

Ka nako ya bokgoba magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le borataro le wa bolesome le boferabongwe, Brazil e ne ya amogela Maaforika a ka nna didikadike di le nne go ya go di le tlhano, ba ba neng ba dira bokana ka 40% ya Maaforika otlhe a a neng a tlisiwa kwa Amerika. Batho ba le bantsi ba Afrika ba ba neng ba falola bokgoba ba ne ba tshabela kwa ''quilombos'', e leng mafelo a ba neng ba ka nna mo go one ba gololesegile le go ganana le kgatelelo. Ka 1850, Brazil e ne ya swetsa ka gore kgwebo ya makgoba e e kgabaganyang Atlantic e thibelwe gotlhelele mme ka 1888 naga eno e ne ya fedisa bokgoba, mme ya dira gore e nne ya bofelo kwa Amerika go dira jalo. Ka palo e kgolo ya batho ba ditlogolwana tsa Aforika kwa ntle ga Aforika, setso, loago le ikonomi ya Brazil e bopilwe thata ke Afro-Brazilians. Dikabelo tsa bone di lemotshega thata mo metshamekong, dijong, dikwalong, mminong le tantsheng, ka dielemente tse di jaaka samba le capoeira tse di bontshang boswa jwa bone. Mo dinakong tsa segompieno, Afro-Brazilians ba santse ba lebane le go sa lekalekane ga ikonomi ya loago le kgethololo ya lotso mme ba tswelela ka ntwa ya tekatekano ya lotso le tshiamiso ya loago.

== Ditlhopha tsa palobatho ya kwa Brazil ==
Gone jaana,  Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) se dirisa ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe kgotsa tsa mmala mo palong ya batho: ''branca'' (tshweu), ''parda'' (borokwa/ba ba tlhakaneng), ''preta'' (ntsho), ''amarela'' (serolwana, morafe wa Asia Botlhaba) le ''indigena'' (ya tlhago). Mo palong ya batho ya 1940, batho botlhe ba ba neng ba sa itshupe e le &quot;basweu&quot;, &quot;bantsho&quot; kgotsa &quot;basetlha&quot; ba ne ba kopanngwa mo setlhopheng sa &quot;''pardo''&quot;. Ka mantswe a mangwe, batho ba neng ba itshupa e le ''pardo'', ''moreno'', ''mulato'', ''caboclo'', ba tlhago, gareng ga ba bangwe, ba ne ba tlhaolwa jaaka &quot;''pardo''&quot;. Mo dipalong tse di latelang, ''pardo'' e ne ya dirwa semmuso jaaka setlhopha sa yone,&lt;ref&gt;IBGE. [https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/67/cd_1950_v1_br.pdf Censo Demográfico], p. XVIII.&lt;/ref&gt; fa batho ba Tlhago ba ne ba bona setlhopha se se farologaneng fela ka 1991.&lt;ref&gt;[https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2024/01/09/entenda-quais-foram-os-significados-de-pardo-nos-ultimos-80-anos-e-como-isso-dificultou-a-identificacao-racial-do-brasil.ghtml &quot;Entenda quais foram os significados de 'pardo' nos últimos 80 anos e como isso dificultou a identificação racial do Brasil&quot;]. ''G1'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 January 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Pardo'' totatota e ranolwa go nna borokwa, mme gape e ka kaya motswako wa merafe. Balweladitshwanelo le bakanoki ba ba amanang le [[Mokgatlho wa Bantsho ba Brazil]] ba bolela gore go akarediwa ga setlhopha seno mo palong ya batho go sokamisa tsela e Brazil e bontshiwang ka yone ka palo ya batho. Ba nganga gore go newa batho ba basweu tshiamelo ya dikgopolo mo setšhabeng sa Brazil go dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba Brazil ba ‘gane bontsho jwa bone’ le go ‘itlhofofatsa’ mo palong ya batho ka go tlhopha setlhopha sa pardo. Batshwayadiphoso gape ba bolela gore pharologano e e rotloetsa batho ba Brazil go kgaoganya batho ba ditlogolwana tsa Aforika go ikaegilwe ka ponagalo ya mmele, go kgoreletsa tlhabololo ya boitshupo jo bo kopaneng jwa Bantsho kwa Brazil. Badiragatsi ba le bantsi ba mokgatlho wa batho bantsho ba rata lereo negro, ba le tlhalosa jaaka palo ya batho ba ba itlhaolang jaaka batho ba ba borokwa (pardo) le ba bantsho (preto) mo palong ya batho. Bakanoki ba le bantsi le borasaense ba loago le bone ba kopantse ditlhopha tsa batho ba ba borokwa le ba bantsho mo dithutong tsa bone, ba dirisa mareo a a jaaka Afro-descendente, Afro-Brazilian, kgotsa negro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ka 2010, Lekgotla la Dikgotlatshekelo la Brazil le ne la fetisa Molao wa Bomorafe (Molao wa Tekatekano ya Bomorafe). Molao o amogela lereo la lotso la negro go kaya batho ba ba itlhaolang e le batho bantsho le ba ba borokwa go ya ka letso lwa IBGE kgotsa karoganyo ya mmala. Le fa bosupi bo supa gore batho bantsho le batho ba ba borokwa ba na le diporofaele tse di tshwanang tsa loago le ikonomi le ditshupo tsa boitekanelo jwa dilo tse di bonalang fa ba bapisiwa le basweu, babatlisisi bangwe ba lemoga gore go na le mathata go phutlhamisa di-pretos le di-pardos go nna setlhopha sa batho bantsho ba ba kopanetsweng ka gonne karolo ya Ba-Brazil ba ba itlhaolang e le ba-pardo ke ba tlholego e e tlhakaneng ya Aforika, Yuropa le Yuropa. Patlisiso e e dirilweng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 2000 ka tlhopho ya batho ba le dikete tse pedi, makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le bone go tswa kwa bommasepaleng ba le lekgolo le metso e mebedi e bontshitse gore fa setlhopha sa &quot;borokwa&quot; se ka tlosiwa mme batho ba Brazil ba tshwanelwa ke go tlhopha magareng ga &quot;bantsho&quot; kgotsa &quot;basweu&quot;, baagi ba tla lebega e le 68% e le basweu mme 32% e le bantsho. Mo sebopegong seno sa bobedi, 44% ya ba ba itlhaolang e le ba ba borokwa ba tla tlhopha setlhopha sa basweu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[3] Go ya ka patlisiso nngwe ya 2000 e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa Rio de Janeiro, batho botlhe ba ba neng ba ipega gore ke ba preto ba ne ba bega gore ba tswa mo Afrika. 86% ya ba pardo ba ba ipegileng le 38% ya baagi ba basweu ba ba ipegileng ba begile fa ba na le bagologolwane ba Aforika. Go a lemotshega gore 14% ya di-pardo go tswa kwa Rio de Janeiro di rile ga di na bagologolwane ba Aforika. Peresente e e ka nna kwa godimo le kwa Bokone jwa Brazil, kwa go neng go na le seabe se segolo sa merafe go tswa mo bathong ba Amerindian.&lt;ref&gt;Edward Eric Telles (2004). &quot;Racial Classification&quot;. ''Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil''. Princeton University Press. pp. 81–85. ISBN 978-0-691-11866-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditso ==

=== Bokgoba ===
Batlhotlhomisi ba ntlha ba Masepanishe le Mapotokisi kwa Amerika kwa tshimologong ba ne ba dira batho ba Amerindia makgoba. Mo ntlheng ya Mapotokisi, bokoa jwa ditsamaiso tsa sepolotiki tsa ditlhopha tsa Tupi-Guarani Amerindian tse ba neng ba di gapa mo lebopong la Brazil, le go tlhoka maitemogelo ga Baamerika bano ka tiro ya balemirui e e rulagantsweng, go ne ga dira gore go nne bonolo go ba dirisa botlhaswa ka dithulaganyo tsa tiro e e sa patelediweng. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga nna le dilo di le mmalwa tse di neng tsa dira gore tsamaiso ya bokgoba jwa Ba-Amerindia e se ka ya tswelela pele kwa Brazil. Ka sekai, batho ba Baagedi ba Amerika ba ne ba se bantsi kgotsa ba sa kgone go fitlhelelwa mo go lekaneng go fitlhelela dilo tsotlhe tse baagi ba neng ba di batla tsa tiro. Mo mabakeng a le mantsi, go tlhagelela mo malwetseng a Yuropa go ne ga baka dintsho tse di kwa godimo mo bathong ba Amerindian, mo e leng gore badiri ba ne ba tlhokega. Borahisitori ba fopholetsa gore batho ba ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo ba Amerindians ka fa tlase ga puso ya Mapotokisi ba ne ba swa mo leroborobong la sekgotlho ka dingwaga tsa bo 1560. Bafenyi ba Iberia ba ne ba sa kgone go gogela baagi ba ba lekaneng go tswa kwa dinageng tsa bona go ya kwa dikoloning mme, morago ga 1570, ba ne ba simolola go tlisa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ba neng ba tserwe ka dikgoka mo Aforika jaaka badiri ba konokono.
[[Setshwantsho:Augosto-stahl-1865.jpg|thumb|Lekgoba le le tswang kwa Brazil le tserwe senepe ke Augusto Stahl (mo e ka nnang ka bo1865)]]
Mo dingwageng di ka nna makgolo a le mararo go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1500 go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, Brazil e ne e le lefelo le legolo go gaisa la makgoba a Aforika kwa Amerika ka metlha. Mo pakeng eo, go ka nna dimilione di le 4.9 tsa Maaforika a a dirilweng makgoba a ne a romelwa kwa Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;[http://slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates &quot;The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database&quot;]. ''slavevoyages.org''.&lt;/ref&gt; Bokgoba jwa kwa Brazil bo ne bo akaretsa ditiro tse di farologaneng tsa tiro. Ka sekai, meepo ya gauta kwa Brazil e ne ya simolola go gola ka bo 1690 mo dikgaolong tse di kwa teng tsa Brazil, jaaka kgaolo ya segompieno ya Minas Gerais.&lt;ref&gt;Klein (1986), ''African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean'', p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt; Makgoba a kwa Brazil le one a ne a bereka mo masimong a sukiri, a a tshwanang le a a fitlhelwang kwa Captaincy ya Pernambuco. Dilo tse dingwe tse di neng di dirwa ka tiro ya makgoba kwa Brazil ka nako eo mo hisitoring ya Brazil di ne di akaretsa motsoko, matsela le cachaça, tse gantsi e neng e le dilo tsa botlhokwa tse di neng di rekisiwa go ananya makgoba mo kontinenteng ya Afrika.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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      <comment>ke tsentse ditshwantsho le infobox #AWC2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="15199" sha1="5koks56tfvh7nlduvhk335ybckyxg8u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Ethnic group|native_name={{native name|pt|Afro-brasileiros}}|native_name_lang=pt-BR|image=Brazil Black Alone in 2022.svg|image_caption=Proportion of Black Brazilians in each municipality as of the [[2022 Brazilian census]]|population=&lt;br&gt;{{increase}} '''20,656,458''' ([[2022 Brazilian Census|2022 census]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panorama do Censo 2022 |url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Panorama do Censo 2022 |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{increase}} 10.17% of the Brazilian population|popplace=&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Entire country; highest percentages found in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] and [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast regions]]|pop1=3,546,562|region1={{flagicon|São Paulo}} [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]|ref1=&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;|region2={{flagicon|Bahia}} [[Bahia]]|pop2=3,164,691|ref2=&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;|region3={{flagicon|Rio de Janeiro}} [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]|pop3=2,594,253|ref3=&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;|region4={{flagicon|Minas Gerais}} [[Minas Gerais]]|pop4=2,432,877|ref4=&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;|region5={{flagicon|Pernambuco}} [[Pernambuco]]|pop5=909,557|ref5=&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;|region6={{flagicon|Maranhão}} [[Maranhão]]|pop6=854,424|ref6=&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;|languages=[[Brazilian Portuguese]]|religions=Majority: [[Roman Catholicism]]&lt;br&gt;{{hlist |Minority:  [[Protestantism]] | [[Afro-Brazilian religions]] | [[Non-religious]] | [[Religion in Brazil|Others]]}}|related_groups=Other [[Afro-Latin Americans|Afro-descendants in Latin America]]}}

'''Afro-Brazilians''' (Sepotokisi: ''Afro-brasileiros''; ba bitswa [ˈafɾo bɾaziˈle(j)ɾus]), ba gape ba itsiweng jaaka '''Ba-Brazil ba Bantsho''' (Sepotokisi: ''Brasileiros negros''), ke Ba-Brazil ba letso lotlhe kgotsa bontsi jwa bone ba tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa Borwa jwa Sahara. Bontsi jwa batho ba merafe e e farologaneng ya kwa Brazil le bone ba na le dilekanyo tse di farologaneng tsa letso la Aforika. Ba-Brazil ba diponagalo tsa bone tsa Seaforika di bonalang thata ka kakaretso ba bonwa ke ba bangwe jaaka Bantsho mme ba ka nna ba itshupa jalo, fa ba ba nang le diponagalo tse di sa bonaleng thata tsa Seaforika ba ka nna ba se ka ba bonwa jalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140514090334/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/caracteristicas_raciais/pcerp_classificacoes_e_identidades.pdf &quot;Características Étnico-raciais da População:Classificações e identidades&quot;] (PDF) (in Portuguese). IBGE. 2010. p. 58. Archived from [http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/caracteristicas_raciais/pcerp_classificacoes_e_identidades.pdf the original] (PDF) on 14 May 2014. &lt;q&gt;(Trans.) Since 1945, a Brazilian Black movement has resulted in more people using the term (and concept) of Afro-Brazilian. But, this term was coined by and remains associated with the United States and its culture, derived from a culturalist viewpoint.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202222851/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~mloveman/papers/LovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf &quot;Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality&quot;] (PDF). ''Ethnic and Racial Studies''. '''35''' (8): 1466–1483. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.607503|10.1080/01419870.2011.607503]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32438550 32438550]. Archived from [http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~mloveman/papers/LovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba Brazil ba dirisa lereo &quot;Afro-Brazilian&quot; ka sewelo jaaka lereo la boitshupo jwa letso&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; mme ga ba ke ba dirisa lereo mo puong e e sa tlhomamang.

''Preto'' (&quot;montsho&quot;) le ''pardo'' (&quot;borokwa/botlhakaneng&quot;) di gareng ga ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe tse di dirisiwang ke Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), mmogo le ''branco'' (&quot;basweu&quot;), ''amarelo'' (&quot;basetlha&quot;, ba morafe wa Asia Botlhaba), le ''indigena'' (batho ba tlhago). Mo palong ya batho ya 2022, didikadike di le masome mabedi le .7 tsa batho ba Brazil (10,2% ya baagi) ba ne ba itshupa e le ''preto'', fa didikadike di le masome a ferabongwe le bobedi.1 (45,3% ya baagi) ba ne ba itshupa e le ''pardo'', mmogo ba dira 55.5% ya baagi ba Brazil. Lereo ''preto'' gantsi le dirisiwa go kaya ba ba nang le mmala o montsho thata wa letlalo, ka jalo ka ntlha ya seo batho ba le bantsi ba Brazil ba ba tswang mo Aforika ba itlhaola e le ba ''pardos''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Brazil/Ongoing-domestic-migration &quot;Brazil - Migration, Urbanization, Population | Britannica&quot;]. ''www.britannica.com''. 11 August 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mokgatlho wa Bantsho ba Brazil]] o tsaya ''pretos'' le ''pardos'' mmogo e le karolo ya setlhopha se le sengwe: ''negros'' (Bathobantsho). Ka 2010, pono eno e ne ya amogelwa semmuso fa Congress ya Brazil e ne e fetisa molao o o neng o tlhama Molao wa Tekatekano ya Merafe. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso eno e a ganetswa ka gonne karolo ya ''pardos'' ke batho ba tlholego ba ba nang le setso kgotsa batho ba ba nang le lotso lwa tlholego le lwa Yuropa go na le lwa Aforika, segolobogolo kwa Bokone jwa Brazil. Patlisiso go tloga ka 2002 e senotse gore fa setlhopha sa pardo se ka tlosiwa mo palong ya batho, bonnye halofo ya ba ba itlhaolang e le ba pardo go na le moo ba tla tlhopha go itlhaola e le bantsho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202222851/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~mloveman/papers/LovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf &quot;Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality&quot;] (PDF). ''Ethnic and Racial Studies''. '''35''' (8): 1466–1483. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.607503|10.1080/01419870.2011.607503]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32438550 32438550]. Archived from [http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~mloveman/papers/LovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Patlisiso e nngwe go tswa ka 2024 e bontshitse gore ke 40% fela ya ''pardos'' ba baitsayang e le Bantsho.

Ka nako ya bokgoba magareng ga lekgolo la bolesome le borataro le wa bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, Brazil e ne ya amogela Maaforika a ka nna didikadike di le nne go ya go di le tlhano, ba ba neng ba dira bokana ka 40% ya Maaforika otlhe a a neng a tlisiwa kwa Amerika. Batho ba le bantsi ba Aforika ba ba neng ba falola bokgoba ba ne ba tshabela kwa ''quilombos'', e leng mafelo a ba neng ba ka nna mo go one ba gololesegile le go ganana le kgatelelo. Ka 1850, Brazil e ne ya swetsa ka gore kgwebo ya makgoba e e kgabaganyang Atlantic e thibelwe gotlhelele mme ka 1888 lefatshe leo le ne la fedisa bokgoba, mme la dira gore e nne ya bofelo kwa Amerika go dira jalo. Ka palo e kgolo ya batho ba ditlogolwana tsa Aforika kwa ntle ga Aforika, setso, loago le itsholelo ya Brazil e bopilwe thata ke Afro-Brazilians. Dikabelo tsa bone di lemotshega thata mo metshamekong, dijong, dikwalong, mminong le tantsheng, ka dielemente tse di jaaka samba le capoeira tse di bontshang boswa jwa bone. Mo dinakong tsa segompieno, Afro-Brazilians ba santse ba lebane le go sa lekalekane ga itsholelo ya loago le kgethololo ya letso mme ba tswelela ka ntwa ya tekatekano ya lotso le tshiamiso ya loago.

== Ditlhopha tsa palobatho ya kwa Brazil ==
Gone jaana,  Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) se dirisa ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe kgotsa tsa mmala mo palong ya batho: ''branca'' (tshweu), ''parda'' (borokwa/ba ba tlhakaneng), ''preta'' (ntsho), ''amarela'' (serolwana, morafe wa Asia Botlhaba) le ''indigena'' (ya tlhago). Mo palong ya batho ya 1940, batho botlhe ba ba neng ba sa itshupe e le &quot;basweu&quot;, &quot;bantsho&quot; kgotsa &quot;basetlha&quot; ba ne ba kopanngwa mo setlhopheng sa &quot;''pardo''&quot;. Ka mantswe a mangwe, batho ba neng ba itshupa e le ''pardo'', ''moreno'', ''mulato'', ''caboclo'', ba tlhago, gareng ga ba bangwe, ba ne ba tlhaolwa jaaka &quot;''pardo''&quot;. Mo dipalong tse di latelang, ''pardo'' e ne ya dirwa semmuso jaaka setlhopha sa yone,&lt;ref&gt;IBGE. [https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/67/cd_1950_v1_br.pdf Censo Demográfico], p. XVIII.&lt;/ref&gt; fa batho ba Tlhago ba ne ba bona setlhopha se se farologaneng fela ka 1991.&lt;ref&gt;[https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2024/01/09/entenda-quais-foram-os-significados-de-pardo-nos-ultimos-80-anos-e-como-isso-dificultou-a-identificacao-racial-do-brasil.ghtml &quot;Entenda quais foram os significados de 'pardo' nos últimos 80 anos e como isso dificultou a identificação racial do Brasil&quot;]. ''G1'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 January 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Pardo'' totatota e ranolwa go nna borokwa, mme gape e ka kaya motswako wa merafe. Balweladitshwanelo le bakanoki ba ba amanang le [[Mokgatlho wa Bantsho ba Brazil]] ba bolela gore go akarediwa ga setlhopha seno mo palong ya batho go sokamisa tsela e Brazil e bontshiwang ka yone ka palo ya batho. Ba nganga gore go newa batho ba basweu tshiamelo ya dikgopolo mo setšhabeng sa Brazil go dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba Brazil ba ‘gane bontsho jwa bone’ le go ‘itlhofofatsa’ mo palong ya batho ka go tlhopha setlhopha sa pardo. Batshwayadiphoso gape ba bolela gore pharologano e e rotloetsa batho ba Brazil go kgaoganya batho ba ditlogolwana tsa Aforika go ikaegilwe ka ponagalo ya mmele, go kgoreletsa tlhabololo ya boitshupo jo bo kopaneng jwa Bantsho kwa Brazil. Badiragatsi ba le bantsi ba mokgatlho wa batho bantsho ba rata lereo negro, ba le tlhalosa jaaka palo ya batho ba ba itlhaolang jaaka batho ba ba borokwa (pardo) le ba bantsho (preto) mo palong ya batho. Bakanoki ba le bantsi le borasaense ba loago le bone ba kopantse ditlhopha tsa batho ba ba borokwa le ba bantsho mo dithutong tsa bone, ba dirisa mareo a a jaaka Afro-descendente, Afro-Brazilian, kgotsa negro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Camila Pitanga 25° PMB.jpg|thumb|Camila Pitanga ka nako ya Dikabo tsa Mmino tsa Brazil tsa bo masome mabedi le botlhano kwa Bobogelong jwa Mmasepala. Setshwantsho: Roberto Filho (14/05/14)]]
[[Setshwantsho:Senadores da 57ª Legislatura (52689451805) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Senator Romário (PL-RJ). Setshwantsho: Rodrigo Viana/Senate ya Bosetshaba]]
Ka 2010, Lekgotla la Dikgotlatshekelo la Brazil le ne la fetisa Molao wa Bomorafe (Molao wa Tekatekano ya Bomorafe). Molao o amogela lereo la letso la ''negro'' go kaya batho ba ba itlhaolang e le batho bantsho le ba ba borokwa go ya ka letso lwa IBGE kgotsa karoganyo ya mmala. Le fa bosupi bo supa gore batho bantsho le batho ba ba borokwa ba na le maemo a a tshwanang a loago le itsholelo le ditshupo tsa boitekanelo jwa dilo tse di bonalang fa ba bapisiwa le basweu, babatlisisi bangwe ba lemoga gore go na le mathata go pataganya ''pretos'' le ''pardos'' go nna setlhopha sa batho bantsho ba ba kopanetsweng ka gonne karolo ya Ba-Brazil ba ba itlhaolang e le ''pardo'' ke ba tlholego e e tlhakaneng ya Yuropa le merafe ya tlhago, eseng ya Aforika. Patlisiso e e dirilweng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 2000 ka tlhopho ya batho ba le dikete tse pedi, makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le bone go tswa kwa bommasepaleng ba le lekgolo le metso e mebedi e bontshitse gore fa setlhopha sa &quot;borokwa&quot; se ka tlosiwa mme batho ba Brazil ba tshwanelwa ke go tlhopha magareng ga &quot;bantsho&quot; kgotsa &quot;basweu&quot;, baagi ba tla lebega e le 68% e le basweu mme 32% e le bantsho. Mo sebopegong seno sa bobedi, 44% ya ba ba itlhaolang e le ba ba borokwa ba tla tlhopha setlhopha sa basweu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Go ya ka patlisiso nngwe ya 2000 e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa Rio de Janeiro, batho botlhe ba ba neng ba ipega gore ke ba ''preto'' ba ne ba bega gore ba tswa mo Aforika. 86% ya ba ''pardo'' ba ba ipegileng le 38% ya baagi ba basweu ba ba ipegileng ba begile fa ba na le bagologolwane ba Aforika. Go a lemotshega gore 14% ya ''pardos'' go tswa kwa Rio de Janeiro e rile ga e na bagologolwane ba Aforika. Peresente e e ka nna kwa godimo le kwa Bokone jwa Brazil, kwa go neng go na le seabe se segolo sa merafe go tswa mo bathong ba Amerindian.&lt;ref&gt;Edward Eric Telles (2004). &quot;Racial Classification&quot;. ''Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil''. Princeton University Press. pp. 81–85. ISBN 978-0-691-11866-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditso ==

=== Bokgoba ===
Batlhotlhomisi ba ntlha ba Masepanishe le Mapotokisi kwa Amerika kwa tshimologong ba ne ba dira batho ba Amerindia makgoba. Mo ntlheng ya Mapotokisi, bokoa jwa ditsamaiso tsa sepolotiki tsa ditlhopha tsa Tupi-Guarani Amerindian tse ba neng ba di gapa mo lebopong la Brazil, le go tlhoka maitemogelo ga Baamerika bano ka tiro ya balemirui e e rulagantsweng, go ne ga dira gore go nne bonolo go ba dirisa botlhaswa ka dithulaganyo tsa tiro e e sa patelediweng. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga nna le dilo di le mmalwa tse di neng tsa dira gore tsamaiso ya bokgoba jwa Ba-Amerindia e se ka ya tswelela pele kwa Brazil. Sekai, batho ba Baagedi ba Amerika ba ne ba se bantsi kgotsa ba sa kgone go fitlhelelwa mo go lekaneng go fitlhelela dilo tsotlhe tse baagi ba neng ba di batla tsa tiro. Mo mabakeng a le mantsi, go tlhagelela mo malwetseng a Yuropa go ne ga baka dintsho tse di kwa godimo mo bathong ba Amerindian, mo e leng gore badiri ba ne ba tlhokega. Borahisitori ba fopholetsa gore batho ba ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo ba Amerindians ka fa tlase ga puso ya Mapotokisi ba ne ba swa mo leroborobong la sekgotlho ka dingwaga tsa bo 1560. Bafenyi ba Iberia ba ne ba sa kgone go gogela baagi ba ba lekaneng go tswa kwa dinageng tsa bona go ya kwa dikoloning mme, morago ga 1570, ba ne ba simolola go tlisa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ba neng ba tserwe ka dikgoka mo Aforika jaaka badiri ba konokono.
[[Setshwantsho:Augosto-stahl-1865.jpg|thumb|Lekgoba le le tswang kwa Brazil le tserwe senepe ke Augusto Stahl (mo e ka nnang ka bo1865)]]
Mo dingwageng di ka nna makgolo a le mararo go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1500 go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, Brazil e ne e le lefelo le legolo go gaisa la makgoba a Aforika kwa Amerika ka metlha. Mo pakeng eo, go ka nna didikadike di le nne.9 tsa Maaforika a a dirilweng makgoba a ne a romelwa kwa Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;[http://slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates &quot;The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database&quot;]. ''slavevoyages.org''.&lt;/ref&gt; Bokgoba jwa kwa Brazil bo ne bo akaretsa ditiro tse di farologaneng tsa tiro. Sekai, meepo ya gauta kwa Brazil e ne ya simolola go gola ka bo 1690 mo dikgaolong tse di kwa teng tsa Brazil, jaaka kgaolo ya segompieno ya Minas Gerais.&lt;ref&gt;Klein (1986), ''African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean'', p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt; Makgoba a kwa Brazil le one a ne a bereka mo masimong a sukiri, a a tshwanang le a a fitlhelwang kwa Captaincy ya Pernambuco. Dilo tse dingwe tse di neng di dirwa ka tiro ya makgoba kwa Brazil ka nako eo mo ditsong tsa Brazil di ne di akaretsa motsoko, matsela le cachaça, tse gantsi e neng e le dilo tsa botlhokwa tse di neng di rekisiwa go ananya makgoba mo kontinenteng ya Aforika.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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      <id>40927</id>
      <parentid>40926</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T13:44:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KatieKea</username>
        <id>10150</id>
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      <comment>ke baakantse links #AWC2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="15263" sha1="0loef3mig62f9r426053zb7enwkzsug" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Ethnic group|native_name={{native name|pt|Afro-brasileiros}}|native_name_lang=pt-BR|image=Brazil Black Alone in 2022.svg|image_caption=Proportion of Black Brazilians in each municipality as of the [[2022 Brazilian census]]|population=&lt;br&gt;{{increase}} '''20,656,458''' ([[2022 Brazilian Census|2022 census]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panorama do Censo 2022 |url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Panorama do Censo 2022 |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{increase}} 10.17% of the Brazilian population|popplace=&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Entire country; highest percentages found in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] and [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast regions]]|pop1=3,546,562|region1={{flagicon|São Paulo}} [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]|ref1=&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;|region2={{flagicon|Bahia}} [[Bahia]]|pop2=3,164,691|ref2=&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;|region3={{flagicon|Rio de Janeiro}} [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]|pop3=2,594,253|ref3=&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;|region4={{flagicon|Minas Gerais}} [[Minas Gerais]]|pop4=2,432,877|ref4=&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;|region5={{flagicon|Pernambuco}} [[Pernambuco]]|pop5=909,557|ref5=&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;|region6={{flagicon|Maranhão}} [[Maranhão]]|pop6=854,424|ref6=&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;|languages=[[Brazilian Portuguese]]|religions=Majority: [[Roman Catholicism]]&lt;br&gt;{{hlist |Minority:  [[Protestantism]] | [[Afro-Brazilian religions]] | [[Non-religious]] | [[Religion in Brazil|Others]]}}|related_groups=Other [[Afro-Latin Americans|Afro-descendants in Latin America]]}}

'''Afro-Brazilians''' (Sepotokisi: ''Afro-brasileiros''; ba bitswa [ˈafɾo bɾaziˈle(j)ɾus]), ba gape ba itsiweng jaaka '''Ba-Brazil ba Bantsho''' (Sepotokisi: ''Brasileiros negros''), ke Ba-Brazil ba letso lotlhe kgotsa bontsi jwa bone ba tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa Borwa jwa Sahara. Bontsi jwa batho ba merafe e e farologaneng ya kwa Brazil le bone ba na le dilekanyo tse di farologaneng tsa letso la Aforika. Ba-Brazil ba diponagalo tsa bone tsa Seaforika di bonalang thata ka kakaretso ba bonwa ke ba bangwe jaaka Bantsho mme ba ka nna ba itshupa jalo, fa ba ba nang le diponagalo tse di sa bonaleng thata tsa Seaforika ba ka nna ba se ka ba bonwa jalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140514090334/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/caracteristicas_raciais/pcerp_classificacoes_e_identidades.pdf &quot;Características Étnico-raciais da População:Classificações e identidades&quot;] (PDF) (in Portuguese). IBGE. 2010. p. 58. Archived from [http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/caracteristicas_raciais/pcerp_classificacoes_e_identidades.pdf the original] (PDF) on 14 May 2014. &lt;q&gt;(Trans.) Since 1945, a Brazilian Black movement has resulted in more people using the term (and concept) of Afro-Brazilian. But, this term was coined by and remains associated with the United States and its culture, derived from a culturalist viewpoint.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202222851/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~mloveman/papers/LovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf &quot;Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality&quot;] (PDF). ''Ethnic and Racial Studies''. '''35''' (8): 1466–1483. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.607503|10.1080/01419870.2011.607503]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32438550 32438550]. Archived from [http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~mloveman/papers/LovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba Brazil ba dirisa lereo &quot;Afro-Brazilian&quot; ka sewelo jaaka lereo la boitshupo jwa letso&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; mme ga ba ke ba dirisa lereo mo puong e e sa tlhomamang.

''Preto'' (&quot;montsho&quot;) le ''pardo'' (&quot;borokwa/botlhakaneng&quot;) di gareng ga ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe tse di dirisiwang ke Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), mmogo le ''branco'' (&quot;basweu&quot;), ''amarelo'' (&quot;basetlha&quot;, ba morafe wa Asia Botlhaba), le ''indigena'' (batho ba tlhago). Mo palong ya batho ya 2022, didikadike di le masome mabedi le .7 tsa batho ba Brazil (10,2% ya baagi) ba ne ba itshupa e le ''preto'', fa didikadike di le masome a ferabongwe le bobedi.1 (45,3% ya baagi) ba ne ba itshupa e le ''pardo'', mmogo ba dira 55.5% ya baagi ba Brazil. Lereo ''preto'' gantsi le dirisiwa go kaya ba ba nang le mmala o montsho thata wa letlalo, ka jalo ka ntlha ya seo batho ba le bantsi ba Brazil ba ba tswang mo Aforika ba itlhaola e le ba ''pardos''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Brazil/Ongoing-domestic-migration &quot;Brazil - Migration, Urbanization, Population | Britannica&quot;]. ''www.britannica.com''. 11 August 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mokgatlho wa Bantsho ba Brazil|Mokgatlho wa Bantsho kwa Brazil]] o tsaya ''pretos'' le ''pardos'' mmogo e le karolo ya setlhopha se le sengwe: ''negros'' (Bathobantsho). Ka 2010, pono eno e ne ya amogelwa semmuso fa Congress ya Brazil e ne e fetisa molao o o neng o tlhama Molao wa Tekatekano ya Merafe. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso eno e a ganetswa ka gonne karolo ya ''pardos'' ke batho ba tlholego ba ba nang le setso kgotsa batho ba ba nang le lotso lwa tlholego le lwa Yuropa go na le lwa Aforika, segolobogolo kwa Bokone jwa Brazil. Patlisiso go tloga ka 2002 e senotse gore fa setlhopha sa pardo se ka tlosiwa mo palong ya batho, bonnye halofo ya ba ba itlhaolang e le ba pardo go na le moo ba tla tlhopha go itlhaola e le bantsho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202222851/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~mloveman/papers/LovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf &quot;Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality&quot;] (PDF). ''Ethnic and Racial Studies''. '''35''' (8): 1466–1483. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.607503|10.1080/01419870.2011.607503]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32438550 32438550]. Archived from [http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~mloveman/papers/LovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Patlisiso e nngwe go tswa ka 2024 e bontshitse gore ke 40% fela ya ''pardos'' ba baitsayang e le Bantsho.

Ka nako ya bokgoba magareng ga lekgolo la bolesome le borataro le wa bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, Brazil e ne ya amogela Maaforika a ka nna didikadike di le nne go ya go di le tlhano, ba ba neng ba dira bokana ka 40% ya Maaforika otlhe a a neng a tlisiwa kwa Amerika. Batho ba le bantsi ba Aforika ba ba neng ba falola bokgoba ba ne ba tshabela kwa ''quilombos'', e leng mafelo a ba neng ba ka nna mo go one ba gololesegile le go ganana le kgatelelo. Ka 1850, Brazil e ne ya swetsa ka gore kgwebo ya makgoba e e kgabaganyang Atlantic e thibelwe gotlhelele mme ka 1888 lefatshe leo le ne la fedisa bokgoba, mme la dira gore e nne ya bofelo kwa Amerika go dira jalo. Ka palo e kgolo ya batho ba ditlogolwana tsa Aforika kwa ntle ga Aforika, setso, loago le itsholelo ya Brazil e bopilwe thata ke Afro-Brazilians. Dikabelo tsa bone di lemotshega thata mo metshamekong, dijong, dikwalong, mminong le tantsheng, ka dielemente tse di jaaka samba le capoeira tse di bontshang boswa jwa bone. Mo dinakong tsa segompieno, Afro-Brazilians ba santse ba lebane le go sa lekalekane ga itsholelo ya loago le kgethololo ya letso mme ba tswelela ka ntwa ya tekatekano ya lotso le tshiamiso ya loago.

== Ditlhopha tsa palobatho ya kwa Brazil ==
Gone jaana,  Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) se dirisa ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe kgotsa tsa mmala mo palong ya batho: ''branca'' (tshweu), ''parda'' (borokwa/ba ba tlhakaneng), ''preta'' (ntsho), ''amarela'' (serolwana, morafe wa Asia Botlhaba) le ''indigena'' (ya tlhago). Mo palong ya batho ya 1940, batho botlhe ba ba neng ba sa itshupe e le &quot;basweu&quot;, &quot;bantsho&quot; kgotsa &quot;basetlha&quot; ba ne ba kopanngwa mo setlhopheng sa &quot;''pardo''&quot;. Ka mantswe a mangwe, batho ba neng ba itshupa e le ''pardo'', ''moreno'', ''mulato'', ''caboclo'', ba tlhago, gareng ga ba bangwe, ba ne ba tlhaolwa jaaka &quot;''pardo''&quot;. Mo dipalong tse di latelang, ''pardo'' e ne ya dirwa semmuso jaaka setlhopha sa yone,&lt;ref&gt;IBGE. [https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/67/cd_1950_v1_br.pdf Censo Demográfico], p. XVIII.&lt;/ref&gt; fa batho ba Tlhago ba ne ba bona setlhopha se se farologaneng fela ka 1991.&lt;ref&gt;[https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2024/01/09/entenda-quais-foram-os-significados-de-pardo-nos-ultimos-80-anos-e-como-isso-dificultou-a-identificacao-racial-do-brasil.ghtml &quot;Entenda quais foram os significados de 'pardo' nos últimos 80 anos e como isso dificultou a identificação racial do Brasil&quot;]. ''G1'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 January 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Pardo'' totatota e ranolwa go nna borokwa, mme gape e ka kaya motswako wa merafe. Balweladitshwanelo le bakanoki ba ba amanang le [[Mokgatlho wa Bantsho ba Brazil|Mokgatlho wa Bantsho kwa Brazil]] ba bolela gore go akarediwa ga setlhopha seno mo palong ya batho go sokamisa tsela e Brazil e bontshiwang ka yone ka palo ya batho. Ba nganga gore go newa batho ba basweu tshiamelo ya dikgopolo mo setšhabeng sa Brazil go dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba Brazil ba ‘gane bontsho jwa bone’ le go ‘itlhofofatsa’ mo palong ya batho ka go tlhopha setlhopha sa pardo. Batshwayadiphoso gape ba bolela gore pharologano e e rotloetsa batho ba Brazil go kgaoganya batho ba ditlogolwana tsa Aforika go ikaegilwe ka ponagalo ya mmele, go kgoreletsa tlhabololo ya boitshupo jo bo kopaneng jwa Bantsho kwa Brazil. Badiragatsi ba le bantsi ba mokgatlho wa batho bantsho ba rata lereo negro, ba le tlhalosa jaaka palo ya batho ba ba itlhaolang jaaka batho ba ba borokwa (pardo) le ba bantsho (preto) mo palong ya batho. Bakanoki ba le bantsi le borasaense ba loago le bone ba kopantse ditlhopha tsa batho ba ba borokwa le ba bantsho mo dithutong tsa bone, ba dirisa mareo a a jaaka Afro-descendente, Afro-Brazilian, kgotsa negro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Camila Pitanga 25° PMB.jpg|thumb|Camila Pitanga ka nako ya Dikabo tsa Mmino tsa Brazil tsa bo masome mabedi le botlhano kwa Bobogelong jwa Mmasepala. Setshwantsho: Roberto Filho (14/05/14)]]
[[Setshwantsho:Senadores da 57ª Legislatura (52689451805) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Senator Romário (PL-RJ). Setshwantsho: Rodrigo Viana/Senate ya Bosetshaba]]
Ka 2010, Lekgotla la Dikgotlatshekelo la Brazil le ne la fetisa Molao wa Bomorafe (Molao wa Tekatekano ya Bomorafe). Molao o amogela lereo la letso la ''negro'' go kaya batho ba ba itlhaolang e le batho bantsho le ba ba borokwa go ya ka letso lwa IBGE kgotsa karoganyo ya mmala. Le fa bosupi bo supa gore batho bantsho le batho ba ba borokwa ba na le maemo a a tshwanang a loago le itsholelo le ditshupo tsa boitekanelo jwa dilo tse di bonalang fa ba bapisiwa le basweu, babatlisisi bangwe ba lemoga gore go na le mathata go pataganya ''pretos'' le ''pardos'' go nna setlhopha sa batho bantsho ba ba kopanetsweng ka gonne karolo ya Ba-Brazil ba ba itlhaolang e le ''pardo'' ke ba tlholego e e tlhakaneng ya Yuropa le merafe ya tlhago, eseng ya Aforika. Patlisiso e e dirilweng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 2000 ka tlhopho ya batho ba le dikete tse pedi, makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le bone go tswa kwa bommasepaleng ba le lekgolo le metso e mebedi e bontshitse gore fa setlhopha sa &quot;borokwa&quot; se ka tlosiwa mme batho ba Brazil ba tshwanelwa ke go tlhopha magareng ga &quot;bantsho&quot; kgotsa &quot;basweu&quot;, baagi ba tla lebega e le 68% e le basweu mme 32% e le bantsho. Mo sebopegong seno sa bobedi, 44% ya ba ba itlhaolang e le ba ba borokwa ba tla tlhopha setlhopha sa basweu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Go ya ka patlisiso nngwe ya 2000 e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa Rio de Janeiro, batho botlhe ba ba neng ba ipega gore ke ba ''preto'' ba ne ba bega gore ba tswa mo Aforika. 86% ya ba ''pardo'' ba ba ipegileng le 38% ya baagi ba basweu ba ba ipegileng ba begile fa ba na le bagologolwane ba Aforika. Go a lemotshega gore 14% ya ''pardos'' go tswa kwa Rio de Janeiro e rile ga e na bagologolwane ba Aforika. Peresente e e ka nna kwa godimo le kwa Bokone jwa Brazil, kwa go neng go na le seabe se segolo sa merafe go tswa mo bathong ba Amerindian.&lt;ref&gt;Edward Eric Telles (2004). &quot;Racial Classification&quot;. ''Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil''. Princeton University Press. pp. 81–85. ISBN 978-0-691-11866-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditso ==

=== Bokgoba ===
Batlhotlhomisi ba ntlha ba Masepanishe le Mapotokisi kwa Amerika kwa tshimologong ba ne ba dira batho ba Amerindia makgoba. Mo ntlheng ya Mapotokisi, bokoa jwa ditsamaiso tsa sepolotiki tsa ditlhopha tsa Tupi-Guarani Amerindian tse ba neng ba di gapa mo lebopong la Brazil, le go tlhoka maitemogelo ga Baamerika bano ka tiro ya balemirui e e rulagantsweng, go ne ga dira gore go nne bonolo go ba dirisa botlhaswa ka dithulaganyo tsa tiro e e sa patelediweng. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga nna le dilo di le mmalwa tse di neng tsa dira gore tsamaiso ya bokgoba jwa Ba-Amerindia e se ka ya tswelela pele kwa Brazil. Sekai, batho ba Baagedi ba Amerika ba ne ba se bantsi kgotsa ba sa kgone go fitlhelelwa mo go lekaneng go fitlhelela dilo tsotlhe tse baagi ba neng ba di batla tsa tiro. Mo mabakeng a le mantsi, go tlhagelela mo malwetseng a Yuropa go ne ga baka dintsho tse di kwa godimo mo bathong ba Amerindian, mo e leng gore badiri ba ne ba tlhokega. Borahisitori ba fopholetsa gore batho ba ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo ba Amerindians ka fa tlase ga puso ya Mapotokisi ba ne ba swa mo leroborobong la sekgotlho ka dingwaga tsa bo 1560. Bafenyi ba Iberia ba ne ba sa kgone go gogela baagi ba ba lekaneng go tswa kwa dinageng tsa bona go ya kwa dikoloning mme, morago ga 1570, ba ne ba simolola go tlisa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ba neng ba tserwe ka dikgoka mo Aforika jaaka badiri ba konokono.
[[Setshwantsho:Augosto-stahl-1865.jpg|thumb|Lekgoba le le tswang kwa Brazil le tserwe senepe ke Augusto Stahl (mo e ka nnang ka bo1865)]]
Mo dingwageng di ka nna makgolo a le mararo go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1500 go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, Brazil e ne e le lefelo le legolo go gaisa la makgoba a Aforika kwa Amerika ka metlha. Mo pakeng eo, go ka nna didikadike di le nne.9 tsa Maaforika a a dirilweng makgoba a ne a romelwa kwa Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;[http://slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates &quot;The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database&quot;]. ''slavevoyages.org''.&lt;/ref&gt; Bokgoba jwa kwa Brazil bo ne bo akaretsa ditiro tse di farologaneng tsa tiro. Sekai, meepo ya gauta kwa Brazil e ne ya simolola go gola ka bo 1690 mo dikgaolong tse di kwa teng tsa Brazil, jaaka kgaolo ya segompieno ya Minas Gerais.&lt;ref&gt;Klein (1986), ''African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean'', p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt; Makgoba a kwa Brazil le one a ne a bereka mo masimong a sukiri, a a tshwanang le a a fitlhelwang kwa Captaincy ya Pernambuco. Dilo tse dingwe tse di neng di dirwa ka tiro ya makgoba kwa Brazil ka nako eo mo ditsong tsa Brazil di ne di akaretsa motsoko, matsela le cachaça, tse gantsi e neng e le dilo tsa botlhokwa tse di neng di rekisiwa go ananya makgoba mo kontinenteng ya Aforika.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mokgatlho wa Bantsho kwa Brazil</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10717</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40928</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T13:53:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KatieKea</username>
        <id>10150</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e #AWC2025</comment>
      <origin>40928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7226" sha1="369s5bepxxhacfa8f4as2n2ig6rxlb6" xml:space="preserve">'''Movimento Negro''' (kgotsa '''Mokgatlho wa Bantsho''') ke leina le le akaretsang le le neilweng mekgatlho e e farologaneng ya loago ya Maaforika le Brazil e e neng ya diragala kwa Brazil ya lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga, segolobogolo mekgatlho eo e e neng ya tlhagelela kwa Rio de Janeiro le São Paulo morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe II.

== Ditso ==
Mekgatlho ya loago e e akaretsang ditlhopha tsa Bantsho e fitlhelwa mo hisitoring yotlhe ya Brazil. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fitlha fa bokgoba bo fedisiwa ka 1888, mekgatlho eno ya loago e ne e batla e le ya sephiri ka metlha e bile e le ya bogale ka tlhago ka gonne maikaelelo a yone a magolo e ne e le go golola makgoba a bantsho. E re ka makgoba a ne a tshwarwa jaaka dithoto tsa batho, go tshaba le go tsuologa go ne go tshosetsa thulaganyo ya loago mmogo le go baka kotsi ya ikonomi. Ditsuolodi tseno di ne tsa nna selo sa kgatelelo e e setlhogo e seng fela ke setlhopha se se busang, mme gape le ke puso le baemedi ba yona.

== Kganetso ya bantsho pele ga phediso ya bokgoba ==

=== Quilombos, Quilombolas, le Quilombagem ===
Mofuta o mogolo wa go tlhagisa kganetso kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke mekgatlho ya marabele a batho bantsho mo e ka nnang makgolo a mane a dingwaga (1549–1888) e ne e le quilombagem. Go ya ka Clóvis Moura [pt]: &quot;Quilombagem e tlhaloganngwa jaaka mekgatlho ya leruri ya marabele e e rulagantsweng le go kaelwa ke makgoba mo kgaolong yotlhe ya bosetšhaba. E tsewa e le mokgatlho o o tsosang wa phetogo ya loago, e ne e le maatla a a sa kgaotseng le a a botlhokwa a a senyang maikutlo a tsamaiso ya makgoba a a nyenyefatsang boemo jwa sesole, tsamaiso ya mofuta wa makgoba mo— tiro e ne ya tlhotlheletsa thata mathata a ikonomi ya makgoba e neng ya a itemogela mme kgabagare ya emisediwa ka tiro e e gololesegileng&quot; (22, 1989).

Le fa go ya ka Moura quilombagem e ne e na le lefelo la yone la thulaganyo la quilombo kwa makgoba a a tshabileng a neng a batla botshabelo gone mo godimo ga batho ba mefuta yotlhe ba ba neng ba kgaphetswe kwa thoko le go kgaphelwa thoko ke setšhaba ka nako ya bokoloniale, quilombagem e ne e na le &quot;mefuta e mengwe ya ditshupetso tsa motho ka bongwe kgotsa tsa setlhopha ka &quot; 1835) le bandoleirismo, leano la di-guerrilla le mo go lona ditlhopha tsa makgoba a a tshabileng di neng di ithulaganya go tlhasela ditlhopha tsa batho le batsamai mo ditseleng (Moura, 1989).

Mo thutong ya ga Moura quilombagem jaaka mokgatlho wa kgololosego &quot;e tla pele thata ga mokgatlho wa go fedisa bokgoba wa kgololesego&quot; o o neng wa simolola fela go nna phatlalatsa thata morago ga 1880 fa bokgoba bo ne bo setse bo tsene mo mathateng. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya go tlhoka batsereganyi fa gare ga makgoba a marabele le setlhopha se se busang, mathata a a neng a dikologile quilombagem a ne a ka rarabololwa fela ka tirisodikgoka e seng ka puisano. Le fa go ne go na le dipharologano jaaka Rephaboliki ya Palmares e e neng ya tsaya mo e ka nnang ngwagakgolo, bontsi jwa mekgatlho ya quilombola e ne e sena bokgoni jwa go gana ka nako e telele kgatlhanong le mokgwa wa kgatelelo wa puso.

=== Go tswa Inconfidências go ya Isabelismo ===
Fa Inconfidência Mineira e ne e le mokgatlho wa go kgaogana o o neng o sena motheo o o tlwaelegileng le o o neng o batla o se na batho bantsho gotlhelele, o ne o le kgatlhanong le boemo jo bo neng bo itsege jaaka Inconfidência Baiana, kgotsa Botsuolodi jwa 1798 jwa Ba-Alfaiates (Baroki). Maikaelelo a baianos ba ba tsuologang e ne e le, go ya ka Moura, &quot;a a tseneletseng thata, mme tshitshinyo ya go golola makgoba e ne e le nngwe ya maikaelelo a magolo a maikaelelo a bone. Gareng ga baeteledipele le maloko a yone go ne go akarediwa &quot;batho ba bantsho ba ba golotsweng, makgoba a bantsho, makgoba a pardo, pardos e e golotsweng, artesans, mogatla; bao ba neng ba tswa mo ditlhopheng tse di gateletsweng thata kgotsa tse di tlhaolwang thata tsa setšhaba sa bokoloniale sa Bahia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Moura 1989:43.&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba, karolo e e rileng ya ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho e ne ya tsenelela mo go sireletseng Isabelism, mofuta wa kobamelo go Kgosigadi Isabel yo o neng a newa leina la &quot;morekolodi&quot; jaaka e kete go fedisiwa e nnile &quot;tiro ya bopelonomi jwa sebele&quot; go tswa go regent (Moura 1989). Mongwe wa badumedi ba ba tlhoafetseng thata ba mokgatlho ono e ne e le José do Patrocínio yo o neng a batla go kokoanya batho ba e kileng ya bo e le makgoba gore ba sireletse puso ya segosi e e neng e tshoseditswe ke go oketsega ga ditlhopha tse di neng di ikaeletse go tlhoma repaboliki kwa Brazil. Mokgatlho ono o ne wa felela ka go tlhongwa ga Black Guard (Guarda Negra), mofuta wa sesole sa go tshosa se se neng se bopilwe ka &quot;di-capoeira le batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko&quot; ba tiro ya bone e kgolo e neng e le go phatlalatsa dikokoano tsa repaboliki ka go dirisa maatla. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa Mmusomogolo o ne o wa le go itsisiwe ga Repaboliki, José do Patrocínio o ne a nna le seabe mo letlhakoreng le le neng la fenya, mme Black Guard e ne ya phatlaladiwa.

=== Go tswa mo botsuoloding go ya kwa kganetsong e e ritibetseng ===
Ka bokhutlo jwa Mmusomogolo ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa kopanela le mekgatlho e e farologaneng e e tlwaelegileng, bogolosegolo e e nang le semelo sa bomesia, jaaka ya ga Canudos le ya ga Lourenço yo o segofaditsweng. Ba bile ba na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo Revolta da Chibata (Botsuolodi jwa Lash kgotsa Sefepi) ka 1910 jo bo neng bo eteletswe pele ke mosesi wa sekepe João Cândido. Ka botsuolodi jono, Cândido o ne a atlega go dira gore Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil se emise go otlhaya batsamaisi ba dikepe ba bontsi jwa bone e le bantsho ka go itewa. Le fa go ne go na le phenyo eno le tsholofetso ya go itshwarelwa boeteledipele jwa mokgatlho ono bo ne jwa batla bo nyelediwa gotlhelele ngwaga moragonyana. Tota le João Cândido yo o neng a falotse a phepafadiwa ke puso, o ne a tshela malatsi a bofelo a botshelo jwa gagwe a lebetswe e bile a le mo kutlobotlhokong.

Botsuolodi jwa Chibata e ne e le botsuolodi jwa bofelo jo bo rulagantsweng jwa batho bantsho ba ba tlhometseng jo bo neng jwa diragala kwa Brazil. Go tloga ka nako eo ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa batla mefuta e mengwe ya go gana, &quot;bogolo jang mo ditlhopheng tsa boitapoloso, tsa setso kgotsa tsa metshameko&quot; (Moura 1989). Mofuta ono wa kganetso wa kagiso o ne o setse o le teng ka nako ya bokgoba le fa e ne e se one fela sedirisiwa se se neng se le teng sa kganetso.

Ka gonne ditiro tse ga di a diragala mo lefelong le le senang sepe mo setšhabeng, Moura o lemosa ntlha ya gore ditlhopha tse ga di a boloka bophepa jwa tsona jwa ntlha ka gonne di ne di &quot;boga tlhotlheletso ya setso (ke gore, go sweufadiwa) ya mokgwa o o laolang wa dikgopolo. Ke ntwa ya dikgopolo-setso e e lwelwang mo maemong otlhe a rona e, le pele ga rona thata (Mo19). Moura o fa dikai tse di buang ka dikolo tsa samba tsa Rio de Janeiro tse go tswa mo diponatshegelong tse di tlwaelegileng tse di neng tsa itiragalela fela mo masomeng a ntlha a dingwaga a lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga di neng tsa fetoga kgwebo e e neng e dira madi a mantsi thata mo bakaeding ba yone e e neng e ikaegile ka tshireletso ya semmuso go tswa mo pusong.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>40929</id>
      <parentid>40928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T14:23:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KatieKea</username>
        <id>10150</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo. #AWC2025</comment>
      <origin>40929</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10392" sha1="6ck3dnzw4rgn8ahj7j43qvhtiigygou" xml:space="preserve">'''Movimento Negro''' (kgotsa '''Mokgatlho wa Bantsho''') ke leina le le akaretsang le le neilweng mekgatlho e e farologaneng ya loago ya Afro-Brazilian e e neng ya diragala kwa Brazil ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, segolobogolo mekgatlho e e neng ya tlhagelela kwa Rio de Janeiro le São Paulo morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi.

== Ditso ==
Mekgatlho ya loago e e akaretsang ditlhopha tsa Bantsho e fitlhelwa mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa Brazil. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fitlha fa [[Go Fedisa bokgoba|bokgoba bo fedisiwa]] ka 1888, mekgatlho e ya loago e ne e le ya sephiri ka metlha e bile e le ya bogale ka tlhago ka gonne maikaelelo a yone a magolo e ne e le go golola makgoba a bantsho. E re ka [[Bokgoba|makgoba]] a ne a tshwarwa jaaka dithoto tsa batho, go tshaba le go tsuologa go ne go tshosetsa thulaganyo ya loago mmogo le go baka kotsi ya itsholelo. Ditsogologo tse di ne tsa nna selo sa kgatelelo e e setlhogo e seng fela ke setlhopha se se busang, mme gape le ke puso le baemedi ba yone.

== Kganetso ya bantsho pele ga phediso ya bokgoba ==

=== Quilombos, Quilombolas, le Quilombagem ===
Mofuta o mogolo wa go tlhagisa kganetso kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke mekgatlho ya marabele a batho bantsho mo e ka nnang makgolo a mane a dingwaga (1549–1888) e ne e le quilombagem. Go ya ka Clóvis Moura &lt;small&gt;[&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[:pt:Clóvis_Moura|pt]]]&lt;/small&gt;: &quot;Quilombagem e tlhaloganngwa jaaka mekgatlho ya sennelaruri ya marabele e e rulagantsweng le go kaelwa ke makgoba mo kgaolong yotlhe ya bosetshaba. E tsewa e le mokgatlho o o tsosang wa phetogo ya loago, e ne e le maatla a a sa kgaotseng le a a botlhokwa a a senyang maikutlo a tsamaiso ya bokgoba a a nyenyefatsang boemo jwa bokgoba mo maemong a le mmalwa— a itsholelo, loago le sesole. Tiro e e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ke bothata jwa itsholelo ya bokgoba e kgabagare e neng ya emisediwa ka tiro e e gololesegileng&quot; (22, 1989).

Le fa go ya ka Moura quilombagem e ne e na le lefelo la yone la thulaganyo la quilombo kwa makgoba a a tshabileng a neng a batla botshabelo gone mo godimo ga batho ba mefuta yotlhe ba ba neng ba kgaphetswe kwa thoko le go kgaphelwa thoko ke setshaba ka nako ya bokolone, quilombagem e ne e na le &quot;mefuta e mengwe ya ditshupetso tsa motho ka bongwe kgotsa tsa setlhopha&quot; jaaka botsuolodi (e e tlhomologileng thata e le kwa Salvador ka 1835) le bandoleirismo, leano la guerrilla le mo go lone ditlhopha tsa makgoba a a tshabileng di neng di ithulaganya go tlhasela ditlhopha tsa batho le batsamai mo ditseleng (Moura, 1989).

Mo thutong ya ga Moura quilombagem jaaka mokgatlho wa kgololosego &quot;e tla pele thata ga mokgatlho wa go fedisa bokgoba wa kgololesego&quot; o o neng wa simolola fela go nna phatlalatsa thata morago ga 1880 fa bokgoba bo ne bo setse bo tsene mo mathateng. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya go tlhoka batsereganyi fa gare ga makgoba a marabele le setlhopha se se busang, mathata a a neng a dikologile quilombagem a ne a ka rarabololwa fela ka tirisodikgoka e seng ka puisano. Le fa go ne go na le dipharologano jaaka Rephaboliki ya Palmares e e neng ya tsaya mo e ka nnang ngwagakgolo, bontsi jwa mekgatlho ya quilombola e ne e sena bokgoni jwa go gana ka nako e telele kgatlhanong le mokgwa wa kgatelelo wa puso.

=== Go tswa Inconfidências go ya Isabelismo ===
Fa Inconfidência Mineira e ne e le mokgatlho wa go kgaogana o o neng o sena motheo o o tlwaelegileng le o o neng o batla o se na batho bantsho gotlhelele, o ne o le kgatlhanong le boemo jo bo neng bo itsege jaaka Inconfidência Baiana, kgotsa Botsuolodi jwa 1798 jwa Ba-Alfaiates (Baroki). Maikaelelo a baianos ba ba tsuologang e ne e le, go ya ka Moura, &quot;a a tseneletseng thata, mme tshitshinyo ya go golola makgoba e ne e le nngwe ya maikaelelo a magolo a maikaelelo a bone. Gareng ga baeteledipele le maloko a yone go ne go akarediwa &quot;batho ba bantsho ba ba golotsweng, makgoba a bantsho, makgoba a pardo, pardos e e golotsweng, artesans, mogatla; bao ba neng ba tswa mo ditlhopheng tse di gateletsweng thata kgotsa tse di tlhaolwang thata tsa setšhaba sa bokoloniale sa Bahia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Moura 1989:43.&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba, karolo e e rileng ya ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho e ne ya tsenelela mo go sireletseng Isabelism, mofuta wa kobamelo go Kgosigadi Isabel yo o neng a newa leina la &quot;morekolodi&quot; jaaka e kete go fedisiwa e nnile &quot;tiro ya bopelonomi jwa sebele&quot; go tswa go regent (Moura 1989). Mongwe wa badumedi ba ba tlhoafetseng thata ba mokgatlho ono e ne e le José do Patrocínio yo o neng a batla go kokoanya batho ba e kileng ya bo e le makgoba gore ba sireletse puso ya segosi e e neng e tshoseditswe ke go oketsega ga ditlhopha tse di neng di ikaeletse go tlhoma repaboliki kwa Brazil. Mokgatlho ono o ne wa felela ka go tlhongwa ga Black Guard (Guarda Negra), mofuta wa sesole sa go tshosa se se neng se bopilwe ka &quot;di-capoeira le batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko&quot; ba tiro ya bone e kgolo e neng e le go phatlalatsa dikokoano tsa repaboliki ka go dirisa maatla. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa Mmusomogolo o ne o wa le go itsisiwe ga Repaboliki, José do Patrocínio o ne a nna le seabe mo letlhakoreng le le neng la fenya, mme Black Guard e ne ya phatlaladiwa.

=== Go tswa mo botsuoloding go ya kwa kganetsong e e ritibetseng ===
Ka bokhutlo jwa Mmusomogolo ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa kopanela le mekgatlho e e farologaneng e e tlwaelegileng, bogolosegolo e e nang le semelo sa bomesia, jaaka ya ga Canudos le ya ga Lourenço yo o segofaditsweng. Ba bile ba na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo Revolta da Chibata (Botsuolodi jwa Lash kgotsa Sefepi) ka 1910 jo bo neng bo eteletswe pele ke mosesi wa sekepe João Cândido. Ka botsuolodi jono, Cândido o ne a atlega go dira gore Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil se emise go otlhaya batsamaisi ba dikepe ba bontsi jwa bone e le bantsho ka go itewa. Le fa go ne go na le phenyo eno le tsholofetso ya go itshwarelwa boeteledipele jwa mokgatlho ono bo ne jwa batla bo nyelediwa gotlhelele ngwaga moragonyana. Tota le João Cândido yo o neng a falotse a phepafadiwa ke puso, o ne a tshela malatsi a bofelo a botshelo jwa gagwe a lebetswe e bile a le mo kutlobotlhokong.

Botsuolodi jwa Chibata e ne e le botsuolodi jwa bofelo jo bo rulagantsweng jwa batho bantsho ba ba tlhometseng jo bo neng jwa diragala kwa Brazil. Go tloga ka nako eo ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa batla mefuta e mengwe ya go gana, &quot;bogolo jang mo ditlhopheng tsa boitapoloso, tsa setso kgotsa tsa metshameko&quot; (Moura 1989). Mofuta ono wa kganetso wa kagiso o ne o setse o le teng ka nako ya bokgoba le fa e ne e se one fela sedirisiwa se se neng se le teng sa kganetso.

Ka gonne ditiro tse ga di a diragala mo lefelong le le senang sepe mo setšhabeng, Moura o lemosa ntlha ya gore ditlhopha tse ga di a boloka bophepa jwa tsona jwa ntlha ka gonne di ne di &quot;boga tlhotlheletso ya setso (ke gore, go sweufadiwa) ya mokgwa o o laolang wa dikgopolo. Ke ntwa ya dikgopolo-setso e e lwelwang mo maemong otlhe a rona e, le pele ga rona thata (Mo19). Moura o fa dikai tse di buang ka dikolo tsa samba tsa Rio de Janeiro tse go tswa mo diponatshegelong tse di tlwaelegileng tse di neng tsa itiragalela fela mo masomeng a ntlha a dingwaga a lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga di neng tsa fetoga kgwebo e e neng e dira madi a mantsi thata mo bakaeding ba yone e e neng e ikaegile ka tshireletso ya semmuso go tswa mo pusong.

== Mokgatlho wa Bantsho mo lekgolong la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga ==

=== Tshimologo: 1915-1945 ===
Ka São Paulo le Rio de Janeiro e le mafelo a magolo a go kokoanya batho, mekgatlho ya loago ya Afro-Brazil e ne ya simolola go tlhama ditsela tse dišwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1910 ka maiteko a go lwela boagi jo bo sa tswang go bonwa le go iphetola go nna mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba. Ponatshegelo ya ntlha e kgolo ke go tlhagelela ga bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulista (São Paulo), jo lekwalodikgang la jone la ntlha, e leng Menelick, le simololang go anamisiwa ka 1915. E latelwa ke A Rua (Mmila) ka 1916, O Gufinete (Pin) ka 1918, A Libertine (LibertE9)1918. 1920, O Getulino le O Clarim d’Alvorada (Go tlhaba ga Motshegare o o Phepafetseng) ka 1924. Lekhubu leno la dikgatiso le ne la tswelela go fitlha ka 1963 fa O Correio d’Ébano e ne e tswalwa. Makwalodikgang ano otlhe a ne a tlhomololwa ke go sa bege ka ditiragalo tse dikgolo tsa bosetšhaba (tse ba neng ba di tila ka kelotlhoko). Go ya ka Moura, e ne e le &quot;bobegadikgang jo bo kgethegileng thata mo tshedimosetsong ya jone mme bo lebisitswe kwa setšhabeng se se rileng&quot; (1989).

Ka ntlha ya pitsa e e nyerologang eno ya setso sa dikgopolo se se rotloediwang ke bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulistana, nngwe ya mekgatlho e e kgatlhang thata ya bosetšhaba ya Aforika-Brazil e tlhamiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Frente Negra Brasileira (FNB - Mokgatlho wa Bantsho wa Brazil). E tlhomilwe ka Lwetse 16, 1931 ka ntlha ya mokgatlho o o nonofileng o o kopantsweng ka sebopego sa &quot;Grand Counsel&quot; ya maloko a le 20 mme e okametswe ke kgosi kgotsa mookamedi (seno se ne sa dira gore e latofadiwe ka gore ke mokgatlho wa bofasi). Ka go ikaega ka diketekete tsa maloko le ba ba utlwelang botlhoko, FNB e ne e na le seabe se se tlhageletseng mo ntweng kgatlhanong le tlhaolele ya lotso, ka sekai, ka e ne e na le maikarabelo a go akaretsa batho bantsho mo Sesoleng sa Setšhaba sa São Paulo. Morago ga go fitlhelela katlego, FNB e ne ya swetsa go itlhoma jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki, mme ka go dira jalo ya ba letla go nna le seabe mo Lekgotleng la Ditlhopho ka 1936.

Le fa go ntse jalo, botshelo jwa FNB jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki bo ne bo le bokhutshwane. Ka 1937 ka taelo ya Estado Novo ya ga Getúlio Vargas, makoko otlhe a dipolotiki, go akaretsa le FNB, a ne a bolelwa gore ga a kafa molaong mme a phatlaladiwa. Go tloga ka nako eo go fitlha ka temokerasi e ntšhwa ka 1945, mekgatlho ya loago ya bantsho e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go boela morago kwa mefuteng ya yona ya setso ya go gana setso. Mokgwa o le mongwe fela o o ka kgonegang mo pakeng eno (mme o arogantswe jaaka kganetso ya setso) o golagane le ditiro tsa ga Abdias do Nascimento yo ka 1944 kwa Rio de Janeiro a neng a tlhoma Teatro Experimental do Negro (TEN - Bobogelo jwa Diteko jwa Bantsho). Nascimento o ne a na le maikarabelo a tlhagiso ya bobogelo e e tlhagisang e e neng e batla go godisa &quot;kitso ya batho bantsho ba Brazil&quot; le go lwantsha kgethololo ya lotso (Moura 1989).

== Metswedi ==</text>
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        <id>10150</id>
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      <comment>/* Quilombos, Quilombolas, le Quilombagem */ Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="10411" sha1="dchy95ltwp87wrelqn8ra5h6io035c2" xml:space="preserve">'''Movimento Negro''' (kgotsa '''Mokgatlho wa Bantsho''') ke leina le le akaretsang le le neilweng mekgatlho e e farologaneng ya loago ya Afro-Brazilian e e neng ya diragala kwa Brazil ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, segolobogolo mekgatlho e e neng ya tlhagelela kwa Rio de Janeiro le São Paulo morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi.

== Ditso ==
Mekgatlho ya loago e e akaretsang ditlhopha tsa Bantsho e fitlhelwa mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa Brazil. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fitlha fa [[Go Fedisa bokgoba|bokgoba bo fedisiwa]] ka 1888, mekgatlho e ya loago e ne e le ya sephiri ka metlha e bile e le ya bogale ka tlhago ka gonne maikaelelo a yone a magolo e ne e le go golola makgoba a bantsho. E re ka [[Bokgoba|makgoba]] a ne a tshwarwa jaaka dithoto tsa batho, go tshaba le go tsuologa go ne go tshosetsa thulaganyo ya loago mmogo le go baka kotsi ya itsholelo. Ditsogologo tse di ne tsa nna selo sa kgatelelo e e setlhogo e seng fela ke setlhopha se se busang, mme gape le ke puso le baemedi ba yone.

== Kganetso ya bantsho pele ga phediso ya bokgoba ==

=== Quilombos, Quilombolas, le Quilombagem ===
Mofuta o mogolo wa go tlhagisa kganetso kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke mekgatlho ya marabele a batho bantsho mo e ka nnang makgolo a mane a dingwaga (1549–1888) e ne e le quilombagem. Go ya ka Clóvis Moura &lt;small&gt;[&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[:pt:Clóvis_Moura|pt]]]&lt;/small&gt;: &quot;Quilombagem e tlhaloganngwa jaaka mekgatlho ya sennelaruri ya marabele e e rulagantsweng le go kaelwa ke makgoba mo kgaolong yotlhe ya bosetshaba. E tsewa e le mokgatlho o o tsosang wa phetogo ya loago, e ne e le maatla a a sa kgaotseng le a a botlhokwa a a senyang maikutlo a tsamaiso ya bokgoba a a nyenyefatsang boemo jwa bokgoba mo maemong a le mmalwa— a itsholelo, loago le sesole. Tiro e e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ke bothata jwa itsholelo ya bokgoba e kgabagare e neng ya emisediwa ka tiro e e gololesegileng&quot; (22, 1989).

Le fa go ya ka Moura quilombagem e ne e na le lefelo la yone la thulaganyo la quilombo kwa makgoba a a tshabileng a neng a batla botshabelo gone mo godimo ga batho ba mefuta yotlhe ba ba neng ba kgaphetswe kwa thoko le go kgaphelwa thoko ke setshaba ka nako ya bokolone, quilombagem e ne e na le &quot;mefuta e mengwe ya ditshupetso tsa motho ka bongwe kgotsa tsa setlhopha&quot; jaaka botsuolodi (e e tlhomologileng thata e le kwa Salvador ka 1835) le bandoleirismo, leano la guerrilla le mo go lone ditlhopha tsa makgoba a a tshabileng di neng di ithulaganya go tlhasela ditlhopha tsa batho le batsamai mo ditseleng (Moura, 1989).

Mo thutong ya ga Moura quilombagem jaaka mokgatlho wa kgololosego &quot;e tla pele thata ga mokgatlho wa go fedisa bokgoba wa kgololesego&quot; o o neng wa simolola fela go nna phatlalatsa thata morago ga 1880 fa bokgoba bo ne bo setse bo tsene mo mathateng. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya go tlhoka batshereganyi fa gare ga makgoba a marabele le setlhopha se se busang, mathata a a neng a dikologile quilombagem a ne a ka rarabololwa fela ka tirisodikgoka e seng ka puisano. Le fa go ne go na le dipharologano jaaka Rephaboliki ya Palmares e e neng ya tsaya mo e ka nnang dingwaga tse lekgolo, bontsi jwa mekgatlho ya quilombola e ne e sena bokgoni jwa go gana ka nako e telele kgatlhanong le mokgwa wa kgatelelo wa puso.

=== Go tswa Inconfidências go ya Isabelismo ===
Fa Inconfidência Mineira e ne e le mokgatlho wa go kgaogana o o neng o sena motheo o o tlwaelesegileng le o o neng o batla o se na batho bantsho gotlhelele, o ne o le kgatlhanong le boemo jo bo neng bo itsege jaaka Inconfidência Baiana, kgotsa Botsuolodi jwa 1798 jwa Ba-Alfaiates (Baroki). Maikaelelo a baianos ba ba tsuologang e ne e le, go ya ka Moura, &quot;a a tseneletseng thata, mme kakanyo ya go golola makgoba e ne e le nngwe ya maikaelelo a magolo a maikaelelo a bone. Gareng ga baeteledipele le maloko a yone go ne go akarediwa &quot;batho ba bantsho ba ba golotsweng, makgoba a bantsho, makgoba a pardo, pardos ba ba golotsweng, artesans, baroki; bao ba neng ba tswa mo ditlhopheng tse di gateletsweng thata kgotsa tse di tlhaolwang thata tsa setshaba sa bokolone sa Bahia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Moura 1989:43.&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba, karolo e e rileng ya ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho e ne ya tsenelela mo go sireletseng Isabelism, mofuta wa kobamelo go Kgosigadi Isabel yo o neng a newa leina la &quot;morekolodi&quot; jaaka e kete go fedisiwa ga bokgoba e nnile &quot;tiro ya bopelonomi jwa sebele&quot; go tswa go regent (Moura 1989). Mongwe wa badumedi ba ba tlhoafetseng thata ba mokgatlho o e ne e le José do Patrocínio yo o neng a batla go kokoanya batho ba e kileng ya bo e le makgoba gore ba sireletse puso ya segosi e e neng e tshoseditswe ke go oketsega ga ditlhopha tse di neng di ikaeletse go tlhoma rephaboliki kwa Brazil. Mokgatlho ono o ne wa felela ka go tlhongwa ga Black Guard (''Guarda Negra''), mofuta wa sesole sa go tshosa se se neng se bopilwe ka &quot;capoeiras le batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko&quot; ba tiro ya bone e kgolo e neng e le go phatlalatsa dikokoano tsa rephaboliki ka go dirisa maatla. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa Mmusomogolo o ne o wa le go itsisiwe ga Rephaboliki, José do Patrocínio o ne a nna le seabe mo letlhakoreng le le neng la fenya, mme Black Guard e ne ya phatlaladiwa.

=== Go tswa mo botsuoloding go ya kwa kganetsong e e ritibetseng ===
Ka bokhutlo jwa Mmusomogolo ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa kopanela le mekgatlho e e farologaneng e e tlwaelegileng, bogolosegolo e e nang le semelo sa bomesia, jaaka ya ga Canudos le ya ga Lourenço yo o segofaditsweng. Ba bile ba na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo Revolta da Chibata (Botsuolodi jwa Lash kgotsa Sefepi) ka 1910 jo bo neng bo eteletswe pele ke mosesi wa sekepe João Cândido. Ka botsuolodi jono, Cândido o ne a atlega go dira gore Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil se emise go otlhaya batsamaisi ba dikepe ba bontsi jwa bone e le bantsho ka go itewa. Le fa go ne go na le phenyo eno le tsholofetso ya go itshwarelwa boeteledipele jwa mokgatlho ono bo ne jwa batla bo nyelediwa gotlhelele ngwaga moragonyana. Tota le João Cândido yo o neng a falotse a phepafadiwa ke puso, o ne a tshela malatsi a bofelo a botshelo jwa gagwe a lebetswe e bile a le mo kutlobotlhokong.

Botsuolodi jwa Chibata e ne e le botsuolodi jwa bofelo jo bo rulagantsweng jwa batho bantsho ba ba tlhometseng jo bo neng jwa diragala kwa Brazil. Go tloga ka nako eo ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa batla mefuta e mengwe ya go gana, &quot;bogolo jang mo ditlhopheng tsa boitapoloso, tsa setso kgotsa tsa metshameko&quot; (Moura 1989). Mofuta ono wa kganetso wa kagiso o ne o setse o le teng ka nako ya bokgoba le fa e ne e se one fela sedirisiwa se se neng se le teng sa kganetso.

Ka gonne ditiro tse ga di a diragala mo lefelong le le senang sepe mo setšhabeng, Moura o lemosa ntlha ya gore ditlhopha tse ga di a boloka bophepa jwa tsona jwa ntlha ka gonne di ne di &quot;boga tlhotlheletso ya setso (ke gore, go sweufadiwa) ya mokgwa o o laolang wa dikgopolo. Ke ntwa ya dikgopolo-setso e e lwelwang mo maemong otlhe a rona e, le pele ga rona thata (Mo19). Moura o fa dikai tse di buang ka dikolo tsa samba tsa Rio de Janeiro tse go tswa mo diponatshegelong tse di tlwaelegileng tse di neng tsa itiragalela fela mo masomeng a ntlha a dingwaga a lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga di neng tsa fetoga kgwebo e e neng e dira madi a mantsi thata mo bakaeding ba yone e e neng e ikaegile ka tshireletso ya semmuso go tswa mo pusong.

== Mokgatlho wa Bantsho mo lekgolong la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga ==

=== Tshimologo: 1915-1945 ===
Ka São Paulo le Rio de Janeiro e le mafelo a magolo a go kokoanya batho, mekgatlho ya loago ya Afro-Brazil e ne ya simolola go tlhama ditsela tse dišwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1910 ka maiteko a go lwela boagi jo bo sa tswang go bonwa le go iphetola go nna mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba. Ponatshegelo ya ntlha e kgolo ke go tlhagelela ga bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulista (São Paulo), jo lekwalodikgang la jone la ntlha, e leng Menelick, le simololang go anamisiwa ka 1915. E latelwa ke A Rua (Mmila) ka 1916, O Gufinete (Pin) ka 1918, A Libertine (LibertE9)1918. 1920, O Getulino le O Clarim d’Alvorada (Go tlhaba ga Motshegare o o Phepafetseng) ka 1924. Lekhubu leno la dikgatiso le ne la tswelela go fitlha ka 1963 fa O Correio d’Ébano e ne e tswalwa. Makwalodikgang ano otlhe a ne a tlhomololwa ke go sa bege ka ditiragalo tse dikgolo tsa bosetšhaba (tse ba neng ba di tila ka kelotlhoko). Go ya ka Moura, e ne e le &quot;bobegadikgang jo bo kgethegileng thata mo tshedimosetsong ya jone mme bo lebisitswe kwa setšhabeng se se rileng&quot; (1989).

Ka ntlha ya pitsa e e nyerologang eno ya setso sa dikgopolo se se rotloediwang ke bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulistana, nngwe ya mekgatlho e e kgatlhang thata ya bosetšhaba ya Aforika-Brazil e tlhamiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Frente Negra Brasileira (FNB - Mokgatlho wa Bantsho wa Brazil). E tlhomilwe ka Lwetse 16, 1931 ka ntlha ya mokgatlho o o nonofileng o o kopantsweng ka sebopego sa &quot;Grand Counsel&quot; ya maloko a le 20 mme e okametswe ke kgosi kgotsa mookamedi (seno se ne sa dira gore e latofadiwe ka gore ke mokgatlho wa bofasi). Ka go ikaega ka diketekete tsa maloko le ba ba utlwelang botlhoko, FNB e ne e na le seabe se se tlhageletseng mo ntweng kgatlhanong le tlhaolele ya lotso, ka sekai, ka e ne e na le maikarabelo a go akaretsa batho bantsho mo Sesoleng sa Setšhaba sa São Paulo. Morago ga go fitlhelela katlego, FNB e ne ya swetsa go itlhoma jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki, mme ka go dira jalo ya ba letla go nna le seabe mo Lekgotleng la Ditlhopho ka 1936.

Le fa go ntse jalo, botshelo jwa FNB jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki bo ne bo le bokhutshwane. Ka 1937 ka taelo ya Estado Novo ya ga Getúlio Vargas, makoko otlhe a dipolotiki, go akaretsa le FNB, a ne a bolelwa gore ga a kafa molaong mme a phatlaladiwa. Go tloga ka nako eo go fitlha ka temokerasi e ntšhwa ka 1945, mekgatlho ya loago ya bantsho e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go boela morago kwa mefuteng ya yona ya setso ya go gana setso. Mokgwa o le mongwe fela o o ka kgonegang mo pakeng eno (mme o arogantswe jaaka kganetso ya setso) o golagane le ditiro tsa ga Abdias do Nascimento yo ka 1944 kwa Rio de Janeiro a neng a tlhoma Teatro Experimental do Negro (TEN - Bobogelo jwa Diteko jwa Bantsho). Nascimento o ne a na le maikarabelo a tlhagiso ya bobogelo e e tlhagisang e e neng e batla go godisa &quot;kitso ya batho bantsho ba Brazil&quot; le go lwantsha kgethololo ya lotso (Moura 1989).

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>40931</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-07-02T14:56:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>10150</id>
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      <comment>/* Go tswa mo botsuoloding go ya kwa kganetsong e e ritibetseng */ Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo. #AWC2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="10436" sha1="3mt7im1666zo7ylb0c1jcpkyzlidozx" xml:space="preserve">'''Movimento Negro''' (kgotsa '''Mokgatlho wa Bantsho''') ke leina le le akaretsang le le neilweng mekgatlho e e farologaneng ya loago ya Afro-Brazilian e e neng ya diragala kwa Brazil ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, segolobogolo mekgatlho e e neng ya tlhagelela kwa Rio de Janeiro le São Paulo morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi.

== Ditso ==
Mekgatlho ya loago e e akaretsang ditlhopha tsa Bantsho e fitlhelwa mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa Brazil. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fitlha fa [[Go Fedisa bokgoba|bokgoba bo fedisiwa]] ka 1888, mekgatlho e ya loago e ne e le ya sephiri ka metlha e bile e le ya bogale ka tlhago ka gonne maikaelelo a yone a magolo e ne e le go golola makgoba a bantsho. E re ka [[Bokgoba|makgoba]] a ne a tshwarwa jaaka dithoto tsa batho, go tshaba le go tsuologa go ne go tshosetsa thulaganyo ya loago mmogo le go baka kotsi ya itsholelo. Ditsogologo tse di ne tsa nna selo sa kgatelelo e e setlhogo e seng fela ke setlhopha se se busang, mme gape le ke puso le baemedi ba yone.

== Kganetso ya bantsho pele ga phediso ya bokgoba ==

=== Quilombos, Quilombolas, le Quilombagem ===
Mofuta o mogolo wa go tlhagisa kganetso kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke mekgatlho ya marabele a batho bantsho mo e ka nnang makgolo a mane a dingwaga (1549–1888) e ne e le quilombagem. Go ya ka Clóvis Moura &lt;small&gt;[&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[:pt:Clóvis_Moura|pt]]]&lt;/small&gt;: &quot;Quilombagem e tlhaloganngwa jaaka mekgatlho ya sennelaruri ya marabele e e rulagantsweng le go kaelwa ke makgoba mo kgaolong yotlhe ya bosetshaba. E tsewa e le mokgatlho o o tsosang wa phetogo ya loago, e ne e le maatla a a sa kgaotseng le a a botlhokwa a a senyang maikutlo a tsamaiso ya bokgoba a a nyenyefatsang boemo jwa bokgoba mo maemong a le mmalwa— a itsholelo, loago le sesole. Tiro e e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ke bothata jwa itsholelo ya bokgoba e kgabagare e neng ya emisediwa ka tiro e e gololesegileng&quot; (22, 1989).

Le fa go ya ka Moura quilombagem e ne e na le lefelo la yone la thulaganyo la quilombo kwa makgoba a a tshabileng a neng a batla botshabelo gone mo godimo ga batho ba mefuta yotlhe ba ba neng ba kgaphetswe kwa thoko le go kgaphelwa thoko ke setshaba ka nako ya bokolone, quilombagem e ne e na le &quot;mefuta e mengwe ya ditshupetso tsa motho ka bongwe kgotsa tsa setlhopha&quot; jaaka botsuolodi (e e tlhomologileng thata e le kwa Salvador ka 1835) le bandoleirismo, leano la guerrilla le mo go lone ditlhopha tsa makgoba a a tshabileng di neng di ithulaganya go tlhasela ditlhopha tsa batho le batsamai mo ditseleng (Moura, 1989).

Mo thutong ya ga Moura quilombagem jaaka mokgatlho wa kgololosego &quot;e tla pele thata ga mokgatlho wa go fedisa bokgoba wa kgololesego&quot; o o neng wa simolola fela go nna phatlalatsa thata morago ga 1880 fa bokgoba bo ne bo setse bo tsene mo mathateng. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya go tlhoka batshereganyi fa gare ga makgoba a marabele le setlhopha se se busang, mathata a a neng a dikologile quilombagem a ne a ka rarabololwa fela ka tirisodikgoka e seng ka puisano. Le fa go ne go na le dipharologano jaaka Rephaboliki ya Palmares e e neng ya tsaya mo e ka nnang dingwaga tse lekgolo, bontsi jwa mekgatlho ya quilombola e ne e sena bokgoni jwa go gana ka nako e telele kgatlhanong le mokgwa wa kgatelelo wa puso.

=== Go tswa Inconfidências go ya Isabelismo ===
Fa Inconfidência Mineira e ne e le mokgatlho wa go kgaogana o o neng o sena motheo o o tlwaelesegileng le o o neng o batla o se na batho bantsho gotlhelele, o ne o le kgatlhanong le boemo jo bo neng bo itsege jaaka Inconfidência Baiana, kgotsa Botsuolodi jwa 1798 jwa Ba-Alfaiates (Baroki). Maikaelelo a baianos ba ba tsuologang e ne e le, go ya ka Moura, &quot;a a tseneletseng thata, mme kakanyo ya go golola makgoba e ne e le nngwe ya maikaelelo a magolo a maikaelelo a bone. Gareng ga baeteledipele le maloko a yone go ne go akarediwa &quot;batho ba bantsho ba ba golotsweng, makgoba a bantsho, makgoba a pardo, pardos ba ba golotsweng, artesans, baroki; bao ba neng ba tswa mo ditlhopheng tse di gateletsweng thata kgotsa tse di tlhaolwang thata tsa setshaba sa bokolone sa Bahia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Moura 1989:43.&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba, karolo e e rileng ya ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho e ne ya tsenelela mo go sireletseng Isabelism, mofuta wa kobamelo go Kgosigadi Isabel yo o neng a newa leina la &quot;morekolodi&quot; jaaka e kete go fedisiwa ga bokgoba e nnile &quot;tiro ya bopelonomi jwa sebele&quot; go tswa go regent (Moura 1989). Mongwe wa badumedi ba ba tlhoafetseng thata ba mokgatlho o e ne e le José do Patrocínio yo o neng a batla go kokoanya batho ba e kileng ya bo e le makgoba gore ba sireletse puso ya segosi e e neng e tshoseditswe ke go oketsega ga ditlhopha tse di neng di ikaeletse go tlhoma rephaboliki kwa Brazil. Mokgatlho ono o ne wa felela ka go tlhongwa ga Black Guard (''Guarda Negra''), mofuta wa sesole sa go tshosa se se neng se bopilwe ka &quot;capoeiras le batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko&quot; ba tiro ya bone e kgolo e neng e le go phatlalatsa dikokoano tsa rephaboliki ka go dirisa maatla. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa Mmusomogolo o ne o wa le go itsisiwe ga Rephaboliki, José do Patrocínio o ne a nna le seabe mo letlhakoreng le le neng la fenya, mme Black Guard e ne ya phatlaladiwa.

=== Go tswa mo tsogologong go ya kwa kganetsong e e ritibetseng ===
Ka bokhutlo jwa Mmusomogolo ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa kopanela le mekgatlho e e farologaneng e e tlwaelesegileng, segolobogolo e e nang le seemo sa bomesia, jaaka ya ga Canudos le ya ga Lourenço yo o segofaditsweng. Ba bile ba na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo Revolta da Chibata (Tsogologo ya Lash or Whip) ka 1910 jo bo neng bo eteletswe pele ke mokgweetsi wa sekepe João Cândido. Ka tsogologo e, Cândido o ne a atlega go dira gore Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil se emise go otlhaya bakgweetsi ba dikepe ba bontsi jwa bone e ne e  le bantsho ka go itewa. Le fa go ne go na le phenyo e le tsholofetso ya go itshwarelwa boeteledipele jwa mokgatlho ono bo ne jwa batla bo nyelediwa gotlhelele ngwaga moragonyana. Tota le João Cândido yo o neng a falotse a phepafadiwa ke puso, o ne a tshela malatsi a bofelo a botshelo jwa gagwe a lebetswe e bile a le mo kutlobotlhokong.

[[Tsogologo ya Chibata]] e ne e le botsuolodi jwa bofelo jo bo rulagantsweng jwa batho bantsho ba ba tshwerend dibetsa jo bo neng jwa diragala kwa Brazil. Go tloga ka nako eo ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa batla mefuta e mengwe ya kganetso, &quot;bogolo jang mo ditlhopheng tsa boitapoloso, tsa setso kgotsa tsa metshameko&quot; (Moura 1989). Mofuta o wa kganetso wa kagiso o ne o setse o le teng ka nako ya bokgoba le fa e ne e se one fela sedirisiwa se se neng se le teng sa kganetso.

Ka gonne ditiro tse ga di a diragala mo lefelong le le senang sepe mo setshabeng, Moura o lemosa ntlha ya gore ditlhopha tse ga di a boloka bophepa jwa tsone jwa ntlha ka gonne di ne di &quot;boga tlhotlheletso ya setso (ke gore, go sweufadiwa) ya mokgwa o o laolang wa dikgopolo. Ke ntwa ya dikgopolo-setso e e lwelwang mo maemong otlhe a rona e, le pele ga matlho a rona&quot; (Moura 1989). Moura o fa dikai tse di buang ka dikolo tsa samba tsa Rio de Janeiro tse go tswa mo diponatshegelong tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di neng tsa itiragalela fela mo masomeng a ntlha a dingwaga a lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga di neng tsa fetoga kgwebo e e neng e dira madi a mantsi thata mo bakaeding ba yone e e neng e ikaegile ka tshireletso ya semmuso go tswa mo pusong.

== Mokgatlho wa Bantsho mo lekgolong la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga ==

=== Tshimologo: 1915-1945 ===
Ka São Paulo le Rio de Janeiro e le mafelo a magolo a go kokoanya batho, mekgatlho ya loago ya Afro-Brazil e ne ya simolola go tlhama ditsela tse dišwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1910 ka maiteko a go lwela boagi jo bo sa tswang go bonwa le go iphetola go nna mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba. Ponatshegelo ya ntlha e kgolo ke go tlhagelela ga bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulista (São Paulo), jo lekwalodikgang la jone la ntlha, e leng Menelick, le simololang go anamisiwa ka 1915. E latelwa ke A Rua (Mmila) ka 1916, O Gufinete (Pin) ka 1918, A Libertine (LibertE9)1918. 1920, O Getulino le O Clarim d’Alvorada (Go tlhaba ga Motshegare o o Phepafetseng) ka 1924. Lekhubu leno la dikgatiso le ne la tswelela go fitlha ka 1963 fa O Correio d’Ébano e ne e tswalwa. Makwalodikgang ano otlhe a ne a tlhomololwa ke go sa bege ka ditiragalo tse dikgolo tsa bosetšhaba (tse ba neng ba di tila ka kelotlhoko). Go ya ka Moura, e ne e le &quot;bobegadikgang jo bo kgethegileng thata mo tshedimosetsong ya jone mme bo lebisitswe kwa setšhabeng se se rileng&quot; (1989).

Ka ntlha ya pitsa e e nyerologang eno ya setso sa dikgopolo se se rotloediwang ke bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulistana, nngwe ya mekgatlho e e kgatlhang thata ya bosetšhaba ya Aforika-Brazil e tlhamiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Frente Negra Brasileira (FNB - Mokgatlho wa Bantsho wa Brazil). E tlhomilwe ka Lwetse 16, 1931 ka ntlha ya mokgatlho o o nonofileng o o kopantsweng ka sebopego sa &quot;Grand Counsel&quot; ya maloko a le 20 mme e okametswe ke kgosi kgotsa mookamedi (seno se ne sa dira gore e latofadiwe ka gore ke mokgatlho wa bofasi). Ka go ikaega ka diketekete tsa maloko le ba ba utlwelang botlhoko, FNB e ne e na le seabe se se tlhageletseng mo ntweng kgatlhanong le tlhaolele ya lotso, ka sekai, ka e ne e na le maikarabelo a go akaretsa batho bantsho mo Sesoleng sa Setšhaba sa São Paulo. Morago ga go fitlhelela katlego, FNB e ne ya swetsa go itlhoma jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki, mme ka go dira jalo ya ba letla go nna le seabe mo Lekgotleng la Ditlhopho ka 1936.

Le fa go ntse jalo, botshelo jwa FNB jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki bo ne bo le bokhutshwane. Ka 1937 ka taelo ya Estado Novo ya ga Getúlio Vargas, makoko otlhe a dipolotiki, go akaretsa le FNB, a ne a bolelwa gore ga a kafa molaong mme a phatlaladiwa. Go tloga ka nako eo go fitlha ka temokerasi e ntšhwa ka 1945, mekgatlho ya loago ya bantsho e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go boela morago kwa mefuteng ya yona ya setso ya go gana setso. Mokgwa o le mongwe fela o o ka kgonegang mo pakeng eno (mme o arogantswe jaaka kganetso ya setso) o golagane le ditiro tsa ga Abdias do Nascimento yo ka 1944 kwa Rio de Janeiro a neng a tlhoma Teatro Experimental do Negro (TEN - Bobogelo jwa Diteko jwa Bantsho). Nascimento o ne a na le maikarabelo a tlhagiso ya bobogelo e e tlhagisang e e neng e batla go godisa &quot;kitso ya batho bantsho ba Brazil&quot; le go lwantsha kgethololo ya lotso (Moura 1989).

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>40932</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-07-02T15:11:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KatieKea</username>
        <id>10150</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tshimologo: 1915-1945 */ ke ranotse karolo e</comment>
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      <text bytes="10463" sha1="7jni5h0991pznpaij8fw2hnc1ky6cv5" xml:space="preserve">'''Movimento Negro''' (kgotsa '''Mokgatlho wa Bantsho''') ke leina le le akaretsang le le neilweng mekgatlho e e farologaneng ya loago ya Afro-Brazilian e e neng ya diragala kwa Brazil ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, segolobogolo mekgatlho e e neng ya tlhagelela kwa Rio de Janeiro le São Paulo morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi.

== Ditso ==
Mekgatlho ya loago e e akaretsang ditlhopha tsa Bantsho e fitlhelwa mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa Brazil. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fitlha fa [[Go Fedisa bokgoba|bokgoba bo fedisiwa]] ka 1888, mekgatlho e ya loago e ne e le ya sephiri ka metlha e bile e le ya bogale ka tlhago ka gonne maikaelelo a yone a magolo e ne e le go golola makgoba a bantsho. E re ka [[Bokgoba|makgoba]] a ne a tshwarwa jaaka dithoto tsa batho, go tshaba le go tsuologa go ne go tshosetsa thulaganyo ya loago mmogo le go baka kotsi ya itsholelo. Ditsogologo tse di ne tsa nna selo sa kgatelelo e e setlhogo e seng fela ke setlhopha se se busang, mme gape le ke puso le baemedi ba yone.

== Kganetso ya bantsho pele ga phediso ya bokgoba ==

=== Quilombos, Quilombolas, le Quilombagem ===
Mofuta o mogolo wa go tlhagisa kganetso kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke mekgatlho ya marabele a batho bantsho mo e ka nnang makgolo a mane a dingwaga (1549–1888) e ne e le quilombagem. Go ya ka Clóvis Moura &lt;small&gt;[&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[:pt:Clóvis_Moura|pt]]]&lt;/small&gt;: &quot;Quilombagem e tlhaloganngwa jaaka mekgatlho ya sennelaruri ya marabele e e rulagantsweng le go kaelwa ke makgoba mo kgaolong yotlhe ya bosetshaba. E tsewa e le mokgatlho o o tsosang wa phetogo ya loago, e ne e le maatla a a sa kgaotseng le a a botlhokwa a a senyang maikutlo a tsamaiso ya bokgoba a a nyenyefatsang boemo jwa bokgoba mo maemong a le mmalwa— a itsholelo, loago le sesole. Tiro e e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ke bothata jwa itsholelo ya bokgoba e kgabagare e neng ya emisediwa ka tiro e e gololesegileng&quot; (22, 1989).

Le fa go ya ka Moura quilombagem e ne e na le lefelo la yone la thulaganyo la quilombo kwa makgoba a a tshabileng a neng a batla botshabelo gone mo godimo ga batho ba mefuta yotlhe ba ba neng ba kgaphetswe kwa thoko le go kgaphelwa thoko ke setshaba ka nako ya bokolone, quilombagem e ne e na le &quot;mefuta e mengwe ya ditshupetso tsa motho ka bongwe kgotsa tsa setlhopha&quot; jaaka botsuolodi (e e tlhomologileng thata e le kwa Salvador ka 1835) le bandoleirismo, leano la guerrilla le mo go lone ditlhopha tsa makgoba a a tshabileng di neng di ithulaganya go tlhasela ditlhopha tsa batho le batsamai mo ditseleng (Moura, 1989).

Mo thutong ya ga Moura quilombagem jaaka mokgatlho wa kgololosego &quot;e tla pele thata ga mokgatlho wa go fedisa bokgoba wa kgololesego&quot; o o neng wa simolola fela go nna phatlalatsa thata morago ga 1880 fa bokgoba bo ne bo setse bo tsene mo mathateng. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya go tlhoka batshereganyi fa gare ga makgoba a marabele le setlhopha se se busang, mathata a a neng a dikologile quilombagem a ne a ka rarabololwa fela ka tirisodikgoka e seng ka puisano. Le fa go ne go na le dipharologano jaaka Rephaboliki ya Palmares e e neng ya tsaya mo e ka nnang dingwaga tse lekgolo, bontsi jwa mekgatlho ya quilombola e ne e sena bokgoni jwa go gana ka nako e telele kgatlhanong le mokgwa wa kgatelelo wa puso.

=== Go tswa Inconfidências go ya Isabelismo ===
Fa Inconfidência Mineira e ne e le mokgatlho wa go kgaogana o o neng o sena motheo o o tlwaelesegileng le o o neng o batla o se na batho bantsho gotlhelele, o ne o le kgatlhanong le boemo jo bo neng bo itsege jaaka Inconfidência Baiana, kgotsa Botsuolodi jwa 1798 jwa Ba-Alfaiates (Baroki). Maikaelelo a baianos ba ba tsuologang e ne e le, go ya ka Moura, &quot;a a tseneletseng thata, mme kakanyo ya go golola makgoba e ne e le nngwe ya maikaelelo a magolo a maikaelelo a bone. Gareng ga baeteledipele le maloko a yone go ne go akarediwa &quot;batho ba bantsho ba ba golotsweng, makgoba a bantsho, makgoba a pardo, pardos ba ba golotsweng, artesans, baroki; bao ba neng ba tswa mo ditlhopheng tse di gateletsweng thata kgotsa tse di tlhaolwang thata tsa setshaba sa bokolone sa Bahia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Moura 1989:43.&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba, karolo e e rileng ya ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho e ne ya tsenelela mo go sireletseng Isabelism, mofuta wa kobamelo go Kgosigadi Isabel yo o neng a newa leina la &quot;morekolodi&quot; jaaka e kete go fedisiwa ga bokgoba e nnile &quot;tiro ya bopelonomi jwa sebele&quot; go tswa go regent (Moura 1989). Mongwe wa badumedi ba ba tlhoafetseng thata ba mokgatlho o e ne e le José do Patrocínio yo o neng a batla go kokoanya batho ba e kileng ya bo e le makgoba gore ba sireletse puso ya segosi e e neng e tshoseditswe ke go oketsega ga ditlhopha tse di neng di ikaeletse go tlhoma rephaboliki kwa Brazil. Mokgatlho ono o ne wa felela ka go tlhongwa ga Black Guard (''Guarda Negra''), mofuta wa sesole sa go tshosa se se neng se bopilwe ka &quot;capoeiras le batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko&quot; ba tiro ya bone e kgolo e neng e le go phatlalatsa dikokoano tsa rephaboliki ka go dirisa maatla. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa Mmusomogolo o ne o wa le go itsisiwe ga Rephaboliki, José do Patrocínio o ne a nna le seabe mo letlhakoreng le le neng la fenya, mme Black Guard e ne ya phatlaladiwa.

=== Go tswa mo tsogologong go ya kwa kganetsong e e ritibetseng ===
Ka bokhutlo jwa Mmusomogolo ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa kopanela le mekgatlho e e farologaneng e e tlwaelesegileng, segolobogolo e e nang le seemo sa bomesia, jaaka ya ga Canudos le ya ga Lourenço yo o segofaditsweng. Ba bile ba na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo Revolta da Chibata (Tsogologo ya Lash or Whip) ka 1910 jo bo neng bo eteletswe pele ke mokgweetsi wa sekepe João Cândido. Ka tsogologo e, Cândido o ne a atlega go dira gore Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil se emise go otlhaya bakgweetsi ba dikepe ba bontsi jwa bone e ne e  le bantsho ka go itewa. Le fa go ne go na le phenyo e le tsholofetso ya go itshwarelwa boeteledipele jwa mokgatlho ono bo ne jwa batla bo nyelediwa gotlhelele ngwaga moragonyana. Tota le João Cândido yo o neng a falotse a phepafadiwa ke puso, o ne a tshela malatsi a bofelo a botshelo jwa gagwe a lebetswe e bile a le mo kutlobotlhokong.

[[Tsogologo ya Chibata]] e ne e le botsuolodi jwa bofelo jo bo rulagantsweng jwa batho bantsho ba ba tshwerend dibetsa jo bo neng jwa diragala kwa Brazil. Go tloga ka nako eo ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa batla mefuta e mengwe ya kganetso, &quot;bogolo jang mo ditlhopheng tsa boitapoloso, tsa setso kgotsa tsa metshameko&quot; (Moura 1989). Mofuta o wa kganetso wa kagiso o ne o setse o le teng ka nako ya bokgoba le fa e ne e se one fela sedirisiwa se se neng se le teng sa kganetso.

Ka gonne ditiro tse ga di a diragala mo lefelong le le senang sepe mo setshabeng, Moura o lemosa ntlha ya gore ditlhopha tse ga di a boloka bophepa jwa tsone jwa ntlha ka gonne di ne di &quot;boga tlhotlheletso ya setso (ke gore, go sweufadiwa) ya mokgwa o o laolang wa dikgopolo. Ke ntwa ya dikgopolo-setso e e lwelwang mo maemong otlhe a rona e, le pele ga matlho a rona&quot; (Moura 1989). Moura o fa dikai tse di buang ka dikolo tsa samba tsa Rio de Janeiro tse go tswa mo diponatshegelong tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di neng tsa itiragalela fela mo masomeng a ntlha a dingwaga a lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga di neng tsa fetoga kgwebo e e neng e dira madi a mantsi thata mo bakaeding ba yone e e neng e ikaegile ka tshireletso ya semmuso go tswa mo pusong.

== Mokgatlho wa Bantsho mo lekgolong la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga ==

=== Tshimologo: 1915-1945 ===
Ka São Paulo le Rio de Janeiro e le mafelo a magolo a go kokoanya batho, mekgatlho ya loago ya Afro-Brazil e ne ya simolola go tlhama ditsela tse disha go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1910 ka maiteko a go lwela boagi jo bo sa tswang go bonwa le go iphetola go nna mokgatlho wa bosetshaba. Ponatshegelo ya ntlha e kgolo ke go tlhagelela ga bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulista (São Paulo), jo lekwalodikgang la jone la ntlha, e leng Menelick, le simololang go anamisiwa ka 1915. E latelwa ke A Rua (The Street) ka 1916, O Alfinete (The Pin) ka 1918, A Libertine (Liberty) ka 1919, A Sentinela (The Guardian) ka 1920, O Getulino le O Clarim d’Alvorada (Clear Daybreak) ka 1924. Lekhubu leo la dikgatiso le ne la tswelela go fitlha ka 1963 fa O Correio d’Ébano e ne e tswalwa. Makwalodikgang a otlhe a ne a tlhomololwa ke go sa bege ka ditiragalo tse dikgolo tsa bosetshaba (tse ba neng ba di tila ka kelotlhoko). Go ya ka Moura, e ne e le &quot;bobegadikgang jo bo kgethegileng thata mo tshedimosetsong ya jone mme bo lebisitswe kwa setshabeng se se rileng&quot; (1989).

Ka ntlha ya pitsa e e nyerologang eno ya setso sa dikgopolo se se rotloediwang ke bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulistana, nngwe ya mekgatlho e e kgatlhang thata ya bosetshaba ya Afro-Brazil e tlhamiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Frente Negra Brasileira (FNB - Mokgatlho wa Bantsho wa Brazil). E tlhomilwe ka Lwetse a le lesome le borataro, 1931 ka ntlha ya mokgatlho o o nonofileng o o kopantsweng ka sebopego sa &quot;Grand Counsel&quot; ya maloko a le masome mabedi mme e okametswe ke kgosi kgotsa mookamedi (se se ne sa dira gore e latofadiwe ka gore ke mokgatlho wa fascist). Ka go ikaega ka diketekete tsa maloko le ba ba utlwelang botlhoko, FNB e ne e na le seabe se se tlhageletseng mo ntweng kgatlhanong le tlhaolele ya letso, sekai, ka e ne e na le maikarabelo a go akaretsa batho bantsho mo Sesoleng sa Setshaba sa São Paulo. Morago ga go fitlhelela katlego, FNB e ne ya swetsa go itlhoma jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki, mme ka go dira jalo ya ba letla go nna le seabe mo Lekgotleng la Ditlhopho ka 1936.

Le fa go ntse jalo, botshelo jwa FNB jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki bo ne bo le bokhutshwane. Ka 1937 ka taelo ya Estado Novo ya ga Getúlio Vargas, makoko otlhe a dipolotiki, go akaretsa le FNB, a ne a bolelwa gore ga a kafa molaong mme a phatlaladiwa. Go tloga ka nako eo go fitlha ka temokerasi e ntha ka 1945, mekgatlho ya loago ya bantsho e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go boela morago kwa mefuteng ya yone ya setso ya go gana setso. Mokgwa o le mongwe fela o o ka kgonegang mo pakeng e (mme o arogantswe jaaka kganetso ya setso) o golagane le ditiro tsa ga Abdias do Nascimento yo ka 1944 kwa Rio de Janeiro a neng a tlhoma Teatro Experimental do Negro (TEN - Bobogelo jwa Diteko jwa Bantsho). Nascimento o ne a na le maikarabelo a tlhagiso ya bobogelo e e tlhagisang e e neng e batla go godisa &quot;kitso ya batho bantsho ba Brazil&quot; le go lwantsha kgethololo ya letso (Moura 1989).

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>40933</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-07-02T15:23:57Z</timestamp>
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        <id>10150</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mokgatlho wa Bantsho mo lekgolong la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga */ ke simolotse go ranola karolo e #AWC2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="16827" sha1="s8s4g52y7c1niw5kaibuuwf2vkxu0ik" xml:space="preserve">'''Movimento Negro''' (kgotsa '''Mokgatlho wa Bantsho''') ke leina le le akaretsang le le neilweng mekgatlho e e farologaneng ya loago ya Afro-Brazilian e e neng ya diragala kwa Brazil ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, segolobogolo mekgatlho e e neng ya tlhagelela kwa Rio de Janeiro le São Paulo morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi.

== Ditso ==
Mekgatlho ya loago e e akaretsang ditlhopha tsa Bantsho e fitlhelwa mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa Brazil. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fitlha fa [[Go Fedisa bokgoba|bokgoba bo fedisiwa]] ka 1888, mekgatlho e ya loago e ne e le ya sephiri ka metlha e bile e le ya bogale ka tlhago ka gonne maikaelelo a yone a magolo e ne e le go golola makgoba a bantsho. E re ka [[Bokgoba|makgoba]] a ne a tshwarwa jaaka dithoto tsa batho, go tshaba le go tsuologa go ne go tshosetsa thulaganyo ya loago mmogo le go baka kotsi ya itsholelo. Ditsogologo tse di ne tsa nna selo sa kgatelelo e e setlhogo e seng fela ke setlhopha se se busang, mme gape le ke puso le baemedi ba yone.

== Kganetso ya bantsho pele ga phediso ya bokgoba ==

=== Quilombos, Quilombolas, le Quilombagem ===
Mofuta o mogolo wa go tlhagisa kganetso kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke mekgatlho ya marabele a batho bantsho mo e ka nnang makgolo a mane a dingwaga (1549–1888) e ne e le quilombagem. Go ya ka Clóvis Moura &lt;small&gt;[&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[:pt:Clóvis_Moura|pt]]]&lt;/small&gt;: &quot;Quilombagem e tlhaloganngwa jaaka mekgatlho ya sennelaruri ya marabele e e rulagantsweng le go kaelwa ke makgoba mo kgaolong yotlhe ya bosetshaba. E tsewa e le mokgatlho o o tsosang wa phetogo ya loago, e ne e le maatla a a sa kgaotseng le a a botlhokwa a a senyang maikutlo a tsamaiso ya bokgoba a a nyenyefatsang boemo jwa bokgoba mo maemong a le mmalwa— a itsholelo, loago le sesole. Tiro e e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ke bothata jwa itsholelo ya bokgoba e kgabagare e neng ya emisediwa ka tiro e e gololesegileng&quot; (22, 1989).

Le fa go ya ka Moura quilombagem e ne e na le lefelo la yone la thulaganyo la quilombo kwa makgoba a a tshabileng a neng a batla botshabelo gone mo godimo ga batho ba mefuta yotlhe ba ba neng ba kgaphetswe kwa thoko le go kgaphelwa thoko ke setshaba ka nako ya bokolone, quilombagem e ne e na le &quot;mefuta e mengwe ya ditshupetso tsa motho ka bongwe kgotsa tsa setlhopha&quot; jaaka botsuolodi (e e tlhomologileng thata e le kwa Salvador ka 1835) le bandoleirismo, leano la guerrilla le mo go lone ditlhopha tsa makgoba a a tshabileng di neng di ithulaganya go tlhasela ditlhopha tsa batho le batsamai mo ditseleng (Moura, 1989).

Mo thutong ya ga Moura quilombagem jaaka mokgatlho wa kgololosego &quot;e tla pele thata ga mokgatlho wa go fedisa bokgoba wa kgololesego&quot; o o neng wa simolola fela go nna phatlalatsa thata morago ga 1880 fa bokgoba bo ne bo setse bo tsene mo mathateng. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya go tlhoka batshereganyi fa gare ga makgoba a marabele le setlhopha se se busang, mathata a a neng a dikologile quilombagem a ne a ka rarabololwa fela ka tirisodikgoka e seng ka puisano. Le fa go ne go na le dipharologano jaaka Rephaboliki ya Palmares e e neng ya tsaya mo e ka nnang dingwaga tse lekgolo, bontsi jwa mekgatlho ya quilombola e ne e sena bokgoni jwa go gana ka nako e telele kgatlhanong le mokgwa wa kgatelelo wa puso.

=== Go tswa Inconfidências go ya Isabelismo ===
Fa Inconfidência Mineira e ne e le mokgatlho wa go kgaogana o o neng o sena motheo o o tlwaelesegileng le o o neng o batla o se na batho bantsho gotlhelele, o ne o le kgatlhanong le boemo jo bo neng bo itsege jaaka Inconfidência Baiana, kgotsa Botsuolodi jwa 1798 jwa Ba-Alfaiates (Baroki). Maikaelelo a baianos ba ba tsuologang e ne e le, go ya ka Moura, &quot;a a tseneletseng thata, mme kakanyo ya go golola makgoba e ne e le nngwe ya maikaelelo a magolo a maikaelelo a bone. Gareng ga baeteledipele le maloko a yone go ne go akarediwa &quot;batho ba bantsho ba ba golotsweng, makgoba a bantsho, makgoba a pardo, pardos ba ba golotsweng, artesans, baroki; bao ba neng ba tswa mo ditlhopheng tse di gateletsweng thata kgotsa tse di tlhaolwang thata tsa setshaba sa bokolone sa Bahia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Moura 1989:43.&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba, karolo e e rileng ya ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho e ne ya tsenelela mo go sireletseng Isabelism, mofuta wa kobamelo go Kgosigadi Isabel yo o neng a newa leina la &quot;morekolodi&quot; jaaka e kete go fedisiwa ga bokgoba e nnile &quot;tiro ya bopelonomi jwa sebele&quot; go tswa go regent (Moura 1989). Mongwe wa badumedi ba ba tlhoafetseng thata ba mokgatlho o e ne e le José do Patrocínio yo o neng a batla go kokoanya batho ba e kileng ya bo e le makgoba gore ba sireletse puso ya segosi e e neng e tshoseditswe ke go oketsega ga ditlhopha tse di neng di ikaeletse go tlhoma rephaboliki kwa Brazil. Mokgatlho ono o ne wa felela ka go tlhongwa ga Black Guard (''Guarda Negra''), mofuta wa sesole sa go tshosa se se neng se bopilwe ka &quot;capoeiras le batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko&quot; ba tiro ya bone e kgolo e neng e le go phatlalatsa dikokoano tsa rephaboliki ka go dirisa maatla. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa Mmusomogolo o ne o wa le go itsisiwe ga Rephaboliki, José do Patrocínio o ne a nna le seabe mo letlhakoreng le le neng la fenya, mme Black Guard e ne ya phatlaladiwa.

=== Go tswa mo tsogologong go ya kwa kganetsong e e ritibetseng ===
Ka bokhutlo jwa Mmusomogolo ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa kopanela le mekgatlho e e farologaneng e e tlwaelesegileng, segolobogolo e e nang le seemo sa bomesia, jaaka ya ga Canudos le ya ga Lourenço yo o segofaditsweng. Ba bile ba na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo Revolta da Chibata (Tsogologo ya Lash or Whip) ka 1910 jo bo neng bo eteletswe pele ke mokgweetsi wa sekepe João Cândido. Ka tsogologo e, Cândido o ne a atlega go dira gore Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil se emise go otlhaya bakgweetsi ba dikepe ba bontsi jwa bone e ne e  le bantsho ka go itewa. Le fa go ne go na le phenyo e le tsholofetso ya go itshwarelwa boeteledipele jwa mokgatlho ono bo ne jwa batla bo nyelediwa gotlhelele ngwaga moragonyana. Tota le João Cândido yo o neng a falotse a phepafadiwa ke puso, o ne a tshela malatsi a bofelo a botshelo jwa gagwe a lebetswe e bile a le mo kutlobotlhokong.

[[Tsogologo ya Chibata]] e ne e le botsuolodi jwa bofelo jo bo rulagantsweng jwa batho bantsho ba ba tshwerend dibetsa jo bo neng jwa diragala kwa Brazil. Go tloga ka nako eo ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa batla mefuta e mengwe ya kganetso, &quot;bogolo jang mo ditlhopheng tsa boitapoloso, tsa setso kgotsa tsa metshameko&quot; (Moura 1989). Mofuta o wa kganetso wa kagiso o ne o setse o le teng ka nako ya bokgoba le fa e ne e se one fela sedirisiwa se se neng se le teng sa kganetso.

Ka gonne ditiro tse ga di a diragala mo lefelong le le senang sepe mo setshabeng, Moura o lemosa ntlha ya gore ditlhopha tse ga di a boloka bophepa jwa tsone jwa ntlha ka gonne di ne di &quot;boga tlhotlheletso ya setso (ke gore, go sweufadiwa) ya mokgwa o o laolang wa dikgopolo. Ke ntwa ya dikgopolo-setso e e lwelwang mo maemong otlhe a rona e, le pele ga matlho a rona&quot; (Moura 1989). Moura o fa dikai tse di buang ka dikolo tsa samba tsa Rio de Janeiro tse go tswa mo diponatshegelong tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di neng tsa itiragalela fela mo masomeng a ntlha a dingwaga a lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga di neng tsa fetoga kgwebo e e neng e dira madi a mantsi thata mo bakaeding ba yone e e neng e ikaegile ka tshireletso ya semmuso go tswa mo pusong.

== Mokgatlho wa Bantsho mo lekgolong la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga ==

=== Tshimologo: 1915-1945 ===
Ka São Paulo le Rio de Janeiro e le mafelo a magolo a go kokoanya batho, mekgatlho ya loago ya Afro-Brazil e ne ya simolola go tlhama ditsela tse disha go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1910 ka maiteko a go lwela boagi jo bo sa tswang go bonwa le go iphetola go nna mokgatlho wa bosetshaba. Ponatshegelo ya ntlha e kgolo ke go tlhagelela ga bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulista (São Paulo), jo lekwalodikgang la jone la ntlha, e leng Menelick, le simololang go anamisiwa ka 1915. E latelwa ke A Rua (The Street) ka 1916, O Alfinete (The Pin) ka 1918, A Libertine (Liberty) ka 1919, A Sentinela (The Guardian) ka 1920, O Getulino le O Clarim d’Alvorada (Clear Daybreak) ka 1924. Lekhubu leo la dikgatiso le ne la tswelela go fitlha ka 1963 fa O Correio d’Ébano e ne e tswalwa. Makwalodikgang a otlhe a ne a tlhomololwa ke go sa bege ka ditiragalo tse dikgolo tsa bosetshaba (tse ba neng ba di tila ka kelotlhoko). Go ya ka Moura, e ne e le &quot;bobegadikgang jo bo kgethegileng thata mo tshedimosetsong ya jone mme bo lebisitswe kwa setshabeng se se rileng&quot; (1989).

Ka ntlha ya pitsa e e nyerologang eno ya setso sa dikgopolo se se rotloediwang ke bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulistana, nngwe ya mekgatlho e e kgatlhang thata ya bosetshaba ya Afro-Brazil e tlhamiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Frente Negra Brasileira (FNB - Mokgatlho wa Bantsho wa Brazil). E tlhomilwe ka Lwetse a le lesome le borataro, 1931 ka ntlha ya mokgatlho o o nonofileng o o kopantsweng ka sebopego sa &quot;Grand Counsel&quot; ya maloko a le masome mabedi mme e okametswe ke kgosi kgotsa mookamedi (se se ne sa dira gore e latofadiwe ka gore ke mokgatlho wa fascist). Ka go ikaega ka diketekete tsa maloko le ba ba utlwelang botlhoko, FNB e ne e na le seabe se se tlhageletseng mo ntweng kgatlhanong le tlhaolele ya letso, sekai, ka e ne e na le maikarabelo a go akaretsa batho bantsho mo Sesoleng sa Setshaba sa São Paulo. Morago ga go fitlhelela katlego, FNB e ne ya swetsa go itlhoma jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki, mme ka go dira jalo ya ba letla go nna le seabe mo Lekgotleng la Ditlhopho ka 1936.

Le fa go ntse jalo, botshelo jwa FNB jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki bo ne bo le bokhutshwane. Ka 1937 ka taelo ya Estado Novo ya ga Getúlio Vargas, makoko otlhe a dipolotiki, go akaretsa le FNB, a ne a bolelwa gore ga a kafa molaong mme a phatlaladiwa. Go tloga ka nako eo go fitlha ka temokerasi e ntha ka 1945, mekgatlho ya loago ya bantsho e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go boela morago kwa mefuteng ya yone ya setso ya go gana setso. Mokgwa o le mongwe fela o o ka kgonegang mo pakeng e (mme o arogantswe jaaka kganetso ya setso) o golagane le ditiro tsa ga Abdias do Nascimento yo ka 1944 kwa Rio de Janeiro a neng a tlhoma Teatro Experimental do Negro (TEN - Bobogelo jwa Diteko jwa Bantsho). Nascimento o ne a na le maikarabelo a tlhagiso ya bobogelo e e tlhagisang e e neng e batla go godisa &quot;kitso ya batho bantsho ba Brazil&quot; le go lwantsha kgethololo ya letso (Moura 1989).

=== Go tlhaloswa gape: 1945–1975 ===
Go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950, mekgatlho ya batho bantsho e ne ya simolola modikologo o o bonya wa go tlhalosa sešwa o o tshwailweng ke go tlhongwa ga Associação Cultural do Negro (ACN - Mokgatlho wa Setso sa Bantsho) kwa São Paulo ka 1954. ka go tlhoma mafapha a setso, metshameko, baithuti le a basadi, tota le Komiti ya Boitapoloso. Morago ga nako ya go atologa, e ne ya tsena mo kgatong ya go wela tlase mme ya itemogela nako ya go sa dire sepe. E ne ya tlhagelela gape ka Motsheganong 13, 1977 ka maikaelelo a a neng a lebisitswe thata mo thusong le mo go thuseng batho ka se ba se tlhokang go go neng go akaretsa go tlhama sekolo le dithuto tsa mahala tsa go bala le go kwala. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ya ka Moura, ACN e ne e latlhegetswe ke &quot;maitsholo a yone a ntlha&quot; mme ya tshwanelwa ke go tswala ditiro tsa yone ka bonako morago ga foo.

Ka 1975 Setheo sa Patlisiso le Setso sa Bantsho (IPCN - Setheo sa Setso sa Bantsho le Patlisiso) se tlhomilwe kwa Rio de Janeiro. Ke mokgatlo o nang le bohlokwa bo boholo bakeng sa mokgatlo wa batho ba batsho, mme ho tsweletswa ha ona ke ka lebaka la monehelo wa makgolokgolo a balekane. E nngwe ya ditheo tse mmalwa tse nang le ditsi tsa tsona, IPCN e ile ya kopana le mathata a ditjhelete qetellong ya dilemo tsa bo 1980 ka ho tshwanelwa ke ho kwala mamati a yona hamorao.

=== 1975-1988 ===
Mokgatlho wa Bathobantsho o o Kgatlhanong le Kgethololo ya Semorafe (MNU) o ne wa tlhongwa ka 1978. O ne wa tlhagelela e le karolo ya boipelaetso jwa phatlalatsa ka Phukwi 7, 1978 kgatlhanong le go bogisiwa ga ga Robson Silveira da Luz kwa ntlokgolong ya mapodise a Guaianases kwa São Paulo; go tlhaolwa ga baatlelete ba le bane ba Ba-Aforika le Ba-Brazil kwa Tietê Regatta Club, le go bolawa ga ga Nilton Lourenço, yo e neng e le modiri, ke mapodise. Letlha leo, e leng July 7, moragonyana le ne le tla itsiwe e le Letsatsi la Bosetšhaba la go Lwantsha Bosemorafe. MNU e ne ya tlhama Centros de Luta (Mafelo a Ntwa) mo ditoropong le mo ditoropong go ralala Brazil go rotloetsa go lwela loago mo maemong a selegae.[2] MNU e ne ya etelela pele go tlhamiwa ga setheo sa ntlha sa setšhaba se se neng se ineetse go tshegetsa mekgatlho ya loago ya Aforika-Brazil ka 1984, se se neng se itsege jaaka Lekgotla la Botsayakarolo le Tlhabololo ya Baagi ba Bantsho. André Franco Montoro, mmusi wa São Paulo, o ne a buelela mokgatlho ono, o kgabagare o neng wa dira gore bosemorafe e nne tlolomolao mo Molaotheong wa Brazil wa 1988. Tlhaloso ya bosemorafe e le tlolomolao e ne ya tlhongwa ke Molao wa Caó wa 1989, o o neng wa kwalwa ke Carlos Alberto Caó.

Ka 1989, go ne ga gololwa filimi ya tokomane, Ori, e e neng e anelwa ke Beatriz Nascimento mme e kaelwa ke Raquel Gerber e e neng e sekaseka kamano fa gare ga Aforika le Brazil le go latedisa tsela ya Mokgatlho wa Bantsho mo nageng.[3]

==== Mokgatlho wa basadi ba bantsho wa lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga ====
Go tlhaolwa ga basadi ba bantsho kwa Brazil go ne go tswa mo setšhabeng sa botlhogoethata se se neng se dumela gore basadi ba kwa tlase ga banna, gore karolo ya bone e ne e le mo ntlong mme e le mo ditirong tsa mo gae fela. Basadi ba bantsho ba ne ba lwantshana le go batla go bona baagi ba ba tshwanetseng go bona boipuso, mo tirong, mo thutong le mo dipolotiking mmogo le go leleka dikgopolo tse di neng di ba busetsa morago ka nako e telele jaana.

==== Mekgatlho e Mesha ya Ditoropo ====
Mekgatlho e Mešwa ya Ditoropo e ne ya tlhagelela kwa Brazil mo e ka nnang mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga e lebisitswe mo bathong ba Bantsho ba ba neng ba lwantshana le tsamaiso ya puso ya bobusaesi ya Brazil. Ba ne ba tshwere maikaelelo a kgatelopele ba batla go buelela batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko ka jalo ba kgona go bua kgatlhanong le kgang e e ba amang le baagi ka thuso ya Kereke ya Katoliki ya Brazil, ka gore go dira jalo go tla dira gore baagi ba nne le seabe se sentsi ka tsholofelo. Maloko a sepolotiki a a gololesegileng le barutabana le bone ba ne ba kopana mmogo ba dira go ruta le go rotloetsa dikakanyo tse di setseng di akantswe tsa batho bano ba bantsho ba ditoropong go anamisa dikeletso tsa bone botoka.

Ka ntlha ya palo e kgolo ya basadi ba bantsho ba ba kgethololwang ka tshekamelo le ba ba nnang mo di-favela kgotsa di-shantytown, basadi ba bantsho ba dira palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba mo mekgatlhong eno ya ditoropo. Basadi bano ba tswelela go nna karolo ya Christian Based Communities (CEB)[4] e e tlhomang mogopolo mo tlhokomelong ya boitekanelo ka kakaretso ya batho ba ba amogelang lotseno lo lo kwa tlase, mmogo le go ngoka le go dira gore baagi ba bone ba saene diphetišene tsa ditirelo tsa katlaatleloloago le ditshwanelo tse di lekanang ka kakaretso le go tsaya karolo mo thutong le mo badiring.

Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 basadi ba Brazil ba ne ba iphitlhela ba tsena mo tirong ka dipalo tse di kwa godimo go feta tse di bonweng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. Ditiro tse di ne di dikologilwe ke ditiro tsa mo gae jaaka go apaya go phepafatsa le go tlhokomela bana, ka seno gantsi ba ne ba sa duelwe madi a mantsi, se se neng se dira gore ba tseye dishifiti tse dintsi. Ga ba kgone go tlamela ka dilo tse di botlhokwa tsa tlhokomelo ya bana mo lelapeng la malapa a bone. Basadi ba ba nnang kwa Jardim das Camelias Sao Paulo ba ne ba nna leloko la mekgatlho e e neng e lwela lefelo la go tlhokomela bana mmogo le lefelo la botsogo la mo tikologong. Basadi ba ne ba etelela pele le go tsenela dikopano tse di neng di tla buisana ka bokgoni le maano a ditsamaiso tseno tsa katlaatleloloago mo setšhabeng.

Jaaka fa basadi ba tsena mo thutong e kgolwane, morago ga moo ba fokodiwa mo ditlhopheng tsa ditiro tsa seporofešenale “Baporofešenale ba basadi ba bantsho ba ne ba amogela diperesente di le 48 kwa tlase ga balekane ba bone ba basweu, ba basadi”[4] (Alvarez 17). Go batla go gatela pele go tswa mo setšhabeng se se laolwang ke banna basadi ba maemo a a magareng “ditshwanelo tse dikarolo tsa bone tse dišwa tsa seporofešenale di neng di ba naya tshwanelo“[4] (Alvarez 17). Basadi ba ba rutegileng kwa yunibesithing ka bo1970-80 ba ne ba simolola mekgatlho ya basadi e e neng e lwela ditshwanelo tsa go ipusa mo mmeleng wa bone, go lekalekana mo tlhokomelong ya kalafi le thuto, le go lwantsha tirisodikgoka ya banna kgatlhanong le basadi.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>/* Go tlhaloswa gape: 1945–1975 */ Ke okeditse tlhanolo #AWC2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="16974" sha1="mcrl8dg2lb5wl42f2qd08h4uumnywja" xml:space="preserve">'''Movimento Negro''' (kgotsa '''Mokgatlho wa Bantsho''') ke leina le le akaretsang le le neilweng mekgatlho e e farologaneng ya loago ya Afro-Brazilian e e neng ya diragala kwa Brazil ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, segolobogolo mekgatlho e e neng ya tlhagelela kwa Rio de Janeiro le São Paulo morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi.

== Ditso ==
Mekgatlho ya loago e e akaretsang ditlhopha tsa Bantsho e fitlhelwa mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa Brazil. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fitlha fa [[Go Fedisa bokgoba|bokgoba bo fedisiwa]] ka 1888, mekgatlho e ya loago e ne e le ya sephiri ka metlha e bile e le ya bogale ka tlhago ka gonne maikaelelo a yone a magolo e ne e le go golola makgoba a bantsho. E re ka [[Bokgoba|makgoba]] a ne a tshwarwa jaaka dithoto tsa batho, go tshaba le go tsuologa go ne go tshosetsa thulaganyo ya loago mmogo le go baka kotsi ya itsholelo. Ditsogologo tse di ne tsa nna selo sa kgatelelo e e setlhogo e seng fela ke setlhopha se se busang, mme gape le ke puso le baemedi ba yone.

== Kganetso ya bantsho pele ga phediso ya bokgoba ==

=== Quilombos, Quilombolas, le Quilombagem ===
Mofuta o mogolo wa go tlhagisa kganetso kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke mekgatlho ya marabele a batho bantsho mo e ka nnang makgolo a mane a dingwaga (1549–1888) e ne e le quilombagem. Go ya ka Clóvis Moura &lt;small&gt;[&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[:pt:Clóvis_Moura|pt]]]&lt;/small&gt;: &quot;Quilombagem e tlhaloganngwa jaaka mekgatlho ya sennelaruri ya marabele e e rulagantsweng le go kaelwa ke makgoba mo kgaolong yotlhe ya bosetshaba. E tsewa e le mokgatlho o o tsosang wa phetogo ya loago, e ne e le maatla a a sa kgaotseng le a a botlhokwa a a senyang maikutlo a tsamaiso ya bokgoba a a nyenyefatsang boemo jwa bokgoba mo maemong a le mmalwa— a itsholelo, loago le sesole. Tiro e e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ke bothata jwa itsholelo ya bokgoba e kgabagare e neng ya emisediwa ka tiro e e gololesegileng&quot; (22, 1989).

Le fa go ya ka Moura quilombagem e ne e na le lefelo la yone la thulaganyo la quilombo kwa makgoba a a tshabileng a neng a batla botshabelo gone mo godimo ga batho ba mefuta yotlhe ba ba neng ba kgaphetswe kwa thoko le go kgaphelwa thoko ke setshaba ka nako ya bokolone, quilombagem e ne e na le &quot;mefuta e mengwe ya ditshupetso tsa motho ka bongwe kgotsa tsa setlhopha&quot; jaaka botsuolodi (e e tlhomologileng thata e le kwa Salvador ka 1835) le bandoleirismo, leano la guerrilla le mo go lone ditlhopha tsa makgoba a a tshabileng di neng di ithulaganya go tlhasela ditlhopha tsa batho le batsamai mo ditseleng (Moura, 1989).

Mo thutong ya ga Moura quilombagem jaaka mokgatlho wa kgololosego &quot;e tla pele thata ga mokgatlho wa go fedisa bokgoba wa kgololesego&quot; o o neng wa simolola fela go nna phatlalatsa thata morago ga 1880 fa bokgoba bo ne bo setse bo tsene mo mathateng. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya go tlhoka batshereganyi fa gare ga makgoba a marabele le setlhopha se se busang, mathata a a neng a dikologile quilombagem a ne a ka rarabololwa fela ka tirisodikgoka e seng ka puisano. Le fa go ne go na le dipharologano jaaka Rephaboliki ya Palmares e e neng ya tsaya mo e ka nnang dingwaga tse lekgolo, bontsi jwa mekgatlho ya quilombola e ne e sena bokgoni jwa go gana ka nako e telele kgatlhanong le mokgwa wa kgatelelo wa puso.

=== Go tswa Inconfidências go ya Isabelismo ===
Fa Inconfidência Mineira e ne e le mokgatlho wa go kgaogana o o neng o sena motheo o o tlwaelesegileng le o o neng o batla o se na batho bantsho gotlhelele, o ne o le kgatlhanong le boemo jo bo neng bo itsege jaaka Inconfidência Baiana, kgotsa Botsuolodi jwa 1798 jwa Ba-Alfaiates (Baroki). Maikaelelo a baianos ba ba tsuologang e ne e le, go ya ka Moura, &quot;a a tseneletseng thata, mme kakanyo ya go golola makgoba e ne e le nngwe ya maikaelelo a magolo a maikaelelo a bone. Gareng ga baeteledipele le maloko a yone go ne go akarediwa &quot;batho ba bantsho ba ba golotsweng, makgoba a bantsho, makgoba a pardo, pardos ba ba golotsweng, artesans, baroki; bao ba neng ba tswa mo ditlhopheng tse di gateletsweng thata kgotsa tse di tlhaolwang thata tsa setshaba sa bokolone sa Bahia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Moura 1989:43.&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba, karolo e e rileng ya ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho e ne ya tsenelela mo go sireletseng Isabelism, mofuta wa kobamelo go Kgosigadi Isabel yo o neng a newa leina la &quot;morekolodi&quot; jaaka e kete go fedisiwa ga bokgoba e nnile &quot;tiro ya bopelonomi jwa sebele&quot; go tswa go regent (Moura 1989). Mongwe wa badumedi ba ba tlhoafetseng thata ba mokgatlho o e ne e le José do Patrocínio yo o neng a batla go kokoanya batho ba e kileng ya bo e le makgoba gore ba sireletse puso ya segosi e e neng e tshoseditswe ke go oketsega ga ditlhopha tse di neng di ikaeletse go tlhoma rephaboliki kwa Brazil. Mokgatlho ono o ne wa felela ka go tlhongwa ga Black Guard (''Guarda Negra''), mofuta wa sesole sa go tshosa se se neng se bopilwe ka &quot;capoeiras le batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko&quot; ba tiro ya bone e kgolo e neng e le go phatlalatsa dikokoano tsa rephaboliki ka go dirisa maatla. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa Mmusomogolo o ne o wa le go itsisiwe ga Rephaboliki, José do Patrocínio o ne a nna le seabe mo letlhakoreng le le neng la fenya, mme Black Guard e ne ya phatlaladiwa.

=== Go tswa mo tsogologong go ya kwa kganetsong e e ritibetseng ===
Ka bokhutlo jwa Mmusomogolo ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa kopanela le mekgatlho e e farologaneng e e tlwaelesegileng, segolobogolo e e nang le seemo sa bomesia, jaaka ya ga Canudos le ya ga Lourenço yo o segofaditsweng. Ba bile ba na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo Revolta da Chibata (Tsogologo ya Lash or Whip) ka 1910 jo bo neng bo eteletswe pele ke mokgweetsi wa sekepe João Cândido. Ka tsogologo e, Cândido o ne a atlega go dira gore Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil se emise go otlhaya bakgweetsi ba dikepe ba bontsi jwa bone e ne e  le bantsho ka go itewa. Le fa go ne go na le phenyo e le tsholofetso ya go itshwarelwa boeteledipele jwa mokgatlho ono bo ne jwa batla bo nyelediwa gotlhelele ngwaga moragonyana. Tota le João Cândido yo o neng a falotse a phepafadiwa ke puso, o ne a tshela malatsi a bofelo a botshelo jwa gagwe a lebetswe e bile a le mo kutlobotlhokong.

[[Tsogologo ya Chibata]] e ne e le botsuolodi jwa bofelo jo bo rulagantsweng jwa batho bantsho ba ba tshwerend dibetsa jo bo neng jwa diragala kwa Brazil. Go tloga ka nako eo ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa batla mefuta e mengwe ya kganetso, &quot;bogolo jang mo ditlhopheng tsa boitapoloso, tsa setso kgotsa tsa metshameko&quot; (Moura 1989). Mofuta o wa kganetso wa kagiso o ne o setse o le teng ka nako ya bokgoba le fa e ne e se one fela sedirisiwa se se neng se le teng sa kganetso.

Ka gonne ditiro tse ga di a diragala mo lefelong le le senang sepe mo setshabeng, Moura o lemosa ntlha ya gore ditlhopha tse ga di a boloka bophepa jwa tsone jwa ntlha ka gonne di ne di &quot;boga tlhotlheletso ya setso (ke gore, go sweufadiwa) ya mokgwa o o laolang wa dikgopolo. Ke ntwa ya dikgopolo-setso e e lwelwang mo maemong otlhe a rona e, le pele ga matlho a rona&quot; (Moura 1989). Moura o fa dikai tse di buang ka dikolo tsa samba tsa Rio de Janeiro tse go tswa mo diponatshegelong tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di neng tsa itiragalela fela mo masomeng a ntlha a dingwaga a lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga di neng tsa fetoga kgwebo e e neng e dira madi a mantsi thata mo bakaeding ba yone e e neng e ikaegile ka tshireletso ya semmuso go tswa mo pusong.

== Mokgatlho wa Bantsho mo lekgolong la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga ==

=== Tshimologo: 1915-1945 ===
Ka São Paulo le Rio de Janeiro e le mafelo a magolo a go kokoanya batho, mekgatlho ya loago ya Afro-Brazil e ne ya simolola go tlhama ditsela tse disha go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1910 ka maiteko a go lwela boagi jo bo sa tswang go bonwa le go iphetola go nna mokgatlho wa bosetshaba. Ponatshegelo ya ntlha e kgolo ke go tlhagelela ga bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulista (São Paulo), jo lekwalodikgang la jone la ntlha, e leng Menelick, le simololang go anamisiwa ka 1915. E latelwa ke A Rua (The Street) ka 1916, O Alfinete (The Pin) ka 1918, A Libertine (Liberty) ka 1919, A Sentinela (The Guardian) ka 1920, O Getulino le O Clarim d’Alvorada (Clear Daybreak) ka 1924. Lekhubu leo la dikgatiso le ne la tswelela go fitlha ka 1963 fa O Correio d’Ébano e ne e tswalwa. Makwalodikgang a otlhe a ne a tlhomololwa ke go sa bege ka ditiragalo tse dikgolo tsa bosetshaba (tse ba neng ba di tila ka kelotlhoko). Go ya ka Moura, e ne e le &quot;bobegadikgang jo bo kgethegileng thata mo tshedimosetsong ya jone mme bo lebisitswe kwa setshabeng se se rileng&quot; (1989).

Ka ntlha ya pitsa e e nyerologang eno ya setso sa dikgopolo se se rotloediwang ke bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulistana, nngwe ya mekgatlho e e kgatlhang thata ya bosetshaba ya Afro-Brazil e tlhamiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Frente Negra Brasileira (FNB - Mokgatlho wa Bantsho wa Brazil). E tlhomilwe ka Lwetse a le lesome le borataro, 1931 ka ntlha ya mokgatlho o o nonofileng o o kopantsweng ka sebopego sa &quot;Grand Counsel&quot; ya maloko a le masome mabedi mme e okametswe ke kgosi kgotsa mookamedi (se se ne sa dira gore e latofadiwe ka gore ke mokgatlho wa fascist). Ka go ikaega ka diketekete tsa maloko le ba ba utlwelang botlhoko, FNB e ne e na le seabe se se tlhageletseng mo ntweng kgatlhanong le tlhaolele ya letso, sekai, ka e ne e na le maikarabelo a go akaretsa batho bantsho mo Sesoleng sa Setshaba sa São Paulo. Morago ga go fitlhelela katlego, FNB e ne ya swetsa go itlhoma jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki, mme ka go dira jalo ya ba letla go nna le seabe mo Lekgotleng la Ditlhopho ka 1936.

Le fa go ntse jalo, botshelo jwa FNB jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki bo ne bo le bokhutshwane. Ka 1937 ka taelo ya Estado Novo ya ga Getúlio Vargas, makoko otlhe a dipolotiki, go akaretsa le FNB, a ne a bolelwa gore ga a kafa molaong mme a phatlaladiwa. Go tloga ka nako eo go fitlha ka temokerasi e ntha ka 1945, mekgatlho ya loago ya bantsho e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go boela morago kwa mefuteng ya yone ya setso ya go gana setso. Mokgwa o le mongwe fela o o ka kgonegang mo pakeng e (mme o arogantswe jaaka kganetso ya setso) o golagane le ditiro tsa ga Abdias do Nascimento yo ka 1944 kwa Rio de Janeiro a neng a tlhoma Teatro Experimental do Negro (TEN - Bobogelo jwa Diteko jwa Bantsho). Nascimento o ne a na le maikarabelo a tlhagiso ya bobogelo e e tlhagisang e e neng e batla go godisa &quot;kitso ya batho bantsho ba Brazil&quot; le go lwantsha kgethololo ya letso (Moura 1989).

=== Go tlhaloswa gape: 1945–1975 ===
Go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950, mekgatlho ya batho bantsho e ne ya simolola modikologo o o bonya wa go tlhaloswa sesha o o tshwailweng ke go tlhongwa ga Associação Cultural do Negro (ACN - Mokgatlho wa Setso sa Bantsho) kwa São Paulo ka 1954. Le fa o simologile e le mokgatlho wa go gatelela dikakanyo, ACN ga e aka ya ikgatlholosa go thusa maloko a yone ka go tlhoma maphata a setso, metshameko, baithuti le a basadi, tota le Komiti ya Boitapoloso. Morago ga nako ya go atologa, e ne ya tsena mo kgatong ya go wela tlase mme ya itemogela nako ya go sa dire sepe. E ne ya tlhagelela gape ka Motsheganong a le lesome le boraro, 1977 ka maikaelelo a a neng a lebisitswe thata mo thusong le mo go thuseng batho ka se ba se tlhokang mo go neng go akaretsa go tlhama sekolo le dithuto tsa mahala tsa go bala le go kwala. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ya ka Moura, ACN e ne e latlhegetswe ke &quot;maitsholo a yone a ntlha&quot; mme ya tshwanelwa ke go tswala ditiro tsa yone ka bonako morago ga foo.

Ka 1975 e Instituto de Pesquisa e Cultura Negra (IPCN - Setheo sa Setso sa Bantsho le Patlisiso) e tlhamilwe kwa Rio de Janeiro. Ke mokgatlho o o nang le botlhokwa bo bogolo mo mokgatlhong wa batho ba bantsho, mme go tswelediswa ga one ke ka lebaka la moneelo wa makgolokgolo a balekane. E nngwe ya ditheo tse mmalwa tse di nang le dilo tsa yone, IPCN e ile ya kopana le mathata a madi kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980 mme ya tshwanelwa ke go tswala dipati tsa yone moragonyana ga foo.

=== 1975-1988 ===
Mokgatlho wa Bathobantsho o o Kgatlhanong le Kgethololo ya Semorafe (MNU) o ne wa tlhongwa ka 1978. O ne wa tlhagelela e le karolo ya boipelaetso jwa phatlalatsa ka Phukwi 7, 1978 kgatlhanong le go bogisiwa ga ga Robson Silveira da Luz kwa ntlokgolong ya mapodise a Guaianases kwa São Paulo; go tlhaolwa ga baatlelete ba le bane ba Ba-Aforika le Ba-Brazil kwa Tietê Regatta Club, le go bolawa ga ga Nilton Lourenço, yo e neng e le modiri, ke mapodise. Letlha leo, e leng July 7, moragonyana le ne le tla itsiwe e le Letsatsi la Bosetšhaba la go Lwantsha Bosemorafe. MNU e ne ya tlhama Centros de Luta (Mafelo a Ntwa) mo ditoropong le mo ditoropong go ralala Brazil go rotloetsa go lwela loago mo maemong a selegae.[2] MNU e ne ya etelela pele go tlhamiwa ga setheo sa ntlha sa setšhaba se se neng se ineetse go tshegetsa mekgatlho ya loago ya Aforika-Brazil ka 1984, se se neng se itsege jaaka Lekgotla la Botsayakarolo le Tlhabololo ya Baagi ba Bantsho. André Franco Montoro, mmusi wa São Paulo, o ne a buelela mokgatlho ono, o kgabagare o neng wa dira gore bosemorafe e nne tlolomolao mo Molaotheong wa Brazil wa 1988. Tlhaloso ya bosemorafe e le tlolomolao e ne ya tlhongwa ke Molao wa Caó wa 1989, o o neng wa kwalwa ke Carlos Alberto Caó.

Ka 1989, go ne ga gololwa filimi ya tokomane, Ori, e e neng e anelwa ke Beatriz Nascimento mme e kaelwa ke Raquel Gerber e e neng e sekaseka kamano fa gare ga Aforika le Brazil le go latedisa tsela ya Mokgatlho wa Bantsho mo nageng.[3]

==== Mokgatlho wa basadi ba bantsho wa lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga ====
Go tlhaolwa ga basadi ba bantsho kwa Brazil go ne go tswa mo setšhabeng sa botlhogoethata se se neng se dumela gore basadi ba kwa tlase ga banna, gore karolo ya bone e ne e le mo ntlong mme e le mo ditirong tsa mo gae fela. Basadi ba bantsho ba ne ba lwantshana le go batla go bona baagi ba ba tshwanetseng go bona boipuso, mo tirong, mo thutong le mo dipolotiking mmogo le go leleka dikgopolo tse di neng di ba busetsa morago ka nako e telele jaana.

==== Mekgatlho e Mesha ya Ditoropo ====
Mekgatlho e Mešwa ya Ditoropo e ne ya tlhagelela kwa Brazil mo e ka nnang mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga e lebisitswe mo bathong ba Bantsho ba ba neng ba lwantshana le tsamaiso ya puso ya bobusaesi ya Brazil. Ba ne ba tshwere maikaelelo a kgatelopele ba batla go buelela batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko ka jalo ba kgona go bua kgatlhanong le kgang e e ba amang le baagi ka thuso ya Kereke ya Katoliki ya Brazil, ka gore go dira jalo go tla dira gore baagi ba nne le seabe se sentsi ka tsholofelo. Maloko a sepolotiki a a gololesegileng le barutabana le bone ba ne ba kopana mmogo ba dira go ruta le go rotloetsa dikakanyo tse di setseng di akantswe tsa batho bano ba bantsho ba ditoropong go anamisa dikeletso tsa bone botoka.

Ka ntlha ya palo e kgolo ya basadi ba bantsho ba ba kgethololwang ka tshekamelo le ba ba nnang mo di-favela kgotsa di-shantytown, basadi ba bantsho ba dira palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba mo mekgatlhong eno ya ditoropo. Basadi bano ba tswelela go nna karolo ya Christian Based Communities (CEB)[4] e e tlhomang mogopolo mo tlhokomelong ya boitekanelo ka kakaretso ya batho ba ba amogelang lotseno lo lo kwa tlase, mmogo le go ngoka le go dira gore baagi ba bone ba saene diphetišene tsa ditirelo tsa katlaatleloloago le ditshwanelo tse di lekanang ka kakaretso le go tsaya karolo mo thutong le mo badiring.

Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 basadi ba Brazil ba ne ba iphitlhela ba tsena mo tirong ka dipalo tse di kwa godimo go feta tse di bonweng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. Ditiro tse di ne di dikologilwe ke ditiro tsa mo gae jaaka go apaya go phepafatsa le go tlhokomela bana, ka seno gantsi ba ne ba sa duelwe madi a mantsi, se se neng se dira gore ba tseye dishifiti tse dintsi. Ga ba kgone go tlamela ka dilo tse di botlhokwa tsa tlhokomelo ya bana mo lelapeng la malapa a bone. Basadi ba ba nnang kwa Jardim das Camelias Sao Paulo ba ne ba nna leloko la mekgatlho e e neng e lwela lefelo la go tlhokomela bana mmogo le lefelo la botsogo la mo tikologong. Basadi ba ne ba etelela pele le go tsenela dikopano tse di neng di tla buisana ka bokgoni le maano a ditsamaiso tseno tsa katlaatleloloago mo setšhabeng.

Jaaka fa basadi ba tsena mo thutong e kgolwane, morago ga moo ba fokodiwa mo ditlhopheng tsa ditiro tsa seporofešenale “Baporofešenale ba basadi ba bantsho ba ne ba amogela diperesente di le 48 kwa tlase ga balekane ba bone ba basweu, ba basadi”[4] (Alvarez 17). Go batla go gatela pele go tswa mo setšhabeng se se laolwang ke banna basadi ba maemo a a magareng “ditshwanelo tse dikarolo tsa bone tse dišwa tsa seporofešenale di neng di ba naya tshwanelo“[4] (Alvarez 17). Basadi ba ba rutegileng kwa yunibesithing ka bo1970-80 ba ne ba simolola mekgatlho ya basadi e e neng e lwela ditshwanelo tsa go ipusa mo mmeleng wa bone, go lekalekana mo tlhokomelong ya kalafi le thuto, le go lwantsha tirisodikgoka ya banna kgatlhanong le basadi.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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      <comment>/* 1975-1988 */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="18343" sha1="sk86vuzion7izgz0vr4rdlghajupkgi" xml:space="preserve">'''Movimento Negro''' (kgotsa '''Mokgatlho wa Bantsho''') ke leina le le akaretsang le le neilweng mekgatlho e e farologaneng ya loago ya Afro-Brazilian e e neng ya diragala kwa Brazil ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, segolobogolo mekgatlho e e neng ya tlhagelela kwa Rio de Janeiro le São Paulo morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi.

== Ditso ==
Mekgatlho ya loago e e akaretsang ditlhopha tsa Bantsho e fitlhelwa mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa Brazil. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fitlha fa [[Go Fedisa bokgoba|bokgoba bo fedisiwa]] ka 1888, mekgatlho e ya loago e ne e le ya sephiri ka metlha e bile e le ya bogale ka tlhago ka gonne maikaelelo a yone a magolo e ne e le go golola makgoba a bantsho. E re ka [[Bokgoba|makgoba]] a ne a tshwarwa jaaka dithoto tsa batho, go tshaba le go tsuologa go ne go tshosetsa thulaganyo ya loago mmogo le go baka kotsi ya itsholelo. Ditsogologo tse di ne tsa nna selo sa kgatelelo e e setlhogo e seng fela ke setlhopha se se busang, mme gape le ke puso le baemedi ba yone.

== Kganetso ya bantsho pele ga phediso ya bokgoba ==

=== Quilombos, Quilombolas, le Quilombagem ===
Mofuta o mogolo wa go tlhagisa kganetso kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke mekgatlho ya marabele a batho bantsho mo e ka nnang makgolo a mane a dingwaga (1549–1888) e ne e le quilombagem. Go ya ka Clóvis Moura &lt;small&gt;[&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[:pt:Clóvis_Moura|pt]]]&lt;/small&gt;: &quot;Quilombagem e tlhaloganngwa jaaka mekgatlho ya sennelaruri ya marabele e e rulagantsweng le go kaelwa ke makgoba mo kgaolong yotlhe ya bosetshaba. E tsewa e le mokgatlho o o tsosang wa phetogo ya loago, e ne e le maatla a a sa kgaotseng le a a botlhokwa a a senyang maikutlo a tsamaiso ya bokgoba a a nyenyefatsang boemo jwa bokgoba mo maemong a le mmalwa— a itsholelo, loago le sesole. Tiro e e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ke bothata jwa itsholelo ya bokgoba e kgabagare e neng ya emisediwa ka tiro e e gololesegileng&quot; (22, 1989).

Le fa go ya ka Moura quilombagem e ne e na le lefelo la yone la thulaganyo la quilombo kwa makgoba a a tshabileng a neng a batla botshabelo gone mo godimo ga batho ba mefuta yotlhe ba ba neng ba kgaphetswe kwa thoko le go kgaphelwa thoko ke setshaba ka nako ya bokolone, quilombagem e ne e na le &quot;mefuta e mengwe ya ditshupetso tsa motho ka bongwe kgotsa tsa setlhopha&quot; jaaka botsuolodi (e e tlhomologileng thata e le kwa Salvador ka 1835) le bandoleirismo, leano la guerrilla le mo go lone ditlhopha tsa makgoba a a tshabileng di neng di ithulaganya go tlhasela ditlhopha tsa batho le batsamai mo ditseleng (Moura, 1989).

Mo thutong ya ga Moura quilombagem jaaka mokgatlho wa kgololosego &quot;e tla pele thata ga mokgatlho wa go fedisa bokgoba wa kgololesego&quot; o o neng wa simolola fela go nna phatlalatsa thata morago ga 1880 fa bokgoba bo ne bo setse bo tsene mo mathateng. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya go tlhoka batshereganyi fa gare ga makgoba a marabele le setlhopha se se busang, mathata a a neng a dikologile quilombagem a ne a ka rarabololwa fela ka tirisodikgoka e seng ka puisano. Le fa go ne go na le dipharologano jaaka Rephaboliki ya Palmares e e neng ya tsaya mo e ka nnang dingwaga tse lekgolo, bontsi jwa mekgatlho ya quilombola e ne e sena bokgoni jwa go gana ka nako e telele kgatlhanong le mokgwa wa kgatelelo wa puso.

=== Go tswa Inconfidências go ya Isabelismo ===
Fa Inconfidência Mineira e ne e le mokgatlho wa go kgaogana o o neng o sena motheo o o tlwaelesegileng le o o neng o batla o se na batho bantsho gotlhelele, o ne o le kgatlhanong le boemo jo bo neng bo itsege jaaka Inconfidência Baiana, kgotsa Botsuolodi jwa 1798 jwa Ba-Alfaiates (Baroki). Maikaelelo a baianos ba ba tsuologang e ne e le, go ya ka Moura, &quot;a a tseneletseng thata, mme kakanyo ya go golola makgoba e ne e le nngwe ya maikaelelo a magolo a maikaelelo a bone. Gareng ga baeteledipele le maloko a yone go ne go akarediwa &quot;batho ba bantsho ba ba golotsweng, makgoba a bantsho, makgoba a pardo, pardos ba ba golotsweng, artesans, baroki; bao ba neng ba tswa mo ditlhopheng tse di gateletsweng thata kgotsa tse di tlhaolwang thata tsa setshaba sa bokolone sa Bahia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Moura 1989:43.&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba, karolo e e rileng ya ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho e ne ya tsenelela mo go sireletseng Isabelism, mofuta wa kobamelo go Kgosigadi Isabel yo o neng a newa leina la &quot;morekolodi&quot; jaaka e kete go fedisiwa ga bokgoba e nnile &quot;tiro ya bopelonomi jwa sebele&quot; go tswa go regent (Moura 1989). Mongwe wa badumedi ba ba tlhoafetseng thata ba mokgatlho o e ne e le José do Patrocínio yo o neng a batla go kokoanya batho ba e kileng ya bo e le makgoba gore ba sireletse puso ya segosi e e neng e tshoseditswe ke go oketsega ga ditlhopha tse di neng di ikaeletse go tlhoma rephaboliki kwa Brazil. Mokgatlho ono o ne wa felela ka go tlhongwa ga Black Guard (''Guarda Negra''), mofuta wa sesole sa go tshosa se se neng se bopilwe ka &quot;capoeiras le batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko&quot; ba tiro ya bone e kgolo e neng e le go phatlalatsa dikokoano tsa rephaboliki ka go dirisa maatla. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa Mmusomogolo o ne o wa le go itsisiwe ga Rephaboliki, José do Patrocínio o ne a nna le seabe mo letlhakoreng le le neng la fenya, mme Black Guard e ne ya phatlaladiwa.

=== Go tswa mo tsogologong go ya kwa kganetsong e e ritibetseng ===
Ka bokhutlo jwa Mmusomogolo ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa kopanela le mekgatlho e e farologaneng e e tlwaelesegileng, segolobogolo e e nang le seemo sa bomesia, jaaka ya ga Canudos le ya ga Lourenço yo o segofaditsweng. Ba bile ba na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo Revolta da Chibata (Tsogologo ya Lash or Whip) ka 1910 jo bo neng bo eteletswe pele ke mokgweetsi wa sekepe João Cândido. Ka tsogologo e, Cândido o ne a atlega go dira gore Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil se emise go otlhaya bakgweetsi ba dikepe ba bontsi jwa bone e ne e  le bantsho ka go itewa. Le fa go ne go na le phenyo e le tsholofetso ya go itshwarelwa boeteledipele jwa mokgatlho ono bo ne jwa batla bo nyelediwa gotlhelele ngwaga moragonyana. Tota le João Cândido yo o neng a falotse a phepafadiwa ke puso, o ne a tshela malatsi a bofelo a botshelo jwa gagwe a lebetswe e bile a le mo kutlobotlhokong.

[[Tsogologo ya Chibata]] e ne e le botsuolodi jwa bofelo jo bo rulagantsweng jwa batho bantsho ba ba tshwerend dibetsa jo bo neng jwa diragala kwa Brazil. Go tloga ka nako eo ditlhopha tsa batho bantsho di ne tsa batla mefuta e mengwe ya kganetso, &quot;bogolo jang mo ditlhopheng tsa boitapoloso, tsa setso kgotsa tsa metshameko&quot; (Moura 1989). Mofuta o wa kganetso wa kagiso o ne o setse o le teng ka nako ya bokgoba le fa e ne e se one fela sedirisiwa se se neng se le teng sa kganetso.

Ka gonne ditiro tse ga di a diragala mo lefelong le le senang sepe mo setshabeng, Moura o lemosa ntlha ya gore ditlhopha tse ga di a boloka bophepa jwa tsone jwa ntlha ka gonne di ne di &quot;boga tlhotlheletso ya setso (ke gore, go sweufadiwa) ya mokgwa o o laolang wa dikgopolo. Ke ntwa ya dikgopolo-setso e e lwelwang mo maemong otlhe a rona e, le pele ga matlho a rona&quot; (Moura 1989). Moura o fa dikai tse di buang ka dikolo tsa samba tsa Rio de Janeiro tse go tswa mo diponatshegelong tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di neng tsa itiragalela fela mo masomeng a ntlha a dingwaga a lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga di neng tsa fetoga kgwebo e e neng e dira madi a mantsi thata mo bakaeding ba yone e e neng e ikaegile ka tshireletso ya semmuso go tswa mo pusong.

== Mokgatlho wa Bantsho mo lekgolong la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga ==

=== Tshimologo: 1915-1945 ===
Ka São Paulo le Rio de Janeiro e le mafelo a magolo a go kokoanya batho, mekgatlho ya loago ya Afro-Brazil e ne ya simolola go tlhama ditsela tse disha go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1910 ka maiteko a go lwela boagi jo bo sa tswang go bonwa le go iphetola go nna mokgatlho wa bosetshaba. Ponatshegelo ya ntlha e kgolo ke go tlhagelela ga bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulista (São Paulo), jo lekwalodikgang la jone la ntlha, e leng Menelick, le simololang go anamisiwa ka 1915. E latelwa ke A Rua (The Street) ka 1916, O Alfinete (The Pin) ka 1918, A Libertine (Liberty) ka 1919, A Sentinela (The Guardian) ka 1920, O Getulino le O Clarim d’Alvorada (Clear Daybreak) ka 1924. Lekhubu leo la dikgatiso le ne la tswelela go fitlha ka 1963 fa O Correio d’Ébano e ne e tswalwa. Makwalodikgang a otlhe a ne a tlhomololwa ke go sa bege ka ditiragalo tse dikgolo tsa bosetshaba (tse ba neng ba di tila ka kelotlhoko). Go ya ka Moura, e ne e le &quot;bobegadikgang jo bo kgethegileng thata mo tshedimosetsong ya jone mme bo lebisitswe kwa setshabeng se se rileng&quot; (1989).

Ka ntlha ya pitsa e e nyerologang eno ya setso sa dikgopolo se se rotloediwang ke bobegadikgang jwa bantsho jwa paulistana, nngwe ya mekgatlho e e kgatlhang thata ya bosetshaba ya Afro-Brazil e tlhamiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Frente Negra Brasileira (FNB - Mokgatlho wa Bantsho wa Brazil). E tlhomilwe ka Lwetse a le lesome le borataro, 1931 ka ntlha ya mokgatlho o o nonofileng o o kopantsweng ka sebopego sa &quot;Grand Counsel&quot; ya maloko a le masome mabedi mme e okametswe ke kgosi kgotsa mookamedi (se se ne sa dira gore e latofadiwe ka gore ke mokgatlho wa fascist). Ka go ikaega ka diketekete tsa maloko le ba ba utlwelang botlhoko, FNB e ne e na le seabe se se tlhageletseng mo ntweng kgatlhanong le tlhaolele ya letso, sekai, ka e ne e na le maikarabelo a go akaretsa batho bantsho mo Sesoleng sa Setshaba sa São Paulo. Morago ga go fitlhelela katlego, FNB e ne ya swetsa go itlhoma jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki, mme ka go dira jalo ya ba letla go nna le seabe mo Lekgotleng la Ditlhopho ka 1936.

Le fa go ntse jalo, botshelo jwa FNB jaaka lekoko la sepolotiki bo ne bo le bokhutshwane. Ka 1937 ka taelo ya Estado Novo ya ga Getúlio Vargas, makoko otlhe a dipolotiki, go akaretsa le FNB, a ne a bolelwa gore ga a kafa molaong mme a phatlaladiwa. Go tloga ka nako eo go fitlha ka temokerasi e ntha ka 1945, mekgatlho ya loago ya bantsho e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go boela morago kwa mefuteng ya yone ya setso ya go gana setso. Mokgwa o le mongwe fela o o ka kgonegang mo pakeng e (mme o arogantswe jaaka kganetso ya setso) o golagane le ditiro tsa ga Abdias do Nascimento yo ka 1944 kwa Rio de Janeiro a neng a tlhoma Teatro Experimental do Negro (TEN - Bobogelo jwa Diteko jwa Bantsho). Nascimento o ne a na le maikarabelo a tlhagiso ya bobogelo e e tlhagisang e e neng e batla go godisa &quot;kitso ya batho bantsho ba Brazil&quot; le go lwantsha kgethololo ya letso (Moura 1989).

=== Go tlhaloswa gape: 1945–1975 ===
Go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950, mekgatlho ya batho bantsho e ne ya simolola modikologo o o bonya wa go tlhaloswa sesha o o tshwailweng ke go tlhongwa ga Associação Cultural do Negro (ACN - Mokgatlho wa Setso sa Bantsho) kwa São Paulo ka 1954. Le fa o simologile e le mokgatlho wa go gatelela dikakanyo, ACN ga e aka ya ikgatlholosa go thusa maloko a yone ka go tlhoma maphata a setso, metshameko, baithuti le a basadi, tota le Komiti ya Boitapoloso. Morago ga nako ya go atologa, e ne ya tsena mo kgatong ya go wela tlase mme ya itemogela nako ya go sa dire sepe. E ne ya tlhagelela gape ka Motsheganong a le lesome le boraro, 1977 ka maikaelelo a a neng a lebisitswe thata mo thusong le mo go thuseng batho ka se ba se tlhokang mo go neng go akaretsa go tlhama sekolo le dithuto tsa mahala tsa go bala le go kwala. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ya ka Moura, ACN e ne e latlhegetswe ke &quot;maitsholo a yone a ntlha&quot; mme ya tshwanelwa ke go tswala ditiro tsa yone ka bonako morago ga foo.

Ka 1975 e Instituto de Pesquisa e Cultura Negra (IPCN - Setheo sa Setso sa Bantsho le Patlisiso) e tlhamilwe kwa Rio de Janeiro. Ke mokgatlho o o nang le botlhokwa bo bogolo mo mokgatlhong wa batho ba bantsho, mme go tswelediswa ga one ke ka lebaka la moneelo wa makgolokgolo a balekane. E nngwe ya ditheo tse mmalwa tse di nang le dilo tsa yone, IPCN e ile ya kopana le mathata a madi kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980 mme ya tshwanelwa ke go tswala dipati tsa yone moragonyana ga foo.

=== 1975-1988 ===
Mokgatlho wa  Movimento Negro Unificado Contra a Discriminação Racial (MNU) o ne wa tlhongwa ka 1978. O ne wa tlhagelela e le karolo ya boipelaetso jwa phatlalatsa ka Phukwi a le malatsi a supa, 1978 kgatlhanong le go bogisiwa ga ga Robson Silveira da Luz kwa ntlokgolong ya mapodise a Guaianases kwa São Paulo; go tlhaolwa ga batabogi ba le bane ba Afro-Brazil kwa Tietê Regatta Club, le go bolawa ga ga Nilton Lourenço, yo e neng e le modiri, ke mapodise. Letsatsi leo, e leng Phukwi a supa, moragonyana le ne le tla itsiwe e le Letsatsi la Bosetshaba la go Lwantsha Bosemorafe. MNU e ne ya tlhama Centros de Luta (Mafelo a Ntwa) mo ditoropong le mo ditorotswaneng go ralala Brazil go rotloetsa go lwela loago mo maemong a selegae.&lt;ref&gt;Durao, F. (2008). [http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Fabcafatrle%2Fmovimento_negro_unificado%2F0 &quot;Movimento Negro Unificado&quot;]. ''Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History''. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; MNU e ne ya etelela pele go tlhamiwa ga setheo sa ntlha sa setshaba se se neng se ineetse go tshegetsa mekgatlho ya loago ya Afro-Brazil ka 1984, se se neng se itsege jaaka Lekgotla la Botsayakarolo le Tlhabololo ya Baagi ba Bantsho. André Franco Montoro, mmusi wa São Paulo, o ne a buelela mokgatlho o, o kgabagare o neng wa dira gore bosemorafe e nne tlolomolao mo Molaomotheong wa Brazil wa 1988. Tlhaloso ya bosemorafe e le tlolomolao e ne ya tlhongwa ke Molao wa Caó wa 1989, o o neng wa kwalwa ke Carlos Alberto Caó.

Ka 1989, go ne ga gololwa filimi ya tokomane, ''Ori'', e e neng e anelwa ke Beatriz Nascimento mme e kaelwa ke Raquel Gerber e e neng e sekaseka kamano fa gare ga Aforika le Brazil le go latedisa tsela ya Mokgatlho wa Bantsho mo nageng.&lt;ref&gt;Ratts, Alex (2006). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20171108150154/https://www.imprensaoficial.com.br/downloads/pdf/projetossociais/eusouatlantica.pdf Eu sou atlântica: sobre a trajetória de vida de Beatriz Nascimento]'' [''I am Atlantic: the life trajectory of Beatriz Nascimento''] (PDF) (in Portuguese). São Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Kuanza. p. 28. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/85-7060-359-2|85-7060-359-2]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. Archived from [https://www.imprensaoficial.com.br/downloads/pdf/projetossociais/eusouatlantica.pdf the original] (PDF) on 8 November 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mokgatlho wa basadi ba bantsho wa lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga ====
Go tlhaolwa ga basadi ba bantsho kwa Brazil go ne go tswa mo setshabeng sa borre se se neng se dumela gore basadi ba kwa tlase ga banna, gore karolo ya bone e ne e le mo ntlong mme e le mo ditirong tsa mo gae fela. Basadi ba bantsho ba ne ba lwantshana le go batla go bonwa e le baagi ba ba tshwanetseng go bona boipuso, mo tirong, mo thutong le mo dipolotiking mmogo le go leleka dikgopolo tse di neng di ba busetsa morago ka nako e telele jaana.

==== Mekgatlho e Mesha ya Ditoropo ====
Mekgatlho e Mesha ya Ditoropo e ne ya tlhagelela kwa Brazil mo e ka nnang mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga e lebisitswe mo bathong ba Bantsho ba ba neng ba lwantshana le tsamaiso ya puso ya bobusaesi ya Brazil. Ba ne ba tshwere maikaelelo a kgatelopele ba batla go buelela batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko ka jalo ba kgona go bua kgatlhanong le kgang e e ba amang le baagi ka thuso ya Kereke ya Katoliki ya Brazil, ka gore go dira jalo go tla dira gore baagi ba nne le seabe se sentsi ka tsholofelo. Maloko a sepolotiki a a gololesegileng le barutabana le bone ba ne ba kopana mmogo ba dira go ruta le go rotloetsa dikakanyo tse di setseng di akantswe tsa batho bao ba bantsho ba ditoropo go anamisa dikeletso tsa bone botoka.

Ka ntlha ya palo e kgolo ya basadi ba bantsho ba ba kgethololwang ka tshekamelo le ba ba nnang mo di-favela kgotsa di-shantytown, basadi ba bantsho ba dira palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba mo mekgatlhong eno ya ditoropo. Basadi bano ba tswelela go nna karolo ya Christian Based Communities (CEB)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Alvarez, Sonia (1990). ''Women in the New Social Movements of Urban Brazil. Engendering Democracy in Brazil: Women's Movements in Transition Politics''. Princeton University Press. pp. 37–56.&lt;/ref&gt; e e tlhomang mogopolo mo tlhokomelong ya boitekanelo ka kakaretso ya batho ba ba amogelang lotseno lo lo kwa tlase, mmogo le go ngoka le go dira gore baagi ba bone ba saene dikwalo tsa ditirelo tsa maemo a botshelo le ditshwanelo tse di lekanang ka kakaretso le go tsaya karolo mo thutong le mo perekong.

Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 basadi ba Brazil ba ne ba iphitlhela ba tsena mo tirong ka dipalo tse di kwa godimo go feta tse di bonweng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. Ditiro tse di ne di dikologilwe ke ditiro tsa mo gae jaaka go apaya go phepafatsa le go tlhokomela bana, ka seno gantsi ba ne ba sa duelwe madi a mantsi, se se neng se dira gore ba tseye dishifiti tse dintsi. Ba sa kgone go tlamela ka dilo tse di botlhokwa tsa tlhokomelo ya bana mo lelapeng la malwapa a bone. Basadi ba ba nnang kwa Jardim das Camelias Sao Paulo ba ne ba nna leloko la mekgatlho e e neng e lwela lefelo la go tlhokomela bana mmogo le lefelo la botsogo la mo tikologong. Basadi ba ne ba etelela pele le go tsenela dikopano tse di neng di tla buisana ka bokgoni le maano a ditsamaiso tseno tsa maemo a botshelo mo setshabeng.

Jaaka fa basadi ba tsena mo thutong e kgolwane, morago ga moo ba fokodiwa mo ditlhopheng tsa ditiro tsa seporofeshenale “Baporofeshenale ba basadi ba bantsho ba ne ba amogela diperesente di le 48 kwa tlase ga balekane ba bone ba basweu, ba basadi&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Alvarez 17). Go batla go gatela pele go tswa mo setshabeng se se laolwang ke banna basadi ba maemo a a magareng “ditshwanelo tse dikarolo tsa bone tse disha tsa seporofeshenale di neng di ba naya tshwanelo“&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Alvarez 17). Basadi ba ba rutegileng kwa yunibesithing ka bo1970-80 ba ne ba simolola mekgatlho ya basadi e e neng e lwela ditshwanelo tsa go ipusa mo mmeleng wa bone, go lekalekana mo tlhokomelong ya kalafi le thuto, le go lwantsha tirisodikgoka ya banna kgatlhanong le basadi.

== Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe ==

* [[Afro-Brazilians|Afro-Brazilian]]
* [[Négritude]]
* [[Afro-Brazilian literature]]
* [[African culture in Rio Grande do Sul]]

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tsogologo ya Lash</title>
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        <id>10150</id>
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      <comment>Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e #AWC2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="12253" sha1="iogi4p6mqytrtz9d5hm8jehnu22ybea" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Joao Candido.jpg|thumb|Moeteledipele wa Tsogologo ya Lash, João Cândido Felisberto (moleng o o kwa pele, ka tlhamalalo kafa molemeng wa monna yo o apereng sutu e ntsho), le babegadikgang, mapodisi le batsamaisi ba dikepe mo sekepeng sa Minas Geraes ka Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borataro 1910.]]
'''Tsogologo ya Lash'''&lt;sup&gt;[[:en:Revolt_of_the_Lash#cite_note-1|[A]]]&lt;/sup&gt; (Sepotokisi: ''Revolta da Chibata'') e ne e le botsuolodi jwa sesole sa lewatle kwa Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, kwa bokhutlong jwa Ngwanatsele 1910. E ne e le ditlamorago tse di tlhamaletseng tsa tiriso ya dime(&quot;dithupa&quot;) ke badiredi ba basweu ba sesole sa lewatle fa ba ne ba otlhaya badiredi ba lewatle ba Afro-Brazil le ba morafe o o tlhakaneng.

Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo le lesha la dingwaga go batlega go go neng go ntse go oketsega ga kofi le rabara go ne ga dira gore boradipolotiki ba Brazil ba kgone go leka go fetola naga ya bone go nna mmusomogolo wa boditšhabatšhaba. Karolo ya botlhokwa ya seno e ne e tla tswa mo go direng gore Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil se nne sa segompieno, se se neng se tlhokomologilwe fa e sa le go menolwa puso, ka go reka dikepe tsa ntwa tsa mofuta o mošwa wa &quot;dreadnought&quot;. Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a loago mo Sesoleng sa Lewatle sa Brazil a ne a sa tsamaisane le thekenoloji eno e ntšha. Batlhankedi ba basweu ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba ne ba okametse bontsi jwa badiri ba sekepe ba bantsho le ba merafe e e tlhakaneng, ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba pateleditswe go tsena mo sesoleng sa lewatle ka dikonteraka tsa nako e telele. Mapodise ano a ne a otlhaya badiri ba sekepe gangwe le gape ka ntlha ya ditlolomolao tse dikgolo le tse dinnye ka go tshwana le fa mokgwa ono o ne o thibetswe mo dinageng tse dingwe tse dintsi le kwa Brazil yotlhe.

Ka ntlha ya thubakanyo eno, batsamaisi ba dikepe ba ne ba simolola botsuolodi jo bo neng bo rulagantswe ka kelotlhoko le go bolawa kwa Rio de Janeiro ka November 22, 1910. Banna bano ba ne ba eteletswe pele ke João Cândido Felisberto, mme ba ne ba kgona go laola dikepe tseno ka bobedi, sekepe se le sengwe se sesha se se neng se tsamaya ka dikepe, le sekepe se sengwe sa bogologolo se se neng se na le coa- ba bangwe botlhe ba sesole sa lewatle. Go dirisa matshosetsi a dikepe tseno di neng di a tlisetsa motsemogolo wa Brazil, batsuolodi ba ne ba romela lekwalo kwa pusong le le neng le batla gore go fedisiwe se ba neng ba se bitsa &quot;bokgoba&quot; se se neng se dirwa ke sesole sa lewatle.

Fa lekala la bokhuduthamaga la puso le ntse le loga leano la go tsaya gape kgotsa go nwetsa dikepe tsa ntwa tse di neng di tsuologa, di ne tsa kgorelediwa ke go sa tshepane ga badiri le mathata a didirisiwa; borahisitori fa e sa le ka nako eo ba ile ba belaela kgonagalo ya gore ba ka kgona go fitlhelela epe ya tsone ka katlego. Ka nako e e tshwanang, Congress—e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Senator Rui Barbosa—e ne ya latela tsela ya go itshwarela, ya tlhoma mokapotene wa pele wa sesole sa lewatle gore e nne mogokaganyi wa bone le marabele. Tsela eno ya bofelo e ne ya atlega, mme molaotlhomo o o neng o itshwarela botlhe ba ba amegang le go fedisa tiriso ya kotlhao ya mmele o ne wa fetisiwa ke ntlo e e kwa tlase ka selekanyo se se sa kgoneng go thibelwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, bontsi jwa batsamaisi ba dikepe ba ba neng ba amega ba ne ba gololwa ka bonako mo sesoleng sa lewatle, mme bontsi jwa batsuolodi ba ntlhantlha ba ne ba latlhelwa mo kgolegelong moragonyana kgotsa ba romelwa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di phutha rabara kwa Amazon ya Brazil.

== Ditso ==
Mo dingwageng tsa pele ga botsuolodi jono, batho ba Brazil ba ne ba bona diphetogo kgapetsakgapetsa mo maemong a naga eo mo dipolotiking, mo ikonoming le mo loagong. Ka sekai, ka May 1888, bokgoba kwa Brazil bo ne jwa fedisiwa ka go tsenngwa tirisong ga molao wa Lei Áurea, molao o o neng o ganediwa thata ke batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba kwa Brazil le beng ba masimo.[1] Go sa kgotsofale gono ga batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo mo setšhabeng go ne ga dira gore go nne le menolopuso ka kagiso e e neng e eteletswe pele ke sesole mme e eteletswe pele ke Benjamin Constant le Moeteledipele wa Sesole Deodoro da Fonseca. Mmusimogolo Pedro II le lelapa la gagwe ba ne ba romelwa botshwarwa kwa Yuropa ka bonako le ka tidimalo; di ne tsa emisediwa ka repaboliki ya sereto e Fonseca e neng e le mopresidente wa yone.[2]

Pedro II, mmusimogolo wa Brazil, o ne a tlosiwa mo setulong ka 1889, mme seno se ne sa dira gore go nne le dikhuduego mo nageng eo ka dingwaga di le lesome .
[[Setshwantsho:Pedro II of Brazil - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|Pedro II, mmusimogolo wa Brazil, o ne a tlosiwa mo setilong ka 1889, mme seo se ne sa dira gore go nne le dikhuduego mo lefatsheng leo dingwaga di le lesome .]]
Ngwagasome o o latelang o ne wa tshwaiwa ke ditsuolodi di le mmalwa kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e ntšha ya sepolotiki, go akaretsa le ditsuolodi tsa sesole sa lewatle (1891, 1893–94), Ditsuolodi tsa Bofederale (1893–95), Ntwa ya Canudos (1896–97), le Ditsuolodi tsa Moento (1904), tse mo go tsone boleng jwa Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil bo neng jwa fokotsega . baagelani ka ntlha ya kgaisano ya dibetsa tsa sesole sa lewatle sa Argentina le Chile.[3] Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi, sekepe sa lewatle sa bogologolo sa Brazil se se nang le diperesente di le masome a manè le botlhano fela tsa badiri ba sone ba ba letleletsweng (ka 1896) le dikepe di le pedi fela tsa ntwa tsa segompieno tse di tlhometseng di ne di ka lebana le sesole sa lewatle sa Argentina le Chile se se neng se tletse ka dikepe tse di laetsweng mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di fetileng.[4][B]

Lefa go ntse jalo, kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo le lesha la dingwaga, go batlega ga kofi le rabara go go neng go ntse go oketsega go ne ga dira gore puso ya Brazil e nne le madi a mantsi. Bakwadi ba motlha oo ba ne ba fopholetsa gore diperesente di le masome a supa le botlhano go ya go di le masomealerobedi tsa kofi e e neng e le teng mo lefatsheng di ne di lengwa kwa Brazil.[6] Boradipolotiki ba ba tlhageletseng ba Brazil, segolobogolo Pinheiro Machado le Baron wa Rio Branco, ba ne ba fuduga gore naga eno e amogelwe jaaka mmusomogolo wa boditšhabatšhaba, ka gonne ba ne ba dumela gore madi a a tswang mo phefong a nako e khutshwane a ne a tla tswelela. Sesole sa lewatle se se nonofileng se ne sa bonwa se le botlhokwa thata mo mokgeleng ono.[7] National Congress ya Brazil e ne ya thala le go fetisa thulaganyo e kgolo ya go bona dikepe tsa sesole sa lewatle kwa bokhutlong jwa 1904, mme go ne ga feta dingwaga di le pedi pele ga go laelwa dikepe dipe. Fa ba ne ba otara dikepe tse dinnye di le tharo tsa ntwa la ntlha, go simololwa ga sekepe sa Boritane se se neng se fetola dilo se se bidiwang HMS Dreadnought—se se neng se itsise ka mofuta o mosha le o o nonofileng wa sekepe sa ntwa—go ne ga dira gore Ba-Brazil ba phimole taelo ya bone mme ba tlhophe dikepe tse pedi tse di tshosang. Dikepe tseno di ne di tla bidiwa Minas Geraes le São Paulo, mme di ne di tla tsamaya le dikepe tse pedi tse dinnye tsa go tsamaya ka dinao, Bahia le Rio Grande do Sul, le dikepe di le lesome tse di senyang tsa setlhopha sa Pará.[8][C]

== Maemo mo sesoleng sa lewatle ==
Go tlhabololwa gono ga thekenoloji mo Sesoleng sa Lewatle sa Brazil go ne go sa tshwane le phetogo ya loago, mme dikgotlhang fa gare ga setlhopha sa batlhankedi ba sesole sa lewatle le maloko a a tlwaelegileng a badiri ba sekepe di ne tsa tsosa dikhuduego tse dintsi. Nopolo e e tswang kwa go Baron wa Rio Branco, radipolotiki yo o tlotlegang le modipolomate wa seporofešenale, e bontsha nngwe ya metswedi ya tsitsipano: &quot;Go thapa masole a lewatle le banna ba ba kwadisitsweng, re tlisa matlakala a ditoropo tsa rona, di-lumpen tse di senang mosola thata, kwantle ga go baakanyetsa mofuta ope. di-mulatto tsa letlalo le lentsho kgotsa tsa letlalo le lentsho.&quot;[10][D] Dipharologano tsa merafe mo Sesoleng sa Lewatle sa Brazil di ka bo di ile tsa bonala ka bonako mo mothong yo o neng a lebile ka nako eo: batlhankedi ba ba neng ba okametse sekepe seno ba ne ba batla ba le basweu botlhe, fa badiri ba sone ba ne ba le bantsho thata kgotsa, ka selekanyo se sennye, ba le batho ba ba tlhakaneng12. Dipharologano tsa pono di ne di latola dipharologano tse di tseneletseng: badiri ba sekepe ba letlalo le lentsho, ba ka nako ya botsuolodi ba neng ba tla bo e le makgoba a a godileng a a golotsweng ka fa tlase ga Lei Áurea (kgotsa barwa ba ba tsetsweng ba gololesegile ka fa tlase ga Molao wa 1871 wa Popelo e e Lokologileng), ba ne ba batla ba sa rutega go le kalo go feta balebedi ba bona ba basweu.[13]

Sesole sa lewatle, mmogo le makala a mangwe a sesole, e ne e le mafelo a go latlhela diketekete tsa batho ba bantsho ba basha, ba ba neng ba humanegile, ba ka dinako tse dingwe e le dikhutsana ba ba neng ba kgomaretse mo ‘dithotong’ tsa ditoropo tsa Brazil. Ba le bantsi ba ne ba dirile kana go belaelwa gore ba dirile ditlolomolao—le mororo ba ba neng ba se mo mathateng a semolao ba ne ba sa babalesega, ka gonne batho bangwe ba ba neng ba thapiwa ba ne ba tsewa mo mebileng kana ba ne ba latlhegelwa fela ke go rarabolola maduo a bone. Dikgato tse di jalo di ne di dira jaaka &quot;lenyalo le le itekanetseng la kotlhao le phetogo&quot;: batho ba ba neng ba na le kgotsa ba ba neng ba ka nna ba dira ditlolomolao ba ne ba tla tlosiwa mo setšhabeng mme ba katisiwe ka bokgoni jo bo neng bo tla solegela naga molemo.[14] Banna bano ba ne ba tlwaetse go romelwa kwa sesoleng sa lewatle, ba ithuta tiro ba le dingwaga di ka nna 14, mme ba bofiwa kwa sesoleng sa lewatle dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano.[11] João Cândido Felisberto, moeteledipele mo Botsuoloding jwa moragonyana jwa Lash, o ne a ithuta tiro a le dingwaga di le 13 mme a tsenela sesole sa lewatle a le dingwaga di le 16.[15] Batho ba ba neng ba patelediwa go tsena mo sesoleng sa lewatle ba ne ba direla dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi. Baithaopi, ba gongwe go neng go sa gakgamatse go dira peresente e e kwa tlase thata ya batho ba ba neng ba thapilwe, ba ne ba saena dingwaga di le robongwe.[11][E]
[[Setshwantsho:Sailors of Minas Geraes.jpg|left|thumb|Batlhabani ba lewatle ba Brazil Pardo le  preto ba eme go itsaya senepe mo sekepeng sa Minas Geraes, e leng karolo ya motseletsele wa dinepe tse go lebang gore di tserwe fa sekepe seo se ne se etetse kwa United States mo tshimologong ya 1913]]
Ntlha e nngwe e e neng ya baka kganetsano e ne e tswa mo go diriseng thata ga sesole sa lewatle go otlhaya batho ka mmele tota le mo ditlolomolaong tse dinnye. Le fa dikgato tse di ntseng jalo di ne di thibetswe mo bathong ka kakaretso fa e sa le ka Molaotheo wa Bogosi wa 1824 le mo sesoleng fa e sa le ka 1874, sesole sa lewatle se ne sa amega fela ka Ngwanatsele 1889, fa lekgotla la semolao la repaboliki e ntšha le ne le thibela go otlhaiwa jalo. Ba ne ba phimola molao ono pele ga ngwaga o feta moragonyana fa batho ba le bantsi ba ne ba sa o obamele. Go na le moo, go otlhaiwa ka mmele go ne go tla letlelelwa fela kwa Companhia Correcional (Khamphani ya Kgopololo). Lekgotla la peomolao le ne le bona seno e le go thibela mokgwa ono, ka gonne ke fela batsamaisi ba dikepe ba ba nang le ditiragalo tsa thubakanyo kgotsa tsa go fetola puso ba ba neng ba tla lebana le go itewa. Boammaaruri bo ne bo farologane thata: ka gonne dikhamphani di ne di le teng gongwe le gongwe mo dikepeng, mosesi mongwe le mongwe wa sekepe o ne a ka fudusediwa kwa Companhia Correcional mme a se na phetogo epe mo ditirong tsa bone tsa letsatsi le letsatsi.[17]

Bontsi jwa batlhankedi ba Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil ba ne ba dumela gore go otlhaya batho ka mmele e ne e le sedirisiwa sa botlhokwa sa go boloka maitseo mo dikepeng tsa bone. Moeteledipele wa sekepe wa Brazil yo o sa itsiweng, yo o neng a emela nako ya gagwe, o ne a kwala ka 1961 gore &quot;... batsamaisi ba rona ba dikepe ba nako eo, ba ba neng ba tlhoka ditlhokego tsa boitsholo le tsa tlhaloganyo tsa go lebogela dikarolo tse di nyenyefatsang tsa kotlhao [go itewa], ba ne ba e amogela ka tlholego fela, jaaka tshono ya go bontsha bogolo jwa bone jwa mmele le jwa tlhaloganyo jwa go tlhoka kitso ... badiri ba ba neng ba bopa badiri ba sekepe.&quot;[18]

== Botsoulodi ==

=== Dipaakanyo le ketapele ===

== Metswedi ==</text>
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      <text bytes="13680" sha1="m05f0wnxvxa1cl0h588rpgi1buaoj3l" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Joao Candido.jpg|thumb|Moeteledipele wa Tsogologo ya Lash, João Cândido Felisberto (moleng o o kwa pele, ka tlhamalalo kafa molemeng wa monna yo o apereng sutu e ntsho), le babegadikgang, mapodisi le batsamaisi ba dikepe mo sekepeng sa Minas Geraes ka Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borataro 1910.]]
'''Tsogologo ya Lash'''&lt;sup&gt;[[:en:Revolt_of_the_Lash#cite_note-1|[A]]]&lt;/sup&gt; (Sepotokisi: ''Revolta da Chibata'') e ne e le botsuolodi jwa sesole sa lewatle kwa Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, kwa bokhutlong jwa Ngwanatsele 1910. E ne e le ditlamorago tse di tlhamaletseng tsa tiriso ya dime(&quot;dithupa&quot;) ke badiredi ba basweu ba sesole sa lewatle fa ba ne ba otlhaya badiredi ba lewatle ba Afro-Brazil le ba morafe o o tlhakaneng.

Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo le lesha la dingwaga go batlega go go neng go ntse go oketsega ga kofi le rabara go ne ga dira gore boradipolotiki ba Brazil ba kgone go leka go fetola naga ya bone go nna mmusomogolo wa boditšhabatšhaba. Karolo ya botlhokwa ya seno e ne e tla tswa mo go direng gore Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil se nne sa segompieno, se se neng se tlhokomologilwe fa e sa le go menolwa puso, ka go reka dikepe tsa ntwa tsa mofuta o mošwa wa &quot;dreadnought&quot;. Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a loago mo Sesoleng sa Lewatle sa Brazil a ne a sa tsamaisane le thekenoloji eno e ntšha. Batlhankedi ba basweu ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba ne ba okametse bontsi jwa badiri ba sekepe ba bantsho le ba merafe e e tlhakaneng, ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba pateleditswe go tsena mo sesoleng sa lewatle ka dikonteraka tsa nako e telele. Mapodise ano a ne a otlhaya badiri ba sekepe gangwe le gape ka ntlha ya ditlolomolao tse dikgolo le tse dinnye ka go tshwana le fa mokgwa ono o ne o thibetswe mo dinageng tse dingwe tse dintsi le kwa Brazil yotlhe.

Ka ntlha ya thubakanyo eno, batsamaisi ba dikepe ba ne ba simolola botsuolodi jo bo neng bo rulagantswe ka kelotlhoko le go bolawa kwa Rio de Janeiro ka November 22, 1910. Banna bano ba ne ba eteletswe pele ke João Cândido Felisberto, mme ba ne ba kgona go laola dikepe tseno ka bobedi, sekepe se le sengwe se sesha se se neng se tsamaya ka dikepe, le sekepe se sengwe sa bogologolo se se neng se na le coa- ba bangwe botlhe ba sesole sa lewatle. Go dirisa matshosetsi a dikepe tseno di neng di a tlisetsa motsemogolo wa Brazil, batsuolodi ba ne ba romela lekwalo kwa pusong le le neng le batla gore go fedisiwe se ba neng ba se bitsa &quot;bokgoba&quot; se se neng se dirwa ke sesole sa lewatle.

Fa lekala la bokhuduthamaga la puso le ntse le loga leano la go tsaya gape kgotsa go nwetsa dikepe tsa ntwa tse di neng di tsuologa, di ne tsa kgorelediwa ke go sa tshepane ga badiri le mathata a didirisiwa; borahisitori fa e sa le ka nako eo ba ile ba belaela kgonagalo ya gore ba ka kgona go fitlhelela epe ya tsone ka katlego. Ka nako e e tshwanang, Congress—e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Senator Rui Barbosa—e ne ya latela tsela ya go itshwarela, ya tlhoma mokapotene wa pele wa sesole sa lewatle gore e nne mogokaganyi wa bone le marabele. Tsela eno ya bofelo e ne ya atlega, mme molaotlhomo o o neng o itshwarela botlhe ba ba amegang le go fedisa tiriso ya kotlhao ya mmele o ne wa fetisiwa ke ntlo e e kwa tlase ka selekanyo se se sa kgoneng go thibelwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, bontsi jwa batsamaisi ba dikepe ba ba neng ba amega ba ne ba gololwa ka bonako mo sesoleng sa lewatle, mme bontsi jwa batsuolodi ba ntlhantlha ba ne ba latlhelwa mo kgolegelong moragonyana kgotsa ba romelwa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di phutha rabara kwa Amazon ya Brazil.

== Ditso ==
Mo dingwageng tsa pele ga tsogologo eo, batho ba Brazil ba ne ba bona diphetogo kgapetsakgapetsa mo maemong a lefatshe leo mo dipolotiking, mo itsholelong le mo loagong. Sekai, ka Motsheganong wa 1888, bokgoba kwa Brazil bo ne jwa fedisiwa ka go tsenngwa tirisong ga molao wa ''Lei Áurea'', molao o o neng o ganediwa thata ke batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba kwa Brazil le beng ba masimo.&lt;ref&gt;Morgan, ''Legacy'', 21.&lt;/ref&gt; Go sa kgotsofale moo ga batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo mo setshabeng go ne ga dira gore go nne le menolopuso ka kagiso e e neng e eteletswe pele ke sesole mme e eteletswe pele ke Benjamin Constant le Moeteledipele wa Sesole Deodoro da Fonseca. Mmusimogolo Pedro II le lelapa la gagwe ba ne ba isiwa lejwa kwa Yuropa ka bonako le ka tidimalo; di ne tsa emisediwa ka rephaboliki ya sereto e Fonseca e neng e le tautona wa yone.&lt;ref&gt;Grant, ''Rulers, Guns, and Money'', 148.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Setshwantsho:Pedro II of Brazil - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|Pedro II, mmusimogolo wa Brazil, o ne a tlosiwa mo setilong ka 1889, mme seo se ne sa dira gore go nne le dikhuduego mo lefatsheng leo dingwaga di le lesome .]]
Ngwagasome o o latelang o ne wa tshwaiwa ke botsuolodi bo le mmalwa kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e ntsha ya sepolotiki, go akaretsa le ditsogologo tsa sesole sa lewatle (1891, 1893–94), ditsogologo tsa Bofederale (1893–95), Ntwa ya Canudos (1896–97), le ditsogologo tsa Moento (1904), tse mo go tsone boleng jwa Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil bo neng jwa fokotsega go bapisiwa le baagisani ka ntlha ya kgaisano ya dibetsa tsa sesole sa lewatle sa Argentina le Chile.&lt;ref&gt;Grant, ''Rulers, Guns, and Money'', 148; Martins, ''A marinha brasileira'', 56, 67; Brook, ''Warships for Export'', 133; Livermore, &quot;Battleship Diplomacy,&quot; 32; Topliss, &quot;Brazilian Dreadnoughts,&quot; 240.&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi, sekepe sa lewatle sa bogologolo sa Brazil se se nang le diperesente di le masome a mane le botlhano fela tsa badiri ba sone ba ba letleletsweng (ka 1896) le dikepe di le pedi fela tsa ntwa tsa segompieno tse di nang le dibetsa di ne di ka lebagana le sesole sa lewatle sa Argentina le Chile se se neng se tletse ka dikepe tse di laetsweng mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di fetileng.&lt;ref&gt;Love, ''Revolt'', 16; Sondhaus, ''Naval Warfare'', 216; Scheina, &quot;Brazil,&quot; 403.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[B]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;In 1893, Rear Admiral [[:en:Custódio_José_de_Mello|Custódio José de Mello]], the minister of the navy, revolted against President [[:en:Floriano_Peixoto|Floriano Peixoto]], bringing nearly all of the Brazilian warships currently in the country with him. Mello's forces took [[:en:Florianópolis|Desterro]] when the governor surrendered, and began to coordinate with secessionists in the southern province of [[:en:Rio_Grande_do_Sul|Rio Grande do Sul]], but loyal Brazilian forces overwhelmed them both. Most of the rebel naval forces were sailed to Argentina, where their crews surrendered; the flagship, ''[[:en:Brazilian_battleship_Aquidabã|Aquidabã]]'', held out near Desterro until it was sunk by a torpedo boat.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lefa go ntse jalo, kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo le lesha la dingwaga, go batlega ga kofi le rabara mo go neng go ntse go oketsega go ne ga dira gore puso ya Brazil e nne le madi a mantsi. Bakwadi ba motlha oo ba ne ba fopholetsa gore diperesente di le masome a supa le botlhano go ya go di le masome robabobedi tsa kofi e e neng e le teng mo lefatsheng di ne di lengwa kwa Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;Hutchinson, &quot;Coffee 'Valorization',&quot; 528–29.&lt;/ref&gt; Mapolotiki a a tlhageletseng a Brazil, segolobogolo [[Pinheiro Machado]] le [[Baron wa Rio Branco]], ba ne ba bata gore lefatshe leo le amogelwe jaaka mmusomogolo wa boditshabatshaba, ka gonne ba ne ba dumela gore madi a a tswang mo phefong a nako e khutshwane a ne a tla tswelela. Sesole sa lewatle se se nonofileng se ne sa bonwa se le botlhokwa thata mo mokgeleng o.&lt;ref&gt;Love, ''Revolt'', 14; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.&lt;/ref&gt; National Congress ya Brazil e ne ya thala le go fetisa thulaganyo e kgolo ya go bona dikepe tsa sesole sa lewatle kwa bokhutlong jwa 1904, mme go ne ga feta dingwaga di le pedi pele ga go rekwa dikepe dipe. Fa ba ne ba reka dikepe tse dinnye di le tharo tsa ntwa la ntlha, go simololwa ga sekepe sa Borithane se se neng se fetola dilo se se bidiwang [[HMS Dreadnought|HMS ''Dreadnought'']]—se se neng se itsise ka mofuta o mosha le o o nonofileng wa sekepe sa ntwa—go ne ga dira gore Ba-Brazil ba phimole taelo ya bone mme ba tlhophe dikepe tse pedi tse di tshosang. Dikepe tse di ne di tla bidiwa ''Minas Geraes'' le ''São Paulo'', mme di ne di tla tsamaya le dikepe tse pedi tse dinnye tsa go tsamaya ka dinao, ''Bahia'' le ''Rio Grande do Sul'', le dikepe di le lesome tsa tshireletso sa ''Pará''.&lt;ref&gt;Martins, ''A marinha brasileira'', 80, Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; Scheina, &quot;Brazil,&quot; 403; Topliss, &quot;Brazilian Dreadnoughts,&quot; 240–46.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[C]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A third dreadnought was to follow them, but it was [[:en:Brazilian_battleship_Rio_de_Janeiro|canceled and reordered several times]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maemo mo sesoleng sa lewatle ==
Go tlhabololwa gono ga thekenoloji mo Sesoleng sa Lewatle sa Brazil go ne go sa tshwane le phetogo ya loago, mme dikgotlhang fa gare ga setlhopha sa batlhankedi ba sesole sa lewatle le maloko a a tlwaelegileng a badiri ba sekepe di ne tsa tsosa dikhuduego tse dintsi. Nopolo e e tswang kwa go Baron wa Rio Branco, radipolotiki yo o tlotlegang le modipolomate wa seporofešenale, e bontsha nngwe ya metswedi ya tsitsipano: &quot;Go thapa masole a lewatle le banna ba ba kwadisitsweng, re tlisa matlakala a ditoropo tsa rona, di-lumpen tse di senang mosola thata, kwantle ga go baakanyetsa mofuta ope. di-mulatto tsa letlalo le lentsho kgotsa tsa letlalo le lentsho.&quot;[10][D] Dipharologano tsa merafe mo Sesoleng sa Lewatle sa Brazil di ka bo di ile tsa bonala ka bonako mo mothong yo o neng a lebile ka nako eo: batlhankedi ba ba neng ba okametse sekepe seno ba ne ba batla ba le basweu botlhe, fa badiri ba sone ba ne ba le bantsho thata kgotsa, ka selekanyo se sennye, ba le batho ba ba tlhakaneng12. Dipharologano tsa pono di ne di latola dipharologano tse di tseneletseng: badiri ba sekepe ba letlalo le lentsho, ba ka nako ya botsuolodi ba neng ba tla bo e le makgoba a a godileng a a golotsweng ka fa tlase ga Lei Áurea (kgotsa barwa ba ba tsetsweng ba gololesegile ka fa tlase ga Molao wa 1871 wa Popelo e e Lokologileng), ba ne ba batla ba sa rutega go le kalo go feta balebedi ba bona ba basweu.[13]

Sesole sa lewatle, mmogo le makala a mangwe a sesole, e ne e le mafelo a go latlhela diketekete tsa batho ba bantsho ba basha, ba ba neng ba humanegile, ba ka dinako tse dingwe e le dikhutsana ba ba neng ba kgomaretse mo ‘dithotong’ tsa ditoropo tsa Brazil. Ba le bantsi ba ne ba dirile kana go belaelwa gore ba dirile ditlolomolao—le mororo ba ba neng ba se mo mathateng a semolao ba ne ba sa babalesega, ka gonne batho bangwe ba ba neng ba thapiwa ba ne ba tsewa mo mebileng kana ba ne ba latlhegelwa fela ke go rarabolola maduo a bone. Dikgato tse di jalo di ne di dira jaaka &quot;lenyalo le le itekanetseng la kotlhao le phetogo&quot;: batho ba ba neng ba na le kgotsa ba ba neng ba ka nna ba dira ditlolomolao ba ne ba tla tlosiwa mo setšhabeng mme ba katisiwe ka bokgoni jo bo neng bo tla solegela naga molemo.[14] Banna bano ba ne ba tlwaetse go romelwa kwa sesoleng sa lewatle, ba ithuta tiro ba le dingwaga di ka nna 14, mme ba bofiwa kwa sesoleng sa lewatle dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano.[11] João Cândido Felisberto, moeteledipele mo Botsuoloding jwa moragonyana jwa Lash, o ne a ithuta tiro a le dingwaga di le 13 mme a tsenela sesole sa lewatle a le dingwaga di le 16.[15] Batho ba ba neng ba patelediwa go tsena mo sesoleng sa lewatle ba ne ba direla dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi. Baithaopi, ba gongwe go neng go sa gakgamatse go dira peresente e e kwa tlase thata ya batho ba ba neng ba thapilwe, ba ne ba saena dingwaga di le robongwe.[11][E]
[[Setshwantsho:Sailors of Minas Geraes.jpg|left|thumb|Batlhabani ba lewatle ba Brazil Pardo le  preto ba eme go itsaya senepe mo sekepeng sa Minas Geraes, e leng karolo ya motseletsele wa dinepe tse go lebang gore di tserwe fa sekepe seo se ne se etetse kwa United States mo tshimologong ya 1913]]
Ntlha e nngwe e e neng ya baka kganetsano e ne e tswa mo go diriseng thata ga sesole sa lewatle go otlhaya batho ka mmele tota le mo ditlolomolaong tse dinnye. Le fa dikgato tse di ntseng jalo di ne di thibetswe mo bathong ka kakaretso fa e sa le ka Molaotheo wa Bogosi wa 1824 le mo sesoleng fa e sa le ka 1874, sesole sa lewatle se ne sa amega fela ka Ngwanatsele 1889, fa lekgotla la semolao la repaboliki e ntšha le ne le thibela go otlhaiwa jalo. Ba ne ba phimola molao ono pele ga ngwaga o feta moragonyana fa batho ba le bantsi ba ne ba sa o obamele. Go na le moo, go otlhaiwa ka mmele go ne go tla letlelelwa fela kwa Companhia Correcional (Khamphani ya Kgopololo). Lekgotla la peomolao le ne le bona seno e le go thibela mokgwa ono, ka gonne ke fela batsamaisi ba dikepe ba ba nang le ditiragalo tsa thubakanyo kgotsa tsa go fetola puso ba ba neng ba tla lebana le go itewa. Boammaaruri bo ne bo farologane thata: ka gonne dikhamphani di ne di le teng gongwe le gongwe mo dikepeng, mosesi mongwe le mongwe wa sekepe o ne a ka fudusediwa kwa Companhia Correcional mme a se na phetogo epe mo ditirong tsa bone tsa letsatsi le letsatsi.[17]

Bontsi jwa batlhankedi ba Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil ba ne ba dumela gore go otlhaya batho ka mmele e ne e le sedirisiwa sa botlhokwa sa go boloka maitseo mo dikepeng tsa bone. Moeteledipele wa sekepe wa Brazil yo o sa itsiweng, yo o neng a emela nako ya gagwe, o ne a kwala ka 1961 gore &quot;... batsamaisi ba rona ba dikepe ba nako eo, ba ba neng ba tlhoka ditlhokego tsa boitsholo le tsa tlhaloganyo tsa go lebogela dikarolo tse di nyenyefatsang tsa kotlhao [go itewa], ba ne ba e amogela ka tlholego fela, jaaka tshono ya go bontsha bogolo jwa bone jwa mmele le jwa tlhaloganyo jwa go tlhoka kitso ... badiri ba ba neng ba bopa badiri ba sekepe.&quot;[18]

== Botsoulodi ==

=== Dipaakanyo le ketapele ===

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>40938</id>
      <parentid>40937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T17:06:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KatieKea</username>
        <id>10150</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025</comment>
      <origin>40938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13711" sha1="lmb6x9my763ro4my9n3q3gzqfq9jc98" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Joao Candido.jpg|thumb|Moeteledipele wa Tsogologo ya Lash, João Cândido Felisberto (moleng o o kwa pele, ka tlhamalalo kafa molemeng wa monna yo o apereng sutu e ntsho), le babegadikgang, mapodisi le batsamaisi ba dikepe mo sekepeng sa Minas Geraes ka Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borataro 1910.]]
'''Tsogologo ya Lash'''&lt;sup&gt;[[:en:Revolt_of_the_Lash#cite_note-1|[A]]]&lt;/sup&gt; (Sepotokisi: ''Revolta da Chibata'') e ne e le botsuolodi jwa sesole sa lewatle kwa Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, kwa bokhutlong jwa Ngwanatsele 1910. E ne e le ditlamorago tse di tlhamaletseng tsa tiriso ya dime(&quot;dithupa&quot;) ke badiredi ba basweu ba sesole sa lewatle fa ba ne ba otlhaya badiredi ba lewatle ba Afro-Brazil le ba morafe o o tlhakaneng.

Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo le lesha la dingwaga go batlega mo go neng go ntse go oketsega ga kofi le rabara go ne ga dira gore mapolotiki a Brazil ba kgone go leka go fetola lefatshe la bone go nna mmusomogolo wa boditshabatshaba. Karolo ya botlhokwa ya se e ne e tla tswa mo go direng gore Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil se nne sa segompieno, se se neng se tlhokomologilwe fa e sa le go menolwa puso, ka go reka dikepe tsa ntwa tsa mofuta o mosha wa &quot;dreadnought&quot;. Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a loago mo Sesoleng sa Lewatle sa Brazil a ne a sa tsamaisane le maranyane a a masha. Badiredi ba basweu ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba ne ba okametse bontsi jwa badiri ba sekepe ba bantsho le ba merafe e e tlhakaneng, ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba pateleditswe go tsena mo sesoleng sa lewatle ka dikonteraka tsa nako e telele. Mapodise ano a ne a otlhaya badiri ba sekepe gangwe le gape ka ntlha ya ditlolomolao tse dikgolo le tse dinnye ka go tshwana le fa mokgwa o o ne o thibetswe mo mafatsheng a mangwe a mantsi le kwa Brazil yotlhe.

Ka ntlha ya ntwa eo, batsamaisi ba dikepe ba ne ba simolola botsuolodi jo bo neng bo rulagantswe ka kelotlhoko le go dirwa kwa Rio de Janeiro ka Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le bobedi, 1910. Banna ba ba ne ba eteletswe pele ke [[João Cândido Felisberto]], mme ba ne ba kgona go laola dikepe tse ka bobedi, sekepe se le sengwe se sesha se se neng se tsamaya ka dikepe, le sekepe se sengwe sa bogologolo sa itshireletso go oketsa thuntsho ya bone e phala ya ba bangwe botlhe ba sesole sa lewatle. Go dirisa matshosetsi a dikepe tseno di neng di a tlisetsa motsemogolo wa Brazil, ditsuolodi di ne tsa romela lekwalo kwa pusong le le neng le batla gore go fedisiwe se ba neng ba se bitsa &quot;bokgoba&quot; se se neng se dirwa ke sesole sa lewatle.

Fa lekala la bokhuduthamaga la puso le ntse le loga leano la go tsaya gape kgotsa go nwetsa dikepe tsa ntwa tse di neng di tsuologa, le ne la kgorelediwa ke go sa tshepane ga badiri le mathata a didirisiwa; baditso fa e sa le ka nako eo ba ile ba belaela kgonagalo ya gore ba ka kgona go fitlhelela epe ya tsone ka katlego. Ka nako e e tshwanang, Congress—e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Senator Rui Barbosa—e ne ya latela tsela ya go itshwarela, ya tlhoma mokapotene wa pele wa sesole sa lewatle gore e nne mogokaganyi wa bone le marabele. Tsela e ya bofelo e ne ya atlega, mme molaokakanyetso o o neng o itshwarela botlhe ba ba amegang le go fedisa tiriso ya kotlhao ya mmele o ne wa fetisiwa ke ntlo e e kwa tlase ka selekanyo se se sa kgoneng go thibelwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, bontsi jwa batsamaisi ba dikepe ba ba neng ba amega ba ne ba gololwa ka bonako mo sesoleng sa lewatle, mme bontsi jwa ditsuolodi tsa ntlhantlha di ne tsa latlhelwa mo kgolegelong moragonyana kgotsa ba romelwa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di phutha rabara kwa Amazon ya Brazil.

== Ditso ==
Mo dingwageng tsa pele ga tsogologo eo, batho ba Brazil ba ne ba bona diphetogo kgapetsakgapetsa mo maemong a lefatshe leo mo dipolotiking, mo itsholelong le mo loagong. Sekai, ka Motsheganong wa 1888, bokgoba kwa Brazil bo ne jwa fedisiwa ka go tsenngwa tirisong ga molao wa ''Lei Áurea'', molao o o neng o ganediwa thata ke batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba kwa Brazil le beng ba masimo.&lt;ref&gt;Morgan, ''Legacy'', 21.&lt;/ref&gt; Go sa kgotsofale moo ga batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo mo setshabeng go ne ga dira gore go nne le menolopuso ka kagiso e e neng e eteletswe pele ke sesole mme e eteletswe pele ke Benjamin Constant le Moeteledipele wa Sesole Deodoro da Fonseca. Mmusimogolo Pedro II le lelapa la gagwe ba ne ba isiwa lejwa kwa Yuropa ka bonako le ka tidimalo; di ne tsa emisediwa ka rephaboliki ya sereto e Fonseca e neng e le tautona wa yone.&lt;ref&gt;Grant, ''Rulers, Guns, and Money'', 148.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Setshwantsho:Pedro II of Brazil - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|Pedro II, mmusimogolo wa Brazil, o ne a tlosiwa mo setilong ka 1889, mme seo se ne sa dira gore go nne le dikhuduego mo lefatsheng leo dingwaga di le lesome .]]
Ngwagasome o o latelang o ne wa tshwaiwa ke botsuolodi bo le mmalwa kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e ntsha ya sepolotiki, go akaretsa le ditsogologo tsa sesole sa lewatle (1891, 1893–94), ditsogologo tsa Bofederale (1893–95), Ntwa ya Canudos (1896–97), le ditsogologo tsa Moento (1904), tse mo go tsone boleng jwa Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil bo neng jwa fokotsega go bapisiwa le baagisani ka ntlha ya kgaisano ya dibetsa tsa sesole sa lewatle sa Argentina le Chile.&lt;ref&gt;Grant, ''Rulers, Guns, and Money'', 148; Martins, ''A marinha brasileira'', 56, 67; Brook, ''Warships for Export'', 133; Livermore, &quot;Battleship Diplomacy,&quot; 32; Topliss, &quot;Brazilian Dreadnoughts,&quot; 240.&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi, sekepe sa lewatle sa bogologolo sa Brazil se se nang le diperesente di le masome a mane le botlhano fela tsa badiri ba sone ba ba letleletsweng (ka 1896) le dikepe di le pedi fela tsa ntwa tsa segompieno tse di nang le dibetsa di ne di ka lebagana le sesole sa lewatle sa Argentina le Chile se se neng se tletse ka dikepe tse di laetsweng mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di fetileng.&lt;ref&gt;Love, ''Revolt'', 16; Sondhaus, ''Naval Warfare'', 216; Scheina, &quot;Brazil,&quot; 403.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[B]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;In 1893, Rear Admiral [[:en:Custódio_José_de_Mello|Custódio José de Mello]], the minister of the navy, revolted against President [[:en:Floriano_Peixoto|Floriano Peixoto]], bringing nearly all of the Brazilian warships currently in the country with him. Mello's forces took [[:en:Florianópolis|Desterro]] when the governor surrendered, and began to coordinate with secessionists in the southern province of [[:en:Rio_Grande_do_Sul|Rio Grande do Sul]], but loyal Brazilian forces overwhelmed them both. Most of the rebel naval forces were sailed to Argentina, where their crews surrendered; the flagship, ''[[:en:Brazilian_battleship_Aquidabã|Aquidabã]]'', held out near Desterro until it was sunk by a torpedo boat.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lefa go ntse jalo, kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo le lesha la dingwaga, go batlega ga kofi le rabara mo go neng go ntse go oketsega go ne ga dira gore puso ya Brazil e nne le madi a mantsi. Bakwadi ba motlha oo ba ne ba fopholetsa gore diperesente di le masome a supa le botlhano go ya go di le masome robabobedi tsa kofi e e neng e le teng mo lefatsheng di ne di lengwa kwa Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;Hutchinson, &quot;Coffee 'Valorization',&quot; 528–29.&lt;/ref&gt; Mapolotiki a a tlhageletseng a Brazil, segolobogolo [[Pinheiro Machado]] le [[Baron wa Rio Branco]], ba ne ba bata gore lefatshe leo le amogelwe jaaka mmusomogolo wa boditshabatshaba, ka gonne ba ne ba dumela gore madi a a tswang mo phefong a nako e khutshwane a ne a tla tswelela. Sesole sa lewatle se se nonofileng se ne sa bonwa se le botlhokwa thata mo mokgeleng o.&lt;ref&gt;Love, ''Revolt'', 14; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.&lt;/ref&gt; National Congress ya Brazil e ne ya thala le go fetisa thulaganyo e kgolo ya go bona dikepe tsa sesole sa lewatle kwa bokhutlong jwa 1904, mme go ne ga feta dingwaga di le pedi pele ga go rekwa dikepe dipe. Fa ba ne ba reka dikepe tse dinnye di le tharo tsa ntwa la ntlha, go simololwa ga sekepe sa Borithane se se neng se fetola dilo se se bidiwang [[HMS Dreadnought|HMS ''Dreadnought'']]—se se neng se itsise ka mofuta o mosha le o o nonofileng wa sekepe sa ntwa—go ne ga dira gore Ba-Brazil ba phimole taelo ya bone mme ba tlhophe dikepe tse pedi tse di tshosang. Dikepe tse di ne di tla bidiwa ''Minas Geraes'' le ''São Paulo'', mme di ne di tla tsamaya le dikepe tse pedi tse dinnye tsa go tsamaya ka dinao, ''Bahia'' le ''Rio Grande do Sul'', le dikepe di le lesome tsa tshireletso sa ''Pará''.&lt;ref&gt;Martins, ''A marinha brasileira'', 80, Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; Scheina, &quot;Brazil,&quot; 403; Topliss, &quot;Brazilian Dreadnoughts,&quot; 240–46.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[C]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A third dreadnought was to follow them, but it was [[:en:Brazilian_battleship_Rio_de_Janeiro|canceled and reordered several times]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maemo mo sesoleng sa lewatle ==
Go tlhabololwa gono ga thekenoloji mo Sesoleng sa Lewatle sa Brazil go ne go sa tshwane le phetogo ya loago, mme dikgotlhang fa gare ga setlhopha sa batlhankedi ba sesole sa lewatle le maloko a a tlwaelegileng a badiri ba sekepe di ne tsa tsosa dikhuduego tse dintsi. Nopolo e e tswang kwa go Baron wa Rio Branco, radipolotiki yo o tlotlegang le modipolomate wa seporofešenale, e bontsha nngwe ya metswedi ya tsitsipano: &quot;Go thapa masole a lewatle le banna ba ba kwadisitsweng, re tlisa matlakala a ditoropo tsa rona, di-lumpen tse di senang mosola thata, kwantle ga go baakanyetsa mofuta ope. di-mulatto tsa letlalo le lentsho kgotsa tsa letlalo le lentsho.&quot;[10][D] Dipharologano tsa merafe mo Sesoleng sa Lewatle sa Brazil di ka bo di ile tsa bonala ka bonako mo mothong yo o neng a lebile ka nako eo: batlhankedi ba ba neng ba okametse sekepe seno ba ne ba batla ba le basweu botlhe, fa badiri ba sone ba ne ba le bantsho thata kgotsa, ka selekanyo se sennye, ba le batho ba ba tlhakaneng12. Dipharologano tsa pono di ne di latola dipharologano tse di tseneletseng: badiri ba sekepe ba letlalo le lentsho, ba ka nako ya botsuolodi ba neng ba tla bo e le makgoba a a godileng a a golotsweng ka fa tlase ga Lei Áurea (kgotsa barwa ba ba tsetsweng ba gololesegile ka fa tlase ga Molao wa 1871 wa Popelo e e Lokologileng), ba ne ba batla ba sa rutega go le kalo go feta balebedi ba bona ba basweu.[13]

Sesole sa lewatle, mmogo le makala a mangwe a sesole, e ne e le mafelo a go latlhela diketekete tsa batho ba bantsho ba basha, ba ba neng ba humanegile, ba ka dinako tse dingwe e le dikhutsana ba ba neng ba kgomaretse mo ‘dithotong’ tsa ditoropo tsa Brazil. Ba le bantsi ba ne ba dirile kana go belaelwa gore ba dirile ditlolomolao—le mororo ba ba neng ba se mo mathateng a semolao ba ne ba sa babalesega, ka gonne batho bangwe ba ba neng ba thapiwa ba ne ba tsewa mo mebileng kana ba ne ba latlhegelwa fela ke go rarabolola maduo a bone. Dikgato tse di jalo di ne di dira jaaka &quot;lenyalo le le itekanetseng la kotlhao le phetogo&quot;: batho ba ba neng ba na le kgotsa ba ba neng ba ka nna ba dira ditlolomolao ba ne ba tla tlosiwa mo setšhabeng mme ba katisiwe ka bokgoni jo bo neng bo tla solegela naga molemo.[14] Banna bano ba ne ba tlwaetse go romelwa kwa sesoleng sa lewatle, ba ithuta tiro ba le dingwaga di ka nna 14, mme ba bofiwa kwa sesoleng sa lewatle dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano.[11] João Cândido Felisberto, moeteledipele mo Botsuoloding jwa moragonyana jwa Lash, o ne a ithuta tiro a le dingwaga di le 13 mme a tsenela sesole sa lewatle a le dingwaga di le 16.[15] Batho ba ba neng ba patelediwa go tsena mo sesoleng sa lewatle ba ne ba direla dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi. Baithaopi, ba gongwe go neng go sa gakgamatse go dira peresente e e kwa tlase thata ya batho ba ba neng ba thapilwe, ba ne ba saena dingwaga di le robongwe.[11][E]
[[Setshwantsho:Sailors of Minas Geraes.jpg|left|thumb|Batlhabani ba lewatle ba Brazil Pardo le  preto ba eme go itsaya senepe mo sekepeng sa Minas Geraes, e leng karolo ya motseletsele wa dinepe tse go lebang gore di tserwe fa sekepe seo se ne se etetse kwa United States mo tshimologong ya 1913]]
Ntlha e nngwe e e neng ya baka kganetsano e ne e tswa mo go diriseng thata ga sesole sa lewatle go otlhaya batho ka mmele tota le mo ditlolomolaong tse dinnye. Le fa dikgato tse di ntseng jalo di ne di thibetswe mo bathong ka kakaretso fa e sa le ka Molaotheo wa Bogosi wa 1824 le mo sesoleng fa e sa le ka 1874, sesole sa lewatle se ne sa amega fela ka Ngwanatsele 1889, fa lekgotla la semolao la repaboliki e ntšha le ne le thibela go otlhaiwa jalo. Ba ne ba phimola molao ono pele ga ngwaga o feta moragonyana fa batho ba le bantsi ba ne ba sa o obamele. Go na le moo, go otlhaiwa ka mmele go ne go tla letlelelwa fela kwa Companhia Correcional (Khamphani ya Kgopololo). Lekgotla la peomolao le ne le bona seno e le go thibela mokgwa ono, ka gonne ke fela batsamaisi ba dikepe ba ba nang le ditiragalo tsa thubakanyo kgotsa tsa go fetola puso ba ba neng ba tla lebana le go itewa. Boammaaruri bo ne bo farologane thata: ka gonne dikhamphani di ne di le teng gongwe le gongwe mo dikepeng, mosesi mongwe le mongwe wa sekepe o ne a ka fudusediwa kwa Companhia Correcional mme a se na phetogo epe mo ditirong tsa bone tsa letsatsi le letsatsi.[17]

Bontsi jwa batlhankedi ba Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil ba ne ba dumela gore go otlhaya batho ka mmele e ne e le sedirisiwa sa botlhokwa sa go boloka maitseo mo dikepeng tsa bone. Moeteledipele wa sekepe wa Brazil yo o sa itsiweng, yo o neng a emela nako ya gagwe, o ne a kwala ka 1961 gore &quot;... batsamaisi ba rona ba dikepe ba nako eo, ba ba neng ba tlhoka ditlhokego tsa boitsholo le tsa tlhaloganyo tsa go lebogela dikarolo tse di nyenyefatsang tsa kotlhao [go itewa], ba ne ba e amogela ka tlholego fela, jaaka tshono ya go bontsha bogolo jwa bone jwa mmele le jwa tlhaloganyo jwa go tlhoka kitso ... badiri ba ba neng ba bopa badiri ba sekepe.&quot;[18]

== Botsoulodi ==

=== Dipaakanyo le ketapele ===

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>40939</id>
      <parentid>40938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T17:41:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KatieKea</username>
        <id>10150</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Maemo mo sesoleng sa lewatle */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025</comment>
      <origin>40939</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14786" sha1="dcl6c9zqzlc5szux2fnlchf8dvjp62v" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Joao Candido.jpg|thumb|Moeteledipele wa Tsogologo ya Lash, João Cândido Felisberto (moleng o o kwa pele, ka tlhamalalo kafa molemeng wa monna yo o apereng sutu e ntsho), le babegadikgang, mapodisi le batsamaisi ba dikepe mo sekepeng sa Minas Geraes ka Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borataro 1910.]]
'''Tsogologo ya Lash'''&lt;sup&gt;[[:en:Revolt_of_the_Lash#cite_note-1|[A]]]&lt;/sup&gt; (Sepotokisi: ''Revolta da Chibata'') e ne e le botsuolodi jwa sesole sa lewatle kwa Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, kwa bokhutlong jwa Ngwanatsele 1910. E ne e le ditlamorago tse di tlhamaletseng tsa tiriso ya dime(&quot;dithupa&quot;) ke badiredi ba basweu ba sesole sa lewatle fa ba ne ba otlhaya badiredi ba lewatle ba Afro-Brazil le ba morafe o o tlhakaneng.

Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo le lesha la dingwaga go batlega mo go neng go ntse go oketsega ga kofi le rabara go ne ga dira gore mapolotiki a Brazil ba kgone go leka go fetola lefatshe la bone go nna mmusomogolo wa boditshabatshaba. Karolo ya botlhokwa ya se e ne e tla tswa mo go direng gore Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil se nne sa segompieno, se se neng se tlhokomologilwe fa e sa le go menolwa puso, ka go reka dikepe tsa ntwa tsa mofuta o mosha wa &quot;dreadnought&quot;. Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a loago mo Sesoleng sa Lewatle sa Brazil a ne a sa tsamaisane le maranyane a a masha. Badiredi ba basweu ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba ne ba okametse bontsi jwa badiri ba sekepe ba bantsho le ba merafe e e tlhakaneng, ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba pateleditswe go tsena mo sesoleng sa lewatle ka dikonteraka tsa nako e telele. Mapodise ano a ne a otlhaya badiri ba sekepe gangwe le gape ka ntlha ya ditlolomolao tse dikgolo le tse dinnye ka go tshwana le fa mokgwa o o ne o thibetswe mo mafatsheng a mangwe a mantsi le kwa Brazil yotlhe.

Ka ntlha ya ntwa eo, batsamaisi ba dikepe ba ne ba simolola botsuolodi jo bo neng bo rulagantswe ka kelotlhoko le go dirwa kwa Rio de Janeiro ka Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le bobedi, 1910. Banna ba ba ne ba eteletswe pele ke [[João Cândido Felisberto]], mme ba ne ba kgona go laola dikepe tse ka bobedi, sekepe se le sengwe se sesha se se neng se tsamaya ka dikepe, le sekepe se sengwe sa bogologolo sa itshireletso go oketsa thuntsho ya bone e phala ya ba bangwe botlhe ba sesole sa lewatle. Go dirisa matshosetsi a dikepe tseno di neng di a tlisetsa motsemogolo wa Brazil, ditsuolodi di ne tsa romela lekwalo kwa pusong le le neng le batla gore go fedisiwe se ba neng ba se bitsa &quot;bokgoba&quot; se se neng se dirwa ke sesole sa lewatle.

Fa lekala la bokhuduthamaga la puso le ntse le loga leano la go tsaya gape kgotsa go nwetsa dikepe tsa ntwa tse di neng di tsuologa, le ne la kgorelediwa ke go sa tshepane ga badiri le mathata a didirisiwa; baditso fa e sa le ka nako eo ba ile ba belaela kgonagalo ya gore ba ka kgona go fitlhelela epe ya tsone ka katlego. Ka nako e e tshwanang, Congress—e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Senator Rui Barbosa—e ne ya latela tsela ya go itshwarela, ya tlhoma mokapotene wa pele wa sesole sa lewatle gore e nne mogokaganyi wa bone le marabele. Tsela e ya bofelo e ne ya atlega, mme molaokakanyetso o o neng o itshwarela botlhe ba ba amegang le go fedisa tiriso ya kotlhao ya mmele o ne wa fetisiwa ke ntlo e e kwa tlase ka selekanyo se se sa kgoneng go thibelwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, bontsi jwa batsamaisi ba dikepe ba ba neng ba amega ba ne ba gololwa ka bonako mo sesoleng sa lewatle, mme bontsi jwa ditsuolodi tsa ntlhantlha di ne tsa latlhelwa mo kgolegelong moragonyana kgotsa ba romelwa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di phutha rabara kwa Amazon ya Brazil.

== Ditso ==
Mo dingwageng tsa pele ga tsogologo eo, batho ba Brazil ba ne ba bona diphetogo kgapetsakgapetsa mo maemong a lefatshe leo mo dipolotiking, mo itsholelong le mo loagong. Sekai, ka Motsheganong wa 1888, bokgoba kwa Brazil bo ne jwa fedisiwa ka go tsenngwa tirisong ga molao wa ''Lei Áurea'', molao o o neng o ganediwa thata ke batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba kwa Brazil le beng ba masimo.&lt;ref&gt;Morgan, ''Legacy'', 21.&lt;/ref&gt; Go sa kgotsofale moo ga batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo mo setshabeng go ne ga dira gore go nne le menolopuso ka kagiso e e neng e eteletswe pele ke sesole mme e eteletswe pele ke Benjamin Constant le Moeteledipele wa Sesole Deodoro da Fonseca. Mmusimogolo Pedro II le lelapa la gagwe ba ne ba isiwa lejwa kwa Yuropa ka bonako le ka tidimalo; di ne tsa emisediwa ka rephaboliki ya sereto e Fonseca e neng e le tautona wa yone.&lt;ref&gt;Grant, ''Rulers, Guns, and Money'', 148.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Setshwantsho:Pedro II of Brazil - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|Pedro II, mmusimogolo wa Brazil, o ne a tlosiwa mo setilong ka 1889, mme seo se ne sa dira gore go nne le dikhuduego mo lefatsheng leo dingwaga di le lesome .]]
Ngwagasome o o latelang o ne wa tshwaiwa ke botsuolodi bo le mmalwa kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e ntsha ya sepolotiki, go akaretsa le ditsogologo tsa sesole sa lewatle (1891, 1893–94), ditsogologo tsa Bofederale (1893–95), Ntwa ya Canudos (1896–97), le ditsogologo tsa Moento (1904), tse mo go tsone boleng jwa Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil bo neng jwa fokotsega go bapisiwa le baagisani ka ntlha ya kgaisano ya dibetsa tsa sesole sa lewatle sa Argentina le Chile.&lt;ref&gt;Grant, ''Rulers, Guns, and Money'', 148; Martins, ''A marinha brasileira'', 56, 67; Brook, ''Warships for Export'', 133; Livermore, &quot;Battleship Diplomacy,&quot; 32; Topliss, &quot;Brazilian Dreadnoughts,&quot; 240.&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi, sekepe sa lewatle sa bogologolo sa Brazil se se nang le diperesente di le masome a mane le botlhano fela tsa badiri ba sone ba ba letleletsweng (ka 1896) le dikepe di le pedi fela tsa ntwa tsa segompieno tse di nang le dibetsa di ne di ka lebagana le sesole sa lewatle sa Argentina le Chile se se neng se tletse ka dikepe tse di laetsweng mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di fetileng.&lt;ref&gt;Love, ''Revolt'', 16; Sondhaus, ''Naval Warfare'', 216; Scheina, &quot;Brazil,&quot; 403.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[B]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;In 1893, Rear Admiral [[:en:Custódio_José_de_Mello|Custódio José de Mello]], the minister of the navy, revolted against President [[:en:Floriano_Peixoto|Floriano Peixoto]], bringing nearly all of the Brazilian warships currently in the country with him. Mello's forces took [[:en:Florianópolis|Desterro]] when the governor surrendered, and began to coordinate with secessionists in the southern province of [[:en:Rio_Grande_do_Sul|Rio Grande do Sul]], but loyal Brazilian forces overwhelmed them both. Most of the rebel naval forces were sailed to Argentina, where their crews surrendered; the flagship, ''[[:en:Brazilian_battleship_Aquidabã|Aquidabã]]'', held out near Desterro until it was sunk by a torpedo boat.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lefa go ntse jalo, kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo le lesha la dingwaga, go batlega ga kofi le rabara mo go neng go ntse go oketsega go ne ga dira gore puso ya Brazil e nne le madi a mantsi. Bakwadi ba motlha oo ba ne ba fopholetsa gore diperesente di le masome a supa le botlhano go ya go di le masome robabobedi tsa kofi e e neng e le teng mo lefatsheng di ne di lengwa kwa Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;Hutchinson, &quot;Coffee 'Valorization',&quot; 528–29.&lt;/ref&gt; Mapolotiki a a tlhageletseng a Brazil, segolobogolo [[Pinheiro Machado]] le [[Baron wa Rio Branco]], ba ne ba bata gore lefatshe leo le amogelwe jaaka mmusomogolo wa boditshabatshaba, ka gonne ba ne ba dumela gore madi a a tswang mo phefong a nako e khutshwane a ne a tla tswelela. Sesole sa lewatle se se nonofileng se ne sa bonwa se le botlhokwa thata mo mokgeleng o.&lt;ref&gt;Love, ''Revolt'', 14; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80.&lt;/ref&gt; National Congress ya Brazil e ne ya thala le go fetisa thulaganyo e kgolo ya go bona dikepe tsa sesole sa lewatle kwa bokhutlong jwa 1904, mme go ne ga feta dingwaga di le pedi pele ga go rekwa dikepe dipe. Fa ba ne ba reka dikepe tse dinnye di le tharo tsa ntwa la ntlha, go simololwa ga sekepe sa Borithane se se neng se fetola dilo se se bidiwang [[HMS Dreadnought|HMS ''Dreadnought'']]—se se neng se itsise ka mofuta o mosha le o o nonofileng wa sekepe sa ntwa—go ne ga dira gore Ba-Brazil ba phimole taelo ya bone mme ba tlhophe dikepe tse pedi tse di tshosang. Dikepe tse di ne di tla bidiwa ''Minas Geraes'' le ''São Paulo'', mme di ne di tla tsamaya le dikepe tse pedi tse dinnye tsa go tsamaya ka dinao, ''Bahia'' le ''Rio Grande do Sul'', le dikepe di le lesome tsa tshireletso sa ''Pará''.&lt;ref&gt;Martins, ''A marinha brasileira'', 80, Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; Scheina, &quot;Brazil,&quot; 403; Topliss, &quot;Brazilian Dreadnoughts,&quot; 240–46.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[C]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A third dreadnought was to follow them, but it was [[:en:Brazilian_battleship_Rio_de_Janeiro|canceled and reordered several times]].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maemo mo sesoleng sa lewatle ===
Go tlhabololwa moo ga maranyane mo Sesoleng sa Lewatle sa Brazil go ne go sa tshwane le phetogo ya loago, mme dikgotlhang fa gare ga setlhopha sa badiredi ba sesole sa lewatle le maloko a a tlwaelesegileng a badiri ba sekepe di ne tsa tsosa dikhuduego tse dintsi. Nopolo e e tswang kwa go Baron wa Rio Branco, radipolotiki yo o tlotlegang le modipolomate wa seporofeshenale, e bontsha nngwe ya metswedi ya kgagamatso: &quot;Go thapa masole a lewatle le banna ba ba kwadisitsweng, re tlisa matlakala a ditoropo tsa rona, di-lumpen tse di senang mosola thata, kwantle ga go baakanyetsa mofuta ope. Makgoba a pele le bana ba makgoba ba dira ditlhopha tsa babereki ba dikepe tsa rona, bontsi jwa bone ba le bantsho kana mulatto tsa letlalo le lentsho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;J[[:en:José_Paranhos,_Baron_of_Rio_Branco|osé Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco]], in Edmar Morel, ''A Revolta da Chibata'' 4th ed. (Rio de Janeiro: Edições Graal, 1986), 13, in Morgan, &quot;Revolt of the Lash,&quot; 37.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[D]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'Dregs' in this context is a translation of the Portuguese ''fezes'', which literally means [[:en:Feces|feces]].&lt;/ref&gt; Dipharologano tsa merafe mo Sesoleng sa Lewatle sa Brazil di ka bo di ile tsa bonala ka bonako mo mothong yo o neng a lebile ka nako eo: badiredi ba ba neng ba okametse sekepe se ba ne ba hampore ba le basweu botlhe, fa badiri ba sone ba ne ba le bantsho thata kgotsa, ka selekanyo se sennye, ba le batho ba ba tlhakaneng.&lt;ref&gt;Love, ''Revolt'', 20; Morgan, &quot;Revolt of the Lash,&quot; 36–37.&lt;/ref&gt; Dipharologano tse di bonalang di ne di mpampetsa dipharologano tse di tseneletseng: badiri ba sekepe ba letlalo le lentsho, ba ka nako ya tsogologo ba neng ba tla bo e le makgoba a a godileng a a golotsweng ka fa tlase ga ''Lei Áurea'' (kgotsa barwa ba ba tsetsweng ba gololesegile ka fa tlase ga Molao wa 1871 wa Popelo e e Lokologileng), ba ne gantsi ba sa rutega go le kalo go feta balebedi ba bona ba basweu.&lt;ref&gt;Love, ''Revolt'', 20–21; Morgan, &quot;Revolt of the Lash,&quot; 36–37.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sesole sa lewatle, mmogo le makala a mangwe a sesole, e ne e le mafelo a go latlhela diketekete tsa batho ba bantsho ba basha, ba ba neng ba humanegile, ba ka dinako tse dingwe e le dikhutsana ba ba neng ba kgomaretse mo ‘lesweng’ la ditoropo tsa Brazil. Ba le bantsi ba ne ba dirile kana go belaelwa gore ba dirile ditlolomolao—le mororo ba ba neng ba se mo mathateng a semolao ba ne ba sa babalesega, ka gonne batho bangwe ba ba neng ba thapiwa ba ne ba tsewa mo mebileng kana ba ne ba latlhegelwa fela ke go rarabolola maduo a bone. Dikgato tse di jalo di ne di dira jaaka &quot;nyalano e e kwetlepa ya kotlhao le phetogo&quot;: batho ba ba neng ba na le kgotsa ba ba neng ba ka nna ba dira ditlolomolao ba ne ba tla tlosiwa mo setshabeng mme ba katisiwe ka bokgoni jo bo neng bo tla solegela lefatshe molemo.&lt;ref&gt;Schneider, &quot;Amnestied in Brazil,&quot; 117.&lt;/ref&gt; Banna bao ba ne ba tlwaetse go romelwa kwa sesoleng sa lewatle, ba ithuta tiro ba le dingwaga di ka nna lesome le bone, mme ba bofiwa kwa sesoleng sa lewatle dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; João Cândido Felisberto, moeteledipele mo Tsogologong ya moragonyana ya Lash, o ne a ithuta tiro a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro mme a tsenela sesole sa lewatle a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro.&lt;ref&gt;Schneider, &quot;Amnestied in Brazil,&quot; 119–20.&lt;/ref&gt; Batho ba ba neng ba patelediwa go tsena mo sesoleng sa lewatle ba ne ba dira dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi. Baithaopi, ba gongwe go neng go sa gakgamatse go dira peresente e e kwa tlase thata ya batho ba ba neng ba thapilwe, ba ne ba saena dingwaga di robabongwe.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;[E]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;In 1910, the navy reported receiving only 49 volunteers. In the same year, the navy received 924 new sailors from the apprentice schools.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Sailors of Minas Geraes.jpg|left|thumb|Batlhabani ba lewatle ba Brazil Pardo le  preto ba eme go itsaya senepe mo sekepeng sa Minas Geraes, e leng karolo ya motseletsele wa dinepe tse go lebang gore di tserwe fa sekepe seo se ne se etetse kwa United States mo tshimologong ya 1913]]
Ntlha e nngwe e e neng ya baka kganetsano e ne e tswa mo go diriseng thata ga sesole sa lewatle go otlhaya batho mmele tota le mo ditlolomolaong tse dinnye. Le fa dikgato tse di ntseng jalo di ne di thibetswe mo bathong ka kakaretso fa e sa le ka Molaomotheo wa Bogosi wa 1824 le mo sesoleng fa e sa le ka 1874, sesole sa lewatle se ne sa amega fela ka Ngwanatsele 1889, fa lekgotla la semolao la rephaboliki e ntsha le ne le thibela go otlhaiwa jalo. Ba ne ba phimola molao o pele ga ngwaga o feta moragonyana fa batho ba le bantsi ba ne ba sa o obamele. Go na le moo, go otlhaiwa ga mmele go ne go tla letlelelwa fela kwa ''Companhia Correcional'' (komponing ya Kgopololo). Lekgotla la peomolao le ne le bona se e le go thibela mokgwa o, ka gonne ke fela batsamaisi ba dikepe ba ba nang le ditiragalo tsa thubakanyo kgotsa tsa go fetola puso ba ba neng ba tla lebana le go itewa. Boammaaruri bo ne bo farologane thata: ka gonne dikomponi di ne di le teng gongwe le gongwe mo dikepeng, mokgweetsi mongwe le mongwe wa sekepe o ne a ka fudusediwa kwa ''Companhia Correcional'' mme go se nne le phetogo epe mo ditirong tsa bone tsa letsatsi le letsatsi.&lt;ref&gt;Morgan, &quot;Revolt of the Lash,&quot; 36.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bontsi jwa badiredi ba Sesole sa Lewatle sa Brazil ba ne ba dumela gore go otlhaya batho mmele e ne e le sedirisiwa sa botlhokwa sa go boloka maitseo mo dikepeng tsa bone. Moeteledipele wa sekepe wa Brazil yo o sa itsiweng, yo o neng a emela nako ya gagwe, o ne a kwala ka 1961 gore &quot;... batsamaisi ba rona ba dikepe ba nako eo, ba ba neng ba tlhoka ditlhokego tsa boitsholo le tsa tlhaloganyo tsa go lebogela dikarolo tse di nyenyefatsang tsa kotlhao [go itewa], ba ne ba e amogela ka tlholego fela, jaaka tshono ya go bontsha bogolo jwa bone jwa mmele le jwa tlhaloganyo jwa go tlhoka kitso ...Tse tsotlhe ...di tlhaloganyesega mo seemong sa bokomorago jwa tlhaloganyo le go kgatlhologa ga badiri ba ba neng ba bopa badiri ba sekepe.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Love, ''Revolt'', 79, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botsoulodi ==

=== Dipaakanyo le ketapele ===

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <title>Kgethololo ya letso le mmala kwa Brazil</title>
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        <username>KatieKea</username>
        <id>10150</id>
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      <comment>Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e #AWC2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="13610" sha1="mt4b5ddvpo14kkpzpzhomdtqblxo5la" xml:space="preserve">Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ntse e le teng kwa Brazil go tloga ka nako ya yone ya bokolone mme e supiwa jaaka nngwe ya mefuta e megolo le e e anameng thata ya tlhaolele, fa e se e e anameng thata, mo lefatsheng ke baithuti ba batho ba le mmalwa, baithuta-loago, babueledi, baditso le ba bangwe.&lt;ref&gt;Rachid, Edimilson Cardial, João Jonas e Laura (9 September 2021). [https://revistaeducacao.com.br/2021/09/09/lilia-schwarcz-brasil-racista/ &quot;Lilia Schwarcz destrincha o Brasil racista e desigual&quot;]. ''RFM Editores''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-48424611 &quot;Racismo é um problema econômico, diz diretor de agência antipobreza da ONU&quot;]. ''BBC News Brasil'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/infomaterias/2020/06/negro-continuara-sendo-oprimido-enquanto-o-brasil-nao-se-assumir-racista-dizem-especialistas &quot;Negro continuará sendo oprimido enquanto o Brasil não se assumir racista, dizem especialistas&quot;]. ''Senado Federal'' (in Brazilian Portuguese).  E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tlhamane ya temokerasi ya semorafe, lereo le le tlhamilweng la ntlha ke moithutaloago wa Brazil Gilberto Freyre mo tirong ya gagwe ya 1933 ya ''Casa-Grande &amp; Senzala'' (Beng le Makgoba), le dirisiwa ke batho ba le bantsi mo nageng go ganela kgotsa go nyatsa go nna teng le go anama ga bosemorafe kwa Brazil&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uol.com.br/ecoa/reportagens-especiais/democracia-racial-ideia-foi-adotada-no-brasil-pos-escravidao-e-ajuda-a-explicar-racismo-atual/ &quot;O mito do paraíso racial: Ideia de democracia racial foi amplamente adotada pelo Brasil pós-escravidão e ajuda a explicar racismo atual&quot;]. ''www.uol.com.br'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ne ya dirwa gore e se ka ya nna ka fa molaong ka fa tlase ga melao ya Brazil e e kgatlhanong le tlhaolele, e e neng ya fetisiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 morago ga gore Katherine Dunham, sebini sa Moaforika-Amerika yo o neng a etela Brazil, a thibelwe go tsena mo hoteleng.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npr.org/2016/12/18/506045513/since-established-in-1950-s-brazilians-say-anti-racism-laws-aren-t-enough Since Established In The 1950s, Brazilians Say Anti-Racism Laws Aren't Enough]&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, letso e ntse e le setlhogo sa dingangisano tse dintsi tse di tseneletseng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng mo teng ga lefatshe.

== Tlhaloso ya letso kwa Brazil ==
Ka gonne naga eno e na le hisitori e telele ya go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng, mela ya mebala kwa Brazil ga e bolo go sa bonale sentle.[6] Ka nako e le nngwe, batho ba le bantsi ba ipona e le Bantsho mme ba batla go busetsa Bontsho jwa bone ka ntlha ya boikgogomoso jwa Bantsho le mekgatlho ya maatla a Bantsho.[7][8]

Palo ya batho ya kwa Brazil e rulaganya batho ka ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe, le mororo di sa itekanela. Tseno ke branco (basweu), preto (bantsho), pardo (borokwa, kgotsa ba merafe e mentsi), amarelo (ba ba serolwana, kgotsa ba Asia) le ba indigena (batho ba naga eo). Ka gonne go ne go ise go ke go nne le tlhaloso ya semolao ya dijini tsa ditlhopha tseno, mo hisitoring yotlhe, nngwe le nngwe ya ditlhopha tseno tsa merafe e ntse e tlhalosiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Tlhaoloso ya merafe mo setšhabeng sa Brazil gantsi ga e tlhomama mme e tlhotlhelediwa ke mabaka a le mantsintsi a a akaretsang: maemo, maemo, thuto, lefelo le phenotype.[6] Ka sekai, motho wa letlalo le le botlhofo wa merafe e e farologaneng yo o neng a na le maemo a botlhokwa, a a duelang sentle mo setšhabeng a ka tsewa e le branco fa motho yo mongwe yo o nang le popego e e tshwanang ya ethnogenetic yo o neng a na le letlalo le lentsho kgotsa e le wa maemo a a kwa tlase a ka tsewa e le pardo kgotsa le eleng preto.

== Ditso ==

=== Bokgoba le phediso ya bokgoba ===
Ka bonako fela fa Mapotokisi a sena go simolola go nna kwa Brazil ka ngwaga wa 1500, ba ne ba simolola go dira batho ba naga eo makgoba gore ba kgone go tshegetsa ikonomi ya bone e e neng e gola ya sukiri. Le fa go ntse jalo, dintwa le malwetse a a bakilweng ke Yuropa di ne tsa simolola go fedisa batho ba naga ka bonako mme baagi ba Mapotokisi ba ne ba leba kwa Aforika go kgotsofatsa ditlhokego tsa bone tsa tiro ka bonako.[9] Kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ka 1850, kolone ya Brazil e ne e rekile makgoba a a fopholediwang go dimilione di le nne go tswa kwa Afrika, e leng palo e kgolo go gaisa naga epe e nngwe kwa Amerika mme e le makgetlo a le supa go feta e e neng ya rekwa kwa United States.[10] Bokgoba bo ne jwa tla le go tlosiwa ga batho ba Maaforika le bontsintsi jwa dikakanyo tse di sa siamang tse di neng tsa dira gore go nne le tatelano ya merafe kwa Brazil kwa batho bantsho le ba ba tswang mo Aforika ba neng ba tla nna setlhopha se se ikobang basweu.

Mo godimo ga go nna naga e kgolo ya go reka Baafrika go tswa kwa dinageng tse dingwe ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba, Brazil gape e ne e le naga ya bofelo kwa Amerika go fedisa bokgoba. Dipitso tsa gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe kwa Brazil di ne tsa simolola mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga. Ka 1825, José Bonifacio Andrada e Silva, yo e neng e le motho yo o tlhageletseng mo go eteletseng Brazil pele go bona boipuso go tswa mo Portugal, o ne a rata thata go gololwa ka iketlo.[10] Boritane le yone e ne ya thusa mo go kgaratlheleng gore kgwebo ya makgoba e fedisiwe kwa Brazil, ka go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba. Se e ne e le kgato e e botlhokwa ka ntlha ya gore United Kingdom e ne e le molekane yo mogolo wa kgwebisano wa Brazil. Molao o monnye le one o ne wa thusa go dira gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe semmuso ka 1888. Sa ntlha, ka 1871 Molao wa Sebopelo se se Lokologileng o ne wa bolela gore bana botlhe ba makgoba ba ba neng ba tsholwa morago ga gore molao o fetisiwe ba ne ba tshwanetse go gololwa; e latelwa ke Molao wa Sexagenarian wa 1885, o o neng wa golola makgoba a a fetang dingwaga di le masome a marataro.[10]

Seabe se segolo mo thulaganyong e telele ya go fedisa molao kwa Brazil e ne e le ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga lelapa la segosi. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870, mmusimogolo wa bofelo, Pedro II o ne a na le ngwana a le mongwe fela yo o neng a sa ntse a tshela, kgosigatsana Isabel.[11] Ka ntlha ya bong jwa gagwe le lenyalo la gagwe le motswakwa, Isabel o ne a na le bothata jwa go bona tshegetso, le fa a ne a direla gabedi jaaka regent ka nako ya puso ya ga rraagwe. Mo nakong e khutshwane e a neng a e fetsa e le regent, o ne a tsaya dikgato tse dinnye go fedisa bokgoba. Ka ntlha ya dikgoreletsi tse a neng a lebane le tsone, o ne a tshwanelwa ke go tlhoma kabinete e ntšha gotlhelele gore a kgone go fedisa bokgoba gotlhelele. O ne a atlega, mme go fedisiwa ga bokgoba go ne ga bidiwa Molao wa Gauta.[11]

=== Brazil ya morago ga kgololosego (1888 – tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1900) ===
Go fedisiwa ga bokgoba kwa Brazil go ne ga raya gore batho ba bantsho le ba basweu ba ne ba tla kgaoganngwa kafa molaong. Le fa go ntse jalo, bosemorafe ga bo a ka jwa swa fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa. Ditatelano tsa merafe tse di neng di tlhomilwe ke bokgoba di ne tsa ema thata morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba. Go ne go sena paka ya &quot;kagosešwa&quot; jaaka e e neng ya tlhongwa kwa United States.[12] Go na le moo, batho ba bantsho ba Brazil ba ba neng ba sa tswa go gololwa ba ne ba tlogelwa gore ba itirele botshelo go tswa mo go se nang sepe—ba se na lefatshe, madi, kana thuto. Puso eno e e neng e sa tlhole e le teng e ne ya tlogela naga eno e na le go tlhoka tekatekano go gogolo fa gare ga basweu le batho ba e seng basweu. Ka ntlha ya seno, motlotlo o o neng o bua ka lotso kwa Brazil o ne wa golagana thata le metlotlo e e neng e bua ka lehuma le maemo a batho.

Le fa go ne go sena melao e e neng e lebile ka tlhamalalo ba ba tswang mo Aforika ka ntlha ya lotso, go ne go na le melao e e neng ya bewa e e neng e dira gore go se ka ga nna le tekatekano fa gare ga basweu le bantsho. Sekao, fa Brazil e ne e nna repaboliki la ntlha ka 1889, go bouta go ne go lekanyeditswe go banna ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala, se se neng sa thibela bontsi jwa batho bantsho go bouta ka gonne go ne go na le dipharologano tse dikgolo mo thutong morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba.[12] Mo godimo ga se, go ne ga nna le tlhaloso sešwa ya bosenyi e e neng ya dira gore dikarolo di le dintsi tsa setso sa Aforika di nne bosenyi.[11]

==== Dipatlisiso ====
Mo bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesomerobongwe le tshimologo ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi, poifo e ne ya simolola go anama mo gare ga batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ka ga ka fao hisitori ya ntlha ya Brazil ya go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng e neng e tla ama tlhabololo ya yona ka teng.[11] Poifo eno, mmogo le go tuma go go golang ga go dirisa saense ya maaka go tlhalosa dipharologano tsa merafe, go ne ga dira gore go nne le kgolo ya mefuta e e farologaneng ya bosemorafe jwa saense ya maaka mme, segolobogolo, eugenics kwa Brazil.[13]

Batshwayadiphoso ba Yuropa ga ba bolo go kgala setšhaba sa Brazil se se nang le merafe e e farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tlhoka &quot;bophepa jwa merafe&quot;. Eugenics ya nako eo e ne e akantsha gore batho bantsho ba ne ba le kwa tlase, mme di-mulatto di ne di &quot;senyegile,&quot; go beya dipotso ka palo e kgolo ya batho bantsho le ba ba tlhakaneng ba Brazil.[13] Mo godimo ga moo, go ne go akanngwa gore tlelaemete ya boboatsatsi, jaaka ya Brazil, e ne e kgoreletsa tlhabololo ya naga.[10] Moitseanape mongwe wa Mofora, Count Arthur de Gobineau, o ne a tlhasela Brazil a re go tlhakana ga merafe mo nageng go amile maemo otlhe go dira gore naga yotlhe e nne &quot;botshwakga, bobe le go sa tshole.&quot;[14] Dikakanyo tseno di ne tsa simolola go tsosa poifo mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba Brazil ba ba neng ba batla go dirisa dikgopolo tsa eugenics ya ikonomi ya naga go nna. Moithuta-batho mongwe yo o neng a amogela kgopolo ya eugenic, e bong Raimundo Nina Rodrigues, o ne a simolola go tshwenyega ka go tlhakana ga merafe go go neng go direga kwa Brazil. O ne a dira 'thutopatlisiso' ka batho ba ba tswang kwa Aforika kwa Brazil mme a fitlhela gore setlhopha sa morafe se ne se le &quot;kwa tlase ka tsela e e sa belaetseng.&quot;[14] O ne a buelela gore go nne le melao e e farologaneng ya bosenyi ka lotso le gore batho bantsho ba nne kafa tlase ga melao e e farologaneng ka gonne ba ne ba sa gololesega go tlhopha bosenyi ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa bone jo bo fokotsegileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Rodrigues ka boene e ne e le wa merafe e e tlhakaneng mme o ne a bontsha go tlhakana tlhogo ka boemo jwa batho ba merafe e e tlhakaneng mo thulaganyong ya merafe. Go lwantsha se, o ne a tshitshinya go tlhamiwa ga ditlhopha di le mmalwa go tlhagisa mefuta ya batho ba ba tlhakaneng go tswa mo go ba ba kwa godimo go ya kwa go ba ba tlwaelegileng, go ya kwa go ba ba senyegileng.[15]

Kwa bokhutlong, thuto ya go oketsa bana kwa Brazil ga e ise e ko e nne le maatla jaaka kwa Yuropa, Amerika Bokone, kana Australia. Bangwe ba re katlego e e lekanyeditsweng ya saense ya maaka e bakilwe ke gore Brazil e ne e setse e na le batho ba le bantsi thata ba merafe e e tlhakaneng. Go tlhakana tlhogo ga ga Nina Rodrigues ka ga kafa bogolo jwa lotso bo dirang ka gone kwa ntle ga bobedi jwa lotso go bontsha kgopolo eno. Le ka nako ya fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa ka 1888, diperesente di le 6 tsa manyalo otlhe e ne e le a merafe e e farologaneng.[9] Se se raya gore, mo maemong mangwe, dikgoreletsi tsa lotso di ne di setse di thubilwe, mme seno se ne sa dira gore go nne thata go tlhoma dipholisi tse di gagametseng tsa eugenics tse di jaaka go kgaoganya kgotsa go ntsha mpa ka lotso. Ba bangwe ba bolela gore go nna teng ga Bokatoliki jo bontsi kwa Brazil go ka tswa go ile ga boloka naga eno mo melaong e e bogale ya bosemorafe.[13]

&quot;Tlhotlheletso e e anameng ya Bokatoliki kwa Brazil le kwa Latin America yotlhe e ne ya dira gore baithuta-egenicist ba tsenelele mo dipuisanong tsa dithibelo tsa lenyalo le go tsala ga batho. Mo matlhong a batlhalefi ba Katoliki, tseno e ne e le dikgang tsa boitsholo le tsa bodumedi mme ka jalo di ne di sa bulegele tsereganyo e e tseneletseng ya sepolotiki kgotsa ya kalafi; go bolaya mpa.&quot; [13] (Go tswa go: Sebastião de Souza, Vanderlei (Sedimonthole 2016)

==== Molao wa go sweufatsa morafe ====
Go sweufatsa lotso, kgotsa &quot;go sweufatsa&quot; (branqueamento), ke kgopolo e e neng ya amogelwa ke botlhe kwa Brazil magareng ga 1889 le 1914,[16] jaaka tharabololo ya &quot;bothata jwa Bantsho&quot;.[17][18] Mo gare ga dipuisano tsa eugenics le dipalopalo tsa naga tse di kgoreletsang tlhabololo ya yona, Rephaboliki ya ntlha ya Brazil e ne ya swetsa go tlhoma pholisi ya &quot;go sweufatsa&quot; mo e neng e tla leka go fokotsa batho bantsho le go leleka matshwao otlhe a setso sa Aforika.[12] Se se ne sa dirwa ka ditlhotlheletso tse di rotloetsang bafaladi go tswa kwa Yuropa go tla go sokamisa dipalopalo tsa batho mmogo le go gatelela setso sa Aforika le sa Batswana tsotlhe ka maiteko a go phimola go nna teng ga batho bantsho go tswa kwa Brazil. Pholisi e ne ya tswelela go fitlha ka 1910 mme ka ntlha ya yone phesente ya basweu kwa Brazil e ne ya tlola go tswa go diperesente di le 34 ka 1870 go ya go diperesente di le 64 ka 1940.[19]Kgopolo ya go sweufatsa batho ka lotso e fetogile kgopolo e e anameng thata mo motaki wa Mo-Spain e bong Modesto Brocos a neng a taka A RedenmçãoC’s (A RedenmçãoC’s). Tiro e ne e bua ka pholisi e e ganetsanang ya lotso e e ikaegileng ka eugenics mme e ne e bontsha tiragalo ya go sweufatsa batho ka iketlo mo dikokomaneng.[20][21]

== Metswedi ==</text>
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      <comment>/* Tlhaloso ya letso kwa Brazil */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="14566" sha1="dl5l9szev33poi5ye16h14h5ac2mv8t" xml:space="preserve">Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ntse e le teng kwa Brazil go tloga ka nako ya yone ya bokolone mme e supiwa jaaka nngwe ya mefuta e megolo le e e anameng thata ya tlhaolele, fa e se e e anameng thata, mo lefatsheng ke baithuti ba batho ba le mmalwa, baithuta-loago, babueledi, baditso le ba bangwe.&lt;ref&gt;Rachid, Edimilson Cardial, João Jonas e Laura (9 September 2021). [https://revistaeducacao.com.br/2021/09/09/lilia-schwarcz-brasil-racista/ &quot;Lilia Schwarcz destrincha o Brasil racista e desigual&quot;]. ''RFM Editores''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-48424611 &quot;Racismo é um problema econômico, diz diretor de agência antipobreza da ONU&quot;]. ''BBC News Brasil'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/infomaterias/2020/06/negro-continuara-sendo-oprimido-enquanto-o-brasil-nao-se-assumir-racista-dizem-especialistas &quot;Negro continuará sendo oprimido enquanto o Brasil não se assumir racista, dizem especialistas&quot;]. ''Senado Federal'' (in Brazilian Portuguese).  E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tlhamane ya temokerasi ya semorafe, lereo le le tlhamilweng la ntlha ke moithutaloago wa Brazil Gilberto Freyre mo tirong ya gagwe ya 1933 ya ''Casa-Grande &amp; Senzala'' (Beng le Makgoba), le dirisiwa ke batho ba le bantsi mo nageng go ganela kgotsa go nyatsa go nna teng le go anama ga bosemorafe kwa Brazil&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uol.com.br/ecoa/reportagens-especiais/democracia-racial-ideia-foi-adotada-no-brasil-pos-escravidao-e-ajuda-a-explicar-racismo-atual/ &quot;O mito do paraíso racial: Ideia de democracia racial foi amplamente adotada pelo Brasil pós-escravidão e ajuda a explicar racismo atual&quot;]. ''www.uol.com.br'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ne ya dirwa gore e se ka ya nna ka fa molaong ka fa tlase ga melao ya Brazil e e kgatlhanong le tlhaolele, e e neng ya fetisiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 morago ga gore Katherine Dunham, sebini sa Moaforika-Amerika yo o neng a etela Brazil, a thibelwe go tsena mo hoteleng.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npr.org/2016/12/18/506045513/since-established-in-1950-s-brazilians-say-anti-racism-laws-aren-t-enough Since Established In The 1950s, Brazilians Say Anti-Racism Laws Aren't Enough]&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, letso e ntse e le setlhogo sa dingangisano tse dintsi tse di tseneletseng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng mo teng ga lefatshe.

== Tlhaloso ya letso kwa Brazil ==
Ka gonne lefatshe le le na le ditso tse ditelele tsa go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng, mela ya mebala kwa Brazil ga e bolo go sa bonale sentle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Monk, Ellis P. (August 2016). &quot;The Consequences of &quot;Race and Color&quot; in Brazil&quot;. ''Social Problems''. '''63''' (3): 413–430. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/socpro/spw014|10.1093/socpro/spw014]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6738969 6738969]&lt;/ref&gt; Ka nako e le nngwe, batho ba le bantsi ba ipona e le Bantsho mme ba batla go busetsa Bontsho jwa bone ka ntlha ya Black Pride le mekgatlho ya maatla a Bantsho.&lt;ref&gt;[https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2022/07/22/total-de-pessoas-que-se-autodeclaram-pretas-e-pardas-cresce-no-brasil-diz-ibge.ghtml &quot;Total de pessoas que se autodeclaram pretas e pardas cresce no Brasil, diz IBGE&quot;]. ''G1'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nexojornal.com.br/academico/2021/06/30/O-aumento-da-autodeclara%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-negros-na-popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o-brasileira &quot;O aumento da autodeclaração de negros na população brasileira&quot;]. ''Nexo Jornal'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Palo ya batho ya kwa Brazil e rulaganya batho ka ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe, le mororo di sa itekanela. Tseno ke ''branco'' (basweu), ''preto'' (bantsho), ''pardo'' (borokwa, kgotsa ba merafe e mentsi), ''amarelo'' (ba ba serolwana, kgotsa ba Asia) le ba ''indigena'' (batho ba tlhago). Ka gonne go ne go ise go ke go nne le tlhaloso ya semolao ya lesika ya ditlhopha tseno, mo ditsong tsotlhe, nngwe le nngwe ya ditlhopha tse tsa merafe e ntse e tlhalosiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Tlhaloso ya merafe mo setshabeng sa Brazil gantsi ga e a tlhomama mme e tlhotlhelediwa ke mabaka a le mantsintsi a a akaretsang: maemo, thuto, lefelo le phenotype.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sekai, motho wa letlalo le le botlhofo wa merafe e e farologaneng yo o neng a na le maemo a botlhokwa, a a duelang sentle mo setshabeng a ka tsewa e le ''branco'' fa motho yo mongwe yo o nang le popego e e tshwanang ya ethnogenetic yo o neng a na le letlalo le lentsho kgotsa e le wa maemo a a kwa tlase a ka tsewa e le ''pardo'' kgotsa le fa e le ''preto''.

== Ditso ==

=== Bokgoba le phediso ya bokgoba ===
Ka bonako fela fa Mapotokisi a sena go simolola go nna kwa Brazil ka ngwaga wa 1500, ba ne ba simolola go dira batho ba naga eo makgoba gore ba kgone go tshegetsa ikonomi ya bone e e neng e gola ya sukiri. Le fa go ntse jalo, dintwa le malwetse a a bakilweng ke Yuropa di ne tsa simolola go fedisa batho ba naga ka bonako mme baagi ba Mapotokisi ba ne ba leba kwa Aforika go kgotsofatsa ditlhokego tsa bone tsa tiro ka bonako.[9] Kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ka 1850, kolone ya Brazil e ne e rekile makgoba a a fopholediwang go dimilione di le nne go tswa kwa Afrika, e leng palo e kgolo go gaisa naga epe e nngwe kwa Amerika mme e le makgetlo a le supa go feta e e neng ya rekwa kwa United States.[10] Bokgoba bo ne jwa tla le go tlosiwa ga batho ba Maaforika le bontsintsi jwa dikakanyo tse di sa siamang tse di neng tsa dira gore go nne le tatelano ya merafe kwa Brazil kwa batho bantsho le ba ba tswang mo Aforika ba neng ba tla nna setlhopha se se ikobang basweu.

Mo godimo ga go nna naga e kgolo ya go reka Baafrika go tswa kwa dinageng tse dingwe ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba, Brazil gape e ne e le naga ya bofelo kwa Amerika go fedisa bokgoba. Dipitso tsa gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe kwa Brazil di ne tsa simolola mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga. Ka 1825, José Bonifacio Andrada e Silva, yo e neng e le motho yo o tlhageletseng mo go eteletseng Brazil pele go bona boipuso go tswa mo Portugal, o ne a rata thata go gololwa ka iketlo.[10] Boritane le yone e ne ya thusa mo go kgaratlheleng gore kgwebo ya makgoba e fedisiwe kwa Brazil, ka go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba. Se e ne e le kgato e e botlhokwa ka ntlha ya gore United Kingdom e ne e le molekane yo mogolo wa kgwebisano wa Brazil. Molao o monnye le one o ne wa thusa go dira gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe semmuso ka 1888. Sa ntlha, ka 1871 Molao wa Sebopelo se se Lokologileng o ne wa bolela gore bana botlhe ba makgoba ba ba neng ba tsholwa morago ga gore molao o fetisiwe ba ne ba tshwanetse go gololwa; e latelwa ke Molao wa Sexagenarian wa 1885, o o neng wa golola makgoba a a fetang dingwaga di le masome a marataro.[10]

Seabe se segolo mo thulaganyong e telele ya go fedisa molao kwa Brazil e ne e le ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga lelapa la segosi. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870, mmusimogolo wa bofelo, Pedro II o ne a na le ngwana a le mongwe fela yo o neng a sa ntse a tshela, kgosigatsana Isabel.[11] Ka ntlha ya bong jwa gagwe le lenyalo la gagwe le motswakwa, Isabel o ne a na le bothata jwa go bona tshegetso, le fa a ne a direla gabedi jaaka regent ka nako ya puso ya ga rraagwe. Mo nakong e khutshwane e a neng a e fetsa e le regent, o ne a tsaya dikgato tse dinnye go fedisa bokgoba. Ka ntlha ya dikgoreletsi tse a neng a lebane le tsone, o ne a tshwanelwa ke go tlhoma kabinete e ntšha gotlhelele gore a kgone go fedisa bokgoba gotlhelele. O ne a atlega, mme go fedisiwa ga bokgoba go ne ga bidiwa Molao wa Gauta.[11]

=== Brazil ya morago ga kgololosego (1888 – tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1900) ===
Go fedisiwa ga bokgoba kwa Brazil go ne ga raya gore batho ba bantsho le ba basweu ba ne ba tla kgaoganngwa kafa molaong. Le fa go ntse jalo, bosemorafe ga bo a ka jwa swa fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa. Ditatelano tsa merafe tse di neng di tlhomilwe ke bokgoba di ne tsa ema thata morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba. Go ne go sena paka ya &quot;kagosešwa&quot; jaaka e e neng ya tlhongwa kwa United States.[12] Go na le moo, batho ba bantsho ba Brazil ba ba neng ba sa tswa go gololwa ba ne ba tlogelwa gore ba itirele botshelo go tswa mo go se nang sepe—ba se na lefatshe, madi, kana thuto. Puso eno e e neng e sa tlhole e le teng e ne ya tlogela naga eno e na le go tlhoka tekatekano go gogolo fa gare ga basweu le batho ba e seng basweu. Ka ntlha ya seno, motlotlo o o neng o bua ka lotso kwa Brazil o ne wa golagana thata le metlotlo e e neng e bua ka lehuma le maemo a batho.

Le fa go ne go sena melao e e neng e lebile ka tlhamalalo ba ba tswang mo Aforika ka ntlha ya lotso, go ne go na le melao e e neng ya bewa e e neng e dira gore go se ka ga nna le tekatekano fa gare ga basweu le bantsho. Sekao, fa Brazil e ne e nna repaboliki la ntlha ka 1889, go bouta go ne go lekanyeditswe go banna ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala, se se neng sa thibela bontsi jwa batho bantsho go bouta ka gonne go ne go na le dipharologano tse dikgolo mo thutong morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba.[12] Mo godimo ga se, go ne ga nna le tlhaloso sešwa ya bosenyi e e neng ya dira gore dikarolo di le dintsi tsa setso sa Aforika di nne bosenyi.[11]

==== Dipatlisiso ====
Mo bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesomerobongwe le tshimologo ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi, poifo e ne ya simolola go anama mo gare ga batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ka ga ka fao hisitori ya ntlha ya Brazil ya go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng e neng e tla ama tlhabololo ya yona ka teng.[11] Poifo eno, mmogo le go tuma go go golang ga go dirisa saense ya maaka go tlhalosa dipharologano tsa merafe, go ne ga dira gore go nne le kgolo ya mefuta e e farologaneng ya bosemorafe jwa saense ya maaka mme, segolobogolo, eugenics kwa Brazil.[13]

Batshwayadiphoso ba Yuropa ga ba bolo go kgala setšhaba sa Brazil se se nang le merafe e e farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tlhoka &quot;bophepa jwa merafe&quot;. Eugenics ya nako eo e ne e akantsha gore batho bantsho ba ne ba le kwa tlase, mme di-mulatto di ne di &quot;senyegile,&quot; go beya dipotso ka palo e kgolo ya batho bantsho le ba ba tlhakaneng ba Brazil.[13] Mo godimo ga moo, go ne go akanngwa gore tlelaemete ya boboatsatsi, jaaka ya Brazil, e ne e kgoreletsa tlhabololo ya naga.[10] Moitseanape mongwe wa Mofora, Count Arthur de Gobineau, o ne a tlhasela Brazil a re go tlhakana ga merafe mo nageng go amile maemo otlhe go dira gore naga yotlhe e nne &quot;botshwakga, bobe le go sa tshole.&quot;[14] Dikakanyo tseno di ne tsa simolola go tsosa poifo mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba Brazil ba ba neng ba batla go dirisa dikgopolo tsa eugenics ya ikonomi ya naga go nna. Moithuta-batho mongwe yo o neng a amogela kgopolo ya eugenic, e bong Raimundo Nina Rodrigues, o ne a simolola go tshwenyega ka go tlhakana ga merafe go go neng go direga kwa Brazil. O ne a dira 'thutopatlisiso' ka batho ba ba tswang kwa Aforika kwa Brazil mme a fitlhela gore setlhopha sa morafe se ne se le &quot;kwa tlase ka tsela e e sa belaetseng.&quot;[14] O ne a buelela gore go nne le melao e e farologaneng ya bosenyi ka lotso le gore batho bantsho ba nne kafa tlase ga melao e e farologaneng ka gonne ba ne ba sa gololesega go tlhopha bosenyi ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa bone jo bo fokotsegileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Rodrigues ka boene e ne e le wa merafe e e tlhakaneng mme o ne a bontsha go tlhakana tlhogo ka boemo jwa batho ba merafe e e tlhakaneng mo thulaganyong ya merafe. Go lwantsha se, o ne a tshitshinya go tlhamiwa ga ditlhopha di le mmalwa go tlhagisa mefuta ya batho ba ba tlhakaneng go tswa mo go ba ba kwa godimo go ya kwa go ba ba tlwaelegileng, go ya kwa go ba ba senyegileng.[15]

Kwa bokhutlong, thuto ya go oketsa bana kwa Brazil ga e ise e ko e nne le maatla jaaka kwa Yuropa, Amerika Bokone, kana Australia. Bangwe ba re katlego e e lekanyeditsweng ya saense ya maaka e bakilwe ke gore Brazil e ne e setse e na le batho ba le bantsi thata ba merafe e e tlhakaneng. Go tlhakana tlhogo ga ga Nina Rodrigues ka ga kafa bogolo jwa lotso bo dirang ka gone kwa ntle ga bobedi jwa lotso go bontsha kgopolo eno. Le ka nako ya fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa ka 1888, diperesente di le 6 tsa manyalo otlhe e ne e le a merafe e e farologaneng.[9] Se se raya gore, mo maemong mangwe, dikgoreletsi tsa lotso di ne di setse di thubilwe, mme seno se ne sa dira gore go nne thata go tlhoma dipholisi tse di gagametseng tsa eugenics tse di jaaka go kgaoganya kgotsa go ntsha mpa ka lotso. Ba bangwe ba bolela gore go nna teng ga Bokatoliki jo bontsi kwa Brazil go ka tswa go ile ga boloka naga eno mo melaong e e bogale ya bosemorafe.[13]

&quot;Tlhotlheletso e e anameng ya Bokatoliki kwa Brazil le kwa Latin America yotlhe e ne ya dira gore baithuta-egenicist ba tsenelele mo dipuisanong tsa dithibelo tsa lenyalo le go tsala ga batho. Mo matlhong a batlhalefi ba Katoliki, tseno e ne e le dikgang tsa boitsholo le tsa bodumedi mme ka jalo di ne di sa bulegele tsereganyo e e tseneletseng ya sepolotiki kgotsa ya kalafi; go bolaya mpa.&quot; [13] (Go tswa go: Sebastião de Souza, Vanderlei (Sedimonthole 2016)

==== Molao wa go sweufatsa morafe ====
Go sweufatsa lotso, kgotsa &quot;go sweufatsa&quot; (branqueamento), ke kgopolo e e neng ya amogelwa ke botlhe kwa Brazil magareng ga 1889 le 1914,[16] jaaka tharabololo ya &quot;bothata jwa Bantsho&quot;.[17][18] Mo gare ga dipuisano tsa eugenics le dipalopalo tsa naga tse di kgoreletsang tlhabololo ya yona, Rephaboliki ya ntlha ya Brazil e ne ya swetsa go tlhoma pholisi ya &quot;go sweufatsa&quot; mo e neng e tla leka go fokotsa batho bantsho le go leleka matshwao otlhe a setso sa Aforika.[12] Se se ne sa dirwa ka ditlhotlheletso tse di rotloetsang bafaladi go tswa kwa Yuropa go tla go sokamisa dipalopalo tsa batho mmogo le go gatelela setso sa Aforika le sa Batswana tsotlhe ka maiteko a go phimola go nna teng ga batho bantsho go tswa kwa Brazil. Pholisi e ne ya tswelela go fitlha ka 1910 mme ka ntlha ya yone phesente ya basweu kwa Brazil e ne ya tlola go tswa go diperesente di le 34 ka 1870 go ya go diperesente di le 64 ka 1940.[19]Kgopolo ya go sweufatsa batho ka lotso e fetogile kgopolo e e anameng thata mo motaki wa Mo-Spain e bong Modesto Brocos a neng a taka A RedenmçãoC’s (A RedenmçãoC’s). Tiro e ne e bua ka pholisi e e ganetsanang ya lotso e e ikaegileng ka eugenics mme e ne e bontsha tiragalo ya go sweufatsa batho ka iketlo mo dikokomaneng.[20][21]

== Metswedi ==</text>
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      <comment>/* Bokgoba le phediso ya bokgoba */ ke tsentse setshwantsho le go tsweledisa tlhanolo #AWC2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="15303" sha1="mpu75jr64twoa1xuxkq08hh99koimrs" xml:space="preserve">Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ntse e le teng kwa Brazil go tloga ka nako ya yone ya bokolone mme e supiwa jaaka nngwe ya mefuta e megolo le e e anameng thata ya tlhaolele, fa e se e e anameng thata, mo lefatsheng ke baithuti ba batho ba le mmalwa, baithuta-loago, babueledi, baditso le ba bangwe.&lt;ref&gt;Rachid, Edimilson Cardial, João Jonas e Laura (9 September 2021). [https://revistaeducacao.com.br/2021/09/09/lilia-schwarcz-brasil-racista/ &quot;Lilia Schwarcz destrincha o Brasil racista e desigual&quot;]. ''RFM Editores''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-48424611 &quot;Racismo é um problema econômico, diz diretor de agência antipobreza da ONU&quot;]. ''BBC News Brasil'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/infomaterias/2020/06/negro-continuara-sendo-oprimido-enquanto-o-brasil-nao-se-assumir-racista-dizem-especialistas &quot;Negro continuará sendo oprimido enquanto o Brasil não se assumir racista, dizem especialistas&quot;]. ''Senado Federal'' (in Brazilian Portuguese).  E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tlhamane ya temokerasi ya semorafe, lereo le le tlhamilweng la ntlha ke moithutaloago wa Brazil Gilberto Freyre mo tirong ya gagwe ya 1933 ya ''Casa-Grande &amp; Senzala'' (Beng le Makgoba), le dirisiwa ke batho ba le bantsi mo nageng go ganela kgotsa go nyatsa go nna teng le go anama ga bosemorafe kwa Brazil&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uol.com.br/ecoa/reportagens-especiais/democracia-racial-ideia-foi-adotada-no-brasil-pos-escravidao-e-ajuda-a-explicar-racismo-atual/ &quot;O mito do paraíso racial: Ideia de democracia racial foi amplamente adotada pelo Brasil pós-escravidão e ajuda a explicar racismo atual&quot;]. ''www.uol.com.br'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ne ya dirwa gore e se ka ya nna ka fa molaong ka fa tlase ga melao ya Brazil e e kgatlhanong le tlhaolele, e e neng ya fetisiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 morago ga gore Katherine Dunham, sebini sa Moaforika-Amerika yo o neng a etela Brazil, a thibelwe go tsena mo hoteleng.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npr.org/2016/12/18/506045513/since-established-in-1950-s-brazilians-say-anti-racism-laws-aren-t-enough Since Established In The 1950s, Brazilians Say Anti-Racism Laws Aren't Enough]&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, letso e ntse e le setlhogo sa dingangisano tse dintsi tse di tseneletseng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng mo teng ga lefatshe.

== Tlhaloso ya letso kwa Brazil ==
Ka gonne lefatshe le le na le ditso tse ditelele tsa go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng, mela ya mebala kwa Brazil ga e bolo go sa bonale sentle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Monk, Ellis P. (August 2016). &quot;The Consequences of &quot;Race and Color&quot; in Brazil&quot;. ''Social Problems''. '''63''' (3): 413–430. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/socpro/spw014|10.1093/socpro/spw014]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6738969 6738969]&lt;/ref&gt; Ka nako e le nngwe, batho ba le bantsi ba ipona e le Bantsho mme ba batla go busetsa Bontsho jwa bone ka ntlha ya Black Pride le mekgatlho ya maatla a Bantsho.&lt;ref&gt;[https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2022/07/22/total-de-pessoas-que-se-autodeclaram-pretas-e-pardas-cresce-no-brasil-diz-ibge.ghtml &quot;Total de pessoas que se autodeclaram pretas e pardas cresce no Brasil, diz IBGE&quot;]. ''G1'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nexojornal.com.br/academico/2021/06/30/O-aumento-da-autodeclara%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-negros-na-popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o-brasileira &quot;O aumento da autodeclaração de negros na população brasileira&quot;]. ''Nexo Jornal'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Palo ya batho ya kwa Brazil e rulaganya batho ka ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe, le mororo di sa itekanela. Tseno ke ''branco'' (basweu), ''preto'' (bantsho), ''pardo'' (borokwa, kgotsa ba merafe e mentsi), ''amarelo'' (ba ba serolwana, kgotsa ba Asia) le ba ''indigena'' (batho ba tlhago). Ka gonne go ne go ise go ke go nne le tlhaloso ya semolao ya lesika ya ditlhopha tseno, mo ditsong tsotlhe, nngwe le nngwe ya ditlhopha tse tsa merafe e ntse e tlhalosiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Tlhaloso ya merafe mo setshabeng sa Brazil gantsi ga e a tlhomama mme e tlhotlhelediwa ke mabaka a le mantsintsi a a akaretsang: maemo, thuto, lefelo le phenotype.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sekai, motho wa letlalo le le botlhofo wa merafe e e farologaneng yo o neng a na le maemo a botlhokwa, a a duelang sentle mo setshabeng a ka tsewa e le ''branco'' fa motho yo mongwe yo o nang le popego e e tshwanang ya ethnogenetic yo o neng a na le letlalo le lentsho kgotsa e le wa maemo a a kwa tlase a ka tsewa e le ''pardo'' kgotsa le fa e le ''preto''.

== Ditso ==

=== Bokgoba le phediso ya bokgoba ===
Ka bonako fela morago ga Mapotokisi a sena go simolola go nna kwa Brazil ka ngwaga wa 1500, ba ne ba simolola go dira batho ba tlhago makgoba gore ba kgone go tshegetsa itsholelo ya bone e e neng e gola ya sukiri. Le fa go ntse jalo, dintwa tse di bakilweng ke Yuropa  le malwetse di ne tsa simolola go fedisa batho ba tlhago ka bonako mme baagi ba Mapotokisi ba ne ba leba kwa Aforika go kgotsofatsa ditlhokego tsa bone tsa tiro ka bonako.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Racism_in_Brazil#CITEREFTelles2006|Telles 2006]], p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ka 1850, kolone ya Brazil e ne e rekile makgoba a a fopholediwang go nna didikadike di le nne go tswa kwa Aforika, e leng palo e kgolo go gaisa lefatshe lepe kwa Amerika mme e le makgetlho a le supa go feta e e neng ya rekwa kwa United States.&lt;ref&gt;[https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-3/slavery-and-aboliton/ &quot;Slavery and Abolition in the 19th Century | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change&quot;]. ''library.brown.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Bokgoba bo ne jwa tla le go sotliwa ga batho ba Maaforika le bontsintsi jwa dikakanyo tse di sa siamang tse di neng tsa dira gore go nne le tatelano ya merafe kwa Brazil kwa batho bantsho le ba ba tswang mo Aforika ba neng ba tla nna setlhopha se se ikobelang basweu.

Mo godimo ga go nna lefatshe le legolo la go reka Baaforika go tswa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba, Brazil gape e ne e le lefatshe la bofelo kwa Amerika go fedisa bokgoba. Dipitso tsa gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe kwa Brazil di ne tsa simolola mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Ka 1825, José Bonifacio Andrada e Silva, yo e neng e le motho yo o tlhageletseng mo go eteletseng Brazil pele go bona boipuso go tswa mo Portugal, o ne a rata thata go gololwa ka iketlo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-3/slavery-and-aboliton/ &quot;Slavery and Abolition in the 19th Century | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change&quot;]. ''library.brown.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Borithane le yone e ne ya thusa mo go kgaratlheleng gore kgwebo ya makgoba e fedisiwe kwa Brazil, ka go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba. Se e ne e le kgato e e botlhokwa ka ntlha ya gore United Kingdom e ne e le molekane yo mogolo wa kgwebisano wa Brazil. Molao o monnye le one o ne wa thusa go dira gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe semmuso ka 1888. Sa ntlha, ka 1871 Molao wa Sebopelo se se Lokologileng o ne wa bolela gore bana botlhe ba makgoba ba ba neng ba tsholwa morago ga gore molao o fetisiwe ba ne ba tshwanetse go gololwa; e latelwa ke Molao wa Sexagenarian wa 1885, o o neng wa golola makgoba a a fetang dingwaga di le masome a marataro.[10]
[[Setshwantsho:Lei Áurea (Golden Law).jpg|thumb|Molao wa Gauta. Dipolokelo tsa Bosetshaba tsa Brazil.]]
Seabe se segolo mo thulaganyong e telele ya go fedisa molao kwa Brazil e ne e le ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga lelapa la segosi. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870, mmusimogolo wa bofelo, Pedro II o ne a na le ngwana a le mongwe fela yo o neng a sa ntse a tshela, kgosigatsana Isabel.[11] Ka ntlha ya bong jwa gagwe le lenyalo la gagwe le motswakwa, Isabel o ne a na le bothata jwa go bona tshegetso, le fa a ne a direla gabedi jaaka regent ka nako ya puso ya ga rraagwe. Mo nakong e khutshwane e a neng a e fetsa e le regent, o ne a tsaya dikgato tse dinnye go fedisa bokgoba. Ka ntlha ya dikgoreletsi tse a neng a lebane le tsone, o ne a tshwanelwa ke go tlhoma kabinete e ntšha gotlhelele gore a kgone go fedisa bokgoba gotlhelele. O ne a atlega, mme go fedisiwa ga bokgoba go ne ga bidiwa Molao wa Gauta.[11]

=== Brazil ya morago ga kgololosego (1888 – tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1900) ===
Go fedisiwa ga bokgoba kwa Brazil go ne ga raya gore batho ba bantsho le ba basweu ba ne ba tla kgaoganngwa kafa molaong. Le fa go ntse jalo, bosemorafe ga bo a ka jwa swa fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa. Ditatelano tsa merafe tse di neng di tlhomilwe ke bokgoba di ne tsa ema thata morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba. Go ne go sena paka ya &quot;kagosešwa&quot; jaaka e e neng ya tlhongwa kwa United States.[12] Go na le moo, batho ba bantsho ba Brazil ba ba neng ba sa tswa go gololwa ba ne ba tlogelwa gore ba itirele botshelo go tswa mo go se nang sepe—ba se na lefatshe, madi, kana thuto. Puso eno e e neng e sa tlhole e le teng e ne ya tlogela naga eno e na le go tlhoka tekatekano go gogolo fa gare ga basweu le batho ba e seng basweu. Ka ntlha ya seno, motlotlo o o neng o bua ka lotso kwa Brazil o ne wa golagana thata le metlotlo e e neng e bua ka lehuma le maemo a batho.

Le fa go ne go sena melao e e neng e lebile ka tlhamalalo ba ba tswang mo Aforika ka ntlha ya lotso, go ne go na le melao e e neng ya bewa e e neng e dira gore go se ka ga nna le tekatekano fa gare ga basweu le bantsho. Sekao, fa Brazil e ne e nna repaboliki la ntlha ka 1889, go bouta go ne go lekanyeditswe go banna ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala, se se neng sa thibela bontsi jwa batho bantsho go bouta ka gonne go ne go na le dipharologano tse dikgolo mo thutong morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba.[12] Mo godimo ga se, go ne ga nna le tlhaloso sešwa ya bosenyi e e neng ya dira gore dikarolo di le dintsi tsa setso sa Aforika di nne bosenyi.[11]

==== Dipatlisiso ====
Mo bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesomerobongwe le tshimologo ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi, poifo e ne ya simolola go anama mo gare ga batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ka ga ka fao hisitori ya ntlha ya Brazil ya go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng e neng e tla ama tlhabololo ya yona ka teng.[11] Poifo eno, mmogo le go tuma go go golang ga go dirisa saense ya maaka go tlhalosa dipharologano tsa merafe, go ne ga dira gore go nne le kgolo ya mefuta e e farologaneng ya bosemorafe jwa saense ya maaka mme, segolobogolo, eugenics kwa Brazil.[13]

Batshwayadiphoso ba Yuropa ga ba bolo go kgala setšhaba sa Brazil se se nang le merafe e e farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tlhoka &quot;bophepa jwa merafe&quot;. Eugenics ya nako eo e ne e akantsha gore batho bantsho ba ne ba le kwa tlase, mme di-mulatto di ne di &quot;senyegile,&quot; go beya dipotso ka palo e kgolo ya batho bantsho le ba ba tlhakaneng ba Brazil.[13] Mo godimo ga moo, go ne go akanngwa gore tlelaemete ya boboatsatsi, jaaka ya Brazil, e ne e kgoreletsa tlhabololo ya naga.[10] Moitseanape mongwe wa Mofora, Count Arthur de Gobineau, o ne a tlhasela Brazil a re go tlhakana ga merafe mo nageng go amile maemo otlhe go dira gore naga yotlhe e nne &quot;botshwakga, bobe le go sa tshole.&quot;[14] Dikakanyo tseno di ne tsa simolola go tsosa poifo mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba Brazil ba ba neng ba batla go dirisa dikgopolo tsa eugenics ya ikonomi ya naga go nna. Moithuta-batho mongwe yo o neng a amogela kgopolo ya eugenic, e bong Raimundo Nina Rodrigues, o ne a simolola go tshwenyega ka go tlhakana ga merafe go go neng go direga kwa Brazil. O ne a dira 'thutopatlisiso' ka batho ba ba tswang kwa Aforika kwa Brazil mme a fitlhela gore setlhopha sa morafe se ne se le &quot;kwa tlase ka tsela e e sa belaetseng.&quot;[14] O ne a buelela gore go nne le melao e e farologaneng ya bosenyi ka lotso le gore batho bantsho ba nne kafa tlase ga melao e e farologaneng ka gonne ba ne ba sa gololesega go tlhopha bosenyi ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa bone jo bo fokotsegileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Rodrigues ka boene e ne e le wa merafe e e tlhakaneng mme o ne a bontsha go tlhakana tlhogo ka boemo jwa batho ba merafe e e tlhakaneng mo thulaganyong ya merafe. Go lwantsha se, o ne a tshitshinya go tlhamiwa ga ditlhopha di le mmalwa go tlhagisa mefuta ya batho ba ba tlhakaneng go tswa mo go ba ba kwa godimo go ya kwa go ba ba tlwaelegileng, go ya kwa go ba ba senyegileng.[15]

Kwa bokhutlong, thuto ya go oketsa bana kwa Brazil ga e ise e ko e nne le maatla jaaka kwa Yuropa, Amerika Bokone, kana Australia. Bangwe ba re katlego e e lekanyeditsweng ya saense ya maaka e bakilwe ke gore Brazil e ne e setse e na le batho ba le bantsi thata ba merafe e e tlhakaneng. Go tlhakana tlhogo ga ga Nina Rodrigues ka ga kafa bogolo jwa lotso bo dirang ka gone kwa ntle ga bobedi jwa lotso go bontsha kgopolo eno. Le ka nako ya fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa ka 1888, diperesente di le 6 tsa manyalo otlhe e ne e le a merafe e e farologaneng.[9] Se se raya gore, mo maemong mangwe, dikgoreletsi tsa lotso di ne di setse di thubilwe, mme seno se ne sa dira gore go nne thata go tlhoma dipholisi tse di gagametseng tsa eugenics tse di jaaka go kgaoganya kgotsa go ntsha mpa ka lotso. Ba bangwe ba bolela gore go nna teng ga Bokatoliki jo bontsi kwa Brazil go ka tswa go ile ga boloka naga eno mo melaong e e bogale ya bosemorafe.[13]

&quot;Tlhotlheletso e e anameng ya Bokatoliki kwa Brazil le kwa Latin America yotlhe e ne ya dira gore baithuta-egenicist ba tsenelele mo dipuisanong tsa dithibelo tsa lenyalo le go tsala ga batho. Mo matlhong a batlhalefi ba Katoliki, tseno e ne e le dikgang tsa boitsholo le tsa bodumedi mme ka jalo di ne di sa bulegele tsereganyo e e tseneletseng ya sepolotiki kgotsa ya kalafi; go bolaya mpa.&quot; [13] (Go tswa go: Sebastião de Souza, Vanderlei (Sedimonthole 2016)

==== Molao wa go sweufatsa morafe ====
Go sweufatsa lotso, kgotsa &quot;go sweufatsa&quot; (branqueamento), ke kgopolo e e neng ya amogelwa ke botlhe kwa Brazil magareng ga 1889 le 1914,[16] jaaka tharabololo ya &quot;bothata jwa Bantsho&quot;.[17][18] Mo gare ga dipuisano tsa eugenics le dipalopalo tsa naga tse di kgoreletsang tlhabololo ya yona, Rephaboliki ya ntlha ya Brazil e ne ya swetsa go tlhoma pholisi ya &quot;go sweufatsa&quot; mo e neng e tla leka go fokotsa batho bantsho le go leleka matshwao otlhe a setso sa Aforika.[12] Se se ne sa dirwa ka ditlhotlheletso tse di rotloetsang bafaladi go tswa kwa Yuropa go tla go sokamisa dipalopalo tsa batho mmogo le go gatelela setso sa Aforika le sa Batswana tsotlhe ka maiteko a go phimola go nna teng ga batho bantsho go tswa kwa Brazil. Pholisi e ne ya tswelela go fitlha ka 1910 mme ka ntlha ya yone phesente ya basweu kwa Brazil e ne ya tlola go tswa go diperesente di le 34 ka 1870 go ya go diperesente di le 64 ka 1940.[19]Kgopolo ya go sweufatsa batho ka lotso e fetogile kgopolo e e anameng thata mo motaki wa Mo-Spain e bong Modesto Brocos a neng a taka A RedenmçãoC’s (A RedenmçãoC’s). Tiro e ne e bua ka pholisi e e ganetsanang ya lotso e e ikaegileng ka eugenics mme e ne e bontsha tiragalo ya go sweufatsa batho ka iketlo mo dikokomaneng.[20][21]

== Metswedi ==</text>
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      <comment>/* Bokgoba le phediso ya bokgoba */ ke ranotse karolwana e #AWC2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="15315" sha1="728crn6k0xm3tvcc6x7xw9g8798mfzm" xml:space="preserve">Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ntse e le teng kwa Brazil go tloga ka nako ya yone ya bokolone mme e supiwa jaaka nngwe ya mefuta e megolo le e e anameng thata ya tlhaolele, fa e se e e anameng thata, mo lefatsheng ke baithuti ba batho ba le mmalwa, baithuta-loago, babueledi, baditso le ba bangwe.&lt;ref&gt;Rachid, Edimilson Cardial, João Jonas e Laura (9 September 2021). [https://revistaeducacao.com.br/2021/09/09/lilia-schwarcz-brasil-racista/ &quot;Lilia Schwarcz destrincha o Brasil racista e desigual&quot;]. ''RFM Editores''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-48424611 &quot;Racismo é um problema econômico, diz diretor de agência antipobreza da ONU&quot;]. ''BBC News Brasil'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/infomaterias/2020/06/negro-continuara-sendo-oprimido-enquanto-o-brasil-nao-se-assumir-racista-dizem-especialistas &quot;Negro continuará sendo oprimido enquanto o Brasil não se assumir racista, dizem especialistas&quot;]. ''Senado Federal'' (in Brazilian Portuguese).  E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tlhamane ya temokerasi ya semorafe, lereo le le tlhamilweng la ntlha ke moithutaloago wa Brazil Gilberto Freyre mo tirong ya gagwe ya 1933 ya ''Casa-Grande &amp; Senzala'' (Beng le Makgoba), le dirisiwa ke batho ba le bantsi mo nageng go ganela kgotsa go nyatsa go nna teng le go anama ga bosemorafe kwa Brazil&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uol.com.br/ecoa/reportagens-especiais/democracia-racial-ideia-foi-adotada-no-brasil-pos-escravidao-e-ajuda-a-explicar-racismo-atual/ &quot;O mito do paraíso racial: Ideia de democracia racial foi amplamente adotada pelo Brasil pós-escravidão e ajuda a explicar racismo atual&quot;]. ''www.uol.com.br'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ne ya dirwa gore e se ka ya nna ka fa molaong ka fa tlase ga melao ya Brazil e e kgatlhanong le tlhaolele, e e neng ya fetisiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 morago ga gore Katherine Dunham, sebini sa Moaforika-Amerika yo o neng a etela Brazil, a thibelwe go tsena mo hoteleng.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npr.org/2016/12/18/506045513/since-established-in-1950-s-brazilians-say-anti-racism-laws-aren-t-enough Since Established In The 1950s, Brazilians Say Anti-Racism Laws Aren't Enough]&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, letso e ntse e le setlhogo sa dingangisano tse dintsi tse di tseneletseng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng mo teng ga lefatshe.

== Tlhaloso ya letso kwa Brazil ==
Ka gonne lefatshe le le na le ditso tse ditelele tsa go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng, mela ya mebala kwa Brazil ga e bolo go sa bonale sentle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Monk, Ellis P. (August 2016). &quot;The Consequences of &quot;Race and Color&quot; in Brazil&quot;. ''Social Problems''. '''63''' (3): 413–430. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/socpro/spw014|10.1093/socpro/spw014]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6738969 6738969]&lt;/ref&gt; Ka nako e le nngwe, batho ba le bantsi ba ipona e le Bantsho mme ba batla go busetsa Bontsho jwa bone ka ntlha ya Black Pride le mekgatlho ya maatla a Bantsho.&lt;ref&gt;[https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2022/07/22/total-de-pessoas-que-se-autodeclaram-pretas-e-pardas-cresce-no-brasil-diz-ibge.ghtml &quot;Total de pessoas que se autodeclaram pretas e pardas cresce no Brasil, diz IBGE&quot;]. ''G1'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nexojornal.com.br/academico/2021/06/30/O-aumento-da-autodeclara%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-negros-na-popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o-brasileira &quot;O aumento da autodeclaração de negros na população brasileira&quot;]. ''Nexo Jornal'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Palo ya batho ya kwa Brazil e rulaganya batho ka ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe, le mororo di sa itekanela. Tseno ke ''branco'' (basweu), ''preto'' (bantsho), ''pardo'' (borokwa, kgotsa ba merafe e mentsi), ''amarelo'' (ba ba serolwana, kgotsa ba Asia) le ba ''indigena'' (batho ba tlhago). Ka gonne go ne go ise go ke go nne le tlhaloso ya semolao ya lesika ya ditlhopha tseno, mo ditsong tsotlhe, nngwe le nngwe ya ditlhopha tse tsa merafe e ntse e tlhalosiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Tlhaloso ya merafe mo setshabeng sa Brazil gantsi ga e a tlhomama mme e tlhotlhelediwa ke mabaka a le mantsintsi a a akaretsang: maemo, thuto, lefelo le phenotype.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sekai, motho wa letlalo le le botlhofo wa merafe e e farologaneng yo o neng a na le maemo a botlhokwa, a a duelang sentle mo setshabeng a ka tsewa e le ''branco'' fa motho yo mongwe yo o nang le popego e e tshwanang ya ethnogenetic yo o neng a na le letlalo le lentsho kgotsa e le wa maemo a a kwa tlase a ka tsewa e le ''pardo'' kgotsa le fa e le ''preto''.

== Ditso ==

=== Bokgoba le phediso ya bokgoba ===
Ka bonako fela morago ga Mapotokisi a sena go simolola go nna kwa Brazil ka ngwaga wa 1500, ba ne ba simolola go dira batho ba tlhago makgoba gore ba kgone go tshegetsa itsholelo ya bone e e neng e gola ya sukiri. Le fa go ntse jalo, dintwa tse di bakilweng ke Yuropa  le malwetse di ne tsa simolola go fedisa batho ba tlhago ka bonako mme baagi ba Mapotokisi ba ne ba leba kwa Aforika go kgotsofatsa ditlhokego tsa bone tsa tiro ka bonako.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Racism_in_Brazil#CITEREFTelles2006|Telles 2006]], p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ka 1850, kolone ya Brazil e ne e rekile makgoba a a fopholediwang go nna didikadike di le nne go tswa kwa Aforika, e leng palo e kgolo go gaisa lefatshe lepe kwa Amerika mme e le makgetlho a le supa go feta e e neng ya rekwa kwa United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-3/slavery-and-aboliton/ &quot;Slavery and Abolition in the 19th Century | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change&quot;]. ''library.brown.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Bokgoba bo ne jwa tla le go sotliwa ga batho ba Maaforika le bontsintsi jwa dikakanyo tse di sa siamang tse di neng tsa dira gore go nne le tatelano ya merafe kwa Brazil kwa batho bantsho le ba ba tswang mo Aforika ba neng ba tla nna setlhopha se se ikobelang basweu.

Mo godimo ga go nna lefatshe le legolo la go reka Baaforika go tswa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba, Brazil gape e ne e le lefatshe la bofelo kwa Amerika go fedisa bokgoba. Dipitso tsa gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe kwa Brazil di ne tsa simolola mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Ka 1825, José Bonifacio Andrada e Silva, yo e neng e le motho yo o tlhageletseng mo go eteletseng Brazil pele go bona boipuso go tswa mo Portugal, o ne a rata thata go gololwa ka iketlo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Borithane le yone e ne ya thusa mo go kgaratlheleng gore kgwebo ya makgoba e fedisiwe kwa Brazil, ka go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba. Se e ne e le kgato e e botlhokwa ka ntlha ya gore United Kingdom e ne e le molekane yo mogolo wa kgwebisano wa Brazil. Molao o monnye le one o ne wa thusa go dira gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe semmuso ka 1888. Sa ntlha, ka 1871 Molao wa Sebopelo se se Lokologileng o ne wa bolela gore bana botlhe ba makgoba ba ba neng ba tsholwa morago ga gore molao o fetisiwe ba ne ba tshwanetse go gololwa; e latelwa ke Molao wa Sexagenarian wa 1885, o o neng wa golola makgoba a a fetang dingwaga di le masome a marataro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Lei Áurea (Golden Law).jpg|thumb|Molao wa Gauta. Dipolokelo tsa Bosetshaba tsa Brazil.]]
Seabe se segolo mo thulaganyong e telele ya go fedisa bokgoba kwa Brazil e ne e le ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga lelwapa la segosi. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870, mmusimogolo wa bofelo, Pedro II o ne a na le ngwana a le mongwe fela yo o neng a sa ntse a tshela, morwadie Isabel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-4/abolition/ &quot;Abolition | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change&quot;]. ''library.brown.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ntlha ya bong jwa gagwe le lenyalo la gagwe le motswakwa, Isabel o ne a na le bothata jwa go bona tshegetso, le fa a ne a dira gabedi jaaka kgosana ka nako ya puso ya ga rraagwe. Mo nakong e khutshwane e a neng a e fetsa e le kgosana, o ne a tsaya dikgato tse dinnye go fedisa bokgoba. Ka ntlha ya dikgoreletsi tse a neng a lebane le tsone, o ne a tshwanelwa ke go tlhoma matona a masha gotlhelele gore a kgone go fedisa bokgoba gotlhelele. O ne a atlega, mme go fedisiwa ga bokgoba go ne ga bidiwa Molao wa Gauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Brazil ya morago ga kgololosego (1888 – tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1900) ===
Go fedisiwa ga bokgoba kwa Brazil go ne ga raya gore batho ba bantsho le ba basweu ba ne ba tla kgaoganngwa kafa molaong. Le fa go ntse jalo, bosemorafe ga bo a ka jwa swa fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa. Ditatelano tsa merafe tse di neng di tlhomilwe ke bokgoba di ne tsa ema thata morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba. Go ne go sena paka ya &quot;kagosešwa&quot; jaaka e e neng ya tlhongwa kwa United States.[12] Go na le moo, batho ba bantsho ba Brazil ba ba neng ba sa tswa go gololwa ba ne ba tlogelwa gore ba itirele botshelo go tswa mo go se nang sepe—ba se na lefatshe, madi, kana thuto. Puso eno e e neng e sa tlhole e le teng e ne ya tlogela naga eno e na le go tlhoka tekatekano go gogolo fa gare ga basweu le batho ba e seng basweu. Ka ntlha ya seno, motlotlo o o neng o bua ka lotso kwa Brazil o ne wa golagana thata le metlotlo e e neng e bua ka lehuma le maemo a batho.

Le fa go ne go sena melao e e neng e lebile ka tlhamalalo ba ba tswang mo Aforika ka ntlha ya lotso, go ne go na le melao e e neng ya bewa e e neng e dira gore go se ka ga nna le tekatekano fa gare ga basweu le bantsho. Sekao, fa Brazil e ne e nna repaboliki la ntlha ka 1889, go bouta go ne go lekanyeditswe go banna ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala, se se neng sa thibela bontsi jwa batho bantsho go bouta ka gonne go ne go na le dipharologano tse dikgolo mo thutong morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba.[12] Mo godimo ga se, go ne ga nna le tlhaloso sešwa ya bosenyi e e neng ya dira gore dikarolo di le dintsi tsa setso sa Aforika di nne bosenyi.[11]

==== Dipatlisiso ====
Mo bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesomerobongwe le tshimologo ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi, poifo e ne ya simolola go anama mo gare ga batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ka ga ka fao hisitori ya ntlha ya Brazil ya go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng e neng e tla ama tlhabololo ya yona ka teng.[11] Poifo eno, mmogo le go tuma go go golang ga go dirisa saense ya maaka go tlhalosa dipharologano tsa merafe, go ne ga dira gore go nne le kgolo ya mefuta e e farologaneng ya bosemorafe jwa saense ya maaka mme, segolobogolo, eugenics kwa Brazil.[13]

Batshwayadiphoso ba Yuropa ga ba bolo go kgala setšhaba sa Brazil se se nang le merafe e e farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tlhoka &quot;bophepa jwa merafe&quot;. Eugenics ya nako eo e ne e akantsha gore batho bantsho ba ne ba le kwa tlase, mme di-mulatto di ne di &quot;senyegile,&quot; go beya dipotso ka palo e kgolo ya batho bantsho le ba ba tlhakaneng ba Brazil.[13] Mo godimo ga moo, go ne go akanngwa gore tlelaemete ya boboatsatsi, jaaka ya Brazil, e ne e kgoreletsa tlhabololo ya naga.[10] Moitseanape mongwe wa Mofora, Count Arthur de Gobineau, o ne a tlhasela Brazil a re go tlhakana ga merafe mo nageng go amile maemo otlhe go dira gore naga yotlhe e nne &quot;botshwakga, bobe le go sa tshole.&quot;[14] Dikakanyo tseno di ne tsa simolola go tsosa poifo mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba Brazil ba ba neng ba batla go dirisa dikgopolo tsa eugenics ya ikonomi ya naga go nna. Moithuta-batho mongwe yo o neng a amogela kgopolo ya eugenic, e bong Raimundo Nina Rodrigues, o ne a simolola go tshwenyega ka go tlhakana ga merafe go go neng go direga kwa Brazil. O ne a dira 'thutopatlisiso' ka batho ba ba tswang kwa Aforika kwa Brazil mme a fitlhela gore setlhopha sa morafe se ne se le &quot;kwa tlase ka tsela e e sa belaetseng.&quot;[14] O ne a buelela gore go nne le melao e e farologaneng ya bosenyi ka lotso le gore batho bantsho ba nne kafa tlase ga melao e e farologaneng ka gonne ba ne ba sa gololesega go tlhopha bosenyi ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa bone jo bo fokotsegileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Rodrigues ka boene e ne e le wa merafe e e tlhakaneng mme o ne a bontsha go tlhakana tlhogo ka boemo jwa batho ba merafe e e tlhakaneng mo thulaganyong ya merafe. Go lwantsha se, o ne a tshitshinya go tlhamiwa ga ditlhopha di le mmalwa go tlhagisa mefuta ya batho ba ba tlhakaneng go tswa mo go ba ba kwa godimo go ya kwa go ba ba tlwaelegileng, go ya kwa go ba ba senyegileng.[15]

Kwa bokhutlong, thuto ya go oketsa bana kwa Brazil ga e ise e ko e nne le maatla jaaka kwa Yuropa, Amerika Bokone, kana Australia. Bangwe ba re katlego e e lekanyeditsweng ya saense ya maaka e bakilwe ke gore Brazil e ne e setse e na le batho ba le bantsi thata ba merafe e e tlhakaneng. Go tlhakana tlhogo ga ga Nina Rodrigues ka ga kafa bogolo jwa lotso bo dirang ka gone kwa ntle ga bobedi jwa lotso go bontsha kgopolo eno. Le ka nako ya fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa ka 1888, diperesente di le 6 tsa manyalo otlhe e ne e le a merafe e e farologaneng.[9] Se se raya gore, mo maemong mangwe, dikgoreletsi tsa lotso di ne di setse di thubilwe, mme seno se ne sa dira gore go nne thata go tlhoma dipholisi tse di gagametseng tsa eugenics tse di jaaka go kgaoganya kgotsa go ntsha mpa ka lotso. Ba bangwe ba bolela gore go nna teng ga Bokatoliki jo bontsi kwa Brazil go ka tswa go ile ga boloka naga eno mo melaong e e bogale ya bosemorafe.[13]

&quot;Tlhotlheletso e e anameng ya Bokatoliki kwa Brazil le kwa Latin America yotlhe e ne ya dira gore baithuta-egenicist ba tsenelele mo dipuisanong tsa dithibelo tsa lenyalo le go tsala ga batho. Mo matlhong a batlhalefi ba Katoliki, tseno e ne e le dikgang tsa boitsholo le tsa bodumedi mme ka jalo di ne di sa bulegele tsereganyo e e tseneletseng ya sepolotiki kgotsa ya kalafi; go bolaya mpa.&quot; [13] (Go tswa go: Sebastião de Souza, Vanderlei (Sedimonthole 2016)

==== Molao wa go sweufatsa morafe ====
Go sweufatsa lotso, kgotsa &quot;go sweufatsa&quot; (branqueamento), ke kgopolo e e neng ya amogelwa ke botlhe kwa Brazil magareng ga 1889 le 1914,[16] jaaka tharabololo ya &quot;bothata jwa Bantsho&quot;.[17][18] Mo gare ga dipuisano tsa eugenics le dipalopalo tsa naga tse di kgoreletsang tlhabololo ya yona, Rephaboliki ya ntlha ya Brazil e ne ya swetsa go tlhoma pholisi ya &quot;go sweufatsa&quot; mo e neng e tla leka go fokotsa batho bantsho le go leleka matshwao otlhe a setso sa Aforika.[12] Se se ne sa dirwa ka ditlhotlheletso tse di rotloetsang bafaladi go tswa kwa Yuropa go tla go sokamisa dipalopalo tsa batho mmogo le go gatelela setso sa Aforika le sa Batswana tsotlhe ka maiteko a go phimola go nna teng ga batho bantsho go tswa kwa Brazil. Pholisi e ne ya tswelela go fitlha ka 1910 mme ka ntlha ya yone phesente ya basweu kwa Brazil e ne ya tlola go tswa go diperesente di le 34 ka 1870 go ya go diperesente di le 64 ka 1940.[19]Kgopolo ya go sweufatsa batho ka lotso e fetogile kgopolo e e anameng thata mo motaki wa Mo-Spain e bong Modesto Brocos a neng a taka A RedenmçãoC’s (A RedenmçãoC’s). Tiro e ne e bua ka pholisi e e ganetsanang ya lotso e e ikaegileng ka eugenics mme e ne e bontsha tiragalo ya go sweufatsa batho ka iketlo mo dikokomaneng.[20][21]

== Metswedi ==</text>
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      <comment>Ke dirile tsebe ya &quot;Ngwaga wa go boela gae , Ghana 2019&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="10510" sha1="ox7xe1agbftf1arf15eee600ji9pn98" xml:space="preserve">'''Ngwaga wa go boela gae, Ghana 2019''' ke kakanyo ya puso ya kwa Ghana le setlhopha sa kwa [[USA|United States]] sa Adinkra e e ikaelelang go rotloetsa batho ba mafatshe a a mabapi go tla [[Aferika|Aforika]] (bogolo jang Ghana) go itshetlela le go beeletsa mo Aforika, bontlha jwa letsholo la [[Blaxit]]. E tlhamilwe semmuso ke tautona Nana Akufo- Addo&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Inside-Afrochella-Ghana-s-answer-to-Coachella-741867 &quot;Inside Afrochella, Ghana's answer to Coachella&quot;.] ''www.ghanaweb.com''. 27 April 2019. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; ka Lwetse ngwaga wa 2018 kwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C]] e le lenaneo la ma Aforika a a mafatsheng a sele go agisana le ma Aforika. Ngwaga wa 2019 o na le bokao ka ke ngwaga wa makgolo a mane&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.yahoo.com/?err=404&amp;err_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fghana-draws-african-american-tourists-return-030420845.html%3Fguce_referrer%3DaHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLw%26guce_referrer_sig%3DAQAAAANjJrt35jORh0TKiydBy6uv2NCx20Sk0h7JSiPUrxnbMSLUyWEV9gdGd7-FNlOqtio5540S-x47LZPtkvAXV2BoYG6NSmxEPTv--9zpOD2-h_XbfDX6609oSTwOa2mAX3_NnryrSFBpeZxyJs2jFq7VHPdB6sXElMVbIhKjMkcf &quot;Ghana draws African-American tourists with 'Year of Return'&quot;.] ''news.yahoo.com''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; fa e sale makgoba a ntlha a Aforika a goroga kwa Hampton, kwa koloneng ya Virginia kwa America.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://africarenewal.un.org/en &quot;2019: Year of return for African Diaspora | Africa Renewal&quot;.] ''www.un.org''. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 03 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Lenaneo le le lemoga gape dikatlego le bootshoko ka nako ya tiragalo eo.&lt;ref&gt;Regitz, G.; Ohad, I. (1976-01-10). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/400/ &quot;Trypsin-sensitive photosynthetic activities in chloroplast membranes from Chlamydomonas reinhardi, y-1&quot;.] ''The Journal of Biological Chemistry''. '''251''' (1): 247–252. doi:[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021925817339522 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33952-2.] [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0021-9258 0021-9258.] [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/400/ 400].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jordan, Adrienne. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/adriennejordan/2020/05/01/meet-the-american-that-decided-to-self-quarantine-in-ghana/ &quot;The American Entrepreneur Leading The Back To Africa Travel Movement&quot;]. ''Forbes''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Go simolola fa tautona Barack Obama a ne a tsaya loeto go ya Cape Coast ka 2009, bontsi jwa batho bantsho ba America ba ba rategang, ba itsege ebile ba tlotliwa ba etetse lefatshe la Ghana go ithuta ngwao ya bone.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191031025949/http://www.west-africa-brief.org/content/en/ghana-year-return-african-diaspora &quot;Ghana: Year of return for African diaspora | West Africa Gateway | Portail de l'Afrique de l'Ouest&quot;.] ''www.west-africa-brief.org''. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Lekgotla la Ghana la bojanala le lephata la bojanala,botaki le ngwao le rulagantse mananeo a go ipelela boitshoko jwa mowa wa se Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Year-of-Return-goes-beyond-tourism-Rosa-Whitaker-774920 &quot;Year of Return goes beyond tourism – Rosa Whitaker&quot;.] ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 03 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/ &quot;Akufo-Addo declares 2019 as 'year of return for Diasporans'&quot;]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 03 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Bontsi jwa batho bantsho ba kwa America ba amogane dipolelo mabapi le maiphitlhelo a bone kwa Ghana ka ngwaga ya go boela gae.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/How-Year-of-Return-has-marketed-Ghana-to-African-Americans-Rashad-McCrorey-gives-details-851329 &quot;How 'Year of Return' has marketed Ghana to African Americans - Rashad McCrorey gives details&quot;.] ''www.ghanaweb.com''. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://jacksonvillefreepress.com/how-ghanas-year-of-return-campaign-put-black-destinations-in-the-spotlight/ &quot;How Ghana's Year Of Return Campaign Put Black Destinations In The Spotlight – Free Press of Jacksonville&quot;.] ''jacksonvillefreepress.com''. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maikaelelo ==

* Go dira lefatshe la Ghana boremelelo jwa bojanala jwa batho bantsho ba America le kgaolo ya Aforika ka bophara.

* Go tsosolosa ditso tse di latlhegileng tsa dingwaga tse di makgolo mane.

* Go rotloetsa dipeeletso mo Ghana le go aga botsalano le batho bantsho ba America le Aforika ka bophara.

== Baeng ==
Sheila Jackson Lee o amantse lenaneo le le dingwaga tse di makgolo mane tsa molao wa ditso tsa batho bantsho ba Aforika o o neng o fetisitswe ka bokopanong jwa ngwaga wa 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Modiragatsi wa kwa America ebile e le mokaedi Michael Jai White o etetse Ghana mafelo a ngwaga wa 2018. Batho ba ba nnang kwa mafatsheng a sele ba Aforika ba ka nna masome a mane ba ne ba tsaya karolo moletlong o o neng o ikaelela go ngoka baeng mo lefatsheng leo. Baeng bao ba akaretsa mme ga ba felele mo go ba ba latelang:

* Idris Elba
* Boris Kodjoe
* Naomi Campbell
* Anthony Anderson
* Kofi Kingston&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wwe.com/worldwide/article/kofi-kingston-to-return-to-ghana &quot;Kofi Kingston plans historic homecoming to Ghana&quot;.] ''WWE''. Retrieved 03 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://face2faceafrica.com/article/wwe-star-kofi-kingston-returns-home-to-ghana-after-26-years-photos &lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;WWE star Kofi Kingston returns home to Ghana after 26 years [Photos]&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;]. ''Face2Face Africa''. 2019-05-30. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Adrienne Joi Johnson
* Steve Harvey&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/ &quot;Videos/Photos: Steve Harvey visits Cape Coast Castle, gets emotional&quot;.] ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cardi B&lt;ref&gt;Aisha Salaudeen (5 December 2019). [https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/05/africa/cardi-b-in-africa/index.html &quot;Cardi B is set to perform for the first time in Nigeria and Ghana&quot;.] ''CNN''. Retrieved 03 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pulse.com.gh/articles/entertainment/celebrities/watch-cardi-b-jams-to-kwesi-arthurs-dont-keep-me-waiting-2024080903292283504 &quot;Cardi B sells Ghana's Year of Return with the perfect outfit&quot;.] ''Entertainment''. 2019-12-09. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
* T.I&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/ &quot;Rapper T.I., wife arrive in Ghana&quot;.] ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ludacris&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/ &quot;Fast and Furious star Ludacris in Ghana&quot;.] ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rick Ross&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/ &quot;Rick Ross, Koffee to join King Promise, KiDi, others for Detty Rave concert in Ghana&quot;.] ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 03 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;
* Akon&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/ &quot;Sarkodie is the only Ghanaian artiste to reach the top – Akon&quot;.] ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rosario Dawson
* Diggy Simmons
* Jidenna
* Michael Jai White
* Nicole Ari Parker&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pulse.com.gh/articles/entertainment/celebrities/hollywood-stars-in-ghana-for-christmas-2024080201192947692 &quot;Check out how Boris Kodjoe, Idris Elba among other top Hollywood stars celebrated their Christmas in Ghana&quot;]. ''Entertainment''. 2019-01-02. Retrieved 03 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conan O'Brien&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/American-comedian-Conan-O-Brien-joins-Year-of-Return-campaign-with-emotional-video-799448 &quot;American comedian Conan O'Brien joins 'Year of Return' campaign with emotional video&quot;.] ''www.ghanaweb.com''. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Koffee&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/ &quot;Rick Ross, Koffee to join King Promise, KiDi, others for Detty Rave concert in Ghana&quot;]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sam Richardson&lt;ref&gt;Sedode, Pilot. [https://kuulpeeps.com/2019/06/heres-what-american-comedian-conan-obrien-and-sam-richardson-have-been-up-to-on-their-trip-to-ghana/ &quot;Here's What American Comedian Conan O'Brien And Sam Richardson Have Been Up To On Their Trip To Ghana - Kuulpeeps - Ghana Campus News and Lifestyle Site by Students&quot;.] Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kgosikgolo wa morafe wa Akwamu Odeneho Kwafo Akoto wa boraro o ne a tlhoma Michael Jai White go nna kgosi ka nako ya loeto lwa gagwe. Maemo a ga Kgosi White araya &quot;setlhare se se medi e e nonofileng, se se sa tshabeng makubukubu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Engmann, Rachel Ama Asaa (2019-08-23). [https://allafrica.com/stories/201908230125.html &quot;Ghana's Year of Return 2019 - Traveler, Tourist or Pilgrim?&quot;]. ''allAfrica.com''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dipoelo ==
Bajanala ba ka nna sedikadike se le sengwe le dikete di le tlhano ba akaretsa batho ba ba itsegeng thata, mapolotiki le baeteledipele ba mafatshe, ba solofetswe mo lefatsheng fa ngwaga o fela ka 1.9 billion a solofetswe go kokoanngwa ele dipoelo tsa ditiragalo tsa ngwaga wa go boela ga. Mohama wa bojanala o itemogetse koketsego ya lesome le borobabobedi mo lekgolong mo go gorogeng ga batho go tswa kwa mafatsheng a America, Britain, Caribbean le a mangwe fa dikgorogo tsa kwa maemelong a difofane di oketsegile ka masome a mane le botlhano mo lekgolong mo ngwageng oo.

Go akanyediwa gore tiriso ya madi ya bajanala e oketsegile ka sekete, makgolo a  robabobedi, masome a marataro le bobedi jwa di dolara tsa America ka ngwaga wa 2017 go ya kwa go dikete tse pedi, makgolo a matlhano, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe mojanala mongwe le mongwe, ka seemo sa bojanala mo itsholelong se akanyediwa go nna bilione e le nngwe le dikete tse di robang bongwe. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Deputy-Tourism-Minister-clarifies-controversial-1-9bn-Year-of-Return-revenue-claim-829444 &quot;Deputy Tourism Minister clarifies controversial $1.9bn Year of Return revenue claim&quot;.] ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maduo ==
Ka ngwaga wa 2024, batho ba kwa Ghana ba begile fa go boa ka dipalo tse di kwa godimo ga batho go bakile itsholelo e e ikaegileng ka dikgatlhego tsa bone mo go seegelang kwa thoko beng gae. Akufo-Addo o kgaletswe go tlhoka go baakanyetsa maduo a itsholelo a ngwaga wa go boela gae.&lt;ref&gt;Egbejule, Eromo (December 14, 2024). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/14/ghana-year-return-tourists-prices-africa &quot;Ghana's 'Year of Return' delivers a bittersweet buzz as tourists push up prices&quot;.] ''TheGuardian.com''. Retrieved July, 3 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditiragalo ==

* Moletlo wa mmino wa Aforika wa Afrochella
* Bontsho ke bontsho

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <title>Setlhopha sa Back-to-Africa</title>
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      <comment>Ke dirile tsebe ya &quot;Setlhopha sa Back-to-Africa&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="17079" sha1="37wqx1rfip0mds8gubmfg1fkfzbambu" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:(1896) Departure of colored emigrants for Liberia - The Illustrated American, March 21, 1896.jpg|thumb|(1896) phudugo ya batswakwa ba ya Liberia, Mopitloo a le masome mabedi le motso,ngwaga wa 1896]]
'''Letsholo la Back-to-Africa''' e ne e le letsholo la sepolotiki mo makgolong a dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe le masome a mabedi le le neng le buelela go boela gae ga ditlogolwana tsa makgoba a [[Aferika|Aforika.]]Palo potlana ya makgoba  a a golotsweng a a neng a itshetlela mo Aforika - bangwe ba patelediwa - ba ne ba itemogela diemo tse di makgwakgwa, ka ntlha ya malwetsi a ba neng ba sena masole a mmele a a ka emelanang le one. Go retelelwa ga go dira jalo go ne ga itsege kwa lefatsheng la [[USA|United States]] ka dingwaga tsa 1820, se se ne sa thatafatsa letsholo la go nna kgatlhanong. Ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi, molweladitshwanelo wa sepolotiki ebile e le motho montsho kwa Jamaica Marcus Garvey, maloko a letsholo la Rastafari le batho bantsho ba bangwe ba America ba ne ba ema nokeng kakanyo e, mme palo potlana fela ke yone e neng ya tswa mo United States.

Ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le boferabobedi, dikete tsa batho ba baneng ba buelela batho bantsho ba ne ba ikgolaganya le sesole sa kwa Britain ka nako ya ntwa ya diphetogo kwa America. Ka ngwaga wa 1787, bogosi jwa Britain bo ne jwa dira kolone kwa [[Sierra Leone]] kwa go neng go bidiwa Free Lands, kwa go neng ga simolola tsamaiso e telele ya boagedi kwa batho ba ntlha ba Aforika ba neng ba dirwa makgoba kwa Sierra Leone. Ka dingwaga tse, batho bantsho ba America bangwe ba ne ba loga maano a bone a boela Aforika, mme ka ngwaga wa 1811, Paul Cuffee, mohumi wa kwa New England wa motho montsho wa America, o ne a etelela pele maloko a mokgatlho wa ma Aforika a a gololesegileng go ya liberia. Ka dingwaga tseo, batho bantsho bangwe ba America ba ne ba boela kwa Haiti, kwa bootsuolodi jwa makgoba bo neng bo bakile go belegwa ga bana ba mmala o montsho ka dingwaga tsa 1800. Ka ngwanatsele a le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 1803, Haiti e ne ya nna lefatshe la ntlha go tsaya boipuso ka botsuolodi jwa makgoba. Dingwaga tse di latelang, makgoba a a golotsweng go tswa kwa United States a ne a tlhama [[Liberia]]. Mokgatlho wa America wa bokolone o ne wa ntshetsa phudugo ya batho bantsho ba America ba baneng ba satswa go gololwa madi, ka tsholofelo ya go fedisa bokgoba jaaka babereki ba nakwana go sa busediwe didikadike tsa makgoba a pele mo setšhabeng sa America. Go tlhokafala ga batho ba go ne ga nna kwa godimo.&lt;ref&gt;McDaniel, Antonio (November 1992). [https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article-abstract/29/4/581/171058/Extreme-mortality-in-nineteenth-century-Africa-the?redirectedFrom=fulltext &quot;Extreme mortality in nineteenth-century Africa: the case of Liberian immigrants&quot;] . ''Demographics'' . '''29''' (4): 581–594. [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 doi] : [https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article-abstract/29/4/581/171058/Extreme-mortality-in-nineteenth-century-Africa-the?redirectedFrom=fulltext 10.2307/2061853] . [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 JSTOR]  [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2061853 2061853] . [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 PMID]  [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1483543/ 1483543] . [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 S2CID]  [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b59412c11a5d639ca9d437138cfb7beb4101ced3 46953564] .&lt;/ref&gt; Mo bathong ba le dikete nne, makgolo a matlhano, bosupa le motso ba ba eng ba gorogile kwa Liberia ka dingwaga tsa 1820 go tsena 1843, ba le sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, lesome le borobabongwe ke bone fela ba gorogileng.

== Ditso ==
Potso ya gore batho bantsho ba ba tsholetsweng kwa America ba tla nna kae go ne go sa tlhatlhanngwa ka yone ke bakwadi ba basweu, le baakanyi ba batho bantsho, mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi: ka nako ya phetogo ya America, go ne go na le palo potlana ya batho bantsho mo lefatsheng leo.&lt;ref&gt;Empty citation ( help )&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ngwaga wa 1776, bokgoba bo ne bo le ka fa molaong kwa dikoloneng di le lesome le boraro tse di neng tsa nna United States ka ntwa ya diphetogo ya America. Go ne go na le palo potlana ya batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng. Kgatelelo ya go fedisa bokgoba e simolotse ka bonya mme ya tloga ya gola. Dikakanyo tsa baitseanape le ditumelo  ka bokgoba di ne tsa gatisiwa, bogolo jang ke badumedi. Bokgoba bo ne jwa ntshiwa mo molaong kwa England ka ngwaga wa 1772 ka katlholo ya ntlotshekelo, kwa bogosing jwa Britain ka molao ka ngwaga wa 1833. Kwa France, bokgoba bo sa le bo se ka fa molaong ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borataro. Jaaka bontlha bongwe jwa diphetogo tsa kwa France, bo ne jwa ilediwa mo dikoloneng tsa France ka ngwaga wa 1794, le ntswa bo ne jwa boela gape go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1802 go stena 1848. Go simolola ngwaga wa 1791, makgoba a kwa Saint Domingue a ne a tsuologa, a nna le kgololesego, a tlhama morafe o o gololesegileng wa batho bantsho kwa Haiti. Go simolola ka pennsylvania le Masachusetts ka ngwaga wa 1780, bokgoba bo ne jwa kganelwa mo dikgaolong tsa bokone, le ntwa se se ne se sa ree gore makgoba a nako eo a ne a nna a gololwa. Vermont, o e neng e se bontlha jwa United States ka nako eo, e ne ya emisa bokgoba mo molao kakanyetsong wa one wa ngwaga wa 1777. Ka palobatho ya ngwaga wa 1840, go ne go santse go na le makgoba a le makgolo kwa bokone le didikadike kwa borwa. ka palobatho ya ngwaga wa 1850, go ne go sena makgoba mo dikgaolong tse di gololesegileng. Kwa borwa, nako tse dingwa ba rotloediwa ke diikuelo tsa bareri - go nna kgatlhanong le bokgoba e ne e le bontlha jo bo nonofileng jwa tumelo - bathobangwe ba ne ba golola makgoba a bone kgotsa ba kwala mo dipampiring tsa dithatong tsa bone fa ba setse ba tlhokafetse gore ba gololwe.

Palo ya batho bantsho ba ba neng ba gololesegile kwa America o mošha e ne ya ya magoletsa, mme potso ya gore go dirwe eng ka bone le yone botlhokwa jwa yone jwa oketsega. Le fa ba gololesegile, ga go na gope kwa America kwa ba neng ba ipelela kgololesego jaaka batho basweu. E ne e se baagi, jaaka tshwetso ya Dred Scott e papamaditse. Gantsi ba ne ba bonwa jaaka morafe o monnye, mme palo potlana ya batho basweu e dumela fa ba siame bile e le bontlha bongwe jwa setšhaba sa America. Ba ne ba kganelwa go nna mo mafelong mangwe, ebile go na le kgethololo ya semolao. Bapagami ba dikepe ba bantsho ba ne ba sa letlelelwe go tsena mo dikamoreng, ba tshwanelwa ke go nna mo ditilong, go sa kgathelesego gore seemo sa bone ke eng. Kwa Florida, motho montsho mongwe le mongwe o a neng a gololesegile o ne a  tshwanetse go nna le motho mosweu o o ka atlholelwang melato ya batho bantsho, fa e le teng, ka batho bantsho ba ne ba sa atlholwe kgotsa ba sekisewa. Modumedi Zephaniah Kingsley o a neng dumela gore go tlhakanya ditso go siame, o ne a patelediwa go tlogela Florida go ya Haiti. Kwa borwa, go fitlhelela go emisiwa, batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng ba ne ba  ithuta go bala le go kwala, gantsi ba kopana le dikwalo tsa kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Beng ba makgoba ba ba neng ba laola dikgaolo tsa borwa ba ne ba bona makgoba a a gololesegileng a e le matshosetsi mo itsholelong le go itshetlela ga lefatshe, ba bo ba supa phatlalatsa gore ba batla go ba ntsha.

== Go tlhaga ga phudugo ya bofelo go ya Aforika ==
Bontsi jwa batho bantsho ba kwa America ba ne ba gololwa jaaka batho ba batla ditshono. Bontsi jwa batswaakwa kwa borwa ba fudugetse kwa bokone go batla ditiro, fa ba bangwe ba fudugetse kwa dikgaolong tse di mabapi le borwa. Ba ne ba sa amogelwe gope; ba ne ba bonwa e le batswakwa ba sennela ruri ba ba ka go berekela lefatshe , ba ne ba tseela beng age ditiro. Batho basweu ba ne ba sa tlwaela go kopanela lefelo le batswakwa kwa ntle ga mo bokgobeng. Bontsi jwa batho ba ne ba sa dumele gore batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng ba na le bonno mo America.

Kwa bokone, batho baweu ba le bantsi ba ne ba dumela gore batho bantsho ba ka se lekalekane le bone mo America ka jalo ba ba pateletsa go boela Aforika,&lt;ref&gt;Missing or empty &lt;code&gt;|title=&lt;/code&gt;( help )&lt;/ref&gt; le ntswa bontsi jw a bone ba ne ba tsholetswe kwa America ebile ba ise ke ba bone Aforika.

Dikakanyo le maikutlo a, e ne e se a kwa bokone fela. Mongwe wa ba ema nokeng ba letsholo la bokolone, Solomon Parker wa kwa Hampshire Virginia, o ne a inolwa are &quot;Ga ke eletse go bona ope wa batho ba ba golotsweng kgotse ope wa makgoba a me mo America...o kgatlhanong le bokgoba ka jalo o kgatlhanong le go gololwa ga makgoba go nna mo lefatsheng la rona le gore ka tsholofelo mo tsamaong ya nako lefatshe la rona le taa ba koba.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ailes, Jane; Tyler-McGraw, Marie (2012). &quot;Leaving Virginia for Liberia: Western Virginia Emigrants and Emancipators&quot;. ''West Virginia History: A Journal of Regional Studies'' . '''6''' (2): 1–34. doi : [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/489406 10.1353/wvh.2012.0021] . [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 S2CID]  [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Leaving-Virginia-for-Liberia%3A-Western-Virginia-and-Ailes-Tyler-McGraw/375a48040e336d90a624d9457b5d5e12e00c4cb1 159669576] .&lt;/ref&gt;

== Go busetsa makgoba kwa Aforika ==
Go busediwa ga makgoba a pele kwa Aforika kgotsa phudugo ya makgoba a pele go tswa kwa United States, the Carribean le Britain go ya Aforika go diragetse gareng ga mafelo a lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi go stena lekgolo le borobabongwe.  Kwa Sierra Leone le Liberia, mafatshe a a ne a tlhamiwa ke makgoba a pele a a neng a buseditswe kwa Aforika mo dingwageng di le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi.

=== Sierra Leone ===
[[Setshwantsho:Province of Freedom.jpg|thumb|Toropo ya Liberty ]]
Makgoba a a golotsweng a le mantsi a ne a sa itumelela bonno jwa bone kwa Canada morago ga ntwa ya phetogo ka jalo ba nyoeretswe go boela gae. Ka ngwaga wa 1787, puso ya Britain e ne ya simolola maiteko a go busetsa batho kwa Sierra Leone. Ba ba neng ab nna kwa Britain ba ka nna makgolo a mararo ba ne ba bewa kwa lotshitshing lwa Sierra Leone. Mo dingwageng tse pedi, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tlhokafetsa ka ntlha ya bolwetse le kgotlhang le batho ba morafe wa Temne. Ka ngwaga wa 1792, maiteko a bobedi a ne a diriwa, ka sekete le lekgolo la batho ba tlhama toropo ya Freetown ka kemo nokeng ya ba ba kgatlhanong le bokgoba Thomas Clarkson. Ka ngwaga wa 1800, batho ba Jamaica ba le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba isiwa pele Nova Scotia morago ba ya Sierra Leone.

Ka ngwaga wa 1815, Paul Cuffe o ne a etelela pele setlhopgha sa ntlha sa makgoba a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi go tswa kwa United States go ya Sierra Leone. ka ngwaga wa 1820, moreri a bidiwa Daniel Coker o ne a etelela pele ma America a aneng a golotswe a le masome a robabongwe go simolola kolone e ntšha kwa Sierra Leone, ka maikaelelo a go anamisa SeKeresete. Ba neba tsamaya ka sekepe  go tswa New York City ka sekepe sa elizabeth mme mosepele o ne  wa felela kwa setlhaketlhakeng kwa lotshsitshing lwa Sierra Leone. Ba gorogile pele ga dipula tsa dikgaololo, mme ba lwala letshoroma le le neng la bolaya bontsi jwa bone. Ba ba falotseng ba ne ba tshabela kwa Freetown, mme motse o ba neng ba o tlhamile o ne wa senyega.

Go busiwa ga makgoba go tswa Britain le dikolone tsa gagwe go ya Aforika go diragetse ka fa tlase ga taolo ya komiti ya go gololwa ga batho bantsho. Lekgotla le morago le ne  la fetisitsa thata ya lone kwa komponeng ya Sierra leone. Morago makgoba go tswa kwa United States le west Indies ba ne ba tswelela ka go goroga kwa Freetwown ka dipalo tse dipotlana ka bagwebi ba makgoba.

Batho ba Creole ba Sierra leone ke ditlogolwana tsa batho bantsho ba ba golotsweng kwa America go tswa Nova, Jamaica le makgoba  a agolotsweng go tswa Aforika. Ba ne ba bona boagedi jwa bophirima jwa DSierra Leone go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1787 go tsena 1885. Kolone e ne ya tlhamiwa ke puso ya britain, ka kemo nokeng ya ba ba kgatlhanong, ka fa tlase ga komponee ya Sierra leone jaaka botshabelo jwa makgoba a a golotsweng. Banni ba kolone eo ba ne ba e bitsa Freetown.

=== Liberia ===
[[Setshwantsho:(1896) Departure of colored emigrants for Liberia - The Illustrated American, March 21, 1896.jpg|thumb|Batho banthso ba America ba ya liberia, 1896]]
Ditso tsa Liberia (morago ga kgorogo ya batho ba Europe) di farologana le tsa [[Sierra Leone]] kwa [[Aferika|Aforika]], ga le a simolola ka go tlhamiwa ga lefatshe le le ikemetseng ebile e ne e se kolone. Ka ngwaga wa 1820, lekgotla la Amerika la bokolone le ne la simolola go aga manno a ma Aforika a a golotswenf go tswa kwa America mo lotshitshing lwa Aforika. Dikepe tsa ntlha go tswa America di sa iste kwa di yang teng, di ne tsa sala morago tsela e e neng e tserwe ke ba Britain go fitlhelela ba goroga kwa lotshitshing lwa Sierra Leone. Go tswa koo, ba ne ba ya kwa borwa go fitlhelela ba goroga kwa lefelong le batho ba Europe ba neng ba le bitsa Pepper Coast.

Kwa kgaolong e ya Pepper Coast, merafe mengwe e ne e patelediwa go ba neela lefatshe, Bangwa ba ne ba akanya gore ke ga nakwana jaaka e ne e le tlwaelo. Mo dingwageng di le masome mabedi, ditoropo di le mmalwa di ne di agilwe mo lotshitshing lwa [[Liberia]], le ntswa lefelo leo le sale le nna le banni ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borataro. Botshelo bo ne bo le boima; malwetse le tlala di ne di tlwaelesegile. Sephatlo sa ba ba neng ba gorogile ba ne ba tlhokafala mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse di masome mabedi.

Lefatshe la Liberia le ne la tsaya boipuso ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borataro ka ngwagawa 1847. Ka puso e e tlhophilweng ya batho bantsho le neelo mahala ya lefatshe mo bathong bantsho ba America, liberia e ne ya nna lefatshe la bobedi le le gorogelwang ke batho ba le bantsi go tswa United States ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe. Batswakwa ba basha go tswa United States ba ne ba kopana le dikgwetlho tse dintsi, jaaka go tlhokafala ga masika, go tlhokafala ga batho ba bantsi ka ntlha ya malwetsi, le bothata jwa go tlwaela botshelo. Ka ngwagawa 1830, batho ba le masome a mane le boraro go tswa Christiansburg kwa Virgian ba neba boela kwa Liberia, mme masome a ferabongwe mo lekgolong ba ne ba tlhokafala mo dingwageng di le lesome, bontsi e le ka ntlha ya malaria; lesome le le setseng le ne la tlogela lefatshe, bontsi bo boela kwa Sierra leone. Le fa go ntse jalo, bangwe ba ba ba neng ba falotse ba ne ba rata Liberia.

Keletso ya go fudugela Liberia e ne ya oketsega fa ntwa ya America ya phetogo e fedisa bokgoba le tsholofelo ya phetogo ya maemo a batho bantsho.

== Batswakwa ba ba itsegeng go tswa America go ya Aforika ==

* Joseph Jenkin Roberts, tautona wa ntlha ebile e le motlhami wa Liberia
* Thomas Peters, moeteledipele wa molweladitshwanelo tsa batho bantsho go tswa United States ebile e le motlhami wa Freetwon kwa Sierra Leone
* William Coleman, tautona wa Liberia
* Stephen Allen Benson, tautona wa Liberia
* David George, moruti wa kereke ya Baptist kwa Sierra Leone
* Botson King, morongwa wa kwa Sierra Leone a tsholetswe kwa America
* Henry Washington, lekgoba la kwa Aforika le le neng le berekela tautona wa pele wa kwa United States, George Washington
* Daniel Coker, morongwa wa kwa Sierra Leone
* Edward Jones, morongwa go tswa kwa United States go ya Sierra Leone
* Edward J. Roye, tautona wa Liberia, ebile e le tautona wa ntlha go tswa phathing ya True Whig
* John Russwurm, motlhami wa lokwalo lwa Freedom, pampiri ya ntlha ya dikgang ya batho bantsho kwa America, o a neng a fudugela Liberia
* Abraham Hazeley, motlhami wa malwapa mangwe a a eteletseng pele a Creole kwa Freetwon, Sierra Leone&lt;ref&gt;'''Cite error: Invalid'''&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cato Perkins, morongwa o a neng a boela Freetown kwa a neng a eteletsepele mogwanto wa babetli kgatlhanong le kompone ya Sierra Leone&lt;ref&gt;Pybus, C. (2007). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=APefKHjVx9EC&amp;redir_esc=y Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty]'' . Beacon Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9780807055151&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mary Perth, motho montsho wa America o a neng a nna mmakgwebo kwa Freetwon, Sierra Leone.&lt;ref&gt;[https://slaveryandremembrance.org/people/person/?id=PP042 &quot;Mary Perth 1740-after 1813]&quot; . ''Slavery and Remembrance'' . The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation . Retrieved 03 July 2025 .&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lolwapa lwa Easmon lwa dingaka, lolwapa lo lo neng lo itsege ka bongaka le dikgwebo kwa Sierra leone
* Elizabeth Renner, o ne a fudugela kwa Sierra leone kwa a nnileng mosadi wa ntlha go ruta le go etelela pele sekolo sa basetsana kwa thomong ya barongwa kwa Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;Leach, Fiona (2019). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=odJ7DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=John+Nelson+Bicaise&amp;pg=PA239&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=John%20Nelson%20Bicaise&amp;f=false Reclaiming the Women of Britain's First Mission to West Africa: Three Lives]'' . Brill. p. 239. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:ha:Musamman:BookSources/9789004387447|9789004387447]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

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