Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.8 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 10719 40948 40947 2025-07-03T12:06:09Z KatieKea 10150 /* Brazil ya morago ga kgololosego (1888 – tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1900) */ Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025 40948 wikitext text/x-wiki Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ntse e le teng kwa Brazil go tloga ka nako ya yone ya bokolone mme e supiwa jaaka nngwe ya mefuta e megolo le e e anameng thata ya tlhaolele, fa e se e e anameng thata, mo lefatsheng ke baithuti ba batho ba le mmalwa, baithuta-loago, babueledi, baditso le ba bangwe.<ref>Rachid, Edimilson Cardial, João Jonas e Laura (9 September 2021). [https://revistaeducacao.com.br/2021/09/09/lilia-schwarcz-brasil-racista/ "Lilia Schwarcz destrincha o Brasil racista e desigual"]. ''RFM Editores''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-48424611 "Racismo é um problema econômico, diz diretor de agência antipobreza da ONU"]. ''BBC News Brasil'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/infomaterias/2020/06/negro-continuara-sendo-oprimido-enquanto-o-brasil-nao-se-assumir-racista-dizem-especialistas "Negro continuará sendo oprimido enquanto o Brasil não se assumir racista, dizem especialistas"]. ''Senado Federal'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.</ref> Tlhamane ya temokerasi ya semorafe, lereo le le tlhamilweng la ntlha ke moithutaloago wa Brazil Gilberto Freyre mo tirong ya gagwe ya 1933 ya ''Casa-Grande & Senzala'' (Beng le Makgoba), le dirisiwa ke batho ba le bantsi mo nageng go ganela kgotsa go nyatsa go nna teng le go anama ga bosemorafe kwa Brazil<ref>[https://www.uol.com.br/ecoa/reportagens-especiais/democracia-racial-ideia-foi-adotada-no-brasil-pos-escravidao-e-ajuda-a-explicar-racismo-atual/ "O mito do paraíso racial: Ideia de democracia racial foi amplamente adotada pelo Brasil pós-escravidão e ajuda a explicar racismo atual"]. ''www.uol.com.br'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.</ref>. Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ne ya dirwa gore e se ka ya nna ka fa molaong ka fa tlase ga melao ya Brazil e e kgatlhanong le tlhaolele, e e neng ya fetisiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 morago ga gore Katherine Dunham, sebini sa Moaforika-Amerika yo o neng a etela Brazil, a thibelwe go tsena mo hoteleng.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2016/12/18/506045513/since-established-in-1950-s-brazilians-say-anti-racism-laws-aren-t-enough Since Established In The 1950s, Brazilians Say Anti-Racism Laws Aren't Enough]</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, letso e ntse e le setlhogo sa dingangisano tse dintsi tse di tseneletseng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng mo teng ga lefatshe. == Tlhaloso ya letso kwa Brazil == Ka gonne lefatshe le le na le ditso tse ditelele tsa go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng, mela ya mebala kwa Brazil ga e bolo go sa bonale sentle.<ref name=":0">Monk, Ellis P. (August 2016). "The Consequences of "Race and Color" in Brazil". ''Social Problems''. '''63''' (3): 413–430. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/socpro/spw014|10.1093/socpro/spw014]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6738969 6738969]</ref> Ka nako e le nngwe, batho ba le bantsi ba ipona e le Bantsho mme ba batla go busetsa Bontsho jwa bone ka ntlha ya Black Pride le mekgatlho ya maatla a Bantsho.<ref>[https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2022/07/22/total-de-pessoas-que-se-autodeclaram-pretas-e-pardas-cresce-no-brasil-diz-ibge.ghtml "Total de pessoas que se autodeclaram pretas e pardas cresce no Brasil, diz IBGE"]. ''G1'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.nexojornal.com.br/academico/2021/06/30/O-aumento-da-autodeclara%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-negros-na-popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o-brasileira "O aumento da autodeclaração de negros na população brasileira"]. ''Nexo Jornal'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref> Palo ya batho ya kwa Brazil e rulaganya batho ka ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe, le mororo di sa itekanela. Tseno ke ''branco'' (basweu), ''preto'' (bantsho), ''pardo'' (borokwa, kgotsa ba merafe e mentsi), ''amarelo'' (ba ba serolwana, kgotsa ba Asia) le ba ''indigena'' (batho ba tlhago). Ka gonne go ne go ise go ke go nne le tlhaloso ya semolao ya lesika ya ditlhopha tseno, mo ditsong tsotlhe, nngwe le nngwe ya ditlhopha tse tsa merafe e ntse e tlhalosiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Tlhaloso ya merafe mo setshabeng sa Brazil gantsi ga e a tlhomama mme e tlhotlhelediwa ke mabaka a le mantsintsi a a akaretsang: maemo, thuto, lefelo le phenotype.<ref name=":0" /> Sekai, motho wa letlalo le le botlhofo wa merafe e e farologaneng yo o neng a na le maemo a botlhokwa, a a duelang sentle mo setshabeng a ka tsewa e le ''branco'' fa motho yo mongwe yo o nang le popego e e tshwanang ya ethnogenetic yo o neng a na le letlalo le lentsho kgotsa e le wa maemo a a kwa tlase a ka tsewa e le ''pardo'' kgotsa le fa e le ''preto''. == Ditso == === Bokgoba le phediso ya bokgoba === Ka bonako fela morago ga Mapotokisi a sena go simolola go nna kwa Brazil ka ngwaga wa 1500, ba ne ba simolola go dira batho ba tlhago makgoba gore ba kgone go tshegetsa itsholelo ya bone e e neng e gola ya sukiri. Le fa go ntse jalo, dintwa tse di bakilweng ke Yuropa le malwetse di ne tsa simolola go fedisa batho ba tlhago ka bonako mme baagi ba Mapotokisi ba ne ba leba kwa Aforika go kgotsofatsa ditlhokego tsa bone tsa tiro ka bonako.<ref>[[:en:Racism_in_Brazil#CITEREFTelles2006|Telles 2006]], p. 24.</ref> Kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ka 1850, kolone ya Brazil e ne e rekile makgoba a a fopholediwang go nna didikadike di le nne go tswa kwa Aforika, e leng palo e kgolo go gaisa lefatshe lepe kwa Amerika mme e le makgetlho a le supa go feta e e neng ya rekwa kwa United States.<ref name=":1">[https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-3/slavery-and-aboliton/ "Slavery and Abolition in the 19th Century | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"]. ''library.brown.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref> Bokgoba bo ne jwa tla le go sotliwa ga batho ba Maaforika le bontsintsi jwa dikakanyo tse di sa siamang tse di neng tsa dira gore go nne le tatelano ya merafe kwa Brazil kwa batho bantsho le ba ba tswang mo Aforika ba neng ba tla nna setlhopha se se ikobelang basweu. Mo godimo ga go nna lefatshe le legolo la go reka Baaforika go tswa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba, Brazil gape e ne e le lefatshe la bofelo kwa Amerika go fedisa bokgoba. Dipitso tsa gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe kwa Brazil di ne tsa simolola mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Ka 1825, José Bonifacio Andrada e Silva, yo e neng e le motho yo o tlhageletseng mo go eteletseng Brazil pele go bona boipuso go tswa mo Portugal, o ne a rata thata go gololwa ka iketlo.<ref name=":1" /> Borithane le yone e ne ya thusa mo go kgaratlheleng gore kgwebo ya makgoba e fedisiwe kwa Brazil, ka go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba. Se e ne e le kgato e e botlhokwa ka ntlha ya gore United Kingdom e ne e le molekane yo mogolo wa kgwebisano wa Brazil. Molao o monnye le one o ne wa thusa go dira gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe semmuso ka 1888. Sa ntlha, ka 1871 Molao wa Sebopelo se se Lokologileng o ne wa bolela gore bana botlhe ba makgoba ba ba neng ba tsholwa morago ga gore molao o fetisiwe ba ne ba tshwanetse go gololwa; e latelwa ke Molao wa Sexagenarian wa 1885, o o neng wa golola makgoba a a fetang dingwaga di le masome a marataro.<ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:Lei Áurea (Golden Law).jpg|thumb|Molao wa Gauta. Dipolokelo tsa Bosetshaba tsa Brazil.]] Seabe se segolo mo thulaganyong e telele ya go fedisa bokgoba kwa Brazil e ne e le ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga lelwapa la segosi. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870, mmusimogolo wa bofelo, Pedro II o ne a na le ngwana a le mongwe fela yo o neng a sa ntse a tshela, morwadie Isabel.<ref name=":2">[https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-4/abolition/ "Abolition | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"]. ''library.brown.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref> Ka ntlha ya bong jwa gagwe le lenyalo la gagwe le motswakwa, Isabel o ne a na le bothata jwa go bona tshegetso, le fa a ne a dira gabedi jaaka kgosana ka nako ya puso ya ga rraagwe. Mo nakong e khutshwane e a neng a e fetsa e le kgosana, o ne a tsaya dikgato tse dinnye go fedisa bokgoba. Ka ntlha ya dikgoreletsi tse a neng a lebane le tsone, o ne a tshwanelwa ke go tlhoma matona a masha gotlhelele gore a kgone go fedisa bokgoba gotlhelele. O ne a atlega, mme go fedisiwa ga bokgoba go ne ga bidiwa Molao wa Gauta.<ref name=":2" /> === Brazil ya morago ga kgololosego (1888 – tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1900) === Go fedisiwa ga bokgoba kwa Brazil go ne ga raya gore batho ba bantsho le ba basweu ba ne ba tla kgaoganngwa kafa molaong. Le fa go ntse jalo, kgethololo ga e a ka ya fela fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa. Ditatelano tsa merafe tse di neng di tlhomilwe ke bokgoba di ne tsa ema thata morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba. Go ne go sena paka ya "kagosesha" jaaka e e neng ya tlhongwa kwa United States.<ref name=":3">Cooper, Elizabeth (February 2017). "The 'Africanization' of Salvador: Race, Work, and Politics in Post-Emancipation Salvador Da Bahia, Brazil". ''Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies''. '''12''' (3): 227–249. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/17442222.2017.1365429|10.1080/17442222.2017.1365429]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148594382 148594382].</ref> Go na le moo, batho ba bantsho ba Brazil ba ba neng ba sa tswa go gololwa ba ne ba tlogelwa gore ba itirele botshelo go tswa mo go se nang sepe—ba se na lefatshe, madi, kana thuto. Puso eno e e neng e sa tlhole e le teng e ne ya tlogela lefatshe le le na le go tlhoka tekatekano mo gogolo fa gare ga basweu le batho ba e seng basweu. Ka ntlha ya seno, motlotlo o o neng o bua ka letso kwa Brazil o ne wa golagana thata le metlotlo e e neng e bua ka lehuma le maemo a batho. Le fa go ne go sena melao e e neng e lebile ka tlhamalalo ba ba tswang mo Aforika ka ntlha ya letso, go ne go na le melao e e neng ya bewa e e neng e dira gore go se ka ga nna le tekatekano fa gare ga basweu le bantsho. Sekai, fa Brazil e ne e nna rephaboliki la ntlha ka 1889, go tlhopha go ne go lekanyeditswe go banna ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala, se se neng sa thibela bontsi jwa batho bantsho go tlhopha ka gonne go ne go na le dipharologano tse dikgolo mo thutong morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba.<ref name=":3" /> Mo godimo ga se, go ne ga nna le tlhaloso sesha ya bosenyi e e neng ya dira gore dikarolo di le dintsi tsa setso sa Aforika di nne bosenyi.<ref name=":2" /> ==== Dipatlisiso tsa tshika ==== Mo bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le boferabongwe le tshimologo ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi, poifo e ne ya simolola go anama mo gare ga batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ka ga ka fa ditso ya ntlha ya Brazil ya go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng e neng e tla ama tlhabololo ya yone ka teng.<ref name=":2" /> Poifo e, mmogo le go tuma mo go golang ga go dirisa maranyane a maaka go tlhalosa dipharologano tsa merafe, go ne ga dira gore go nne le kgolo ya mefuta e e farologaneng ya bosemorafe jwa maranyane a maaka mme, segolobogolo, dipatlisiso tsa tshika kwa Brazil.<ref>Souza, Vanderlei Sebastião de (December 2016). [[doi:10.1590/s0104-59702016000500006|"A eugenia brasileira e suas conexões internacionais: uma análise a partir das controvérsias entre Renato Kehl e Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930"]] [Brazilian eugenics and its international connections: an analysis from the controversies between Renato Kehl and Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930]. ''História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos'' (in Portuguese). '''23''' (suppl 1): 93–110. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1590/s0104-59702016000500006|10.1590/s0104-59702016000500006]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28198927 28198927].</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba Yuropa ga ba bolo go kgala setšhaba sa Brazil se se nang le merafe e e farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tlhoka "bophepa jwa merafe". Eugenics ya nako eo e ne e akantsha gore batho bantsho ba ne ba le kwa tlase, mme di-mulatto di ne di "senyegile," go beya dipotso ka palo e kgolo ya batho bantsho le ba ba tlhakaneng ba Brazil.[13] Mo godimo ga moo, go ne go akanngwa gore tlelaemete ya boboatsatsi, jaaka ya Brazil, e ne e kgoreletsa tlhabololo ya naga.[10] Moitseanape mongwe wa Mofora, Count Arthur de Gobineau, o ne a tlhasela Brazil a re go tlhakana ga merafe mo nageng go amile maemo otlhe go dira gore naga yotlhe e nne "botshwakga, bobe le go sa tshole."[14] Dikakanyo tseno di ne tsa simolola go tsosa poifo mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba Brazil ba ba neng ba batla go dirisa dikgopolo tsa eugenics ya ikonomi ya naga go nna. Moithuta-batho mongwe yo o neng a amogela kgopolo ya eugenic, e bong Raimundo Nina Rodrigues, o ne a simolola go tshwenyega ka go tlhakana ga merafe go go neng go direga kwa Brazil. O ne a dira 'thutopatlisiso' ka batho ba ba tswang kwa Aforika kwa Brazil mme a fitlhela gore setlhopha sa morafe se ne se le "kwa tlase ka tsela e e sa belaetseng."[14] O ne a buelela gore go nne le melao e e farologaneng ya bosenyi ka lotso le gore batho bantsho ba nne kafa tlase ga melao e e farologaneng ka gonne ba ne ba sa gololesega go tlhopha bosenyi ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa bone jo bo fokotsegileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Rodrigues ka boene e ne e le wa merafe e e tlhakaneng mme o ne a bontsha go tlhakana tlhogo ka boemo jwa batho ba merafe e e tlhakaneng mo thulaganyong ya merafe. Go lwantsha se, o ne a tshitshinya go tlhamiwa ga ditlhopha di le mmalwa go tlhagisa mefuta ya batho ba ba tlhakaneng go tswa mo go ba ba kwa godimo go ya kwa go ba ba tlwaelegileng, go ya kwa go ba ba senyegileng.[15] Kwa bokhutlong, thuto ya go oketsa bana kwa Brazil ga e ise e ko e nne le maatla jaaka kwa Yuropa, Amerika Bokone, kana Australia. Bangwe ba re katlego e e lekanyeditsweng ya saense ya maaka e bakilwe ke gore Brazil e ne e setse e na le batho ba le bantsi thata ba merafe e e tlhakaneng. Go tlhakana tlhogo ga ga Nina Rodrigues ka ga kafa bogolo jwa lotso bo dirang ka gone kwa ntle ga bobedi jwa lotso go bontsha kgopolo eno. Le ka nako ya fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa ka 1888, diperesente di le 6 tsa manyalo otlhe e ne e le a merafe e e farologaneng.[9] Se se raya gore, mo maemong mangwe, dikgoreletsi tsa lotso di ne di setse di thubilwe, mme seno se ne sa dira gore go nne thata go tlhoma dipholisi tse di gagametseng tsa eugenics tse di jaaka go kgaoganya kgotsa go ntsha mpa ka lotso. Ba bangwe ba bolela gore go nna teng ga Bokatoliki jo bontsi kwa Brazil go ka tswa go ile ga boloka naga eno mo melaong e e bogale ya bosemorafe.[13]<blockquote>"Tlhotlheletso e e anameng ya Bokatoliki kwa Brazil le kwa Latin America yotlhe e ne ya dira gore baithuta-egenicist ba tsenelele mo dipuisanong tsa dithibelo tsa lenyalo le go tsala ga batho. Mo matlhong a batlhalefi ba Katoliki, tseno e ne e le dikgang tsa boitsholo le tsa bodumedi mme ka jalo di ne di sa bulegele tsereganyo e e tseneletseng ya sepolotiki kgotsa ya kalafi; go bolaya mpa." [13] (Go tswa go: Sebastião de Souza, Vanderlei (Sedimonthole 2016)</blockquote> ==== Molao wa go sweufatsa morafe ==== Go sweufatsa lotso, kgotsa "go sweufatsa" (branqueamento), ke kgopolo e e neng ya amogelwa ke botlhe kwa Brazil magareng ga 1889 le 1914,[16] jaaka tharabololo ya "bothata jwa Bantsho".[17][18] Mo gare ga dipuisano tsa eugenics le dipalopalo tsa naga tse di kgoreletsang tlhabololo ya yona, Rephaboliki ya ntlha ya Brazil e ne ya swetsa go tlhoma pholisi ya "go sweufatsa" mo e neng e tla leka go fokotsa batho bantsho le go leleka matshwao otlhe a setso sa Aforika.[12] Se se ne sa dirwa ka ditlhotlheletso tse di rotloetsang bafaladi go tswa kwa Yuropa go tla go sokamisa dipalopalo tsa batho mmogo le go gatelela setso sa Aforika le sa Batswana tsotlhe ka maiteko a go phimola go nna teng ga batho bantsho go tswa kwa Brazil. Pholisi e ne ya tswelela go fitlha ka 1910 mme ka ntlha ya yone phesente ya basweu kwa Brazil e ne ya tlola go tswa go diperesente di le 34 ka 1870 go ya go diperesente di le 64 ka 1940.[19]Kgopolo ya go sweufatsa batho ka lotso e fetogile kgopolo e e anameng thata mo motaki wa Mo-Spain e bong Modesto Brocos a neng a taka A RedenmçãoC’s (A RedenmçãoC’s). Tiro e ne e bua ka pholisi e e ganetsanang ya lotso e e ikaegileng ka eugenics mme e ne e bontsha tiragalo ya go sweufatsa batho ka iketlo mo dikokomaneng.[20][21] == Metswedi == 1r4spgz7uzfm87erua1rez2fiaughf9 40952 40948 2025-07-03T12:57:54Z KatieKea 10150 /* Dipatlisiso tsa tshika */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025 40952 wikitext text/x-wiki Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ntse e le teng kwa Brazil go tloga ka nako ya yone ya bokolone mme e supiwa jaaka nngwe ya mefuta e megolo le e e anameng thata ya tlhaolele, fa e se e e anameng thata, mo lefatsheng ke baithuti ba batho ba le mmalwa, baithuta-loago, babueledi, baditso le ba bangwe.<ref>Rachid, Edimilson Cardial, João Jonas e Laura (9 September 2021). [https://revistaeducacao.com.br/2021/09/09/lilia-schwarcz-brasil-racista/ "Lilia Schwarcz destrincha o Brasil racista e desigual"]. ''RFM Editores''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-48424611 "Racismo é um problema econômico, diz diretor de agência antipobreza da ONU"]. ''BBC News Brasil'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/infomaterias/2020/06/negro-continuara-sendo-oprimido-enquanto-o-brasil-nao-se-assumir-racista-dizem-especialistas "Negro continuará sendo oprimido enquanto o Brasil não se assumir racista, dizem especialistas"]. ''Senado Federal'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.</ref> Tlhamane ya temokerasi ya semorafe, lereo le le tlhamilweng la ntlha ke moithutaloago wa Brazil Gilberto Freyre mo tirong ya gagwe ya 1933 ya ''Casa-Grande & Senzala'' (Beng le Makgoba), le dirisiwa ke batho ba le bantsi mo nageng go ganela kgotsa go nyatsa go nna teng le go anama ga bosemorafe kwa Brazil<ref>[https://www.uol.com.br/ecoa/reportagens-especiais/democracia-racial-ideia-foi-adotada-no-brasil-pos-escravidao-e-ajuda-a-explicar-racismo-atual/ "O mito do paraíso racial: Ideia de democracia racial foi amplamente adotada pelo Brasil pós-escravidão e ajuda a explicar racismo atual"]. ''www.uol.com.br'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.</ref>. Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ne ya dirwa gore e se ka ya nna ka fa molaong ka fa tlase ga melao ya Brazil e e kgatlhanong le tlhaolele, e e neng ya fetisiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 morago ga gore Katherine Dunham, sebini sa Moaforika-Amerika yo o neng a etela Brazil, a thibelwe go tsena mo hoteleng.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2016/12/18/506045513/since-established-in-1950-s-brazilians-say-anti-racism-laws-aren-t-enough Since Established In The 1950s, Brazilians Say Anti-Racism Laws Aren't Enough]</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, letso e ntse e le setlhogo sa dingangisano tse dintsi tse di tseneletseng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng mo teng ga lefatshe. == Tlhaloso ya letso kwa Brazil == Ka gonne lefatshe le le na le ditso tse ditelele tsa go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng, mela ya mebala kwa Brazil ga e bolo go sa bonale sentle.<ref name=":0">Monk, Ellis P. (August 2016). "The Consequences of "Race and Color" in Brazil". ''Social Problems''. '''63''' (3): 413–430. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/socpro/spw014|10.1093/socpro/spw014]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6738969 6738969]</ref> Ka nako e le nngwe, batho ba le bantsi ba ipona e le Bantsho mme ba batla go busetsa Bontsho jwa bone ka ntlha ya Black Pride le mekgatlho ya maatla a Bantsho.<ref>[https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2022/07/22/total-de-pessoas-que-se-autodeclaram-pretas-e-pardas-cresce-no-brasil-diz-ibge.ghtml "Total de pessoas que se autodeclaram pretas e pardas cresce no Brasil, diz IBGE"]. ''G1'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.nexojornal.com.br/academico/2021/06/30/O-aumento-da-autodeclara%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-negros-na-popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o-brasileira "O aumento da autodeclaração de negros na população brasileira"]. ''Nexo Jornal'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref> Palo ya batho ya kwa Brazil e rulaganya batho ka ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe, le mororo di sa itekanela. Tseno ke ''branco'' (basweu), ''preto'' (bantsho), ''pardo'' (borokwa, kgotsa ba merafe e mentsi), ''amarelo'' (ba ba serolwana, kgotsa ba Asia) le ba ''indigena'' (batho ba tlhago). Ka gonne go ne go ise go ke go nne le tlhaloso ya semolao ya lesika ya ditlhopha tseno, mo ditsong tsotlhe, nngwe le nngwe ya ditlhopha tse tsa merafe e ntse e tlhalosiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Tlhaloso ya merafe mo setshabeng sa Brazil gantsi ga e a tlhomama mme e tlhotlhelediwa ke mabaka a le mantsintsi a a akaretsang: maemo, thuto, lefelo le phenotype.<ref name=":0" /> Sekai, motho wa letlalo le le botlhofo wa merafe e e farologaneng yo o neng a na le maemo a botlhokwa, a a duelang sentle mo setshabeng a ka tsewa e le ''branco'' fa motho yo mongwe yo o nang le popego e e tshwanang ya ethnogenetic yo o neng a na le letlalo le lentsho kgotsa e le wa maemo a a kwa tlase a ka tsewa e le ''pardo'' kgotsa le fa e le ''preto''. == Ditso == === Bokgoba le phediso ya bokgoba === Ka bonako fela morago ga Mapotokisi a sena go simolola go nna kwa Brazil ka ngwaga wa 1500, ba ne ba simolola go dira batho ba tlhago makgoba gore ba kgone go tshegetsa itsholelo ya bone e e neng e gola ya sukiri. Le fa go ntse jalo, dintwa tse di bakilweng ke Yuropa le malwetse di ne tsa simolola go fedisa batho ba tlhago ka bonako mme baagi ba Mapotokisi ba ne ba leba kwa Aforika go kgotsofatsa ditlhokego tsa bone tsa tiro ka bonako.<ref name=":4">[[:en:Racism_in_Brazil#CITEREFTelles2006|Telles 2006]], p. 24.</ref> Kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ka 1850, kolone ya Brazil e ne e rekile makgoba a a fopholediwang go nna didikadike di le nne go tswa kwa Aforika, e leng palo e kgolo go gaisa lefatshe lepe kwa Amerika mme e le makgetlho a le supa go feta e e neng ya rekwa kwa United States.<ref name=":1">[https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-3/slavery-and-aboliton/ "Slavery and Abolition in the 19th Century | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"]. ''library.brown.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref> Bokgoba bo ne jwa tla le go sotliwa ga batho ba Maaforika le bontsintsi jwa dikakanyo tse di sa siamang tse di neng tsa dira gore go nne le tatelano ya merafe kwa Brazil kwa batho bantsho le ba ba tswang mo Aforika ba neng ba tla nna setlhopha se se ikobelang basweu. Mo godimo ga go nna lefatshe le legolo la go reka Baaforika go tswa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba, Brazil gape e ne e le lefatshe la bofelo kwa Amerika go fedisa bokgoba. Dipitso tsa gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe kwa Brazil di ne tsa simolola mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Ka 1825, José Bonifacio Andrada e Silva, yo e neng e le motho yo o tlhageletseng mo go eteletseng Brazil pele go bona boipuso go tswa mo Portugal, o ne a rata thata go gololwa ka iketlo.<ref name=":1" /> Borithane le yone e ne ya thusa mo go kgaratlheleng gore kgwebo ya makgoba e fedisiwe kwa Brazil, ka go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba. Se e ne e le kgato e e botlhokwa ka ntlha ya gore United Kingdom e ne e le molekane yo mogolo wa kgwebisano wa Brazil. Molao o monnye le one o ne wa thusa go dira gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe semmuso ka 1888. Sa ntlha, ka 1871 Molao wa Sebopelo se se Lokologileng o ne wa bolela gore bana botlhe ba makgoba ba ba neng ba tsholwa morago ga gore molao o fetisiwe ba ne ba tshwanetse go gololwa; e latelwa ke Molao wa Sexagenarian wa 1885, o o neng wa golola makgoba a a fetang dingwaga di le masome a marataro.<ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:Lei Áurea (Golden Law).jpg|thumb|Molao wa Gauta. Dipolokelo tsa Bosetshaba tsa Brazil.]] Seabe se segolo mo thulaganyong e telele ya go fedisa bokgoba kwa Brazil e ne e le ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga lelwapa la segosi. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870, mmusimogolo wa bofelo, Pedro II o ne a na le ngwana a le mongwe fela yo o neng a sa ntse a tshela, morwadie Isabel.<ref name=":2">[https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-4/abolition/ "Abolition | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"]. ''library.brown.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref> Ka ntlha ya bong jwa gagwe le lenyalo la gagwe le motswakwa, Isabel o ne a na le bothata jwa go bona tshegetso, le fa a ne a dira gabedi jaaka kgosana ka nako ya puso ya ga rraagwe. Mo nakong e khutshwane e a neng a e fetsa e le kgosana, o ne a tsaya dikgato tse dinnye go fedisa bokgoba. Ka ntlha ya dikgoreletsi tse a neng a lebane le tsone, o ne a tshwanelwa ke go tlhoma matona a masha gotlhelele gore a kgone go fedisa bokgoba gotlhelele. O ne a atlega, mme go fedisiwa ga bokgoba go ne ga bidiwa Molao wa Gauta.<ref name=":2" /> === Brazil ya morago ga kgololosego (1888 – tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1900) === Go fedisiwa ga bokgoba kwa Brazil go ne ga raya gore batho ba bantsho le ba basweu ba ne ba tla kgaoganngwa kafa molaong. Le fa go ntse jalo, kgethololo ga e a ka ya fela fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa. Ditatelano tsa merafe tse di neng di tlhomilwe ke bokgoba di ne tsa ema thata morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba. Go ne go sena paka ya "kagosesha" jaaka e e neng ya tlhongwa kwa United States.<ref name=":3">Cooper, Elizabeth (February 2017). "The 'Africanization' of Salvador: Race, Work, and Politics in Post-Emancipation Salvador Da Bahia, Brazil". ''Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies''. '''12''' (3): 227–249. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/17442222.2017.1365429|10.1080/17442222.2017.1365429]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148594382 148594382].</ref> Go na le moo, batho ba bantsho ba Brazil ba ba neng ba sa tswa go gololwa ba ne ba tlogelwa gore ba itirele botshelo go tswa mo go se nang sepe—ba se na lefatshe, madi, kana thuto. Puso eno e e neng e sa tlhole e le teng e ne ya tlogela lefatshe le le na le go tlhoka tekatekano mo gogolo fa gare ga basweu le batho ba e seng basweu. Ka ntlha ya seno, motlotlo o o neng o bua ka letso kwa Brazil o ne wa golagana thata le metlotlo e e neng e bua ka lehuma le maemo a batho. Le fa go ne go sena melao e e neng e lebile ka tlhamalalo ba ba tswang mo Aforika ka ntlha ya letso, go ne go na le melao e e neng ya bewa e e neng e dira gore go se ka ga nna le tekatekano fa gare ga basweu le bantsho. Sekai, fa Brazil e ne e nna rephaboliki la ntlha ka 1889, go tlhopha go ne go lekanyeditswe go banna ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala, se se neng sa thibela bontsi jwa batho bantsho go tlhopha ka gonne go ne go na le dipharologano tse dikgolo mo thutong morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba.<ref name=":3" /> Mo godimo ga se, go ne ga nna le tlhaloso sesha ya bosenyi e e neng ya dira gore dikarolo di le dintsi tsa setso sa Aforika di nne bosenyi.<ref name=":2" /> ==== Dipatlisiso tsa tshika ==== Mo bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le boferabongwe le tshimologo ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi, poifo e ne ya simolola go anama mo gare ga batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ka ga ka fa ditso ya ntlha ya Brazil ya go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng e neng e tla ama tlhabololo ya yone ka teng.<ref name=":2" /> Poifo e, mmogo le go tuma mo go golang ga go dirisa maranyane a maaka go tlhalosa dipharologano tsa merafe, go ne ga dira gore go nne le kgolo ya mefuta e e farologaneng ya bosemorafe jwa maranyane a maaka mme, segolobogolo, dipatlisiso tsa tshika kwa Brazil.<ref name=":5">Souza, Vanderlei Sebastião de (December 2016). [[doi:10.1590/s0104-59702016000500006|"A eugenia brasileira e suas conexões internacionais: uma análise a partir das controvérsias entre Renato Kehl e Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930"]] [Brazilian eugenics and its international connections: an analysis from the controversies between Renato Kehl and Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930]. ''História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos'' (in Portuguese). '''23''' (suppl 1): 93–110. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1590/s0104-59702016000500006|10.1590/s0104-59702016000500006]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28198927 28198927].</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba Yuropa ga ba bolo go kgala setshaba sa Brazil se se nang le merafe e e farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tlhoka "bophepa jwa merafe". Dipatlisiso tsa nako eo e ne e akantsha gore batho bantsho ba ne ba le kwa tlase, mme mulatto ba ne ba "senyegile," go baya dipotso ka palo e kgolo ya batho bantsho le ba ba tlhakaneng ba Brazil.<ref name=":5" /> Mo godimo ga moo, go ne go akanngwa gore seemo sa loapi, jaaka sa Brazil, se ne se kgoreletsa tlhabololo ya lefatshe.<ref name=":1" /> Moitseanape mongwe wa Mofora, Count Arthur de Gobineau, o ne a tlhasela Brazil a re go tlhakana ga merafe mo lefatsheng go amile maemo otlhe go dira gore lefatshe lotlhe le nne "botshwakga, bobe le go sa tshole."<ref name=":6">[[:en:Racism_in_Brazil#CITEREFTelles2006|Telles 2006]], p. 26</ref> Dikakanyo tse di ne tsa simolola go tsosa poifo mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba Brazil ba ba neng ba batla go dirisa dikgopolo tsa eugenics ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go nna. Moithuta-batho mongwe yo o neng a amogela kgopolo ya eugenic, e bong Raimundo Nina Rodrigues, o ne a simolola go tshwenyega ka go tlhakana ga merafe mo go neng go direga kwa Brazil. O ne a dira 'thutopatlisiso' ka batho ba ba tswang kwa Aforika kwa Brazil mme a fitlhela gore setlhopha sa morafe se ne se le "kwa tlase ka tsela e e sa belaetseng."<ref name=":6" /> O ne a buelela gore go nne le melao e e farologaneng ya bosenyi ka lotso le gore batho bantsho ba nne kafa tlase ga melao e e farologaneng ka gonne ba ne ba sa gololesega go tlhopha bosenyi ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa bone jo bo fokotsegileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Rodrigues ka boene e ne e le wa merafe e e tlhakaneng mme o ne a bontsha go tlhakana tlhogo ka boemo jwa batho ba merafe e e tlhakaneng mo thulaganyong ya merafe. Go lwantsha se, o ne a akanyetsa go tlhamiwa ga ditlhopha di le mmalwa go tlhagisa mefuta ya batho ba ba tlhakaneng go tswa mo go ba ba kwa godimo go ya kwa go ba ba tlwaelesegileng, go ya kwa go ba ba senyegileng.<ref>[[:en:Racism_in_Brazil#CITEREFTelles2006|Telles 2006]], p. 27.</ref> Kwa bokhutlong, dipatlisiso tsa tshika kwa Brazil ga e ise e ko e nne le maatla jaaka kwa Yuropa, Amerika Bokone, kana Australia. Bangwe ba re katlego e e lekanyeditsweng ya maranyane a maaka e bakilwe ke gore Brazil e ne e setse e na le batho ba le bantsi thata ba merafe e e tlhakaneng. Go tlhakana tlhogo ga ga Nina Rodrigues ka ga kafa bogolo jwa letso bo dirang ka gone kwa ntle ga bobedi jwa letso go bontsha kgopolo eno. Le ka nako ya fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa ka 1888, diperesente di le thataro tsa manyalo otlhe e ne e le a merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":4" /> Se se raya gore, mo maemong mangwe, dikgoreletsi tsa letso di ne di setse di thubilwe, mme seo se ne sa dira gore go nne thata go tlhoma melao e e gagametseng ya dipatlisiso tsa tshika jaaka go kgaoganya kgotsa go fedisa tsholo ka letso. Ba bangwe ba bolela gore go nna teng ga Bokatoliki jo bontsi kwa Brazil go ka tswa go ile ga boloka lefatshe le mo melaong e e bogale ya bosemorafe.<ref name=":5" /><blockquote>"Tlhotlheletso e e anameng ya Bokatoliki kwa Brazil le kwa Latin America yotlhe e ne ya dira gore baithuta ba eugenics ba tsenelele mo dipuisanong tsa dithibelo tsa lenyalo le go tsala ga batho. Mo matlhong a batlhalefi ba Katoliki, tse e ne e le dikgang tsa boitsholo le tsa bodumedi mme ka jalo di ne di sa bulegele tshereganyo e e tseneletseng ya sepolotiki kgotsa ya kalafi; se se ne sa ba ntsha mo go direng dikakanyetsong tse di tshwanang go fedisa tsholo."<ref name=":5" /> (Go tswa go: Sebastião de Souza, Vanderlei (Sedimonthole 2016). "Brazilian Eugenics and Its International Connections: an Analysis Based on the Controversies between Renato Kehl and Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930")</blockquote> ==== Molao wa go sweufatsa morafe ==== Go sweufatsa lotso, kgotsa "go sweufatsa" (branqueamento), ke kgopolo e e neng ya amogelwa ke botlhe kwa Brazil magareng ga 1889 le 1914,[16] jaaka tharabololo ya "bothata jwa Bantsho".[17][18] Mo gare ga dipuisano tsa eugenics le dipalopalo tsa naga tse di kgoreletsang tlhabololo ya yona, Rephaboliki ya ntlha ya Brazil e ne ya swetsa go tlhoma pholisi ya "go sweufatsa" mo e neng e tla leka go fokotsa batho bantsho le go leleka matshwao otlhe a setso sa Aforika.[12] Se se ne sa dirwa ka ditlhotlheletso tse di rotloetsang bafaladi go tswa kwa Yuropa go tla go sokamisa dipalopalo tsa batho mmogo le go gatelela setso sa Aforika le sa Batswana tsotlhe ka maiteko a go phimola go nna teng ga batho bantsho go tswa kwa Brazil. Pholisi e ne ya tswelela go fitlha ka 1910 mme ka ntlha ya yone phesente ya basweu kwa Brazil e ne ya tlola go tswa go diperesente di le 34 ka 1870 go ya go diperesente di le 64 ka 1940.[19]Kgopolo ya go sweufatsa batho ka lotso e fetogile kgopolo e e anameng thata mo motaki wa Mo-Spain e bong Modesto Brocos a neng a taka A RedenmçãoC’s (A RedenmçãoC’s). Tiro e ne e bua ka pholisi e e ganetsanang ya lotso e e ikaegileng ka eugenics mme e ne e bontsha tiragalo ya go sweufatsa batho ka iketlo mo dikokomaneng.[20][21] == Metswedi == qbgl4zcfzt7zyau03ya2dpjlhsw3bv8 40953 40952 2025-07-03T13:11:31Z KatieKea 10150 /* Molao wa go sweufatsa morafe */ ke ranotse karolwana e #AWC2025 40953 wikitext text/x-wiki Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ntse e le teng kwa Brazil go tloga ka nako ya yone ya bokolone mme e supiwa jaaka nngwe ya mefuta e megolo le e e anameng thata ya tlhaolele, fa e se e e anameng thata, mo lefatsheng ke baithuti ba batho ba le mmalwa, baithuta-loago, babueledi, baditso le ba bangwe.<ref>Rachid, Edimilson Cardial, João Jonas e Laura (9 September 2021). [https://revistaeducacao.com.br/2021/09/09/lilia-schwarcz-brasil-racista/ "Lilia Schwarcz destrincha o Brasil racista e desigual"]. ''RFM Editores''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-48424611 "Racismo é um problema econômico, diz diretor de agência antipobreza da ONU"]. ''BBC News Brasil'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/infomaterias/2020/06/negro-continuara-sendo-oprimido-enquanto-o-brasil-nao-se-assumir-racista-dizem-especialistas "Negro continuará sendo oprimido enquanto o Brasil não se assumir racista, dizem especialistas"]. ''Senado Federal'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.</ref> Tlhamane ya temokerasi ya semorafe, lereo le le tlhamilweng la ntlha ke moithutaloago wa Brazil Gilberto Freyre mo tirong ya gagwe ya 1933 ya ''Casa-Grande & Senzala'' (Beng le Makgoba), le dirisiwa ke batho ba le bantsi mo nageng go ganela kgotsa go nyatsa go nna teng le go anama ga bosemorafe kwa Brazil<ref>[https://www.uol.com.br/ecoa/reportagens-especiais/democracia-racial-ideia-foi-adotada-no-brasil-pos-escravidao-e-ajuda-a-explicar-racismo-atual/ "O mito do paraíso racial: Ideia de democracia racial foi amplamente adotada pelo Brasil pós-escravidão e ajuda a explicar racismo atual"]. ''www.uol.com.br'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.</ref>. Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ne ya dirwa gore e se ka ya nna ka fa molaong ka fa tlase ga melao ya Brazil e e kgatlhanong le tlhaolele, e e neng ya fetisiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 morago ga gore Katherine Dunham, sebini sa Moaforika-Amerika yo o neng a etela Brazil, a thibelwe go tsena mo hoteleng.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2016/12/18/506045513/since-established-in-1950-s-brazilians-say-anti-racism-laws-aren-t-enough Since Established In The 1950s, Brazilians Say Anti-Racism Laws Aren't Enough]</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, letso e ntse e le setlhogo sa dingangisano tse dintsi tse di tseneletseng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng mo teng ga lefatshe. == Tlhaloso ya letso kwa Brazil == Ka gonne lefatshe le le na le ditso tse ditelele tsa go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng, mela ya mebala kwa Brazil ga e bolo go sa bonale sentle.<ref name=":0">Monk, Ellis P. (August 2016). "The Consequences of "Race and Color" in Brazil". ''Social Problems''. '''63''' (3): 413–430. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/socpro/spw014|10.1093/socpro/spw014]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6738969 6738969]</ref> Ka nako e le nngwe, batho ba le bantsi ba ipona e le Bantsho mme ba batla go busetsa Bontsho jwa bone ka ntlha ya Black Pride le mekgatlho ya maatla a Bantsho.<ref>[https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2022/07/22/total-de-pessoas-que-se-autodeclaram-pretas-e-pardas-cresce-no-brasil-diz-ibge.ghtml "Total de pessoas que se autodeclaram pretas e pardas cresce no Brasil, diz IBGE"]. ''G1'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.nexojornal.com.br/academico/2021/06/30/O-aumento-da-autodeclara%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-negros-na-popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o-brasileira "O aumento da autodeclaração de negros na população brasileira"]. ''Nexo Jornal'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref> Palo ya batho ya kwa Brazil e rulaganya batho ka ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe, le mororo di sa itekanela. Tseno ke ''branco'' (basweu), ''preto'' (bantsho), ''pardo'' (borokwa, kgotsa ba merafe e mentsi), ''amarelo'' (ba ba serolwana, kgotsa ba Asia) le ba ''indigena'' (batho ba tlhago). Ka gonne go ne go ise go ke go nne le tlhaloso ya semolao ya lesika ya ditlhopha tseno, mo ditsong tsotlhe, nngwe le nngwe ya ditlhopha tse tsa merafe e ntse e tlhalosiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Tlhaloso ya merafe mo setshabeng sa Brazil gantsi ga e a tlhomama mme e tlhotlhelediwa ke mabaka a le mantsintsi a a akaretsang: maemo, thuto, lefelo le phenotype.<ref name=":0" /> Sekai, motho wa letlalo le le botlhofo wa merafe e e farologaneng yo o neng a na le maemo a botlhokwa, a a duelang sentle mo setshabeng a ka tsewa e le ''branco'' fa motho yo mongwe yo o nang le popego e e tshwanang ya ethnogenetic yo o neng a na le letlalo le lentsho kgotsa e le wa maemo a a kwa tlase a ka tsewa e le ''pardo'' kgotsa le fa e le ''preto''. == Ditso == === Bokgoba le phediso ya bokgoba === Ka bonako fela morago ga Mapotokisi a sena go simolola go nna kwa Brazil ka ngwaga wa 1500, ba ne ba simolola go dira batho ba tlhago makgoba gore ba kgone go tshegetsa itsholelo ya bone e e neng e gola ya sukiri. Le fa go ntse jalo, dintwa tse di bakilweng ke Yuropa le malwetse di ne tsa simolola go fedisa batho ba tlhago ka bonako mme baagi ba Mapotokisi ba ne ba leba kwa Aforika go kgotsofatsa ditlhokego tsa bone tsa tiro ka bonako.<ref name=":4">[[:en:Racism_in_Brazil#CITEREFTelles2006|Telles 2006]], p. 24.</ref> Kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ka 1850, kolone ya Brazil e ne e rekile makgoba a a fopholediwang go nna didikadike di le nne go tswa kwa Aforika, e leng palo e kgolo go gaisa lefatshe lepe kwa Amerika mme e le makgetlho a le supa go feta e e neng ya rekwa kwa United States.<ref name=":1">[https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-3/slavery-and-aboliton/ "Slavery and Abolition in the 19th Century | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"]. ''library.brown.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref> Bokgoba bo ne jwa tla le go sotliwa ga batho ba Maaforika le bontsintsi jwa dikakanyo tse di sa siamang tse di neng tsa dira gore go nne le tatelano ya merafe kwa Brazil kwa batho bantsho le ba ba tswang mo Aforika ba neng ba tla nna setlhopha se se ikobelang basweu. Mo godimo ga go nna lefatshe le legolo la go reka Baaforika go tswa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba, Brazil gape e ne e le lefatshe la bofelo kwa Amerika go fedisa bokgoba. Dipitso tsa gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe kwa Brazil di ne tsa simolola mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Ka 1825, José Bonifacio Andrada e Silva, yo e neng e le motho yo o tlhageletseng mo go eteletseng Brazil pele go bona boipuso go tswa mo Portugal, o ne a rata thata go gololwa ka iketlo.<ref name=":1" /> Borithane le yone e ne ya thusa mo go kgaratlheleng gore kgwebo ya makgoba e fedisiwe kwa Brazil, ka go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba. Se e ne e le kgato e e botlhokwa ka ntlha ya gore United Kingdom e ne e le molekane yo mogolo wa kgwebisano wa Brazil. Molao o monnye le one o ne wa thusa go dira gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe semmuso ka 1888. Sa ntlha, ka 1871 Molao wa Sebopelo se se Lokologileng o ne wa bolela gore bana botlhe ba makgoba ba ba neng ba tsholwa morago ga gore molao o fetisiwe ba ne ba tshwanetse go gololwa; e latelwa ke Molao wa Sexagenarian wa 1885, o o neng wa golola makgoba a a fetang dingwaga di le masome a marataro.<ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:Lei Áurea (Golden Law).jpg|thumb|Molao wa Gauta. Dipolokelo tsa Bosetshaba tsa Brazil.]] Seabe se segolo mo thulaganyong e telele ya go fedisa bokgoba kwa Brazil e ne e le ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga lelwapa la segosi. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870, mmusimogolo wa bofelo, Pedro II o ne a na le ngwana a le mongwe fela yo o neng a sa ntse a tshela, morwadie Isabel.<ref name=":2">[https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-4/abolition/ "Abolition | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"]. ''library.brown.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref> Ka ntlha ya bong jwa gagwe le lenyalo la gagwe le motswakwa, Isabel o ne a na le bothata jwa go bona tshegetso, le fa a ne a dira gabedi jaaka kgosana ka nako ya puso ya ga rraagwe. Mo nakong e khutshwane e a neng a e fetsa e le kgosana, o ne a tsaya dikgato tse dinnye go fedisa bokgoba. Ka ntlha ya dikgoreletsi tse a neng a lebane le tsone, o ne a tshwanelwa ke go tlhoma matona a masha gotlhelele gore a kgone go fedisa bokgoba gotlhelele. O ne a atlega, mme go fedisiwa ga bokgoba go ne ga bidiwa Molao wa Gauta.<ref name=":2" /> === Brazil ya morago ga kgololosego (1888 – tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1900) === Go fedisiwa ga bokgoba kwa Brazil go ne ga raya gore batho ba bantsho le ba basweu ba ne ba tla kgaoganngwa kafa molaong. Le fa go ntse jalo, kgethololo ga e a ka ya fela fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa. Ditatelano tsa merafe tse di neng di tlhomilwe ke bokgoba di ne tsa ema thata morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba. Go ne go sena paka ya "kagosesha" jaaka e e neng ya tlhongwa kwa United States.<ref name=":3">Cooper, Elizabeth (February 2017). "The 'Africanization' of Salvador: Race, Work, and Politics in Post-Emancipation Salvador Da Bahia, Brazil". ''Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies''. '''12''' (3): 227–249. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/17442222.2017.1365429|10.1080/17442222.2017.1365429]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148594382 148594382].</ref> Go na le moo, batho ba bantsho ba Brazil ba ba neng ba sa tswa go gololwa ba ne ba tlogelwa gore ba itirele botshelo go tswa mo go se nang sepe—ba se na lefatshe, madi, kana thuto. Puso eno e e neng e sa tlhole e le teng e ne ya tlogela lefatshe le le na le go tlhoka tekatekano mo gogolo fa gare ga basweu le batho ba e seng basweu. Ka ntlha ya seno, motlotlo o o neng o bua ka letso kwa Brazil o ne wa golagana thata le metlotlo e e neng e bua ka lehuma le maemo a batho. Le fa go ne go sena melao e e neng e lebile ka tlhamalalo ba ba tswang mo Aforika ka ntlha ya letso, go ne go na le melao e e neng ya bewa e e neng e dira gore go se ka ga nna le tekatekano fa gare ga basweu le bantsho. Sekai, fa Brazil e ne e nna rephaboliki la ntlha ka 1889, go tlhopha go ne go lekanyeditswe go banna ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala, se se neng sa thibela bontsi jwa batho bantsho go tlhopha ka gonne go ne go na le dipharologano tse dikgolo mo thutong morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba.<ref name=":3" /> Mo godimo ga se, go ne ga nna le tlhaloso sesha ya bosenyi e e neng ya dira gore dikarolo di le dintsi tsa setso sa Aforika di nne bosenyi.<ref name=":2" /> ==== Dipatlisiso tsa tshika ==== Mo bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le boferabongwe le tshimologo ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi, poifo e ne ya simolola go anama mo gare ga batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ka ga ka fa ditso ya ntlha ya Brazil ya go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng e neng e tla ama tlhabololo ya yone ka teng.<ref name=":2" /> Poifo e, mmogo le go tuma mo go golang ga go dirisa maranyane a maaka go tlhalosa dipharologano tsa merafe, go ne ga dira gore go nne le kgolo ya mefuta e e farologaneng ya bosemorafe jwa maranyane a maaka mme, segolobogolo, dipatlisiso tsa tshika kwa Brazil.<ref name=":5">Souza, Vanderlei Sebastião de (December 2016). [[doi:10.1590/s0104-59702016000500006|"A eugenia brasileira e suas conexões internacionais: uma análise a partir das controvérsias entre Renato Kehl e Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930"]] [Brazilian eugenics and its international connections: an analysis from the controversies between Renato Kehl and Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930]. ''História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos'' (in Portuguese). '''23''' (suppl 1): 93–110. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1590/s0104-59702016000500006|10.1590/s0104-59702016000500006]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28198927 28198927].</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba Yuropa ga ba bolo go kgala setshaba sa Brazil se se nang le merafe e e farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tlhoka "bophepa jwa merafe". Dipatlisiso tsa nako eo e ne e akantsha gore batho bantsho ba ne ba le kwa tlase, mme mulatto ba ne ba "senyegile," go baya dipotso ka palo e kgolo ya batho bantsho le ba ba tlhakaneng ba Brazil.<ref name=":5" /> Mo godimo ga moo, go ne go akanngwa gore seemo sa loapi, jaaka sa Brazil, se ne se kgoreletsa tlhabololo ya lefatshe.<ref name=":1" /> Moitseanape mongwe wa Mofora, Count Arthur de Gobineau, o ne a tlhasela Brazil a re go tlhakana ga merafe mo lefatsheng go amile maemo otlhe go dira gore lefatshe lotlhe le nne "botshwakga, bobe le go sa tshole."<ref name=":6">[[:en:Racism_in_Brazil#CITEREFTelles2006|Telles 2006]], p. 26</ref> Dikakanyo tse di ne tsa simolola go tsosa poifo mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba Brazil ba ba neng ba batla go dirisa dikgopolo tsa eugenics ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go nna. Moithuta-batho mongwe yo o neng a amogela kgopolo ya eugenic, e bong Raimundo Nina Rodrigues, o ne a simolola go tshwenyega ka go tlhakana ga merafe mo go neng go direga kwa Brazil. O ne a dira 'thutopatlisiso' ka batho ba ba tswang kwa Aforika kwa Brazil mme a fitlhela gore setlhopha sa morafe se ne se le "kwa tlase ka tsela e e sa belaetseng."<ref name=":6" /> O ne a buelela gore go nne le melao e e farologaneng ya bosenyi ka lotso le gore batho bantsho ba nne kafa tlase ga melao e e farologaneng ka gonne ba ne ba sa gololesega go tlhopha bosenyi ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa bone jo bo fokotsegileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Rodrigues ka boene e ne e le wa merafe e e tlhakaneng mme o ne a bontsha go tlhakana tlhogo ka boemo jwa batho ba merafe e e tlhakaneng mo thulaganyong ya merafe. Go lwantsha se, o ne a akanyetsa go tlhamiwa ga ditlhopha di le mmalwa go tlhagisa mefuta ya batho ba ba tlhakaneng go tswa mo go ba ba kwa godimo go ya kwa go ba ba tlwaelesegileng, go ya kwa go ba ba senyegileng.<ref>[[:en:Racism_in_Brazil#CITEREFTelles2006|Telles 2006]], p. 27.</ref> Kwa bokhutlong, dipatlisiso tsa tshika kwa Brazil ga e ise e ko e nne le maatla jaaka kwa Yuropa, Amerika Bokone, kana Australia. Bangwe ba re katlego e e lekanyeditsweng ya maranyane a maaka e bakilwe ke gore Brazil e ne e setse e na le batho ba le bantsi thata ba merafe e e tlhakaneng. Go tlhakana tlhogo ga ga Nina Rodrigues ka ga kafa bogolo jwa letso bo dirang ka gone kwa ntle ga bobedi jwa letso go bontsha kgopolo eno. Le ka nako ya fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa ka 1888, diperesente di le thataro tsa manyalo otlhe e ne e le a merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":4" /> Se se raya gore, mo maemong mangwe, dikgoreletsi tsa letso di ne di setse di thubilwe, mme seo se ne sa dira gore go nne thata go tlhoma melao e e gagametseng ya dipatlisiso tsa tshika jaaka go kgaoganya kgotsa go fedisa tsholo ka letso. Ba bangwe ba bolela gore go nna teng ga Bokatoliki jo bontsi kwa Brazil go ka tswa go ile ga boloka lefatshe le mo melaong e e bogale ya bosemorafe.<ref name=":5" /><blockquote>"Tlhotlheletso e e anameng ya Bokatoliki kwa Brazil le kwa Latin America yotlhe e ne ya dira gore baithuta ba eugenics ba tsenelele mo dipuisanong tsa dithibelo tsa lenyalo le go tsala ga batho. Mo matlhong a batlhalefi ba Katoliki, tse e ne e le dikgang tsa boitsholo le tsa bodumedi mme ka jalo di ne di sa bulegele tshereganyo e e tseneletseng ya sepolotiki kgotsa ya kalafi; se se ne sa ba ntsha mo go direng dikakanyetsong tse di tshwanang go fedisa tsholo."<ref name=":5" /> (Go tswa go: Sebastião de Souza, Vanderlei (Sedimonthole 2016). "Brazilian Eugenics and Its International Connections: an Analysis Based on the Controversies between Renato Kehl and Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930")</blockquote> ==== Molao wa go sweufatsa letso ==== Go sweufatsa letso, kgotsa "go sweufatsa" (branqueamento), ke kgopolo e e neng ya amogelwa ke botlhe kwa Brazil magareng ga 1889 le 1914,<ref>Sánchez Arteaga, Juanma. "Biological Discourses on Human Races and Scientific Racism in Brazil (1832–1911)." Journal of the History of Biology 50.2 (2017): 267–314</ref> jaaka tharabololo ya "bothata jwa Bantsho".<ref>Skidmore, Thomas. Black Into White Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought, Oxford University Press. NY, 1974</ref><ref>Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. (2011). Predictions are always deceptive: João Baptista de Lacerda and his white Brazil. História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos, 18(1), 225–242</ref> Mo gare ga dipuisano tsa eugenics le dipalopalo tsa lefatshe tse di kgoreletsang tlhabololo ya lone, Rephaboliki ya ntlha ya Brazil e ne ya swetsa go tlhoma molao wa "go sweufatsa" mo e neng e tla leka go fokotsa batho bantsho le go leleka matshwao otlhe a setso sa Aforika.<ref name=":3" /> Se se ne sa dirwa ka ditlhotlheletso tse di rotloetsang bafaladi go tswa kwa Yuropa go tla go sekamisa dipalopalo tsa batho mmogo le go gatelela setso sa Aforika le sa batho ba tlhago botlhe ka maiteko a go phimola go nna teng ga batho bantsho go tswa kwa Brazil. Molao o o ne wa tswelela go fitlha ka 1910 mme ka ntlha ya one phesente ya basweu kwa Brazil e ne ya tlola go tswa go diperesente di le masome mararo le bone ka 1870 go ya go diperesente di le masome marataro le bone ka 1940.<ref>[[:en:Racism_in_Brazil#CITEREFTelles2006|Telles 2006]], p. 32.</ref> Kgopolo ya go sweufatsa batho ka letso e fetogile kgopolo e e anameng thata mo motaki wa Mo-Spain e bong Modesto Brocos a neng a taka ''A Redenção de Cam'' (A RedenmçãoC’s). Tiro e ne e bua ka molao o o ganetsanang ya letso e e ikaegileng ka eugenics mme e ne e bontsha tiragalo ya go sweufatsa batho ka iketlo mo dikokomaneng.<ref>Lotierzo, Tatiana H. P.; Schwarcz, Lilia K. M. (28 September 2013). [http://cral.in2p3.fr/artelogie/spip.php?page=imprimir_articulo&id_article=254 "Raça, gênero e projeto branqueador : "a redenção de Cam", de modesto brocos"] (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://afropunk.com/2016/02/op-ed-miscegenation-in-brazil-as-a-state-policy-to-whiten-its-population/ "OP-ED: Miscegenation in Brazil as a state policy to whiten its population"]. ''AFROPUNK''. 16 February 2016. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == isju4vrfu7wgky9igm0zwft0ctekut1 0 10722 40949 2025-07-03T12:47:42Z JudithShe 9421 Ke dirile tsebe ya ga "Renty Taylor" 40949 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Renty an African slave.jpg|thumb|Renty, mo Aforika o a neng a dirilwe lekgoba, a tserwe senepe ke Louis Agassiz]] '''Renty Taylor''' o itsegeng gape jaaka '''Papa Renty''', e ne e le monna wa mo [[Aferika|Aforika]] ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi le lesome le borobabongwe.O tsholetswe kwa Congo Basin, o ne a tshwerwe a bo a dirwa lekgoba a isiwa kwa [[USA|United States]] kwa a neng a rekisiwa teng go nna lekgoba. O berekile kwa polasing ya letsela e e neng e le ya ga Benjamin Franklin Taylor. E ne e le mongwe wa batho bantlha go tsewa dinepe tsa bokgoba, tse di neng di tserwe ke Joseph T. Zealy ka bookamedi jwa ga Louis Agassiz ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 1850, o dikakanyo tsa gagwe di neng tsa dirisiwa go ema nokeng go diriwa makgoba ga ma Aforika kwa United States le go rotloetsa kakanyo ya gore batho basweu ba botoko mo bathong botlhe.<ref name=":0">[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/03/21/harvard-slavery-lawsuit-who-renty-american-slave-photos/3232806002/ "Who was Renty? The story of the slave whose racist photos have triggered a lawsuit against Harvard"]. USA Today. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Renty Taylor o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1775 kwa Congo; leina le a le filweng ke mmagwe ga le itsegale le gompieno.<ref name=":0" /> O ne a tshwarwa ke bagwebi ba makgoba a goroga kwa New Orleans mo sekepeng sa kwa Spain ka dingwaga tsa 1800.<ref name=":0" /> O ne a felela a rekiwa ke Col. Thomas Taylor (go tswa ka 1743 go tsena ka 1833) ka dingwaga tsa 1800 di simologa, a felela a goroga kwa polasing ya Edgehill kwa Columbia, borwa jwa Carolina.<ref>"[https://www.americanheritage.com/faces-slavery-historical-find#2 Faces of Slavery: A Historical Find]". American Heritage. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Renty Taylor o ne a le motlotlo ka ditso tsa gagwe tsa Aforika, a dirisa thanodi ya Webster go ithuta go bala le ntswa melao e ne e le kgatlhanong le seo, mme a ruta le makgoba a mangwe a mmala o montsho a America. Go bala go ne go le borai ebile go le kotsi mo makgobeng ka go ne go na le melao e e kgatlhanong le go bala ga makgoba kwa United States.<ref name=":0" /> Ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 1850, Louis Agassiz o ne a ntsha taolo ya gore go tsewe dinepe tse di neng di tlhalosiwa di le tlhokofatsa tsa ga Renty Taylor le morwadie Delia Taylor go tsweledisa ngangisano ya gagwe ka maemo a a kwa tlase a batho bantsho.<ref name=":1">[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/20/us/slave-photographs-harvard.html "Who Should Own Photos of Slaves? The Descendants, not Harvard, a Lawsuit Says"]. March 20, 2019. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Ke dinepe tsa ntlha tse di itseweng ka makgoba.<ref name=":2">Moser, Erica. [https://theday.com/news/424409/descendants-of-racist-scientist-back-norwich-woman-in-fight-over-slave-images/ "Descendants of racist scientist back Norwich woman in fight over slave images"]. ''theday.com''. The Day. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref>Browning, Kellen. [https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/06/20/descendants-slave-white-supremacist-join-forces-harvard-campus-demand-school-hand-over-family-photos/62v7Z5dztzml0yep7SuosI/story.html "Descendants of slave, white supremacist join forces on Harvard's campus to demand school hand over 'family photos'".] ''www.bostonglobe.com''. The Boston Globe. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.democracynow.org/2019/3/29/the_world_is_watching_woman_suing "The World Is Watching: Woman Suing Harvard for Photos of Enslaved Ancestors Says History Is At Stake".] ''Democracy Now!''. March 29, 2019. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Agassiz o ne a tlogelela dinepe tse Harvard tsa sala kwa mabolokelong a ditso a Peabody go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1976 fa di ne di bonwa gape ke Ellie Reichlin. Ka ngwaga wa 1852, maina a ga Renty le morwadie a ne a tlhagelela mo dibukeng tsa tshekatsheko tsa makgoba a ga Benjamin Franklin Taylor.<ref>Hecimovich, Gregg. "The Life and Times of Alfred, Delia, Drana, Fassena, Jack, Jem, and Renty." Chapter 2 of ''To Make Their Own Way in the World: The Enduring Legacy of the Zealy Daguerreotypes'', edited by Ilisa Barbash, Molly Rogers, Deborah Willis. Cambridge: Peabody Museum Press, 2020: page 82–82.</ref> O ne a dirisa leina la Renty Taylor morago ga ntwa ya phetogo ya kwa America e fela ka ngwag wa 1865.<ref name=":0" /> Ga go itsegale gore o tlhokafafetse leng ebile ga go itsegale gore a o kile a gololwa, mme o ne a nyelela mo dikwalong ka ngwaga wa 1866, dingwaga tse tharo morago ga Abraham Lincoln a ntsha taolo ya 1863. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Renty Taylor o ne a na le bana ba le babedi ba ba neng ba itsewe: morwadie a bidiwa Delia Taylor le morwa a bidiwa Renty Thompson (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1850 a tlhokafala ka 1945) o a neng a rekisediwa mong o sele wa makgoba ka 1860.<ref>[https://www.norwichbulletin.com/story/news/education/2014/03/02/norwich-woman-tracks-down-slave/38591321007/ "Norwich woman tracks down slave ancestor's inspiring story".] ''Norwich Bulletin''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> == Tsheko == Ka ngwaga wa 2019, ditlogolwana tsa ga Taylor di ne tsa tsaya kgato kgatlhanong le Harvard gore ditshwantsho le dinepe di busiwe ga mmogo le phimolo dikeledi.<ref>Tony Marco, Ray Sanchez and. [https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/20/us/harvard-lawsuit-slave-photos/index.html "The descendants of slaves want Harvard to stop using iconic photos of their relatives"]. ''/www.cnn.com''. CNN. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Tsheko e e ne e engwe nokeng ke ditlogolwana tse di santseng di le mo botshelong, tsa Louis Agassiz di le masome a mane le boraro, ba ne ba kwala lokwalo lwa kemo nokeng le le neng le balega jaana bontlha bongwe jwa lone "Gore Harvard e neele Ms. Lanier le ba lolwapa lwa gagwe dinepe ke go simolola go dira dipaakanyo ka tiriso ya dinepe tse jaaka ditshupo mo kakanyong ya ga Agassiz ya gore batho basweu ba feta merafe e mengwe ka maemo.<ref name=":2" />" Fa a budiwa gore o a go dirang ka dinepe tse fa a ka fenya tsheko, Tamara Lanier, kokomane ya ga Renty Taylor o ne a re: "Ke itse gore se ke sengwe se se tshwanetseng go nna mo phatlalatseng, Harvard ga e a tshwanela go ka bo e bona dipoelo mo tirisong ya dinepe tse, mme go feta foo, ke kgang ya seriti le go busetsa seriti sa ga Renty.<ref name=":2" /> Tsheko ya ga Lanier kgatlhanong le Harvard e ne ya phatlaladiwa ka ngwaga wa 2021, ka mabaka a le mantsi, a akaretsa molao o o tlwaelesegileng wa gore motho o o mo senepeng ga a na tshwanelo epe ya senepe seo.<ref>Hartocollis, Anemona (2021-03-05). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/04/us/harvard-slave-photos-renty.html "Images of Slaves Are Property of Harvard, Not a Descendant, Judge Rules"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref name=":3">[https://itsartlaw.org/2021/07/27/case-review-lanier-v-harvard-2021/ "Case Review: Lanier v. Harvard (2021)".] ''Center for Art Law''. 2021-07-27. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Lanier o ne a ikuela morago ga foo.<ref name=":3" /> Ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2025, Harvard e ne ya dumalana go neela mabolokelo a ditso a batho bantsho ba America kwa borwa jwa Carolina dinepe tseo. Ms. Lanier o ne a duelwa madi a a sa bolelwang e le bontlha jwa tsheko ya gagwe. Le ntswa go nnile le tharabololo ya tuelo ya madi a a sa bolelwang, Harvard e itshwarelela ka gore Ms. Lanier ga a fa bosupi jwa kamano ya gagwe le Renty Taylor.<ref>Betts, Anna (29 May 2025). [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/29/harvard-university-renty-taylor-photographs "Harvard agrees to transfer early photos of enslaved people to African American museum".] ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> == Kgaso == * Lefatshe le lebeletse: mosadi a sekisetsa Harvard dinepe tsa bomogolwagolwane ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba are ditso di mo kotsing. (Puisano ya setshwantsho sa motshikhinyego le Tamara Lanier, kokomane ya ga Ppapa Renty). Democracy Now! Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019. == Metswedi == 15dvtnp08o4n0glfvdlvc0ro75a0632 40950 40949 2025-07-03T12:48:45Z JudithShe 9421 40950 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Renty an African slave.jpg|thumb|Renty, mo Aforika o a neng a dirilwe lekgoba, a tserwe senepe ke Louis Agassiz]] '''Renty Taylor''' o itsegeng gape jaaka '''Papa Renty''', e ne e le monna wa mo [[Aferika|Aforika]] ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi le lesome le borobabongwe.O tsholetswe kwa Congo Basin, o ne a tshwerwe a bo a dirwa lekgoba a isiwa kwa [[USA|United States]] kwa a neng a rekisiwa teng go nna lekgoba. O berekile kwa polasing ya letsela e e neng e le ya ga Benjamin Franklin Taylor. E ne e le mongwe wa batho bantlha go tsewa dinepe tsa bokgoba, tse di neng di tserwe ke Joseph T. Zealy ka bookamedi jwa ga Louis Agassiz ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 1850, o dikakanyo tsa gagwe di neng tsa dirisiwa go ema nokeng go diriwa makgoba ga ma Aforika kwa United States le go rotloetsa kakanyo ya gore batho basweu ba botoko mo bathong botlhe.<ref name=":0">[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/03/21/harvard-slavery-lawsuit-who-renty-american-slave-photos/3232806002/ "Who was Renty? The story of the slave whose racist photos have triggered a lawsuit against Harvard"]. USA Today. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Renty Taylor o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1775 kwa Congo; leina le a le filweng ke mmagwe ga le itsegale le gompieno.<ref name=":0" /> O ne a tshwarwa ke bagwebi ba makgoba a goroga kwa New Orleans mo sekepeng sa kwa Spain ka dingwaga tsa 1800.<ref name=":0" /> O ne a felela a rekiwa ke Col. Thomas Taylor (go tswa ka 1743 go tsena ka 1833) ka dingwaga tsa 1800 di simologa, a felela a goroga kwa polasing ya Edgehill kwa Columbia, borwa jwa Carolina.<ref>"[https://www.americanheritage.com/faces-slavery-historical-find#2 Faces of Slavery: A Historical Find]". American Heritage. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Renty Taylor o ne a le motlotlo ka ditso tsa gagwe tsa Aforika, a dirisa thanodi ya Webster go ithuta go bala le ntswa melao e ne e le kgatlhanong le seo, mme a ruta le makgoba a mangwe a mmala o montsho a America. Go bala go ne go le borai ebile go le kotsi mo makgobeng ka go ne go na le melao e e kgatlhanong le go bala ga makgoba kwa United States.<ref name=":0" /> Ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 1850, Louis Agassiz o ne a ntsha taolo ya gore go tsewe dinepe tse di neng di tlhalosiwa di le tlhokofatsa tsa ga Renty Taylor le morwadie Delia Taylor go tsweledisa ngangisano ya gagwe ka maemo a a kwa tlase a batho bantsho.<ref name=":1">[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/20/us/slave-photographs-harvard.html "Who Should Own Photos of Slaves? The Descendants, not Harvard, a Lawsuit Says"]. March 20, 2019. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Ke dinepe tsa ntlha tse di itseweng ka makgoba.<ref name=":2">Moser, Erica. [https://theday.com/news/424409/descendants-of-racist-scientist-back-norwich-woman-in-fight-over-slave-images/ "Descendants of racist scientist back Norwich woman in fight over slave images"]. ''theday.com''. The Day. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref>Browning, Kellen. [https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/06/20/descendants-slave-white-supremacist-join-forces-harvard-campus-demand-school-hand-over-family-photos/62v7Z5dztzml0yep7SuosI/story.html "Descendants of slave, white supremacist join forces on Harvard's campus to demand school hand over 'family photos'".] ''www.bostonglobe.com''. The Boston Globe. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.democracynow.org/2019/3/29/the_world_is_watching_woman_suing "The World Is Watching: Woman Suing Harvard for Photos of Enslaved Ancestors Says History Is At Stake".] ''Democracy Now!''. March 29, 2019. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Agassiz o ne a tlogelela dinepe tse Harvard tsa sala kwa mabolokelong a ditso a Peabody go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1976 fa di ne di bonwa gape ke Ellie Reichlin. Ka ngwaga wa 1852, maina a ga Renty le morwadie a ne a tlhagelela mo dibukeng tsa tshekatsheko tsa makgoba a ga Benjamin Franklin Taylor.<ref>Hecimovich, Gregg. "The Life and Times of Alfred, Delia, Drana, Fassena, Jack, Jem, and Renty." Chapter 2 of ''To Make Their Own Way in the World: The Enduring Legacy of the Zealy Daguerreotypes'', edited by Ilisa Barbash, Molly Rogers, Deborah Willis. Cambridge: Peabody Museum Press, 2020: page 82–82.</ref> O ne a dirisa leina la Renty Taylor morago ga ntwa ya phetogo ya kwa America e fela ka ngwag wa 1865.<ref name=":0" /> Ga go itsegale gore o tlhokafafetse leng ebile ga go itsegale gore a o kile a gololwa, mme o ne a nyelela mo dikwalong ka ngwaga wa 1866, dingwaga tse tharo morago ga Abraham Lincoln a ntsha taolo ya 1863. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Renty Taylor o ne a na le bana ba le babedi ba ba neng ba itsewe: morwadie a bidiwa Delia Taylor le morwa a bidiwa Renty Thompson (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1850 a tlhokafala ka 1945) o a neng a rekisediwa mong o sele wa makgoba ka 1860.<ref>[https://www.norwichbulletin.com/story/news/education/2014/03/02/norwich-woman-tracks-down-slave/38591321007/ "Norwich woman tracks down slave ancestor's inspiring story".] ''Norwich Bulletin''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> == Tsheko == Ka ngwaga wa 2019, ditlogolwana tsa ga Taylor di ne tsa tsaya kgato kgatlhanong le Harvard gore ditshwantsho le dinepe di busiwe ga mmogo le phimolo dikeledi.<ref>Tony Marco, Ray Sanchez and. [https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/20/us/harvard-lawsuit-slave-photos/index.html "The descendants of slaves want Harvard to stop using iconic photos of their relatives"]. ''/www.cnn.com''. CNN. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Tsheko e e ne e engwe nokeng ke ditlogolwana tse di santseng di le mo botshelong, tsa Louis Agassiz di le masome a mane le boraro, ba ne ba kwala lokwalo lwa kemo nokeng le le neng le balega jaana bontlha bongwe jwa lone "Gore Harvard e neele Ms. Lanier le ba lolwapa lwa gagwe dinepe ke go simolola go dira dipaakanyo ka tiriso ya dinepe tse jaaka ditshupo mo kakanyong ya ga Agassiz ya gore batho basweu ba feta merafe e mengwe ka maemo.<ref name=":2" />" Fa a budiwa gore o a go dirang ka dinepe tse fa a ka fenya tsheko, Tamara Lanier, kokomane ya ga Renty Taylor o ne a re: "Ke itse gore se ke sengwe se se tshwanetseng go nna mo phatlalatseng, Harvard ga e a tshwanela go ka bo e bona dipoelo mo tirisong ya dinepe tse, mme go feta foo, ke kgang ya seriti le go busetsa seriti sa ga Renty.<ref name=":2" /> Tsheko ya ga Lanier kgatlhanong le Harvard e ne ya phatlaladiwa ka ngwaga wa 2021, ka mabaka a le mantsi, a akaretsa molao o o tlwaelesegileng wa gore motho o o mo senepeng ga a na tshwanelo epe ya senepe seo.<ref>Hartocollis, Anemona (2021-03-05). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/04/us/harvard-slave-photos-renty.html "Images of Slaves Are Property of Harvard, Not a Descendant, Judge Rules"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref name=":3">[https://itsartlaw.org/2021/07/27/case-review-lanier-v-harvard-2021/ "Case Review: Lanier v. Harvard (2021)".] ''Center for Art Law''. 2021-07-27. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Lanier o ne a ikuela morago ga foo.<ref name=":3" /> Ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2025, Harvard e ne ya dumalana go neela mabolokelo a ditso a batho bantsho ba America kwa borwa jwa Carolina dinepe tseo. Ms. Lanier o ne a duelwa madi a a sa bolelwang e le bontlha jwa tsheko ya gagwe. Le ntswa go nnile le tharabololo ya tuelo ya madi a a sa bolelwang, Harvard e itshwarelela ka gore Ms. Lanier ga a fa bosupi jwa kamano ya gagwe le Renty Taylor.<ref>Betts, Anna (29 May 2025). [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/29/harvard-university-renty-taylor-photographs "Harvard agrees to transfer early photos of enslaved people to African American museum".] ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> == Kgaso == * [https://www.democracynow.org/2019/3/29/the_world_is_watching_woman_suing Lefatshe le lebeletse: mosadi a sekisetsa Harvard dinepe tsa bomogolwagolwane ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba are ditso di mo kotsing]. (Puisano ya setshwantsho sa motshikhinyego le Tamara Lanier, kokomane ya ga Ppapa Renty). Democracy Now! Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019. == Metswedi == h9dlbysp38572ge8eu9dd1i4y3b1dvj 40951 40950 2025-07-03T12:53:04Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tsentse tempoleiti ya ya Renty Taylor 40951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Renty Taylor|image=Renty an African slave.jpg|image caption=Renty Taylor ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 1850 (a ka tswa a le dingwaga di le masome a supa le botlhano)|other names=Renty Thomson, Papa Renty|occupation=A dirilwe lekgoba|known for=Go nna mongwe wa batho ba ba mo dinepeng tsa ntlha tsa makgoba|children=Delia Taylor (Mopitlo 1850 go tsena 52) Renty Thompson (1850 go tsena 1945)}} '''Renty Taylor''' o itsegeng gape jaaka '''Papa Renty''', e ne e le monna wa mo [[Aferika|Aforika]] ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi le lesome le borobabongwe.O tsholetswe kwa Congo Basin, o ne a tshwerwe a bo a dirwa lekgoba a isiwa kwa [[USA|United States]] kwa a neng a rekisiwa teng go nna lekgoba. O berekile kwa polasing ya letsela e e neng e le ya ga Benjamin Franklin Taylor. E ne e le mongwe wa batho bantlha go tsewa dinepe tsa bokgoba, tse di neng di tserwe ke Joseph T. Zealy ka bookamedi jwa ga Louis Agassiz ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 1850, o dikakanyo tsa gagwe di neng tsa dirisiwa go ema nokeng go diriwa makgoba ga ma Aforika kwa United States le go rotloetsa kakanyo ya gore batho basweu ba botoko mo bathong botlhe.<ref name=":0">[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/03/21/harvard-slavery-lawsuit-who-renty-american-slave-photos/3232806002/ "Who was Renty? The story of the slave whose racist photos have triggered a lawsuit against Harvard"]. USA Today. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Renty Taylor o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1775 kwa Congo; leina le a le filweng ke mmagwe ga le itsegale le gompieno.<ref name=":0" /> O ne a tshwarwa ke bagwebi ba makgoba a goroga kwa New Orleans mo sekepeng sa kwa Spain ka dingwaga tsa 1800.<ref name=":0" /> O ne a felela a rekiwa ke Col. Thomas Taylor (go tswa ka 1743 go tsena ka 1833) ka dingwaga tsa 1800 di simologa, a felela a goroga kwa polasing ya Edgehill kwa Columbia, borwa jwa Carolina.<ref>"[https://www.americanheritage.com/faces-slavery-historical-find#2 Faces of Slavery: A Historical Find]". American Heritage. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Renty Taylor o ne a le motlotlo ka ditso tsa gagwe tsa Aforika, a dirisa thanodi ya Webster go ithuta go bala le ntswa melao e ne e le kgatlhanong le seo, mme a ruta le makgoba a mangwe a mmala o montsho a America. Go bala go ne go le borai ebile go le kotsi mo makgobeng ka go ne go na le melao e e kgatlhanong le go bala ga makgoba kwa United States.<ref name=":0" /> Ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 1850, Louis Agassiz o ne a ntsha taolo ya gore go tsewe dinepe tse di neng di tlhalosiwa di le tlhokofatsa tsa ga Renty Taylor le morwadie Delia Taylor go tsweledisa ngangisano ya gagwe ka maemo a a kwa tlase a batho bantsho.<ref name=":1">[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/20/us/slave-photographs-harvard.html "Who Should Own Photos of Slaves? The Descendants, not Harvard, a Lawsuit Says"]. March 20, 2019. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Ke dinepe tsa ntlha tse di itseweng ka makgoba.<ref name=":2">Moser, Erica. [https://theday.com/news/424409/descendants-of-racist-scientist-back-norwich-woman-in-fight-over-slave-images/ "Descendants of racist scientist back Norwich woman in fight over slave images"]. ''theday.com''. The Day. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref>Browning, Kellen. [https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/06/20/descendants-slave-white-supremacist-join-forces-harvard-campus-demand-school-hand-over-family-photos/62v7Z5dztzml0yep7SuosI/story.html "Descendants of slave, white supremacist join forces on Harvard's campus to demand school hand over 'family photos'".] ''www.bostonglobe.com''. The Boston Globe. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.democracynow.org/2019/3/29/the_world_is_watching_woman_suing "The World Is Watching: Woman Suing Harvard for Photos of Enslaved Ancestors Says History Is At Stake".] ''Democracy Now!''. March 29, 2019. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Agassiz o ne a tlogelela dinepe tse Harvard tsa sala kwa mabolokelong a ditso a Peabody go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1976 fa di ne di bonwa gape ke Ellie Reichlin. Ka ngwaga wa 1852, maina a ga Renty le morwadie a ne a tlhagelela mo dibukeng tsa tshekatsheko tsa makgoba a ga Benjamin Franklin Taylor.<ref>Hecimovich, Gregg. "The Life and Times of Alfred, Delia, Drana, Fassena, Jack, Jem, and Renty." Chapter 2 of ''To Make Their Own Way in the World: The Enduring Legacy of the Zealy Daguerreotypes'', edited by Ilisa Barbash, Molly Rogers, Deborah Willis. Cambridge: Peabody Museum Press, 2020: page 82–82.</ref> O ne a dirisa leina la Renty Taylor morago ga ntwa ya phetogo ya kwa America e fela ka ngwag wa 1865.<ref name=":0" /> Ga go itsegale gore o tlhokafafetse leng ebile ga go itsegale gore a o kile a gololwa, mme o ne a nyelela mo dikwalong ka ngwaga wa 1866, dingwaga tse tharo morago ga Abraham Lincoln a ntsha taolo ya 1863. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Renty Taylor o ne a na le bana ba le babedi ba ba neng ba itsewe: morwadie a bidiwa Delia Taylor le morwa a bidiwa Renty Thompson (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1850 a tlhokafala ka 1945) o a neng a rekisediwa mong o sele wa makgoba ka 1860.<ref>[https://www.norwichbulletin.com/story/news/education/2014/03/02/norwich-woman-tracks-down-slave/38591321007/ "Norwich woman tracks down slave ancestor's inspiring story".] ''Norwich Bulletin''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> == Tsheko == Ka ngwaga wa 2019, ditlogolwana tsa ga Taylor di ne tsa tsaya kgato kgatlhanong le Harvard gore ditshwantsho le dinepe di busiwe ga mmogo le phimolo dikeledi.<ref>Tony Marco, Ray Sanchez and. [https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/20/us/harvard-lawsuit-slave-photos/index.html "The descendants of slaves want Harvard to stop using iconic photos of their relatives"]. ''/www.cnn.com''. CNN. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Tsheko e e ne e engwe nokeng ke ditlogolwana tse di santseng di le mo botshelong, tsa Louis Agassiz di le masome a mane le boraro, ba ne ba kwala lokwalo lwa kemo nokeng le le neng le balega jaana bontlha bongwe jwa lone "Gore Harvard e neele Ms. Lanier le ba lolwapa lwa gagwe dinepe ke go simolola go dira dipaakanyo ka tiriso ya dinepe tse jaaka ditshupo mo kakanyong ya ga Agassiz ya gore batho basweu ba feta merafe e mengwe ka maemo.<ref name=":2" />" Fa a budiwa gore o a go dirang ka dinepe tse fa a ka fenya tsheko, Tamara Lanier, kokomane ya ga Renty Taylor o ne a re: "Ke itse gore se ke sengwe se se tshwanetseng go nna mo phatlalatseng, Harvard ga e a tshwanela go ka bo e bona dipoelo mo tirisong ya dinepe tse, mme go feta foo, ke kgang ya seriti le go busetsa seriti sa ga Renty.<ref name=":2" /> Tsheko ya ga Lanier kgatlhanong le Harvard e ne ya phatlaladiwa ka ngwaga wa 2021, ka mabaka a le mantsi, a akaretsa molao o o tlwaelesegileng wa gore motho o o mo senepeng ga a na tshwanelo epe ya senepe seo.<ref>Hartocollis, Anemona (2021-03-05). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/04/us/harvard-slave-photos-renty.html "Images of Slaves Are Property of Harvard, Not a Descendant, Judge Rules"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref name=":3">[https://itsartlaw.org/2021/07/27/case-review-lanier-v-harvard-2021/ "Case Review: Lanier v. Harvard (2021)".] ''Center for Art Law''. 2021-07-27. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Lanier o ne a ikuela morago ga foo.<ref name=":3" /> Ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2025, Harvard e ne ya dumalana go neela mabolokelo a ditso a batho bantsho ba America kwa borwa jwa Carolina dinepe tseo. Ms. Lanier o ne a duelwa madi a a sa bolelwang e le bontlha jwa tsheko ya gagwe. Le ntswa go nnile le tharabololo ya tuelo ya madi a a sa bolelwang, Harvard e itshwarelela ka gore Ms. Lanier ga a fa bosupi jwa kamano ya gagwe le Renty Taylor.<ref>Betts, Anna (29 May 2025). [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/29/harvard-university-renty-taylor-photographs "Harvard agrees to transfer early photos of enslaved people to African American museum".] ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> == Kgaso == * [https://www.democracynow.org/2019/3/29/the_world_is_watching_woman_suing Lefatshe le lebeletse: mosadi a sekisetsa Harvard dinepe tsa bomogolwagolwane ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba are ditso di mo kotsing]. (Puisano ya setshwantsho sa motshikhinyego le Tamara Lanier, kokomane ya ga Ppapa Renty). Democracy Now! Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019. == Metswedi == 0twzrli677ofidlg7wfokxnvxsic53m 0 10723 40954 2025-07-03T13:34:19Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e #AWC2025 40954 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Paul Robeson yn Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru, Glynebwy, 1958.jpg|thumb|Paul Robeson o ne a saena boikuelo jwa Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe.]] Kwa United States, '''polao ya batho bantsho''' ke tlhomeso ya ditso le lereo la puo le le dirisiwang go sekaseka ditlamorago tsa nako e e fetileng le ya gompieno ya bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng mo Maaforika a Amerika ke puso ya United States le Maamerika a basweu. Masomesome a dingwaga tsa go kaletswa ga le go tlhaola batho ka letso ka lobaka lo loleele di ne tsa tlhalosiwa la ntlha semmuso e le polao ya semorafe ke mokgatlho o o sa tlholeng o le teng jaanong, e leng Civil Rights Congress, mo boikuelong jo o neng wa bo romela kwa Lekgotleng la Ditshaba ka 1951. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, Malcolm X o ne a latofatsa puso ya United States ka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa setho, go akaretsa, go bolaya ka semorafe, kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, tshiamololo ya nako e telele, bosetlhogo, le tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le batho bantsho ke basweu.<ref>Nier III, Charles Lewis (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240501092238/https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ "Guilty as Charged: Malcolm X and His Vision of Racial Justice for African Americans Through Utilization of the United Nations International Human Rights Provisions and Institutions"]. ''Penn State International Law Review''. '''16''' (1): 149–189. Archived from [https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ the original] on May 1, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:John_Henrik_Clarke|Clarke, John Henrik]], ed. (1990) [1969]. "Outline for Petition to the United Nations Charging Genocide Against 22 Million Black Americans". ''[[iarchive:malcolmx00john|Malcolm X: The Man and His Times]]''. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press. pp. [[iarchive:malcolmx00john/page/343|343–351]]. ISBN 978-0-86543-201-7. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:Alex_Hinton|Hinton, Alex]] (December 26, 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231009232230/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 "Opinion | 70 Years Ago Black Activists Accused the U.S. of Genocide. They Should Have Been Taken Seriously"]. ''[[:en:Politico|Politico]]''. Archived from [https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 the original] on October 9, 2023.</ref> Tshwantshiso ya polao ya batho bantsho e ntse e dirisiwa mo ntweng ya diritibatsi, ntwa ya bosenyi, le ntwa ya lehuma ka ntlha ya ditlamorago tsa tsone tse di kotsi mo setšhabeng sa bantsho.[4] Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Vietnam, tiriso e e oketsegang ya masole a bantsho e ne ya kgalwa jaaka tlhagiso ya polao ya batho bantsho.[5] Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, palo e e kwa godimo ya batho bantsho ba ba kwa kgolegelong le yone e tlhalositswe jaaka polao ya batho bantsho.[6] Batshwayadiphoso ba letlhomeso la polao ya batho bantsho ba le tlhalosa e le kgopolo ya bolotsana, fa babueledi ba lone ba nganga gore ke letlhomeso le le mosola la go sekaseka bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng.[3] Dingangisano kgatlhanong le taolo ya pelegi, bogolosegolo, di ile tsa kgalwa jaaka tsa bolotsana kgotsa tsa go feteletsa dilo,[7] le fa maiteko a taolo ya batho ba bantsho[8][9] le go ntsha mpa ka pateletso e e tshegediwang ke puso a ne a diragala bosheng jaana mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga.[7] == Bokgoba jaaka polao ya semorafe == Bokgoba ka kakaretso le kgwebisano ya makgoba ya Atlantic segolobogolo e ne e le sekai sa bogologolo sa bosenyi kgatlhanong le batho mo lekgolong la bo19 la dingwaga, setlhopha se segolo sa bosenyi se se neng sa atolosiwa fa polao ya semorafe e ne e akarediwa mo go jone mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga. George Washington Williams o ne a dira gore kgopolo ya ditlolomolao kgatlhanong le batho e ratwe thata malebana le hisitori ya bokgoba kwa United States mme ka nako ya ntwa ya maaka ya Congo Free State ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, "melao ya batho" e ne ya akarediwa mo Polelwaneng ya Martens ya Dikopano tsa Hague mme ka ntlha ya seo, e ne ya tsenngwa semolao mo molaong wa boditšhabatšhaba. Moithuti wa Canada Adam Jones o tlhalosa loso lwa bontsi lwa dimilionemilione tsa Maaforika ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Atlantic jaaka polao ya semorafe, a e bitsa "nngwe ya dipolao tse di maswe go gaisa mo hisitoring ya batho" ka ntlha ya gore e ne ya felela ka dintsho di le dimilione di le 15 go ya go di le 20 go ya ka phopholetso nngwe, mme gape o boletse gore ngangisano e e tshwanang le ya beng ba kgatlhego ya go boloka makgoba a tshela, e seng go ba nyeletsa", ke "bogolo jwa sophistry" ka gonne "polao le tshenyo e ne e le ka boomo, le fa e ka tswa e le ditlhotlheletso dife tsa go boloka bafalodi ba temana ya Atlantic go dirisiwa botlhaswa ka tiro e e ka tlhalosiwang gape ke de disc mainliberanid ke: If an institulindenid is. baemedi, le fa botlhe ba itse ka dikgobalo tse dintsintsi tse e di bakang mo setlhopheng sa batho se se ka tlhalosiwang, ke ka ntlha yang fa seno se sa tshwanelege jaaka polao ya semorafe?"[10] Mo bukeng ya gagwe, The Broken Heart of America, moporofesara wa Harvard Walter Johnson o kwadile gore mo makgetlong a mantsi mo hisitoring yotlhe ya go dira Maaforika makgoba kwa US, go ne ga nna le ditiragalo di le dintsi tsa polao ya semorafe, ditiragalo tse di neng di akaretsa go kgaoganngwa ga banna le basadi ba bone, mme seno se ne sa fokotsa palo ya batho ba Maaforika-Amerika. Mo Moamerika yo montsho yo o neng a tshela ka nako ya bokgoba jwa U.S., ga go na ditshwanelo dipe tse di neng di netefaditswe, e ka tswa e le makgoba ka namana kgotsa nnyaa.[11] Kwa United States botshelo jwa lekgoba e ne e le dingwaga di le 21 go ya go di le 22, mme ngwana yo montsho go fitlha ka dingwaga di le 1 go ya go di le 14 o ne a na le kotsi ya go swa go menagane gabedi go feta ngwana yo mosweu wa dingwaga tse di tshwanang le tsa gagwe.[12] == Jim Crow jaaka polao ya semorafe == === Ngongorego go ya kwa Lefatsheng la Ditshaba === Ditšhabakopano (UN) di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka 1945. UN e ne ya ngangisana le go amogela Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe kwa bokhutlong jwa 1948, e tshotse gore polao ya Semorafe e ne e le "maikemisetso a go senya, ka botlalo kgotsa ka bontlhabongwe", setlhopha sa merafe.[13] Go ikaegilwe ka tlhaloso ya "ka bontlhabongwe", Civil Rights Congress (CRC), setlhopha se se bopilweng ka Maaforika a Amerika a a nang le kamano ya Bokomonisi, se ne sa tlhagisetsa UN ka 1951 boikuelo jo bo bidiwang "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe." Phethišene e ne ya kwala dintsho di le 10 000 tse di sa siamang tsa Maaforika a Amerika mo dingwageng di le masome a robongwe fa e sale ka Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika.[14] E tlhalositse go bolawa, go tshwarwa makgwakgwa, polao le kgatelelo ke basweu kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, e swetsa ka gore puso ya Amerika e ne e gana go samagana le "khomišene e e tswelelang, e e anameng, e e rulagantsweng ya bosenyi jwa polao ya semorafe".[13] Phethišene e ne ya tlhagisiwa kwa kopanong ya UN kwa Paris ke moeteledipele wa CRC William L. Patterson, mme kwa New York City ke seopedi le modiragatsi Paul Robeson yo e neng e le molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi le leloko la Bokomonisi la CRC.[13] Ntwa ya Molomo e ne ya dira gore Amerika e tshwenyege ka go atolosa naga ga Bokomonisi. Phethišene ya CRC e ne ya tsewa ke puso ya United States e le kgatlhanong le dikgatlhego tsa Amerika malebana le go lwantsha Bokomonisi. Phethišene e ne ya tlhokomologiwa ke lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng; bontsi jwa dinaga tse di neng di hirilwe di ne di lebile kwa US go bona kaelo mme di ne di sa ikemisetsa go tlhomelela baba ba US ka maaka a mangwe ka ga go palelwa ga yone mo pholising ya semorafe ya selegae. Dikarabo tsa Amerika mo boikuelong jono di ne di farologane: Mmegadikgang wa radio Drew Pearson o ne a bua kgatlhanong le "maaka a Bokomonisi" a go neng go twe ke one pele ga a tlhagisiwa kwa UN.[13] Moporofesara Raphael Lemkin, mmueledi wa Mo-Poland yo o thusitseng go kwala Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe ya UN, o ne a bolela gore boikuelo jwa CRC e ne e le maiteko a a fosagetseng a a neng a gogela tlhokomelo kgakala le polao ya semorafe ya Soviet Union ya Ba-Estonia, Ba-Latvia le Ba-Lithuania. Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa go Tsweletsa Pele Batho ba Mmala (NAACP) o ne wa ntsha polelo e e neng e bolela gore go ne go se na polao ya batho bantsho le fa eleruri go ne go na le dikgang tse di masisi tsa go tlhaola batho ka lotso kwa Amerika. Walter Francis White, moeteledipele wa NAACP, o kwadile gore boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne bo na le ditiragalo tsa "boammaaruri" tsa tlhaolele, bontsi jwa tsone di tserwe mo metsweding e e ikanyegang.[13] O ne a re, "Le fa dibe tsa setšhaba kgatlhanong le Motho wa Bantsho e ka tswa e le dife—mme di dintsi e bile di tshosa—polao ya semorafe ga e mo gare ga tsone."[13] Moemedi wa UN Eleanor Roosevelt o ne a re go ne go le "boeleele" go tlhalosa kgethololo ya nako e telele jaaka polao ya semorafe.[13] Phethišene ya "We Charge Genocide" e amogetse kitsiso e ntsi mo dikgannyeng tsa boditšhabatšhaba go na le mo metsweding ya dikgang ya selegae ya Amerika. Metswedi ya dikgang ya Fora le ya Czech e ne e tlhagisa kgang eno thata, fela jaaka makwalodikgang a kwa India. Ka 1952, mokwadi wa Moaforika-Amerika J. Saunders Redding yo o neng a tsamaya kwa India o ne a bodiwa dipotso gangwe le gape ka ditiragalo tse di rileng tsa go gataka ditshwanelo tsa baagi kwa US, mme boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne jwa dirisiwa ke Baindia go ganetsa dipolelo tsa gagwe tsa gore dikamano tsa merafe ya United States di ne di tokafala. Kwa US, boikuelo bo ne jwa nyelela mo temogong ya setšhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1950.[13] Ka 1964, Malcolm X le Mokgatlho wa gagwe wa Kutlwano ya Maaforika-Amerika, ba umaka go bolawa ga batho ka dikgoka le go gatelelwa go go tlhalosiwang mo boikuelong jwa CRC, ba ne ba simolola go baakanyetsa boikuelo jwa bone kwa UN ba netefatsa gore puso ya Amerika e ne e dira polao ya semorafe kgatlhanong le batho bantsho.[1][2][15] Puo ya ga Malcolm X ya 1964 "Balloto kgotsa Lerumo" le yone e tswa mo go "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe".[16] Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe II le morago ga dingwaga di le dintsi tsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga Maaforika a Amerika ke Baamerika ba basweu, melao ya semmuso ya puso ya United States malebana le go tshwarwa makgwakgwa gono e ne ya fetoga thata. Mokgatlho wa Dikgololesego tsa Baagi wa Amerika (ACLU) o ne wa bolela ka 1946 gore maikutlo a a sa siamang a boditšhabatšhaba ka ga dipholisi tsa merafe ya US a thusitse go gatelela US go fokotsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga merafe e mennye.[13] Ka 1948, Moporesidente Harry S. Truman o ne a saena taelo e e neng e kgaoganya sesole, mme baagi ba bantsho ba ne ba gwetlha thata mefuta e mengwe ya go tlhaola batho ka lotso.[13] Ka 1948, le fa Maaforika a Amerika a ne a dira mmogo le balekane ba bona ba basweu, gantsi ba ne ba kgaoganngwa go nna mafelo a a farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tsenngwa mola o mohibidu.[17] === Go kaletswa le dipolao tse dingwe tsa letso === Walter Johnson o kwadile gore polao ya ntlha e e neng ya diragala kwa United States e ne e le ya ga Francis McIntosh, monna yo o gololesegileng wa lotso lwa bantsho le basweu.[11] O ne a nganga gore go bolawa gono go ne ga tshuba motseletsele wa tsone, tsotlhe ka maikaelelo a "go phepafatsa merafe"[11] le gore Abraham Lincoln, yo o neng a ise a nne mopresidente, o ne a tshwenyegile thata ka go nna kelotlhoko ga go bolawa go na le polao ka boyone. Lincoln o ne a bitsa McIntosh jaaka "yo o ferosang dibete" mo puong ya gagwe ya 1838 e moragonyana e neng ya bidiwa Puo ya Lyceum.[11] Go ya ka Segopotso sa Bosetšhaba sa Kagiso le Tshiamiso batho bantsho ba le 4,400 ba bolailwe mo dipolaong tsa batho ba le bantsi le dipolao tse dingwe tsa lotso magareng ga 1877 le 1950.[18] Brandy Marie Langley o ne a nganga gore, "Go bolawa ga batho bantsho ka mmele kwa Amerika, ka nako eno, go ne go tsamaisana le kgopolo ya ntlha ya ga Lemkin ya polao ya semorafe."[19] Batho ba ba tumileng ba dikwalo le balweladitshwanelo tsa loago jaaka Mark Twain le Ida B. Wells ba ne ba patelesega go bua ka go bolawa ga batho ba bantsho.[20] Padi ya ga Twain ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi e e bidiwang "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Lyncherdom," e leng kakgelo ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi kwa US.[20] Go ya ka Christopher Waldrep, bobegakgang le basweu ba bosemorafe, ka go sa lemoge le go sa lemoge, ba ne ba feteletsa go nna teng ga bosenyi jwa batho bantsho jaaka mokgwa wa go okobatsa molato wa bone o o neng o amana le go bolawa ga Maaforika a Amerika.[21] == Metswedi == 7ulb4olgqnd8ysi119i8z1zqkktmtsv 40956 40954 2025-07-03T14:54:40Z KatieKea 10150 ke tsentse metswedi #AWC2025 40956 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Paul Robeson yn Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru, Glynebwy, 1958.jpg|thumb|Paul Robeson o ne a saena boikuelo jwa Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe.]] Kwa United States, '''polao ya batho bantsho''' ke tlhomeso ya ditso le lereo la puo le le dirisiwang go sekaseka ditlamorago tsa nako e e fetileng le ya gompieno ya bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng mo Maaforika a Amerika ke puso ya United States le Maamerika a basweu. Masomesome a dingwaga tsa go kaletswa ga le go tlhaola batho ka letso ka lobaka lo loleele di ne tsa tlhalosiwa la ntlha semmuso e le polao ya semorafe ke mokgatlho o o sa tlholeng o le teng jaanong, e leng Civil Rights Congress, mo boikuelong jo o neng wa bo romela kwa Lekgotleng la Ditshaba ka 1951. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, Malcolm X o ne a latofatsa puso ya United States ka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa setho, go akaretsa, go bolaya ka semorafe, kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, tshiamololo ya nako e telele, bosetlhogo, le tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le batho bantsho ke basweu.<ref>Nier III, Charles Lewis (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240501092238/https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ "Guilty as Charged: Malcolm X and His Vision of Racial Justice for African Americans Through Utilization of the United Nations International Human Rights Provisions and Institutions"]. ''Penn State International Law Review''. '''16''' (1): 149–189. Archived from [https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ the original] on May 1, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:John_Henrik_Clarke|Clarke, John Henrik]], ed. (1990) [1969]. "Outline for Petition to the United Nations Charging Genocide Against 22 Million Black Americans". ''[[iarchive:malcolmx00john|Malcolm X: The Man and His Times]]''. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press. pp. [[iarchive:malcolmx00john/page/343|343–351]]. ISBN 978-0-86543-201-7. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:Alex_Hinton|Hinton, Alex]] (December 26, 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231009232230/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 "Opinion | 70 Years Ago Black Activists Accused the U.S. of Genocide. They Should Have Been Taken Seriously"]. ''[[:en:Politico|Politico]]''. Archived from [https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 the original] on October 9, 2023.</ref> Tshwantshiso ya polao ya batho bantsho e ntse e dirisiwa mo ntweng ya diritibatsi, ntwa ya bosenyi, le ntwa ya lehuma ka ntlha ya ditlamorago tsa tsone tse di kotsi mo setshabeng sa bantsho.<ref>Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta (2016). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240824151023/https://search.worldcat.org/title/907653029 From #BlackLivesMatter to Black liberation]''. Chicago, Illinois: [[:en:Haymarket_Books|Haymarket Books]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-64259-101-9|978-1-64259-101-9]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907653029 907653029]. Archived from [[oclc:907653029|the original]] on August 24, 2024.</ref> Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Vietnam, tiriso e e oketsegang ya masole a bantsho e ne ya kgalwa jaaka tlhagiso ya polao ya batho bantsho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130522003614/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/africanamer.htm "African Americans in the Vietnam War"]. Modern American Poetry. English Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from [http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/africanamer.htm the original] on May 22, 2013. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025. As published in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1999).</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, palo e e kwa godimo ya batho bantsho ba ba kwa kgolegelong le yone e tlhalositswe jaaka polao ya batho bantsho<ref>Frazier, Mansfield B. (1995). ''[[iarchive:isbn_9781557787064/page/125|From Behind the Wall: Commentary on crime, punishment, race, and the underclass by a prison inmate]]''. Paragon House. p. [[iarchive:isbn_9781557787064/page/125|125]]. ISBN 1557787069. <q>One factor which isn't considered is the whispered rumor which circulates in our nation's ghettos. It holds that whites are secretly engaged in a program of genocide against the black race. The fact that so many black men of child-producing age are incarcerated for crimes for which only they go to prison gives a measure of validity to this theory</q></ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba letlhomeso la polao ya batho bantsho ba le tlhalosa e le kgopolo ya bolotsana, fa babueledi ba lone ba nganga gore ke letlhomeso le le mosola la go sekaseka bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng.[3] Dingangisano kgatlhanong le taolo ya pelegi, bogolosegolo, di ile tsa kgalwa jaaka tsa bolotsana kgotsa tsa go feteletsa dilo,[7] le fa maiteko a taolo ya batho ba bantsho[8][9] le go ntsha mpa ka pateletso e e tshegediwang ke puso a ne a diragala bosheng jaana mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga.[7] == Bokgoba jaaka polao ya semorafe == Bokgoba ka kakaretso le kgwebisano ya makgoba ya Atlantic segolobogolo e ne e le sekai sa bogologolo sa bosenyi kgatlhanong le batho mo lekgolong la bo19 la dingwaga, setlhopha se segolo sa bosenyi se se neng sa atolosiwa fa polao ya semorafe e ne e akarediwa mo go jone mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga. George Washington Williams o ne a dira gore kgopolo ya ditlolomolao kgatlhanong le batho e ratwe thata malebana le hisitori ya bokgoba kwa United States mme ka nako ya ntwa ya maaka ya Congo Free State ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, "melao ya batho" e ne ya akarediwa mo Polelwaneng ya Martens ya Dikopano tsa Hague mme ka ntlha ya seo, e ne ya tsenngwa semolao mo molaong wa boditšhabatšhaba. Moithuti wa Canada Adam Jones o tlhalosa loso lwa bontsi lwa dimilionemilione tsa Maaforika ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Atlantic jaaka polao ya semorafe, a e bitsa "nngwe ya dipolao tse di maswe go gaisa mo hisitoring ya batho" ka ntlha ya gore e ne ya felela ka dintsho di le dimilione di le 15 go ya go di le 20 go ya ka phopholetso nngwe, mme gape o boletse gore ngangisano e e tshwanang le ya beng ba kgatlhego ya go boloka makgoba a tshela, e seng go ba nyeletsa", ke "bogolo jwa sophistry" ka gonne "polao le tshenyo e ne e le ka boomo, le fa e ka tswa e le ditlhotlheletso dife tsa go boloka bafalodi ba temana ya Atlantic go dirisiwa botlhaswa ka tiro e e ka tlhalosiwang gape ke de disc mainliberanid ke: If an institulindenid is. baemedi, le fa botlhe ba itse ka dikgobalo tse dintsintsi tse e di bakang mo setlhopheng sa batho se se ka tlhalosiwang, ke ka ntlha yang fa seno se sa tshwanelege jaaka polao ya semorafe?"[10] Mo bukeng ya gagwe, The Broken Heart of America, moporofesara wa Harvard Walter Johnson o kwadile gore mo makgetlong a mantsi mo hisitoring yotlhe ya go dira Maaforika makgoba kwa US, go ne ga nna le ditiragalo di le dintsi tsa polao ya semorafe, ditiragalo tse di neng di akaretsa go kgaoganngwa ga banna le basadi ba bone, mme seno se ne sa fokotsa palo ya batho ba Maaforika-Amerika. Mo Moamerika yo montsho yo o neng a tshela ka nako ya bokgoba jwa U.S., ga go na ditshwanelo dipe tse di neng di netefaditswe, e ka tswa e le makgoba ka namana kgotsa nnyaa.[11] Kwa United States botshelo jwa lekgoba e ne e le dingwaga di le 21 go ya go di le 22, mme ngwana yo montsho go fitlha ka dingwaga di le 1 go ya go di le 14 o ne a na le kotsi ya go swa go menagane gabedi go feta ngwana yo mosweu wa dingwaga tse di tshwanang le tsa gagwe.[12] == Jim Crow jaaka polao ya semorafe == === Ngongorego go ya kwa Lefatsheng la Ditshaba === Ditšhabakopano (UN) di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka 1945. UN e ne ya ngangisana le go amogela Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe kwa bokhutlong jwa 1948, e tshotse gore polao ya Semorafe e ne e le "maikemisetso a go senya, ka botlalo kgotsa ka bontlhabongwe", setlhopha sa merafe.[13] Go ikaegilwe ka tlhaloso ya "ka bontlhabongwe", Civil Rights Congress (CRC), setlhopha se se bopilweng ka Maaforika a Amerika a a nang le kamano ya Bokomonisi, se ne sa tlhagisetsa UN ka 1951 boikuelo jo bo bidiwang "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe." Phethišene e ne ya kwala dintsho di le 10 000 tse di sa siamang tsa Maaforika a Amerika mo dingwageng di le masome a robongwe fa e sale ka Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika.[14] E tlhalositse go bolawa, go tshwarwa makgwakgwa, polao le kgatelelo ke basweu kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, e swetsa ka gore puso ya Amerika e ne e gana go samagana le "khomišene e e tswelelang, e e anameng, e e rulagantsweng ya bosenyi jwa polao ya semorafe".[13] Phethišene e ne ya tlhagisiwa kwa kopanong ya UN kwa Paris ke moeteledipele wa CRC William L. Patterson, mme kwa New York City ke seopedi le modiragatsi Paul Robeson yo e neng e le molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi le leloko la Bokomonisi la CRC.[13] Ntwa ya Molomo e ne ya dira gore Amerika e tshwenyege ka go atolosa naga ga Bokomonisi. Phethišene ya CRC e ne ya tsewa ke puso ya United States e le kgatlhanong le dikgatlhego tsa Amerika malebana le go lwantsha Bokomonisi. Phethišene e ne ya tlhokomologiwa ke lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng; bontsi jwa dinaga tse di neng di hirilwe di ne di lebile kwa US go bona kaelo mme di ne di sa ikemisetsa go tlhomelela baba ba US ka maaka a mangwe ka ga go palelwa ga yone mo pholising ya semorafe ya selegae. Dikarabo tsa Amerika mo boikuelong jono di ne di farologane: Mmegadikgang wa radio Drew Pearson o ne a bua kgatlhanong le "maaka a Bokomonisi" a go neng go twe ke one pele ga a tlhagisiwa kwa UN.[13] Moporofesara Raphael Lemkin, mmueledi wa Mo-Poland yo o thusitseng go kwala Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe ya UN, o ne a bolela gore boikuelo jwa CRC e ne e le maiteko a a fosagetseng a a neng a gogela tlhokomelo kgakala le polao ya semorafe ya Soviet Union ya Ba-Estonia, Ba-Latvia le Ba-Lithuania. Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa go Tsweletsa Pele Batho ba Mmala (NAACP) o ne wa ntsha polelo e e neng e bolela gore go ne go se na polao ya batho bantsho le fa eleruri go ne go na le dikgang tse di masisi tsa go tlhaola batho ka lotso kwa Amerika. Walter Francis White, moeteledipele wa NAACP, o kwadile gore boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne bo na le ditiragalo tsa "boammaaruri" tsa tlhaolele, bontsi jwa tsone di tserwe mo metsweding e e ikanyegang.[13] O ne a re, "Le fa dibe tsa setšhaba kgatlhanong le Motho wa Bantsho e ka tswa e le dife—mme di dintsi e bile di tshosa—polao ya semorafe ga e mo gare ga tsone."[13] Moemedi wa UN Eleanor Roosevelt o ne a re go ne go le "boeleele" go tlhalosa kgethololo ya nako e telele jaaka polao ya semorafe.[13] Phethišene ya "We Charge Genocide" e amogetse kitsiso e ntsi mo dikgannyeng tsa boditšhabatšhaba go na le mo metsweding ya dikgang ya selegae ya Amerika. Metswedi ya dikgang ya Fora le ya Czech e ne e tlhagisa kgang eno thata, fela jaaka makwalodikgang a kwa India. Ka 1952, mokwadi wa Moaforika-Amerika J. Saunders Redding yo o neng a tsamaya kwa India o ne a bodiwa dipotso gangwe le gape ka ditiragalo tse di rileng tsa go gataka ditshwanelo tsa baagi kwa US, mme boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne jwa dirisiwa ke Baindia go ganetsa dipolelo tsa gagwe tsa gore dikamano tsa merafe ya United States di ne di tokafala. Kwa US, boikuelo bo ne jwa nyelela mo temogong ya setšhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1950.[13] Ka 1964, Malcolm X le Mokgatlho wa gagwe wa Kutlwano ya Maaforika-Amerika, ba umaka go bolawa ga batho ka dikgoka le go gatelelwa go go tlhalosiwang mo boikuelong jwa CRC, ba ne ba simolola go baakanyetsa boikuelo jwa bone kwa UN ba netefatsa gore puso ya Amerika e ne e dira polao ya semorafe kgatlhanong le batho bantsho.[1][2][15] Puo ya ga Malcolm X ya 1964 "Balloto kgotsa Lerumo" le yone e tswa mo go "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe".[16] Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe II le morago ga dingwaga di le dintsi tsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga Maaforika a Amerika ke Baamerika ba basweu, melao ya semmuso ya puso ya United States malebana le go tshwarwa makgwakgwa gono e ne ya fetoga thata. Mokgatlho wa Dikgololesego tsa Baagi wa Amerika (ACLU) o ne wa bolela ka 1946 gore maikutlo a a sa siamang a boditšhabatšhaba ka ga dipholisi tsa merafe ya US a thusitse go gatelela US go fokotsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga merafe e mennye.[13] Ka 1948, Moporesidente Harry S. Truman o ne a saena taelo e e neng e kgaoganya sesole, mme baagi ba bantsho ba ne ba gwetlha thata mefuta e mengwe ya go tlhaola batho ka lotso.[13] Ka 1948, le fa Maaforika a Amerika a ne a dira mmogo le balekane ba bona ba basweu, gantsi ba ne ba kgaoganngwa go nna mafelo a a farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tsenngwa mola o mohibidu.[17] === Go kaletswa le dipolao tse dingwe tsa letso === Walter Johnson o kwadile gore polao ya ntlha e e neng ya diragala kwa United States e ne e le ya ga Francis McIntosh, monna yo o gololesegileng wa lotso lwa bantsho le basweu.[11] O ne a nganga gore go bolawa gono go ne ga tshuba motseletsele wa tsone, tsotlhe ka maikaelelo a "go phepafatsa merafe"[11] le gore Abraham Lincoln, yo o neng a ise a nne mopresidente, o ne a tshwenyegile thata ka go nna kelotlhoko ga go bolawa go na le polao ka boyone. Lincoln o ne a bitsa McIntosh jaaka "yo o ferosang dibete" mo puong ya gagwe ya 1838 e moragonyana e neng ya bidiwa Puo ya Lyceum.[11] Go ya ka Segopotso sa Bosetšhaba sa Kagiso le Tshiamiso batho bantsho ba le 4,400 ba bolailwe mo dipolaong tsa batho ba le bantsi le dipolao tse dingwe tsa lotso magareng ga 1877 le 1950.[18] Brandy Marie Langley o ne a nganga gore, "Go bolawa ga batho bantsho ka mmele kwa Amerika, ka nako eno, go ne go tsamaisana le kgopolo ya ntlha ya ga Lemkin ya polao ya semorafe."[19] Batho ba ba tumileng ba dikwalo le balweladitshwanelo tsa loago jaaka Mark Twain le Ida B. Wells ba ne ba patelesega go bua ka go bolawa ga batho ba bantsho.[20] Padi ya ga Twain ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi e e bidiwang "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Lyncherdom," e leng kakgelo ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi kwa US.[20] Go ya ka Christopher Waldrep, bobegakgang le basweu ba bosemorafe, ka go sa lemoge le go sa lemoge, ba ne ba feteletsa go nna teng ga bosenyi jwa batho bantsho jaaka mokgwa wa go okobatsa molato wa bone o o neng o amana le go bolawa ga Maaforika a Amerika.[21] == Metswedi == tf9vzk241q4iwjhaljzzgugf9nfoszd 40957 40956 2025-07-03T17:48:29Z KatieKea 10150 Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025 40957 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Paul Robeson yn Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru, Glynebwy, 1958.jpg|thumb|Paul Robeson o ne a saena boikuelo jwa Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe.]] Kwa United States, '''polao ya batho bantsho''' ke tlhomeso ya ditso le lereo la puo le le dirisiwang go sekaseka ditlamorago tsa nako e e fetileng le ya gompieno ya bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng mo Maaforika a Amerika ke puso ya United States le Maamerika a basweu. Masomesome a dingwaga tsa go kaletswa ga le go tlhaola batho ka letso ka lobaka lo loleele di ne tsa tlhalosiwa la ntlha semmuso e le polao ya semorafe ke mokgatlho o o sa tlholeng o le teng jaanong, e leng Civil Rights Congress, mo boikuelong jo o neng wa bo romela kwa Lekgotleng la Ditshaba ka 1951. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, Malcolm X o ne a latofatsa puso ya United States ka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa setho, go akaretsa, go bolaya ka semorafe, kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, tshiamololo ya nako e telele, bosetlhogo, le tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le batho bantsho ke basweu.<ref>Nier III, Charles Lewis (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240501092238/https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ "Guilty as Charged: Malcolm X and His Vision of Racial Justice for African Americans Through Utilization of the United Nations International Human Rights Provisions and Institutions"]. ''Penn State International Law Review''. '''16''' (1): 149–189. Archived from [https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ the original] on May 1, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:John_Henrik_Clarke|Clarke, John Henrik]], ed. (1990) [1969]. "Outline for Petition to the United Nations Charging Genocide Against 22 Million Black Americans". ''[[iarchive:malcolmx00john|Malcolm X: The Man and His Times]]''. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press. pp. [[iarchive:malcolmx00john/page/343|343–351]]. ISBN 978-0-86543-201-7. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref name=":0">[[:en:Alex_Hinton|Hinton, Alex]] (December 26, 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231009232230/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 "Opinion | 70 Years Ago Black Activists Accused the U.S. of Genocide. They Should Have Been Taken Seriously"]. ''[[:en:Politico|Politico]]''. Archived from [https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 the original] on October 9, 2023.</ref> Tshwantshiso ya polao ya batho bantsho e ntse e dirisiwa mo ntweng ya diritibatsi, ntwa ya bosenyi, le ntwa ya lehuma ka ntlha ya ditlamorago tsa tsone tse di kotsi mo setshabeng sa bantsho.<ref>Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta (2016). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240824151023/https://search.worldcat.org/title/907653029 From #BlackLivesMatter to Black liberation]''. Chicago, Illinois: [[:en:Haymarket_Books|Haymarket Books]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-64259-101-9|978-1-64259-101-9]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907653029 907653029]. Archived from [[oclc:907653029|the original]] on August 24, 2024.</ref> Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Vietnam, tiriso e e oketsegang ya masole a bantsho e ne ya kgalwa jaaka tlhagiso ya polao ya batho bantsho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130522003614/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/africanamer.htm "African Americans in the Vietnam War"]. Modern American Poetry. English Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from [http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/africanamer.htm the original] on May 22, 2013. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025. As published in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1999).</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, palo e e kwa godimo ya batho bantsho ba ba kwa kgolegelong le yone e tlhalositswe jaaka polao ya batho bantsho<ref>Frazier, Mansfield B. (1995). ''[[iarchive:isbn_9781557787064/page/125|From Behind the Wall: Commentary on crime, punishment, race, and the underclass by a prison inmate]]''. Paragon House. p. [[iarchive:isbn_9781557787064/page/125|125]]. ISBN 1557787069. <q>One factor which isn't considered is the whispered rumor which circulates in our nation's ghettos. It holds that whites are secretly engaged in a program of genocide against the black race. The fact that so many black men of child-producing age are incarcerated for crimes for which only they go to prison gives a measure of validity to this theory</q></ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba tlhomeso ya polao ya batho bantsho ba e tlhalosa e le kgopolo ya bolotsana, fa babueledi ba yone ba nganga gore ke tlhomeso ee mosola ya go sekaseka bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng.<ref name=":0" /> Dingangisano kgatlhanong le taolo ya pelegi, segolobogolo, di ile tsa kgalwa jaaka tsa bolotsana kgotsa tsa go feteletsa dilo,<ref name=":1">Caron, Simone M. (Spring 1998). "Birth Control and the Black Community in the 1960s: Genocide or Power Politics?". ''Journal of Social History''. '''31''' (3). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]: 545–569. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jsh/31.3.545|10.1353/jsh/31.3.545]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789714 3789714.]</ref> le fa maiteko a taolo ya batho ba bantsho<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/ "People & Events: Black Genocide"]. ''American Experience''. [[:en:PBS|PBS]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201207123836/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/ Archived] from the original on 7 December 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>Roberts, Dorothy (March 1, 2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241209174624/https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2000/03/forum-black-women-and-pill "Forum: Black Women and the Pill"]. ''Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health''. '''32'''. Archived from the original on December 9, 2024.</ref> le go emisa tsholo ka pateletso e e tshegediwang ke puso a ne a diragala bosheng jaana mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":1" /> == Bokgoba jaaka polao ya semorafe == Bokgoba ka kakaretso le kgwebisano ya makgoba ya Atlantic segolobogolo e ne e le sekai sa bogologolo sa bosenyi kgatlhanong le batho mo lekgolong la bo19 la dingwaga, setlhopha se segolo sa bosenyi se se neng sa atolosiwa fa polao ya semorafe e ne e akarediwa mo go jone mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga. George Washington Williams o ne a dira gore kgopolo ya ditlolomolao kgatlhanong le batho e ratwe thata malebana le hisitori ya bokgoba kwa United States mme ka nako ya ntwa ya maaka ya Congo Free State ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, "melao ya batho" e ne ya akarediwa mo Polelwaneng ya Martens ya Dikopano tsa Hague mme ka ntlha ya seo, e ne ya tsenngwa semolao mo molaong wa boditšhabatšhaba. Moithuti wa Canada Adam Jones o tlhalosa loso lwa bontsi lwa dimilionemilione tsa Maaforika ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Atlantic jaaka polao ya semorafe, a e bitsa "nngwe ya dipolao tse di maswe go gaisa mo hisitoring ya batho" ka ntlha ya gore e ne ya felela ka dintsho di le dimilione di le 15 go ya go di le 20 go ya ka phopholetso nngwe, mme gape o boletse gore ngangisano e e tshwanang le ya beng ba kgatlhego ya go boloka makgoba a tshela, e seng go ba nyeletsa", ke "bogolo jwa sophistry" ka gonne "polao le tshenyo e ne e le ka boomo, le fa e ka tswa e le ditlhotlheletso dife tsa go boloka bafalodi ba temana ya Atlantic go dirisiwa botlhaswa ka tiro e e ka tlhalosiwang gape ke de disc mainliberanid ke: If an institulindenid is. baemedi, le fa botlhe ba itse ka dikgobalo tse dintsintsi tse e di bakang mo setlhopheng sa batho se se ka tlhalosiwang, ke ka ntlha yang fa seno se sa tshwanelege jaaka polao ya semorafe?"[10] Mo bukeng ya gagwe, The Broken Heart of America, moporofesara wa Harvard Walter Johnson o kwadile gore mo makgetlong a mantsi mo hisitoring yotlhe ya go dira Maaforika makgoba kwa US, go ne ga nna le ditiragalo di le dintsi tsa polao ya semorafe, ditiragalo tse di neng di akaretsa go kgaoganngwa ga banna le basadi ba bone, mme seno se ne sa fokotsa palo ya batho ba Maaforika-Amerika. Mo Moamerika yo montsho yo o neng a tshela ka nako ya bokgoba jwa U.S., ga go na ditshwanelo dipe tse di neng di netefaditswe, e ka tswa e le makgoba ka namana kgotsa nnyaa.[11] Kwa United States botshelo jwa lekgoba e ne e le dingwaga di le 21 go ya go di le 22, mme ngwana yo montsho go fitlha ka dingwaga di le 1 go ya go di le 14 o ne a na le kotsi ya go swa go menagane gabedi go feta ngwana yo mosweu wa dingwaga tse di tshwanang le tsa gagwe.[12] == Jim Crow jaaka polao ya semorafe == === Ngongorego go ya kwa Lefatsheng la Ditshaba === Ditšhabakopano (UN) di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka 1945. UN e ne ya ngangisana le go amogela Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe kwa bokhutlong jwa 1948, e tshotse gore polao ya Semorafe e ne e le "maikemisetso a go senya, ka botlalo kgotsa ka bontlhabongwe", setlhopha sa merafe.[13] Go ikaegilwe ka tlhaloso ya "ka bontlhabongwe", Civil Rights Congress (CRC), setlhopha se se bopilweng ka Maaforika a Amerika a a nang le kamano ya Bokomonisi, se ne sa tlhagisetsa UN ka 1951 boikuelo jo bo bidiwang "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe." Phethišene e ne ya kwala dintsho di le 10 000 tse di sa siamang tsa Maaforika a Amerika mo dingwageng di le masome a robongwe fa e sale ka Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika.[14] E tlhalositse go bolawa, go tshwarwa makgwakgwa, polao le kgatelelo ke basweu kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, e swetsa ka gore puso ya Amerika e ne e gana go samagana le "khomišene e e tswelelang, e e anameng, e e rulagantsweng ya bosenyi jwa polao ya semorafe".[13] Phethišene e ne ya tlhagisiwa kwa kopanong ya UN kwa Paris ke moeteledipele wa CRC William L. Patterson, mme kwa New York City ke seopedi le modiragatsi Paul Robeson yo e neng e le molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi le leloko la Bokomonisi la CRC.[13] Ntwa ya Molomo e ne ya dira gore Amerika e tshwenyege ka go atolosa naga ga Bokomonisi. Phethišene ya CRC e ne ya tsewa ke puso ya United States e le kgatlhanong le dikgatlhego tsa Amerika malebana le go lwantsha Bokomonisi. Phethišene e ne ya tlhokomologiwa ke lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng; bontsi jwa dinaga tse di neng di hirilwe di ne di lebile kwa US go bona kaelo mme di ne di sa ikemisetsa go tlhomelela baba ba US ka maaka a mangwe ka ga go palelwa ga yone mo pholising ya semorafe ya selegae. Dikarabo tsa Amerika mo boikuelong jono di ne di farologane: Mmegadikgang wa radio Drew Pearson o ne a bua kgatlhanong le "maaka a Bokomonisi" a go neng go twe ke one pele ga a tlhagisiwa kwa UN.[13] Moporofesara Raphael Lemkin, mmueledi wa Mo-Poland yo o thusitseng go kwala Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe ya UN, o ne a bolela gore boikuelo jwa CRC e ne e le maiteko a a fosagetseng a a neng a gogela tlhokomelo kgakala le polao ya semorafe ya Soviet Union ya Ba-Estonia, Ba-Latvia le Ba-Lithuania. Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa go Tsweletsa Pele Batho ba Mmala (NAACP) o ne wa ntsha polelo e e neng e bolela gore go ne go se na polao ya batho bantsho le fa eleruri go ne go na le dikgang tse di masisi tsa go tlhaola batho ka lotso kwa Amerika. Walter Francis White, moeteledipele wa NAACP, o kwadile gore boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne bo na le ditiragalo tsa "boammaaruri" tsa tlhaolele, bontsi jwa tsone di tserwe mo metsweding e e ikanyegang.[13] O ne a re, "Le fa dibe tsa setšhaba kgatlhanong le Motho wa Bantsho e ka tswa e le dife—mme di dintsi e bile di tshosa—polao ya semorafe ga e mo gare ga tsone."[13] Moemedi wa UN Eleanor Roosevelt o ne a re go ne go le "boeleele" go tlhalosa kgethololo ya nako e telele jaaka polao ya semorafe.[13] Phethišene ya "We Charge Genocide" e amogetse kitsiso e ntsi mo dikgannyeng tsa boditšhabatšhaba go na le mo metsweding ya dikgang ya selegae ya Amerika. Metswedi ya dikgang ya Fora le ya Czech e ne e tlhagisa kgang eno thata, fela jaaka makwalodikgang a kwa India. Ka 1952, mokwadi wa Moaforika-Amerika J. Saunders Redding yo o neng a tsamaya kwa India o ne a bodiwa dipotso gangwe le gape ka ditiragalo tse di rileng tsa go gataka ditshwanelo tsa baagi kwa US, mme boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne jwa dirisiwa ke Baindia go ganetsa dipolelo tsa gagwe tsa gore dikamano tsa merafe ya United States di ne di tokafala. Kwa US, boikuelo bo ne jwa nyelela mo temogong ya setšhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1950.[13] Ka 1964, Malcolm X le Mokgatlho wa gagwe wa Kutlwano ya Maaforika-Amerika, ba umaka go bolawa ga batho ka dikgoka le go gatelelwa go go tlhalosiwang mo boikuelong jwa CRC, ba ne ba simolola go baakanyetsa boikuelo jwa bone kwa UN ba netefatsa gore puso ya Amerika e ne e dira polao ya semorafe kgatlhanong le batho bantsho.[1][2][15] Puo ya ga Malcolm X ya 1964 "Balloto kgotsa Lerumo" le yone e tswa mo go "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe".[16] Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe II le morago ga dingwaga di le dintsi tsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga Maaforika a Amerika ke Baamerika ba basweu, melao ya semmuso ya puso ya United States malebana le go tshwarwa makgwakgwa gono e ne ya fetoga thata. Mokgatlho wa Dikgololesego tsa Baagi wa Amerika (ACLU) o ne wa bolela ka 1946 gore maikutlo a a sa siamang a boditšhabatšhaba ka ga dipholisi tsa merafe ya US a thusitse go gatelela US go fokotsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga merafe e mennye.[13] Ka 1948, Moporesidente Harry S. Truman o ne a saena taelo e e neng e kgaoganya sesole, mme baagi ba bantsho ba ne ba gwetlha thata mefuta e mengwe ya go tlhaola batho ka lotso.[13] Ka 1948, le fa Maaforika a Amerika a ne a dira mmogo le balekane ba bona ba basweu, gantsi ba ne ba kgaoganngwa go nna mafelo a a farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tsenngwa mola o mohibidu.[17] === Go kaletswa le dipolao tse dingwe tsa letso === Walter Johnson o kwadile gore polao ya ntlha e e neng ya diragala kwa United States e ne e le ya ga Francis McIntosh, monna yo o gololesegileng wa lotso lwa bantsho le basweu.[11] O ne a nganga gore go bolawa gono go ne ga tshuba motseletsele wa tsone, tsotlhe ka maikaelelo a "go phepafatsa merafe"[11] le gore Abraham Lincoln, yo o neng a ise a nne mopresidente, o ne a tshwenyegile thata ka go nna kelotlhoko ga go bolawa go na le polao ka boyone. Lincoln o ne a bitsa McIntosh jaaka "yo o ferosang dibete" mo puong ya gagwe ya 1838 e moragonyana e neng ya bidiwa Puo ya Lyceum.[11] Go ya ka Segopotso sa Bosetšhaba sa Kagiso le Tshiamiso batho bantsho ba le 4,400 ba bolailwe mo dipolaong tsa batho ba le bantsi le dipolao tse dingwe tsa lotso magareng ga 1877 le 1950.[18] Brandy Marie Langley o ne a nganga gore, "Go bolawa ga batho bantsho ka mmele kwa Amerika, ka nako eno, go ne go tsamaisana le kgopolo ya ntlha ya ga Lemkin ya polao ya semorafe."[19] Batho ba ba tumileng ba dikwalo le balweladitshwanelo tsa loago jaaka Mark Twain le Ida B. Wells ba ne ba patelesega go bua ka go bolawa ga batho ba bantsho.[20] Padi ya ga Twain ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi e e bidiwang "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Lyncherdom," e leng kakgelo ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi kwa US.[20] Go ya ka Christopher Waldrep, bobegakgang le basweu ba bosemorafe, ka go sa lemoge le go sa lemoge, ba ne ba feteletsa go nna teng ga bosenyi jwa batho bantsho jaaka mokgwa wa go okobatsa molato wa bone o o neng o amana le go bolawa ga Maaforika a Amerika.[21] == Metswedi == guk1koga15zmbxfiissnpa2lvarjuai 40958 40957 2025-07-03T18:21:17Z KatieKea 10150 /* Bokgoba jaaka polao ya semorafe */ Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025 40958 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Paul Robeson yn Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru, Glynebwy, 1958.jpg|thumb|Paul Robeson o ne a saena boikuelo jwa Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe.]] Kwa United States, '''polao ya batho bantsho''' ke tlhomeso ya ditso le lereo la puo le le dirisiwang go sekaseka ditlamorago tsa nako e e fetileng le ya gompieno ya bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng mo Maaforika a Amerika ke puso ya United States le Maamerika a basweu. Masomesome a dingwaga tsa go kaletswa ga le go tlhaola batho ka letso ka lobaka lo loleele di ne tsa tlhalosiwa la ntlha semmuso e le polao ya semorafe ke mokgatlho o o sa tlholeng o le teng jaanong, e leng Civil Rights Congress, mo boikuelong jo o neng wa bo romela kwa Lekgotleng la Ditshaba ka 1951. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, Malcolm X o ne a latofatsa puso ya United States ka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa setho, go akaretsa, go bolaya ka semorafe, kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, tshiamololo ya nako e telele, bosetlhogo, le tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le batho bantsho ke basweu.<ref>Nier III, Charles Lewis (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240501092238/https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ "Guilty as Charged: Malcolm X and His Vision of Racial Justice for African Americans Through Utilization of the United Nations International Human Rights Provisions and Institutions"]. ''Penn State International Law Review''. '''16''' (1): 149–189. Archived from [https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ the original] on May 1, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:John_Henrik_Clarke|Clarke, John Henrik]], ed. (1990) [1969]. "Outline for Petition to the United Nations Charging Genocide Against 22 Million Black Americans". ''[[iarchive:malcolmx00john|Malcolm X: The Man and His Times]]''. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press. pp. [[iarchive:malcolmx00john/page/343|343–351]]. ISBN 978-0-86543-201-7. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref name=":0">[[:en:Alex_Hinton|Hinton, Alex]] (December 26, 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231009232230/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 "Opinion | 70 Years Ago Black Activists Accused the U.S. of Genocide. They Should Have Been Taken Seriously"]. ''[[:en:Politico|Politico]]''. Archived from [https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 the original] on October 9, 2023.</ref> Tshwantshiso ya polao ya batho bantsho e ntse e dirisiwa mo ntweng ya diritibatsi, ntwa ya bosenyi, le ntwa ya lehuma ka ntlha ya ditlamorago tsa tsone tse di kotsi mo setshabeng sa bantsho.<ref>Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta (2016). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240824151023/https://search.worldcat.org/title/907653029 From #BlackLivesMatter to Black liberation]''. Chicago, Illinois: [[:en:Haymarket_Books|Haymarket Books]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-64259-101-9|978-1-64259-101-9]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907653029 907653029]. Archived from [[oclc:907653029|the original]] on August 24, 2024.</ref> Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Vietnam, tiriso e e oketsegang ya masole a bantsho e ne ya kgalwa jaaka tlhagiso ya polao ya batho bantsho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130522003614/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/africanamer.htm "African Americans in the Vietnam War"]. Modern American Poetry. English Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from [http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/africanamer.htm the original] on May 22, 2013. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025. As published in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1999).</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, palo e e kwa godimo ya batho bantsho ba ba kwa kgolegelong le yone e tlhalositswe jaaka polao ya batho bantsho<ref>Frazier, Mansfield B. (1995). ''[[iarchive:isbn_9781557787064/page/125|From Behind the Wall: Commentary on crime, punishment, race, and the underclass by a prison inmate]]''. Paragon House. p. [[iarchive:isbn_9781557787064/page/125|125]]. ISBN 1557787069. <q>One factor which isn't considered is the whispered rumor which circulates in our nation's ghettos. It holds that whites are secretly engaged in a program of genocide against the black race. The fact that so many black men of child-producing age are incarcerated for crimes for which only they go to prison gives a measure of validity to this theory</q></ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba tlhomeso ya polao ya batho bantsho ba e tlhalosa e le kgopolo ya bolotsana, fa babueledi ba yone ba nganga gore ke tlhomeso ee mosola ya go sekaseka bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng.<ref name=":0" /> Dingangisano kgatlhanong le taolo ya pelegi, segolobogolo, di ile tsa kgalwa jaaka tsa bolotsana kgotsa tsa go feteletsa dilo,<ref name=":1">Caron, Simone M. (Spring 1998). "Birth Control and the Black Community in the 1960s: Genocide or Power Politics?". ''Journal of Social History''. '''31''' (3). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]: 545–569. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jsh/31.3.545|10.1353/jsh/31.3.545]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789714 3789714.]</ref> le fa maiteko a taolo ya batho ba bantsho<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/ "People & Events: Black Genocide"]. ''American Experience''. [[:en:PBS|PBS]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201207123836/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/ Archived] from the original on 7 December 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>Roberts, Dorothy (March 1, 2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241209174624/https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2000/03/forum-black-women-and-pill "Forum: Black Women and the Pill"]. ''Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health''. '''32'''. Archived from the original on December 9, 2024.</ref> le go emisa tsholo ka pateletso e e tshegediwang ke puso a ne a diragala bosheng jaana mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":1" /> == Bokgoba jaaka polao ya semorafe == [[Bokgoba]] ka kakaretso le [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic]] segolobogolo e ne e le sekai sa bogologolo sa bosenyi kgatlhanong le batho mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, setlhopha se segolo sa bosenyi se se neng sa atolosiwa fa polao ya semorafe e ne e akarediwa mo go jone mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga. George Washington Williams o ne a dira gore kgopolo ya ditlolomolao kgatlhanong le batho e ratwe thata malebang le ditso tsa bokgoba kwa United States mme ka nako ya ntwa ya maaka ya Congo Free State ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, "melao ya batho" e ne ya akarediwa mo Polelwaneng ya Martens ya Dikopano tsa Hague mme ka ntlha ya seo, e ne ya tsenngwa semolao mo molaong wa boditshabatshaba. Moithuti wa Canada Adam Jones o tlhalosa loso lwa bontsi lwa didikadikedike tsa Maaforika ka nako ya [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic]] jaaka polao ya semorafe, a e bitsa "nngwe ya dipolao tse di maswe go gaisa mo ditsong tsa batho" ka ntlha ya gore e ne ya felela ka dintsho di le didikadike di le lesome le botlhano go ya go di le masome mabedi go ya ka phopholetso nngwe, mme gape o boletse gore ngangisano e e tshwanang le ya beng ba kgatlhego ya go boloka makgoba a tshela, e seng go ba nyeletsa", ke "bogolo jwa sophistry" ka gonne "polao le tshenyo e ne e le ka bomo, le fa e ka tswa e le ditlhotlheletso dife tsa go boloka bafalodi ba temana ya Atlantic go dirisiwa botlhaswa ka tiro. Go boeletsa kgang ya maikaelelo e e setseng e amilwe: Fa setheo se tlhokomelwa le go atolosiwa ka boomo ke baemedi ba ba lemotshegang, le fa botlhe ba itse ka dikgobalo tse dintsi tse se di bakang mo setlhopheng sa batho se se ka tlhalosiwang, ke ka ntlha yang fa seno se sa tshwanelege jaaka polao ya semorafe?"<ref>Jones, Adam (2006). ''Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction''. [[:en:Routledge|Routledge]]. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-415-35385-4.</ref> Mo bukeng ya gagwe, ''The Broken Heart of America'', moporofesara wa Harvard Walter Johnson o kwadile gore mo makgetlhong a mantsi mo ditsong tsotlhe ya go dira Maaforika makgoba kwa US, go ne ga nna le ditiragalo di le dintsi tsa polao ya semorafe, ditiragalo tse di neng di akaretsa go kgaoganngwa ga banna le basadi ba bone, mme seno se ne sa fokotsa palo ya batho ba Maaforika-Amerika. Mo Moamerika yo montsho yo o neng a tshela ka nako ya bokgoba jwa U.S., ga go na ditshwanelo dipe tse di neng di netefaditswe, e ka tswa e le makgoba ka namana kgotsa nnyaa.<ref>Johnson, Walter (2020). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240825134736/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1111963122 The broken heart of America: St. Louis and the violent history of the United States]'' (First ed.). New York. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06426-7|978-0-465-06426-7]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1111963122 1111963122]. Archived from [[oclc:1111963122|the original]] on August 25, 2024.</ref> Kwa United States botshelo jwa lekgoba e ne e le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le motso go ya go di le masome mabedi le bobedi, mme ngwana yo montsho go fitlha ka ngwaga o le mongwe go ya go dingwaga di le lesome le bone o ne a na le kotsi ya go swa go menagane gabedi go feta ngwana yo mosweu wa dingwaga tse di tshwanang le tsa gagwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250209083335/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3040 "What was Life Like Under Slavery"]. ''Digital History''. Archived from [https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3040 the original] on February 9, 2025. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref> == Jim Crow jaaka polao ya semorafe == === Ngongorego go ya kwa Lefatsheng la Ditshaba === Ditšhabakopano (UN) di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka 1945. UN e ne ya ngangisana le go amogela Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe kwa bokhutlong jwa 1948, e tshotse gore polao ya Semorafe e ne e le "maikemisetso a go senya, ka botlalo kgotsa ka bontlhabongwe", setlhopha sa merafe.[13] Go ikaegilwe ka tlhaloso ya "ka bontlhabongwe", Civil Rights Congress (CRC), setlhopha se se bopilweng ka Maaforika a Amerika a a nang le kamano ya Bokomonisi, se ne sa tlhagisetsa UN ka 1951 boikuelo jo bo bidiwang "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe." Phethišene e ne ya kwala dintsho di le 10 000 tse di sa siamang tsa Maaforika a Amerika mo dingwageng di le masome a robongwe fa e sale ka Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika.[14] E tlhalositse go bolawa, go tshwarwa makgwakgwa, polao le kgatelelo ke basweu kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, e swetsa ka gore puso ya Amerika e ne e gana go samagana le "khomišene e e tswelelang, e e anameng, e e rulagantsweng ya bosenyi jwa polao ya semorafe".[13] Phethišene e ne ya tlhagisiwa kwa kopanong ya UN kwa Paris ke moeteledipele wa CRC William L. Patterson, mme kwa New York City ke seopedi le modiragatsi Paul Robeson yo e neng e le molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi le leloko la Bokomonisi la CRC.[13] Ntwa ya Molomo e ne ya dira gore Amerika e tshwenyege ka go atolosa naga ga Bokomonisi. Phethišene ya CRC e ne ya tsewa ke puso ya United States e le kgatlhanong le dikgatlhego tsa Amerika malebana le go lwantsha Bokomonisi. Phethišene e ne ya tlhokomologiwa ke lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng; bontsi jwa dinaga tse di neng di hirilwe di ne di lebile kwa US go bona kaelo mme di ne di sa ikemisetsa go tlhomelela baba ba US ka maaka a mangwe ka ga go palelwa ga yone mo pholising ya semorafe ya selegae. Dikarabo tsa Amerika mo boikuelong jono di ne di farologane: Mmegadikgang wa radio Drew Pearson o ne a bua kgatlhanong le "maaka a Bokomonisi" a go neng go twe ke one pele ga a tlhagisiwa kwa UN.[13] Moporofesara Raphael Lemkin, mmueledi wa Mo-Poland yo o thusitseng go kwala Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe ya UN, o ne a bolela gore boikuelo jwa CRC e ne e le maiteko a a fosagetseng a a neng a gogela tlhokomelo kgakala le polao ya semorafe ya Soviet Union ya Ba-Estonia, Ba-Latvia le Ba-Lithuania. Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa go Tsweletsa Pele Batho ba Mmala (NAACP) o ne wa ntsha polelo e e neng e bolela gore go ne go se na polao ya batho bantsho le fa eleruri go ne go na le dikgang tse di masisi tsa go tlhaola batho ka lotso kwa Amerika. Walter Francis White, moeteledipele wa NAACP, o kwadile gore boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne bo na le ditiragalo tsa "boammaaruri" tsa tlhaolele, bontsi jwa tsone di tserwe mo metsweding e e ikanyegang.[13] O ne a re, "Le fa dibe tsa setšhaba kgatlhanong le Motho wa Bantsho e ka tswa e le dife—mme di dintsi e bile di tshosa—polao ya semorafe ga e mo gare ga tsone."[13] Moemedi wa UN Eleanor Roosevelt o ne a re go ne go le "boeleele" go tlhalosa kgethololo ya nako e telele jaaka polao ya semorafe.[13] Phethišene ya "We Charge Genocide" e amogetse kitsiso e ntsi mo dikgannyeng tsa boditšhabatšhaba go na le mo metsweding ya dikgang ya selegae ya Amerika. Metswedi ya dikgang ya Fora le ya Czech e ne e tlhagisa kgang eno thata, fela jaaka makwalodikgang a kwa India. Ka 1952, mokwadi wa Moaforika-Amerika J. Saunders Redding yo o neng a tsamaya kwa India o ne a bodiwa dipotso gangwe le gape ka ditiragalo tse di rileng tsa go gataka ditshwanelo tsa baagi kwa US, mme boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne jwa dirisiwa ke Baindia go ganetsa dipolelo tsa gagwe tsa gore dikamano tsa merafe ya United States di ne di tokafala. Kwa US, boikuelo bo ne jwa nyelela mo temogong ya setšhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1950.[13] Ka 1964, Malcolm X le Mokgatlho wa gagwe wa Kutlwano ya Maaforika-Amerika, ba umaka go bolawa ga batho ka dikgoka le go gatelelwa go go tlhalosiwang mo boikuelong jwa CRC, ba ne ba simolola go baakanyetsa boikuelo jwa bone kwa UN ba netefatsa gore puso ya Amerika e ne e dira polao ya semorafe kgatlhanong le batho bantsho.[1][2][15] Puo ya ga Malcolm X ya 1964 "Balloto kgotsa Lerumo" le yone e tswa mo go "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe".[16] Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe II le morago ga dingwaga di le dintsi tsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga Maaforika a Amerika ke Baamerika ba basweu, melao ya semmuso ya puso ya United States malebana le go tshwarwa makgwakgwa gono e ne ya fetoga thata. Mokgatlho wa Dikgololesego tsa Baagi wa Amerika (ACLU) o ne wa bolela ka 1946 gore maikutlo a a sa siamang a boditšhabatšhaba ka ga dipholisi tsa merafe ya US a thusitse go gatelela US go fokotsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga merafe e mennye.[13] Ka 1948, Moporesidente Harry S. Truman o ne a saena taelo e e neng e kgaoganya sesole, mme baagi ba bantsho ba ne ba gwetlha thata mefuta e mengwe ya go tlhaola batho ka lotso.[13] Ka 1948, le fa Maaforika a Amerika a ne a dira mmogo le balekane ba bona ba basweu, gantsi ba ne ba kgaoganngwa go nna mafelo a a farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tsenngwa mola o mohibidu.[17] === Go kaletswa le dipolao tse dingwe tsa letso === Walter Johnson o kwadile gore polao ya ntlha e e neng ya diragala kwa United States e ne e le ya ga Francis McIntosh, monna yo o gololesegileng wa lotso lwa bantsho le basweu.[11] O ne a nganga gore go bolawa gono go ne ga tshuba motseletsele wa tsone, tsotlhe ka maikaelelo a "go phepafatsa merafe"[11] le gore Abraham Lincoln, yo o neng a ise a nne mopresidente, o ne a tshwenyegile thata ka go nna kelotlhoko ga go bolawa go na le polao ka boyone. Lincoln o ne a bitsa McIntosh jaaka "yo o ferosang dibete" mo puong ya gagwe ya 1838 e moragonyana e neng ya bidiwa Puo ya Lyceum.[11] Go ya ka Segopotso sa Bosetšhaba sa Kagiso le Tshiamiso batho bantsho ba le 4,400 ba bolailwe mo dipolaong tsa batho ba le bantsi le dipolao tse dingwe tsa lotso magareng ga 1877 le 1950.[18] Brandy Marie Langley o ne a nganga gore, "Go bolawa ga batho bantsho ka mmele kwa Amerika, ka nako eno, go ne go tsamaisana le kgopolo ya ntlha ya ga Lemkin ya polao ya semorafe."[19] Batho ba ba tumileng ba dikwalo le balweladitshwanelo tsa loago jaaka Mark Twain le Ida B. Wells ba ne ba patelesega go bua ka go bolawa ga batho ba bantsho.[20] Padi ya ga Twain ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi e e bidiwang "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Lyncherdom," e leng kakgelo ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi kwa US.[20] Go ya ka Christopher Waldrep, bobegakgang le basweu ba bosemorafe, ka go sa lemoge le go sa lemoge, ba ne ba feteletsa go nna teng ga bosenyi jwa batho bantsho jaaka mokgwa wa go okobatsa molato wa bone o o neng o amana le go bolawa ga Maaforika a Amerika.[21] == Metswedi == jd97qumsipenjnts688nu4sia4wta9o 40959 40958 2025-07-03T18:52:08Z KatieKea 10150 /* Jim Crow jaaka polao ya semorafe */ ke simolotse go ranola karolwana e #AWC2025 40959 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Paul Robeson yn Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru, Glynebwy, 1958.jpg|thumb|Paul Robeson o ne a saena boikuelo jwa Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe.]] Kwa United States, '''polao ya batho bantsho''' ke tlhomeso ya ditso le lereo la puo le le dirisiwang go sekaseka ditlamorago tsa nako e e fetileng le ya gompieno ya bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng mo Maaforika a Amerika ke puso ya United States le Maamerika a basweu. Masomesome a dingwaga tsa go kaletswa ga le go tlhaola batho ka letso ka lobaka lo loleele di ne tsa tlhalosiwa la ntlha semmuso e le polao ya semorafe ke mokgatlho o o sa tlholeng o le teng jaanong, e leng Civil Rights Congress, mo boikuelong jo o neng wa bo romela kwa Lekgotleng la Ditshaba ka 1951. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, Malcolm X o ne a latofatsa puso ya United States ka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa setho, go akaretsa, go bolaya ka semorafe, kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, tshiamololo ya nako e telele, bosetlhogo, le tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le batho bantsho ke basweu.<ref name=":2">Nier III, Charles Lewis (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240501092238/https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ "Guilty as Charged: Malcolm X and His Vision of Racial Justice for African Americans Through Utilization of the United Nations International Human Rights Provisions and Institutions"]. ''Penn State International Law Review''. '''16''' (1): 149–189. Archived from [https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ the original] on May 1, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref name=":3">[[:en:John_Henrik_Clarke|Clarke, John Henrik]], ed. (1990) [1969]. "Outline for Petition to the United Nations Charging Genocide Against 22 Million Black Americans". ''[[iarchive:malcolmx00john|Malcolm X: The Man and His Times]]''. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press. pp. [[iarchive:malcolmx00john/page/343|343–351]]. ISBN 978-0-86543-201-7. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref name=":0">[[:en:Alex_Hinton|Hinton, Alex]] (December 26, 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231009232230/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 "Opinion | 70 Years Ago Black Activists Accused the U.S. of Genocide. They Should Have Been Taken Seriously"]. ''[[:en:Politico|Politico]]''. Archived from [https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 the original] on October 9, 2023.</ref> Tshwantshiso ya polao ya batho bantsho e ntse e dirisiwa mo ntweng ya diritibatsi, ntwa ya bosenyi, le ntwa ya lehuma ka ntlha ya ditlamorago tsa tsone tse di kotsi mo setshabeng sa bantsho.<ref>Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta (2016). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240824151023/https://search.worldcat.org/title/907653029 From #BlackLivesMatter to Black liberation]''. Chicago, Illinois: [[:en:Haymarket_Books|Haymarket Books]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-64259-101-9|978-1-64259-101-9]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907653029 907653029]. Archived from [[oclc:907653029|the original]] on August 24, 2024.</ref> Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Vietnam, tiriso e e oketsegang ya masole a bantsho e ne ya kgalwa jaaka tlhagiso ya polao ya batho bantsho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130522003614/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/africanamer.htm "African Americans in the Vietnam War"]. Modern American Poetry. English Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from [http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/africanamer.htm the original] on May 22, 2013. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025. As published in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1999).</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, palo e e kwa godimo ya batho bantsho ba ba kwa kgolegelong le yone e tlhalositswe jaaka polao ya batho bantsho<ref>Frazier, Mansfield B. (1995). ''[[iarchive:isbn_9781557787064/page/125|From Behind the Wall: Commentary on crime, punishment, race, and the underclass by a prison inmate]]''. Paragon House. p. [[iarchive:isbn_9781557787064/page/125|125]]. ISBN 1557787069. <q>One factor which isn't considered is the whispered rumor which circulates in our nation's ghettos. It holds that whites are secretly engaged in a program of genocide against the black race. The fact that so many black men of child-producing age are incarcerated for crimes for which only they go to prison gives a measure of validity to this theory</q></ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba tlhomeso ya polao ya batho bantsho ba e tlhalosa e le kgopolo ya bolotsana, fa babueledi ba yone ba nganga gore ke tlhomeso ee mosola ya go sekaseka bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng.<ref name=":0" /> Dingangisano kgatlhanong le taolo ya pelegi, segolobogolo, di ile tsa kgalwa jaaka tsa bolotsana kgotsa tsa go feteletsa dilo,<ref name=":1">Caron, Simone M. (Spring 1998). "Birth Control and the Black Community in the 1960s: Genocide or Power Politics?". ''Journal of Social History''. '''31''' (3). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]: 545–569. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jsh/31.3.545|10.1353/jsh/31.3.545]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789714 3789714.]</ref> le fa maiteko a taolo ya batho ba bantsho<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/ "People & Events: Black Genocide"]. ''American Experience''. [[:en:PBS|PBS]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201207123836/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/ Archived] from the original on 7 December 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>Roberts, Dorothy (March 1, 2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241209174624/https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2000/03/forum-black-women-and-pill "Forum: Black Women and the Pill"]. ''Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health''. '''32'''. Archived from the original on December 9, 2024.</ref> le go emisa tsholo ka pateletso e e tshegediwang ke puso a ne a diragala bosheng jaana mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":1" /> == Bokgoba jaaka polao ya semorafe == [[Bokgoba]] ka kakaretso le [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic]] segolobogolo e ne e le sekai sa bogologolo sa bosenyi kgatlhanong le batho mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, setlhopha se segolo sa bosenyi se se neng sa atolosiwa fa polao ya semorafe e ne e akarediwa mo go jone mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga. George Washington Williams o ne a dira gore kgopolo ya ditlolomolao kgatlhanong le batho e ratwe thata malebang le ditso tsa bokgoba kwa United States mme ka nako ya ntwa ya maaka ya Congo Free State ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, "melao ya batho" e ne ya akarediwa mo Polelwaneng ya Martens ya Dikopano tsa Hague mme ka ntlha ya seo, e ne ya tsenngwa semolao mo molaong wa boditshabatshaba. Moithuti wa Canada Adam Jones o tlhalosa loso lwa bontsi lwa didikadikedike tsa Maaforika ka nako ya [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic]] jaaka polao ya semorafe, a e bitsa "nngwe ya dipolao tse di maswe go gaisa mo ditsong tsa batho" ka ntlha ya gore e ne ya felela ka dintsho di le didikadike di le lesome le botlhano go ya go di le masome mabedi go ya ka phopholetso nngwe, mme gape o boletse gore ngangisano e e tshwanang le ya beng ba kgatlhego ya go boloka makgoba a tshela, e seng go ba nyeletsa", ke "bogolo jwa sophistry" ka gonne "polao le tshenyo e ne e le ka bomo, le fa e ka tswa e le ditlhotlheletso dife tsa go boloka bafalodi ba temana ya Atlantic go dirisiwa botlhaswa ka tiro. Go boeletsa kgang ya maikaelelo e e setseng e amilwe: Fa setheo se tlhokomelwa le go atolosiwa ka boomo ke baemedi ba ba lemotshegang, le fa botlhe ba itse ka dikgobalo tse dintsi tse se di bakang mo setlhopheng sa batho se se ka tlhalosiwang, ke ka ntlha yang fa seno se sa tshwanelege jaaka polao ya semorafe?"<ref>Jones, Adam (2006). ''Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction''. [[:en:Routledge|Routledge]]. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-415-35385-4.</ref> Mo bukeng ya gagwe, ''The Broken Heart of America'', moporofesara wa Harvard Walter Johnson o kwadile gore mo makgetlhong a mantsi mo ditsong tsotlhe ya go dira Maaforika makgoba kwa US, go ne ga nna le ditiragalo di le dintsi tsa polao ya semorafe, ditiragalo tse di neng di akaretsa go kgaoganngwa ga banna le basadi ba bone, mme seno se ne sa fokotsa palo ya batho ba Maaforika-Amerika. Mo Moamerika yo montsho yo o neng a tshela ka nako ya bokgoba jwa U.S., ga go na ditshwanelo dipe tse di neng di netefaditswe, e ka tswa e le makgoba ka namana kgotsa nnyaa.<ref>Johnson, Walter (2020). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240825134736/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1111963122 The broken heart of America: St. Louis and the violent history of the United States]'' (First ed.). New York. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06426-7|978-0-465-06426-7]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1111963122 1111963122]. Archived from [[oclc:1111963122|the original]] on August 25, 2024.</ref> Kwa United States botshelo jwa lekgoba e ne e le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le motso go ya go di le masome mabedi le bobedi, mme ngwana yo montsho go fitlha ka ngwaga o le mongwe go ya go dingwaga di le lesome le bone o ne a na le kotsi ya go swa go menagane gabedi go feta ngwana yo mosweu wa dingwaga tse di tshwanang le tsa gagwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250209083335/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3040 "What was Life Like Under Slavery"]. ''Digital History''. Archived from [https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3040 the original] on February 9, 2025. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref> == Jim Crow jaaka polao ya semorafe == === Ngongorego go ya kwa Lefatsheng la Ditshaba === [[Setshwantsho:Negro drinking at "Colored" water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma by Russell Lee.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho se se bontsha melao ya go kgaoganya batho e e neng e dirisiwa mo motlheng wa ga Jim Crow.]] Lekgotla la Ditshaba (UN) le ne la tlhamiwa ka 1945. UN e ne ya ngangisana le go amogela Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe kwa bokhutlong jwa 1948, e eme ka gore polao ya Semorafe e ne e le "maikemisetso a go senya, ka botlalo kgotsa ka bontlhabongwe", setlhopha sa merafe.<ref name=":4">Martin, Charles H. (Summer 1997). "Internationalizing 'The American Dilemma': The Civil Rights Congress and the 1951 Genocide Petition to the United Nations". ''Journal of American Ethnic History''. '''16''' (4). [[:en:University_of_Illinois_Press|University of Illinois Press]]: 35–61. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27502217 27502217]. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref> Go ikaegilwe ka tlhaloso ya "ka bontlhabongwe", Civil Rights Congress (CRC), setlhopha se se bopilweng ka Maaforika a Amerika a a nang le kamano ya Bokomonisi, se ne sa tlhagisetsa UN ka 1951 boikuelo jo bo bidiwang "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe." Boikuelo jo bo ne jwa kwala dintsho di le dikete tse lesome tse di sa siamang tsa Maaforika a Amerika mo dingwageng di le masome a robabongwe fa e sale ka Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika.<ref>Brian Greenberg; Linda S. Watts; Richard A. Greenwald; Gordon Reavley; Alice L. George; Scott Beekman; Cecelia Bucki; Mark Ciabattari; John C. Stoner; Troy D. Paino; Laurie Mercier; Andrew Hunt; Peter C. Holloran; Nancy Cohen, eds. (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xypn4djxVD4C&pg=RA6-PA356 Social History of the United States]''. [[:en:ABC-CLIO|ABC-CLIO]]. p. 356. ISBN 978-1598841282.</ref> E tlhalositse go kaletsa, go tshwarwa makgwakgwa, polao le kgatelelo ke basweu kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, e swetsa ka gore puso ya Amerika e ne e gana go e buisa "e e tswelelang, e e anameng, e e rulagantsweng ya bosenyi jwa polao ya semorafe".<ref name=":4" /> Ikuelo e ne ya tlhagisiwa kwa kopanong ya UN kwa Paris ke moeteledipele wa CRC William L. Patterson, mme kwa New York City ke seopedi le modiragatsi Paul Robeson yo e neng e le molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi le leloko la Bokomonisi la CRC.<ref name=":4" /> Ntwa ya Molomo e ne ya dira gore Amerika e tshwenyege ka go atolosa naga ga Bokomonisi. Phethišene ya CRC e ne ya tsewa ke puso ya United States e le kgatlhanong le dikgatlhego tsa Amerika malebana le go lwantsha Bokomonisi. Phethišene e ne ya tlhokomologiwa ke lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng; bontsi jwa dinaga tse di neng di hirilwe di ne di lebile kwa US go bona kaelo mme di ne di sa ikemisetsa go tlhomelela baba ba US ka maaka a mangwe ka ga go palelwa ga yone mo pholising ya semorafe ya selegae. Dikarabo tsa Amerika mo boikuelong jono di ne di farologane: Mmegadikgang wa radio Drew Pearson o ne a bua kgatlhanong le "maaka a Bokomonisi" a go neng go twe ke one pele ga a tlhagisiwa kwa UN.<ref name=":4" /> Moporofesara Raphael Lemkin, mmueledi wa Mo-Poland yo o thusitseng go kwala Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe ya UN, o ne a bolela gore boikuelo jwa CRC e ne e le maiteko a a fosagetseng a a neng a gogela tebo kgakala le polao ya semorafe ya Soviet Union ya Ba-Estonia, Ba-Latvia le Ba-Lithuania. Mokgatlho wa Bosetshaba wa go Tsweletsa Pele Batho ba Mmala (NAACP) o ne wa ntsha polelo e e neng e bolela gore go ne go se na polao ya batho bantsho le fa eleruri go ne go na le dikgang tse di masisi tsa go tlhaola batho ka letso kwa Amerika. Walter Francis White, moeteledipele wa NAACP, o kwadile gore boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne bo na le ditiragalo tsa "boammaaruri" tsa tlhaolele, bontsi jwa tsone di tserwe mo metsweding e e ikanyegang.<ref name=":4" /> O ne a re, "Le fa dibe tsa setshaba kgatlhanong le motho Montsho e ka tswa e le dife—mme di dintsi e bile di tshosa—polao ya semorafe ga e mo gare ga tsone."<ref name=":4" /> Moemedi wa UN Eleanor Roosevelt o ne a re go ne go le "boeleele" go tlhalosa kgethololo ya nako e telele jaaka polao ya semorafe.<ref name=":4" /> Phethišene ya "We Charge Genocide" e amogetse kitsiso e ntsi mo dikgannyeng tsa boditšhabatšhaba go na le mo metsweding ya dikgang ya selegae ya Amerika. Metswedi ya dikgang ya Fora le ya Czech e ne e tlhagisa kgang eno thata, fela jaaka makwalodikgang a kwa India. Ka 1952, mokwadi wa Moaforika-Amerika J. Saunders Redding yo o neng a tsamaya kwa India o ne a bodiwa dipotso gangwe le gape ka ditiragalo tse di rileng tsa go gataka ditshwanelo tsa baagi kwa US, mme boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne jwa dirisiwa ke Baindia go ganetsa dipolelo tsa gagwe tsa gore dikamano tsa merafe ya United States di ne di tokafala. Kwa US, boikuelo bo ne jwa nyelela mo temogong ya setšhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1950.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1964, Malcolm X le Mokgatlho wa gagwe wa Kutlwano ya Maaforika-Amerika, ba umaka go bolawa ga batho ka dikgoka le go gatelelwa go go tlhalosiwang mo boikuelong jwa CRC, ba ne ba simolola go baakanyetsa boikuelo jwa bone kwa UN ba netefatsa gore puso ya Amerika e ne e dira polao ya semorafe kgatlhanong le batho bantsho.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />15] Puo ya ga Malcolm X ya 1964 "Balloto kgotsa Lerumo" le yone e tswa mo go "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe".[16] Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe II le morago ga dingwaga di le dintsi tsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga Maaforika a Amerika ke Baamerika ba basweu, melao ya semmuso ya puso ya United States malebana le go tshwarwa makgwakgwa gono e ne ya fetoga thata. Mokgatlho wa Dikgololesego tsa Baagi wa Amerika (ACLU) o ne wa bolela ka 1946 gore maikutlo a a sa siamang a boditšhabatšhaba ka ga dipholisi tsa merafe ya US a thusitse go gatelela US go fokotsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga merafe e mennye.[13] Ka 1948, Moporesidente Harry S. Truman o ne a saena taelo e e neng e kgaoganya sesole, mme baagi ba bantsho ba ne ba gwetlha thata mefuta e mengwe ya go tlhaola batho ka lotso.[13] Ka 1948, le fa Maaforika a Amerika a ne a dira mmogo le balekane ba bona ba basweu, gantsi ba ne ba kgaoganngwa go nna mafelo a a farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tsenngwa mola o mohibidu.[17] === Go kaletswa le dipolao tse dingwe tsa letso === Walter Johnson o kwadile gore polao ya ntlha e e neng ya diragala kwa United States e ne e le ya ga Francis McIntosh, monna yo o gololesegileng wa lotso lwa bantsho le basweu.[11] O ne a nganga gore go bolawa gono go ne ga tshuba motseletsele wa tsone, tsotlhe ka maikaelelo a "go phepafatsa merafe"[11] le gore Abraham Lincoln, yo o neng a ise a nne mopresidente, o ne a tshwenyegile thata ka go nna kelotlhoko ga go bolawa go na le polao ka boyone. Lincoln o ne a bitsa McIntosh jaaka "yo o ferosang dibete" mo puong ya gagwe ya 1838 e moragonyana e neng ya bidiwa Puo ya Lyceum.[11] Go ya ka Segopotso sa Bosetšhaba sa Kagiso le Tshiamiso batho bantsho ba le 4,400 ba bolailwe mo dipolaong tsa batho ba le bantsi le dipolao tse dingwe tsa lotso magareng ga 1877 le 1950.[18] Brandy Marie Langley o ne a nganga gore, "Go bolawa ga batho bantsho ka mmele kwa Amerika, ka nako eno, go ne go tsamaisana le kgopolo ya ntlha ya ga Lemkin ya polao ya semorafe."[19] Batho ba ba tumileng ba dikwalo le balweladitshwanelo tsa loago jaaka Mark Twain le Ida B. Wells ba ne ba patelesega go bua ka go bolawa ga batho ba bantsho.[20] Padi ya ga Twain ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi e e bidiwang "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Lyncherdom," e leng kakgelo ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi kwa US.[20] Go ya ka Christopher Waldrep, bobegakgang le basweu ba bosemorafe, ka go sa lemoge le go sa lemoge, ba ne ba feteletsa go nna teng ga bosenyi jwa batho bantsho jaaka mokgwa wa go okobatsa molato wa bone o o neng o amana le go bolawa ga Maaforika a Amerika.[21] == Metswedi == 31ttzklj9iyvm5gcxzvdnui34lvdlci 40960 40959 2025-07-03T18:59:52Z KatieKea 10150 /* Ngongorego go ya kwa Lefatsheng la Ditshaba */ ke feditse go ranola karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025 40960 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Paul Robeson yn Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru, Glynebwy, 1958.jpg|thumb|Paul Robeson o ne a saena boikuelo jwa Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe.]] Kwa United States, '''polao ya batho bantsho''' ke tlhomeso ya ditso le lereo la puo le le dirisiwang go sekaseka ditlamorago tsa nako e e fetileng le ya gompieno ya bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng mo Maaforika a Amerika ke puso ya United States le Maamerika a basweu. Masomesome a dingwaga tsa go kaletswa ga le go tlhaola batho ka letso ka lobaka lo loleele di ne tsa tlhalosiwa la ntlha semmuso e le polao ya semorafe ke mokgatlho o o sa tlholeng o le teng jaanong, e leng Civil Rights Congress, mo boikuelong jo o neng wa bo romela kwa Lekgotleng la Ditshaba ka 1951. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, Malcolm X o ne a latofatsa puso ya United States ka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa setho, go akaretsa, go bolaya ka semorafe, kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, tshiamololo ya nako e telele, bosetlhogo, le tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le batho bantsho ke basweu.<ref name=":2">Nier III, Charles Lewis (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240501092238/https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ "Guilty as Charged: Malcolm X and His Vision of Racial Justice for African Americans Through Utilization of the United Nations International Human Rights Provisions and Institutions"]. ''Penn State International Law Review''. '''16''' (1): 149–189. Archived from [https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ the original] on May 1, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref name=":3">[[:en:John_Henrik_Clarke|Clarke, John Henrik]], ed. (1990) [1969]. "Outline for Petition to the United Nations Charging Genocide Against 22 Million Black Americans". ''[[iarchive:malcolmx00john|Malcolm X: The Man and His Times]]''. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press. pp. [[iarchive:malcolmx00john/page/343|343–351]]. ISBN 978-0-86543-201-7. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref name=":0">[[:en:Alex_Hinton|Hinton, Alex]] (December 26, 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231009232230/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 "Opinion | 70 Years Ago Black Activists Accused the U.S. of Genocide. They Should Have Been Taken Seriously"]. ''[[:en:Politico|Politico]]''. Archived from [https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 the original] on October 9, 2023.</ref> Tshwantshiso ya polao ya batho bantsho e ntse e dirisiwa mo ntweng ya diritibatsi, ntwa ya bosenyi, le ntwa ya lehuma ka ntlha ya ditlamorago tsa tsone tse di kotsi mo setshabeng sa bantsho.<ref>Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta (2016). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240824151023/https://search.worldcat.org/title/907653029 From #BlackLivesMatter to Black liberation]''. Chicago, Illinois: [[:en:Haymarket_Books|Haymarket Books]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-64259-101-9|978-1-64259-101-9]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907653029 907653029]. Archived from [[oclc:907653029|the original]] on August 24, 2024.</ref> Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Vietnam, tiriso e e oketsegang ya masole a bantsho e ne ya kgalwa jaaka tlhagiso ya polao ya batho bantsho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130522003614/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/africanamer.htm "African Americans in the Vietnam War"]. Modern American Poetry. English Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from [http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/africanamer.htm the original] on May 22, 2013. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025. As published in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1999).</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, palo e e kwa godimo ya batho bantsho ba ba kwa kgolegelong le yone e tlhalositswe jaaka polao ya batho bantsho<ref>Frazier, Mansfield B. (1995). ''[[iarchive:isbn_9781557787064/page/125|From Behind the Wall: Commentary on crime, punishment, race, and the underclass by a prison inmate]]''. Paragon House. p. [[iarchive:isbn_9781557787064/page/125|125]]. ISBN 1557787069. <q>One factor which isn't considered is the whispered rumor which circulates in our nation's ghettos. It holds that whites are secretly engaged in a program of genocide against the black race. The fact that so many black men of child-producing age are incarcerated for crimes for which only they go to prison gives a measure of validity to this theory</q></ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba tlhomeso ya polao ya batho bantsho ba e tlhalosa e le kgopolo ya bolotsana, fa babueledi ba yone ba nganga gore ke tlhomeso ee mosola ya go sekaseka bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng.<ref name=":0" /> Dingangisano kgatlhanong le taolo ya pelegi, segolobogolo, di ile tsa kgalwa jaaka tsa bolotsana kgotsa tsa go feteletsa dilo,<ref name=":1">Caron, Simone M. (Spring 1998). "Birth Control and the Black Community in the 1960s: Genocide or Power Politics?". ''Journal of Social History''. '''31''' (3). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]: 545–569. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jsh/31.3.545|10.1353/jsh/31.3.545]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789714 3789714.]</ref> le fa maiteko a taolo ya batho ba bantsho<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/ "People & Events: Black Genocide"]. ''American Experience''. [[:en:PBS|PBS]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201207123836/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/ Archived] from the original on 7 December 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>Roberts, Dorothy (March 1, 2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241209174624/https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2000/03/forum-black-women-and-pill "Forum: Black Women and the Pill"]. ''Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health''. '''32'''. Archived from the original on December 9, 2024.</ref> le go emisa tsholo ka pateletso e e tshegediwang ke puso a ne a diragala bosheng jaana mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":1" /> == Bokgoba jaaka polao ya semorafe == [[Bokgoba]] ka kakaretso le [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic]] segolobogolo e ne e le sekai sa bogologolo sa bosenyi kgatlhanong le batho mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, setlhopha se segolo sa bosenyi se se neng sa atolosiwa fa polao ya semorafe e ne e akarediwa mo go jone mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga. George Washington Williams o ne a dira gore kgopolo ya ditlolomolao kgatlhanong le batho e ratwe thata malebang le ditso tsa bokgoba kwa United States mme ka nako ya ntwa ya maaka ya Congo Free State ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, "melao ya batho" e ne ya akarediwa mo Polelwaneng ya Martens ya Dikopano tsa Hague mme ka ntlha ya seo, e ne ya tsenngwa semolao mo molaong wa boditshabatshaba. Moithuti wa Canada Adam Jones o tlhalosa loso lwa bontsi lwa didikadikedike tsa Maaforika ka nako ya [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic]] jaaka polao ya semorafe, a e bitsa "nngwe ya dipolao tse di maswe go gaisa mo ditsong tsa batho" ka ntlha ya gore e ne ya felela ka dintsho di le didikadike di le lesome le botlhano go ya go di le masome mabedi go ya ka phopholetso nngwe, mme gape o boletse gore ngangisano e e tshwanang le ya beng ba kgatlhego ya go boloka makgoba a tshela, e seng go ba nyeletsa", ke "bogolo jwa sophistry" ka gonne "polao le tshenyo e ne e le ka bomo, le fa e ka tswa e le ditlhotlheletso dife tsa go boloka bafalodi ba temana ya Atlantic go dirisiwa botlhaswa ka tiro. Go boeletsa kgang ya maikaelelo e e setseng e amilwe: Fa setheo se tlhokomelwa le go atolosiwa ka boomo ke baemedi ba ba lemotshegang, le fa botlhe ba itse ka dikgobalo tse dintsi tse se di bakang mo setlhopheng sa batho se se ka tlhalosiwang, ke ka ntlha yang fa seno se sa tshwanelege jaaka polao ya semorafe?"<ref>Jones, Adam (2006). ''Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction''. [[:en:Routledge|Routledge]]. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-415-35385-4.</ref> Mo bukeng ya gagwe, ''The Broken Heart of America'', moporofesara wa Harvard Walter Johnson o kwadile gore mo makgetlhong a mantsi mo ditsong tsotlhe ya go dira Maaforika makgoba kwa US, go ne ga nna le ditiragalo di le dintsi tsa polao ya semorafe, ditiragalo tse di neng di akaretsa go kgaoganngwa ga banna le basadi ba bone, mme seno se ne sa fokotsa palo ya batho ba Maaforika-Amerika. Mo Moamerika yo montsho yo o neng a tshela ka nako ya bokgoba jwa U.S., ga go na ditshwanelo dipe tse di neng di netefaditswe, e ka tswa e le makgoba ka namana kgotsa nnyaa.<ref>Johnson, Walter (2020). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240825134736/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1111963122 The broken heart of America: St. Louis and the violent history of the United States]'' (First ed.). New York. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06426-7|978-0-465-06426-7]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1111963122 1111963122]. Archived from [[oclc:1111963122|the original]] on August 25, 2024.</ref> Kwa United States botshelo jwa lekgoba e ne e le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le motso go ya go di le masome mabedi le bobedi, mme ngwana yo montsho go fitlha ka ngwaga o le mongwe go ya go dingwaga di le lesome le bone o ne a na le kotsi ya go swa go menagane gabedi go feta ngwana yo mosweu wa dingwaga tse di tshwanang le tsa gagwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250209083335/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3040 "What was Life Like Under Slavery"]. ''Digital History''. Archived from [https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3040 the original] on February 9, 2025. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref> == Jim Crow jaaka polao ya semorafe == === Ngongorego go ya kwa Lefatsheng la Ditshaba === [[Setshwantsho:Negro drinking at "Colored" water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma by Russell Lee.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho se se bontsha melao ya go kgaoganya batho e e neng e dirisiwa mo motlheng wa ga Jim Crow.]] Lekgotla la Ditshaba (UN) le ne la tlhamiwa ka 1945. UN e ne ya ngangisana le go amogela Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe kwa bokhutlong jwa 1948, e eme ka gore polao ya Semorafe e ne e le "maikemisetso a go senya, ka botlalo kgotsa ka bontlhabongwe", setlhopha sa merafe.<ref name=":4">Martin, Charles H. (Summer 1997). "Internationalizing 'The American Dilemma': The Civil Rights Congress and the 1951 Genocide Petition to the United Nations". ''Journal of American Ethnic History''. '''16''' (4). [[:en:University_of_Illinois_Press|University of Illinois Press]]: 35–61. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27502217 27502217]. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref> Go ikaegilwe ka tlhaloso ya "ka bontlhabongwe", Civil Rights Congress (CRC), setlhopha se se bopilweng ka Maaforika a Amerika a a nang le kamano ya Bokomonisi, se ne sa tlhagisetsa UN ka 1951 boikuelo jo bo bidiwang "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe." Boikuelo jo bo ne jwa kwala dintsho di le dikete tse lesome tse di sa siamang tsa Maaforika a Amerika mo dingwageng di le masome a robabongwe fa e sale ka Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika.<ref>Brian Greenberg; Linda S. Watts; Richard A. Greenwald; Gordon Reavley; Alice L. George; Scott Beekman; Cecelia Bucki; Mark Ciabattari; John C. Stoner; Troy D. Paino; Laurie Mercier; Andrew Hunt; Peter C. Holloran; Nancy Cohen, eds. (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xypn4djxVD4C&pg=RA6-PA356 Social History of the United States]''. [[:en:ABC-CLIO|ABC-CLIO]]. p. 356. ISBN 978-1598841282.</ref> E tlhalositse go kaletsa, go tshwarwa makgwakgwa, polao le kgatelelo ke basweu kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, e swetsa ka gore puso ya Amerika e ne e gana go e buisa "e e tswelelang, e e anameng, e e rulagantsweng ya bosenyi jwa polao ya semorafe".<ref name=":4" /> Ikuelo e ne ya tlhagisiwa kwa kopanong ya UN kwa Paris ke moeteledipele wa CRC William L. Patterson, mme kwa New York City ke seopedi le modiragatsi Paul Robeson yo e neng e le molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi le leloko la Bokomonisi la CRC.<ref name=":4" /> Ntwa ya Molomo e ne ya dira gore Amerika e tshwenyege ka go atolosa naga ga Bokomonisi. Phethišene ya CRC e ne ya tsewa ke puso ya United States e le kgatlhanong le dikgatlhego tsa Amerika malebana le go lwantsha Bokomonisi. Phethišene e ne ya tlhokomologiwa ke lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng; bontsi jwa dinaga tse di neng di hirilwe di ne di lebile kwa US go bona kaelo mme di ne di sa ikemisetsa go tlhomelela baba ba US ka maaka a mangwe ka ga go palelwa ga yone mo pholising ya semorafe ya selegae. Dikarabo tsa Amerika mo boikuelong jono di ne di farologane: Mmegadikgang wa radio Drew Pearson o ne a bua kgatlhanong le "maaka a Bokomonisi" a go neng go twe ke one pele ga a tlhagisiwa kwa UN.<ref name=":4" /> Moporofesara Raphael Lemkin, mmueledi wa Mo-Poland yo o thusitseng go kwala Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe ya UN, o ne a bolela gore boikuelo jwa CRC e ne e le maiteko a a fosagetseng a a neng a gogela tebo kgakala le polao ya semorafe ya Soviet Union ya Ba-Estonia, Ba-Latvia le Ba-Lithuania. Mokgatlho wa Bosetshaba wa go Tsweletsa Pele Batho ba Mmala (NAACP) o ne wa ntsha polelo e e neng e bolela gore go ne go se na polao ya batho bantsho le fa eleruri go ne go na le dikgang tse di masisi tsa go tlhaola batho ka letso kwa Amerika. Walter Francis White, moeteledipele wa NAACP, o kwadile gore boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne bo na le ditiragalo tsa "boammaaruri" tsa tlhaolele, bontsi jwa tsone di tserwe mo metsweding e e ikanyegang.<ref name=":4" /> O ne a re, "Le fa dibe tsa setshaba kgatlhanong le motho Montsho e ka tswa e le dife—mme di dintsi e bile di tshosa—polao ya semorafe ga e mo gare ga tsone."<ref name=":4" /> Moemedi wa UN Eleanor Roosevelt o ne a re go ne go le "boeleele" go tlhalosa kgethololo ya nako e telele jaaka polao ya semorafe.<ref name=":4" /> Boikuelo ja "We Charge Genocide" bo amogetse kitsiso e ntsi mo dikgannyeng tsa boditshabatshaba go na le mo metsweding ya dikgang ya selegae ya Amerika. Metswedi ya dikgang ya Fora le ya Czech e ne e tlhagisa kgang e thata, fela jaaka makwalodikgang a kwa India. Ka 1952, mokwadi wa Moaforika-Amerika J. Saunders Redding yo o neng a tsamaya kwa India o ne a bodiwa dipotso gangwe le gape ka ditiragalo tse di rileng tsa go gataka ditshwanelo tsa baagi kwa US, mme boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne jwa dirisiwa ke Baindia go ganetsa dipolelo tsa gagwe tsa gore dikamano tsa merafe ya United States di ne di tokafala. Kwa US, boikuelo bo ne jwa nyelela mo temogong ya setshaba kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1950.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1964, Malcolm X le Mokgatlho wa gagwe wa Kutlwano ya Maaforika-Amerika, ba umaka go bolawa ga batho ka dikgoka le go gatelelwa mo go tlhalosiwang mo boikuelong jwa CRC, ba ne ba simolola go baakanyetsa boikuelo jwa bone kwa UN ba netefatsa gore puso ya Amerika e ne e dira polao ya semorafe kgatlhanong le batho bantsho.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>Caron, Simone M. (Spring 1998). "Birth Control and the Black Community in the 1960s: Genocide or Power Politics?". ''Journal of Social History''. '''31''' (3). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]: 545–569. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jsh/31.3.545|10.1353/jsh/31.3.545]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789714 3789714].</ref> Puo ya ga Malcolm X ya 1964 "Tlhopho kgotsa Lerumo" le yone e tswa mo go "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe".<ref>Smethurst, James (2010). "Malcolm X and the Black Arts Movement". In Terrill, Robert (ed.). ''The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]]. p. 84. ISBN 978-1139825450.</ref> Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi le morago ga dingwaga di le dintsi tsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga Maaforika a Amerika ke Baamerika ba basweu, melao ya semmuso ya puso ya United States malebang le go tshwarwa makgwakgwa mono e ne ya fetoga thata. Mokgatlho wa Dikgololesego tsa Baagi wa Amerika (ACLU) o ne wa bolela ka 1946 gore maikutlo a a sa siamang a boditshabatshaba ka ga melao ya merafe ya US a thusitse go gatelela US go fokotsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga merafe e mennye.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1948, Tautona Harry S. Truman o ne a saena taelo e e neng e kgaoganya sesole, mme baagi ba bantsho ba ne ba gwetlha thata mefuta e mengwe ya go tlhaola batho ka letso.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1948, le fa Maaforika a Amerika a ne a dira mmogo le balekane ba bone ba basweu, gantsi ba ne ba kgaoganngwa go nna mafelo a a farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tsenngwa mola o mohibidu.<ref>Rothstein, Richard (2017). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220203214423/https://www.worldcat.org/title/color-of-law-a-forgotten-history-of-how-our-government-segregated-america/oclc/959808903 The color of law: a forgotten history of how our government segregated America]'' (First ed.). New York. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-285-3|978-1-63149-285-3]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959808903 959808903]. Archived from [[oclc:959808903|the original]] on February 3, 2022.</ref> === Go kaletswa le dipolao tse dingwe tsa letso === Walter Johnson o kwadile gore polao ya ntlha e e neng ya diragala kwa United States e ne e le ya ga Francis McIntosh, monna yo o gololesegileng wa lotso lwa bantsho le basweu.[11] O ne a nganga gore go bolawa gono go ne ga tshuba motseletsele wa tsone, tsotlhe ka maikaelelo a "go phepafatsa merafe"[11] le gore Abraham Lincoln, yo o neng a ise a nne mopresidente, o ne a tshwenyegile thata ka go nna kelotlhoko ga go bolawa go na le polao ka boyone. Lincoln o ne a bitsa McIntosh jaaka "yo o ferosang dibete" mo puong ya gagwe ya 1838 e moragonyana e neng ya bidiwa Puo ya Lyceum.[11] Go ya ka Segopotso sa Bosetšhaba sa Kagiso le Tshiamiso batho bantsho ba le 4,400 ba bolailwe mo dipolaong tsa batho ba le bantsi le dipolao tse dingwe tsa lotso magareng ga 1877 le 1950.[18] Brandy Marie Langley o ne a nganga gore, "Go bolawa ga batho bantsho ka mmele kwa Amerika, ka nako eno, go ne go tsamaisana le kgopolo ya ntlha ya ga Lemkin ya polao ya semorafe."[19] Batho ba ba tumileng ba dikwalo le balweladitshwanelo tsa loago jaaka Mark Twain le Ida B. Wells ba ne ba patelesega go bua ka go bolawa ga batho ba bantsho.[20] Padi ya ga Twain ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi e e bidiwang "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Lyncherdom," e leng kakgelo ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi kwa US.[20] Go ya ka Christopher Waldrep, bobegakgang le basweu ba bosemorafe, ka go sa lemoge le go sa lemoge, ba ne ba feteletsa go nna teng ga bosenyi jwa batho bantsho jaaka mokgwa wa go okobatsa molato wa bone o o neng o amana le go bolawa ga Maaforika a Amerika.[21] == Metswedi == e9tkzwndfvohzku2ptitqo7h40udtjh 40961 40960 2025-07-03T19:11:46Z KatieKea 10150 /* Go kaletswa le dipolao tse dingwe tsa letso */ ke feditse go ranola karolwana e #AWC2025 40961 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Paul Robeson yn Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru, Glynebwy, 1958.jpg|thumb|Paul Robeson o ne a saena boikuelo jwa Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe.]] Kwa United States, '''polao ya batho bantsho''' ke tlhomeso ya ditso le lereo la puo le le dirisiwang go sekaseka ditlamorago tsa nako e e fetileng le ya gompieno ya bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng mo Maaforika a Amerika ke puso ya United States le Maamerika a basweu. Masomesome a dingwaga tsa go kaletswa ga le go tlhaola batho ka letso ka lobaka lo loleele di ne tsa tlhalosiwa la ntlha semmuso e le polao ya semorafe ke mokgatlho o o sa tlholeng o le teng jaanong, e leng Civil Rights Congress, mo boikuelong jo o neng wa bo romela kwa Lekgotleng la Ditshaba ka 1951. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, Malcolm X o ne a latofatsa puso ya United States ka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa setho, go akaretsa, go bolaya ka semorafe, kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, tshiamololo ya nako e telele, bosetlhogo, le tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le batho bantsho ke basweu.<ref name=":2">Nier III, Charles Lewis (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240501092238/https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ "Guilty as Charged: Malcolm X and His Vision of Racial Justice for African Americans Through Utilization of the United Nations International Human Rights Provisions and Institutions"]. ''Penn State International Law Review''. '''16''' (1): 149–189. Archived from [https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol16/iss1/3/ the original] on May 1, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref name=":3">[[:en:John_Henrik_Clarke|Clarke, John Henrik]], ed. (1990) [1969]. "Outline for Petition to the United Nations Charging Genocide Against 22 Million Black Americans". ''[[iarchive:malcolmx00john|Malcolm X: The Man and His Times]]''. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press. pp. [[iarchive:malcolmx00john/page/343|343–351]]. ISBN 978-0-86543-201-7. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref name=":0">[[:en:Alex_Hinton|Hinton, Alex]] (December 26, 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231009232230/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 "Opinion | 70 Years Ago Black Activists Accused the U.S. of Genocide. They Should Have Been Taken Seriously"]. ''[[:en:Politico|Politico]]''. Archived from [https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/12/26/black-activists-charge-genocide-united-states-systemic-racism-526045 the original] on October 9, 2023.</ref> Tshwantshiso ya polao ya batho bantsho e ntse e dirisiwa mo ntweng ya diritibatsi, ntwa ya bosenyi, le ntwa ya lehuma ka ntlha ya ditlamorago tsa tsone tse di kotsi mo setshabeng sa bantsho.<ref>Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta (2016). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240824151023/https://search.worldcat.org/title/907653029 From #BlackLivesMatter to Black liberation]''. Chicago, Illinois: [[:en:Haymarket_Books|Haymarket Books]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-64259-101-9|978-1-64259-101-9]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907653029 907653029]. Archived from [[oclc:907653029|the original]] on August 24, 2024.</ref> Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Vietnam, tiriso e e oketsegang ya masole a bantsho e ne ya kgalwa jaaka tlhagiso ya polao ya batho bantsho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130522003614/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/africanamer.htm "African Americans in the Vietnam War"]. Modern American Poetry. English Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from [http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/africanamer.htm the original] on May 22, 2013. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025. As published in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1999).</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, palo e e kwa godimo ya batho bantsho ba ba kwa kgolegelong le yone e tlhalositswe jaaka polao ya batho bantsho<ref>Frazier, Mansfield B. (1995). ''[[iarchive:isbn_9781557787064/page/125|From Behind the Wall: Commentary on crime, punishment, race, and the underclass by a prison inmate]]''. Paragon House. p. [[iarchive:isbn_9781557787064/page/125|125]]. ISBN 1557787069. <q>One factor which isn't considered is the whispered rumor which circulates in our nation's ghettos. It holds that whites are secretly engaged in a program of genocide against the black race. The fact that so many black men of child-producing age are incarcerated for crimes for which only they go to prison gives a measure of validity to this theory</q></ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba tlhomeso ya polao ya batho bantsho ba e tlhalosa e le kgopolo ya bolotsana, fa babueledi ba yone ba nganga gore ke tlhomeso ee mosola ya go sekaseka bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng.<ref name=":0" /> Dingangisano kgatlhanong le taolo ya pelegi, segolobogolo, di ile tsa kgalwa jaaka tsa bolotsana kgotsa tsa go feteletsa dilo,<ref name=":1">Caron, Simone M. (Spring 1998). "Birth Control and the Black Community in the 1960s: Genocide or Power Politics?". ''Journal of Social History''. '''31''' (3). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]: 545–569. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jsh/31.3.545|10.1353/jsh/31.3.545]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789714 3789714.]</ref> le fa maiteko a taolo ya batho ba bantsho<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/ "People & Events: Black Genocide"]. ''American Experience''. [[:en:PBS|PBS]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201207123836/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/ Archived] from the original on 7 December 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref><ref>Roberts, Dorothy (March 1, 2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241209174624/https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2000/03/forum-black-women-and-pill "Forum: Black Women and the Pill"]. ''Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health''. '''32'''. Archived from the original on December 9, 2024.</ref> le go emisa tsholo ka pateletso e e tshegediwang ke puso a ne a diragala bosheng jaana mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":1" /> == Bokgoba jaaka polao ya semorafe == [[Bokgoba]] ka kakaretso le [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic]] segolobogolo e ne e le sekai sa bogologolo sa bosenyi kgatlhanong le batho mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, setlhopha se segolo sa bosenyi se se neng sa atolosiwa fa polao ya semorafe e ne e akarediwa mo go jone mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga. George Washington Williams o ne a dira gore kgopolo ya ditlolomolao kgatlhanong le batho e ratwe thata malebang le ditso tsa bokgoba kwa United States mme ka nako ya ntwa ya maaka ya Congo Free State ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, "melao ya batho" e ne ya akarediwa mo Polelwaneng ya Martens ya Dikopano tsa Hague mme ka ntlha ya seo, e ne ya tsenngwa semolao mo molaong wa boditshabatshaba. Moithuti wa Canada Adam Jones o tlhalosa loso lwa bontsi lwa didikadikedike tsa Maaforika ka nako ya [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic]] jaaka polao ya semorafe, a e bitsa "nngwe ya dipolao tse di maswe go gaisa mo ditsong tsa batho" ka ntlha ya gore e ne ya felela ka dintsho di le didikadike di le lesome le botlhano go ya go di le masome mabedi go ya ka phopholetso nngwe, mme gape o boletse gore ngangisano e e tshwanang le ya beng ba kgatlhego ya go boloka makgoba a tshela, e seng go ba nyeletsa", ke "bogolo jwa sophistry" ka gonne "polao le tshenyo e ne e le ka bomo, le fa e ka tswa e le ditlhotlheletso dife tsa go boloka bafalodi ba temana ya Atlantic go dirisiwa botlhaswa ka tiro. Go boeletsa kgang ya maikaelelo e e setseng e amilwe: Fa setheo se tlhokomelwa le go atolosiwa ka boomo ke baemedi ba ba lemotshegang, le fa botlhe ba itse ka dikgobalo tse dintsi tse se di bakang mo setlhopheng sa batho se se ka tlhalosiwang, ke ka ntlha yang fa seno se sa tshwanelege jaaka polao ya semorafe?"<ref>Jones, Adam (2006). ''Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction''. [[:en:Routledge|Routledge]]. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-415-35385-4.</ref> Mo bukeng ya gagwe, ''The Broken Heart of America'', moporofesara wa Harvard Walter Johnson o kwadile gore mo makgetlhong a mantsi mo ditsong tsotlhe ya go dira Maaforika makgoba kwa US, go ne ga nna le ditiragalo di le dintsi tsa polao ya semorafe, ditiragalo tse di neng di akaretsa go kgaoganngwa ga banna le basadi ba bone, mme seno se ne sa fokotsa palo ya batho ba Maaforika-Amerika. Mo Moamerika yo montsho yo o neng a tshela ka nako ya bokgoba jwa U.S., ga go na ditshwanelo dipe tse di neng di netefaditswe, e ka tswa e le makgoba ka namana kgotsa nnyaa.<ref name=":5">Johnson, Walter (2020). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240825134736/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1111963122 The broken heart of America: St. Louis and the violent history of the United States]'' (First ed.). New York. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06426-7|978-0-465-06426-7]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1111963122 1111963122]. Archived from [[oclc:1111963122|the original]] on August 25, 2024.</ref> Kwa United States botshelo jwa lekgoba e ne e le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le motso go ya go di le masome mabedi le bobedi, mme ngwana yo montsho go fitlha ka ngwaga o le mongwe go ya go dingwaga di le lesome le bone o ne a na le kotsi ya go swa go menagane gabedi go feta ngwana yo mosweu wa dingwaga tse di tshwanang le tsa gagwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250209083335/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3040 "What was Life Like Under Slavery"]. ''Digital History''. Archived from [https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3040 the original] on February 9, 2025. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref> == Jim Crow jaaka polao ya semorafe == === Ngongorego go ya kwa Lefatsheng la Ditshaba === [[Setshwantsho:Negro drinking at "Colored" water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma by Russell Lee.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho se se bontsha melao ya go kgaoganya batho e e neng e dirisiwa mo motlheng wa ga Jim Crow.]] Lekgotla la Ditshaba (UN) le ne la tlhamiwa ka 1945. UN e ne ya ngangisana le go amogela Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe kwa bokhutlong jwa 1948, e eme ka gore polao ya Semorafe e ne e le "maikemisetso a go senya, ka botlalo kgotsa ka bontlhabongwe", setlhopha sa merafe.<ref name=":4">Martin, Charles H. (Summer 1997). "Internationalizing 'The American Dilemma': The Civil Rights Congress and the 1951 Genocide Petition to the United Nations". ''Journal of American Ethnic History''. '''16''' (4). [[:en:University_of_Illinois_Press|University of Illinois Press]]: 35–61. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27502217 27502217]. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.</ref> Go ikaegilwe ka tlhaloso ya "ka bontlhabongwe", Civil Rights Congress (CRC), setlhopha se se bopilweng ka Maaforika a Amerika a a nang le kamano ya Bokomonisi, se ne sa tlhagisetsa UN ka 1951 boikuelo jo bo bidiwang "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe." Boikuelo jo bo ne jwa kwala dintsho di le dikete tse lesome tse di sa siamang tsa Maaforika a Amerika mo dingwageng di le masome a robabongwe fa e sale ka Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika.<ref>Brian Greenberg; Linda S. Watts; Richard A. Greenwald; Gordon Reavley; Alice L. George; Scott Beekman; Cecelia Bucki; Mark Ciabattari; John C. Stoner; Troy D. Paino; Laurie Mercier; Andrew Hunt; Peter C. Holloran; Nancy Cohen, eds. (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xypn4djxVD4C&pg=RA6-PA356 Social History of the United States]''. [[:en:ABC-CLIO|ABC-CLIO]]. p. 356. ISBN 978-1598841282.</ref> E tlhalositse go kaletsa, go tshwarwa makgwakgwa, polao le kgatelelo ke basweu kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, e swetsa ka gore puso ya Amerika e ne e gana go e buisa "e e tswelelang, e e anameng, e e rulagantsweng ya bosenyi jwa polao ya semorafe".<ref name=":4" /> Ikuelo e ne ya tlhagisiwa kwa kopanong ya UN kwa Paris ke moeteledipele wa CRC William L. Patterson, mme kwa New York City ke seopedi le modiragatsi Paul Robeson yo e neng e le molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi le leloko la Bokomonisi la CRC.<ref name=":4" /> Ntwa ya Molomo e ne ya dira gore Amerika e tshwenyege ka go atolosa naga ga Bokomonisi. Phethišene ya CRC e ne ya tsewa ke puso ya United States e le kgatlhanong le dikgatlhego tsa Amerika malebana le go lwantsha Bokomonisi. Phethišene e ne ya tlhokomologiwa ke lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng; bontsi jwa dinaga tse di neng di hirilwe di ne di lebile kwa US go bona kaelo mme di ne di sa ikemisetsa go tlhomelela baba ba US ka maaka a mangwe ka ga go palelwa ga yone mo pholising ya semorafe ya selegae. Dikarabo tsa Amerika mo boikuelong jono di ne di farologane: Mmegadikgang wa radio Drew Pearson o ne a bua kgatlhanong le "maaka a Bokomonisi" a go neng go twe ke one pele ga a tlhagisiwa kwa UN.<ref name=":4" /> Moporofesara Raphael Lemkin, mmueledi wa Mo-Poland yo o thusitseng go kwala Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe ya UN, o ne a bolela gore boikuelo jwa CRC e ne e le maiteko a a fosagetseng a a neng a gogela tebo kgakala le polao ya semorafe ya Soviet Union ya Ba-Estonia, Ba-Latvia le Ba-Lithuania. Mokgatlho wa Bosetshaba wa go Tsweletsa Pele Batho ba Mmala (NAACP) o ne wa ntsha polelo e e neng e bolela gore go ne go se na polao ya batho bantsho le fa eleruri go ne go na le dikgang tse di masisi tsa go tlhaola batho ka letso kwa Amerika. Walter Francis White, moeteledipele wa NAACP, o kwadile gore boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne bo na le ditiragalo tsa "boammaaruri" tsa tlhaolele, bontsi jwa tsone di tserwe mo metsweding e e ikanyegang.<ref name=":4" /> O ne a re, "Le fa dibe tsa setshaba kgatlhanong le motho Montsho e ka tswa e le dife—mme di dintsi e bile di tshosa—polao ya semorafe ga e mo gare ga tsone."<ref name=":4" /> Moemedi wa UN Eleanor Roosevelt o ne a re go ne go le "boeleele" go tlhalosa kgethololo ya nako e telele jaaka polao ya semorafe.<ref name=":4" /> Boikuelo ja "We Charge Genocide" bo amogetse kitsiso e ntsi mo dikgannyeng tsa boditshabatshaba go na le mo metsweding ya dikgang ya selegae ya Amerika. Metswedi ya dikgang ya Fora le ya Czech e ne e tlhagisa kgang e thata, fela jaaka makwalodikgang a kwa India. Ka 1952, mokwadi wa Moaforika-Amerika J. Saunders Redding yo o neng a tsamaya kwa India o ne a bodiwa dipotso gangwe le gape ka ditiragalo tse di rileng tsa go gataka ditshwanelo tsa baagi kwa US, mme boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne jwa dirisiwa ke Baindia go ganetsa dipolelo tsa gagwe tsa gore dikamano tsa merafe ya United States di ne di tokafala. Kwa US, boikuelo bo ne jwa nyelela mo temogong ya setshaba kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1950.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1964, Malcolm X le Mokgatlho wa gagwe wa Kutlwano ya Maaforika-Amerika, ba umaka go bolawa ga batho ka dikgoka le go gatelelwa mo go tlhalosiwang mo boikuelong jwa CRC, ba ne ba simolola go baakanyetsa boikuelo jwa bone kwa UN ba netefatsa gore puso ya Amerika e ne e dira polao ya semorafe kgatlhanong le batho bantsho.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>Caron, Simone M. (Spring 1998). "Birth Control and the Black Community in the 1960s: Genocide or Power Politics?". ''Journal of Social History''. '''31''' (3). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]: 545–569. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jsh/31.3.545|10.1353/jsh/31.3.545]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789714 3789714].</ref> Puo ya ga Malcolm X ya 1964 "Tlhopho kgotsa Lerumo" le yone e tswa mo go "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe".<ref>Smethurst, James (2010). "Malcolm X and the Black Arts Movement". In Terrill, Robert (ed.). ''The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]]. p. 84. ISBN 978-1139825450.</ref> Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi le morago ga dingwaga di le dintsi tsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga Maaforika a Amerika ke Baamerika ba basweu, melao ya semmuso ya puso ya United States malebang le go tshwarwa makgwakgwa mono e ne ya fetoga thata. Mokgatlho wa Dikgololesego tsa Baagi wa Amerika (ACLU) o ne wa bolela ka 1946 gore maikutlo a a sa siamang a boditshabatshaba ka ga melao ya merafe ya US a thusitse go gatelela US go fokotsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga merafe e mennye.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1948, Tautona Harry S. Truman o ne a saena taelo e e neng e kgaoganya sesole, mme baagi ba bantsho ba ne ba gwetlha thata mefuta e mengwe ya go tlhaola batho ka letso.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1948, le fa Maaforika a Amerika a ne a dira mmogo le balekane ba bone ba basweu, gantsi ba ne ba kgaoganngwa go nna mafelo a a farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tsenngwa mola o mohibidu.<ref>Rothstein, Richard (2017). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220203214423/https://www.worldcat.org/title/color-of-law-a-forgotten-history-of-how-our-government-segregated-america/oclc/959808903 The color of law: a forgotten history of how our government segregated America]'' (First ed.). New York. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-285-3|978-1-63149-285-3]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959808903 959808903]. Archived from [[oclc:959808903|the original]] on February 3, 2022.</ref> === Go kaletswa le dipolao tse dingwe tsa letso === Walter Johnson o kwadile gore go kaletswa ga ntlha go diragala kwa United States e ne e le ga ga Francis McIntosh, monna yo o gololesegileng wa letso lwa bantsho le basweu.<ref name=":5" /> O ne a nganga gore go bolawa mo go ne ga simolola motseletsele wa tsone, tsotlhe ka maikaelelo a "go phepafatsa merafe"<ref name=":5" /> le gore Abraham Lincoln, yo o neng a ise a nne tautona, o ne a tshwenyegile thata ka go nna kelotlhoko ga go bolawa go na le polao ka boyone. Lincoln o ne a bitsa McIntosh jaaka "yo o ferosang dibete" mo puong ya gagwe ya 1838 e moragonyana e neng ya bidiwa Puo ya Lyceum.<ref name=":5" /> Go ya ka Segopotso sa Bosetshaba sa Kagiso le Tshiamiso batho bantsho ba le dikete tse nne le makgolo a mane ba bolailwe mo dipolaong tsa batho ba le bantsi le dipolao tse dingwe tsa letso magareng ga 1877 le 1950.<ref>Harpaz, Beth J. (April 26, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191120014241/https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-lynching-memorial-alabama-20180426-story.html "Lynching memorial and museum in Alabama opens to crowds, and tears"]. ''[[:en:Chicago_Tribune|Chicago Tribune]]''. Archived from [https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-lynching-memorial-alabama-20180426-story.html the original] on November 20, 2019.</ref> [[Brandy Marie Langley]] o ne a nganga gore, "Go bolawa ga batho bantsho ka mmele kwa Amerika, ka nako eno, go ne go tsamaisana le kgopolo ya ntlha ya ga Lemkin ya polao ya semorafe."<ref>Langley, Brandy Marie (March 26, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240423023429/https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6253&context=etd "The Black Experience in the United States: An Examination of Lynching and Segregation as Instruments of Genocide"]. ''University of South Florida Scholar Common''. [[:en:University_of_South_Florida|University of South Florida]]: 39. Archived from [https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6253&context=etd the original] on April 23, 2024.</ref> Batho ba ba tumileng ba dikwalo le balweladitshwanelo tsa loago jaaka Mark Twain le Ida B. Wells ba ne ba patelesega go bua ka go bolawa ga batho ba bantsho.<ref name=":6">[https://www.google.com/search?safe=active&q=american+lynching+9780300184747&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgFuLVT9c3NEyqzDOJTy820RLKTrbST8rPzwYTVpnFSXmPGIO5BV7-uCcs5TVpzclrjC5cWBQJ6XGxueaVZJZUCqlwCUqhmqrBIMXPhSrEs4hVPjE3tSgzOTFPIacyLzkjMy9dwdLcwsDYwMDQwsTcxBwAbtWJnJ0AAAA "american lynching 9780300184747 - Google Search"]. ''www.google.com''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.</ref> Padi ya ga Twain ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi e e bidiwang "The United States of Lyncherdom," e leng kakgelo ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi kwa US,<ref name=":6" /> Go ya ka Christopher Waldrep, bobegadikgang le basweu ba bosemorafe, ka go sa lemoge le go sa lemoge, ba ne ba feteletsa go nna teng ga bosenyi jwa batho bantsho jaaka mokgwa wa go okobatsa molato wa bone o o neng o amana le go bolawa ga Maaforika a Amerika.<ref>Waldrep, Christopher (February 2000). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2587438 "War of Words: The Controversy over the Definition of Lynching, 1899-1940"]. ''[[:en:The_Journal_of_Southern_History|The Journal of Southern History]]''. '''66''' (1): 75–100. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2587438|10.2307/2587438]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2587438 2587438].</ref> == Metswedi == 503x53d2l1bewdtcvrbbme7efmhfx4z 0 10724 40955 2025-07-03T13:35:05Z JudithShe 9421 Ke dirile tsebe ya "Bokgoba kwa dikolong tsa ithutelo ditiro tse dikgolwane kwa America" 40955 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800)(cropped).jpg|thumb|Thomas Jefferson, motlhami wa United States, ebile e le mong wa makgoba a le makgolo, o tlhamile sekolo sa University of Virginia]] Seabe sa '''bokgoba kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro kwa America''' e ntse e le kgang e e tshwerweng ka mangana mo dipatlisisong tsa ditso le dikganetsano. Ma [[Aferika|Aforika]] a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a bereka go aga dikolo tse tse di kgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro kwa [[USA|united States]], mme itsholelo ya bokgoba e ne e dirisiwa mo dikolong ka bontsi.<ref name=":0">Jennifer Schuessler (March 5, 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/05/arts/confronting-academias-ties-to-slavery.html "Confronting Academia's Ties to Slavery"]. ''New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181215135333/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/05/arts/confronting-academias-ties-to-slavery.html Archived] from the original on December 15, 2018.</ref> Batho ba ba nneg ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba dirisiwa go aga matlo a borutelo le matlo lohalahala a bonno.<ref name=":0" /> Le ntswa bokgoba bo ne bo amanngwa le borwa jwa lefatshe, dikolo tse dikgolwane kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa bokone, di anywile tiro ya makgoba.<ref>Fuentes, Marisa J.; Gray White, Deborah, eds. (2016). ''Scarlet and Black: Slavery and Dispossession in Rutgers History''. Rutgers University Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780813591520|<bdi>9780813591520</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "[https://digital-exhibits.libraries.mit.edu/s/mit-and-slavery/page/introduction MIT and Slavery"]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181005202142/https://libraries.mit.edu/mit-and-slavery/universities-and-slavery/ Archived] from the original on 2018-10-05.</ref> Itsholelo ya bokgoba e tsiseditse beng ba makgoba khumo e ntsi, se se ba letla go nna babeeletsi ba tlhwatlhwa mo dikolong tse.<ref>Holly Epstein Ojalvo (February 13, 2017). [https://www.usatoday.com/story/college/2017/02/13/beyond-yale-these-other-university-buildings-have-ties-to-slavery-and-white-supremacy/37427471/ "Beyond Yale: These other university buildings have ties to slavery and white supremacy"]. USA Today. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327114935/https://www.usatoday.com/story/college/2017/02/13/beyond-yale-these-other-university-buildings-have-ties-to-slavery-and-white-supremacy/37427471/ Archived] from the original on March 27, 2019.</ref> Go fitlhelela ka ntwa ya selegae ya 1861 go tsena 1865, bokgoba jaaka motheo bo ne bo le mo molaong ebile dikolo tse dikgolwane ka bontsi di ne di dirisa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba. Mo dinakong tse dingwe, batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba rekisiwa ke batsamaisi ba dikolo go dira dipoelo, sengwe sa dikolo tse ke sa Georgetown University, sa kereke ya Roma.<ref>Swarns, Rachel L. ''The 272: The Families Who Were Enslaved and Sold To Build the American Catholic Church''. New York: Random House</ref> Mo dikgaolong tse dingwe tsa lefatshe, go ne go se molato gore baithuti ba bahumileng ba tle le batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba kwa sekolong.<ref>Wilder, Craig (2013). ''Ebony and Ivy: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled History of America's History''. Bloomsbury Press. p. 113.</ref> Go fedisa bokgoba jwa dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano, ga go a fedisa go ipelafatsa ga batho basweu kgotsa mefuta e mengwe ya kgatelelo kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro kwa America, ebile boswa jwa bokgoba bo santse bo le teng mo metheong e le mentsi.<ref>Hrabowski III, Freeman; Henderson, Peter; Tracy, J. Kathleen (24 October 2020). [https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/10/higher-education-structural-racism/616754/ "Higher Education Should Lead the Efforts to Reverse Structural Racism"]. ''www.theatlantic.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210609135121/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/10/higher-education-structural-racism/616754/ Archived] from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref>Lucey, Catherine Reini; Saguil, Aaron (March 2020). [https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/fulltext/2020/03000/the_consequences_of_structural_racism_on_mcat.18.aspx "The Consequences of Structural Racism on MCAT Scores and Medical School Admissions: The Past Is Prologue"]. ''Academic Medicine''. '''95''' (3): 351–356. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/fulltext/2020/03000/the_consequences_of_structural_racism_on_mcat.18.aspx 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002939]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31425184/ 31425184]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/306f98cb22f57c08dc1e51bbdc74499b7fdd92cb 201100182]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2004, Ira Berlin o ne a ela tlhoko gore thuto patlisiso ya bokgoba kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro e ka ganediwa ebile e ka baka dingangisano tse di tseneletseng.<ref name=":1">Berlin, Ira (2004). "American Slavery in History and Memory and the Search for Social Justice". ''The Journal of American History''. '''90''' (4). Oxford University Press: 1251–1268. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://academic.oup.com/jah/article/90/4/1251/758393?login=true 10.2307/3660347]. [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3660347 3660347.]</ref> "Ga mmogo le gore baranodi ba buile go le gontsi kgotsa go le gonnye."<ref name=":1" /> O bua gore fa ba ka tlhatlhanya ka bokgoba, batho ba America- ba le basweu kgotsa ba le bantsho- ba ka nna le ditso tse di gakologelesegang."<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2006, sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Brown University se ne sa nna santlha go gatisa pego e e tlhalosang kamano ya yone le bokgoba.<ref>Krantz, Laura (February 12, 2018). [https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/02/12/mit-reckoning-with-slavery/ycYjRNa3dgwOenvbDCCEsO/story.html "Looking into its past, MIT finds its first president once owned slaves - The Boston Globe"]. ''[[:en:The_Boston_Globe|The Boston Globe]]''. Retrieved 03 July 2025</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di latelang, dikolo tsa America tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro di dirile maitelko a go batlisisa, go baakanya le go ruta ka kamano ya tsone le bokgoba. Ka ngwaga wa 2014, dikolo di le mmalwa di eteletswe pele ke sa University of Virginia, di ne tsa tlhama bokopano jwa diko di ithutela bokgoba (USS), e le setlhopha se e seng sa semmuso morago sa nna bokopano bo bo itebagantseng le go tlhotlhomisa ditso tsa dikolo tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro jaaka di amana le bokgoba kgotsa tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala.<ref>[https://slavery.virginia.edu/universities-studying-slavery-uss-the-birth-of-a-movement/ "Universities Studying Slavery (USS)–The Birth of a Movement".] ''President's Commission on Slavery and the University''. 2017-02-03. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Maiteko le dikopo tsa go baakanya kamano le bokgoba mo ditsong le tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala kwa dikolong tsa ithutelo ditiro tse dikgolwane kwa America a ne a ntšhafadiwa morago ga megwanto ya ngwaga wa 2020 mabapi le kgang ya ga George Floyd.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/11/26/virginia-universities-slavery-race-reckoning/ "From slavery to Jim Crow to George Floyd: Virginia universities face a long racial reckoning".] ''Washington Post''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0190-8286 0190-8286]. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref>Medina, Eduardo (2021-11-23). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/23/us/georgia-universities-rename-slavery.html "Georgia's University System Will Not Rename Buildings With Ties to Slavery"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> == Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Brown == Palo ya basimolodi ba sekolo sa Brown le bagogi ba sone ba pele ba ne ba na le makgoba, Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Stephen Hopkins, moeteledipele wa Brown wa pele; le James Manning, tautona wa pele wa sekolo seo. === Lolwapa lwa boora Brown === Lolwapa lwa boora Brown, le e leng leina la sekolo se gape, lo ne lo na le seabe se setona mo tlhamong ya sekolo seo. E ne e le beng ba makgoba ebile ba tsaya karolo mo kgwebong ya makgoba, ba beeletsa mesepele e le mebedi ya makgoba (ka ngwaga wa 1736 le 1759).<ref name=":2">Melish, Joane (2006). "6 Recovering (from) Slavery: Four Struggles to Tell the Truth". In Horton, Lois E.; Horton, James Oliver (eds.). [[iarchive:slaverypublichis00jame/page/n3/mode/2up|''Slavery and Public History: The Tough Stuff of American Memory''.]] New York: The New Press. pp. 103–134. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-744-2|<bdi>978-1-59558-744-2</bdi>.]] OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/title/608624600 608624600].</ref> Fa ba tshwantshanngwa le maloko a mangwe a maemo a a kwa godimo a Rhode Island, boora Brown e ne e se bagwebi ba batona ba makgoba.<ref>[https://slaveryandjustice.brown.edu/sites/default/files/reports/SlaveryAndJustice2006.pdf "Slavery and Justice"] (PDF). ''www.brown.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160330161220/http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Go ya ka moitseanape wa ditso Joanne Melish, "bontsi jwa banni ba koo ba ne ba na le makgoba a a fetang a ga John Brown."<ref name=":2" /> == Metswedi == ia4jucqnrnc2l5f6hb86oly1046j2rb 40962 40955 2025-07-04T09:41:07Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo le metswedi ya tsebe ya "Bokgoba kwa dikolong tsa ithutelo ditiro tse dikgolwane kwa America" 40962 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800)(cropped).jpg|thumb|Thomas Jefferson, motlhami wa United States, ebile e le mong wa makgoba a le makgolo, o tlhamile sekolo sa University of Virginia]] Seabe sa '''bokgoba kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro kwa America''' e ntse e le kgang e e tshwerweng ka mangana mo dipatlisisong tsa ditso le dikganetsano. Ma [[Aferika|Aforika]] a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a bereka go aga dikolo tse tse di kgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro kwa [[USA|united States]], mme itsholelo ya bokgoba e ne e dirisiwa mo dikolong ka bontsi.<ref name=":0">Jennifer Schuessler (March 5, 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/05/arts/confronting-academias-ties-to-slavery.html "Confronting Academia's Ties to Slavery"]. ''New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181215135333/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/05/arts/confronting-academias-ties-to-slavery.html Archived] from the original on December 15, 2018.</ref> Batho ba ba nneg ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba dirisiwa go aga matlo a borutelo le matlo lohalahala a bonno.<ref name=":0" /> Le ntswa bokgoba bo ne bo amanngwa le borwa jwa lefatshe, dikolo tse dikgolwane kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa bokone, di anywile tiro ya makgoba.<ref>Fuentes, Marisa J.; Gray White, Deborah, eds. (2016). ''Scarlet and Black: Slavery and Dispossession in Rutgers History''. Rutgers University Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780813591520|<bdi>9780813591520</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "[https://digital-exhibits.libraries.mit.edu/s/mit-and-slavery/page/introduction MIT and Slavery"]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181005202142/https://libraries.mit.edu/mit-and-slavery/universities-and-slavery/ Archived] from the original on 2018-10-05.</ref> Itsholelo ya bokgoba e tsiseditse beng ba makgoba khumo e ntsi, se se ba letla go nna babeeletsi ba tlhwatlhwa mo dikolong tse.<ref>Holly Epstein Ojalvo (February 13, 2017). [https://www.usatoday.com/story/college/2017/02/13/beyond-yale-these-other-university-buildings-have-ties-to-slavery-and-white-supremacy/37427471/ "Beyond Yale: These other university buildings have ties to slavery and white supremacy"]. USA Today. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327114935/https://www.usatoday.com/story/college/2017/02/13/beyond-yale-these-other-university-buildings-have-ties-to-slavery-and-white-supremacy/37427471/ Archived] from the original on March 27, 2019.</ref> Go fitlhelela ka ntwa ya selegae ya 1861 go tsena 1865, bokgoba jaaka motheo bo ne bo le mo molaong ebile dikolo tse dikgolwane ka bontsi di ne di dirisa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba. Mo dinakong tse dingwe, batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba rekisiwa ke batsamaisi ba dikolo go dira dipoelo, sengwe sa dikolo tse ke sa Georgetown University, sa kereke ya Roma.<ref>Swarns, Rachel L. ''The 272: The Families Who Were Enslaved and Sold To Build the American Catholic Church''. New York: Random House</ref> Mo dikgaolong tse dingwe tsa lefatshe, go ne go se molato gore baithuti ba bahumileng ba tle le batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba kwa sekolong.<ref name=":3">Wilder, Craig (2013). ''Ebony and Ivy: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled History of America's History''. Bloomsbury Press. p. 113.</ref> Go fedisa bokgoba jwa dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano, ga go a fedisa go ipelafatsa ga batho basweu kgotsa mefuta e mengwe ya kgatelelo kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro kwa America, ebile boswa jwa bokgoba bo santse bo le teng mo metheong e le mentsi.<ref>Hrabowski III, Freeman; Henderson, Peter; Tracy, J. Kathleen (24 October 2020). [https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/10/higher-education-structural-racism/616754/ "Higher Education Should Lead the Efforts to Reverse Structural Racism"]. ''www.theatlantic.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210609135121/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/10/higher-education-structural-racism/616754/ Archived] from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref>Lucey, Catherine Reini; Saguil, Aaron (March 2020). [https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/fulltext/2020/03000/the_consequences_of_structural_racism_on_mcat.18.aspx "The Consequences of Structural Racism on MCAT Scores and Medical School Admissions: The Past Is Prologue"]. ''Academic Medicine''. '''95''' (3): 351–356. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/fulltext/2020/03000/the_consequences_of_structural_racism_on_mcat.18.aspx 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002939]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31425184/ 31425184]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/306f98cb22f57c08dc1e51bbdc74499b7fdd92cb 201100182]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2004, Ira Berlin o ne a ela tlhoko gore thuto patlisiso ya bokgoba kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro e ka ganediwa ebile e ka baka dingangisano tse di tseneletseng.<ref name=":1">Berlin, Ira (2004). "American Slavery in History and Memory and the Search for Social Justice". ''The Journal of American History''. '''90''' (4). Oxford University Press: 1251–1268. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://academic.oup.com/jah/article/90/4/1251/758393?login=true 10.2307/3660347]. [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3660347 3660347.]</ref> "Ga mmogo le gore baranodi ba buile go le gontsi kgotsa go le gonnye."<ref name=":1" /> O bua gore fa ba ka tlhatlhanya ka bokgoba, batho ba America- ba le basweu kgotsa ba le bantsho- ba ka nna le ditso tse di gakologelesegang."<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2006, sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Brown University se ne sa nna santlha go gatisa pego e e tlhalosang kamano ya yone le bokgoba.<ref>Krantz, Laura (February 12, 2018). [https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/02/12/mit-reckoning-with-slavery/ycYjRNa3dgwOenvbDCCEsO/story.html "Looking into its past, MIT finds its first president once owned slaves - The Boston Globe"]. ''[[:en:The_Boston_Globe|The Boston Globe]]''. Retrieved 03 July 2025</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di latelang, dikolo tsa America tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro di dirile maitelko a go batlisisa, go baakanya le go ruta ka kamano ya tsone le bokgoba. Ka ngwaga wa 2014, dikolo di le mmalwa di eteletswe pele ke sa University of Virginia, di ne tsa tlhama bokopano jwa diko di ithutela bokgoba (USS), e le setlhopha se e seng sa semmuso morago sa nna bokopano bo bo itebagantseng le go tlhotlhomisa ditso tsa dikolo tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro jaaka di amana le bokgoba kgotsa tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala.<ref>[https://slavery.virginia.edu/universities-studying-slavery-uss-the-birth-of-a-movement/ "Universities Studying Slavery (USS)–The Birth of a Movement".] ''President's Commission on Slavery and the University''. 2017-02-03. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Maiteko le dikopo tsa go baakanya kamano le bokgoba mo ditsong le tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala kwa dikolong tsa ithutelo ditiro tse dikgolwane kwa America a ne a ntšhafadiwa morago ga megwanto ya ngwaga wa 2020 mabapi le kgang ya ga George Floyd.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/11/26/virginia-universities-slavery-race-reckoning/ "From slavery to Jim Crow to George Floyd: Virginia universities face a long racial reckoning".] ''Washington Post''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0190-8286 0190-8286]. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref>Medina, Eduardo (2021-11-23). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/23/us/georgia-universities-rename-slavery.html "Georgia's University System Will Not Rename Buildings With Ties to Slavery"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> == Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Brown == Palo ya basimolodi ba sekolo sa Brown le bagogi ba sone ba pele ba ne ba na le makgoba, Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Stephen Hopkins, moeteledipele wa Brown wa pele; le James Manning, tautona wa pele wa sekolo seo. === Lolwapa lwa boora Brown === Lolwapa lwa boora Brown, le e leng leina la sekolo se gape, lo ne lo na le seabe se setona mo tlhamong ya sekolo seo. E ne e le beng ba makgoba ebile ba tsaya karolo mo kgwebong ya makgoba, ba beeletsa mesepele e le mebedi ya makgoba (ka ngwaga wa 1736 le 1759).<ref name=":2">Melish, Joane (2006). "6 Recovering (from) Slavery: Four Struggles to Tell the Truth". In Horton, Lois E.; Horton, James Oliver (eds.). [[iarchive:slaverypublichis00jame/page/n3/mode/2up|''Slavery and Public History: The Tough Stuff of American Memory''.]] New York: The New Press. pp. 103–134. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-744-2|<bdi>978-1-59558-744-2</bdi>.]] OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/title/608624600 608624600].</ref> Fa ba tshwantshanngwa le maloko a mangwe a maemo a a kwa godimo a Rhode Island, boora Brown e ne e se bagwebi ba batona ba makgoba.<ref name=":4">[https://slaveryandjustice.brown.edu/sites/default/files/reports/SlaveryAndJustice2006.pdf "Slavery and Justice"] (PDF). ''www.brown.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160330161220/http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Go ya ka moitseanape wa ditso Joanne Melish, "bontsi jwa banni ba koo ba ne ba na le makgoba a a fetang a ga John Brown."<ref name=":2" /> Botsalano jwa lolwapa lo le bokgoba bo ne bo se bogolo ebile bo ne bo sa dirwe ka nako tsotlhe. ka ngwaga wa 1773, Moses brown o ne a itemogela kgoberego ya maikutlo le semowa mo go neng ga baka gore a fetogele kwa bodumeding. Ka nako eo, Moses o a neng a dirile batho ba le barartaro makgoba mo nakong e e fetileng, o ne a emisa bokgoba jwa dithoto. Moses o ne a golola makgoba a gagwe ngwaga one oo, a kwala jaana<ref name=":4" />: "E re ka ke dumela gore thekiso le theko ya batho ba mmala ope fela go kgatlhanong le keletso ya Modimo, e e supagalang mo segakoloding sa motho mongwe le mongwe - le fa batho bangwe ba se tlhokomologa. Gape go rua ma Aforika jaaka makgoba, le fa ba ka tsewa sentle, go rotloetsa mokgwa o o sa siamang wa go ba ntsha kwa mafatsheng a bone a tlholego. Se se kgatlhanong le tshiamo, mautlwelobotlhoko le go nna pelokgale mo moKeresete mongwe le mongwe a tshwanetseng go go dira." Mo dingwageng tse di latelang, Moses o ne a nna moema kgatlhanong le bokgoba le kgwebo ya bone wa tlhwatlhwa, a bo a simolola ntwa ya bodumedi kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Maikutlo a gagwe a ne a farologanan le a ga monnawe John, o a neng a femela tiragalo, se sa baka nako ya ngangisano ya phatlalatsa gareng ga bobedi joo. John Brown o ne a tswelela ka go tsaya karolo mo kgwebong ya bokgoba ya mafatshefatshe go tsena dingwaga tsa 1790, morago ga bokgoba bo sena go emisiwa. John o ne a sekisiwa ka a ne a tlodile molao, se sa dira gore e nne ene motho wa ntlha go atlholwa mo molaong o.<ref name=":4" /> Kago e kgologolo go di feta tsotlhe kwa sekolong sa ithutelo ditiro se segolwane sa Brown, ya University Hall, e santse e na le dikamano di le mmalwa le bokgoba. Morekisi le mogwebi wa bokgoba Aaron Lopez o ne a abela sekolo se polanka gore se kgone go aga kago e, mogwebi o mongwe wa makgoba Nicholas Brown Sr. o ne a eteletse pele kago e. Babereki ba ba neg ba aga kago e ba ne ba farologane, ba supa merafe le maemo a batho ba ba neng ba nna koo. Makgoba, batho ba ba gololesegileng ba mmala, beng age le batho basweu ba ba neng ba na le kitso le ba ba neng ba sena kitso ba ne ba bereka go emisa lobota ka dinao.<ref>Emlen, Robert (Summer 2008). [https://www.rihs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2008_Sum.pdf "Slave Labor at the College Edifice: Building Brown University's University Hall in 1770"] (PDF). ''Rhode Island History''. '''66''' (2). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109120105/https://www.rihs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2008_Sum.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-09. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref><ref>Wootton, Anne (2006-04-19). [https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2006/04/university-hall-construction-records-show-u-s-nuanced-ties-to-slavery "University Hall construction records show U.'s nuanced ties to slavery".] ''Brown Daily Herald''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210411060402/https://www.browndailyherald.com/2006/04/19/university-hall-construction-records-show-us-nuanced-ties-to-slavery-2/ Archived] from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> === ''Pego ya bokgoba le tshiamo'' === Ka ngwaga wa 2003, tautona wa sekolo se wa pele Ruth Simmons o ne a simolola komiti e e teletseng pele dipatlisiso tsa kamano ya sekolo se le bokgoba. Ka Phalane ngwaga wa 2006, komiti e ne ya ntsha pego e e neng e kwadile ka tse ba di boneng.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Belluck, Pam (2006-10-19). [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/19/education/19brown.html "Panel Suggests Brown U. Atone for Ties to Slavery"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201109023551/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/19/education/19brown.html Archived] from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Pego e e neng e filwe setlhogo sa "Bokgoba le Tshiamo", e ne e tlhalosa mo go tsenelesteng ditsela tse sekolo se sa ithutelo ditiro se amogetseng dithuso ka tlhamalalo le ka ditsela tse dingwe mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya Atlantic le pereko ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba. pego e e ne e akaretsa dikgakololo di le supa tsa ka fa sekolo se sa ithutelo ditiro se segolwane se ka baakanyang ditso tse tsa sone.<ref name=":5">Lehrer-Small, Asher (2019-10-16). [https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2019/10/lehrer-small-20-revisiting-the-slavery-and-justice-report "Lehrer-Small '20: Revisiting the Slavery and Justice Report"]. ''Brown Daily Herald''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200602182150/https://www.browndailyherald.com/2019/10/16/lehrer-small-20-revisiting-slavery-justice-report/ Archived] from the original on 2020-06-02. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Sekolo sa ithutelo ditiro se segolwane sa Brown fa e sale jalo se feditse palo nngwe ya dikgakolo tse, di akaretsa go tlhamiwa ga lefelo la go ithutela bokgoba le tshiamo le letlole la madi a a ka nang ka didikadike di le lesome tsa di dolara tsa America la go tlhama dikolo tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":5" /><ref>Gimenes, Livia (2020-07-29). [https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2020/07/brown-to-fully-fund-10-million-endowment-for-providence-public-schools/ "Brown to fully fund $10 million endowment for Providence Public Schools"]. ''Brown Daily Herald''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200927224232/https://www.browndailyherald.com/2020/07/29/brown-to-fully-fund-10-million-endowment-for-providence-public-schools/ Archived] from the original on 2020-09-27. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Pego ya kwa Brown ya bokgoba le tshiamo e ne e tshwaya maiteko a ntlha a magolo a sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa America go baakanya kamano ya sone le bokgoba sa bo sa gwetlha tse dingwe go dira se se tshwanang.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/education/2019/12/16/slavery-reparations-brown-university-antigua-colleges-paying-up/4401725002/ "The US is grappling with its history of slavery. The blueprint for dealing with it? Some say Brown University"]. ''www.usatoday.com''. 17 December 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210411044815/https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/education/2019/12/16/slavery-reparations-brown-university-antigua-colleges-paying-up/4401725002/ Archived] from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref><ref>Cellini, Richard (20 January 2019). [https://www.chronicle.com/article/how-universities-can-respond-to-their-slavery-ties/ "How Universities Can Respond to Their Slavery Ties"]. ''www.chronicle.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201107233159/https://www.chronicle.com/article/how-universities-can-respond-to-their-slavery-ties/ Archived] from the original on 2020-11-07. Retrieved 04 July 2025</ref> === Segopotso === Ka Lwetse, ngwaga wa 2014, sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro, se ne sa aga segopotso go lemoga kamano ya sekolo le kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic, le go gopola ma Aforika le batho bantsho ba America, ba ba neng ab dirilw makgoba le ba ba neng ba gololesegile, ba ba nnileng le seabe mo kagong ya sekolo. Kago sa sone e ne e le nngwe ya dikgakololo tse di neng di akareditswe mo pegong ya Brown ya 2006 ya bokgoba le tshiamo.<ref name=":6">Bu, Zack (2014-09-29). [https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2014/09/new-slavery-memorial-aims-to-spark-reflection "New slavery memorial aims to spark reflection"]. ''Brown Daily Herald''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210411060402/https://www.browndailyherald.com/2014/09/29/new-slavery-memorial-aims-spark-reflection/ Archived] from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Segopotso se se dirilweng ke mmetli Martin Puryear, se beilwe go bapa le ntlo lohalahala ya University Hall, se tshwana le bolo e tona le tšhaene e e tsentsweng mo mmung go se kae.<ref name=":6" /> === Dituelo === Ka tlhopho ya ngwaga wa 2021, baithuti ba sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Brown ba le masome a ferabobedi mo lekgolong ba ne ba tlhopha mo tlhophong e e seng ya pateletso gore sekolo se duele dikokomane tsa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ke basimolodi ba sekolo phimilo dikeledi.<ref>Castronuovo, Celine (2021-04-01). [https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/546042-80-percent-of-brown-university-students-vote-for-reparations-to/ "80 percent of Brown University students vote for reparations to descendants of enslaved people".] ''TheHill''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210637/https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/546042-80-percent-of-brown-university-students-vote-for-reparations-to Archived] from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref><ref>Amaral, Brian (March 29, 2021). [https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/03/29/metro/brown-university-students-vote-support-reparations-descendants-enslaved-people-connected-school/ "Brown University students vote to support reparations for descendants of enslaved people connected to the school - The Boston Globe"]. ''BostonGlobe.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210639/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/03/29/metro/brown-university-students-vote-support-reparations-descendants-enslaved-people-connected-school/ Archived] from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Ka Moranang ngwaga wa 2021, tautona Christina Paxson o ne a gana go itlama mo molaong wa sekolo seo wa go duela dikokomane tsa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ke basimolodi ba sekolo madi, a re potso ya teng e marara.<ref>Amaral, Brian (April 8, 2021). [https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/04/08/metro/will-brown-university-consider-reparations-after-students-voted-do-so-answer-its-complicated/ "Will Brown University consider reparations after students voted to do so? Answer: It's complicated - The Boston Globe".] ''[[:en:The_Boston_Globe|The Boston Globe]]''. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> == Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Columbia == Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Columbia (se se nneg se bidiwa King's College ka nako eo) se tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa 1754. Ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae ya America e fela, banna ba le lesome ba ne ba nnile botautona ba sekolo se; mo go bone, sephatlo e ne e le beng ba makgoba, jaaka batshwara madi bantlha ba bane ba sekolo se. Pego ya Columbia University le bokgoba e supa beng ba makgoba mo go ba ba kileng ba nna tautona wa sekolo seo: Samuel Johnson, Benjamin Moore, William Samuel Johnson, William Alexander Duer le Frederick A. P Barnard. Khumo ya lolwapa lwa ga Duer e ne e tswa mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya lewatle la Atlantic. Sekolo se ga se lebege se kile sa nna le makgoba ka tlhamalalo.<ref>Schuessler, Jennifer (2017-01-23). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/23/arts/columbia-unearths-its-ties-to-slavery.html "Columbia Unearths Its Ties to Slavery"]. ''The New York Times''. ISSN 0362-4331. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190321122203/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/23/arts/columbia-unearths-its-ties-to-slavery.html Archived] from the original on 2019-03-21. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Fa e sale ka thuto ya ngwaga wa 2015 mabapi le kamano ya sekolo se le bokgoba, Columbia e dirile tsebe ya maranyane e e nang le tse ba di itemogetseng morago ga patlisiso e.<ref>[https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/ "Columbia University and Slavery]". ''columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190618141636/https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/ Archived] from the original on 2019-06-18. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> === Sekolo se segolwane sa Barnard === Motho wa leina le le tshwanang le la sekolo sa Barnard, Frederick A.P Barnard o ne a dira batho ba palo e e sa itsagaleng makgoba, bontsi jwa bone maina a bone ga a yo mo dikwalong tsa semmuso.<ref name=":7">Song, Tommy (May 2018). [https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/content/fap-barnard-10th-president-columbia-university "F.A.P. Barnard: 10th President of Columbia University"]. ''Columbia University & Slavery''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210638/https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/content/fap-barnard-10th-president-columbia-university Archived] from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref><ref name=":8">Eyob, Hannah. [https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/content/history-barnard-college-frederick-ap-barnard-and-afterlives-slavery "A History of Barnard College; Frederick A.P Barnard and the afterlives of slavery"]. ''Columbia University and Slavery''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210325160452/https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/content/history-barnard-college-frederick-ap-barnard-and-afterlives-slavery Archived] from the original on 2021-03-25. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Sekolo se segolwane sa bomme se biditswe ka ene ka ntlha ya kemo nokeng ya gagwe mo thutong e e tlhakantseng banna le basadi.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Nako nngwe morago ga gore a simolole go bereka kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Alabama, Barnard o ne a tsaya makgoba.<ref name=":8" /> Bangwe ba ne ba bereka jaaka bathusi ba gagwe ba dipatlsisiso tsa maranyane, ba karetsa o mongwe a bidiwa Sam,<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> fa ba bangwe ba ne ba dira ditiro tsa kwa gae.<ref name=":8" /> ka nako ya gagwe fa a le kwa Alabama, go bolelwa fa Barnard a ne a dirisa basadi ba bantsho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba dikgoka mo go tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, maitshwaro a a neg a letlelesega mo babereking ka ene kwa sekolong seo.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba bangwe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba amangwang le Barnard kwa Alabama, ba akaretsa: "Little Mary", Morgan, Luna, Tom le Johnson.<ref name=":8" /> Barnard o tlhalositse dingwaga tse di lesome le borataro tse a di feditseng kwa Alabama e le dingwe tsa dingwaga tse a neng a itumetse thata mo botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe ebile a kgone go bona maduo.<ref name=":8" /> Mongwe wa batho ba a neng a ba dirile makgoba, Jane, o ne a tlhaselwa ka ngwaga wa 1859, ke moithuti fa a berekela Barnard kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Mississippi.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> Barnard o a neng a seo ka nako ya tlhaselo eo, o ne a kopa gore moithuti oo a kobiwe ke sekolo.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> Ga go a tlhapa gore a tshusumetso ya ga Barnard e ne e le go batla tshiamiso mo go Jane kgotsa dituelo mo go ene morago ga tlhaselo kwa lolwapeng lwa gagwe le go latlhegelwa ke o o berekang fa e santse Jane a sidilega.<ref name=":8" /> Jane ga a ka a bona tshiamo ka maiphitlhelo a gagwe a ne a bonwa a sa lekana go ya ka molao wa Mississippi, sekolo se ne sa seka sa koba o o mo tlhasetseng.<ref name=":8" /> Tiragalo e e ne ya baka kgotlhang gareng ga ga Barnard le sekolo sotlhe, se sa baka gore a felele a tsamaya - a tlogetse dithoto tsa gagwe tse dintsi, le batho ba a neng a ba dirile makgoba.<ref name=":8" /> Babereki ka Barnard kwa dikolong tse di kwa borwa, ba ne ba leba ka leitlho la pelaelo ka ntlha ya kgodiso ya gagwe ya kwa bokone.<ref name=":8" /> Le ntswa a ne a na le makgoba, gantsi o ne a belaelwa ke babereki ka ene go bo a na le kutlwelobotlhoko mo makgobeng.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> Fa a tsibogela magatwe a gore o kgatlhanong le bokgoba, Barnard o ne a boelela kemo nokeng ya gagwe mo borwa le mo motheong wa bokgoba.<ref name=":8" /> le fa go ntse jalo, fa a boela kwa bokone ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae, Barnard o ne a gatisa lokwalo lo lo phatlalatsa lo kwaletswe Abraham Lincoln le mo go lone a neng a tlhomamisa maikano a gagwe mo mokgatlhong o a bo a femela mafoko a pele a bokgoba gore a ne a tlhoka go buiwa ebile e le leano le le tlhokafalang la sepolotiki.<ref name=":7" /><ref>Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter (1863). ''A Letter to the President by A Refugee''.</ref> == Sekolo se segolwane sa Dartmouth == Motlhami wa Dartmouth Eleazar Wheelock o ne a dira batho bantsho ba ka nna lesome le borobabobedi makgoba mo botshelong jwa gagwe.<ref>[https://www.thedartmouth.com/article/2020/02/slavery-at-dartmouth "A Complicated History: Slavery at Dartmouth".] ''The Dartmouth''. Retrieved 04 July 2025</ref><ref>[https://journeys.dartmouth.edu/lesttheoldtraditionsfail/2016/05/30/dearolddartmouth/ "Dear Old Dartmouth Built on the Back of Slaves".] ''journeys.dartmouth.edu''. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Makgoba a le borobabobedi a ne a tsamaya le Wheelock fa a simolola kampa ya kwa hanover ya sekolo se segolwane sa Dartmouth ka ngwaga wa 1770. Go ya ka Craig Wilder "go en go na le makgoba a feta babereki, bagogi, le batlhokomedi: tota go ne go na le batho bantsho ba ba neg ba dirilwe makgoba kwa Dartmouth ba lekana le baithuti ba sekolo seo, makgoba a ga Whelock a ne a feta baithuti ba gagwe ba America."<ref name=":3" /> Tautona wa sekolo se segolwane sa Dartmouth Nathan Lord o ne a le mo letlhakoreng la bokgoba fa go iwa kwa ntweng ya selegae ya America, se sa baka dikganetsano go fitlhelela a ithola marapo.<ref>[https://dartreview.com/a-history-of-opposition/ "A History of Opposition"]. ''The Dartmouth Review''. 2016-10-10. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210626151404/http://dartreview.com/a-history-of-opposition/ Archived] from the original on 2021-06-26. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> == Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Georgetown == '''Thekiso ya makgoba ya Jesuit ka ngwaga wa 1838''' Sekolo se segolwane sa Georgetown se tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa 1789, e le motheo wa kereke ya Roma, se ne sa nna mo mathateng a tsa madi ka ngwaga wa 1838. Tshwetso e ne ya tsewa gore go rekisiwe dithoto tsa kereke e le batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba le makgolo mabedi, masome a supa le bobedi ba e neng e le ba kgaolo ya Maryland ya lekgotla la ga Jeso. Thekiso ya Jesuit ya ngwaga wa 1838 e ne ya nna le dipoelo tsa madi, lesome mo lekgolong la one la dirisiwa go duela dikoloto tsa Georgetown. Makgoba a ne a ntse kwa dipolasing tse e neng e le tsa batho ba Jesuit kwa Maryland, ba rekisediwa Henry Johnson wa kwa Louisiana le Jesse Batey. Madi a thekiso e ne e le dikete di le lekgolo, lesome le botlhano tsa madi a America a di dolara, a a lekanang le didkadike tse tharo, dikete tse tharo, masome a robabongwe le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2024.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170501233849/http://features.thehoya.com/beyond-the-272-sold-in-1838-plotting-the-national-diaspora-of-jesuit-owned-slaves "Beyond the 272 Sold in 1838, Plotting the National Diaspora of Jesuit-Owned Slaves"]. Archived from [http://features.thehoya.com/beyond-the-272-sold-in-1838-plotting-the-national-diaspora-of-jesuit-owned-slaves the original] on May 1, 2017. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Mo diketeng tse di masome mabedi le botlhano tsa madi, dikete di le lesome le bosupa di ne tsa dirisiwa go duelela sekoloto sa kago se Thomas F. Mulledy, moeteledipele wa kgaolo o a nang a eteletse pele thekiso a neng a na le sone fa e santse e le tautona wa Georgetown. Batho ba Jesuits ba na le ditso tse di kwadilweng kwa Georgetown tsa go nna lesotlo mo bathong ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Ka ngwaga wa 1821, mmusi wa Georgetown o ne a nna kgatlhanong le dijo tse di neng di jewa ke batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ba neng ba le kwa sekolong seo, are di a tura ebile di dintsi. O ne a kwala gore selekanyo se se neelwang batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba se sentsi mme a kopa gore ba gagamalediwe mo dijong tse ba di fiwang. === Karabo ya lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi le motso === Ditshupo tsa phatlalatsa tsa kamano e di ne tsa begiwa mo tsebeng ya ngwaga wa 2016 mo pampiring ya dikgang ya The New York Times e kwadilwe ke mmego Rachel L. Swarns. Fa ba arabela ditshupelo tse, sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Georgetown se ne sa nna le tiragalo e e neng e bidiwa "tirelo ya kobamelo ya segopotso, maikotlhao le tsholofelo". Kwa kobaong eo, tautona wa bokopano jwa batho ba Jesuit kwa Canada le United States enong Timothy Kesicki o ne a re: "Mewa e emakgolo mabedi, masome a supa le bobedi eo, e amogetse tetlanyo e e tshwanang, e badile mafoko a a molemo a a tshwanang, e rapetse dithapelo tse di tshwanang, e opetse difela tse di tshwanang, ebile e galalediste Modimo o o tshwanang - go tsile jang gore rona, mokgatlho wa ga Jeso, re retelelwe ke go bona gore re mmele o le mongwe fela mo go Kereste? Re swabisetse leina la ga Jeso ene o mokgatlho wa rona o bidiwang ka ene". Morago ga dikgatiso mabapi le neelano e, sekolo se se ne sa sutisa go fa dikago tse pedi maina a mašha a batho ba Jesuit kwa Georgetown ba ba neng ba nnile le seabe mo thekisong ya ngwaga wa 1838, Thomas Mulledy le William McSherry. Ka ngwaga wa 2015, Ngwanatsele, ntlo lohalahala e e neng e bidiwa Mulledy e ne ya fetolelwa kwa go "Freedom", mme ya McSherry ya bidiwa ntlo lohalaala ya segopotso, e le maiteko a nakwana fa e sanste maina a mangwe a sekasekiwa. Ka ngwaga wa 2017, dikago tse pedi di ne tsa neelwa maina a Isaac, motho o a nenga dirilwe lekgoba mo thekisong ya 1838, le Anne Marie Becraft, mosadi o o gololesegileng wa mmala, o a neng a tlhamile sekolo sa basetsana ba mmala o montsho kwa Georgetown. == Sekolo se segolwane sa Hamilton == Baithuti ba pele ba kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Hamilton ba ne ba akaretsa ba ba kgatlhanong le bokgoba, sekolo se e ne e le sengwe sa tse di mmalwa tsa kwa New England kwa ditlhopha tse di kgatlhanong le bokgoba di neng di tlhamilwe teng ka dingwaga tsa 1830. Ditlhopha di ne di rotloediwa ke mokgatlho wa America o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba wa ga William Lloyd Garrison. Puso ya kwa kgaolong ya New York e ne ya tshosetsa go sa ntshe madi, se sa baka gore tautona wa sekolo Joseph Penny, a kganele setlhopha se. Alexander Hamilton, o sekolo se biditsweng ka ene, o goletse kwa Carribean a bona makgoba a polasi e le lantlha gone koo. Motlhokomedi wa gagwe kwa sekolong se segolwane sa King's e ne e le mong wa makgoba. Hamilton o ne a nyala mo lolwapeng lo lo tlotlegang lwa New York la sefane sa Schyler, ba ba neg ba na le makgoba. O ne a le kgatlhanong le bokgoba, mme dikwalo tsa gagwe di ne di sa eteletse se kwa pele. O ne a tsaya karolo mo letsholong la pele la go golola makgoba, go na le bosupi jo bo sa tswang go upololwa jwa gore le ene o ne a na le makgoba ebile o rekisitse kgotsa a adimisa bangwe ba makgoba a gagwe. == Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Harvard == == Metswedi == cbioljy0qj7689vf7afz2r1xde0md2m 0 10725 40963 2025-07-04T10:36:18Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e le go tsenya infobox le metswedi #AWC2025 40963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Haile Selassie<br />{{nobold|{{lang|gez|ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ}}}}|title=[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Negusa Nagast|Negusa Nagast]]|image=Haile Selassie in full dress (3x4 cropped).jpg|alt=Selassie, in his seventies, with a full beard, wearing formal military dress uniform.|caption=Selassie in 1970|succession=[[Emperor of Ethiopia]]|reign=2 April 1930 – {{nowrap|12 September 1974}}{{refn|In exile from 2 May 1936 – {{nowrap|20 January 1941<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talbot|first=David Abner|title=Ethiopia: Liberation Silver Jubilee 1941–1966|date=1966|publisher=Ministry of Information|location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|pages=64–66}}</ref>}}|group="nb"}}|coronation=2 November 1930|predecessor=[[Zewditu]]|regent={{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[List of heads of government of Ethiopia|See list]]}} |''[[#Early life|Himself]]'' |Wolde Tzaddick |[[Makonnen Endelkachew]] |[[Abebe Aregai]] |[[Imru Haile Selassie]] |[[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] |[[Endelkachew Makonnen]] |[[Mikael Imru]]}}|reg-type={{nowrap|Prime Minister}}|successor=[[Amha Selassie]]|birth_name=Lij Tafari Makonnen<br />(''Täfäri Mäkonnän'')<br />ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1892|7|23}}|birth_place=[[Ejersa Goro]], [[Hararghe]], [[Ethiopian Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1975|8|27|1892|7|23}}|death_place=[[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa]], [[Derg|Ethiopia]]|burial_date=5 November 2000|burial_place=[[Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)|Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia|spouse={{marriage|[[Menen Asfaw]]|1911|1962|end=died}}|issue={{plainlist| * [[Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen]] * [[Prince Makonnen]] * [[Prince Sahle Selassie]] * [[Princess Romanework]] * [[Princess Tenagnework]] * [[Princess Zenebework]] * [[Princess Tsehai]] }}|issue-link=#Issue|regnal name=ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ<br />(Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé)|house=[[List of rulers of Shewa|Shewa]]|father=[[Makonnen Wolde Mikael]]|mother=[[Yeshimebet Ali]]|signature=File:Haile Selassie bigger signature.svg|religion=[[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]]|succession2=[[Enderase|Regent of Ethiopia]]|predecessor2=[[Tessema Nadew]]|reg-type2=Monarch|regent2=Zewditu|successor3=Kirubel Abraham|dynasty=[[Solomonic dynasty]]|module={{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes |office = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Chief Minister]] |term_start = 12 December 1926 |term_end = 1 May 1936 |predecessor = [[Habte Giyorgis Dinagde]] |successor = Wolde Tzaddick |name = Haile Selassie |order2 = 1st and 5th |office2 = Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity |term_start2 = 25 May 1963 |term_end2 = 17 July 1964 |successor2 = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] |term_start3 = 5 November 1966 |term_end3 = 11 September 1967 |predecessor3 = [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] |successor3 = [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] {{Infobox person | embed=yes | education = | alma_mater = |module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopian Empire}} | branch = | serviceyears = 1930–1974 | rank = * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Field Marshal]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Admiral of the Fleet]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Marshal of the Air]] | commands = [[Military ranks of Ethiopia|Commander-in-chief]] | battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list:''}}| {{tree list}} * [[Gugsa Wale's rebellion]] * [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] ** [[First Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Amba Aradam]] ** [[Second Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Shire (1936)|Battle of Shire]] ** [[Battle of Maychew]] * [[World War II]] ** [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] * [[Korean War]] * [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War]] {{tree list/end}} }} | module = {{Listen |embed=yes | title = Haile Selassie&nbsp;I's voice | filename = Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1955 Constitutional Reform speech.ogg | type = speech | description = {{Br separated entries|Speech to the [[Ethiopian Parliament]] following the occasion of a new Constitution|Recorded 4 November 1955}} }} }} }} }}}} '''Haile Selassie''' I[a] (o tshotswe ka '''Tafari Makonnen''' kgotsa ''Lij'' '''Tafari''';<ref>Atiso, Kodjo. [https://guides.lib.ku.edu/c.php?g=1413002&p=10465656 "Subject & Course Guides: Emperor Haile Selassie Research Guide : Biography of Emperor Haile Selassie"]. ''guides.lib.ku.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro 1892 – Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le bosupa 1975)<ref>Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA247 Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia]''. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> e ne e le Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia go tloga ka 1930 go ya go 1974. O ne a simolola go busa e le Moeteledipele wa Ethiopia ''(Enderase'') ka fa tlase ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu fa gare ga 1916 le 1930. O tsewa ke botlhe e le motho yo o tlhalosang mo ditsong tsa segompieno ya Ethiopia, o newa botlhokwa jwa bomodimo mo Rastafari, bodumedi jwa ga Aborahame jo bo neng jwa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930. Dingwaga di le mmalwa pele ga a simolola puso ya gagwe mo Mmusong wa Ethiopia, Selassie o ne a fenya molaodi wa sesole sa Ethiopia Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, setlogolo sa ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, kwa Ntweng ya Anchem.<ref>Erlich, Haggai (2002), ''The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-970-5, p. 192. </ref><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 148</ref> E ne e le wa lesika la segosi lwa ga Solomone, le le neng la tlhongwa ke Mmusimogolo Yekuno Amlak ka 1270. Selassie, a batla go dira Ethiopia ya segompieno, o ne a tlhagisa diphetogo tsa sepolotiki le tsa loago go akaretsa le molaotheo wa 1931 le go fedisa bokgoba ka 1942. O ne a etelela pele mmusomogolo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Italo-Ethiopia, mme morago ga go fenngwa ga one o ne a isiwa botshwarwa kwa United Kingdom. Fa Italy e ne e simolola go gapa Afrika Botlhaba, o ne a ya kwa Sudan ya Maesemane le Egepeto go ya go rulaganya ntwa ya Ethiopia kgatlhanong le Italy ya Bofasi; o ne a boela gae morago ga letsholo la Afrika Botlhaba la Ntwa ya Lefatshe II. O ne a phatlalatsa Mokgatlho wa Ethiopia le Eritrea, o o neng wa tlhongwa ke Kokoanokakaretso ya Ditšhabakopano ka 1950, mme a tsaya Eritrea jaaka nngwe ya diporofense tsa Ethiopia, fa gape a ne a lwa go thibela go ikgaoganya ga Eritrea.[8] Jaaka motlhotlheletsi wa boditšhabatšhaba, Selassie o ne a etelela pele go tsena ga Ethiopia mo Ditšhabakopano.[9] Ka 1963, o ne a okametse go tlhamiwa ga Mokgatlho wa Kutlwano ya Aforika, o o neng o le moeteledipele wa Kopano ya Aforika, mme a nna modulasetulo wa one wa ntlha. Ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960, masosialise a a tlhageletseng a Aforika jaaka Kwame Nkrumah a ne a akanya go tlhamiwa ga "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Aforika". Puo ya bone e ne e le kgatlhanong le Bophirima; Selassie o ne a bona seno e le matshosetsi mo dikgolaganong tsa gagwe. O ne a leka go tlhotlheletsa go ema ka tsela e e itekanetseng mo setlhopheng.[10] Mo gare ga ditsuolodi tse di tlwaelegileng, Selassie o ne a menolwa ke Derg ka 1974 fa Ethiopia e ne e menola puso. Ka tshegetso ya Soviet Union, Derg e ne ya simolola go busa Ethiopia jaaka puso ya Bo-Marxist le Bo-Lenin. Ka 1994, dingwaga di le tharo morago ga go wa ga puso ya sesole sa Derg, go ne ga senolelwa setšhaba gore Derg e bolaile Selassie kwa Ntlong ya Bogosi ya Jubilee kwa Addis Ababa ka 27 Phatwe 1975.[11][12] Ka di 5 tsa Ngwanatsele 2000, masalela a gagwe a a neng a epolotswe a ne a fitlhwa kwa Kerekeng e Kgolo ya Tharonngwe e e Boitshepo ya Addis Ababa. Mo gare ga balatedi ba Rastafari, Selassie o bidiwa Jesu yo o boileng, le fa e ne e le molatedi wa Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ethiopia ka boene.[13][14] O ile a kgalwa ka ntlha ya go gatelela ga gagwe ditsuolodi mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba naga (Mesafint), ba ba neng ba nna ba le kgatlhanong le diphetogo tsa gagwe. Ba bangwe ba nyatsitse go palelwa ga Ethiopia go dira dilo tsa segompieno ka bonako jo bo lekaneng.[15][16] Ka nako ya puso ya gagwe, batho ba Harari ba ne ba bogisiwa mme ba le bantsi ba ne ba tlogela magae a bone.[17][18][19] Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya kgalwa jaaka ya bobusaesi le e e sa gololesegang ke ditlhopha tse di jaaka Human Rights Watch.[16][20] Go ya ka metswedi mengwe, morago ga nako ya puso ya ga Selassie, puo ya Se-Oromo e ne ya thibelwa mo thutong, go bua phatlalatsa le go dirisiwa mo tsamaisong,[21][22][23] le fa go ne go ise go ke go nne le molao o o neng o dira gore puo epe e nne bosenyi.[24][25][26] Puso ya gagwe e ne ya fudusetsa batho ba le bantsi ba Amhara kwa borwa jwa Ethiopia.[27][28][29] Morago ga loso lwa molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi wa Ethiopia e bong Hachalu Hundessa ka 2020, setshwantsho sa ga Selassie kwa United Kingdom se ne sa senngwa ke baipelaetsi ba Ba-Oromo, mme sefikantswe sa dipitse se se bontshang rraagwe se ne sa tlosiwa kwa Harar.[30][31][32] == Leina == Haile Selassie o ne a itsege fa a sa ntse a le ngwana e le Lij Tafari Makonnen (Sege'eze: ጅጅ ኰፈሪ መኮንን, ka Seroma: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). Lij e ranotswe jaaka "ngwana" mme e dira go supa gore mosha ke wa madi a a tlotlegang. Leina la gagwe la Tafari le kaya "yo o tlotliwang kgotsa yo o tshabiwang". Jaaka bontsi jwa Baethiopia, leina la gagwe la sebele "Tafari" le latelwa ke la ga rraagwe Makonnen le la ga rraagwemogolo Woldemikael. Leina la gagwe la Haile Selassie le ne la newa fa a ne a kolobediwa a le lesea mme la amogelwa gape jaaka karolo ya leina la gagwe la bogosi ka 1930.[3] Ka la 1 Ngwanatsele 1905, a le dingwaga di le 13, Tafari o ne a tlhomiwa ke rraagwe go nna Dejazmatch wa Gara Mulatta (kgaolo e e ka nnang dimaele di le masome a mabedi kwa borwabophirima jwa Harar).[33] Thanolo ya nnete ya Dejazmatch ke "motlhokomedi wa lebati"; ke sereto sa botlhokwa se se lekanang le sa count.[34] Ka la bo 27 Lwetse 1916, o ne a goelediwa jaaka Kgosana ya Segosi le mojaboswa wa setulo sa bogosi (Alga Worrach),[35][36] mme a tlhomiwa go nna Moeteledipele yo o Nang le Dithata Tse di Tletseng (Balemulu Silt'an Enderase).[35][37] Ka la 11 Tlhakole 1917, o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Le'ul-Ras[38] mme a itsege jaaka Ras Tafari Makonnen reetsaN. Ras e ranotswe jaaka "tlhogo"[39][36] mme ke maemo a botlhokwa a a lekanang le kgosana,[36][40] le fa gantsi e ranolwa mo thanolong jaaka "kgosana". Kwa tshimologong sereto sa Le'ul, se se rayang "Motlotlegi wa gago", se ne se dirisiwa fela jaaka mofuta wa go bitsa;[41] le fa go ntse jalo, ka 1916 sereto sa Le'ul-Ras se ne sa tsaya sebaka sa ofisi e kgolo ya ga Ras Bitwoded mme ka jalo sa nna se se lekanang le kgosana ya segosi.[42][43] Ka 1928, Kgosigadi Zewditu o ne a rulaganya go mo naya setulo sa bogosi sa Shewa; le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako ya bofelo kganetso go tswa go babusi bangwe ba diporofense e ne ya baka phetogo mme sereto sa gagwe sa Negus kgotsa "Kgosi" se ne sa newa ntle le go tshwanelega ga thutafatshe kgotsa tlhaloso.[44][45] Ka la bo 2 Ngwanaitseele 1930, morago ga loso lwa ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu, Tafari o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Negusa Nagast, ka tlhamalalo "Kgosi ya Dikgosi", e e ranotsweng ka Seesemane jaaka "Mmusimogolo".[46] Fa a tlhatloga, o ne a tsaya leina la gagwe la bogosi la Haile Selassie I. Haile e kaya ka Se-Ge'ez "Maatla a" mme Selassie e kaya tharonngwe – ka jalo Haile Selassie e ranolwa go nna "Maatla a Tharonngwe".[47] Sereto se se feletseng sa ga Selassie mo maemong a gagwe e ne e le "Ka Tau e e Fenyang ya Morafe wa Juda, Motlotlegi wa gagwe wa Bogosi Haile Selassie I, Kgosi ya Dikgosi tsa Ethiopia, Morena wa Marena, Motlhophiwa wa Modimo". latedisa losika lwa bone go ya go Menelik I, yo o tlhalosiwang ke Kebra Nagast (epic ya bosetšhaba ya lekgolo la bo14 la dingwaga C.E.) e le morwa wa ga Kgosi Solomone wa lekgolo la bolesome la dingwaga B.C.E. le Kgosigadi ya Sheba.[52] Mo Baethiopia, Selassie o ntse a itsege ka maina a le mantsi, go akaretsa Janhoy ("Motlotlegi") Talaqu Meri ("Moeteledipele yo Mogolo") le Abba Tekel ("Rraagwe Tekel", leina la gagwe la pitse).[51] Mokgatlho wa Rastafari o dirisa bontsi jwa maina ano, gape o mo bitsa Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, le HIM (khutshwafatso ya "Motlotlegi wa Gagwe wa Bogosi").[51] == Metswedi == 65b5m6feprabmliu614rymp926jvf45 40965 40963 2025-07-04T10:52:35Z KatieKea 10150 Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025 40965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Haile Selassie<br />{{nobold|{{lang|gez|ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ}}}}|title=[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Negusa Nagast|Negusa Nagast]]|image=Haile Selassie in full dress (3x4 cropped).jpg|alt=Selassie, in his seventies, with a full beard, wearing formal military dress uniform.|caption=Selassie in 1970|succession=[[Emperor of Ethiopia]]|reign=2 April 1930 – {{nowrap|12 September 1974}}{{refn|In exile from 2 May 1936 – {{nowrap|20 January 1941<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talbot|first=David Abner|title=Ethiopia: Liberation Silver Jubilee 1941–1966|date=1966|publisher=Ministry of Information|location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|pages=64–66}}</ref>}}|group="nb"}}|coronation=2 November 1930|predecessor=[[Zewditu]]|regent={{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[List of heads of government of Ethiopia|See list]]}} |''[[#Early life|Himself]]'' |Wolde Tzaddick |[[Makonnen Endelkachew]] |[[Abebe Aregai]] |[[Imru Haile Selassie]] |[[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] |[[Endelkachew Makonnen]] |[[Mikael Imru]]}}|reg-type={{nowrap|Prime Minister}}|successor=[[Amha Selassie]]|birth_name=Lij Tafari Makonnen<br />(''Täfäri Mäkonnän'')<br />ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1892|7|23}}|birth_place=[[Ejersa Goro]], [[Hararghe]], [[Ethiopian Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1975|8|27|1892|7|23}}|death_place=[[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa]], [[Derg|Ethiopia]]|burial_date=5 November 2000|burial_place=[[Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)|Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia|spouse={{marriage|[[Menen Asfaw]]|1911|1962|end=died}}|issue={{plainlist| * [[Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen]] * [[Prince Makonnen]] * [[Prince Sahle Selassie]] * [[Princess Romanework]] * [[Princess Tenagnework]] * [[Princess Zenebework]] * [[Princess Tsehai]] }}|issue-link=#Issue|regnal name=ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ<br />(Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé)|house=[[List of rulers of Shewa|Shewa]]|father=[[Makonnen Wolde Mikael]]|mother=[[Yeshimebet Ali]]|signature=File:Haile Selassie bigger signature.svg|religion=[[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]]|succession2=[[Enderase|Regent of Ethiopia]]|predecessor2=[[Tessema Nadew]]|reg-type2=Monarch|regent2=Zewditu|successor3=Kirubel Abraham|dynasty=[[Solomonic dynasty]]|module={{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes |office = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Chief Minister]] |term_start = 12 December 1926 |term_end = 1 May 1936 |predecessor = [[Habte Giyorgis Dinagde]] |successor = Wolde Tzaddick |name = Haile Selassie |order2 = 1st and 5th |office2 = Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity |term_start2 = 25 May 1963 |term_end2 = 17 July 1964 |successor2 = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] |term_start3 = 5 November 1966 |term_end3 = 11 September 1967 |predecessor3 = [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] |successor3 = [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] {{Infobox person | embed=yes | education = | alma_mater = |module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopian Empire}} | branch = | serviceyears = 1930–1974 | rank = * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Field Marshal]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Admiral of the Fleet]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Marshal of the Air]] | commands = [[Military ranks of Ethiopia|Commander-in-chief]] | battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list:''}}| {{tree list}} * [[Gugsa Wale's rebellion]] * [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] ** [[First Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Amba Aradam]] ** [[Second Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Shire (1936)|Battle of Shire]] ** [[Battle of Maychew]] * [[World War II]] ** [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] * [[Korean War]] * [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War]] {{tree list/end}} }} | module = {{Listen |embed=yes | title = Haile Selassie&nbsp;I's voice | filename = Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1955 Constitutional Reform speech.ogg | type = speech | description = {{Br separated entries|Speech to the [[Ethiopian Parliament]] following the occasion of a new Constitution|Recorded 4 November 1955}} }} }} }} }}}} '''Haile Selassie''' I[a] (o tshotswe ka '''Tafari Makonnen''' kgotsa ''Lij'' '''Tafari''';<ref>Atiso, Kodjo. [https://guides.lib.ku.edu/c.php?g=1413002&p=10465656 "Subject & Course Guides: Emperor Haile Selassie Research Guide : Biography of Emperor Haile Selassie"]. ''guides.lib.ku.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro 1892 – Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le bosupa 1975)<ref>Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA247 Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia]''. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> e ne e le Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia go tloga ka 1930 go ya go 1974. O ne a simolola go busa e le Moeteledipele wa Ethiopia ''(Enderase'') ka fa tlase ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu fa gare ga 1916 le 1930. O tsewa ke botlhe e le motho yo o tlhalosang mo ditsong tsa segompieno ya Ethiopia, o newa botlhokwa jwa bomodimo mo Rastafari, bodumedi jwa ga Aborahame jo bo neng jwa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930. Dingwaga di le mmalwa pele ga a simolola puso ya gagwe mo Mmusong wa Ethiopia, Selassie o ne a fenya molaodi wa sesole sa Ethiopia Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, setlogolo sa ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, kwa Ntweng ya Anchem.<ref>Erlich, Haggai (2002), ''The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-970-5, p. 192. </ref><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 148</ref> E ne e le wa lesika la segosi lwa ga Solomone, le le neng la tlhongwa ke Mmusimogolo Yekuno Amlak ka 1270. Selassie, a batla go dira Ethiopia ya segompieno, o ne a tlhagisa diphetogo tsa sepolotiki le tsa loago go akaretsa le molaomotheo wa 1931 le [[Bokgoba kwa Ethiopia|go fedisa bokgoba]] ka 1942. O ne a etelela pele mmusomogolo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Italo-Ethiopia, mme morago ga go fenngwa ga one o ne a isiwa lejwa kwa United Kingdom. Fa Italy e ne e simolola go gapa Afrika Botlhaba, o ne a ya kwa Sudan ya Maesemane le Egepeto go ya go rulaganya ntwa ya Ethiopia kgatlhanong le Italy ya Bofasi; o ne a boela gae morago ga letsholo la Afrika Botlhaba la Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi. O ne a phatlalatsa Mokgatlho wa Ethiopia le Eritrea, o o neng wa tlhongwa ke Kokoanokakaretso ya Lekgotla la Ditshaba ka 1950, mme a tsaya Eritrea jaaka nngwe ya dikgaolo tsa Ethiopia, fa gape a ne a lwa go thibela go ikgaoganya ga Eritrea.<ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. pp. 45–46.</ref> Jaaka motlhotlheletsi wa boditshabatshaba, Selassie o ne a etelela pele go tsena ga Ethiopia mo Lekgotleng la Ditshaba.<ref>Karsh, Efraim (1988), ''Neutrality and Small States''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00507-8, p. 112.</ref> Ka 1963, o ne a okametse go tlhamiwa ga [[Mokgatlho wa Kutlwano ya Aforika]], o o tsileng pele ga wa [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]], mme a nna modulasetulo wa one wa ntlha. Ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960, ba mmuso wa bojammogo a a tlhageletseng a Aforika jaaka Kwame Nkrumah a ne a akanya go tlhamiwa ga "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Aforika". Puo ya bone e ne e le kgatlhanong le Bophirima; Selassie o ne a bona seo e le matshosetsi mo dikgolaganong tsa gagwe. O ne a leka go tlhotlheletsa go ema ka tsela e e itekanetseng mo setlhopheng.<ref>Keller, Edmond J. (1988). ''Revolutionary Ethiopia, From Empire to People's Republic''. Indiana University Press. p. 92.</ref> Mo gare ga ditsuolodi tse di tlwaelegileng, Selassie o ne a menolwa ke Derg ka 1974 fa Ethiopia e ne e menola puso. Ka tshegetso ya Soviet Union, Derg e ne ya simolola go busa Ethiopia jaaka puso ya Bo-Marxist le Bo-Lenin. Ka 1994, dingwaga di le tharo morago ga go wa ga puso ya sesole sa Derg, go ne ga senolelwa setšhaba gore Derg e bolaile Selassie kwa Ntlong ya Bogosi ya Jubilee kwa Addis Ababa ka 27 Phatwe 1975.[11][12] Ka di 5 tsa Ngwanatsele 2000, masalela a gagwe a a neng a epolotswe a ne a fitlhwa kwa Kerekeng e Kgolo ya Tharonngwe e e Boitshepo ya Addis Ababa. Mo gare ga balatedi ba Rastafari, Selassie o bidiwa Jesu yo o boileng, le fa e ne e le molatedi wa Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ethiopia ka boene.[13][14] O ile a kgalwa ka ntlha ya go gatelela ga gagwe ditsuolodi mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba naga (Mesafint), ba ba neng ba nna ba le kgatlhanong le diphetogo tsa gagwe. Ba bangwe ba nyatsitse go palelwa ga Ethiopia go dira dilo tsa segompieno ka bonako jo bo lekaneng.[15][16] Ka nako ya puso ya gagwe, batho ba Harari ba ne ba bogisiwa mme ba le bantsi ba ne ba tlogela magae a bone.[17][18][19] Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya kgalwa jaaka ya bobusaesi le e e sa gololesegang ke ditlhopha tse di jaaka Human Rights Watch.[16][20] Go ya ka metswedi mengwe, morago ga nako ya puso ya ga Selassie, puo ya Se-Oromo e ne ya thibelwa mo thutong, go bua phatlalatsa le go dirisiwa mo tsamaisong,[21][22][23] le fa go ne go ise go ke go nne le molao o o neng o dira gore puo epe e nne bosenyi.[24][25][26] Puso ya gagwe e ne ya fudusetsa batho ba le bantsi ba Amhara kwa borwa jwa Ethiopia.[27][28][29] Morago ga loso lwa molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi wa Ethiopia e bong Hachalu Hundessa ka 2020, setshwantsho sa ga Selassie kwa United Kingdom se ne sa senngwa ke baipelaetsi ba Ba-Oromo, mme sefikantswe sa dipitse se se bontshang rraagwe se ne sa tlosiwa kwa Harar.[30][31][32] == Leina == Haile Selassie o ne a itsege fa a sa ntse a le ngwana e le Lij Tafari Makonnen (Sege'eze: ጅጅ ኰፈሪ መኮንን, ka Seroma: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). Lij e ranotswe jaaka "ngwana" mme e dira go supa gore mosha ke wa madi a a tlotlegang. Leina la gagwe la Tafari le kaya "yo o tlotliwang kgotsa yo o tshabiwang". Jaaka bontsi jwa Baethiopia, leina la gagwe la sebele "Tafari" le latelwa ke la ga rraagwe Makonnen le la ga rraagwemogolo Woldemikael. Leina la gagwe la Haile Selassie le ne la newa fa a ne a kolobediwa a le lesea mme la amogelwa gape jaaka karolo ya leina la gagwe la bogosi ka 1930.[3] Ka la 1 Ngwanatsele 1905, a le dingwaga di le 13, Tafari o ne a tlhomiwa ke rraagwe go nna Dejazmatch wa Gara Mulatta (kgaolo e e ka nnang dimaele di le masome a mabedi kwa borwabophirima jwa Harar).[33] Thanolo ya nnete ya Dejazmatch ke "motlhokomedi wa lebati"; ke sereto sa botlhokwa se se lekanang le sa count.[34] Ka la bo 27 Lwetse 1916, o ne a goelediwa jaaka Kgosana ya Segosi le mojaboswa wa setulo sa bogosi (Alga Worrach),[35][36] mme a tlhomiwa go nna Moeteledipele yo o Nang le Dithata Tse di Tletseng (Balemulu Silt'an Enderase).[35][37] Ka la 11 Tlhakole 1917, o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Le'ul-Ras[38] mme a itsege jaaka Ras Tafari Makonnen reetsaN. Ras e ranotswe jaaka "tlhogo"[39][36] mme ke maemo a botlhokwa a a lekanang le kgosana,[36][40] le fa gantsi e ranolwa mo thanolong jaaka "kgosana". Kwa tshimologong sereto sa Le'ul, se se rayang "Motlotlegi wa gago", se ne se dirisiwa fela jaaka mofuta wa go bitsa;[41] le fa go ntse jalo, ka 1916 sereto sa Le'ul-Ras se ne sa tsaya sebaka sa ofisi e kgolo ya ga Ras Bitwoded mme ka jalo sa nna se se lekanang le kgosana ya segosi.[42][43] Ka 1928, Kgosigadi Zewditu o ne a rulaganya go mo naya setulo sa bogosi sa Shewa; le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako ya bofelo kganetso go tswa go babusi bangwe ba diporofense e ne ya baka phetogo mme sereto sa gagwe sa Negus kgotsa "Kgosi" se ne sa newa ntle le go tshwanelega ga thutafatshe kgotsa tlhaloso.[44][45] Ka la bo 2 Ngwanaitseele 1930, morago ga loso lwa ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu, Tafari o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Negusa Nagast, ka tlhamalalo "Kgosi ya Dikgosi", e e ranotsweng ka Seesemane jaaka "Mmusimogolo".[46] Fa a tlhatloga, o ne a tsaya leina la gagwe la bogosi la Haile Selassie I. Haile e kaya ka Se-Ge'ez "Maatla a" mme Selassie e kaya tharonngwe – ka jalo Haile Selassie e ranolwa go nna "Maatla a Tharonngwe".[47] Sereto se se feletseng sa ga Selassie mo maemong a gagwe e ne e le "Ka Tau e e Fenyang ya Morafe wa Juda, Motlotlegi wa gagwe wa Bogosi Haile Selassie I, Kgosi ya Dikgosi tsa Ethiopia, Morena wa Marena, Motlhophiwa wa Modimo". latedisa losika lwa bone go ya go Menelik I, yo o tlhalosiwang ke Kebra Nagast (epic ya bosetšhaba ya lekgolo la bo14 la dingwaga C.E.) e le morwa wa ga Kgosi Solomone wa lekgolo la bolesome la dingwaga B.C.E. le Kgosigadi ya Sheba.[52] Mo Baethiopia, Selassie o ntse a itsege ka maina a le mantsi, go akaretsa Janhoy ("Motlotlegi") Talaqu Meri ("Moeteledipele yo Mogolo") le Abba Tekel ("Rraagwe Tekel", leina la gagwe la pitse).[51] Mokgatlho wa Rastafari o dirisa bontsi jwa maina ano, gape o mo bitsa Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, le HIM (khutshwafatso ya "Motlotlegi wa Gagwe wa Bogosi").[51] == Metswedi == n281qrrnygkb87pouy53v6yur0fj73s 40967 40965 2025-07-04T11:58:31Z KatieKea 10150 Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025 40967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Haile Selassie<br />{{nobold|{{lang|gez|ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ}}}}|title=[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Negusa Nagast|Negusa Nagast]]|image=Haile Selassie in full dress (3x4 cropped).jpg|alt=Selassie, in his seventies, with a full beard, wearing formal military dress uniform.|caption=Selassie in 1970|succession=[[Emperor of Ethiopia]]|reign=2 April 1930 – {{nowrap|12 September 1974}}{{refn|In exile from 2 May 1936 – {{nowrap|20 January 1941<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talbot|first=David Abner|title=Ethiopia: Liberation Silver Jubilee 1941–1966|date=1966|publisher=Ministry of Information|location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|pages=64–66}}</ref>}}|group="nb"}}|coronation=2 November 1930|predecessor=[[Zewditu]]|regent={{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[List of heads of government of Ethiopia|See list]]}} |''[[#Early life|Himself]]'' |Wolde Tzaddick |[[Makonnen Endelkachew]] |[[Abebe Aregai]] |[[Imru Haile Selassie]] |[[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] |[[Endelkachew Makonnen]] |[[Mikael Imru]]}}|reg-type={{nowrap|Prime Minister}}|successor=[[Amha Selassie]]|birth_name=Lij Tafari Makonnen<br />(''Täfäri Mäkonnän'')<br />ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1892|7|23}}|birth_place=[[Ejersa Goro]], [[Hararghe]], [[Ethiopian Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1975|8|27|1892|7|23}}|death_place=[[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa]], [[Derg|Ethiopia]]|burial_date=5 November 2000|burial_place=[[Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)|Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia|spouse={{marriage|[[Menen Asfaw]]|1911|1962|end=died}}|issue={{plainlist| * [[Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen]] * [[Prince Makonnen]] * [[Prince Sahle Selassie]] * [[Princess Romanework]] * [[Princess Tenagnework]] * [[Princess Zenebework]] * [[Princess Tsehai]] }}|issue-link=#Issue|regnal name=ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ<br />(Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé)|house=[[List of rulers of Shewa|Shewa]]|father=[[Makonnen Wolde Mikael]]|mother=[[Yeshimebet Ali]]|signature=File:Haile Selassie bigger signature.svg|religion=[[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]]|succession2=[[Enderase|Regent of Ethiopia]]|predecessor2=[[Tessema Nadew]]|reg-type2=Monarch|regent2=Zewditu|successor3=Kirubel Abraham|dynasty=[[Solomonic dynasty]]|module={{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes |office = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Chief Minister]] |term_start = 12 December 1926 |term_end = 1 May 1936 |predecessor = [[Habte Giyorgis Dinagde]] |successor = Wolde Tzaddick |name = Haile Selassie |order2 = 1st and 5th |office2 = Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity |term_start2 = 25 May 1963 |term_end2 = 17 July 1964 |successor2 = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] |term_start3 = 5 November 1966 |term_end3 = 11 September 1967 |predecessor3 = [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] |successor3 = [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] {{Infobox person | embed=yes | education = | alma_mater = |module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopian Empire}} | branch = | serviceyears = 1930–1974 | rank = * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Field Marshal]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Admiral of the Fleet]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Marshal of the Air]] | commands = [[Military ranks of Ethiopia|Commander-in-chief]] | battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list:''}}| {{tree list}} * [[Gugsa Wale's rebellion]] * [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] ** [[First Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Amba Aradam]] ** [[Second Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Shire (1936)|Battle of Shire]] ** [[Battle of Maychew]] * [[World War II]] ** [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] * [[Korean War]] * [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War]] {{tree list/end}} }} | module = {{Listen |embed=yes | title = Haile Selassie&nbsp;I's voice | filename = Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1955 Constitutional Reform speech.ogg | type = speech | description = {{Br separated entries|Speech to the [[Ethiopian Parliament]] following the occasion of a new Constitution|Recorded 4 November 1955}} }} }} }} }}}} '''Haile Selassie''' I[a] (o tshotswe ka '''Tafari Makonnen''' kgotsa ''Lij'' '''Tafari''';<ref>Atiso, Kodjo. [https://guides.lib.ku.edu/c.php?g=1413002&p=10465656 "Subject & Course Guides: Emperor Haile Selassie Research Guide : Biography of Emperor Haile Selassie"]. ''guides.lib.ku.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro 1892 – Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le bosupa 1975)<ref>Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA247 Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia]''. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> e ne e le Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia go tloga ka 1930 go ya go 1974. O ne a simolola go busa e le Moeteledipele wa Ethiopia ''(Enderase'') ka fa tlase ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu fa gare ga 1916 le 1930. O tsewa ke botlhe e le motho yo o tlhalosang mo ditsong tsa segompieno ya Ethiopia, o newa botlhokwa jwa bomodimo mo Rastafari, bodumedi jwa ga Aborahame jo bo neng jwa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930. Dingwaga di le mmalwa pele ga a simolola puso ya gagwe mo Mmusong wa Ethiopia, Selassie o ne a fenya molaodi wa sesole sa Ethiopia Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, setlogolo sa ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, kwa Ntweng ya Anchem.<ref>Erlich, Haggai (2002), ''The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-970-5, p. 192. </ref><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 148</ref> E ne e le wa lesika la segosi lwa ga Solomone, le le neng la tlhongwa ke Mmusimogolo Yekuno Amlak ka 1270. Selassie, a batla go dira Ethiopia ya segompieno, o ne a tlhagisa diphetogo tsa sepolotiki le tsa loago go akaretsa le molaomotheo wa 1931 le [[Bokgoba kwa Ethiopia|go fedisa bokgoba]] ka 1942. O ne a etelela pele mmusomogolo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Italo-Ethiopia, mme morago ga go fenngwa ga one o ne a isiwa lejwa kwa United Kingdom. Fa Italy e ne e simolola go gapa Afrika Botlhaba, o ne a ya kwa Sudan ya Maesemane le Egepeto go ya go rulaganya ntwa ya Ethiopia kgatlhanong le Italy ya Bofasi; o ne a boela gae morago ga letsholo la Afrika Botlhaba la Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi. O ne a phatlalatsa Mokgatlho wa Ethiopia le Eritrea, o o neng wa tlhongwa ke Kokoanokakaretso ya Lekgotla la Ditshaba ka 1950, mme a tsaya Eritrea jaaka nngwe ya dikgaolo tsa Ethiopia, fa gape a ne a lwa go thibela go ikgaoganya ga Eritrea.<ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. pp. 45–46.</ref> Jaaka motlhotlheletsi wa boditshabatshaba, Selassie o ne a etelela pele go tsena ga Ethiopia mo Lekgotleng la Ditshaba.<ref>Karsh, Efraim (1988), ''Neutrality and Small States''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00507-8, p. 112.</ref> Ka 1963, o ne a okametse go tlhamiwa ga [[Mokgatlho wa Kutlwano ya Aforika]], o o tsileng pele ga wa [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]], mme a nna modulasetulo wa one wa ntlha. Ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960, ba mmuso wa bojammogo a a tlhageletseng a Aforika jaaka Kwame Nkrumah a ne a akanya go tlhamiwa ga "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Aforika". Puo ya bone e ne e le kgatlhanong le Bophirima; Selassie o ne a bona seo e le matshosetsi mo dikgolaganong tsa gagwe. O ne a leka go tlhotlheletsa go ema ka tsela e e itekanetseng mo setlhopheng.<ref>Keller, Edmond J. (1988). ''Revolutionary Ethiopia, From Empire to People's Republic''. Indiana University Press. p. 92.</ref> Mo gare ga ditsogologo tse di tlwaelesegileng, Selassie o ne a menolwa ke Derg ka 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état. Ka tshegetso ya Soviet Union, Derg e ne ya simolola go busa Ethiopia jaaka puso ya Bo-Marxist le Bo-Lenin. Ka 1994, dingwaga di le tharo morago ga go wa ga puso ya sesole sa Derg, go ne ga senolelwa setshaba gore Derg e bolaile Selassie kwa Ntlong ya Bogosi ya Jubilee kwa Addis Ababa ka Phatwe a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ka 1975.<ref>Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). ''የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት)'' [''The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)'']. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. 81–97. ISBN 978-0-7915-9662-3.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ "Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed"]. ''The Washington Post''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ Archived] from the original on 31 December 2017. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka di Ngwanatsele a le malatsi matlhano ka 2000, masalela a gagwe a a neng a epolotswe a ne a fitlhwa kwa Kerekeng e Kgolo ya Tharonngwe e e Boitshepo ya Addis Ababa. Mo gare ga balatedi ba Rastafari, Selassie o bidiwa Jesu yo o boileng, le fa e ne e le molatedi wa Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ethiopia ka boene.<ref>[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Nov 2, 1930 CE: Haile Selassie Becomes Emperor of Ethiopia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240323015638/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Archived] 23 March 2024 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] [[:en:National_Geographic|National Geographic]]</ref><ref>Barrett, Leonard E. (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&pg=PA118 The Rastafarians]''. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1039-6.</ref> O ile a kgalwa ka ntlha ya go gatelela ga gagwe ditsuolodi mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba lefatshe (''Mesafint''), ba ba neng ba nna ba le kgatlhanong le diphetogo tsa gagwe. Ba bangwe ba nyaditse go palelwa ga Ethiopia go dira dilo tsa segompieno ka bonako jo bo lekaneng.<ref>Meredith, Martin (2005), ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-398-6, pp. 212–213.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf "Rebellion and Famine in the North under Haile Selassie"] (PDF). Human Rights Watch. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181350/http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka nako ya puso ya gagwe, batho ba Harari ba ne ba bogisiwa mme ba le bantsi ba ne ba tlogela magae a bone.<ref>Huurne, Dieneke. ''[https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Hurnneie_thesis.pdf 'It's like carrying a heavy box with many people.' A study about the contributions of indigenous social security systems to poverty reduction]'' (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 36.</ref><ref>''[https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf History of Harar and Hararis]'' (PDF). pp. 141–144. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201003055338/https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>Feener, Michael (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&q=kulub+movement+harar&pg=PA227 Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-57607-516-6. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya kgalwa jaaka ya bobusaesi le e e sa gololesegang ke ditlhopha di tshwana Human Rights Watch.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Dimbleby, Jonathan (8 December 1998), [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html "Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine"], The Independent, UK, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013173119/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html archived] from the original on 13 October 2019, retrieved 29 August 2017 (taken from Chapter 3 of Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia Alexander de Waal (Africa Watch, 1991))</ref> Go ya ka metswedi mengwe, morago ga nako ya puso ya ga Selassie, puo ya Oromo e ne ya thibelwa mo thutong, go buiwa phatlalatsa le go dirisiwa mo tsamaisong,<ref>Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016), [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive "Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive"], ''The Guardian'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20160214083716/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive archived] from the original on 14 February 2016, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf Language & Culture]'' (PDF), [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022</ref><ref>''[https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ Ethiopians: Amhara and Oromo]'', January 2017, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210419062136/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ archived] from the original on 19 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> le fa go ne go ise go ke go nne le molao o o neng o dira gore puo epe e nne bosenyi.<ref>Bender, M. L. (1976). ''Language in Ethiopia''. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–190. ISBN 978-0-19-436102-6.</ref><ref>Scholler, Heinrich; Brietzke, Paul H. (1976). ''Ethiopia: Revolution, Law and Politics''. Munich: Weltforum-Verlag. p. 154. ISBN 3-8039-0136-7.</ref><ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. II''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. p. 1105.</ref> Puso ya gagwe e ne ya fudusetsa batho ba le bantsi ba Amhara kwa borwa jwa Ethiopia.<ref>''[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence Oromo Continue to Flee Violence]'', September 1981, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210412051237/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence archived] from the original on 12 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130711041720/http://https/ Country Information Report ethiopia]'', 12 August 2020, archived from [http://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/country-information-report-ethiopia.docx the original] on 11 July 2013, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html Ethiopia. Status of Amharas]'', 1 March 1993, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031218/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html archived] from the original on 25 January 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi wa Ethiopia e bong [[Hachalu Hundessa]] ka 2020, setshwantsho sa ga Selassie kwa United Kingdom se ne sa senngwa ke baipelaetsi ba Ba-Oromo, mme sefikantswe sa dipitse se se bontshang rraagwe se ne sa tlosiwa kwa Harar.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 "Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park"]. BBC News. 2 July 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155840/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 Archived] from the original on 14 June 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 "Deadly protests erupt after Ethiopian singer killed"]. BBC News. 30 June 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200630105152/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 Archived] from the original on 30 June 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ Ethiopians Angered at Singer's Death Topple Statue]'', 30 June 2020, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215072940/https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ archived] from the original on 15 December 2020, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> == Leina == Haile Selassie o ne a itsege fa a sa ntse a le ngwana e le Lij Tafari Makonnen (Sege'eze: ጅጅ ኰፈሪ መኮንን, ka Seroma: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). Lij e ranotswe jaaka "ngwana" mme e dira go supa gore mosha ke wa madi a a tlotlegang. Leina la gagwe la Tafari le kaya "yo o tlotliwang kgotsa yo o tshabiwang". Jaaka bontsi jwa Baethiopia, leina la gagwe la sebele "Tafari" le latelwa ke la ga rraagwe Makonnen le la ga rraagwemogolo Woldemikael. Leina la gagwe la Haile Selassie le ne la newa fa a ne a kolobediwa a le lesea mme la amogelwa gape jaaka karolo ya leina la gagwe la bogosi ka 1930.[3] Ka la 1 Ngwanatsele 1905, a le dingwaga di le 13, Tafari o ne a tlhomiwa ke rraagwe go nna Dejazmatch wa Gara Mulatta (kgaolo e e ka nnang dimaele di le masome a mabedi kwa borwabophirima jwa Harar).[33] Thanolo ya nnete ya Dejazmatch ke "motlhokomedi wa lebati"; ke sereto sa botlhokwa se se lekanang le sa count.[34] Ka la bo 27 Lwetse 1916, o ne a goelediwa jaaka Kgosana ya Segosi le mojaboswa wa setulo sa bogosi (Alga Worrach),[35][36] mme a tlhomiwa go nna Moeteledipele yo o Nang le Dithata Tse di Tletseng (Balemulu Silt'an Enderase).[35][37] Ka la 11 Tlhakole 1917, o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Le'ul-Ras[38] mme a itsege jaaka Ras Tafari Makonnen reetsaN. Ras e ranotswe jaaka "tlhogo"[39][36] mme ke maemo a botlhokwa a a lekanang le kgosana,[36][40] le fa gantsi e ranolwa mo thanolong jaaka "kgosana". Kwa tshimologong sereto sa Le'ul, se se rayang "Motlotlegi wa gago", se ne se dirisiwa fela jaaka mofuta wa go bitsa;[41] le fa go ntse jalo, ka 1916 sereto sa Le'ul-Ras se ne sa tsaya sebaka sa ofisi e kgolo ya ga Ras Bitwoded mme ka jalo sa nna se se lekanang le kgosana ya segosi.[42][43] Ka 1928, Kgosigadi Zewditu o ne a rulaganya go mo naya setulo sa bogosi sa Shewa; le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako ya bofelo kganetso go tswa go babusi bangwe ba diporofense e ne ya baka phetogo mme sereto sa gagwe sa Negus kgotsa "Kgosi" se ne sa newa ntle le go tshwanelega ga thutafatshe kgotsa tlhaloso.[44][45] Ka la bo 2 Ngwanaitseele 1930, morago ga loso lwa ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu, Tafari o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Negusa Nagast, ka tlhamalalo "Kgosi ya Dikgosi", e e ranotsweng ka Seesemane jaaka "Mmusimogolo".[46] Fa a tlhatloga, o ne a tsaya leina la gagwe la bogosi la Haile Selassie I. Haile e kaya ka Se-Ge'ez "Maatla a" mme Selassie e kaya tharonngwe – ka jalo Haile Selassie e ranolwa go nna "Maatla a Tharonngwe".[47] Sereto se se feletseng sa ga Selassie mo maemong a gagwe e ne e le "Ka Tau e e Fenyang ya Morafe wa Juda, Motlotlegi wa gagwe wa Bogosi Haile Selassie I, Kgosi ya Dikgosi tsa Ethiopia, Morena wa Marena, Motlhophiwa wa Modimo". latedisa losika lwa bone go ya go Menelik I, yo o tlhalosiwang ke Kebra Nagast (epic ya bosetšhaba ya lekgolo la bo14 la dingwaga C.E.) e le morwa wa ga Kgosi Solomone wa lekgolo la bolesome la dingwaga B.C.E. le Kgosigadi ya Sheba.[52] Mo Baethiopia, Selassie o ntse a itsege ka maina a le mantsi, go akaretsa Janhoy ("Motlotlegi") Talaqu Meri ("Moeteledipele yo Mogolo") le Abba Tekel ("Rraagwe Tekel", leina la gagwe la pitse).[51] Mokgatlho wa Rastafari o dirisa bontsi jwa maina ano, gape o mo bitsa Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, le HIM (khutshwafatso ya "Motlotlegi wa Gagwe wa Bogosi").[51] == Metswedi == o1egdz2et7bwlkk6yjz4jqqkh06k7wt 0 10726 40964 2025-07-04T10:51:02Z JudithShe 9421 Ke dirile tsebe ya "Sekolo sa dithuto ka bokgoba le kgololesego sa Wilberforce" 40964 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sekolo sa Wilberforce sa dithuto tsa bokgoba le kgololesego''' ke sekolo sa ditshekatsheko kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Hull kwa Kingston upon Hull kwa lefatsheng la England. Se le kwa kagong ya Oriel Chambers fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2005, maikaelelo a sone ke go sekaseka bokgoba mo ditsong le mo isagong. == Ditso tsa sekolo == Sekolo sa Wilberforce sa dithuto tsa bokgoba le kgololesego se se kwa Kingston upon Hull kwa lefatsheng la England, se butswe semmuso ka ngwaga wa 2006 go nna lefelo la dipatlisiso kgotsa ditshekatsheko tsa baithuti ba berekisana le ba sekolo se segolwane sa Hull. Motlhokomedi wa sekolo se, ke motho o o leng kgatlhanong le tlhaolelele, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, sekolo se butswe ke tautona wa pele wa lefatshe la Ghana, John Agyekum Kufuor.<ref>Johnston, Chris (6 July 2006). [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/jul/06/highereducation.news "Slavery research centre opens at Hull".] ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Madi a bonwe ka letlole la Europe la ditlhabololo tsa dikgaolo le letlole la bojaboswa. Sekolo se se butswe pele ga moletlo o o neng o tshwaya dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi tsa [[Molao wa Kgwebisano ya Makgoba wa 1807|molao wa kgwebisano ya makgoba wa 1807]], o ka mopalamente wa pele ebile e le molwela ditshwanelo William Wilberforce, a nang le kamano e e nonofileng le one.<ref name=":0">[http://archive.understandingslavery.com/index.php-option=com_content&view=article&id=372&Itemid=235.html?option=com_content&view=article&id=372&Itemid=235 "Hull case study"]. ''www.understandingslavery.com''. Retrieved 04 July 20255.</ref> Sekolo se ke sone se se eteletseng pele se se itebagantseng le go sekaseka ditso tsa bokgoba, mme gape e le boremelelo jwa ditshekatsheko tsa bokgoba jwa malatsi ano le tsuololo ya ditshwanelo tsa setho mo dinakong tsa segompieno. Se ikaelela go ikamanya le dikolo tse dingwe tse digolwane mo lefatsheng ka bophara, di akaretsa tsa maemo a ntlha tsa kwa America jaaka Yale, Harvard le Stanford. Tshupo ya sone e supa kamano ya toropo le [[Aferika|Aforika]], bogolo jang le toropokgolo ya Freetown kwa [[Sierra Leone]].<ref name=":0" /> Jaaka bontlha jwa sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Hull, sekolo se gantsi se tshwara dithutuntsho tsa phatlalatsa mo dithutong tsa ditso le bokgoba jwa malatsi a no, di akaretsa thuto ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya ga Alderman Sydney Smith,<ref>[http://www2.hull.ac.uk/fass/wise/news/alderman-sydney-smith-lecture.aspx "Alderman Sydney Smith Lecture – University of Hull".] ''www2.hull.ac.uk''. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> o o reeletsweng ka mopalamente wa pele wa tsa pereko wa kwa Kingston upon Hull kwa borwa bophirima Sydney Smith. Sekolo se se mo kagong ya ditso ya oriel Chambers, go bapa le legae la ditso la ga William Wilberforce. Ka ngwaga wa 2014, sekolo se e ne e le bontlha jwa metseletsele ya ditshwantsho kwa toropong ya ditso ya Hull e e neng e bidiwa "Long walk to Freedom", e le bontlha jwa meletlo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya kgololesego.<ref>[https://www.freedomfestival.co.uk/event/long_walk_to_freedom.php "Freedom Festival"]. ''www.freedomfestival.co.uk''. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2015, go ne ga itsisiwe fa sekolo se amogetse seetsele sa matsala a go mmamosadinyana sa dithuto tse dikgolwane le dithuto tse di tswelelang, ka tshekatsheko ya sone ya go emisa mefuta le mekgwa e mešha ya bokgoba." === Lebota la kwa sekolong sa Wilberforce la balweladitshwanelo tsa setho === Lebota la balweladitshwanelo tsa setho le le kwa sekolong sa Wilberton le ipelela batho ba ba botlhokwa, mo ditsong le gompieno, mabapi le go ngakalala kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Le supiwa jaaka tlotla e e pharologanyo ya bontsi jwa maina a a tlwaelesegileng mo ditsong a a tsamaelanang le go lwela kgololesego, lebota le le supa maina a ba ba latelang: * Steve Biko (ngwaga wa 1946 go tsena 1977) * Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906 go tsena 1945) * Thomas Clarkson (1760 go tsena 1846) * William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868 go tsena 1963) * Olaudah Equiano (1745 go tsena 1997) * Mahatma Ghandi (1869 go tsena 1948) * Toussaint LÓuverture (pele ga 1743 go tsena 1803) * Martin Luther King Jr. (1929 go tsena 1968) * Abraham Lincoln (1809 go tsena 1865) * [[Nelson Mandela]] (1918 go tsena 2014) * Jose Marti (1853 go tsena 1995) * Edmund Dene Morel (1873 go tsena 1924) * Thomas Paine (1737 go tsena 1809) * Sylvia Pankhurst (1882 go tsena 1960) * Rosa Parks (1913 go tsena 2005) * Granville Sharp (1735 go tsena 1813) * Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 go tsena 1896) * Harriet Tubman (1820 go tsena 1913) * Desmond Tutu (1931 go tsena 2021) * Raoul Wallenberg (1912 go tsena 1947) * William Wilberforce (1759 go tsena 1833) Lebota le le lebagane le tshingwana ya Mandela Gardens e e botsweng ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 1983 ke Sir Shridath Ramphal. Tshingwana e e reelwetswe ka Nelson Mandela o o kileng a nna legolegwa ka ane a le kgatlhanong le tlhaolele, mme morago a nna tautona wa lefatshe la [[Aforika Borwa]]. Moemedi wa lefatshe la [[USA|United States]] kwa United Kingdom Matthew Barzun, o ne a tsewa senepe a ile go fa tlotla kwa lebotaneng le ka nako ya loeto lwa go bone Hull ka ngwaga wa 2015, a tlaleletsa ka gore "Wilberforce ke leina le le itsagalang mo lefatsheng ka bophara, ebile ke tshepha gore ke sengwe se Hull ba ka se dirisang go rotloetsa le go rekisa torpokgolo eo ka ngwaga wa 2017."<ref>[https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Ambassador-Matthew-Barzun-falls-love-Hull/story-26126398-detail/story.html "US Ambassador Matthew Barzun 'falls in love' with Hull"]. ''Hull Daily Mail''. Retrieved 04 July 2025</ref> == Metswedi == ofmwfi64gkiy6296oxjs9ljvsuabmep 40966 40964 2025-07-04T10:54:28Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tsentse dinepe mo tsebeng ya Sekolo sa dithuto ka bokgoba le kgololesego sa Wilberforce 40966 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sekolo sa Wilberforce sa dithuto tsa bokgoba le kgololesego''' ke sekolo sa ditshekatsheko kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Hull kwa Kingston upon Hull kwa lefatsheng la England. Se le kwa kagong ya Oriel Chambers fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2005, maikaelelo a sone ke go sekaseka bokgoba mo ditsong le mo isagong. == Ditso tsa sekolo == [[Setshwantsho:Wisewall.jpg|thumb|Lebota la balweladitshwanelo tsa setho kgatlhanong le bokgoba]] Sekolo sa Wilberforce sa dithuto tsa bokgoba le kgololesego se se kwa Kingston upon Hull kwa lefatsheng la England, se butswe semmuso ka ngwaga wa 2006 go nna lefelo la dipatlisiso kgotsa ditshekatsheko tsa baithuti ba berekisana le ba sekolo se segolwane sa Hull. Motlhokomedi wa sekolo se, ke motho o o leng kgatlhanong le tlhaolelele, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, sekolo se butswe ke tautona wa pele wa lefatshe la Ghana, John Agyekum Kufuor.<ref>Johnston, Chris (6 July 2006). [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/jul/06/highereducation.news "Slavery research centre opens at Hull".] ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Madi a bonwe ka letlole la Europe la ditlhabololo tsa dikgaolo le letlole la bojaboswa. Sekolo se se butswe pele ga moletlo o o neng o tshwaya dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi tsa [[Molao wa Kgwebisano ya Makgoba wa 1807|molao wa kgwebisano ya makgoba wa 1807]], o ka mopalamente wa pele ebile e le molwela ditshwanelo William Wilberforce, a nang le kamano e e nonofileng le one.<ref name=":0">[http://archive.understandingslavery.com/index.php-option=com_content&view=article&id=372&Itemid=235.html?option=com_content&view=article&id=372&Itemid=235 "Hull case study"]. ''www.understandingslavery.com''. Retrieved 04 July 20255.</ref> Sekolo se ke sone se se eteletseng pele se se itebagantseng le go sekaseka ditso tsa bokgoba, mme gape e le boremelelo jwa ditshekatsheko tsa bokgoba jwa malatsi ano le tsuololo ya ditshwanelo tsa setho mo dinakong tsa segompieno. Se ikaelela go ikamanya le dikolo tse dingwe tse digolwane mo lefatsheng ka bophara, di akaretsa tsa maemo a ntlha tsa kwa America jaaka Yale, Harvard le Stanford. Tshupo ya sone e supa kamano ya toropo le [[Aferika|Aforika]], bogolo jang le toropokgolo ya Freetown kwa [[Sierra Leone]].<ref name=":0" /> Jaaka bontlha jwa sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Hull, sekolo se gantsi se tshwara dithutuntsho tsa phatlalatsa mo dithutong tsa ditso le bokgoba jwa malatsi a no, di akaretsa thuto ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya ga Alderman Sydney Smith,<ref>[http://www2.hull.ac.uk/fass/wise/news/alderman-sydney-smith-lecture.aspx "Alderman Sydney Smith Lecture – University of Hull".] ''www2.hull.ac.uk''. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> o o reeletsweng ka mopalamente wa pele wa tsa pereko wa kwa Kingston upon Hull kwa borwa bophirima Sydney Smith. Sekolo se se mo kagong ya ditso ya oriel Chambers, go bapa le legae la ditso la ga William Wilberforce. Ka ngwaga wa 2014, sekolo se e ne e le bontlha jwa metseletsele ya ditshwantsho kwa toropong ya ditso ya Hull e e neng e bidiwa "Long walk to Freedom", e le bontlha jwa meletlo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya kgololesego.<ref>[https://www.freedomfestival.co.uk/event/long_walk_to_freedom.php "Freedom Festival"]. ''www.freedomfestival.co.uk''. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2015, go ne ga itsisiwe fa sekolo se amogetse seetsele sa matsala a go mmamosadinyana sa dithuto tse dikgolwane le dithuto tse di tswelelang, ka tshekatsheko ya sone ya go emisa mefuta le mekgwa e mešha ya bokgoba." === Lebota la kwa sekolong sa Wilberforce la balweladitshwanelo tsa setho === Lebota la balweladitshwanelo tsa setho le le kwa sekolong sa Wilberton le ipelela batho ba ba botlhokwa, mo ditsong le gompieno, mabapi le go ngakalala kgatlhanong le bokgoba. [[Setshwantsho:William wilberforce.jpg|thumb|Mopalamente wa pele wa kwa Hull ebile e le motho o kgatlhanong le bokgoba William Wilberforce o neela sekolo leina la gagwe]] Le supiwa jaaka tlotla e e pharologanyo ya bontsi jwa maina a a tlwaelesegileng mo ditsong a a tsamaelanang le go lwela kgololesego, lebota le le supa maina a ba ba latelang: * Steve Biko (ngwaga wa 1946 go tsena 1977) * Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906 go tsena 1945) * Thomas Clarkson (1760 go tsena 1846) * William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868 go tsena 1963) * Olaudah Equiano (1745 go tsena 1997) * Mahatma Ghandi (1869 go tsena 1948) * Toussaint LÓuverture (pele ga 1743 go tsena 1803) * Martin Luther King Jr. (1929 go tsena 1968) * Abraham Lincoln (1809 go tsena 1865) * [[Nelson Mandela]] (1918 go tsena 2014) * Jose Marti (1853 go tsena 1995) * Edmund Dene Morel (1873 go tsena 1924) * Thomas Paine (1737 go tsena 1809) * Sylvia Pankhurst (1882 go tsena 1960) * Rosa Parks (1913 go tsena 2005) * Granville Sharp (1735 go tsena 1813) * Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 go tsena 1896) * Harriet Tubman (1820 go tsena 1913) * Desmond Tutu (1931 go tsena 2021) * Raoul Wallenberg (1912 go tsena 1947) * William Wilberforce (1759 go tsena 1833) Lebota le le lebagane le tshingwana ya Mandela Gardens e e botsweng ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 1983 ke Sir Shridath Ramphal. Tshingwana e e reelwetswe ka Nelson Mandela o o kileng a nna legolegwa ka ane a le kgatlhanong le tlhaolele, mme morago a nna tautona wa lefatshe la [[Aforika Borwa]]. Moemedi wa lefatshe la [[USA|United States]] kwa United Kingdom Matthew Barzun, o ne a tsewa senepe a ile go fa tlotla kwa lebotaneng le ka nako ya loeto lwa go bone Hull ka ngwaga wa 2015, a tlaleletsa ka gore "Wilberforce ke leina le le itsagalang mo lefatsheng ka bophara, ebile ke tshepha gore ke sengwe se Hull ba ka se dirisang go rotloetsa le go rekisa torpokgolo eo ka ngwaga wa 2017."<ref>[https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Ambassador-Matthew-Barzun-falls-love-Hull/story-26126398-detail/story.html "US Ambassador Matthew Barzun 'falls in love' with Hull"]. ''Hull Daily Mail''. Retrieved 04 July 2025</ref> == Metswedi == sxsnn82pxhqg5r7a72gowdq3mzes8ar