Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.8 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 10724 40969 40962 2025-07-04T12:33:11Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya "Bokgoba kwa dikolong tsa ithutelo ditiro tse dikgolwane kwa America" 40969 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800)(cropped).jpg|thumb|Thomas Jefferson, motlhami wa United States, ebile e le mong wa makgoba a le makgolo, o tlhamile sekolo sa University of Virginia]] Seabe sa '''bokgoba kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro kwa America''' e ntse e le kgang e e tshwerweng ka mangana mo dipatlisisong tsa ditso le dikganetsano. Ma [[Aferika|Aforika]] a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a bereka go aga dikolo tse tse di kgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro kwa [[USA|united States]], mme itsholelo ya bokgoba e ne e dirisiwa mo dikolong ka bontsi.<ref name=":0">Jennifer Schuessler (March 5, 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/05/arts/confronting-academias-ties-to-slavery.html "Confronting Academia's Ties to Slavery"]. ''New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181215135333/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/05/arts/confronting-academias-ties-to-slavery.html Archived] from the original on December 15, 2018.</ref> Batho ba ba nneg ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba dirisiwa go aga matlo a borutelo le matlo lohalahala a bonno.<ref name=":0" /> Le ntswa bokgoba bo ne bo amanngwa le borwa jwa lefatshe, dikolo tse dikgolwane kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa bokone, di anywile tiro ya makgoba.<ref>Fuentes, Marisa J.; Gray White, Deborah, eds. (2016). ''Scarlet and Black: Slavery and Dispossession in Rutgers History''. Rutgers University Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780813591520|<bdi>9780813591520</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "[https://digital-exhibits.libraries.mit.edu/s/mit-and-slavery/page/introduction MIT and Slavery"]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181005202142/https://libraries.mit.edu/mit-and-slavery/universities-and-slavery/ Archived] from the original on 2018-10-05.</ref> Itsholelo ya bokgoba e tsiseditse beng ba makgoba khumo e ntsi, se se ba letla go nna babeeletsi ba tlhwatlhwa mo dikolong tse.<ref>Holly Epstein Ojalvo (February 13, 2017). [https://www.usatoday.com/story/college/2017/02/13/beyond-yale-these-other-university-buildings-have-ties-to-slavery-and-white-supremacy/37427471/ "Beyond Yale: These other university buildings have ties to slavery and white supremacy"]. USA Today. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327114935/https://www.usatoday.com/story/college/2017/02/13/beyond-yale-these-other-university-buildings-have-ties-to-slavery-and-white-supremacy/37427471/ Archived] from the original on March 27, 2019.</ref> Go fitlhelela ka ntwa ya selegae ya 1861 go tsena 1865, bokgoba jaaka motheo bo ne bo le mo molaong ebile dikolo tse dikgolwane ka bontsi di ne di dirisa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba. Mo dinakong tse dingwe, batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba rekisiwa ke batsamaisi ba dikolo go dira dipoelo, sengwe sa dikolo tse ke sa Georgetown University, sa kereke ya Roma.<ref>Swarns, Rachel L. ''The 272: The Families Who Were Enslaved and Sold To Build the American Catholic Church''. New York: Random House</ref> Mo dikgaolong tse dingwe tsa lefatshe, go ne go se molato gore baithuti ba bahumileng ba tle le batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba kwa sekolong.<ref name=":3">Wilder, Craig (2013). ''Ebony and Ivy: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled History of America's History''. Bloomsbury Press. p. 113.</ref> Go fedisa bokgoba jwa dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano, ga go a fedisa go ipelafatsa ga batho basweu kgotsa mefuta e mengwe ya kgatelelo kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro kwa America, ebile boswa jwa bokgoba bo santse bo le teng mo metheong e le mentsi.<ref>Hrabowski III, Freeman; Henderson, Peter; Tracy, J. Kathleen (24 October 2020). [https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/10/higher-education-structural-racism/616754/ "Higher Education Should Lead the Efforts to Reverse Structural Racism"]. ''www.theatlantic.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210609135121/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/10/higher-education-structural-racism/616754/ Archived] from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref>Lucey, Catherine Reini; Saguil, Aaron (March 2020). [https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/fulltext/2020/03000/the_consequences_of_structural_racism_on_mcat.18.aspx "The Consequences of Structural Racism on MCAT Scores and Medical School Admissions: The Past Is Prologue"]. ''Academic Medicine''. '''95''' (3): 351–356. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/fulltext/2020/03000/the_consequences_of_structural_racism_on_mcat.18.aspx 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002939]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31425184/ 31425184]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/306f98cb22f57c08dc1e51bbdc74499b7fdd92cb 201100182]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2004, Ira Berlin o ne a ela tlhoko gore thuto patlisiso ya bokgoba kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro e ka ganediwa ebile e ka baka dingangisano tse di tseneletseng.<ref name=":1">Berlin, Ira (2004). "American Slavery in History and Memory and the Search for Social Justice". ''The Journal of American History''. '''90''' (4). Oxford University Press: 1251–1268. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://academic.oup.com/jah/article/90/4/1251/758393?login=true 10.2307/3660347]. [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3660347 3660347.]</ref> "Ga mmogo le gore baranodi ba buile go le gontsi kgotsa go le gonnye."<ref name=":1" /> O bua gore fa ba ka tlhatlhanya ka bokgoba, batho ba America- ba le basweu kgotsa ba le bantsho- ba ka nna le ditso tse di gakologelesegang."<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2006, sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Brown University se ne sa nna santlha go gatisa pego e e tlhalosang kamano ya yone le bokgoba.<ref>Krantz, Laura (February 12, 2018). [https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/02/12/mit-reckoning-with-slavery/ycYjRNa3dgwOenvbDCCEsO/story.html "Looking into its past, MIT finds its first president once owned slaves - The Boston Globe"]. ''[[:en:The_Boston_Globe|The Boston Globe]]''. Retrieved 03 July 2025</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di latelang, dikolo tsa America tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro di dirile maitelko a go batlisisa, go baakanya le go ruta ka kamano ya tsone le bokgoba. Ka ngwaga wa 2014, dikolo di le mmalwa di eteletswe pele ke sa University of Virginia, di ne tsa tlhama bokopano jwa diko di ithutela bokgoba (USS), e le setlhopha se e seng sa semmuso morago sa nna bokopano bo bo itebagantseng le go tlhotlhomisa ditso tsa dikolo tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro jaaka di amana le bokgoba kgotsa tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala.<ref>[https://slavery.virginia.edu/universities-studying-slavery-uss-the-birth-of-a-movement/ "Universities Studying Slavery (USS)–The Birth of a Movement".] ''President's Commission on Slavery and the University''. 2017-02-03. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Maiteko le dikopo tsa go baakanya kamano le bokgoba mo ditsong le tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala kwa dikolong tsa ithutelo ditiro tse dikgolwane kwa America a ne a ntšhafadiwa morago ga megwanto ya ngwaga wa 2020 mabapi le kgang ya ga George Floyd.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/11/26/virginia-universities-slavery-race-reckoning/ "From slavery to Jim Crow to George Floyd: Virginia universities face a long racial reckoning".] ''Washington Post''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0190-8286 0190-8286]. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref><ref>Medina, Eduardo (2021-11-23). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/23/us/georgia-universities-rename-slavery.html "Georgia's University System Will Not Rename Buildings With Ties to Slavery"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> == Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Brown == Palo ya basimolodi ba sekolo sa Brown le bagogi ba sone ba pele ba ne ba na le makgoba, Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Stephen Hopkins, moeteledipele wa Brown wa pele; le James Manning, tautona wa pele wa sekolo seo. === Lolwapa lwa boora Brown === Lolwapa lwa boora Brown, le e leng leina la sekolo se gape, lo ne lo na le seabe se setona mo tlhamong ya sekolo seo. E ne e le beng ba makgoba ebile ba tsaya karolo mo kgwebong ya makgoba, ba beeletsa mesepele e le mebedi ya makgoba (ka ngwaga wa 1736 le 1759).<ref name=":2">Melish, Joane (2006). "6 Recovering (from) Slavery: Four Struggles to Tell the Truth". In Horton, Lois E.; Horton, James Oliver (eds.). [[iarchive:slaverypublichis00jame/page/n3/mode/2up|''Slavery and Public History: The Tough Stuff of American Memory''.]] New York: The New Press. pp. 103–134. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-744-2|<bdi>978-1-59558-744-2</bdi>.]] OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/title/608624600 608624600].</ref> Fa ba tshwantshanngwa le maloko a mangwe a maemo a a kwa godimo a Rhode Island, boora Brown e ne e se bagwebi ba batona ba makgoba.<ref name=":4">[https://slaveryandjustice.brown.edu/sites/default/files/reports/SlaveryAndJustice2006.pdf "Slavery and Justice"] (PDF). ''www.brown.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160330161220/http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Go ya ka moitseanape wa ditso Joanne Melish, "bontsi jwa banni ba koo ba ne ba na le makgoba a a fetang a ga John Brown."<ref name=":2" /> Botsalano jwa lolwapa lo le bokgoba bo ne bo se bogolo ebile bo ne bo sa dirwe ka nako tsotlhe. ka ngwaga wa 1773, Moses brown o ne a itemogela kgoberego ya maikutlo le semowa mo go neng ga baka gore a fetogele kwa bodumeding. Ka nako eo, Moses o a neng a dirile batho ba le barartaro makgoba mo nakong e e fetileng, o ne a emisa bokgoba jwa dithoto. Moses o ne a golola makgoba a gagwe ngwaga one oo, a kwala jaana<ref name=":4" />: "E re ka ke dumela gore thekiso le theko ya batho ba mmala ope fela go kgatlhanong le keletso ya Modimo, e e supagalang mo segakoloding sa motho mongwe le mongwe - le fa batho bangwe ba se tlhokomologa. Gape go rua ma Aforika jaaka makgoba, le fa ba ka tsewa sentle, go rotloetsa mokgwa o o sa siamang wa go ba ntsha kwa mafatsheng a bone a tlholego. Se se kgatlhanong le tshiamo, mautlwelobotlhoko le go nna pelokgale mo moKeresete mongwe le mongwe a tshwanetseng go go dira." Mo dingwageng tse di latelang, Moses o ne a nna moema kgatlhanong le bokgoba le kgwebo ya bone wa tlhwatlhwa, a bo a simolola ntwa ya bodumedi kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Maikutlo a gagwe a ne a farologanan le a ga monnawe John, o a neng a femela tiragalo, se sa baka nako ya ngangisano ya phatlalatsa gareng ga bobedi joo. John Brown o ne a tswelela ka go tsaya karolo mo kgwebong ya bokgoba ya mafatshefatshe go tsena dingwaga tsa 1790, morago ga bokgoba bo sena go emisiwa. John o ne a sekisiwa ka a ne a tlodile molao, se sa dira gore e nne ene motho wa ntlha go atlholwa mo molaong o.<ref name=":4" /> Kago e kgologolo go di feta tsotlhe kwa sekolong sa ithutelo ditiro se segolwane sa Brown, ya University Hall, e santse e na le dikamano di le mmalwa le bokgoba. Morekisi le mogwebi wa bokgoba Aaron Lopez o ne a abela sekolo se polanka gore se kgone go aga kago e, mogwebi o mongwe wa makgoba Nicholas Brown Sr. o ne a eteletse pele kago e. Babereki ba ba neg ba aga kago e ba ne ba farologane, ba supa merafe le maemo a batho ba ba neng ba nna koo. Makgoba, batho ba ba gololesegileng ba mmala, beng age le batho basweu ba ba neng ba na le kitso le ba ba neng ba sena kitso ba ne ba bereka go emisa lobota ka dinao.<ref>Emlen, Robert (Summer 2008). [https://www.rihs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2008_Sum.pdf "Slave Labor at the College Edifice: Building Brown University's University Hall in 1770"] (PDF). ''Rhode Island History''. '''66''' (2). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109120105/https://www.rihs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2008_Sum.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-09. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref><ref>Wootton, Anne (2006-04-19). [https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2006/04/university-hall-construction-records-show-u-s-nuanced-ties-to-slavery "University Hall construction records show U.'s nuanced ties to slavery".] ''Brown Daily Herald''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210411060402/https://www.browndailyherald.com/2006/04/19/university-hall-construction-records-show-us-nuanced-ties-to-slavery-2/ Archived] from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> === ''Pego ya bokgoba le tshiamo'' === [[Setshwantsho:DrRuthJSimmons.jpg|thumb|Ruth J Simmons, tautona wa ntlha wa sekolo sa tlhwatlhwa o montsho wa America, o ne a eteletse pele phetolo ya sekolo sa Brown]] Ka ngwaga wa 2003, tautona wa sekolo se wa pele Ruth Simmons o ne a simolola komiti e e teletseng pele dipatlisiso tsa kamano ya sekolo se le bokgoba. Ka Phalane ngwaga wa 2006, komiti e ne ya ntsha pego e e neng e kwadile ka tse ba di boneng.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Belluck, Pam (2006-10-19). [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/19/education/19brown.html "Panel Suggests Brown U. Atone for Ties to Slavery"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201109023551/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/19/education/19brown.html Archived] from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Pego e e neng e filwe setlhogo sa "Bokgoba le Tshiamo", e ne e tlhalosa mo go tsenelesteng ditsela tse sekolo se sa ithutelo ditiro se amogetseng dithuso ka tlhamalalo le ka ditsela tse dingwe mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya Atlantic le pereko ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba. pego e e ne e akaretsa dikgakololo di le supa tsa ka fa sekolo se sa ithutelo ditiro se segolwane se ka baakanyang ditso tse tsa sone.<ref name=":5">Lehrer-Small, Asher (2019-10-16). [https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2019/10/lehrer-small-20-revisiting-the-slavery-and-justice-report "Lehrer-Small '20: Revisiting the Slavery and Justice Report"]. ''Brown Daily Herald''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200602182150/https://www.browndailyherald.com/2019/10/16/lehrer-small-20-revisiting-slavery-justice-report/ Archived] from the original on 2020-06-02. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Sekolo sa ithutelo ditiro se segolwane sa Brown fa e sale jalo se feditse palo nngwe ya dikgakolo tse, di akaretsa go tlhamiwa ga lefelo la go ithutela bokgoba le tshiamo le letlole la madi a a ka nang ka didikadike di le lesome tsa di dolara tsa America la go tlhama dikolo tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":5" /><ref>Gimenes, Livia (2020-07-29). [https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2020/07/brown-to-fully-fund-10-million-endowment-for-providence-public-schools/ "Brown to fully fund $10 million endowment for Providence Public Schools"]. ''Brown Daily Herald''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200927224232/https://www.browndailyherald.com/2020/07/29/brown-to-fully-fund-10-million-endowment-for-providence-public-schools/ Archived] from the original on 2020-09-27. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Pego ya kwa Brown ya bokgoba le tshiamo e ne e tshwaya maiteko a ntlha a magolo a sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa America go baakanya kamano ya sone le bokgoba sa bo sa gwetlha tse dingwe go dira se se tshwanang.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/education/2019/12/16/slavery-reparations-brown-university-antigua-colleges-paying-up/4401725002/ "The US is grappling with its history of slavery. The blueprint for dealing with it? Some say Brown University"]. ''www.usatoday.com''. 17 December 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210411044815/https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/education/2019/12/16/slavery-reparations-brown-university-antigua-colleges-paying-up/4401725002/ Archived] from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref><ref>Cellini, Richard (20 January 2019). [https://www.chronicle.com/article/how-universities-can-respond-to-their-slavery-ties/ "How Universities Can Respond to Their Slavery Ties"]. ''www.chronicle.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201107233159/https://www.chronicle.com/article/how-universities-can-respond-to-their-slavery-ties/ Archived] from the original on 2020-11-07. Retrieved 04 July 2025</ref> === Segopotso === Ka Lwetse, ngwaga wa 2014, sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro, se ne sa aga segopotso go lemoga kamano ya sekolo le kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic, le go gopola ma Aforika le batho bantsho ba America, ba ba neng ab dirilw makgoba le ba ba neng ba gololesegile, ba ba nnileng le seabe mo kagong ya sekolo. Kago sa sone e ne e le nngwe ya dikgakololo tse di neng di akareditswe mo pegong ya Brown ya 2006 ya bokgoba le tshiamo.<ref name=":6">Bu, Zack (2014-09-29). [https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2014/09/new-slavery-memorial-aims-to-spark-reflection "New slavery memorial aims to spark reflection"]. ''Brown Daily Herald''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210411060402/https://www.browndailyherald.com/2014/09/29/new-slavery-memorial-aims-spark-reflection/ Archived] from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Segopotso se se dirilweng ke mmetli Martin Puryear, se beilwe go bapa le ntlo lohalahala ya University Hall, se tshwana le bolo e tona le tšhaene e e tsentsweng mo mmung go se kae.<ref name=":6" /> === Dituelo === Ka tlhopho ya ngwaga wa 2021, baithuti ba sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Brown ba le masome a ferabobedi mo lekgolong ba ne ba tlhopha mo tlhophong e e seng ya pateletso gore sekolo se duele dikokomane tsa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ke basimolodi ba sekolo phimilo dikeledi.<ref>Castronuovo, Celine (2021-04-01). [https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/546042-80-percent-of-brown-university-students-vote-for-reparations-to/ "80 percent of Brown University students vote for reparations to descendants of enslaved people".] ''TheHill''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210637/https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/546042-80-percent-of-brown-university-students-vote-for-reparations-to Archived] from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref><ref>Amaral, Brian (March 29, 2021). [https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/03/29/metro/brown-university-students-vote-support-reparations-descendants-enslaved-people-connected-school/ "Brown University students vote to support reparations for descendants of enslaved people connected to the school - The Boston Globe"]. ''BostonGlobe.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210639/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/03/29/metro/brown-university-students-vote-support-reparations-descendants-enslaved-people-connected-school/ Archived] from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Ka Moranang ngwaga wa 2021, tautona Christina Paxson o ne a gana go itlama mo molaong wa sekolo seo wa go duela dikokomane tsa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ke basimolodi ba sekolo madi, a re potso ya teng e marara.<ref>Amaral, Brian (April 8, 2021). [https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/04/08/metro/will-brown-university-consider-reparations-after-students-voted-do-so-answer-its-complicated/ "Will Brown University consider reparations after students voted to do so? Answer: It's complicated - The Boston Globe".] ''[[:en:The_Boston_Globe|The Boston Globe]]''. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> == Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Columbia == Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Columbia (se se nneg se bidiwa King's College ka nako eo) se tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa 1754. Ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae ya America e fela, banna ba le lesome ba ne ba nnile botautona ba sekolo se; mo go bone, sephatlo e ne e le beng ba makgoba, jaaka batshwara madi bantlha ba bane ba sekolo se. Pego ya Columbia University le bokgoba e supa beng ba makgoba mo go ba ba kileng ba nna tautona wa sekolo seo: Samuel Johnson, Benjamin Moore, William Samuel Johnson, William Alexander Duer le Frederick A. P Barnard. Khumo ya lolwapa lwa ga Duer e ne e tswa mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya lewatle la Atlantic. Sekolo se ga se lebege se kile sa nna le makgoba ka tlhamalalo.<ref>Schuessler, Jennifer (2017-01-23). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/23/arts/columbia-unearths-its-ties-to-slavery.html "Columbia Unearths Its Ties to Slavery"]. ''The New York Times''. ISSN 0362-4331. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190321122203/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/23/arts/columbia-unearths-its-ties-to-slavery.html Archived] from the original on 2019-03-21. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Fa e sale ka thuto ya ngwaga wa 2015 mabapi le kamano ya sekolo se le bokgoba, Columbia e dirile tsebe ya maranyane e e nang le tse ba di itemogetseng morago ga patlisiso e.<ref>[https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/ "Columbia University and Slavery]". ''columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190618141636/https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/ Archived] from the original on 2019-06-18. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> === Sekolo se segolwane sa Barnard === [[Setshwantsho:Barnard (45659026011).jpg|thumb|Frederick A. P Barnard, wa leina le le tshwanang le seokolo sa Barnard, o ne a na le makgoba fa a le kwa sekolong sa Alabama, mme o ne a boela kwa bokone ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae. ]] Motho wa leina le le tshwanang le la sekolo sa Barnard, Frederick A.P Barnard o ne a dira batho ba palo e e sa itsagaleng makgoba, bontsi jwa bone maina a bone ga a yo mo dikwalong tsa semmuso.<ref name=":7">Song, Tommy (May 2018). [https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/content/fap-barnard-10th-president-columbia-university "F.A.P. Barnard: 10th President of Columbia University"]. ''Columbia University & Slavery''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210638/https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/content/fap-barnard-10th-president-columbia-university Archived] from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref><ref name=":8">Eyob, Hannah. [https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/content/history-barnard-college-frederick-ap-barnard-and-afterlives-slavery "A History of Barnard College; Frederick A.P Barnard and the afterlives of slavery"]. ''Columbia University and Slavery''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210325160452/https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/content/history-barnard-college-frederick-ap-barnard-and-afterlives-slavery Archived] from the original on 2021-03-25. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Sekolo se segolwane sa bomme se biditswe ka ene ka ntlha ya kemo nokeng ya gagwe mo thutong e e tlhakantseng banna le basadi.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Nako nngwe morago ga gore a simolole go bereka kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Alabama, Barnard o ne a tsaya makgoba.<ref name=":8" /> Bangwe ba ne ba bereka jaaka bathusi ba gagwe ba dipatlsisiso tsa maranyane, ba karetsa o mongwe a bidiwa Sam,<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> fa ba bangwe ba ne ba dira ditiro tsa kwa gae.<ref name=":8" /> ka nako ya gagwe fa a le kwa Alabama, go bolelwa fa Barnard a ne a dirisa basadi ba bantsho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba dikgoka mo go tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, maitshwaro a a neg a letlelesega mo babereking ka ene kwa sekolong seo.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba bangwe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba amangwang le Barnard kwa Alabama, ba akaretsa: "Little Mary", Morgan, Luna, Tom le Johnson.<ref name=":8" /> Barnard o tlhalositse dingwaga tse di lesome le borataro tse a di feditseng kwa Alabama e le dingwe tsa dingwaga tse a neng a itumetse thata mo botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe ebile a kgone go bona maduo.<ref name=":8" /> Mongwe wa batho ba a neng a ba dirile makgoba, Jane, o ne a tlhaselwa ka ngwaga wa 1859, ke moithuti fa a berekela Barnard kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Mississippi.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> Barnard o a neng a seo ka nako ya tlhaselo eo, o ne a kopa gore moithuti oo a kobiwe ke sekolo.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> Ga go a tlhapa gore a tshusumetso ya ga Barnard e ne e le go batla tshiamiso mo go Jane kgotsa dituelo mo go ene morago ga tlhaselo kwa lolwapeng lwa gagwe le go latlhegelwa ke o o berekang fa e santse Jane a sidilega.<ref name=":8" /> Jane ga a ka a bona tshiamo ka maiphitlhelo a gagwe a ne a bonwa a sa lekana go ya ka molao wa Mississippi, sekolo se ne sa seka sa koba o o mo tlhasetseng.<ref name=":8" /> Tiragalo e e ne ya baka kgotlhang gareng ga ga Barnard le sekolo sotlhe, se sa baka gore a felele a tsamaya - a tlogetse dithoto tsa gagwe tse dintsi, le batho ba a neng a ba dirile makgoba.<ref name=":8" /> Babereki ka Barnard kwa dikolong tse di kwa borwa, ba ne ba leba ka leitlho la pelaelo ka ntlha ya kgodiso ya gagwe ya kwa bokone.<ref name=":8" /> Le ntswa a ne a na le makgoba, gantsi o ne a belaelwa ke babereki ka ene go bo a na le kutlwelobotlhoko mo makgobeng.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> Fa a tsibogela magatwe a gore o kgatlhanong le bokgoba, Barnard o ne a boelela kemo nokeng ya gagwe mo borwa le mo motheong wa bokgoba.<ref name=":8" /> le fa go ntse jalo, fa a boela kwa bokone ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae, Barnard o ne a gatisa lokwalo lo lo phatlalatsa lo kwaletswe Abraham Lincoln le mo go lone a neng a tlhomamisa maikano a gagwe mo mokgatlhong o a bo a femela mafoko a pele a bokgoba gore a ne a tlhoka go buiwa ebile e le leano le le tlhokafalang la sepolotiki.<ref name=":7" /><ref>Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter (1863). ''A Letter to the President by A Refugee''.</ref> == Sekolo se segolwane sa Dartmouth == Motlhami wa Dartmouth Eleazar Wheelock o ne a dira batho bantsho ba ka nna lesome le borobabobedi makgoba mo botshelong jwa gagwe.<ref>[https://www.thedartmouth.com/article/2020/02/slavery-at-dartmouth "A Complicated History: Slavery at Dartmouth".] ''The Dartmouth''. Retrieved 04 July 2025</ref><ref>[https://journeys.dartmouth.edu/lesttheoldtraditionsfail/2016/05/30/dearolddartmouth/ "Dear Old Dartmouth Built on the Back of Slaves".] ''journeys.dartmouth.edu''. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Makgoba a le borobabobedi a ne a tsamaya le Wheelock fa a simolola kampa ya kwa hanover ya sekolo se segolwane sa Dartmouth ka ngwaga wa 1770. Go ya ka Craig Wilder "go en go na le makgoba a feta babereki, bagogi, le batlhokomedi: tota go ne go na le batho bantsho ba ba neg ba dirilwe makgoba kwa Dartmouth ba lekana le baithuti ba sekolo seo, makgoba a ga Whelock a ne a feta baithuti ba gagwe ba America."<ref name=":3" /> Tautona wa sekolo se segolwane sa Dartmouth Nathan Lord o ne a le mo letlhakoreng la bokgoba fa go iwa kwa ntweng ya selegae ya America, se sa baka dikganetsano go fitlhelela a ithola marapo.<ref>[https://dartreview.com/a-history-of-opposition/ "A History of Opposition"]. ''The Dartmouth Review''. 2016-10-10. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210626151404/http://dartreview.com/a-history-of-opposition/ Archived] from the original on 2021-06-26. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> == Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Georgetown == '''Thekiso ya makgoba ya Jesuit ka ngwaga wa 1838''' [[Setshwantsho:Thomas F. Mulledy.jpg|thumb|Thomas F. Mulledy o eteletse pele kgwebo ya batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba le makgolo a mabedi, masome a supa le bobedi go duela dikoloto tsa Georgetown]] Sekolo se segolwane sa Georgetown se tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa 1789, e le motheo wa kereke ya Roma, se ne sa nna mo mathateng a tsa madi ka ngwaga wa 1838. Tshwetso e ne ya tsewa gore go rekisiwe dithoto tsa kereke e le batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba le makgolo mabedi, masome a supa le bobedi ba e neng e le ba kgaolo ya Maryland ya lekgotla la ga Jeso. Thekiso ya Jesuit ya ngwaga wa 1838 e ne ya nna le dipoelo tsa madi, lesome mo lekgolong la one la dirisiwa go duela dikoloto tsa Georgetown. Makgoba a ne a ntse kwa dipolasing tse e neng e le tsa batho ba Jesuit kwa Maryland, ba rekisediwa Henry Johnson wa kwa Louisiana le Jesse Batey. Madi a thekiso e ne e le dikete di le lekgolo, lesome le botlhano tsa madi a America a di dolara, a a lekanang le didkadike tse tharo, dikete tse tharo, masome a robabongwe le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2024.<ref name=":9">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170501233849/http://features.thehoya.com/beyond-the-272-sold-in-1838-plotting-the-national-diaspora-of-jesuit-owned-slaves "Beyond the 272 Sold in 1838, Plotting the National Diaspora of Jesuit-Owned Slaves"]. Archived from [http://features.thehoya.com/beyond-the-272-sold-in-1838-plotting-the-national-diaspora-of-jesuit-owned-slaves the original] on May 1, 2017. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Mo diketeng tse di masome mabedi le botlhano tsa madi, dikete di le lesome le bosupa di ne tsa dirisiwa go duelela sekoloto sa kago se Thomas F. Mulledy, moeteledipele wa kgaolo o a nang a eteletse pele thekiso a neng a na le sone fa e santse e le tautona wa Georgetown.<ref name=":9" /><ref>King, Noel (April 26, 2017). "[https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2017/04/26/525769269/episode-767-georgetown-louisiana-part-two Georgetown, Louisiana, Part Two]". Planet Money. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170428030400/http://www.npr.org/sections/money/2017/04/26/525769269/episode-767-georgetown-louisiana-part-two Archived] from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref><ref>[https://slaveryarchive.georgetown.edu/items/show/4 "What We Know Booklet".] ''Georgetown Slavery Archive''. 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064548/http://slaveryarchive.georgetown.edu/items/show/4 Archived] from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Batho ba Jesuits ba na le ditso tse di kwadilweng kwa Georgetown tsa go nna lesotlo mo bathong ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Ka ngwaga wa 1821, mmusi wa Georgetown o ne a nna kgatlhanong le dijo tse di neng di jewa ke batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ba neng ba le kwa sekolong seo, are di a tura ebile di dintsi. O ne a kwala gore selekanyo se se neelwang batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba se sentsi mme a kopa gore ba gagamalediwe mo dijong tse ba di fiwang.<ref>Georgetown University Archives (1821). [https://slaveryarchive.georgetown.edu/items/show/239 ""Carried there in abundance:" Georgetown's Procurator objects to the food rations for black workers in the wash house, 1821"]. Box 40, Folder 10, Item 8abcd, Maryland Province Archives, Booth Family Center for Special Collections, Georgetown University. Georgetown Slavery Archive. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200726010955/https://slaveryarchive.georgetown.edu/items/show/239 Archived] from the original on 04 July 2025.</ref> === Karabo ya lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi le motso === [[Setshwantsho:Isaac Hawkins Hall Georgetown University.jpg|thumb|Ntlo lohalahala ya Isaac Hawking kwa sekolong sa Georgetown]] Ditshupo tsa phatlalatsa tsa kamano e di ne tsa begiwa mo tsebeng ya ngwaga wa 2016 mo pampiring ya dikgang ya The New York Times e kwadilwe ke mmego Rachel L. Swarns.<ref>Swarns, Rachel L. (April 17, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/17/us/georgetown-university-search-for-slave-descendants.html "272 Slaves Were Sold to Save Georgetown. What Does It Owe Their Descendants?"]. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170306141029/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/17/us/georgetown-university-search-for-slave-descendants.html Archived] from the original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Fa ba arabela ditshupelo tse, sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Georgetown se ne sa nna le tiragalo e e neng e bidiwa "tirelo ya kobamelo ya segopotso, maikotlhao le tsholofelo". Kwa kobaong eo, tautona wa bokopano jwa batho ba Jesuit kwa Canada le United States enong Timothy Kesicki o ne a re: "Mewa e emakgolo mabedi, masome a supa le bobedi eo, e amogetse tetlanyo e e tshwanang, e badile mafoko a a molemo a a tshwanang, e rapetse dithapelo tse di tshwanang, e opetse difela tse di tshwanang, ebile e galaleditse Modimo o o tshwanang - go tsile jang gore rona, mokgatlho wa ga Jeso, re retelelwe ke go bona gore re mmele o le mongwe fela mo go Kereste? Re swabisetse leina la ga Jeso ene o mokgatlho wa rona o bidiwang ka ene".<ref>Shireen Korkzan (April 18, 2017). [https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/georgetown-liturgy-contrition-honors-enslaved "Georgetown liturgy of contrition honors enslaved"]. National Catholic Reporter. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180910200210/https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/georgetown-liturgy-contrition-honors-enslaved Archived] from the original on September 10, 2018. Retrieved 04 July 2025</ref> Morago ga dikgatiso mabapi le neelano e, sekolo se se ne sa sutisa go fa dikago tse pedi maina a mašha a batho ba Jesuit kwa Georgetown ba ba neng ba nnile le seabe mo thekisong ya ngwaga wa 1838, Thomas Mulledy le William McSherry. Ka ngwaga wa 2015, Ngwanatsele, ntlo lohalahala e e neng e bidiwa Mulledy e ne ya fetolelwa kwa go "Freedom", mme ya McSherry ya bidiwa ntlo lohalaala ya segopotso, e le maiteko a nakwana fa e santse maina a mangwe a sekasekiwa.<ref>Shaver, Katherine (November 15, 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/georgetown-university-to-rename-two-buildings-that-reflect-schools-ties-to-slavery/2015/11/15/e36edd32-8bb7-11e5-acff-673ae92ddd2b_story.html "Georgetown University to rename two buildings that reflect school's ties to slavery".] ''Washington Post''. ISSN 0190-8286. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064355/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/georgetown-university-to-rename-two-buildings-that-reflect-schools-ties-to-slavery/2015/11/15/e36edd32-8bb7-11e5-acff-673ae92ddd2b_story.html Archived] from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2017, dikago tse pedi di ne tsa neelwa maina a Isaac, motho o a nenga dirilwe lekgoba mo thekisong ya 1838, le Anne Marie Becraft, mosadi o o gololesegileng wa mmala, o a neng a tlhamile sekolo sa basetsana ba mmala o montsho kwa Georgetown.<ref>Cloherty, Megan (April 18, 2017). [https://wtop.com/dc/2017/04/georgetown-university-confronts-past-of-slavery-rededicates-two-buildings/ "Georgetown University confronts past of slavery, rededicates 2 buildings"]. ''WTOP''. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> == Sekolo se segolwane sa Hamilton == Baithuti ba pele ba kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Hamilton ba ne ba akaretsa ba ba kgatlhanong le bokgoba, sekolo se e ne e le sengwe sa tse di mmalwa tsa kwa New England kwa ditlhopha tse di kgatlhanong le bokgoba di neng di tlhamilwe teng ka dingwaga tsa 1830. Ditlhopha di ne di rotloediwa ke mokgatlho wa America o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba wa ga William Lloyd Garrison. Puso ya kwa kgaolong ya New York e ne ya tshosetsa go sa ntshe madi, se sa baka gore tautona wa sekolo Joseph Penny, a kganele setlhopha se.<ref>[https://www.hamilton.edu/news/story/student-abolitionists-altman-desole "A Student Stand Against Slavery"]. ''Hamilton College''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210526082116/https://www.hamilton.edu/news/story/student-abolitionists-altman-desole Archived] from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Alexander Hamilton, o sekolo se biditsweng ka ene, o goletse kwa Carribean a bona makgoba a polasi e le lantlha gone koo. Motlhokomedi wa gagwe kwa sekolong se segolwane sa King's e ne e le mong wa makgoba. Hamilton o ne a nyala mo lolwapeng lo lo tlotlegang lwa New York la sefane sa Schyler, ba ba neg ba na le makgoba.<ref>James O. Horton, “Alexander Hamilton: Slavery and Race in a Revolutionary Generation,” ''New-York Journal of American History'', 3 (2004), 16-24</ref> O ne a le kgatlhanong le bokgoba, mme dikwalo tsa gagwe di ne di sa eteletse se kwa pele. O ne a tsaya karolo mo letsholong la pele la go golola makgoba, go na le bosupi jo bo sa tswang go upololwa jwa gore le ene o ne a na le makgoba ebile o rekisitse kgotsa a adimisa bangwe ba makgoba a gagwe.<ref>Kindy, David. [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/new-research-alexander-hamilton-slave-owner-180976260/ "New Research Suggests Alexander Hamilton Was a Slave Owner".] ''Smithsonian Magazine''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210608164419/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/new-research-alexander-hamilton-slave-owner-180976260/ Archived] from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 04 July 2025</ref><ref>Serfilippi, Jessie (2020). [https://parks.ny.gov/documents/historic-sites/SchuylerMansionAlexanderHamiltonsHiddenHistoryasanEnslaver.pdf ""AS ODIOUS AND IMMORAL A THING" Alexander Hamilton's Hidden History as an Enslaver"] (PDF). ''Schuyler Mansion State Historic Site''. New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210524192925/https://parks.ny.gov/documents/historic-sites/SchuylerMansionAlexanderHamiltonsHiddenHistoryasanEnslaver.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> == Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Harvard == Ba sala morago ketelelopele ya sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Brown go upolola kamano ya sekolo seo le bokgoba, thuto puisano kwa Harvard e ne ya sekaseka dikamano tsa sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Harvard, ba ntsha pego ka ngwaga wa 2011. Sven Beckert, moithuti wa di masters Katherine Stevens le baithuti ba puisano ya kwa Harvard ya kamano ya sekolo seo le bokgoba ba ne ba ntsha pego ya kamano ya sekolo sa Havard le bokgoba.<ref name=":10">Beckert, Sven; Stevens, Katherine; et al. (2011). [http://www.harvardandslavery.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Harvard-Slavery-Book-111110.pdf "Harvard and Slavery: Seeking a Forgotten History"] (PDF). Harvard University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180728150449/http://www.harvardandslavery.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Harvard-Slavery-Book-111110.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 04 July 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.harvardandslavery.com/about/ "About | Harvard & Slavery".] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210430063824/http://www.harvardandslavery.com/about/ Archived] from the original on 2021-04-30. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Pego e e simolola ka go batla kamano ya sekolosa Harvard le bokgoba jwa America, bokone le kgwebo ya dikhutlo tse tharo. Pego e e supa fa "ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le bosupa, makgoba e ne e le bontlha jwa botshelo jwa malatsi otlhe kwa Massachusetts. Ba ne ba bereka ebile ba nna kwa koloneng eo. Beng ba bone gantsi e ne e le baeteledipele ba sepolotiki le bagogi ba malwapa a a tumileng.<ref name=":10" /> Makgoba a ne a berekela baeteledipele ba Harvard, mme ebile tiro ya makgoba e nnile le seabe se setona mo go nneng le dikhumo ga barekise ba kwa New England ba ba beileng motheo wa Harvard.<ref name=":10" /> Tshekatsheko e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2017 e supa fa baithuti ba sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Harvard ba ne ba robala mo malaong a a baakantsweng ke batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, ebile ba a ja dijo tse di apeilweng ke batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, bontsi ba ne ba gola go nna beng ba makgoba ba ba tumileng ebile e le baeteledipele kwa America.<ref>Walters, Lindsey (2017). [https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/items/9bb67db4-e98b-4312-9c88-1c60897ae36b "Slavery and the American university: discourses of retrospective justice at Harvard and Brown"]. ''Slavery & Abolition''. 38 (4): 719–744. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0144039X.2017.1309875 10.1080/0144039X.2017.1309875]. S2CID [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fc0ac72778a329370aa452859095f7ff2a0800df 152221691]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200226125730/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/264665 Archived] from the original on 2020-02-26. Retrieved 04 July 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2019, tautona wa sekolo Larry Bacow o ne a tlhama thsimologo ya Harvard le ditso tsa bone mo bokgobeng, ka maikaelelo a go tlhaloganya botoka kamano ya sekolo sa Harvard le bokgoba kgotsa kgwebo ya makgoba mo ditsong, le ditlamorago tsa kamano eo mo sekolong seo gompieno.<ref name=":11">Chaidez, Alexandra; Ryan, Aidan. [https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/11/22/bacow-slavery-study-initiative/ "Bacow Announces Initiative to Study Harvard's Ties to Slavery"]. No. 22 November 2019. The Harvard Crimson.</ref> Komiti e ne ya tlhamiwa go tlhatlhoba le go sekaseka ditso, e eteletswe pele ke Tomiko Brown-Nagin, moeteledipele wa lephata la Radcliffe la thuto e e tsweletseng, ba akaretsa gape Sven Beckert, Paul Farmer, Annete Gordon-Redd, Stephen Gray, Evelynn Hammonds, Nancy Koehn, Meira Levinson, Tiya Miles, Martha Minow, Maya Sen, Daniel Smith, David Williams le William Julius Wilson.<ref name=":11" /> Pego e e ntshitswe ka Moranang ngwaga wa 2022, e supa fa sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Havard se amana le bokgoba. Ba ba amanang le sekolo sa Harvard ba akaretsa botautona ba pele le babereki, ba ne ba dirile batho ba feta masome a supa makgoba ka dingwaga tsa pele, bontsi ba ne ba bereka baithuti ba ntlha ba sekolo seo. E kwadile gape gore sekolo se se tsweletse ka go amogela dithuso go tswa mo bathong ba ba humileng ka ntlha ya kgwebo ya makgoba le go rekisa dithoto tsa dijalo tse di robilweng ke batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba.<ref>Anderson, Nick; Svrluga, Susan (26 April 2022). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2022/04/26/harvard-slavery-report/ "Harvard leaders and staff enslaved 79 people, university finds".] ''The Washington Post''.</ref> Mo pegong eo gape, go na le dikakanyetso kgotsa dithuso go tswa mo komiting tsa gore sekolo se tshwanetse go tswelela pele jang le go tokafatsa kgotsa go baakanya ditso tsa sone tsa bokgoba. Gareng ga tsone e ne e le go fa dithuso tsa thutego dikokomane tsa batho ba ba amegang, segopotso sa batho ba baneng ba dirilwe makgoba, ba dira bokopano le dikolo tse dingwe tse mo ditsong e leng tsa batho bantsho, le go amana ka tlhamalalo le go supa dikokomane tsa batswasetlhabelo , mo go tse dingwe.<ref>[https://legacyofslaveryreport.harvard.edu/report/recommendations-to-the-president-and-fellows-of-harvard-college "Recommendations to the President and Fellows of Harvard College"]. ''Report on Harvard and the Legacy of Slavery''. Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.</ref> Bacow le maloko a koporase ya Havard, ba ne ba dumalana go amogela dikgakololo tse, mme ba itlama go ntsha madi a a ka nang ka didikadike di le lekgolo tsa di dolara tsa America go diragatsa se mo nakong e khutshwane le mo isagong. Martha Minow, motlhatlhelela dithuto ebile e le moeteledipele wa lephata la molao la sekolo sa Harvard, o ne a tlhophiwa go etelela pele tiragatso.<ref>Furst, Camille (26 April 2022). [https://www.wsj.com/us-news/education/harvard-creates-fund-to-redress-ties-to-slavery-11650991714 "Harvard Pledges $100 Million to Redress Ties to Slavery"]. The Wall Street Journal.</ref> === Sekolo sa molao sa Harvard === Isaac Royall Jr. e ne e le morekisi wa mohumi o a neng a abetse sekolo se lefatshe le madi. O ne a ntsha le madi go simolola dithutego ste di kwa godimo tsa molao. Batho ba lolwapa la Royalls ba ne ba amega mo kgwebong ya makgoba. == Metswedi == 92ovro0o6kjerdearstfceb51gawz3l 0 10725 40968 40967 2025-07-04T12:30:23Z KatieKea 10150 /* Leina */ ke simolotse go ranola karolo e #AWC2025 40968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Haile Selassie<br />{{nobold|{{lang|gez|ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ}}}}|title=[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Negusa Nagast|Negusa Nagast]]|image=Haile Selassie in full dress (3x4 cropped).jpg|alt=Selassie, in his seventies, with a full beard, wearing formal military dress uniform.|caption=Selassie in 1970|succession=[[Emperor of Ethiopia]]|reign=2 April 1930 – {{nowrap|12 September 1974}}{{refn|In exile from 2 May 1936 – {{nowrap|20 January 1941<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talbot|first=David Abner|title=Ethiopia: Liberation Silver Jubilee 1941–1966|date=1966|publisher=Ministry of Information|location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|pages=64–66}}</ref>}}|group="nb"}}|coronation=2 November 1930|predecessor=[[Zewditu]]|regent={{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[List of heads of government of Ethiopia|See list]]}} |''[[#Early life|Himself]]'' |Wolde Tzaddick |[[Makonnen Endelkachew]] |[[Abebe Aregai]] |[[Imru Haile Selassie]] |[[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] |[[Endelkachew Makonnen]] |[[Mikael Imru]]}}|reg-type={{nowrap|Prime Minister}}|successor=[[Amha Selassie]]|birth_name=Lij Tafari Makonnen<br />(''Täfäri Mäkonnän'')<br />ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1892|7|23}}|birth_place=[[Ejersa Goro]], [[Hararghe]], [[Ethiopian Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1975|8|27|1892|7|23}}|death_place=[[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa]], [[Derg|Ethiopia]]|burial_date=5 November 2000|burial_place=[[Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)|Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia|spouse={{marriage|[[Menen Asfaw]]|1911|1962|end=died}}|issue={{plainlist| * [[Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen]] * [[Prince Makonnen]] * [[Prince Sahle Selassie]] * [[Princess Romanework]] * [[Princess Tenagnework]] * [[Princess Zenebework]] * [[Princess Tsehai]] }}|issue-link=#Issue|regnal name=ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ<br />(Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé)|house=[[List of rulers of Shewa|Shewa]]|father=[[Makonnen Wolde Mikael]]|mother=[[Yeshimebet Ali]]|signature=File:Haile Selassie bigger signature.svg|religion=[[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]]|succession2=[[Enderase|Regent of Ethiopia]]|predecessor2=[[Tessema Nadew]]|reg-type2=Monarch|regent2=Zewditu|successor3=Kirubel Abraham|dynasty=[[Solomonic dynasty]]|module={{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes |office = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Chief Minister]] |term_start = 12 December 1926 |term_end = 1 May 1936 |predecessor = [[Habte Giyorgis Dinagde]] |successor = Wolde Tzaddick |name = Haile Selassie |order2 = 1st and 5th |office2 = Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity |term_start2 = 25 May 1963 |term_end2 = 17 July 1964 |successor2 = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] |term_start3 = 5 November 1966 |term_end3 = 11 September 1967 |predecessor3 = [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] |successor3 = [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] {{Infobox person | embed=yes | education = | alma_mater = |module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopian Empire}} | branch = | serviceyears = 1930–1974 | rank = * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Field Marshal]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Admiral of the Fleet]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Marshal of the Air]] | commands = [[Military ranks of Ethiopia|Commander-in-chief]] | battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list:''}}| {{tree list}} * [[Gugsa Wale's rebellion]] * [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] ** [[First Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Amba Aradam]] ** [[Second Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Shire (1936)|Battle of Shire]] ** [[Battle of Maychew]] * [[World War II]] ** [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] * [[Korean War]] * [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War]] {{tree list/end}} }} | module = {{Listen |embed=yes | title = Haile Selassie&nbsp;I's voice | filename = Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1955 Constitutional Reform speech.ogg | type = speech | description = {{Br separated entries|Speech to the [[Ethiopian Parliament]] following the occasion of a new Constitution|Recorded 4 November 1955}} }} }} }} }}}} '''Haile Selassie''' I[a] (o tshotswe ka '''Tafari Makonnen''' kgotsa ''Lij'' '''Tafari''';<ref>Atiso, Kodjo. [https://guides.lib.ku.edu/c.php?g=1413002&p=10465656 "Subject & Course Guides: Emperor Haile Selassie Research Guide : Biography of Emperor Haile Selassie"]. ''guides.lib.ku.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro 1892 – Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le bosupa 1975)<ref>Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA247 Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia]''. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> e ne e le Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia go tloga ka 1930 go ya go 1974. O ne a simolola go busa e le Moeteledipele wa Ethiopia ''(Enderase'') ka fa tlase ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu fa gare ga 1916 le 1930. O tsewa ke botlhe e le motho yo o tlhalosang mo ditsong tsa segompieno ya Ethiopia, o newa botlhokwa jwa bomodimo mo Rastafari, bodumedi jwa ga Aborahame jo bo neng jwa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930. Dingwaga di le mmalwa pele ga a simolola puso ya gagwe mo Mmusong wa Ethiopia, Selassie o ne a fenya molaodi wa sesole sa Ethiopia Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, setlogolo sa ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, kwa Ntweng ya Anchem.<ref>Erlich, Haggai (2002), ''The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-970-5, p. 192. </ref><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 148</ref> E ne e le wa lesika la segosi lwa ga Solomone, le le neng la tlhongwa ke Mmusimogolo Yekuno Amlak ka 1270. Selassie, a batla go dira Ethiopia ya segompieno, o ne a tlhagisa diphetogo tsa sepolotiki le tsa loago go akaretsa le molaomotheo wa 1931 le [[Bokgoba kwa Ethiopia|go fedisa bokgoba]] ka 1942. O ne a etelela pele mmusomogolo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Italo-Ethiopia, mme morago ga go fenngwa ga one o ne a isiwa lejwa kwa United Kingdom. Fa Italy e ne e simolola go gapa Afrika Botlhaba, o ne a ya kwa Sudan ya Maesemane le Egepeto go ya go rulaganya ntwa ya Ethiopia kgatlhanong le Italy ya Bofasi; o ne a boela gae morago ga letsholo la Afrika Botlhaba la Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi. O ne a phatlalatsa Mokgatlho wa Ethiopia le Eritrea, o o neng wa tlhongwa ke Kokoanokakaretso ya Lekgotla la Ditshaba ka 1950, mme a tsaya Eritrea jaaka nngwe ya dikgaolo tsa Ethiopia, fa gape a ne a lwa go thibela go ikgaoganya ga Eritrea.<ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. pp. 45–46.</ref> Jaaka motlhotlheletsi wa boditshabatshaba, Selassie o ne a etelela pele go tsena ga Ethiopia mo Lekgotleng la Ditshaba.<ref>Karsh, Efraim (1988), ''Neutrality and Small States''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00507-8, p. 112.</ref> Ka 1963, o ne a okametse go tlhamiwa ga [[Mokgatlho wa Kutlwano ya Aforika]], o o tsileng pele ga wa [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]], mme a nna modulasetulo wa one wa ntlha. Ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960, ba mmuso wa bojammogo a a tlhageletseng a Aforika jaaka Kwame Nkrumah a ne a akanya go tlhamiwa ga "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Aforika". Puo ya bone e ne e le kgatlhanong le Bophirima; Selassie o ne a bona seo e le matshosetsi mo dikgolaganong tsa gagwe. O ne a leka go tlhotlheletsa go ema ka tsela e e itekanetseng mo setlhopheng.<ref>Keller, Edmond J. (1988). ''Revolutionary Ethiopia, From Empire to People's Republic''. Indiana University Press. p. 92.</ref> Mo gare ga ditsogologo tse di tlwaelesegileng, Selassie o ne a menolwa ke Derg ka 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état. Ka tshegetso ya Soviet Union, Derg e ne ya simolola go busa Ethiopia jaaka puso ya Bo-Marxist le Bo-Lenin. Ka 1994, dingwaga di le tharo morago ga go wa ga puso ya sesole sa Derg, go ne ga senolelwa setshaba gore Derg e bolaile Selassie kwa Ntlong ya Bogosi ya Jubilee kwa Addis Ababa ka Phatwe a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ka 1975.<ref>Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). ''የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት)'' [''The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)'']. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. 81–97. ISBN 978-0-7915-9662-3.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ "Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed"]. ''The Washington Post''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ Archived] from the original on 31 December 2017. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka di Ngwanatsele a le malatsi matlhano ka 2000, masalela a gagwe a a neng a epolotswe a ne a fitlhwa kwa Kerekeng e Kgolo ya Tharonngwe e e Boitshepo ya Addis Ababa. Mo gare ga balatedi ba Rastafari, Selassie o bidiwa Jesu yo o boileng, le fa e ne e le molatedi wa Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ethiopia ka boene.<ref>[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Nov 2, 1930 CE: Haile Selassie Becomes Emperor of Ethiopia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240323015638/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Archived] 23 March 2024 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] [[:en:National_Geographic|National Geographic]]</ref><ref>Barrett, Leonard E. (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&pg=PA118 The Rastafarians]''. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1039-6.</ref> O ile a kgalwa ka ntlha ya go gatelela ga gagwe ditsuolodi mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba lefatshe (''Mesafint''), ba ba neng ba nna ba le kgatlhanong le diphetogo tsa gagwe. Ba bangwe ba nyaditse go palelwa ga Ethiopia go dira dilo tsa segompieno ka bonako jo bo lekaneng.<ref>Meredith, Martin (2005), ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-398-6, pp. 212–213.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf "Rebellion and Famine in the North under Haile Selassie"] (PDF). Human Rights Watch. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181350/http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka nako ya puso ya gagwe, batho ba Harari ba ne ba bogisiwa mme ba le bantsi ba ne ba tlogela magae a bone.<ref>Huurne, Dieneke. ''[https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Hurnneie_thesis.pdf 'It's like carrying a heavy box with many people.' A study about the contributions of indigenous social security systems to poverty reduction]'' (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 36.</ref><ref>''[https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf History of Harar and Hararis]'' (PDF). pp. 141–144. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201003055338/https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>Feener, Michael (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&q=kulub+movement+harar&pg=PA227 Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-57607-516-6. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya kgalwa jaaka ya bobusaesi le e e sa gololesegang ke ditlhopha di tshwana Human Rights Watch.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Dimbleby, Jonathan (8 December 1998), [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html "Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine"], The Independent, UK, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013173119/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html archived] from the original on 13 October 2019, retrieved 29 August 2017 (taken from Chapter 3 of Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia Alexander de Waal (Africa Watch, 1991))</ref> Go ya ka metswedi mengwe, morago ga nako ya puso ya ga Selassie, puo ya Oromo e ne ya thibelwa mo thutong, go buiwa phatlalatsa le go dirisiwa mo tsamaisong,<ref>Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016), [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive "Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive"], ''The Guardian'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20160214083716/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive archived] from the original on 14 February 2016, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf Language & Culture]'' (PDF), [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022</ref><ref>''[https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ Ethiopians: Amhara and Oromo]'', January 2017, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210419062136/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ archived] from the original on 19 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> le fa go ne go ise go ke go nne le molao o o neng o dira gore puo epe e nne bosenyi.<ref>Bender, M. L. (1976). ''Language in Ethiopia''. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–190. ISBN 978-0-19-436102-6.</ref><ref>Scholler, Heinrich; Brietzke, Paul H. (1976). ''Ethiopia: Revolution, Law and Politics''. Munich: Weltforum-Verlag. p. 154. ISBN 3-8039-0136-7.</ref><ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. II''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. p. 1105.</ref> Puso ya gagwe e ne ya fudusetsa batho ba le bantsi ba Amhara kwa borwa jwa Ethiopia.<ref>''[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence Oromo Continue to Flee Violence]'', September 1981, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210412051237/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence archived] from the original on 12 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130711041720/http://https/ Country Information Report ethiopia]'', 12 August 2020, archived from [http://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/country-information-report-ethiopia.docx the original] on 11 July 2013, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html Ethiopia. Status of Amharas]'', 1 March 1993, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031218/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html archived] from the original on 25 January 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi wa Ethiopia e bong [[Hachalu Hundessa]] ka 2020, setshwantsho sa ga Selassie kwa United Kingdom se ne sa senngwa ke baipelaetsi ba Ba-Oromo, mme sefikantswe sa dipitse se se bontshang rraagwe se ne sa tlosiwa kwa Harar.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 "Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park"]. BBC News. 2 July 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155840/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 Archived] from the original on 14 June 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 "Deadly protests erupt after Ethiopian singer killed"]. BBC News. 30 June 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200630105152/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 Archived] from the original on 30 June 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ Ethiopians Angered at Singer's Death Topple Statue]'', 30 June 2020, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215072940/https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ archived] from the original on 15 December 2020, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> == Leina == Haile Selassie o ne a itsege fa a sa ntse a le ngwana e le '''Lij Tafari Makonnen''' (Sege'eze: ጅጅ ኰፈሪ መኮንን, ka Seroma: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). ''Lij'' e ranotswe jaaka "ngwana" mme e dira go supa gore mosha ke wa madi a a tlotlegang. Leina la gagwe la ''Tafari'' le kaya "yo o tlotliwang kgotsa yo o tshabiwang". Jaaka bontsi jwa Baethiopia, leina la gagwe la sebele "Tafari" le latelwa ke la ga rraagwe Makonnen le la ga rraagwemogolo Woldemikael. Leina la gagwe la ''Haile Selassie'' le ne la newa fa a ne a kolobediwa a le lesea mme la amogelwa gape jaaka karolo ya leina la gagwe la bogosi ka 1930.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I "Haile Selassie I"]. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241126220719/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I Archived] from the original on 26 November 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 1905, a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, Tafari o ne a tlhomiwa ke rraagwe go nna Dejazmatch wa Gara Mulatta (kgaolo e e ka nnang dimaele di le masome a mabedi kwa borwabophirima jwa Harar).<ref>Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Thanolo ya nnete ya Dejazmatch ke "motlhokomedi wa lebati"; ke sereto sa botlhokwa se se lekanang le sa count.<ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 115.</ref> Ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le bosupa 1916, o ne a itsisiwe jaaka Kgosana ya Segosi le mojaboswa wa setilo sa bogosi (''Alga'' ''Worrach''),<ref name=":1">Bellizzi, Francesco; Wondim, Simeon; Feqade, Ras (2013). ''The Order of Coronation''. Italy: Debre Zeyt Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-88-908905-0-5.</ref><ref name=":2">Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 114.</ref> mme a tlhomiwa go nna Moeteledipele yo o Nang le Dithata Tse di Tletseng (''Balemulu Silt'an Enderase'').<ref name=":1" /><ref>Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 48–50. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le lesome le motso 1917, o ne a rwesiwa korone ya Le'ul-Ras<ref>Steffanson, Borg G.; Starrett, Ronald K. (1976). ''Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. I: The Decline of Menelik II to the Emergence of Ras Tafari, later known as Haile Selassie, 1910–1919''. Salisbury, North Carolina: Documentary Publications. p. 133. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.</ref> mme a itsege jaaka Ras Tafari Makonnen [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg.mp3 reetsa]. ''Ras'' e ranotswe jaaka "tlhogo"<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], pp. 172–173</ref><ref name=":2" /> mme ke maemo a botlhokwa a a lekanang le kgosana,<ref name=":2" /><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, p. xiii.</ref> le fa gantsi e ranolwa mo thanolong jaaka "morwakgosi". Kwa tshimologong sereto sa Le'ul, se se rayang "Motlotlegi wa gago", se ne se dirisiwa fela jaaka mofuta wa go bitsa;<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 325</ref> le fa go ntse jalo, ka 1916 sereto sa Le'ul-Ras se ne sa tsaya sebaka sa ofisi e kgolo ya ga Ras Bitwoded mme ka jalo sa nna se se lekanang le kgosana ya segosi.<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 350</ref><ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 117</ref> Ka 1928, Kgosigadi Zewditu o ne a rulaganya go mo naya setilo sa bogosi sa Shewa; le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako ya bofelo ya kganetso go tswa go babusi bangwe ba dikgaolo e ne ya baka phetogo mme sereto sa gagwe sa ''Negus'' kgotsa "Kgosi" se ne sa newa ntle le go tshwanelega ga lefelo kgotsa tlhaloso. Ka la bo 2 Ngwanaitseele 1930, morago ga loso lwa ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu, Tafari o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Negusa Nagast, ka tlhamalalo "Kgosi ya Dikgosi", e e ranotsweng ka Seesemane jaaka "Mmusimogolo".[46] Fa a tlhatloga, o ne a tsaya leina la gagwe la bogosi la Haile Selassie I. Haile e kaya ka Se-Ge'ez "Maatla a" mme Selassie e kaya tharonngwe – ka jalo Haile Selassie e ranolwa go nna "Maatla a Tharonngwe".[47] Sereto se se feletseng sa ga Selassie mo maemong a gagwe e ne e le "Ka Tau e e Fenyang ya Morafe wa Juda, Motlotlegi wa gagwe wa Bogosi Haile Selassie I, Kgosi ya Dikgosi tsa Ethiopia, Morena wa Marena, Motlhophiwa wa Modimo". latedisa losika lwa bone go ya go Menelik I, yo o tlhalosiwang ke Kebra Nagast (epic ya bosetšhaba ya lekgolo la bo14 la dingwaga C.E.) e le morwa wa ga Kgosi Solomone wa lekgolo la bolesome la dingwaga B.C.E. le Kgosigadi ya Sheba.[52] Mo Baethiopia, Selassie o ntse a itsege ka maina a le mantsi, go akaretsa Janhoy ("Motlotlegi") Talaqu Meri ("Moeteledipele yo Mogolo") le Abba Tekel ("Rraagwe Tekel", leina la gagwe la pitse).[51] Mokgatlho wa Rastafari o dirisa bontsi jwa maina ano, gape o mo bitsa Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, le HIM (khutshwafatso ya "Motlotlegi wa Gagwe wa Bogosi").[51] == Metswedi == p8s6vssfjndga5pavhey4qzielx2o6v 40971 40968 2025-07-04T14:46:17Z KatieKea 10150 /* Leina */ Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025 40971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Haile Selassie<br />{{nobold|{{lang|gez|ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ}}}}|title=[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Negusa Nagast|Negusa Nagast]]|image=Haile Selassie in full dress (3x4 cropped).jpg|alt=Selassie, in his seventies, with a full beard, wearing formal military dress uniform.|caption=Selassie in 1970|succession=[[Emperor of Ethiopia]]|reign=2 April 1930 – {{nowrap|12 September 1974}}{{refn|In exile from 2 May 1936 – {{nowrap|20 January 1941<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talbot|first=David Abner|title=Ethiopia: Liberation Silver Jubilee 1941–1966|date=1966|publisher=Ministry of Information|location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|pages=64–66}}</ref>}}|group="nb"}}|coronation=2 November 1930|predecessor=[[Zewditu]]|regent={{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[List of heads of government of Ethiopia|See list]]}} |''[[#Early life|Himself]]'' |Wolde Tzaddick |[[Makonnen Endelkachew]] |[[Abebe Aregai]] |[[Imru Haile Selassie]] |[[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] |[[Endelkachew Makonnen]] |[[Mikael Imru]]}}|reg-type={{nowrap|Prime Minister}}|successor=[[Amha Selassie]]|birth_name=Lij Tafari Makonnen<br />(''Täfäri Mäkonnän'')<br />ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1892|7|23}}|birth_place=[[Ejersa Goro]], [[Hararghe]], [[Ethiopian Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1975|8|27|1892|7|23}}|death_place=[[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa]], [[Derg|Ethiopia]]|burial_date=5 November 2000|burial_place=[[Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)|Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia|spouse={{marriage|[[Menen Asfaw]]|1911|1962|end=died}}|issue={{plainlist| * [[Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen]] * [[Prince Makonnen]] * [[Prince Sahle Selassie]] * [[Princess Romanework]] * [[Princess Tenagnework]] * [[Princess Zenebework]] * [[Princess Tsehai]] }}|issue-link=#Issue|regnal name=ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ<br />(Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé)|house=[[List of rulers of Shewa|Shewa]]|father=[[Makonnen Wolde Mikael]]|mother=[[Yeshimebet Ali]]|signature=File:Haile Selassie bigger signature.svg|religion=[[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]]|succession2=[[Enderase|Regent of Ethiopia]]|predecessor2=[[Tessema Nadew]]|reg-type2=Monarch|regent2=Zewditu|successor3=Kirubel Abraham|dynasty=[[Solomonic dynasty]]|module={{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes |office = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Chief Minister]] |term_start = 12 December 1926 |term_end = 1 May 1936 |predecessor = [[Habte Giyorgis Dinagde]] |successor = Wolde Tzaddick |name = Haile Selassie |order2 = 1st and 5th |office2 = Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity |term_start2 = 25 May 1963 |term_end2 = 17 July 1964 |successor2 = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] |term_start3 = 5 November 1966 |term_end3 = 11 September 1967 |predecessor3 = [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] |successor3 = [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] {{Infobox person | embed=yes | education = | alma_mater = |module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopian Empire}} | branch = | serviceyears = 1930–1974 | rank = * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Field Marshal]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Admiral of the Fleet]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Marshal of the Air]] | commands = [[Military ranks of Ethiopia|Commander-in-chief]] | battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list:''}}| {{tree list}} * [[Gugsa Wale's rebellion]] * [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] ** [[First Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Amba Aradam]] ** [[Second Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Shire (1936)|Battle of Shire]] ** [[Battle of Maychew]] * [[World War II]] ** [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] * [[Korean War]] * [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War]] {{tree list/end}} }} | module = {{Listen |embed=yes | title = Haile Selassie&nbsp;I's voice | filename = Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1955 Constitutional Reform speech.ogg | type = speech | description = {{Br separated entries|Speech to the [[Ethiopian Parliament]] following the occasion of a new Constitution|Recorded 4 November 1955}} }} }} }} }}}} '''Haile Selassie''' I[a] (o tshotswe ka '''Tafari Makonnen''' kgotsa ''Lij'' '''Tafari''';<ref>Atiso, Kodjo. [https://guides.lib.ku.edu/c.php?g=1413002&p=10465656 "Subject & Course Guides: Emperor Haile Selassie Research Guide : Biography of Emperor Haile Selassie"]. ''guides.lib.ku.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro 1892 – Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le bosupa 1975)<ref>Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA247 Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia]''. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> e ne e le Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia go tloga ka 1930 go ya go 1974. O ne a simolola go busa e le Moeteledipele wa Ethiopia ''(Enderase'') ka fa tlase ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu fa gare ga 1916 le 1930. O tsewa ke botlhe e le motho yo o tlhalosang mo ditsong tsa segompieno ya Ethiopia, o newa botlhokwa jwa bomodimo mo Rastafari, bodumedi jwa ga Aborahame jo bo neng jwa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930. Dingwaga di le mmalwa pele ga a simolola puso ya gagwe mo Mmusong wa Ethiopia, Selassie o ne a fenya molaodi wa sesole sa Ethiopia Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, setlogolo sa ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, kwa Ntweng ya Anchem.<ref>Erlich, Haggai (2002), ''The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-970-5, p. 192. </ref><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 148</ref> E ne e le wa lesika la segosi lwa ga Solomone, le le neng la tlhongwa ke Mmusimogolo Yekuno Amlak ka 1270. Selassie, a batla go dira Ethiopia ya segompieno, o ne a tlhagisa diphetogo tsa sepolotiki le tsa loago go akaretsa le molaomotheo wa 1931 le [[Bokgoba kwa Ethiopia|go fedisa bokgoba]] ka 1942. O ne a etelela pele mmusomogolo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Italo-Ethiopia, mme morago ga go fenngwa ga one o ne a isiwa lejwa kwa United Kingdom. Fa Italy e ne e simolola go gapa Afrika Botlhaba, o ne a ya kwa Sudan ya Maesemane le Egepeto go ya go rulaganya ntwa ya Ethiopia kgatlhanong le Italy ya Bofasi; o ne a boela gae morago ga letsholo la Afrika Botlhaba la Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi. O ne a phatlalatsa Mokgatlho wa Ethiopia le Eritrea, o o neng wa tlhongwa ke Kokoanokakaretso ya Lekgotla la Ditshaba ka 1950, mme a tsaya Eritrea jaaka nngwe ya dikgaolo tsa Ethiopia, fa gape a ne a lwa go thibela go ikgaoganya ga Eritrea.<ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. pp. 45–46.</ref> Jaaka motlhotlheletsi wa boditshabatshaba, Selassie o ne a etelela pele go tsena ga Ethiopia mo Lekgotleng la Ditshaba.<ref>Karsh, Efraim (1988), ''Neutrality and Small States''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00507-8, p. 112.</ref> Ka 1963, o ne a okametse go tlhamiwa ga [[Mokgatlho wa Kutlwano ya Aforika]], o o tsileng pele ga wa [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]], mme a nna modulasetulo wa one wa ntlha. Ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960, ba mmuso wa bojammogo a a tlhageletseng a Aforika jaaka Kwame Nkrumah a ne a akanya go tlhamiwa ga "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Aforika". Puo ya bone e ne e le kgatlhanong le Bophirima; Selassie o ne a bona seo e le matshosetsi mo dikgolaganong tsa gagwe. O ne a leka go tlhotlheletsa go ema ka tsela e e itekanetseng mo setlhopheng.<ref>Keller, Edmond J. (1988). ''Revolutionary Ethiopia, From Empire to People's Republic''. Indiana University Press. p. 92.</ref> Mo gare ga ditsogologo tse di tlwaelesegileng, Selassie o ne a menolwa ke Derg ka 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état. Ka tshegetso ya Soviet Union, Derg e ne ya simolola go busa Ethiopia jaaka puso ya Bo-Marxist le Bo-Lenin. Ka 1994, dingwaga di le tharo morago ga go wa ga puso ya sesole sa Derg, go ne ga senolelwa setshaba gore Derg e bolaile Selassie kwa Ntlong ya Bogosi ya Jubilee kwa Addis Ababa ka Phatwe a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ka 1975.<ref>Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). ''የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት)'' [''The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)'']. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. 81–97. ISBN 978-0-7915-9662-3.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ "Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed"]. ''The Washington Post''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ Archived] from the original on 31 December 2017. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka di Ngwanatsele a le malatsi matlhano ka 2000, masalela a gagwe a a neng a epolotswe a ne a fitlhwa kwa Kerekeng e Kgolo ya Tharonngwe e e Boitshepo ya Addis Ababa. Mo gare ga balatedi ba Rastafari, Selassie o bidiwa Jesu yo o boileng, le fa e ne e le molatedi wa Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ethiopia ka boene.<ref>[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Nov 2, 1930 CE: Haile Selassie Becomes Emperor of Ethiopia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240323015638/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Archived] 23 March 2024 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] [[:en:National_Geographic|National Geographic]]</ref><ref>Barrett, Leonard E. (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&pg=PA118 The Rastafarians]''. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1039-6.</ref> O ile a kgalwa ka ntlha ya go gatelela ga gagwe ditsuolodi mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba lefatshe (''Mesafint''), ba ba neng ba nna ba le kgatlhanong le diphetogo tsa gagwe. Ba bangwe ba nyaditse go palelwa ga Ethiopia go dira dilo tsa segompieno ka bonako jo bo lekaneng.<ref>Meredith, Martin (2005), ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-398-6, pp. 212–213.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf "Rebellion and Famine in the North under Haile Selassie"] (PDF). Human Rights Watch. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181350/http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka nako ya puso ya gagwe, batho ba Harari ba ne ba bogisiwa mme ba le bantsi ba ne ba tlogela magae a bone.<ref>Huurne, Dieneke. ''[https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Hurnneie_thesis.pdf 'It's like carrying a heavy box with many people.' A study about the contributions of indigenous social security systems to poverty reduction]'' (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 36.</ref><ref>''[https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf History of Harar and Hararis]'' (PDF). pp. 141–144. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201003055338/https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>Feener, Michael (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&q=kulub+movement+harar&pg=PA227 Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-57607-516-6. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya kgalwa jaaka ya bobusaesi le e e sa gololesegang ke ditlhopha di tshwana Human Rights Watch.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Dimbleby, Jonathan (8 December 1998), [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html "Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine"], The Independent, UK, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013173119/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html archived] from the original on 13 October 2019, retrieved 29 August 2017 (taken from Chapter 3 of Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia Alexander de Waal (Africa Watch, 1991))</ref> Go ya ka metswedi mengwe, morago ga nako ya puso ya ga Selassie, puo ya Oromo e ne ya thibelwa mo thutong, go buiwa phatlalatsa le go dirisiwa mo tsamaisong,<ref>Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016), [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive "Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive"], ''The Guardian'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20160214083716/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive archived] from the original on 14 February 2016, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf Language & Culture]'' (PDF), [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022</ref><ref>''[https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ Ethiopians: Amhara and Oromo]'', January 2017, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210419062136/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ archived] from the original on 19 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> le fa go ne go ise go ke go nne le molao o o neng o dira gore puo epe e nne bosenyi.<ref>Bender, M. L. (1976). ''Language in Ethiopia''. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–190. ISBN 978-0-19-436102-6.</ref><ref>Scholler, Heinrich; Brietzke, Paul H. (1976). ''Ethiopia: Revolution, Law and Politics''. Munich: Weltforum-Verlag. p. 154. ISBN 3-8039-0136-7.</ref><ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. II''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. p. 1105.</ref> Puso ya gagwe e ne ya fudusetsa batho ba le bantsi ba Amhara kwa borwa jwa Ethiopia.<ref>''[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence Oromo Continue to Flee Violence]'', September 1981, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210412051237/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence archived] from the original on 12 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130711041720/http://https/ Country Information Report ethiopia]'', 12 August 2020, archived from [http://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/country-information-report-ethiopia.docx the original] on 11 July 2013, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html Ethiopia. Status of Amharas]'', 1 March 1993, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031218/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html archived] from the original on 25 January 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi wa Ethiopia e bong [[Hachalu Hundessa]] ka 2020, setshwantsho sa ga Selassie kwa United Kingdom se ne sa senngwa ke baipelaetsi ba Ba-Oromo, mme sefikantswe sa dipitse se se bontshang rraagwe se ne sa tlosiwa kwa Harar.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 "Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park"]. BBC News. 2 July 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155840/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 Archived] from the original on 14 June 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 "Deadly protests erupt after Ethiopian singer killed"]. BBC News. 30 June 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200630105152/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 Archived] from the original on 30 June 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ Ethiopians Angered at Singer's Death Topple Statue]'', 30 June 2020, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215072940/https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ archived] from the original on 15 December 2020, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> == Leina == Haile Selassie o ne a itsege fa a sa ntse a le ngwana e le '''Lij Tafari Makonnen''' (Sege'eze: ጅጅ ኰፈሪ መኮንን, ka Seroma: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). ''Lij'' e ranotswe jaaka "ngwana" mme e dira go supa gore mosha ke wa madi a a tlotlegang. Leina la gagwe la ''Tafari'' le kaya "yo o tlotliwang kgotsa yo o tshabiwang". Jaaka bontsi jwa Baethiopia, leina la gagwe la sebele "Tafari" le latelwa ke la ga rraagwe Makonnen le la ga rraagwemogolo Woldemikael. Leina la gagwe la ''Haile Selassie'' le ne la newa fa a ne a kolobediwa a le lesea mme la amogelwa gape jaaka karolo ya leina la gagwe la bogosi ka 1930.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I "Haile Selassie I"]. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241126220719/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I Archived] from the original on 26 November 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 1905, a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, Tafari o ne a tlhomiwa ke rraagwe go nna Dejazmatch wa Gara Mulatta (kgaolo e e ka nnang dimaele di le masome a mabedi kwa borwabophirima jwa Harar).<ref>Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Thanolo ya nnete ya Dejazmatch ke "motlhokomedi wa lebati"; ke sereto sa botlhokwa se se lekanang le sa count.<ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 115.</ref> Ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le bosupa 1916, o ne a itsisiwe jaaka Kgosana ya Segosi le mojaboswa wa setilo sa bogosi (''Alga'' ''Worrach''),<ref name=":1">Bellizzi, Francesco; Wondim, Simeon; Feqade, Ras (2013). ''The Order of Coronation''. Italy: Debre Zeyt Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-88-908905-0-5.</ref><ref name=":2">Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 114.</ref> mme a tlhomiwa go nna Moeteledipele yo o Nang le Dithata Tse di Tletseng (''Balemulu Silt'an Enderase'').<ref name=":1" /><ref>Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 48–50. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le lesome le motso 1917, o ne a rwesiwa korone ya Le'ul-Ras<ref>Steffanson, Borg G.; Starrett, Ronald K. (1976). ''Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. I: The Decline of Menelik II to the Emergence of Ras Tafari, later known as Haile Selassie, 1910–1919''. Salisbury, North Carolina: Documentary Publications. p. 133. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.</ref> mme a itsege jaaka Ras Tafari Makonnen [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg.mp3 reetsa]. ''Ras'' e ranotswe jaaka "tlhogo"<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], pp. 172–173</ref><ref name=":2" /> mme ke maemo a botlhokwa a a lekanang le kgosana,<ref name=":2" /><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, p. xiii.</ref> le fa gantsi e ranolwa mo thanolong jaaka "morwakgosi". Kwa tshimologong sereto sa Le'ul, se se rayang "Motlotlegi wa gago", se ne se dirisiwa fela jaaka mofuta wa go bitsa;<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 325</ref> le fa go ntse jalo, ka 1916 sereto sa Le'ul-Ras se ne sa tsaya sebaka sa ofisi e kgolo ya ga Ras Bitwoded mme ka jalo sa nna se se lekanang le kgosana ya segosi.<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 350</ref><ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 117</ref> Ka 1928, Kgosigadi Zewditu o ne a rulaganya go mo naya setilo sa bogosi sa Shewa; le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako ya bofelo ya kganetso go tswa go babusi bangwe ba dikgaolo e ne ya baka phetogo mme sereto sa gagwe sa ''Negus'' kgotsa "Kgosi" se ne sa newa ntle le go tshwanelega ga lefelo kgotsa tlhaloso.<ref>Steffanson, Borg G.; Starret, Ronald K. (1976). ''Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. II''. North Carolina, U.S.: Documentary Publications. p. 112. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.</ref><ref>Bahru Zewde (2001). ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: James Currey. p. 135. ISBN 0-85255-786-8.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi mabedi 1930, morago ga loso lwa ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu, Tafari o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Negusa Nagast, ka tlhamalalo "Kgosi ya Dikgosi", e e ranotsweng ka Seesemane jaaka "Mmusimogolo".<ref>Roberts, Neil (2015). ''Freedom as Marronage''. University of Chicago Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-226-20104-7.</ref> Fa a tlhatloga, o ne a tsaya leina la gagwe la bogosi la Haile Selassie I. ''Haile'' e kaya ka Se-Ge'ez "Maatla a" mme Selassie e kaya tharonngwe – ka jalo Haile Selassie e ranolwa go nna "Maatla a Tharonngwe".<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 159.</ref> Sereto se se feletseng sa ga Selassie mo maemong a gagwe e ne e le "Ka Tau e e Fenyang ya Morafe wa Juda, Motlotlegi wa gagwe wa Bogosi Haile Selassie I, Kgosi ya Dikgosi tsa Ethiopia, Morena wa Marena, Motlhophiwa wa Modimo". latedisa losika lwa bone go ya go Menelik I, yo o tlhalosiwang ke Kebra Nagast (epic ya bosetšhaba ya lekgolo la bo14 la dingwaga C.E.) e le morwa wa ga Kgosi Solomone wa lekgolo la bolesome la dingwaga B.C.E. le Kgosigadi ya Sheba.[52] Mo Baethiopia, Selassie o ntse a itsege ka maina a le mantsi, go akaretsa Janhoy ("Motlotlegi") Talaqu Meri ("Moeteledipele yo Mogolo") le Abba Tekel ("Rraagwe Tekel", leina la gagwe la pitse).[51] Mokgatlho wa Rastafari o dirisa bontsi jwa maina ano, gape o mo bitsa Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, le HIM (khutshwafatso ya "Motlotlegi wa Gagwe wa Bogosi").[51] == Metswedi == s91gpcq8lcw2mbwutywiqesfbr9oqb5 40972 40971 2025-07-04T17:59:23Z KatieKea 10150 /* Leina */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025 40972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Haile Selassie<br />{{nobold|{{lang|gez|ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ}}}}|title=[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Negusa Nagast|Negusa Nagast]]|image=Haile Selassie in full dress (3x4 cropped).jpg|alt=Selassie, in his seventies, with a full beard, wearing formal military dress uniform.|caption=Selassie in 1970|succession=[[Emperor of Ethiopia]]|reign=2 April 1930 – {{nowrap|12 September 1974}}{{refn|In exile from 2 May 1936 – {{nowrap|20 January 1941<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talbot|first=David Abner|title=Ethiopia: Liberation Silver Jubilee 1941–1966|date=1966|publisher=Ministry of Information|location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|pages=64–66}}</ref>}}|group="nb"}}|coronation=2 November 1930|predecessor=[[Zewditu]]|regent={{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[List of heads of government of Ethiopia|See list]]}} |''[[#Early life|Himself]]'' |Wolde Tzaddick |[[Makonnen Endelkachew]] |[[Abebe Aregai]] |[[Imru Haile Selassie]] |[[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] |[[Endelkachew Makonnen]] |[[Mikael Imru]]}}|reg-type={{nowrap|Prime Minister}}|successor=[[Amha Selassie]]|birth_name=Lij Tafari Makonnen<br />(''Täfäri Mäkonnän'')<br />ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1892|7|23}}|birth_place=[[Ejersa Goro]], [[Hararghe]], [[Ethiopian Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1975|8|27|1892|7|23}}|death_place=[[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa]], [[Derg|Ethiopia]]|burial_date=5 November 2000|burial_place=[[Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)|Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia|spouse={{marriage|[[Menen Asfaw]]|1911|1962|end=died}}|issue={{plainlist| * [[Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen]] * [[Prince Makonnen]] * [[Prince Sahle Selassie]] * [[Princess Romanework]] * [[Princess Tenagnework]] * [[Princess Zenebework]] * [[Princess Tsehai]] }}|issue-link=#Issue|regnal name=ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ<br />(Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé)|house=[[List of rulers of Shewa|Shewa]]|father=[[Makonnen Wolde Mikael]]|mother=[[Yeshimebet Ali]]|signature=File:Haile Selassie bigger signature.svg|religion=[[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]]|succession2=[[Enderase|Regent of Ethiopia]]|predecessor2=[[Tessema Nadew]]|reg-type2=Monarch|regent2=Zewditu|successor3=Kirubel Abraham|dynasty=[[Solomonic dynasty]]|module={{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes |office = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Chief Minister]] |term_start = 12 December 1926 |term_end = 1 May 1936 |predecessor = [[Habte Giyorgis Dinagde]] |successor = Wolde Tzaddick |name = Haile Selassie |order2 = 1st and 5th |office2 = Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity |term_start2 = 25 May 1963 |term_end2 = 17 July 1964 |successor2 = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] |term_start3 = 5 November 1966 |term_end3 = 11 September 1967 |predecessor3 = [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] |successor3 = [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] {{Infobox person | embed=yes | education = | alma_mater = |module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopian Empire}} | branch = | serviceyears = 1930–1974 | rank = * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Field Marshal]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Admiral of the Fleet]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Marshal of the Air]] | commands = [[Military ranks of Ethiopia|Commander-in-chief]] | battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list:''}}| {{tree list}} * [[Gugsa Wale's rebellion]] * [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] ** [[First Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Amba Aradam]] ** [[Second Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Shire (1936)|Battle of Shire]] ** [[Battle of Maychew]] * [[World War II]] ** [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] * [[Korean War]] * [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War]] {{tree list/end}} }} | module = {{Listen |embed=yes | title = Haile Selassie&nbsp;I's voice | filename = Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1955 Constitutional Reform speech.ogg | type = speech | description = {{Br separated entries|Speech to the [[Ethiopian Parliament]] following the occasion of a new Constitution|Recorded 4 November 1955}} }} }} }} }}}} '''Haile Selassie''' I[a] (o tshotswe ka '''Tafari Makonnen''' kgotsa ''Lij'' '''Tafari''';<ref>Atiso, Kodjo. [https://guides.lib.ku.edu/c.php?g=1413002&p=10465656 "Subject & Course Guides: Emperor Haile Selassie Research Guide : Biography of Emperor Haile Selassie"]. ''guides.lib.ku.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro 1892 – Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le bosupa 1975)<ref>Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA247 Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia]''. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> e ne e le Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia go tloga ka 1930 go ya go 1974. O ne a simolola go busa e le Moeteledipele wa Ethiopia ''(Enderase'') ka fa tlase ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu fa gare ga 1916 le 1930. O tsewa ke botlhe e le motho yo o tlhalosang mo ditsong tsa segompieno ya Ethiopia, o newa botlhokwa jwa bomodimo mo Rastafari, bodumedi jwa ga Aborahame jo bo neng jwa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930. Dingwaga di le mmalwa pele ga a simolola puso ya gagwe mo Mmusong wa Ethiopia, Selassie o ne a fenya molaodi wa sesole sa Ethiopia Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, setlogolo sa ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, kwa Ntweng ya Anchem.<ref>Erlich, Haggai (2002), ''The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-970-5, p. 192. </ref><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 148</ref> E ne e le wa lesika la segosi lwa ga Solomone, le le neng la tlhongwa ke Mmusimogolo Yekuno Amlak ka 1270. Selassie, a batla go dira Ethiopia ya segompieno, o ne a tlhagisa diphetogo tsa sepolotiki le tsa loago go akaretsa le molaomotheo wa 1931 le [[Bokgoba kwa Ethiopia|go fedisa bokgoba]] ka 1942. O ne a etelela pele mmusomogolo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Italo-Ethiopia, mme morago ga go fenngwa ga one o ne a isiwa lejwa kwa United Kingdom. Fa Italy e ne e simolola go gapa Afrika Botlhaba, o ne a ya kwa Sudan ya Maesemane le Egepeto go ya go rulaganya ntwa ya Ethiopia kgatlhanong le Italy ya Bofasi; o ne a boela gae morago ga letsholo la Afrika Botlhaba la Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi. O ne a phatlalatsa Mokgatlho wa Ethiopia le Eritrea, o o neng wa tlhongwa ke Kokoanokakaretso ya Lekgotla la Ditshaba ka 1950, mme a tsaya Eritrea jaaka nngwe ya dikgaolo tsa Ethiopia, fa gape a ne a lwa go thibela go ikgaoganya ga Eritrea.<ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. pp. 45–46.</ref> Jaaka motlhotlheletsi wa boditshabatshaba, Selassie o ne a etelela pele go tsena ga Ethiopia mo Lekgotleng la Ditshaba.<ref>Karsh, Efraim (1988), ''Neutrality and Small States''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00507-8, p. 112.</ref> Ka 1963, o ne a okametse go tlhamiwa ga [[Mokgatlho wa Kutlwano ya Aforika]], o o tsileng pele ga wa [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]], mme a nna modulasetulo wa one wa ntlha. Ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960, ba mmuso wa bojammogo a a tlhageletseng a Aforika jaaka Kwame Nkrumah a ne a akanya go tlhamiwa ga "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Aforika". Puo ya bone e ne e le kgatlhanong le Bophirima; Selassie o ne a bona seo e le matshosetsi mo dikgolaganong tsa gagwe. O ne a leka go tlhotlheletsa go ema ka tsela e e itekanetseng mo setlhopheng.<ref>Keller, Edmond J. (1988). ''Revolutionary Ethiopia, From Empire to People's Republic''. Indiana University Press. p. 92.</ref> Mo gare ga ditsogologo tse di tlwaelesegileng, Selassie o ne a menolwa ke Derg ka 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état. Ka tshegetso ya Soviet Union, Derg e ne ya simolola go busa Ethiopia jaaka puso ya Bo-Marxist le Bo-Lenin. Ka 1994, dingwaga di le tharo morago ga go wa ga puso ya sesole sa Derg, go ne ga senolelwa setshaba gore Derg e bolaile Selassie kwa Ntlong ya Bogosi ya Jubilee kwa Addis Ababa ka Phatwe a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ka 1975.<ref>Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). ''የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት)'' [''The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)'']. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. 81–97. ISBN 978-0-7915-9662-3.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ "Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed"]. ''The Washington Post''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ Archived] from the original on 31 December 2017. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka di Ngwanatsele a le malatsi matlhano ka 2000, masalela a gagwe a a neng a epolotswe a ne a fitlhwa kwa Kerekeng e Kgolo ya Tharonngwe e e Boitshepo ya Addis Ababa. Mo gare ga balatedi ba Rastafari, Selassie o bidiwa Jesu yo o boileng, le fa e ne e le molatedi wa Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ethiopia ka boene.<ref>[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Nov 2, 1930 CE: Haile Selassie Becomes Emperor of Ethiopia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240323015638/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Archived] 23 March 2024 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] [[:en:National_Geographic|National Geographic]]</ref><ref>Barrett, Leonard E. (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&pg=PA118 The Rastafarians]''. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1039-6.</ref> O ile a kgalwa ka ntlha ya go gatelela ga gagwe ditsuolodi mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba lefatshe (''Mesafint''), ba ba neng ba nna ba le kgatlhanong le diphetogo tsa gagwe. Ba bangwe ba nyaditse go palelwa ga Ethiopia go dira dilo tsa segompieno ka bonako jo bo lekaneng.<ref>Meredith, Martin (2005), ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-398-6, pp. 212–213.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf "Rebellion and Famine in the North under Haile Selassie"] (PDF). Human Rights Watch. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181350/http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka nako ya puso ya gagwe, batho ba Harari ba ne ba bogisiwa mme ba le bantsi ba ne ba tlogela magae a bone.<ref>Huurne, Dieneke. ''[https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Hurnneie_thesis.pdf 'It's like carrying a heavy box with many people.' A study about the contributions of indigenous social security systems to poverty reduction]'' (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 36.</ref><ref>''[https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf History of Harar and Hararis]'' (PDF). pp. 141–144. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201003055338/https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>Feener, Michael (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&q=kulub+movement+harar&pg=PA227 Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-57607-516-6. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya kgalwa jaaka ya bobusaesi le e e sa gololesegang ke ditlhopha di tshwana Human Rights Watch.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Dimbleby, Jonathan (8 December 1998), [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html "Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine"], The Independent, UK, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013173119/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html archived] from the original on 13 October 2019, retrieved 29 August 2017 (taken from Chapter 3 of Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia Alexander de Waal (Africa Watch, 1991))</ref> Go ya ka metswedi mengwe, morago ga nako ya puso ya ga Selassie, puo ya Oromo e ne ya thibelwa mo thutong, go buiwa phatlalatsa le go dirisiwa mo tsamaisong,<ref>Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016), [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive "Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive"], ''The Guardian'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20160214083716/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive archived] from the original on 14 February 2016, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf Language & Culture]'' (PDF), [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022</ref><ref>''[https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ Ethiopians: Amhara and Oromo]'', January 2017, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210419062136/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ archived] from the original on 19 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> le fa go ne go ise go ke go nne le molao o o neng o dira gore puo epe e nne bosenyi.<ref>Bender, M. L. (1976). ''Language in Ethiopia''. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–190. ISBN 978-0-19-436102-6.</ref><ref>Scholler, Heinrich; Brietzke, Paul H. (1976). ''Ethiopia: Revolution, Law and Politics''. Munich: Weltforum-Verlag. p. 154. ISBN 3-8039-0136-7.</ref><ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. II''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. p. 1105.</ref> Puso ya gagwe e ne ya fudusetsa batho ba le bantsi ba Amhara kwa borwa jwa Ethiopia.<ref>''[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence Oromo Continue to Flee Violence]'', September 1981, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210412051237/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence archived] from the original on 12 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130711041720/http://https/ Country Information Report ethiopia]'', 12 August 2020, archived from [http://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/country-information-report-ethiopia.docx the original] on 11 July 2013, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html Ethiopia. Status of Amharas]'', 1 March 1993, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031218/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html archived] from the original on 25 January 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi wa Ethiopia e bong [[Hachalu Hundessa]] ka 2020, setshwantsho sa ga Selassie kwa United Kingdom se ne sa senngwa ke baipelaetsi ba Ba-Oromo, mme sefikantswe sa dipitse se se bontshang rraagwe se ne sa tlosiwa kwa Harar.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 "Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park"]. BBC News. 2 July 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155840/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 Archived] from the original on 14 June 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 "Deadly protests erupt after Ethiopian singer killed"]. BBC News. 30 June 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200630105152/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 Archived] from the original on 30 June 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ Ethiopians Angered at Singer's Death Topple Statue]'', 30 June 2020, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215072940/https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ archived] from the original on 15 December 2020, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> == Leina == Haile Selassie o ne a itsege fa a sa ntse a le ngwana e le '''Lij Tafari Makonnen''' (Sege'eze: ጅጅ ኰፈሪ መኮንን, ka Seroma: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). ''Lij'' e ranotswe jaaka "ngwana" mme e dira go supa gore mosha ke wa madi a a tlotlegang. Leina la gagwe la ''Tafari'' le kaya "yo o tlotliwang kgotsa yo o tshabiwang". Jaaka bontsi jwa Baethiopia, leina la gagwe la sebele "Tafari" le latelwa ke la ga rraagwe Makonnen le la ga rraagwemogolo Woldemikael. Leina la gagwe la ''Haile Selassie'' le ne la newa fa a ne a kolobediwa a le lesea mme la amogelwa gape jaaka karolo ya leina la gagwe la bogosi ka 1930.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I "Haile Selassie I"]. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241126220719/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I Archived] from the original on 26 November 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 1905, a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, Tafari o ne a tlhomiwa ke rraagwe go nna Dejazmatch wa Gara Mulatta (kgaolo e e ka nnang dimaele di le masome a mabedi kwa borwabophirima jwa Harar).<ref>Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Thanolo ya nnete ya Dejazmatch ke "motlhokomedi wa lebati"; ke sereto sa botlhokwa se se lekanang le sa count.<ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 115.</ref> Ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le bosupa 1916, o ne a itsisiwe jaaka Kgosana ya Segosi le mojaboswa wa setilo sa bogosi (''Alga'' ''Worrach''),<ref name=":1">Bellizzi, Francesco; Wondim, Simeon; Feqade, Ras (2013). ''The Order of Coronation''. Italy: Debre Zeyt Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-88-908905-0-5.</ref><ref name=":2">Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 114.</ref> mme a tlhomiwa go nna Moeteledipele yo o Nang le Dithata Tse di Tletseng (''Balemulu Silt'an Enderase'').<ref name=":1" /><ref>Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 48–50. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le lesome le motso 1917, o ne a rwesiwa korone ya Le'ul-Ras<ref name=":3">Steffanson, Borg G.; Starrett, Ronald K. (1976). ''Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. I: The Decline of Menelik II to the Emergence of Ras Tafari, later known as Haile Selassie, 1910–1919''. Salisbury, North Carolina: Documentary Publications. p. 133. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.</ref> mme a itsege jaaka Ras Tafari Makonnen [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg.mp3 reetsa]. ''Ras'' e ranotswe jaaka "tlhogo"<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], pp. 172–173</ref><ref name=":2" /> mme ke maemo a botlhokwa a a lekanang le kgosana,<ref name=":2" /><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, p. xiii.</ref> le fa gantsi e ranolwa mo thanolong jaaka "morwakgosi". Kwa tshimologong sereto sa Le'ul, se se rayang "Motlotlegi wa gago", se ne se dirisiwa fela jaaka mofuta wa go bitsa;<ref name=":4">[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 325</ref> le fa go ntse jalo, ka 1916 sereto sa Le'ul-Ras se ne sa tsaya sebaka sa ofisi e kgolo ya ga Ras Bitwoded mme ka jalo sa nna se se lekanang le kgosana ya segosi.<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 350</ref><ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 117</ref> Ka 1928, Kgosigadi Zewditu o ne a rulaganya go mo naya setilo sa bogosi sa Shewa; le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako ya bofelo ya kganetso go tswa go babusi bangwe ba dikgaolo e ne ya baka phetogo mme sereto sa gagwe sa ''Negus'' kgotsa "Kgosi" se ne sa newa ntle le go tshwanelega ga lefelo kgotsa tlhaloso.<ref>Steffanson, Borg G.; Starret, Ronald K. (1976). ''Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. II''. North Carolina, U.S.: Documentary Publications. p. 112. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.</ref><ref>Bahru Zewde (2001). ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: James Currey. p. 135. ISBN 0-85255-786-8.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi mabedi 1930, morago ga loso lwa ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu, Tafari o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Negusa Nagast, ka tlhamalalo "Kgosi ya Dikgosi", e e ranotsweng ka Seesemane jaaka "Mmusimogolo".<ref>Roberts, Neil (2015). ''Freedom as Marronage''. University of Chicago Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-226-20104-7.</ref> Fa a tlhatloga, o ne a tsaya leina la gagwe la bogosi la Haile Selassie I. ''Haile'' e kaya ka Se-Ge'ez "Maatla a" mme Selassie e kaya tharonngwe – ka jalo Haile Selassie e ranolwa go nna "Maatla a Tharonngwe".<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 159.</ref> Sereto se se feletseng sa ga Selassie mo maemong a gagwe e ne e le "Ka Tau e e Fenyang ya Morafe wa Juda, Motlotlegi wa gagwe wa Bogosi Haile Selassie I, Kgosi ya Dikgosi tsa Ethiopia, Morena wa Marena, Motlhophiwa wa Modimo".<ref>Rubenson, Sven (July 1965). "The Lion of the Tribe of Judah Christian Symbol and/or Imperial Title". ''Journal of Ethiopian Studies''. '''3''' (2): 85.</ref><ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref>Rey, Charles F. (1935). ''The Real Abyssinia''. New York City.: J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 117. ISBN 0-8371-2656-8.</ref><ref>[[:en:Ge'ez|Ge'ez]] ግርማዊ ቀዳማዊ አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ሞዓ አንበሳ ዘእምነገደ ይሁዳ ንጉሠ ነገሥት ዘኢትዮጵያ ሰዩመ እግዚአብሔር; ''girmāwī ḳedāmāwī 'aṣē ḫayle śillāsē, mō'ā 'anbessā ze'imneggede yihudā niguse negest ze'ītyōṗṗyā, siyume 'igzī'a'bihēr''.</ref> Sereto seno se bontsha dingwao tsa losika lwa segosi lwa Ethiopia, tse di reng dikgosi tsotlhe di tshwanetse go latedisa losika lwa tsone go ya go Menelik I, yo o tlhalosiwang ke Kebra Nagast (epic ya bosetshaba ya lekgolo la bolesome le bone la dingwaga C.E.) jaaka morwa wa Kgosi Solomone wa lekgolo la bolesome la dingwaga B.C.E. le Kgosigadi ya Sheba.<ref>Ghai, Yash P. (2000), ''Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78642-8.</ref> Mo Baethiopia, Selassie o ntse a itsege ka maina a le mantsi, go akaretsa Janhoy ("Motlotlegi") Talaqu Meri ("Moeteledipele yo Mogolo") le Abba Tekel ("Rraagwe Tekel", leina la gagwe la pitse).<ref name=":5">Kasuka, Bridgette (2012). ''Prominent African Leaders Since Independence''. Bankole Kamara Taylor. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.</ref> Mokgatlho wa Rastafari o dirisa bontsi jwa maina ano, gape o mo bitsa Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, le HIM (khutshwafatso ya "His Imperial Majesty").<ref name=":5" /> == Botshelo jwa pele == == Metswedi == 1lmosd4agemb4ot64c4omybuwb14q9p 40973 40972 2025-07-04T18:24:10Z KatieKea 10150 ke tsentse ditshwantsho le metswedi #AWC2025 40973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Haile Selassie<br />{{nobold|{{lang|gez|ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ}}}}|title=[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Negusa Nagast|Negusa Nagast]]|image=Haile Selassie in full dress (3x4 cropped).jpg|alt=Selassie, in his seventies, with a full beard, wearing formal military dress uniform.|caption=Selassie in 1970|succession=[[Emperor of Ethiopia]]|reign=2 April 1930 – {{nowrap|12 September 1974}}{{refn|In exile from 2 May 1936 – {{nowrap|20 January 1941<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talbot|first=David Abner|title=Ethiopia: Liberation Silver Jubilee 1941–1966|date=1966|publisher=Ministry of Information|location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|pages=64–66}}</ref>}}|group="nb"}}|coronation=2 November 1930|predecessor=[[Zewditu]]|regent={{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[List of heads of government of Ethiopia|See list]]}} |''[[#Early life|Himself]]'' |Wolde Tzaddick |[[Makonnen Endelkachew]] |[[Abebe Aregai]] |[[Imru Haile Selassie]] |[[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] |[[Endelkachew Makonnen]] |[[Mikael Imru]]}}|reg-type={{nowrap|Prime Minister}}|successor=[[Amha Selassie]]|birth_name=Lij Tafari Makonnen<br />(''Täfäri Mäkonnän'')<br />ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1892|7|23}}|birth_place=[[Ejersa Goro]], [[Hararghe]], [[Ethiopian Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1975|8|27|1892|7|23}}|death_place=[[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa]], [[Derg|Ethiopia]]|burial_date=5 November 2000|burial_place=[[Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)|Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia|spouse={{marriage|[[Menen Asfaw]]|1911|1962|end=died}}|issue={{plainlist| * [[Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen]] * [[Prince Makonnen]] * [[Prince Sahle Selassie]] * [[Princess Romanework]] * [[Princess Tenagnework]] * [[Princess Zenebework]] * [[Princess Tsehai]] }}|issue-link=#Issue|regnal name=ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ<br />(Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé)|house=[[List of rulers of Shewa|Shewa]]|father=[[Makonnen Wolde Mikael]]|mother=[[Yeshimebet Ali]]|signature=File:Haile Selassie bigger signature.svg|religion=[[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]]|succession2=[[Enderase|Regent of Ethiopia]]|predecessor2=[[Tessema Nadew]]|reg-type2=Monarch|regent2=Zewditu|successor3=Kirubel Abraham|dynasty=[[Solomonic dynasty]]|module={{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes |office = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Chief Minister]] |term_start = 12 December 1926 |term_end = 1 May 1936 |predecessor = [[Habte Giyorgis Dinagde]] |successor = Wolde Tzaddick |name = Haile Selassie |order2 = 1st and 5th |office2 = Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity |term_start2 = 25 May 1963 |term_end2 = 17 July 1964 |successor2 = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] |term_start3 = 5 November 1966 |term_end3 = 11 September 1967 |predecessor3 = [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] |successor3 = [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] {{Infobox person | embed=yes | education = | alma_mater = |module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopian Empire}} | branch = | serviceyears = 1930–1974 | rank = * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Field Marshal]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Admiral of the Fleet]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Marshal of the Air]] | commands = [[Military ranks of Ethiopia|Commander-in-chief]] | battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list:''}}| {{tree list}} * [[Gugsa Wale's rebellion]] * [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] ** [[First Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Amba Aradam]] ** [[Second Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Shire (1936)|Battle of Shire]] ** [[Battle of Maychew]] * [[World War II]] ** [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] * [[Korean War]] * [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War]] {{tree list/end}} }} | module = {{Listen |embed=yes | title = Haile Selassie&nbsp;I's voice | filename = Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1955 Constitutional Reform speech.ogg | type = speech | description = {{Br separated entries|Speech to the [[Ethiopian Parliament]] following the occasion of a new Constitution|Recorded 4 November 1955}} }} }} }} }}}} '''Haile Selassie''' I[a] (o tshotswe ka '''Tafari Makonnen''' kgotsa ''Lij'' '''Tafari''';<ref>Atiso, Kodjo. [https://guides.lib.ku.edu/c.php?g=1413002&p=10465656 "Subject & Course Guides: Emperor Haile Selassie Research Guide : Biography of Emperor Haile Selassie"]. ''guides.lib.ku.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro 1892 – Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le bosupa 1975)<ref>Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA247 Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia]''. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> e ne e le Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia go tloga ka 1930 go ya go 1974. O ne a simolola go busa e le Moeteledipele wa Ethiopia ''(Enderase'') ka fa tlase ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu fa gare ga 1916 le 1930. O tsewa ke botlhe e le motho yo o tlhalosang mo ditsong tsa segompieno ya Ethiopia, o newa botlhokwa jwa bomodimo mo Rastafari, bodumedi jwa ga Aborahame jo bo neng jwa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930. Dingwaga di le mmalwa pele ga a simolola puso ya gagwe mo Mmusong wa Ethiopia, Selassie o ne a fenya molaodi wa sesole sa Ethiopia Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, setlogolo sa ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, kwa Ntweng ya Anchem.<ref>Erlich, Haggai (2002), ''The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-970-5, p. 192. </ref><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 148</ref> E ne e le wa lesika la segosi lwa ga Solomone, le le neng la tlhongwa ke Mmusimogolo Yekuno Amlak ka 1270. Selassie, a batla go dira Ethiopia ya segompieno, o ne a tlhagisa diphetogo tsa sepolotiki le tsa loago go akaretsa le molaomotheo wa 1931 le [[Bokgoba kwa Ethiopia|go fedisa bokgoba]] ka 1942. O ne a etelela pele mmusomogolo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Italo-Ethiopia, mme morago ga go fenngwa ga one o ne a isiwa lejwa kwa United Kingdom. Fa Italy e ne e simolola go gapa Afrika Botlhaba, o ne a ya kwa Sudan ya Maesemane le Egepeto go ya go rulaganya ntwa ya Ethiopia kgatlhanong le Italy ya Bofasi; o ne a boela gae morago ga letsholo la Afrika Botlhaba la Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi. O ne a phatlalatsa Mokgatlho wa Ethiopia le Eritrea, o o neng wa tlhongwa ke Kokoanokakaretso ya Lekgotla la Ditshaba ka 1950, mme a tsaya Eritrea jaaka nngwe ya dikgaolo tsa Ethiopia, fa gape a ne a lwa go thibela go ikgaoganya ga Eritrea.<ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. pp. 45–46.</ref> Jaaka motlhotlheletsi wa boditshabatshaba, Selassie o ne a etelela pele go tsena ga Ethiopia mo Lekgotleng la Ditshaba.<ref>Karsh, Efraim (1988), ''Neutrality and Small States''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00507-8, p. 112.</ref> Ka 1963, o ne a okametse go tlhamiwa ga [[Mokgatlho wa Kutlwano ya Aforika]], o o tsileng pele ga wa [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]], mme a nna modulasetulo wa one wa ntlha. Ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960, ba mmuso wa bojammogo a a tlhageletseng a Aforika jaaka Kwame Nkrumah a ne a akanya go tlhamiwa ga "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Aforika". Puo ya bone e ne e le kgatlhanong le Bophirima; Selassie o ne a bona seo e le matshosetsi mo dikgolaganong tsa gagwe. O ne a leka go tlhotlheletsa go ema ka tsela e e itekanetseng mo setlhopheng.<ref>Keller, Edmond J. (1988). ''Revolutionary Ethiopia, From Empire to People's Republic''. Indiana University Press. p. 92.</ref> Mo gare ga ditsogologo tse di tlwaelesegileng, Selassie o ne a menolwa ke Derg ka 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état. Ka tshegetso ya Soviet Union, Derg e ne ya simolola go busa Ethiopia jaaka puso ya Bo-Marxist le Bo-Lenin. Ka 1994, dingwaga di le tharo morago ga go wa ga puso ya sesole sa Derg, go ne ga senolelwa setshaba gore Derg e bolaile Selassie kwa Ntlong ya Bogosi ya Jubilee kwa Addis Ababa ka Phatwe a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ka 1975.<ref>Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). ''የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት)'' [''The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)'']. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. 81–97. ISBN 978-0-7915-9662-3.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ "Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed"]. ''The Washington Post''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ Archived] from the original on 31 December 2017. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka di Ngwanatsele a le malatsi matlhano ka 2000, masalela a gagwe a a neng a epolotswe a ne a fitlhwa kwa Kerekeng e Kgolo ya Tharonngwe e e Boitshepo ya Addis Ababa. Mo gare ga balatedi ba Rastafari, Selassie o bidiwa Jesu yo o boileng, le fa e ne e le molatedi wa Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ethiopia ka boene.<ref>[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Nov 2, 1930 CE: Haile Selassie Becomes Emperor of Ethiopia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240323015638/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Archived] 23 March 2024 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] [[:en:National_Geographic|National Geographic]]</ref><ref>Barrett, Leonard E. (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&pg=PA118 The Rastafarians]''. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1039-6.</ref> O ile a kgalwa ka ntlha ya go gatelela ga gagwe ditsuolodi mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba lefatshe (''Mesafint''), ba ba neng ba nna ba le kgatlhanong le diphetogo tsa gagwe. Ba bangwe ba nyaditse go palelwa ga Ethiopia go dira dilo tsa segompieno ka bonako jo bo lekaneng.<ref>Meredith, Martin (2005), ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-398-6, pp. 212–213.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf "Rebellion and Famine in the North under Haile Selassie"] (PDF). Human Rights Watch. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181350/http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka nako ya puso ya gagwe, batho ba Harari ba ne ba bogisiwa mme ba le bantsi ba ne ba tlogela magae a bone.<ref>Huurne, Dieneke. ''[https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Hurnneie_thesis.pdf 'It's like carrying a heavy box with many people.' A study about the contributions of indigenous social security systems to poverty reduction]'' (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 36.</ref><ref>''[https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf History of Harar and Hararis]'' (PDF). pp. 141–144. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201003055338/https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>Feener, Michael (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&q=kulub+movement+harar&pg=PA227 Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-57607-516-6. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya kgalwa jaaka ya bobusaesi le e e sa gololesegang ke ditlhopha di tshwana Human Rights Watch.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Dimbleby, Jonathan (8 December 1998), [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html "Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine"], The Independent, UK, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013173119/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html archived] from the original on 13 October 2019, retrieved 29 August 2017 (taken from Chapter 3 of Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia Alexander de Waal (Africa Watch, 1991))</ref> Go ya ka metswedi mengwe, morago ga nako ya puso ya ga Selassie, puo ya Oromo e ne ya thibelwa mo thutong, go buiwa phatlalatsa le go dirisiwa mo tsamaisong,<ref>Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016), [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive "Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive"], ''The Guardian'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20160214083716/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive archived] from the original on 14 February 2016, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf Language & Culture]'' (PDF), [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022</ref><ref>''[https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ Ethiopians: Amhara and Oromo]'', January 2017, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210419062136/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ archived] from the original on 19 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> le fa go ne go ise go ke go nne le molao o o neng o dira gore puo epe e nne bosenyi.<ref>Bender, M. L. (1976). ''Language in Ethiopia''. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–190. ISBN 978-0-19-436102-6.</ref><ref>Scholler, Heinrich; Brietzke, Paul H. (1976). ''Ethiopia: Revolution, Law and Politics''. Munich: Weltforum-Verlag. p. 154. ISBN 3-8039-0136-7.</ref><ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. II''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. p. 1105.</ref> Puso ya gagwe e ne ya fudusetsa batho ba le bantsi ba Amhara kwa borwa jwa Ethiopia.<ref>''[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence Oromo Continue to Flee Violence]'', September 1981, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210412051237/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence archived] from the original on 12 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130711041720/http://https/ Country Information Report ethiopia]'', 12 August 2020, archived from [http://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/country-information-report-ethiopia.docx the original] on 11 July 2013, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html Ethiopia. Status of Amharas]'', 1 March 1993, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031218/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html archived] from the original on 25 January 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi wa Ethiopia e bong [[Hachalu Hundessa]] ka 2020, setshwantsho sa ga Selassie kwa United Kingdom se ne sa senngwa ke baipelaetsi ba Ba-Oromo, mme sefikantswe sa dipitse se se bontshang rraagwe se ne sa tlosiwa kwa Harar.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 "Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park"]. BBC News. 2 July 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155840/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 Archived] from the original on 14 June 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 "Deadly protests erupt after Ethiopian singer killed"]. BBC News. 30 June 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200630105152/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 Archived] from the original on 30 June 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ Ethiopians Angered at Singer's Death Topple Statue]'', 30 June 2020, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215072940/https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ archived] from the original on 15 December 2020, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> == Leina == Haile Selassie o ne a itsege fa a sa ntse a le ngwana e le '''Lij Tafari Makonnen''' (Sege'eze: ጅጅ ኰፈሪ መኮንን, ka Seroma: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). ''Lij'' e ranotswe jaaka "ngwana" mme e dira go supa gore mosha ke wa madi a a tlotlegang. Leina la gagwe la ''Tafari'' le kaya "yo o tlotliwang kgotsa yo o tshabiwang". Jaaka bontsi jwa Baethiopia, leina la gagwe la sebele "Tafari" le latelwa ke la ga rraagwe Makonnen le la ga rraagwemogolo Woldemikael. Leina la gagwe la ''Haile Selassie'' le ne la newa fa a ne a kolobediwa a le lesea mme la amogelwa gape jaaka karolo ya leina la gagwe la bogosi ka 1930.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I "Haile Selassie I"]. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241126220719/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I Archived] from the original on 26 November 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 1905, a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, Tafari o ne a tlhomiwa ke rraagwe go nna Dejazmatch wa Gara Mulatta (kgaolo e e ka nnang dimaele di le masome a mabedi kwa borwabophirima jwa Harar).<ref>Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Thanolo ya nnete ya Dejazmatch ke "motlhokomedi wa lebati"; ke sereto sa botlhokwa se se lekanang le sa count.<ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 115.</ref> Ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le bosupa 1916, o ne a itsisiwe jaaka Kgosana ya Segosi le mojaboswa wa setilo sa bogosi (''Alga'' ''Worrach''),<ref name=":1">Bellizzi, Francesco; Wondim, Simeon; Feqade, Ras (2013). ''The Order of Coronation''. Italy: Debre Zeyt Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-88-908905-0-5.</ref><ref name=":2">Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 114.</ref> mme a tlhomiwa go nna Moeteledipele yo o Nang le Dithata Tse di Tletseng (''Balemulu Silt'an Enderase'').<ref name=":1" /><ref>Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 48–50. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le lesome le motso 1917, o ne a rwesiwa korone ya Le'ul-Ras<ref name=":3">Steffanson, Borg G.; Starrett, Ronald K. (1976). ''Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. I: The Decline of Menelik II to the Emergence of Ras Tafari, later known as Haile Selassie, 1910–1919''. Salisbury, North Carolina: Documentary Publications. p. 133. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.</ref> mme a itsege jaaka Ras Tafari Makonnen [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg.mp3 reetsa]. ''Ras'' e ranotswe jaaka "tlhogo"<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], pp. 172–173</ref><ref name=":2" /> mme ke maemo a botlhokwa a a lekanang le kgosana,<ref name=":2" /><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, p. xiii.</ref> le fa gantsi e ranolwa mo thanolong jaaka "morwakgosi". Kwa tshimologong sereto sa Le'ul, se se rayang "Motlotlegi wa gago", se ne se dirisiwa fela jaaka mofuta wa go bitsa;<ref name=":4">[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 325</ref> le fa go ntse jalo, ka 1916 sereto sa Le'ul-Ras se ne sa tsaya sebaka sa ofisi e kgolo ya ga Ras Bitwoded mme ka jalo sa nna se se lekanang le kgosana ya segosi.<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 350</ref><ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 117</ref> Ka 1928, Kgosigadi Zewditu o ne a rulaganya go mo naya setilo sa bogosi sa Shewa; le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako ya bofelo ya kganetso go tswa go babusi bangwe ba dikgaolo e ne ya baka phetogo mme sereto sa gagwe sa ''Negus'' kgotsa "Kgosi" se ne sa newa ntle le go tshwanelega ga lefelo kgotsa tlhaloso.<ref>Steffanson, Borg G.; Starret, Ronald K. (1976). ''Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. II''. North Carolina, U.S.: Documentary Publications. p. 112. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.</ref><ref>Bahru Zewde (2001). ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: James Currey. p. 135. ISBN 0-85255-786-8.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi mabedi 1930, morago ga loso lwa ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu, Tafari o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Negusa Nagast, ka tlhamalalo "Kgosi ya Dikgosi", e e ranotsweng ka Seesemane jaaka "Mmusimogolo".<ref>Roberts, Neil (2015). ''Freedom as Marronage''. University of Chicago Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-226-20104-7.</ref> Fa a tlhatloga, o ne a tsaya leina la gagwe la bogosi la Haile Selassie I. ''Haile'' e kaya ka Se-Ge'ez "Maatla a" mme Selassie e kaya tharonngwe – ka jalo Haile Selassie e ranolwa go nna "Maatla a Tharonngwe".<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 159.</ref> Sereto se se feletseng sa ga Selassie mo maemong a gagwe e ne e le "Ka Tau e e Fenyang ya Morafe wa Juda, Motlotlegi wa gagwe wa Bogosi Haile Selassie I, Kgosi ya Dikgosi tsa Ethiopia, Morena wa Marena, Motlhophiwa wa Modimo".<ref>Rubenson, Sven (July 1965). "The Lion of the Tribe of Judah Christian Symbol and/or Imperial Title". ''Journal of Ethiopian Studies''. '''3''' (2): 85.</ref><ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref>Rey, Charles F. (1935). ''The Real Abyssinia''. New York City.: J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 117. ISBN 0-8371-2656-8.</ref><ref>[[:en:Ge'ez|Ge'ez]] ግርማዊ ቀዳማዊ አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ሞዓ አንበሳ ዘእምነገደ ይሁዳ ንጉሠ ነገሥት ዘኢትዮጵያ ሰዩመ እግዚአብሔር; ''girmāwī ḳedāmāwī 'aṣē ḫayle śillāsē, mō'ā 'anbessā ze'imneggede yihudā niguse negest ze'ītyōṗṗyā, siyume 'igzī'a'bihēr''.</ref> Sereto seno se bontsha dingwao tsa losika lwa segosi lwa Ethiopia, tse di reng dikgosi tsotlhe di tshwanetse go latedisa losika lwa tsone go ya go Menelik I, yo o tlhalosiwang ke Kebra Nagast (epic ya bosetshaba ya lekgolo la bolesome le bone la dingwaga C.E.) jaaka morwa wa Kgosi Solomone wa lekgolo la bolesome la dingwaga B.C.E. le Kgosigadi ya Sheba.<ref>Ghai, Yash P. (2000), ''Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78642-8.</ref> Mo Baethiopia, Selassie o ntse a itsege ka maina a le mantsi, go akaretsa Janhoy ("Motlotlegi") Talaqu Meri ("Moeteledipele yo Mogolo") le Abba Tekel ("Rraagwe Tekel", leina la gagwe la pitse).<ref name=":5">Kasuka, Bridgette (2012). ''Prominent African Leaders Since Independence''. Bankole Kamara Taylor. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.</ref> Mokgatlho wa Rastafari o dirisa bontsi jwa maina ano, gape o mo bitsa Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, le HIM (khutshwafatso ya "His Imperial Majesty").<ref name=":5" /> == Botshelo jwa pele == [[Setshwantsho:Tafari Makonnen dressed in warrior garments.jpg|left|thumb|240x240px|Nako tsele Tafari Makonnen a apere diaparo tsa motlhabani .]] [[Setshwantsho:Lij Teferi and his father, Ras Makonnen.jpg|center|thumb|240x240px|Ras Makonnen Woldemikael le morwawe Lij Tafari Makonnen]] Lesika la segosi la ga Tafari (ka nkokoagwe wa ga rraagwe) le ne le tswa mo kgosing ya ga Solomone ya Shewan Amhara, Sahle Selassie.[53] O tshotswe ka la bo 23 Phukwi 1892, kwa motseng wa Ejersa Goro, kwa porofenseng ya Hararghe kwa Ethiopia. Mmaagwe Tafari, Woizero ("Mohumagadi") Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar, e ne e le wa lotso lwa Oromo ka rre mme e le wa boswa jwa Silte ka mmaagwe, fa rraagwe, Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, e ne e le wa lotso lwa Amhara ka mmaagwe mme losika lwa gagwe lwa ga rraagwe lo sa ntse lo ganetsanwa. Rraagwemogolo wa ga Tafari e ne e le wa lelapa la batlotlegi go tswa kwa Shewa mme e ne e le mmusi wa dikgaolo tsa Menz le Doba, tse di kwa Semien Shewa.[57] Mmaagwe Tafari e ne e le morwadia kgosi e e busang go tswa kwa Were Ilu kwa porofenseng ya Wollo, Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar. Ras Makonnen e ne e le setlogolo sa ga Kgosi Sahle Selassie yo o kileng a bo a le mmusi wa Shewa. O ne a direla jaaka mojenerale mo Ntweng ya Ntlha ya Italo–Ethiopia, a nna le seabe se segolo mo Ntweng ya Adwa; Selase. Ka go nna jalo, Selassie o ne a bolela gore o tswa ka tlhamalalo mo go Makeda, Kgosigadi ya Sheba, le Kgosi Solomone wa Iseraele wa bogologolo.[59] Ras Makonnen o ne a rulaganyetsa gore Tafari mmogo le ntsalae wa ntlha, Imru Haile Selassie, ba amogele thuto kwa Harar go tswa go Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin, moitlami wa Moethiopia wa Mo-Capuchin, le go tswa go Dr. Tafari o ne a bidiwa Dejazmach (ka tlhamalalo "molaodi wa kgoro", e e ka nnang e lekana le "go bala")[60] a le dingwaga di le 13, ka 1 Ngwanaitseele 1905.[61][33] Ka bonako morago ga moo, rraagwe Makonnen o ne a tlhokafala kwa Kulibi, ka 1906.[62] === Bobusi === [[Setshwantsho:Tafari Dejazmatch Harrar.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Dejazmatch Tafari, jaaka mmusi wa Harar]] Tafari o ne a tsaya puso ya Selale ka 1906, e leng lefelo le le neng le se botlhokwa thata,[63] mme e le le le neng la mo kgontsha go tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe.[61] Ka 1907, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mmusi wa karolo nngwe ya porofense ya Sidamo. Go bolelwa gore ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo dingwageng tsa bolesome, Selassie o ne a nyala Woizero Altayech, mme go tswa mo kopanong e, morwadie Kgosigatsana Romanework o ne a tsholwa.[64] Morago ga loso lwa ga morwarraagwe Yelma ka 1907, puso ya Harar e ne ya tlogelwa e se na ope,[63] mme tsamaiso ya yone e ne ya tlogelwa kwa go mojenerale yo o ikanyegang wa ga Menelik, Dejazmach Balcha Safo. Tsamaiso ya ga Balcha Safo ya Harar e ne e sa atlege, mme ka jalo ka nako ya bolwetse jwa bofelo jwa ga Menelik II, le puso e khutshwane ya ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, Tafari o ne a dirwa mmusi wa Harar ka 1910 kgotsa 1911.[62][64] === Lenyalo === [[Setshwantsho:HIM Selassie with his Wife Empress Menen Asfaw.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Mmogo le mosadi wa gagwe, Mohumagatsana Menen Asfaw, ka 1955]] Ka la bo 3 Phatwe 1911, Tafari o ne a nyala Menen Asfaw wa Ambassel, setlogolo sa mojaboswa wa setulo sa bogosi Lij Iyasu. Menen Asfaw o ne a na le dingwaga di le 22 fa Tafari ene a le dingwaga di le 19. Menen o ne a setse a nyetse batlotlegi ba babedi ba pele, fa Tafari ene a ne a na le mosadi a le mongwe wa pele le ngwana a le mongwe. Lenyalo la ga Menen Asfaw le Selassie le ne la tsaya dingwaga di le 50. Le fa gongwe e ne e le motshameko wa sepolotiki o o neng o diretswe go dira kagiso fa gare ga batlotlegi ba Ethiopia, lelapa la banyalani bano le ne le rile ba nyalane ka tumalano ya bobedi. Selassie o tlhalositse molekane wa gagwe jaaka "mosadi yo o senang bosula bope".[65] == Metswedi == q1ttkq2luby4k3z0wzw9z3yset2r8ep 40974 40973 2025-07-04T18:45:56Z KatieKea 10150 /* Botshelo jwa pele */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi #AWC2025 40974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Haile Selassie<br />{{nobold|{{lang|gez|ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ}}}}|title=[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Negusa Nagast|Negusa Nagast]]|image=Haile Selassie in full dress (3x4 cropped).jpg|alt=Selassie, in his seventies, with a full beard, wearing formal military dress uniform.|caption=Selassie in 1970|succession=[[Emperor of Ethiopia]]|reign=2 April 1930 – {{nowrap|12 September 1974}}{{refn|In exile from 2 May 1936 – {{nowrap|20 January 1941<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talbot|first=David Abner|title=Ethiopia: Liberation Silver Jubilee 1941–1966|date=1966|publisher=Ministry of Information|location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|pages=64–66}}</ref>}}|group="nb"}}|coronation=2 November 1930|predecessor=[[Zewditu]]|regent={{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[List of heads of government of Ethiopia|See list]]}} |''[[#Early life|Himself]]'' |Wolde Tzaddick |[[Makonnen Endelkachew]] |[[Abebe Aregai]] |[[Imru Haile Selassie]] |[[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] |[[Endelkachew Makonnen]] |[[Mikael Imru]]}}|reg-type={{nowrap|Prime Minister}}|successor=[[Amha Selassie]]|birth_name=Lij Tafari Makonnen<br />(''Täfäri Mäkonnän'')<br />ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1892|7|23}}|birth_place=[[Ejersa Goro]], [[Hararghe]], [[Ethiopian Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1975|8|27|1892|7|23}}|death_place=[[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa]], [[Derg|Ethiopia]]|burial_date=5 November 2000|burial_place=[[Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)|Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia|spouse={{marriage|[[Menen Asfaw]]|1911|1962|end=died}}|issue={{plainlist| * [[Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen]] * [[Prince Makonnen]] * [[Prince Sahle Selassie]] * [[Princess Romanework]] * [[Princess Tenagnework]] * [[Princess Zenebework]] * [[Princess Tsehai]] }}|issue-link=#Issue|regnal name=ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ<br />(Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé)|house=[[List of rulers of Shewa|Shewa]]|father=[[Makonnen Wolde Mikael]]|mother=[[Yeshimebet Ali]]|signature=File:Haile Selassie bigger signature.svg|religion=[[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]]|succession2=[[Enderase|Regent of Ethiopia]]|predecessor2=[[Tessema Nadew]]|reg-type2=Monarch|regent2=Zewditu|successor3=Kirubel Abraham|dynasty=[[Solomonic dynasty]]|module={{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes |office = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Chief Minister]] |term_start = 12 December 1926 |term_end = 1 May 1936 |predecessor = [[Habte Giyorgis Dinagde]] |successor = Wolde Tzaddick |name = Haile Selassie |order2 = 1st and 5th |office2 = Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity |term_start2 = 25 May 1963 |term_end2 = 17 July 1964 |successor2 = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] |term_start3 = 5 November 1966 |term_end3 = 11 September 1967 |predecessor3 = [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] |successor3 = [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] {{Infobox person | embed=yes | education = | alma_mater = |module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopian Empire}} | branch = | serviceyears = 1930–1974 | rank = * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Field Marshal]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Admiral of the Fleet]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Marshal of the Air]] | commands = [[Military ranks of Ethiopia|Commander-in-chief]] | battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list:''}}| {{tree list}} * [[Gugsa Wale's rebellion]] * [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] ** [[First Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Amba Aradam]] ** [[Second Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Shire (1936)|Battle of Shire]] ** [[Battle of Maychew]] * [[World War II]] ** [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] * [[Korean War]] * [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War]] {{tree list/end}} }} | module = {{Listen |embed=yes | title = Haile Selassie&nbsp;I's voice | filename = Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1955 Constitutional Reform speech.ogg | type = speech | description = {{Br separated entries|Speech to the [[Ethiopian Parliament]] following the occasion of a new Constitution|Recorded 4 November 1955}} }} }} }} }}}} '''Haile Selassie''' I[a] (o tshotswe ka '''Tafari Makonnen''' kgotsa ''Lij'' '''Tafari''';<ref>Atiso, Kodjo. [https://guides.lib.ku.edu/c.php?g=1413002&p=10465656 "Subject & Course Guides: Emperor Haile Selassie Research Guide : Biography of Emperor Haile Selassie"]. ''guides.lib.ku.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro 1892 – Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le bosupa 1975)<ref>Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA247 Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia]''. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> e ne e le Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia go tloga ka 1930 go ya go 1974. O ne a simolola go busa e le Moeteledipele wa Ethiopia ''(Enderase'') ka fa tlase ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu fa gare ga 1916 le 1930. O tsewa ke botlhe e le motho yo o tlhalosang mo ditsong tsa segompieno ya Ethiopia, o newa botlhokwa jwa bomodimo mo Rastafari, bodumedi jwa ga Aborahame jo bo neng jwa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930. Dingwaga di le mmalwa pele ga a simolola puso ya gagwe mo Mmusong wa Ethiopia, Selassie o ne a fenya molaodi wa sesole sa Ethiopia Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, setlogolo sa ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, kwa Ntweng ya Anchem.<ref>Erlich, Haggai (2002), ''The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-970-5, p. 192. </ref><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 148</ref> E ne e le wa lesika la segosi lwa ga Solomone, le le neng la tlhongwa ke Mmusimogolo Yekuno Amlak ka 1270. Selassie, a batla go dira Ethiopia ya segompieno, o ne a tlhagisa diphetogo tsa sepolotiki le tsa loago go akaretsa le molaomotheo wa 1931 le [[Bokgoba kwa Ethiopia|go fedisa bokgoba]] ka 1942. O ne a etelela pele mmusomogolo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Italo-Ethiopia, mme morago ga go fenngwa ga one o ne a isiwa lejwa kwa United Kingdom. Fa Italy e ne e simolola go gapa Afrika Botlhaba, o ne a ya kwa Sudan ya Maesemane le Egepeto go ya go rulaganya ntwa ya Ethiopia kgatlhanong le Italy ya Bofasi; o ne a boela gae morago ga letsholo la Afrika Botlhaba la Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi. O ne a phatlalatsa Mokgatlho wa Ethiopia le Eritrea, o o neng wa tlhongwa ke Kokoanokakaretso ya Lekgotla la Ditshaba ka 1950, mme a tsaya Eritrea jaaka nngwe ya dikgaolo tsa Ethiopia, fa gape a ne a lwa go thibela go ikgaoganya ga Eritrea.<ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. pp. 45–46.</ref> Jaaka motlhotlheletsi wa boditshabatshaba, Selassie o ne a etelela pele go tsena ga Ethiopia mo Lekgotleng la Ditshaba.<ref>Karsh, Efraim (1988), ''Neutrality and Small States''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00507-8, p. 112.</ref> Ka 1963, o ne a okametse go tlhamiwa ga [[Mokgatlho wa Kutlwano ya Aforika]], o o tsileng pele ga wa [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]], mme a nna modulasetulo wa one wa ntlha. Ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960, ba mmuso wa bojammogo a a tlhageletseng a Aforika jaaka Kwame Nkrumah a ne a akanya go tlhamiwa ga "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Aforika". Puo ya bone e ne e le kgatlhanong le Bophirima; Selassie o ne a bona seo e le matshosetsi mo dikgolaganong tsa gagwe. O ne a leka go tlhotlheletsa go ema ka tsela e e itekanetseng mo setlhopheng.<ref>Keller, Edmond J. (1988). ''Revolutionary Ethiopia, From Empire to People's Republic''. Indiana University Press. p. 92.</ref> Mo gare ga ditsogologo tse di tlwaelesegileng, Selassie o ne a menolwa ke Derg ka 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état. Ka tshegetso ya Soviet Union, Derg e ne ya simolola go busa Ethiopia jaaka puso ya Bo-Marxist le Bo-Lenin. Ka 1994, dingwaga di le tharo morago ga go wa ga puso ya sesole sa Derg, go ne ga senolelwa setshaba gore Derg e bolaile Selassie kwa Ntlong ya Bogosi ya Jubilee kwa Addis Ababa ka Phatwe a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ka 1975.<ref>Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). ''የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት)'' [''The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)'']. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. 81–97. ISBN 978-0-7915-9662-3.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ "Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed"]. ''The Washington Post''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ Archived] from the original on 31 December 2017. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka di Ngwanatsele a le malatsi matlhano ka 2000, masalela a gagwe a a neng a epolotswe a ne a fitlhwa kwa Kerekeng e Kgolo ya Tharonngwe e e Boitshepo ya Addis Ababa. Mo gare ga balatedi ba Rastafari, Selassie o bidiwa Jesu yo o boileng, le fa e ne e le molatedi wa Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ethiopia ka boene.<ref>[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Nov 2, 1930 CE: Haile Selassie Becomes Emperor of Ethiopia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240323015638/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Archived] 23 March 2024 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] [[:en:National_Geographic|National Geographic]]</ref><ref>Barrett, Leonard E. (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&pg=PA118 The Rastafarians]''. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1039-6.</ref> O ile a kgalwa ka ntlha ya go gatelela ga gagwe ditsuolodi mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba lefatshe (''Mesafint''), ba ba neng ba nna ba le kgatlhanong le diphetogo tsa gagwe. Ba bangwe ba nyaditse go palelwa ga Ethiopia go dira dilo tsa segompieno ka bonako jo bo lekaneng.<ref>Meredith, Martin (2005), ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-398-6, pp. 212–213.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf "Rebellion and Famine in the North under Haile Selassie"] (PDF). Human Rights Watch. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181350/http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka nako ya puso ya gagwe, batho ba Harari ba ne ba bogisiwa mme ba le bantsi ba ne ba tlogela magae a bone.<ref>Huurne, Dieneke. ''[https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Hurnneie_thesis.pdf 'It's like carrying a heavy box with many people.' A study about the contributions of indigenous social security systems to poverty reduction]'' (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 36.</ref><ref>''[https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf History of Harar and Hararis]'' (PDF). pp. 141–144. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201003055338/https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>Feener, Michael (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&q=kulub+movement+harar&pg=PA227 Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-57607-516-6. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya kgalwa jaaka ya bobusaesi le e e sa gololesegang ke ditlhopha di tshwana Human Rights Watch.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Dimbleby, Jonathan (8 December 1998), [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html "Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine"], The Independent, UK, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013173119/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html archived] from the original on 13 October 2019, retrieved 29 August 2017 (taken from Chapter 3 of Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia Alexander de Waal (Africa Watch, 1991))</ref> Go ya ka metswedi mengwe, morago ga nako ya puso ya ga Selassie, puo ya Oromo e ne ya thibelwa mo thutong, go buiwa phatlalatsa le go dirisiwa mo tsamaisong,<ref>Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016), [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive "Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive"], ''The Guardian'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20160214083716/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive archived] from the original on 14 February 2016, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf Language & Culture]'' (PDF), [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022</ref><ref>''[https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ Ethiopians: Amhara and Oromo]'', January 2017, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210419062136/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ archived] from the original on 19 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> le fa go ne go ise go ke go nne le molao o o neng o dira gore puo epe e nne bosenyi.<ref>Bender, M. L. (1976). ''Language in Ethiopia''. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–190. ISBN 978-0-19-436102-6.</ref><ref>Scholler, Heinrich; Brietzke, Paul H. (1976). ''Ethiopia: Revolution, Law and Politics''. Munich: Weltforum-Verlag. p. 154. ISBN 3-8039-0136-7.</ref><ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. II''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. p. 1105.</ref> Puso ya gagwe e ne ya fudusetsa batho ba le bantsi ba Amhara kwa borwa jwa Ethiopia.<ref>''[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence Oromo Continue to Flee Violence]'', September 1981, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210412051237/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence archived] from the original on 12 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130711041720/http://https/ Country Information Report ethiopia]'', 12 August 2020, archived from [http://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/country-information-report-ethiopia.docx the original] on 11 July 2013, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html Ethiopia. Status of Amharas]'', 1 March 1993, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031218/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html archived] from the original on 25 January 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi wa Ethiopia e bong [[Hachalu Hundessa]] ka 2020, setshwantsho sa ga Selassie kwa United Kingdom se ne sa senngwa ke baipelaetsi ba Ba-Oromo, mme sefikantswe sa dipitse se se bontshang rraagwe se ne sa tlosiwa kwa Harar.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 "Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park"]. BBC News. 2 July 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155840/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 Archived] from the original on 14 June 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 "Deadly protests erupt after Ethiopian singer killed"]. BBC News. 30 June 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200630105152/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 Archived] from the original on 30 June 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ Ethiopians Angered at Singer's Death Topple Statue]'', 30 June 2020, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215072940/https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ archived] from the original on 15 December 2020, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> == Leina == Haile Selassie o ne a itsege fa a sa ntse a le ngwana e le '''Lij Tafari Makonnen''' (Sege'eze: ጅጅ ኰፈሪ መኮንን, ka Seroma: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). ''Lij'' e ranotswe jaaka "ngwana" mme e dira go supa gore mosha ke wa madi a a tlotlegang. Leina la gagwe la ''Tafari'' le kaya "yo o tlotliwang kgotsa yo o tshabiwang". Jaaka bontsi jwa Baethiopia, leina la gagwe la sebele "Tafari" le latelwa ke la ga rraagwe Makonnen le la ga rraagwemogolo Woldemikael. Leina la gagwe la ''Haile Selassie'' le ne la newa fa a ne a kolobediwa a le lesea mme la amogelwa gape jaaka karolo ya leina la gagwe la bogosi ka 1930.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I "Haile Selassie I"]. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241126220719/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I Archived] from the original on 26 November 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 1905, a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, Tafari o ne a tlhomiwa ke rraagwe go nna Dejazmatch wa Gara Mulatta (kgaolo e e ka nnang dimaele di le masome a mabedi kwa borwabophirima jwa Harar).<ref name=":6">Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Thanolo ya nnete ya Dejazmatch ke "motlhokomedi wa lebati"; ke sereto sa botlhokwa se se lekanang le sa count.<ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 115.</ref> Ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le bosupa 1916, o ne a itsisiwe jaaka Kgosana ya Segosi le mojaboswa wa setilo sa bogosi (''Alga'' ''Worrach''),<ref name=":1">Bellizzi, Francesco; Wondim, Simeon; Feqade, Ras (2013). ''The Order of Coronation''. Italy: Debre Zeyt Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-88-908905-0-5.</ref><ref name=":2">Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 114.</ref> mme a tlhomiwa go nna Moeteledipele yo o Nang le Dithata Tse di Tletseng (''Balemulu Silt'an Enderase'').<ref name=":1" /><ref>Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 48–50. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le lesome le motso 1917, o ne a rwesiwa korone ya Le'ul-Ras<ref name=":3">Steffanson, Borg G.; Starrett, Ronald K. (1976). ''Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. I: The Decline of Menelik II to the Emergence of Ras Tafari, later known as Haile Selassie, 1910–1919''. Salisbury, North Carolina: Documentary Publications. p. 133. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.</ref> mme a itsege jaaka Ras Tafari Makonnen [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg.mp3 reetsa]. ''Ras'' e ranotswe jaaka "tlhogo"<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], pp. 172–173</ref><ref name=":2" /> mme ke maemo a botlhokwa a a lekanang le kgosana,<ref name=":2" /><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, p. xiii.</ref> le fa gantsi e ranolwa mo thanolong jaaka "morwakgosi". Kwa tshimologong sereto sa Le'ul, se se rayang "Motlotlegi wa gago", se ne se dirisiwa fela jaaka mofuta wa go bitsa;<ref name=":4">[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 325</ref> le fa go ntse jalo, ka 1916 sereto sa Le'ul-Ras se ne sa tsaya sebaka sa ofisi e kgolo ya ga Ras Bitwoded mme ka jalo sa nna se se lekanang le kgosana ya segosi.<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 350</ref><ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 117</ref> Ka 1928, Kgosigadi Zewditu o ne a rulaganya go mo naya setilo sa bogosi sa Shewa; le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako ya bofelo ya kganetso go tswa go babusi bangwe ba dikgaolo e ne ya baka phetogo mme sereto sa gagwe sa ''Negus'' kgotsa "Kgosi" se ne sa newa ntle le go tshwanelega ga lefelo kgotsa tlhaloso.<ref>Steffanson, Borg G.; Starret, Ronald K. (1976). ''Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. II''. North Carolina, U.S.: Documentary Publications. p. 112. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.</ref><ref>Bahru Zewde (2001). ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: James Currey. p. 135. ISBN 0-85255-786-8.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi mabedi 1930, morago ga loso lwa ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu, Tafari o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Negusa Nagast, ka tlhamalalo "Kgosi ya Dikgosi", e e ranotsweng ka Seesemane jaaka "Mmusimogolo".<ref>Roberts, Neil (2015). ''Freedom as Marronage''. University of Chicago Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-226-20104-7.</ref> Fa a tlhatloga, o ne a tsaya leina la gagwe la bogosi la Haile Selassie I. ''Haile'' e kaya ka Se-Ge'ez "Maatla a" mme Selassie e kaya tharonngwe – ka jalo Haile Selassie e ranolwa go nna "Maatla a Tharonngwe".<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 159.</ref> Sereto se se feletseng sa ga Selassie mo maemong a gagwe e ne e le "Ka Tau e e Fenyang ya Morafe wa Juda, Motlotlegi wa gagwe wa Bogosi Haile Selassie I, Kgosi ya Dikgosi tsa Ethiopia, Morena wa Marena, Motlhophiwa wa Modimo".<ref>Rubenson, Sven (July 1965). "The Lion of the Tribe of Judah Christian Symbol and/or Imperial Title". ''Journal of Ethiopian Studies''. '''3''' (2): 85.</ref><ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref>Rey, Charles F. (1935). ''The Real Abyssinia''. New York City.: J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 117. ISBN 0-8371-2656-8.</ref><ref>[[:en:Ge'ez|Ge'ez]] ግርማዊ ቀዳማዊ አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ሞዓ አንበሳ ዘእምነገደ ይሁዳ ንጉሠ ነገሥት ዘኢትዮጵያ ሰዩመ እግዚአብሔር; ''girmāwī ḳedāmāwī 'aṣē ḫayle śillāsē, mō'ā 'anbessā ze'imneggede yihudā niguse negest ze'ītyōṗṗyā, siyume 'igzī'a'bihēr''.</ref> Sereto seno se bontsha dingwao tsa losika lwa segosi lwa Ethiopia, tse di reng dikgosi tsotlhe di tshwanetse go latedisa losika lwa tsone go ya go Menelik I, yo o tlhalosiwang ke Kebra Nagast (epic ya bosetshaba ya lekgolo la bolesome le bone la dingwaga C.E.) jaaka morwa wa Kgosi Solomone wa lekgolo la bolesome la dingwaga B.C.E. le Kgosigadi ya Sheba.<ref>Ghai, Yash P. (2000), ''Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78642-8.</ref> Mo Baethiopia, Selassie o ntse a itsege ka maina a le mantsi, go akaretsa Janhoy ("Motlotlegi") Talaqu Meri ("Moeteledipele yo Mogolo") le Abba Tekel ("Rraagwe Tekel", leina la gagwe la pitse).<ref name=":5">Kasuka, Bridgette (2012). ''Prominent African Leaders Since Independence''. Bankole Kamara Taylor. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.</ref> Mokgatlho wa Rastafari o dirisa bontsi jwa maina ano, gape o mo bitsa Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, le HIM (khutshwafatso ya "His Imperial Majesty").<ref name=":5" /> == Botshelo jwa pele == Lesika la segosi la ga Tafari (ka nkokoagwe wa ga rraagwe) le ne le tswa mo kgosing ya ga Solomone ya Shewan Amhara, Sahle Selassie.<ref>Pétridès, S. Pierre (1963). ''Le Héros d'Adoua: Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie''. Paris: Librairie Plon. p. 299.</ref> O tshotswe ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 1892, kwa motseng wa Ejersa Goro, kwa kgaolongng ya Hararghe kwa Ethiopia. Mmaagwe Tafari, Woizero ("Mohumagadi") Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar, e ne e le wa letso la Oromo ka rre mme e le wa boswa jwa Silte ka mmaagwe, fa rraagwe, Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, e ne e le wa letso la Amhara ka mmaagwe mme losika lwa gagwe lwa ga rraagwe lo sa ntse lo ganetswa.<ref>Bridgette, Kasuka (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=k2nxqV2R7_8C&dq=kasuka+prominent+african+leaders&pg=PA19 Prominent African Leaders Since Independence]''. Tanzania: New Africa Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.</ref><ref>Henze, Paul B (2001). ''Layers of time a history of Ethiopia''. New York: Palgrave. p. 189.</ref><ref>Woodward, Peter (1994), ''Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: federalism and its alternatives''. Dartmouth Pub. Co. ISBN 1-85521-486-5, p. 29.</ref> Rraagwemogolo Tafari e ne e le wa lelwapa la batlotlegi go tswa kwa Shewa mme e ne e le mmusi wa dikgaolo tsa Menz le Doba, tse di kwa Semien Shewa.<ref>S. Pierre Pétridès, ''Le Héros d'Adoua. Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie'', p. 28</ref> Mmaagwe Tafari e ne e le morwadia kgosi e e busang go tswa kwa Were Ilu kwa kgaolong ya Wollo, Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar.<ref name=":7">de Moor, Jaap, and Wesseling, H. L. (1989), ''Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa''. Brill. ISBN 90-04-08834-2, p. 189.</ref> Ras Makonnen e ne e le setlogolo sa ga Kgosi Sahle Selassie yo o kileng a bo a le mmusi wa Shewa. O ne a direla jaaka mojenerale mo Ntweng ya Ntlha ya Italo–Ethiopia, a nna le seabe se segolo mo Ntweng ya Adwa;<ref name=":7" /> Ka jalo Selassie o ne a kgona go tlhatlogela kwa setilong sa bogosi ka nkokoagwe wa ga rraagwe, Woizero Tenagnework Sahle Selassie, yo e neng e le rakgadi wa ga Mmusimogolo Menelik II le morwadia Kgosi ya Amhara ya ga Solomone ya Shewa, Negus Sahle Selassie. Ka go nna jalo, Selassie o ne a bolela gore o tswa ka tlhamalalo mo go Makeda, Kgosigadi ya Sheba, le Kgosi Solomone wa Iseraele wa bogologolo.<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFShinn|Shinn]], p. 265.</ref> Ras Makonnen o ne a rulaganyetsa gore Tafari mmogo le ntsalae wa ntlha, Imru Haile Selassie, ba amogele thuto kwa Harar go tswa go Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin, moitlami wa Moethiopia wa Mo-Capuchin, le go tswa go Dr. Vitalien, ngaka ya loaro go tswa kwa Guadeloupe. Tafari o ne a bidiwa Dejazmach (ka tlhamalalo "molaodi wa kgoro", e e ka nnang e lekana le "count")<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, p. xii.</ref> fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 1905.<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFShinn|Shinn]], pp. 193–4.</ref><ref name=":6" /> Ka bonako morago ga moo, rraagwe, Makonnen o ne a tlhokafala kwa Kulibi, ka 1906.<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFRoberts|Roberts]], p. 712.</ref> === Bobusi === [[Setshwantsho:Tafari Dejazmatch Harrar.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Dejazmatch Tafari, jaaka mmusi wa Harar]] Tafari o ne a tsaya puso ya Selale ka 1906, e leng lefelo le le neng le se botlhokwa thata,[63] mme e le le le neng la mo kgontsha go tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe.[61] Ka 1907, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mmusi wa karolo nngwe ya porofense ya Sidamo. Go bolelwa gore ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo dingwageng tsa bolesome, Selassie o ne a nyala Woizero Altayech, mme go tswa mo kopanong e, morwadie Kgosigatsana Romanework o ne a tsholwa.[64] Morago ga loso lwa ga morwarraagwe Yelma ka 1907, puso ya Harar e ne ya tlogelwa e se na ope,[63] mme tsamaiso ya yone e ne ya tlogelwa kwa go mojenerale yo o ikanyegang wa ga Menelik, Dejazmach Balcha Safo. Tsamaiso ya ga Balcha Safo ya Harar e ne e sa atlege, mme ka jalo ka nako ya bolwetse jwa bofelo jwa ga Menelik II, le puso e khutshwane ya ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, Tafari o ne a dirwa mmusi wa Harar ka 1910 kgotsa 1911.[62][64] === Lenyalo === [[Setshwantsho:HIM Selassie with his Wife Empress Menen Asfaw.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Mmogo le mosadi wa gagwe, Mohumagatsana Menen Asfaw, ka 1955]] Ka la bo 3 Phatwe 1911, Tafari o ne a nyala Menen Asfaw wa Ambassel, setlogolo sa mojaboswa wa setulo sa bogosi Lij Iyasu. Menen Asfaw o ne a na le dingwaga di le 22 fa Tafari ene a le dingwaga di le 19. Menen o ne a setse a nyetse batlotlegi ba babedi ba pele, fa Tafari ene a ne a na le mosadi a le mongwe wa pele le ngwana a le mongwe. Lenyalo la ga Menen Asfaw le Selassie le ne la tsaya dingwaga di le 50. Le fa gongwe e ne e le motshameko wa sepolotiki o o neng o diretswe go dira kagiso fa gare ga batlotlegi ba Ethiopia, lelapa la banyalani bano le ne le rile ba nyalane ka tumalano ya bobedi. Selassie o tlhalositse molekane wa gagwe jaaka "mosadi yo o senang bosula bope".[65] == Metswedi == jlooixbfawbzdcnvss8l897mb8xepk4 40975 40974 2025-07-04T18:50:43Z KatieKea 10150 /* Bobusi */ ke ranotse karolo e #AWC2025 40975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Haile Selassie<br />{{nobold|{{lang|gez|ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ}}}}|title=[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Negusa Nagast|Negusa Nagast]]|image=Haile Selassie in full dress (3x4 cropped).jpg|alt=Selassie, in his seventies, with a full beard, wearing formal military dress uniform.|caption=Selassie in 1970|succession=[[Emperor of Ethiopia]]|reign=2 April 1930 – {{nowrap|12 September 1974}}{{refn|In exile from 2 May 1936 – {{nowrap|20 January 1941<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talbot|first=David Abner|title=Ethiopia: Liberation Silver Jubilee 1941–1966|date=1966|publisher=Ministry of Information|location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|pages=64–66}}</ref>}}|group="nb"}}|coronation=2 November 1930|predecessor=[[Zewditu]]|regent={{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[List of heads of government of Ethiopia|See list]]}} |''[[#Early life|Himself]]'' |Wolde Tzaddick |[[Makonnen Endelkachew]] |[[Abebe Aregai]] |[[Imru Haile Selassie]] |[[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] |[[Endelkachew Makonnen]] |[[Mikael Imru]]}}|reg-type={{nowrap|Prime Minister}}|successor=[[Amha Selassie]]|birth_name=Lij Tafari Makonnen<br />(''Täfäri Mäkonnän'')<br />ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1892|7|23}}|birth_place=[[Ejersa Goro]], [[Hararghe]], [[Ethiopian Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1975|8|27|1892|7|23}}|death_place=[[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa]], [[Derg|Ethiopia]]|burial_date=5 November 2000|burial_place=[[Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)|Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia|spouse={{marriage|[[Menen Asfaw]]|1911|1962|end=died}}|issue={{plainlist| * [[Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen]] * [[Prince Makonnen]] * [[Prince Sahle Selassie]] * [[Princess Romanework]] * [[Princess Tenagnework]] * [[Princess Zenebework]] * [[Princess Tsehai]] }}|issue-link=#Issue|regnal name=ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ<br />(Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé)|house=[[List of rulers of Shewa|Shewa]]|father=[[Makonnen Wolde Mikael]]|mother=[[Yeshimebet Ali]]|signature=File:Haile Selassie bigger signature.svg|religion=[[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]]|succession2=[[Enderase|Regent of Ethiopia]]|predecessor2=[[Tessema Nadew]]|reg-type2=Monarch|regent2=Zewditu|successor3=Kirubel Abraham|dynasty=[[Solomonic dynasty]]|module={{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes |office = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Chief Minister]] |term_start = 12 December 1926 |term_end = 1 May 1936 |predecessor = [[Habte Giyorgis Dinagde]] |successor = Wolde Tzaddick |name = Haile Selassie |order2 = 1st and 5th |office2 = Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity |term_start2 = 25 May 1963 |term_end2 = 17 July 1964 |successor2 = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] |term_start3 = 5 November 1966 |term_end3 = 11 September 1967 |predecessor3 = [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] |successor3 = [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] {{Infobox person | embed=yes | education = | alma_mater = |module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopian Empire}} | branch = | serviceyears = 1930–1974 | rank = * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Field Marshal]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Admiral of the Fleet]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Marshal of the Air]] | commands = [[Military ranks of Ethiopia|Commander-in-chief]] | battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list:''}}| {{tree list}} * [[Gugsa Wale's rebellion]] * [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] ** [[First Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Amba Aradam]] ** [[Second Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Shire (1936)|Battle of Shire]] ** [[Battle of Maychew]] * [[World War II]] ** [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] * [[Korean War]] * [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War]] {{tree list/end}} }} | module = {{Listen |embed=yes | title = Haile Selassie&nbsp;I's voice | filename = Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1955 Constitutional Reform speech.ogg | type = speech | description = {{Br separated entries|Speech to the [[Ethiopian Parliament]] following the occasion of a new Constitution|Recorded 4 November 1955}} }} }} }} }}}} '''Haile Selassie''' I[a] (o tshotswe ka '''Tafari Makonnen''' kgotsa ''Lij'' '''Tafari''';<ref>Atiso, Kodjo. [https://guides.lib.ku.edu/c.php?g=1413002&p=10465656 "Subject & Course Guides: Emperor Haile Selassie Research Guide : Biography of Emperor Haile Selassie"]. ''guides.lib.ku.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro 1892 – Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le bosupa 1975)<ref>Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA247 Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia]''. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> e ne e le Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia go tloga ka 1930 go ya go 1974. O ne a simolola go busa e le Moeteledipele wa Ethiopia ''(Enderase'') ka fa tlase ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu fa gare ga 1916 le 1930. O tsewa ke botlhe e le motho yo o tlhalosang mo ditsong tsa segompieno ya Ethiopia, o newa botlhokwa jwa bomodimo mo Rastafari, bodumedi jwa ga Aborahame jo bo neng jwa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930. Dingwaga di le mmalwa pele ga a simolola puso ya gagwe mo Mmusong wa Ethiopia, Selassie o ne a fenya molaodi wa sesole sa Ethiopia Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, setlogolo sa ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, kwa Ntweng ya Anchem.<ref>Erlich, Haggai (2002), ''The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-970-5, p. 192. </ref><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 148</ref> E ne e le wa lesika la segosi lwa ga Solomone, le le neng la tlhongwa ke Mmusimogolo Yekuno Amlak ka 1270. Selassie, a batla go dira Ethiopia ya segompieno, o ne a tlhagisa diphetogo tsa sepolotiki le tsa loago go akaretsa le molaomotheo wa 1931 le [[Bokgoba kwa Ethiopia|go fedisa bokgoba]] ka 1942. O ne a etelela pele mmusomogolo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Italo-Ethiopia, mme morago ga go fenngwa ga one o ne a isiwa lejwa kwa United Kingdom. Fa Italy e ne e simolola go gapa Afrika Botlhaba, o ne a ya kwa Sudan ya Maesemane le Egepeto go ya go rulaganya ntwa ya Ethiopia kgatlhanong le Italy ya Bofasi; o ne a boela gae morago ga letsholo la Afrika Botlhaba la Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi. O ne a phatlalatsa Mokgatlho wa Ethiopia le Eritrea, o o neng wa tlhongwa ke Kokoanokakaretso ya Lekgotla la Ditshaba ka 1950, mme a tsaya Eritrea jaaka nngwe ya dikgaolo tsa Ethiopia, fa gape a ne a lwa go thibela go ikgaoganya ga Eritrea.<ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. pp. 45–46.</ref> Jaaka motlhotlheletsi wa boditshabatshaba, Selassie o ne a etelela pele go tsena ga Ethiopia mo Lekgotleng la Ditshaba.<ref>Karsh, Efraim (1988), ''Neutrality and Small States''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00507-8, p. 112.</ref> Ka 1963, o ne a okametse go tlhamiwa ga [[Mokgatlho wa Kutlwano ya Aforika]], o o tsileng pele ga wa [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]], mme a nna modulasetulo wa one wa ntlha. Ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960, ba mmuso wa bojammogo a a tlhageletseng a Aforika jaaka Kwame Nkrumah a ne a akanya go tlhamiwa ga "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Aforika". Puo ya bone e ne e le kgatlhanong le Bophirima; Selassie o ne a bona seo e le matshosetsi mo dikgolaganong tsa gagwe. O ne a leka go tlhotlheletsa go ema ka tsela e e itekanetseng mo setlhopheng.<ref>Keller, Edmond J. (1988). ''Revolutionary Ethiopia, From Empire to People's Republic''. Indiana University Press. p. 92.</ref> Mo gare ga ditsogologo tse di tlwaelesegileng, Selassie o ne a menolwa ke Derg ka 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état. Ka tshegetso ya Soviet Union, Derg e ne ya simolola go busa Ethiopia jaaka puso ya Bo-Marxist le Bo-Lenin. Ka 1994, dingwaga di le tharo morago ga go wa ga puso ya sesole sa Derg, go ne ga senolelwa setshaba gore Derg e bolaile Selassie kwa Ntlong ya Bogosi ya Jubilee kwa Addis Ababa ka Phatwe a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ka 1975.<ref>Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). ''የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት)'' [''The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)'']. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. 81–97. ISBN 978-0-7915-9662-3.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ "Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed"]. ''The Washington Post''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ Archived] from the original on 31 December 2017. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka di Ngwanatsele a le malatsi matlhano ka 2000, masalela a gagwe a a neng a epolotswe a ne a fitlhwa kwa Kerekeng e Kgolo ya Tharonngwe e e Boitshepo ya Addis Ababa. Mo gare ga balatedi ba Rastafari, Selassie o bidiwa Jesu yo o boileng, le fa e ne e le molatedi wa Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ethiopia ka boene.<ref>[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Nov 2, 1930 CE: Haile Selassie Becomes Emperor of Ethiopia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240323015638/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Archived] 23 March 2024 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] [[:en:National_Geographic|National Geographic]]</ref><ref>Barrett, Leonard E. (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&pg=PA118 The Rastafarians]''. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1039-6.</ref> O ile a kgalwa ka ntlha ya go gatelela ga gagwe ditsuolodi mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba lefatshe (''Mesafint''), ba ba neng ba nna ba le kgatlhanong le diphetogo tsa gagwe. Ba bangwe ba nyaditse go palelwa ga Ethiopia go dira dilo tsa segompieno ka bonako jo bo lekaneng.<ref>Meredith, Martin (2005), ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-398-6, pp. 212–213.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf "Rebellion and Famine in the North under Haile Selassie"] (PDF). Human Rights Watch. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181350/http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka nako ya puso ya gagwe, batho ba Harari ba ne ba bogisiwa mme ba le bantsi ba ne ba tlogela magae a bone.<ref>Huurne, Dieneke. ''[https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Hurnneie_thesis.pdf 'It's like carrying a heavy box with many people.' A study about the contributions of indigenous social security systems to poverty reduction]'' (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 36.</ref><ref>''[https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf History of Harar and Hararis]'' (PDF). pp. 141–144. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201003055338/https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>Feener, Michael (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&q=kulub+movement+harar&pg=PA227 Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-57607-516-6. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya kgalwa jaaka ya bobusaesi le e e sa gololesegang ke ditlhopha di tshwana Human Rights Watch.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Dimbleby, Jonathan (8 December 1998), [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html "Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine"], The Independent, UK, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013173119/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html archived] from the original on 13 October 2019, retrieved 29 August 2017 (taken from Chapter 3 of Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia Alexander de Waal (Africa Watch, 1991))</ref> Go ya ka metswedi mengwe, morago ga nako ya puso ya ga Selassie, puo ya Oromo e ne ya thibelwa mo thutong, go buiwa phatlalatsa le go dirisiwa mo tsamaisong,<ref>Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016), [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive "Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive"], ''The Guardian'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20160214083716/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive archived] from the original on 14 February 2016, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf Language & Culture]'' (PDF), [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022</ref><ref>''[https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ Ethiopians: Amhara and Oromo]'', January 2017, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210419062136/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ archived] from the original on 19 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> le fa go ne go ise go ke go nne le molao o o neng o dira gore puo epe e nne bosenyi.<ref>Bender, M. L. (1976). ''Language in Ethiopia''. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–190. ISBN 978-0-19-436102-6.</ref><ref>Scholler, Heinrich; Brietzke, Paul H. (1976). ''Ethiopia: Revolution, Law and Politics''. Munich: Weltforum-Verlag. p. 154. ISBN 3-8039-0136-7.</ref><ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. II''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. p. 1105.</ref> Puso ya gagwe e ne ya fudusetsa batho ba le bantsi ba Amhara kwa borwa jwa Ethiopia.<ref>''[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence Oromo Continue to Flee Violence]'', September 1981, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210412051237/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence archived] from the original on 12 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130711041720/http://https/ Country Information Report ethiopia]'', 12 August 2020, archived from [http://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/country-information-report-ethiopia.docx the original] on 11 July 2013, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html Ethiopia. Status of Amharas]'', 1 March 1993, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031218/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html archived] from the original on 25 January 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi wa Ethiopia e bong [[Hachalu Hundessa]] ka 2020, setshwantsho sa ga Selassie kwa United Kingdom se ne sa senngwa ke baipelaetsi ba Ba-Oromo, mme sefikantswe sa dipitse se se bontshang rraagwe se ne sa tlosiwa kwa Harar.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 "Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park"]. BBC News. 2 July 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155840/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 Archived] from the original on 14 June 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 "Deadly protests erupt after Ethiopian singer killed"]. BBC News. 30 June 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200630105152/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 Archived] from the original on 30 June 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ Ethiopians Angered at Singer's Death Topple Statue]'', 30 June 2020, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215072940/https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ archived] from the original on 15 December 2020, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> == Leina == Haile Selassie o ne a itsege fa a sa ntse a le ngwana e le '''Lij Tafari Makonnen''' (Sege'eze: ጅጅ ኰፈሪ መኮንን, ka Seroma: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). ''Lij'' e ranotswe jaaka "ngwana" mme e dira go supa gore mosha ke wa madi a a tlotlegang. Leina la gagwe la ''Tafari'' le kaya "yo o tlotliwang kgotsa yo o tshabiwang". Jaaka bontsi jwa Baethiopia, leina la gagwe la sebele "Tafari" le latelwa ke la ga rraagwe Makonnen le la ga rraagwemogolo Woldemikael. Leina la gagwe la ''Haile Selassie'' le ne la newa fa a ne a kolobediwa a le lesea mme la amogelwa gape jaaka karolo ya leina la gagwe la bogosi ka 1930.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I "Haile Selassie I"]. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241126220719/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I Archived] from the original on 26 November 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 1905, a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, Tafari o ne a tlhomiwa ke rraagwe go nna Dejazmatch wa Gara Mulatta (kgaolo e e ka nnang dimaele di le masome a mabedi kwa borwabophirima jwa Harar).<ref name=":6">Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Thanolo ya nnete ya Dejazmatch ke "motlhokomedi wa lebati"; ke sereto sa botlhokwa se se lekanang le sa count.<ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 115.</ref> Ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le bosupa 1916, o ne a itsisiwe jaaka Kgosana ya Segosi le mojaboswa wa setilo sa bogosi (''Alga'' ''Worrach''),<ref name=":1">Bellizzi, Francesco; Wondim, Simeon; Feqade, Ras (2013). ''The Order of Coronation''. Italy: Debre Zeyt Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-88-908905-0-5.</ref><ref name=":2">Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 114.</ref> mme a tlhomiwa go nna Moeteledipele yo o Nang le Dithata Tse di Tletseng (''Balemulu Silt'an Enderase'').<ref name=":1" /><ref>Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 48–50. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le lesome le motso 1917, o ne a rwesiwa korone ya Le'ul-Ras<ref name=":3">Steffanson, Borg G.; Starrett, Ronald K. (1976). ''Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. I: The Decline of Menelik II to the Emergence of Ras Tafari, later known as Haile Selassie, 1910–1919''. Salisbury, North Carolina: Documentary Publications. p. 133. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.</ref> mme a itsege jaaka Ras Tafari Makonnen [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg.mp3 reetsa]. ''Ras'' e ranotswe jaaka "tlhogo"<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], pp. 172–173</ref><ref name=":2" /> mme ke maemo a botlhokwa a a lekanang le kgosana,<ref name=":2" /><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, p. xiii.</ref> le fa gantsi e ranolwa mo thanolong jaaka "morwakgosi". Kwa tshimologong sereto sa Le'ul, se se rayang "Motlotlegi wa gago", se ne se dirisiwa fela jaaka mofuta wa go bitsa;<ref name=":4">[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 325</ref> le fa go ntse jalo, ka 1916 sereto sa Le'ul-Ras se ne sa tsaya sebaka sa ofisi e kgolo ya ga Ras Bitwoded mme ka jalo sa nna se se lekanang le kgosana ya segosi.<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 350</ref><ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 117</ref> Ka 1928, Kgosigadi Zewditu o ne a rulaganya go mo naya setilo sa bogosi sa Shewa; le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako ya bofelo ya kganetso go tswa go babusi bangwe ba dikgaolo e ne ya baka phetogo mme sereto sa gagwe sa ''Negus'' kgotsa "Kgosi" se ne sa newa ntle le go tshwanelega ga lefelo kgotsa tlhaloso.<ref>Steffanson, Borg G.; Starret, Ronald K. (1976). ''Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. II''. North Carolina, U.S.: Documentary Publications. p. 112. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.</ref><ref>Bahru Zewde (2001). ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: James Currey. p. 135. ISBN 0-85255-786-8.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi mabedi 1930, morago ga loso lwa ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu, Tafari o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Negusa Nagast, ka tlhamalalo "Kgosi ya Dikgosi", e e ranotsweng ka Seesemane jaaka "Mmusimogolo".<ref>Roberts, Neil (2015). ''Freedom as Marronage''. University of Chicago Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-226-20104-7.</ref> Fa a tlhatloga, o ne a tsaya leina la gagwe la bogosi la Haile Selassie I. ''Haile'' e kaya ka Se-Ge'ez "Maatla a" mme Selassie e kaya tharonngwe – ka jalo Haile Selassie e ranolwa go nna "Maatla a Tharonngwe".<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 159.</ref> Sereto se se feletseng sa ga Selassie mo maemong a gagwe e ne e le "Ka Tau e e Fenyang ya Morafe wa Juda, Motlotlegi wa gagwe wa Bogosi Haile Selassie I, Kgosi ya Dikgosi tsa Ethiopia, Morena wa Marena, Motlhophiwa wa Modimo".<ref>Rubenson, Sven (July 1965). "The Lion of the Tribe of Judah Christian Symbol and/or Imperial Title". ''Journal of Ethiopian Studies''. '''3''' (2): 85.</ref><ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref>Rey, Charles F. (1935). ''The Real Abyssinia''. New York City.: J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 117. ISBN 0-8371-2656-8.</ref><ref>[[:en:Ge'ez|Ge'ez]] ግርማዊ ቀዳማዊ አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ሞዓ አንበሳ ዘእምነገደ ይሁዳ ንጉሠ ነገሥት ዘኢትዮጵያ ሰዩመ እግዚአብሔር; ''girmāwī ḳedāmāwī 'aṣē ḫayle śillāsē, mō'ā 'anbessā ze'imneggede yihudā niguse negest ze'ītyōṗṗyā, siyume 'igzī'a'bihēr''.</ref> Sereto seno se bontsha dingwao tsa losika lwa segosi lwa Ethiopia, tse di reng dikgosi tsotlhe di tshwanetse go latedisa losika lwa tsone go ya go Menelik I, yo o tlhalosiwang ke Kebra Nagast (epic ya bosetshaba ya lekgolo la bolesome le bone la dingwaga C.E.) jaaka morwa wa Kgosi Solomone wa lekgolo la bolesome la dingwaga B.C.E. le Kgosigadi ya Sheba.<ref>Ghai, Yash P. (2000), ''Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78642-8.</ref> Mo Baethiopia, Selassie o ntse a itsege ka maina a le mantsi, go akaretsa Janhoy ("Motlotlegi") Talaqu Meri ("Moeteledipele yo Mogolo") le Abba Tekel ("Rraagwe Tekel", leina la gagwe la pitse).<ref name=":5">Kasuka, Bridgette (2012). ''Prominent African Leaders Since Independence''. Bankole Kamara Taylor. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.</ref> Mokgatlho wa Rastafari o dirisa bontsi jwa maina ano, gape o mo bitsa Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, le HIM (khutshwafatso ya "His Imperial Majesty").<ref name=":5" /> == Botshelo jwa pele == Lesika la segosi la ga Tafari (ka nkokoagwe wa ga rraagwe) le ne le tswa mo kgosing ya ga Solomone ya Shewan Amhara, Sahle Selassie.<ref>Pétridès, S. Pierre (1963). ''Le Héros d'Adoua: Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie''. Paris: Librairie Plon. p. 299.</ref> O tshotswe ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 1892, kwa motseng wa Ejersa Goro, kwa kgaolongng ya Hararghe kwa Ethiopia. Mmaagwe Tafari, Woizero ("Mohumagadi") Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar, e ne e le wa letso la Oromo ka rre mme e le wa boswa jwa Silte ka mmaagwe, fa rraagwe, Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, e ne e le wa letso la Amhara ka mmaagwe mme losika lwa gagwe lwa ga rraagwe lo sa ntse lo ganetswa.<ref>Bridgette, Kasuka (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=k2nxqV2R7_8C&dq=kasuka+prominent+african+leaders&pg=PA19 Prominent African Leaders Since Independence]''. Tanzania: New Africa Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.</ref><ref>Henze, Paul B (2001). ''Layers of time a history of Ethiopia''. New York: Palgrave. p. 189.</ref><ref>Woodward, Peter (1994), ''Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: federalism and its alternatives''. Dartmouth Pub. Co. ISBN 1-85521-486-5, p. 29.</ref> Rraagwemogolo Tafari e ne e le wa lelwapa la batlotlegi go tswa kwa Shewa mme e ne e le mmusi wa dikgaolo tsa Menz le Doba, tse di kwa Semien Shewa.<ref>S. Pierre Pétridès, ''Le Héros d'Adoua. Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie'', p. 28</ref> Mmaagwe Tafari e ne e le morwadia kgosi e e busang go tswa kwa Were Ilu kwa kgaolong ya Wollo, Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar.<ref name=":7">de Moor, Jaap, and Wesseling, H. L. (1989), ''Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa''. Brill. ISBN 90-04-08834-2, p. 189.</ref> Ras Makonnen e ne e le setlogolo sa ga Kgosi Sahle Selassie yo o kileng a bo a le mmusi wa Shewa. O ne a direla jaaka mojenerale mo Ntweng ya Ntlha ya Italo–Ethiopia, a nna le seabe se segolo mo Ntweng ya Adwa;<ref name=":7" /> Ka jalo Selassie o ne a kgona go tlhatlogela kwa setilong sa bogosi ka nkokoagwe wa ga rraagwe, Woizero Tenagnework Sahle Selassie, yo e neng e le rakgadi wa ga Mmusimogolo Menelik II le morwadia Kgosi ya Amhara ya ga Solomone ya Shewa, Negus Sahle Selassie. Ka go nna jalo, Selassie o ne a bolela gore o tswa ka tlhamalalo mo go Makeda, Kgosigadi ya Sheba, le Kgosi Solomone wa Iseraele wa bogologolo.<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFShinn|Shinn]], p. 265.</ref> Ras Makonnen o ne a rulaganyetsa gore Tafari mmogo le ntsalae wa ntlha, Imru Haile Selassie, ba amogele thuto kwa Harar go tswa go Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin, moitlami wa Moethiopia wa Mo-Capuchin, le go tswa go Dr. Vitalien, ngaka ya loaro go tswa kwa Guadeloupe. Tafari o ne a bidiwa Dejazmach (ka tlhamalalo "molaodi wa kgoro", e e ka nnang e lekana le "count")<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, p. xii.</ref> fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 1905.<ref name=":8">[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFShinn|Shinn]], pp. 193–4.</ref><ref name=":6" /> Ka bonako morago ga moo, rraagwe, Makonnen o ne a tlhokafala kwa Kulibi, ka 1906.<ref name=":9">[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFRoberts|Roberts]], p. 712.</ref> === Bobusi === [[Setshwantsho:Tafari Dejazmatch Harrar.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Dejazmatch Tafari, jaaka mmusi wa Harar]] Tafari o ne a tsaya puso ya Selale ka 1906, e leng lefelo le le neng le se botlhokwa thata,<ref name=":10">[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFWhite|White]], pp. 34–35.</ref> mme e le le le neng la mo kgontsha go tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe.<ref name=":8" /> Ka 1907, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mmusi wa karolo nngwe ya kgaolo ya Sidamo. Go bolelwa gore ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo dingwageng tsa bonana, Selassie o ne a nyala ''Woizero Altayech'', mme go tswa mo kopanong e, morwadie Kgosigatsana Romanework o ne a tsholwa.<ref name=":11">Mockler, Anthony, ''Haile Selassie's War'' (2003), p. xxvii</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga morwarraagwe Yelma ka 1907, puso ya Harar e ne ya tlogelwa e se na ope,<ref name=":10" /> mme tsamaiso ya yone e ne ya tlogelwa kwa go mojenerale yo o ikanyegang wa ga Menelik, ''Dejazmach'' Balcha Safo. Tsamaiso ya ga Balcha Safo ya Harar e ne e sa atlege, mme ka jalo ka nako ya bolwetse jwa bofelo jwa ga Menelik II, le puso e khutshwane ya ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, Tafari o ne a dirwa mmusi wa Harar ka 1910 kgotsa 1911.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11" /> === Lenyalo === [[Setshwantsho:HIM Selassie with his Wife Empress Menen Asfaw.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Mmogo le mosadi wa gagwe, Mohumagatsana Menen Asfaw, ka 1955]] Ka la bo 3 Phatwe 1911, Tafari o ne a nyala Menen Asfaw wa Ambassel, setlogolo sa mojaboswa wa setulo sa bogosi Lij Iyasu. Menen Asfaw o ne a na le dingwaga di le 22 fa Tafari ene a le dingwaga di le 19. Menen o ne a setse a nyetse batlotlegi ba babedi ba pele, fa Tafari ene a ne a na le mosadi a le mongwe wa pele le ngwana a le mongwe. Lenyalo la ga Menen Asfaw le Selassie le ne la tsaya dingwaga di le 50. Le fa gongwe e ne e le motshameko wa sepolotiki o o neng o diretswe go dira kagiso fa gare ga batlotlegi ba Ethiopia, lelapa la banyalani bano le ne le rile ba nyalane ka tumalano ya bobedi. Selassie o tlhalositse molekane wa gagwe jaaka "mosadi yo o senang bosula bope".[65] == Metswedi == enecvjai1dzhxgsbzahkigdoi8nwx1a 40976 40975 2025-07-04T18:52:59Z KatieKea 10150 /* Lenyalo */ ke ranotse karolwana e #AWC2025 40976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Haile Selassie<br />{{nobold|{{lang|gez|ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ}}}}|title=[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Negusa Nagast|Negusa Nagast]]|image=Haile Selassie in full dress (3x4 cropped).jpg|alt=Selassie, in his seventies, with a full beard, wearing formal military dress uniform.|caption=Selassie in 1970|succession=[[Emperor of Ethiopia]]|reign=2 April 1930 – {{nowrap|12 September 1974}}{{refn|In exile from 2 May 1936 – {{nowrap|20 January 1941<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talbot|first=David Abner|title=Ethiopia: Liberation Silver Jubilee 1941–1966|date=1966|publisher=Ministry of Information|location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|pages=64–66}}</ref>}}|group="nb"}}|coronation=2 November 1930|predecessor=[[Zewditu]]|regent={{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[List of heads of government of Ethiopia|See list]]}} |''[[#Early life|Himself]]'' |Wolde Tzaddick |[[Makonnen Endelkachew]] |[[Abebe Aregai]] |[[Imru Haile Selassie]] |[[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] |[[Endelkachew Makonnen]] |[[Mikael Imru]]}}|reg-type={{nowrap|Prime Minister}}|successor=[[Amha Selassie]]|birth_name=Lij Tafari Makonnen<br />(''Täfäri Mäkonnän'')<br />ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1892|7|23}}|birth_place=[[Ejersa Goro]], [[Hararghe]], [[Ethiopian Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1975|8|27|1892|7|23}}|death_place=[[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa]], [[Derg|Ethiopia]]|burial_date=5 November 2000|burial_place=[[Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)|Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia|spouse={{marriage|[[Menen Asfaw]]|1911|1962|end=died}}|issue={{plainlist| * [[Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen]] * [[Prince Makonnen]] * [[Prince Sahle Selassie]] * [[Princess Romanework]] * [[Princess Tenagnework]] * [[Princess Zenebework]] * [[Princess Tsehai]] }}|issue-link=#Issue|regnal name=ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ<br />(Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé)|house=[[List of rulers of Shewa|Shewa]]|father=[[Makonnen Wolde Mikael]]|mother=[[Yeshimebet Ali]]|signature=File:Haile Selassie bigger signature.svg|religion=[[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]]|succession2=[[Enderase|Regent of Ethiopia]]|predecessor2=[[Tessema Nadew]]|reg-type2=Monarch|regent2=Zewditu|successor3=Kirubel Abraham|dynasty=[[Solomonic dynasty]]|module={{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes |office = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Chief Minister]] |term_start = 12 December 1926 |term_end = 1 May 1936 |predecessor = [[Habte Giyorgis Dinagde]] |successor = Wolde Tzaddick |name = Haile Selassie |order2 = 1st and 5th |office2 = Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity |term_start2 = 25 May 1963 |term_end2 = 17 July 1964 |successor2 = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] |term_start3 = 5 November 1966 |term_end3 = 11 September 1967 |predecessor3 = [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] |successor3 = [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] {{Infobox person | embed=yes | education = | alma_mater = |module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopian Empire}} | branch = | serviceyears = 1930–1974 | rank = * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Field Marshal]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Admiral of the Fleet]] * [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Marshal of the Air]] | commands = [[Military ranks of Ethiopia|Commander-in-chief]] | battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list:''}}| {{tree list}} * [[Gugsa Wale's rebellion]] * [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] ** [[First Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Amba Aradam]] ** [[Second Battle of Tembien]] ** [[Battle of Shire (1936)|Battle of Shire]] ** [[Battle of Maychew]] * [[World War II]] ** [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] * [[Korean War]] * [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War]] {{tree list/end}} }} | module = {{Listen |embed=yes | title = Haile Selassie&nbsp;I's voice | filename = Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1955 Constitutional Reform speech.ogg | type = speech | description = {{Br separated entries|Speech to the [[Ethiopian Parliament]] following the occasion of a new Constitution|Recorded 4 November 1955}} }} }} }} }}}} '''Haile Selassie''' I[a] (o tshotswe ka '''Tafari Makonnen''' kgotsa ''Lij'' '''Tafari''';<ref>Atiso, Kodjo. [https://guides.lib.ku.edu/c.php?g=1413002&p=10465656 "Subject & Course Guides: Emperor Haile Selassie Research Guide : Biography of Emperor Haile Selassie"]. ''guides.lib.ku.edu''. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro 1892 – Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le bosupa 1975)<ref>Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA247 Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia]''. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> e ne e le Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia go tloga ka 1930 go ya go 1974. O ne a simolola go busa e le Moeteledipele wa Ethiopia ''(Enderase'') ka fa tlase ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu fa gare ga 1916 le 1930. O tsewa ke botlhe e le motho yo o tlhalosang mo ditsong tsa segompieno ya Ethiopia, o newa botlhokwa jwa bomodimo mo Rastafari, bodumedi jwa ga Aborahame jo bo neng jwa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930. Dingwaga di le mmalwa pele ga a simolola puso ya gagwe mo Mmusong wa Ethiopia, Selassie o ne a fenya molaodi wa sesole sa Ethiopia Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, setlogolo sa ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, kwa Ntweng ya Anchem.<ref>Erlich, Haggai (2002), ''The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-970-5, p. 192. </ref><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 148</ref> E ne e le wa lesika la segosi lwa ga Solomone, le le neng la tlhongwa ke Mmusimogolo Yekuno Amlak ka 1270. Selassie, a batla go dira Ethiopia ya segompieno, o ne a tlhagisa diphetogo tsa sepolotiki le tsa loago go akaretsa le molaomotheo wa 1931 le [[Bokgoba kwa Ethiopia|go fedisa bokgoba]] ka 1942. O ne a etelela pele mmusomogolo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Italo-Ethiopia, mme morago ga go fenngwa ga one o ne a isiwa lejwa kwa United Kingdom. Fa Italy e ne e simolola go gapa Afrika Botlhaba, o ne a ya kwa Sudan ya Maesemane le Egepeto go ya go rulaganya ntwa ya Ethiopia kgatlhanong le Italy ya Bofasi; o ne a boela gae morago ga letsholo la Afrika Botlhaba la Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi. O ne a phatlalatsa Mokgatlho wa Ethiopia le Eritrea, o o neng wa tlhongwa ke Kokoanokakaretso ya Lekgotla la Ditshaba ka 1950, mme a tsaya Eritrea jaaka nngwe ya dikgaolo tsa Ethiopia, fa gape a ne a lwa go thibela go ikgaoganya ga Eritrea.<ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. pp. 45–46.</ref> Jaaka motlhotlheletsi wa boditshabatshaba, Selassie o ne a etelela pele go tsena ga Ethiopia mo Lekgotleng la Ditshaba.<ref>Karsh, Efraim (1988), ''Neutrality and Small States''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00507-8, p. 112.</ref> Ka 1963, o ne a okametse go tlhamiwa ga [[Mokgatlho wa Kutlwano ya Aforika]], o o tsileng pele ga wa [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]], mme a nna modulasetulo wa one wa ntlha. Ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960, ba mmuso wa bojammogo a a tlhageletseng a Aforika jaaka Kwame Nkrumah a ne a akanya go tlhamiwa ga "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Aforika". Puo ya bone e ne e le kgatlhanong le Bophirima; Selassie o ne a bona seo e le matshosetsi mo dikgolaganong tsa gagwe. O ne a leka go tlhotlheletsa go ema ka tsela e e itekanetseng mo setlhopheng.<ref>Keller, Edmond J. (1988). ''Revolutionary Ethiopia, From Empire to People's Republic''. Indiana University Press. p. 92.</ref> Mo gare ga ditsogologo tse di tlwaelesegileng, Selassie o ne a menolwa ke Derg ka 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état. Ka tshegetso ya Soviet Union, Derg e ne ya simolola go busa Ethiopia jaaka puso ya Bo-Marxist le Bo-Lenin. Ka 1994, dingwaga di le tharo morago ga go wa ga puso ya sesole sa Derg, go ne ga senolelwa setshaba gore Derg e bolaile Selassie kwa Ntlong ya Bogosi ya Jubilee kwa Addis Ababa ka Phatwe a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ka 1975.<ref>Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). ''የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት)'' [''The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)'']. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. 81–97. ISBN 978-0-7915-9662-3.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ "Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed"]. ''The Washington Post''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/ Archived] from the original on 31 December 2017. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka di Ngwanatsele a le malatsi matlhano ka 2000, masalela a gagwe a a neng a epolotswe a ne a fitlhwa kwa Kerekeng e Kgolo ya Tharonngwe e e Boitshepo ya Addis Ababa. Mo gare ga balatedi ba Rastafari, Selassie o bidiwa Jesu yo o boileng, le fa e ne e le molatedi wa Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ethiopia ka boene.<ref>[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Nov 2, 1930 CE: Haile Selassie Becomes Emperor of Ethiopia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240323015638/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Archived] 23 March 2024 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] [[:en:National_Geographic|National Geographic]]</ref><ref>Barrett, Leonard E. (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&pg=PA118 The Rastafarians]''. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1039-6.</ref> O ile a kgalwa ka ntlha ya go gatelela ga gagwe ditsuolodi mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba lefatshe (''Mesafint''), ba ba neng ba nna ba le kgatlhanong le diphetogo tsa gagwe. Ba bangwe ba nyaditse go palelwa ga Ethiopia go dira dilo tsa segompieno ka bonako jo bo lekaneng.<ref>Meredith, Martin (2005), ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-398-6, pp. 212–213.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf "Rebellion and Famine in the North under Haile Selassie"] (PDF). Human Rights Watch. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181350/http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka nako ya puso ya gagwe, batho ba Harari ba ne ba bogisiwa mme ba le bantsi ba ne ba tlogela magae a bone.<ref>Huurne, Dieneke. ''[https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Hurnneie_thesis.pdf 'It's like carrying a heavy box with many people.' A study about the contributions of indigenous social security systems to poverty reduction]'' (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 36.</ref><ref>''[https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf History of Harar and Hararis]'' (PDF). pp. 141–144. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201003055338/https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>Feener, Michael (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&q=kulub+movement+harar&pg=PA227 Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-57607-516-6. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya kgalwa jaaka ya bobusaesi le e e sa gololesegang ke ditlhopha di tshwana Human Rights Watch.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Dimbleby, Jonathan (8 December 1998), [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html "Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine"], The Independent, UK, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013173119/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html archived] from the original on 13 October 2019, retrieved 29 August 2017 (taken from Chapter 3 of Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia Alexander de Waal (Africa Watch, 1991))</ref> Go ya ka metswedi mengwe, morago ga nako ya puso ya ga Selassie, puo ya Oromo e ne ya thibelwa mo thutong, go buiwa phatlalatsa le go dirisiwa mo tsamaisong,<ref>Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016), [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive "Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive"], ''The Guardian'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20160214083716/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive archived] from the original on 14 February 2016, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf Language & Culture]'' (PDF), [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022</ref><ref>''[https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ Ethiopians: Amhara and Oromo]'', January 2017, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210419062136/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ archived] from the original on 19 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.</ref> le fa go ne go ise go ke go nne le molao o o neng o dira gore puo epe e nne bosenyi.<ref>Bender, M. L. (1976). ''Language in Ethiopia''. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–190. ISBN 978-0-19-436102-6.</ref><ref>Scholler, Heinrich; Brietzke, Paul H. (1976). ''Ethiopia: Revolution, Law and Politics''. Munich: Weltforum-Verlag. p. 154. ISBN 3-8039-0136-7.</ref><ref>Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. II''. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. p. 1105.</ref> Puso ya gagwe e ne ya fudusetsa batho ba le bantsi ba Amhara kwa borwa jwa Ethiopia.<ref>''[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence Oromo Continue to Flee Violence]'', September 1981, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210412051237/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence archived] from the original on 12 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130711041720/http://https/ Country Information Report ethiopia]'', 12 August 2020, archived from [http://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/country-information-report-ethiopia.docx the original] on 11 July 2013, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html Ethiopia. Status of Amharas]'', 1 March 1993, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031218/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html archived] from the original on 25 January 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi wa Ethiopia e bong [[Hachalu Hundessa]] ka 2020, setshwantsho sa ga Selassie kwa United Kingdom se ne sa senngwa ke baipelaetsi ba Ba-Oromo, mme sefikantswe sa dipitse se se bontshang rraagwe se ne sa tlosiwa kwa Harar.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 "Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park"]. BBC News. 2 July 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155840/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409 Archived] from the original on 14 June 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 "Deadly protests erupt after Ethiopian singer killed"]. BBC News. 30 June 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200630105152/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 Archived] from the original on 30 June 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ Ethiopians Angered at Singer's Death Topple Statue]'', 30 June 2020, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215072940/https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ archived] from the original on 15 December 2020, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> == Leina == Haile Selassie o ne a itsege fa a sa ntse a le ngwana e le '''Lij Tafari Makonnen''' (Sege'eze: ጅጅ ኰፈሪ መኮንን, ka Seroma: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). ''Lij'' e ranotswe jaaka "ngwana" mme e dira go supa gore mosha ke wa madi a a tlotlegang. Leina la gagwe la ''Tafari'' le kaya "yo o tlotliwang kgotsa yo o tshabiwang". Jaaka bontsi jwa Baethiopia, leina la gagwe la sebele "Tafari" le latelwa ke la ga rraagwe Makonnen le la ga rraagwemogolo Woldemikael. Leina la gagwe la ''Haile Selassie'' le ne la newa fa a ne a kolobediwa a le lesea mme la amogelwa gape jaaka karolo ya leina la gagwe la bogosi ka 1930.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I "Haile Selassie I"]. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241126220719/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I Archived] from the original on 26 November 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 1905, a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, Tafari o ne a tlhomiwa ke rraagwe go nna Dejazmatch wa Gara Mulatta (kgaolo e e ka nnang dimaele di le masome a mabedi kwa borwabophirima jwa Harar).<ref name=":6">Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Thanolo ya nnete ya Dejazmatch ke "motlhokomedi wa lebati"; ke sereto sa botlhokwa se se lekanang le sa count.<ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 115.</ref> Ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le bosupa 1916, o ne a itsisiwe jaaka Kgosana ya Segosi le mojaboswa wa setilo sa bogosi (''Alga'' ''Worrach''),<ref name=":1">Bellizzi, Francesco; Wondim, Simeon; Feqade, Ras (2013). ''The Order of Coronation''. Italy: Debre Zeyt Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-88-908905-0-5.</ref><ref name=":2">Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 114.</ref> mme a tlhomiwa go nna Moeteledipele yo o Nang le Dithata Tse di Tletseng (''Balemulu Silt'an Enderase'').<ref name=":1" /><ref>Selassie, Haile I (1976). ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff''. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 48–50. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le lesome le motso 1917, o ne a rwesiwa korone ya Le'ul-Ras<ref name=":3">Steffanson, Borg G.; Starrett, Ronald K. (1976). ''Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. I: The Decline of Menelik II to the Emergence of Ras Tafari, later known as Haile Selassie, 1910–1919''. Salisbury, North Carolina: Documentary Publications. p. 133. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.</ref> mme a itsege jaaka Ras Tafari Makonnen [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg.mp3 reetsa]. ''Ras'' e ranotswe jaaka "tlhogo"<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], pp. 172–173</ref><ref name=":2" /> mme ke maemo a botlhokwa a a lekanang le kgosana,<ref name=":2" /><ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, p. xiii.</ref> le fa gantsi e ranolwa mo thanolong jaaka "morwakgosi". Kwa tshimologong sereto sa Le'ul, se se rayang "Motlotlegi wa gago", se ne se dirisiwa fela jaaka mofuta wa go bitsa;<ref name=":4">[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 325</ref> le fa go ntse jalo, ka 1916 sereto sa Le'ul-Ras se ne sa tsaya sebaka sa ofisi e kgolo ya ga Ras Bitwoded mme ka jalo sa nna se se lekanang le kgosana ya segosi.<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 350</ref><ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 117</ref> Ka 1928, Kgosigadi Zewditu o ne a rulaganya go mo naya setilo sa bogosi sa Shewa; le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako ya bofelo ya kganetso go tswa go babusi bangwe ba dikgaolo e ne ya baka phetogo mme sereto sa gagwe sa ''Negus'' kgotsa "Kgosi" se ne sa newa ntle le go tshwanelega ga lefelo kgotsa tlhaloso.<ref>Steffanson, Borg G.; Starret, Ronald K. (1976). ''Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. II''. North Carolina, U.S.: Documentary Publications. p. 112. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.</ref><ref>Bahru Zewde (2001). ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: James Currey. p. 135. ISBN 0-85255-786-8.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi mabedi 1930, morago ga loso lwa ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu, Tafari o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Negusa Nagast, ka tlhamalalo "Kgosi ya Dikgosi", e e ranotsweng ka Seesemane jaaka "Mmusimogolo".<ref>Roberts, Neil (2015). ''Freedom as Marronage''. University of Chicago Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-226-20104-7.</ref> Fa a tlhatloga, o ne a tsaya leina la gagwe la bogosi la Haile Selassie I. ''Haile'' e kaya ka Se-Ge'ez "Maatla a" mme Selassie e kaya tharonngwe – ka jalo Haile Selassie e ranolwa go nna "Maatla a Tharonngwe".<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 159.</ref> Sereto se se feletseng sa ga Selassie mo maemong a gagwe e ne e le "Ka Tau e e Fenyang ya Morafe wa Juda, Motlotlegi wa gagwe wa Bogosi Haile Selassie I, Kgosi ya Dikgosi tsa Ethiopia, Morena wa Marena, Motlhophiwa wa Modimo".<ref>Rubenson, Sven (July 1965). "The Lion of the Tribe of Judah Christian Symbol and/or Imperial Title". ''Journal of Ethiopian Studies''. '''3''' (2): 85.</ref><ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref>Rey, Charles F. (1935). ''The Real Abyssinia''. New York City.: J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 117. ISBN 0-8371-2656-8.</ref><ref>[[:en:Ge'ez|Ge'ez]] ግርማዊ ቀዳማዊ አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ሞዓ አንበሳ ዘእምነገደ ይሁዳ ንጉሠ ነገሥት ዘኢትዮጵያ ሰዩመ እግዚአብሔር; ''girmāwī ḳedāmāwī 'aṣē ḫayle śillāsē, mō'ā 'anbessā ze'imneggede yihudā niguse negest ze'ītyōṗṗyā, siyume 'igzī'a'bihēr''.</ref> Sereto seno se bontsha dingwao tsa losika lwa segosi lwa Ethiopia, tse di reng dikgosi tsotlhe di tshwanetse go latedisa losika lwa tsone go ya go Menelik I, yo o tlhalosiwang ke Kebra Nagast (epic ya bosetshaba ya lekgolo la bolesome le bone la dingwaga C.E.) jaaka morwa wa Kgosi Solomone wa lekgolo la bolesome la dingwaga B.C.E. le Kgosigadi ya Sheba.<ref>Ghai, Yash P. (2000), ''Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78642-8.</ref> Mo Baethiopia, Selassie o ntse a itsege ka maina a le mantsi, go akaretsa Janhoy ("Motlotlegi") Talaqu Meri ("Moeteledipele yo Mogolo") le Abba Tekel ("Rraagwe Tekel", leina la gagwe la pitse).<ref name=":5">Kasuka, Bridgette (2012). ''Prominent African Leaders Since Independence''. Bankole Kamara Taylor. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.</ref> Mokgatlho wa Rastafari o dirisa bontsi jwa maina ano, gape o mo bitsa Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, le HIM (khutshwafatso ya "His Imperial Majesty").<ref name=":5" /> == Botshelo jwa pele == Lesika la segosi la ga Tafari (ka nkokoagwe wa ga rraagwe) le ne le tswa mo kgosing ya ga Solomone ya Shewan Amhara, Sahle Selassie.<ref>Pétridès, S. Pierre (1963). ''Le Héros d'Adoua: Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie''. Paris: Librairie Plon. p. 299.</ref> O tshotswe ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 1892, kwa motseng wa Ejersa Goro, kwa kgaolongng ya Hararghe kwa Ethiopia. Mmaagwe Tafari, Woizero ("Mohumagadi") Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar, e ne e le wa letso la Oromo ka rre mme e le wa boswa jwa Silte ka mmaagwe, fa rraagwe, Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, e ne e le wa letso la Amhara ka mmaagwe mme losika lwa gagwe lwa ga rraagwe lo sa ntse lo ganetswa.<ref>Bridgette, Kasuka (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=k2nxqV2R7_8C&dq=kasuka+prominent+african+leaders&pg=PA19 Prominent African Leaders Since Independence]''. Tanzania: New Africa Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.</ref><ref>Henze, Paul B (2001). ''Layers of time a history of Ethiopia''. New York: Palgrave. p. 189.</ref><ref>Woodward, Peter (1994), ''Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: federalism and its alternatives''. Dartmouth Pub. Co. ISBN 1-85521-486-5, p. 29.</ref> Rraagwemogolo Tafari e ne e le wa lelwapa la batlotlegi go tswa kwa Shewa mme e ne e le mmusi wa dikgaolo tsa Menz le Doba, tse di kwa Semien Shewa.<ref>S. Pierre Pétridès, ''Le Héros d'Adoua. Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie'', p. 28</ref> Mmaagwe Tafari e ne e le morwadia kgosi e e busang go tswa kwa Were Ilu kwa kgaolong ya Wollo, Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar.<ref name=":7">de Moor, Jaap, and Wesseling, H. L. (1989), ''Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa''. Brill. ISBN 90-04-08834-2, p. 189.</ref> Ras Makonnen e ne e le setlogolo sa ga Kgosi Sahle Selassie yo o kileng a bo a le mmusi wa Shewa. O ne a direla jaaka mojenerale mo Ntweng ya Ntlha ya Italo–Ethiopia, a nna le seabe se segolo mo Ntweng ya Adwa;<ref name=":7" /> Ka jalo Selassie o ne a kgona go tlhatlogela kwa setilong sa bogosi ka nkokoagwe wa ga rraagwe, Woizero Tenagnework Sahle Selassie, yo e neng e le rakgadi wa ga Mmusimogolo Menelik II le morwadia Kgosi ya Amhara ya ga Solomone ya Shewa, Negus Sahle Selassie. Ka go nna jalo, Selassie o ne a bolela gore o tswa ka tlhamalalo mo go Makeda, Kgosigadi ya Sheba, le Kgosi Solomone wa Iseraele wa bogologolo.<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFShinn|Shinn]], p. 265.</ref> Ras Makonnen o ne a rulaganyetsa gore Tafari mmogo le ntsalae wa ntlha, Imru Haile Selassie, ba amogele thuto kwa Harar go tswa go Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin, moitlami wa Moethiopia wa Mo-Capuchin, le go tswa go Dr. Vitalien, ngaka ya loaro go tswa kwa Guadeloupe. Tafari o ne a bidiwa Dejazmach (ka tlhamalalo "molaodi wa kgoro", e e ka nnang e lekana le "count")<ref>[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, p. xii.</ref> fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 1905.<ref name=":8">[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFShinn|Shinn]], pp. 193–4.</ref><ref name=":6" /> Ka bonako morago ga moo, rraagwe, Makonnen o ne a tlhokafala kwa Kulibi, ka 1906.<ref name=":9">[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFRoberts|Roberts]], p. 712.</ref> === Bobusi === [[Setshwantsho:Tafari Dejazmatch Harrar.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Dejazmatch Tafari, jaaka mmusi wa Harar]] Tafari o ne a tsaya puso ya Selale ka 1906, e leng lefelo le le neng le se botlhokwa thata,<ref name=":10">[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFWhite|White]], pp. 34–35.</ref> mme e le le le neng la mo kgontsha go tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe.<ref name=":8" /> Ka 1907, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mmusi wa karolo nngwe ya kgaolo ya Sidamo. Go bolelwa gore ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo dingwageng tsa bonana, Selassie o ne a nyala ''Woizero Altayech'', mme go tswa mo kopanong e, morwadie Kgosigatsana Romanework o ne a tsholwa.<ref name=":11">Mockler, Anthony, ''Haile Selassie's War'' (2003), p. xxvii</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga morwarraagwe Yelma ka 1907, puso ya Harar e ne ya tlogelwa e se na ope,<ref name=":10" /> mme tsamaiso ya yone e ne ya tlogelwa kwa go mojenerale yo o ikanyegang wa ga Menelik, ''Dejazmach'' Balcha Safo. Tsamaiso ya ga Balcha Safo ya Harar e ne e sa atlege, mme ka jalo ka nako ya bolwetse jwa bofelo jwa ga Menelik II, le puso e khutshwane ya ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, Tafari o ne a dirwa mmusi wa Harar ka 1910 kgotsa 1911.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11" /> === Lenyalo === [[Setshwantsho:HIM Selassie with his Wife Empress Menen Asfaw.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Mmogo le mosadi wa gagwe, Mohumagatsana Menen Asfaw, ka 1955]] Ka Phatwe a le malatsi a marao 1911, Tafari o ne a nyala Menen Asfaw wa Ambassel, setlogolo sa mojaboswa wa setilo sa bogosi Lij Iyasu. Menen Asfaw o ne a na le dingwaga di le masome mabedi fa Tafari ene a le dingwaga di le lesome le boferabongwe. Menen o ne a setse a nyetse batlotlegi ba babedi ba pele, fa Tafari ene a ne a na le mosadi a le mongwe wa pele le ngwana a le mongwe. Lenyalo la ga Menen Asfaw le Selassie le ne la tsaya dingwaga di le masome matlhano. Le fa gongwe e ne e le motshameko wa sepolotiki o o neng o diretswe go dira kagiso fa gare ga batlotlegi ba Ethiopia, lelwapa la banyalani ba le ne le rile ba nyalane ka tumalano ya bobedi. Selassie o tlhalositse molekane wa gagwe jaaka "mosadi yo o senang bosula bope".<ref>Haile Selassie, ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress'' (Chicago: Frontline Distribution International, 1999), pp. 41f.</ref> == Metswedi == tv7iy5cnttwv1nstxa8jf8szj8cs2kq 0 10727 40970 2025-07-04T13:48:19Z JudithShe 9421 Ke dirile tsebe ya "Go tsuologa ga bokgoba" 40970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Tod des Spartacus by Hermann Vogel.jpg|thumb|Loso lwa ga Spartacus ka Hermann Vogel, ngwaga wa 1882]] Go tsuologa ga bokgoba ke botsuolodi jwa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba tshotse dibetsa, e le tsela ya go lwela kgololesego ya bone. Go tsuologa ga batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba go diragetse mo ditšhabeng tsotlhe tse di diragatsang bokgoba kgotsa di kile tsa diragatsa bokgoba mo ditsong. keletso ya kgololesego le toro ya go tsuologa mo go atlegang di dirisiwa thata mo dipineng, botaki, le ngwao mo bathong ba ba dirilweng makgoba. Ditiragalo tse, le fa go ntse jalo, gantsi di kganelwa ka tlhaselo di bo di gatelelwa ke batho ba ba nang le makgoba. Kgaolo ya Sparta ya bogologolo e ne e na le mofuta wa makgoba o o bidiwang helots ba ba neng gantsi ba sa tshwarwe sentle, se se ba gwtlha go tsuologa. Go ya ka Herodotus, mofuta o wa bokgoba batho ba ba welang ka fa tlase ga one ba ne ba le bantsi ga supa go fetisa ba mofuta wa Spartans. Paka ya letlhafula nngwe le nngwe, go ya ka Plutarch, batho ba Spartan ba ne ba bolotsa ntwa mo go ba helot gore banni ba Spartan a kgone go bolaya wa helot a sa boife sepe, ebile a sena letswalo gore ba ba tsenye mo tseleng. Kwa bogosing jwa Roma, le ntwa mokgwa wa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba o ne o bereka kgatlhanong le go nna seopo sengwe, ditsuologo tsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba di ne di diragala, ebile di otlhaelwa mo go tseneletseng. Botsuolodi jo bo itsegeng thata kwa Europe bo ne bo eteletswe pele ke Spartacus kwa Roman Italy, ka ntwa ya boraro. Ntwa e e ne ya baka gore batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba le dikete thataro ba ba falotseng ba bapolwe mo ditseleng tse ditona tse di yang kwa Rome. Se e ne e le ntwa ya boraro mo metseletseleng ya dintwa tse di lolweng ke batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba kgatlhanong le ma Roma. == Metswedi == oam5gb04hylbj0m8f5ub8akb8eu86hd 0 10728 40977 2025-07-04T19:39:01Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e #AWC2025 40977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Ida B. Wells|image=Mary Garrity - Ida B. Wells-Barnett - Google Art Project - restoration crop.jpg|caption=Wells, {{circa|1893}}|other names={{ubl|Ida B. Wells-Barnett|Iola (pen name)}}|birth_name=Ida Bell Wells|birth_date={{Birth date|1862|7|16}}|birth_place=[[Holly Springs, Mississippi]], U.S.|death_date={{Death date and age|1931|3|25|1862|7|16}}|death_place=[[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.|burial_place=[[Oak Woods Cemetery]]|education={{ubl|[[Rust College]]|[[Fisk University]]|[[LeMoyne-Owen College]]}}|occupation={{hlist|[[Civil rights]] and [[women's rights]] activist|journalist and newspaper editor|teacher}}|party=[[History of the Republican Party (United States)#Gilded Age: 1877–1890|Republican]]|otherparty={{ubl|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (1930)}}|spouse(s)={{marriage|[[Ferdinand Lee Barnett (Chicago)|Ferdinand L. Barnett]]|1895}}|children=4, including [[Alfreda Duster]]}} '''Ida Bell Wells-Barnett''' (Phukwi a le lesome le borataro, 1862 – Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 1931) e ne e le mmegadikgang wa dipatlisiso wa Moamerika, moithutaloago, morutabana, le moeteledipele wa ntlha mo mokgatlhong wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi. E ne e le mongwe wa basimolodi ba Mokgatlho wa Bosetshaba wa Kgatelopele ya Batho ba Mmala (NAACP).<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFGiddings,_Encyclopedia2013|Giddings, ''Encyclopedia'' 2013.]]</ref> Wells o ne a neela tiro ya gagwe go lwantsha tlhaolele le tirisodikgoka, le go buelela tekatekano ya Maaforika le Amerika—bogolo jang ya basadi.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFNYTs,_Dickerson,_Mar._9,2018|''NYTs'', Dickerson, Mar. 9, 2018]], p. 4F.</ref> Go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1890, Wells o ne a kwala go bolawa ga Maaforika-Amerika kwa United States mo diphaposing le ka dibukana tse jaaka ''Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases'' le ''The Red Record'', e e neng ya senola phoso e e neng e buiwa kgapetsakgapetsa ke basweu ka nako eo ditlolomolao tsotlhe tsa go bolawa ga batho ba Bantsho di neng di le botlhokwa. Wells o ne a senola bosetlhogo jwa go bolaya batho ka go ba kaletsa, mme a sekaseka thuta-loago ya yone, a bolela gore basweu ba ne ba dirisa go bolaya batho go tshosa Maaforika a Amerika kwa Borwa ka gonne ba ne ba emela kgaisano ya itsholelo le ya sepolotiki—mme ka jalo e le matshosetsi a go latlhegelwa ke maatla—mo basweung. O ne a ikaeletse go bontsha boammaaruri ka ga tirisodikgoka e le go buelela gore go tsewe dikgato tsa go e emisa.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFGiddings,_When_and_Where_I_Enter,1984|Giddings, ''When and Where I Enter,'' 1984.]]</ref> Wells o ne a tsholelwa mo bokgobeng kwa Holly Springs, kwa Mississippi. O ne a gololwa e le lesea ka fa tlase ga [[Kitsiso ya Kgololesego]], fa masole a Union Army a ne a gapa Holly Springs. Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro,<ref>Moses, Wilson Jeremiah. ''The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850–1925''. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 109.</ref> o ne a latlhegelwa ke batsadi ba gagwe ka bobedi le morwarraagwe wa lesea mo leroborobong la letshoroma le le serolwana la 1878. O ne a bona tiro ya go ruta mme a boloka lelwapa lotlhe le le mmogo ka thuso ya ga nkukuagwe. Moragonyana, o ne a fudugela le bangwe ba bana ba gagwe kwa Memphis, kwa Tennessee. Go ise go ye kae, Wells o ne a nna le lekwalodikgang la ''Memphis Free Speech'' and ''Headlight'' le go le kwalela, koo dipego tsa gagwe di neng di bega ka ditiragalo tsa go kgaoganngwa ga merafe le go sa lekalekane. Kgabagare, bobegadikgang jwa gagwe jwa dipatlisiso bo ne jwa rwalwa mo nageng yotlhe mo makwalodikgannyeng a a neng a beilwe ke Bantsho. E re ka Wells a ne a tswelela a tshosediwa le go sotliwa ka bokebekwa, go akaretsa le fa segopa sa batho ba basweu se ne se senya ofisi ya gagwe ya makwalodikgang le metshini ya gagwe ya go gatisa, o ne a tswa kwa Memphis a ya kwa Chicago, kwa Illinois. O ne a nyala Ferdinand L. Barnett ka 1895 mme a nna le lelwapa fa a ntse a tsweletse ka tiro ya gagwe ya go kwala, go bua, le go rulaganyetsa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le mokgatlho wa basadi botshelo jwa gagwe jotlhe. Wells o ne a bua ka tlhamalalo mabapi le ditumelo tsa gagwe jaaka molweladitshwanelo tsa basadi ba Bantsho mme o ne a lebana le go sa amogelwe ke setshaba ka metlha, ka dinako tse dingwe go akaretsa le go tswa mo baeteledipeleng ba bangwe mo teng ga mokgatlho wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le mokgatlho wa tshwanelo ya basadi ya go tlhopha. O ne a le matlhagatlhaga mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi le mo mokgatlhong wa basadi wa go tlhopha, a tlhoma mekgatlho e le mmalwa e e tlhomologileng ya basadi. Sebui se se nang le bokgoni le se se tlhotlheletsang, Wells o ne a tsamaya mo lefatsheng lotlhe le kwa mafatsheng a mangwe ka maeto a go tlhatlhelela.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFWells_Papers,_Univ._Chicago|Wells Papers, Univ. Chicago.]]</ref> Wells o ne a tlhokafala ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 1931, kwa Chicago, mme ka 2020 o ne a tlotliwa morago ga leso la gagwe ka nopolo e e kgethegileng ya Mokgele wa Pulitzer "ka ntlha ya go bega ga gagwe ka tsela e e tlhomologileng le e e bopelokgale ka tirisodikgoka e e tshosang le e e setlhogo kgatlhanong le Maaforika a Amerika ka nako ya go kaletswa ga batho."<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFPulitzer2020|Pulitzer 2020.]]</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == Ida Bell Wells o tsholetswe kwa Polasing ya Boling gaufi le Holly Springs, kwa Mississippi.[7] O tshotswe ka Phukwi 16, 1862, mme e ne e le ngwana wa ntlha wa ga James Madison Wells (1840-1878) le Elizabeth "Lizzie" (Warrenton). James Wells o ne a tsholwa ke mosadi yo o neng a dirilwe lekgoba yo o bidiwang Peggy le lekgoba la ga Peggy le lesweu, ka jalo o ne a dirilwe lekgoba ka fa tlase ga thuto ya partus sequitur ventrem. Fa James a le dingwaga di le 18, rraagwe o ne a mo tlisa kwa Holly Springs, a mo thapa go nna moithuti wa go betla kwa go moagi Spires Boling, mme tuelo ya ga James e ne e ya kwa mothong yo o neng a mo dira lekgoba. Mongwe wa bana ba le lesome ba ba tsholetsweng mo tshimong kwa Virginia, Lizzie o ne a thopiwa le go rekisiwa kgakala le ba lelapa la gagwe le bana ba gagwe mme a leka go bona lelapa la gagwe morago ga Ntwa ya Selegae mme a sa atlege.[8] Lizzie e ne e le ya ga Boling go dira tiro ya mo gae mo legaeng la gagwe, le jaanong e leng Ntlo ya Bolling–Gatewood. Pele ga Kgoeletso ya Kgololesego e ntshiwa, batsadi ba ga Wells ka bobedi ba ne ba dirilwe makgoba a ga Boling, mme ka jalo Ida le ene o ne a tsholwa e le makgoba. James Wells o ne a aga bontsi jwa ntlo ya ga Bolling–Gatewood, e Boling a neng a nna mo go yone, mme e ka Mopitlwe 2002[9] e neng ya nna Musiamo wa ga Ida B. Lelapa la ga Wells le ne le nna go sele mo lefelong leo. Dipolane tsa fa fatshe tse di bontshiwang kwa Musiamong wa Ida B. Wells–Barnett di supa mekhukhu e e ka fa morago ga ntlo jaaka bonno jwa lelapa la ga Wells. Morago ga go gololwa, James o ne a nna motlhokomedi wa Yunibesithi ya Shaw e e neng e sa tswa go tlhongwa (e jaanong e leng Kholetšhe ya Rust) kwa Holly Springs. O ne a gana go tlhopha bontlhopheng ba Democratic ka nako ya Kagosešwa, a nna leloko la Loyal League, mme a itsege jaaka "monna wa lotso" ka ntlha ya go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking le boineelo jwa gagwe mo Lekokong la Republican.[8] O ne a tlhoma kgwebo e e atlegileng ya go betla kwa Holly Springs ka 1867, mme mosadi wa gagwe Lizzie o ne a itsege jaaka "seapei se se tumileng".[11] Ida B. Wells e ne e le mongwe wa bana ba bone ba le robedi, mme o ne a ikwadisa kwa Yunibesithing ya Shaw.[12] Ka Lwetse 1878, batsadi ba ga Ida ka bobedi ba ne ba swa ka nako ya leroborobo la letshoroma le le serolwana le gape le neng la bolaya mongwe wa bomorwarraagwe.[13] Wells o ne a ntse a etela polasi ya ga mmèmogolo wa gagwe gaufi le Holly Springs ka nako eo mme o ne a bolokwa. Morago ga diphitlho tsa batsadi ba gagwe le morwarraagwe, ditsala le ba losika ba ne ba swetsa ka gore bana ba le batlhano ba ba setseng ba Wells ba kgaoganngwe mme ba romelwe kwa magaeng a go godisa bana. Wells o ne a ganana le tshitshinyo eno. Go boloka bana ba gagwe ba babotlana ba le mmogo jaaka lelapa, o ne a bona tiro ya go nna morutabana kwa sekolong sa poraemari sa kwa magaeng sa Bantsho kwa ntle ga Holly Springs. Nkoko wa gagwe wa ga rraagwe, Peggy Wells (yo o tsholetsweng Peggy Cheers; 1814–1887), mmogo le ditsala tse dingwe le ba losika, ba ne ba nna le bana ba gagwe mme ba ba tlhokomela mo gare ga beke fa Wells a ne a ruta.[14] Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le pedi morago ga foo, mmèmogolo wa ga Wells (Peggy) o ne a tshwarwa ke seterouku mme kgaitsadie Eugenia a tlhokafala, Wells le bokgaitsadie ba babedi ba ba botlana ba ne ba fudugela kwa Memphis go ya go nna le rakgadi, Fanny Butler (yo o tsholetsweng Fanny Wells; 1837–1908), ka 1883.[15] Memphis e ka nna dikilometara di le 90 go tswa kwa Holly Springs. == Tiro ya gagwe ya pele le go nna kgatlhanong le kgaoganyo == Ka bonako fela fa Wells a sena go fudugela kwa Memphis, kwa Tennessee, o ne a thapiwa kwa Woodstock ke tsamaiso ya sekolo sa Kgaolo ya Shelby. Ka nako ya malatsi a gagwe a boikhutso a selemo, o ne a tsenela dithulaganyo tsa selemo kwa Yunibesithing ya Fisk, e leng kholetšhe e e kileng ya bo e le ya Bantsho kwa Nashville, Tennessee. Gape o ne a tsena Kholetšhe ya LeMoyne–Owen, e leng kholetšhe e e kileng ya bo e le ya Bantsho kwa Memphis. O ne a na le maikutlo a a nonofileng a sepolotiki mme a galefisa batho ba le bantsi ka maikutlo a gagwe ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi. Fa a le dingwaga di le 24, o ne a kwala jaana: "Ga nkitla ke simolola mo letsatsing leno le le latelang ka go dira se mowa wa me o se tlhoileng; banna ba ba sukiri, dibopiwa tse di bokoa tse di tsietsang, ka boferefere go ba boloka jaaka balebedi kgotsa go kgotsofatsa ipusolosetso."[16] . . . Ke ka boitumelo jo bo senang gore ke ina diatla tsa me mo bonweenweeng jo bo senotsweng fano ... Mongwe o tshwanetse go bontsha gore morafe wa Maaforika-Amerika o leofetswe go feta go leofa, mme go lebega go wetse mo go nna go dira jalo. - Ida B. Didiba (1892) [2] Ka Lwetse 15, 1883, le gape ka Motsheganong 4, 1884, motshwari wa terena le Seporo sa Chesapeake le Ohio[17][18] o ne a laela Wells gore a tlogele setulo sa gagwe mo koloing ya basadi ya maemo a ntlha mme a fudugele kwa koloing e e gogang, e e neng e setse e tletse ka bapagami ba bangwe14. Ka 1883, Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya United States e ne e atlhotse kgatlhanong le Molao wa puso wa Ditshwanelo tsa Baagi wa 1875 (o o neng o thibetse go tlhaola batho ka lotso mo mafelong a bonno a botlhe). Katlholo eno e ne e tshegetsa dikhampani tsa diterena tse di neng tsa tlhopha go kgaoganya bapalami ba tsone ka lotso. Fa Wells a ne a gana go tlogela setulo sa gagwe ka September 15, motshwari wa koloi le banna ba babedi ba ne ba mo gogela go tswa mo koloing. Wells o ne a itsege kwa Memphis fa a ne a kwala setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang la The Living Way, e leng beke le beke ya kereke ya Bantsho, ka tsela e a neng a tshwarwa ka yone mo tereneng. Kwa Memphis, o ne a thapa mmueledi mongwe wa Moaforika-Amerika gore a sekisetse seporo. Fa mmueledi wa gagwe a ne a duelwa ke seporo,[19] o ne a thapa mmueledi wa mosweu. Wells o ne a fenya kgetsi ya gagwe ka Sedimonthole 24, 1884, fa kgotlatshekelo ya potologo ya lefelo leo e ne e mo naya madi a a kana ka $500 (~$17,498 ka 2024). Komponi ya terena e ne ya ikuela kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo ya Tennessee, e e neng ya busetsa morago katlholo ya kgotlatshekelo e potlana ka 1887. E ne ya swetsa ka gore: "Re akanya gore go bonala sentle gore boikaelelo jwa mosekisiwa ka phoso e ne e le go tshwenya ka ntlha ya kgetsi eno, le gore go tlhomama ga gagwe go ne go sa kgonege go mo kgomotsa." Wells o ne a laelwa go duela ditshenyegelo tsa kgotlatshekelo. Tsibogo ya gagwe mo tshwetsong ya kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne ya senola tumelo ya gagwe e e nonofileng ka ga ditshwanelo tsa baagi le tumelo ya bodumedi, jaaka a ne a araba jaana: "Ke ne ke ikutlwa ke swabile thata ka gonne ke ne ke solofetse dilo tse dikgolo jalo go tswa mo sutung ya me mo bathong ba me. ... O Modimo, a ga go na ... tshiamiso mo lefatsheng leno mo go rona?"<ref name=":0">[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFWells%E2%80%93Duster,1970|Wells–Duster, 1970]], p. xviii.</ref> Fa a ntse a tswelela go ruta kwa sekolong se sebotlana, Wells o ne a nna matlhagatlhaga thata jaaka mmegadikgang le mokwadi. O ne a amogela maemo a botseleganyi mo lekwalodikgannyeng le le nnye la Memphis, Evening Star, mme a simolola go kwala diathikele tsa beke le beke tsa lekwalodikgang la The Living Way ka leina la pene la "Iola".[22] Diathikele tse a di kwadileng ka fa tlase ga leina la gagwe la pene di ne di tlhasela dipholisi tsa bosemorafe tsa Jim Crow.[23] Ka 1889, o ne a nna morulaganyi le mong-mmogo le J. L. Fleming wa Puo e e Lokologileng le Lesedi la Tlhogo, lekwalodikgang le le neng le tlhomilwe ke Moruti Taylor Nightingale (1844–1922) mme le le kwa Kerekeng ya Baptist ya Beale Street kwa Memphis. Ka 1891, Wells o ne a lelekwa mo tirong ya gagwe ya borutabana ke Boto ya Thuto ya Memphis ka ntlha ya diathikele tsa gagwe tse di neng di kgala maemo mo dikolong tsa Bantsho tsa kgaolo eo. O ne a utlwile botlhoko thata mme a sa tshoge, mme a tsepamisa maatla a gagwe mo go kwaleng diathikele tsa The Living Way le Free Speech le Headlight.<ref name=":0" /> == Letsholo la go lwantsha go kaletswa ga batho le bobegadikgang jwa dipatlisiso == == Metswedi == 2issgjjfwje78x8kx4dgy6d0v1560cz 40978 40977 2025-07-05T08:41:06Z KatieKea 10150 /* Botshelo jwa pele */ ke tsweledisitse go ranola karolo e #AWC2025 40978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Ida B. Wells|image=Mary Garrity - Ida B. Wells-Barnett - Google Art Project - restoration crop.jpg|caption=Wells, {{circa|1893}}|other names={{ubl|Ida B. Wells-Barnett|Iola (pen name)}}|birth_name=Ida Bell Wells|birth_date={{Birth date|1862|7|16}}|birth_place=[[Holly Springs, Mississippi]], U.S.|death_date={{Death date and age|1931|3|25|1862|7|16}}|death_place=[[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.|burial_place=[[Oak Woods Cemetery]]|education={{ubl|[[Rust College]]|[[Fisk University]]|[[LeMoyne-Owen College]]}}|occupation={{hlist|[[Civil rights]] and [[women's rights]] activist|journalist and newspaper editor|teacher}}|party=[[History of the Republican Party (United States)#Gilded Age: 1877–1890|Republican]]|otherparty={{ubl|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (1930)}}|spouse(s)={{marriage|[[Ferdinand Lee Barnett (Chicago)|Ferdinand L. Barnett]]|1895}}|children=4, including [[Alfreda Duster]]}} '''Ida Bell Wells-Barnett''' (Phukwi a le lesome le borataro, 1862 – Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 1931) e ne e le mmegadikgang wa dipatlisiso wa Moamerika, moithutaloago, morutabana, le moeteledipele wa ntlha mo mokgatlhong wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi. E ne e le mongwe wa basimolodi ba Mokgatlho wa Bosetshaba wa Kgatelopele ya Batho ba Mmala (NAACP).<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFGiddings,_Encyclopedia2013|Giddings, ''Encyclopedia'' 2013.]]</ref> Wells o ne a neela tiro ya gagwe go lwantsha tlhaolele le tirisodikgoka, le go buelela tekatekano ya Maaforika le Amerika—bogolo jang ya basadi.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFNYTs,_Dickerson,_Mar._9,2018|''NYTs'', Dickerson, Mar. 9, 2018]], p. 4F.</ref> Go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1890, Wells o ne a kwala go bolawa ga Maaforika-Amerika kwa United States mo diphaposing le ka dibukana tse jaaka ''Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases'' le ''The Red Record'', e e neng ya senola phoso e e neng e buiwa kgapetsakgapetsa ke basweu ka nako eo ditlolomolao tsotlhe tsa go bolawa ga batho ba Bantsho di neng di le botlhokwa. Wells o ne a senola bosetlhogo jwa go bolaya batho ka go ba kaletsa, mme a sekaseka thuta-loago ya yone, a bolela gore basweu ba ne ba dirisa go bolaya batho go tshosa Maaforika a Amerika kwa Borwa ka gonne ba ne ba emela kgaisano ya itsholelo le ya sepolotiki—mme ka jalo e le matshosetsi a go latlhegelwa ke maatla—mo basweung. O ne a ikaeletse go bontsha boammaaruri ka ga tirisodikgoka e le go buelela gore go tsewe dikgato tsa go e emisa.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFGiddings,_When_and_Where_I_Enter,1984|Giddings, ''When and Where I Enter,'' 1984.]]</ref> Wells o ne a tsholelwa mo bokgobeng kwa Holly Springs, kwa Mississippi. O ne a gololwa e le lesea ka fa tlase ga [[Kitsiso ya Kgololesego]], fa masole a Union Army a ne a gapa Holly Springs. Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro,<ref>Moses, Wilson Jeremiah. ''The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850–1925''. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 109.</ref> o ne a latlhegelwa ke batsadi ba gagwe ka bobedi le morwarraagwe wa lesea mo leroborobong la letshoroma le le serolwana la 1878. O ne a bona tiro ya go ruta mme a boloka lelwapa lotlhe le le mmogo ka thuso ya ga nkukuagwe. Moragonyana, o ne a fudugela le bangwe ba bana ba gagwe kwa Memphis, kwa Tennessee. Go ise go ye kae, Wells o ne a nna le lekwalodikgang la ''Memphis Free Speech'' and ''Headlight'' le go le kwalela, koo dipego tsa gagwe di neng di bega ka ditiragalo tsa go kgaoganngwa ga merafe le go sa lekalekane. Kgabagare, bobegadikgang jwa gagwe jwa dipatlisiso bo ne jwa rwalwa mo nageng yotlhe mo makwalodikgannyeng a a neng a beilwe ke Bantsho. E re ka Wells a ne a tswelela a tshosediwa le go sotliwa ka bokebekwa, go akaretsa le fa segopa sa batho ba basweu se ne se senya ofisi ya gagwe ya makwalodikgang le metshini ya gagwe ya go gatisa, o ne a tswa kwa Memphis a ya kwa Chicago, kwa Illinois. O ne a nyala Ferdinand L. Barnett ka 1895 mme a nna le lelwapa fa a ntse a tsweletse ka tiro ya gagwe ya go kwala, go bua, le go rulaganyetsa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le mokgatlho wa basadi botshelo jwa gagwe jotlhe. Wells o ne a bua ka tlhamalalo mabapi le ditumelo tsa gagwe jaaka molweladitshwanelo tsa basadi ba Bantsho mme o ne a lebana le go sa amogelwe ke setshaba ka metlha, ka dinako tse dingwe go akaretsa le go tswa mo baeteledipeleng ba bangwe mo teng ga mokgatlho wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le mokgatlho wa tshwanelo ya basadi ya go tlhopha. O ne a le matlhagatlhaga mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi le mo mokgatlhong wa basadi wa go tlhopha, a tlhoma mekgatlho e le mmalwa e e tlhomologileng ya basadi. Sebui se se nang le bokgoni le se se tlhotlheletsang, Wells o ne a tsamaya mo lefatsheng lotlhe le kwa mafatsheng a mangwe ka maeto a go tlhatlhelela.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFWells_Papers,_Univ._Chicago|Wells Papers, Univ. Chicago.]]</ref> Wells o ne a tlhokafala ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 1931, kwa Chicago, mme ka 2020 o ne a tlotliwa morago ga leso la gagwe ka nopolo e e kgethegileng ya Mokgele wa Pulitzer "ka ntlha ya go bega ga gagwe ka tsela e e tlhomologileng le e e bopelokgale ka tirisodikgoka e e tshosang le e e setlhogo kgatlhanong le Maaforika a Amerika ka nako ya go kaletswa ga batho."<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFPulitzer2020|Pulitzer 2020.]]</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == [[Setshwantsho:Ida B. Wells-Barnette Brith Home (Holly Springs, MS).jpg|thumb|Ntlo ya Bolling–Gatewood. Lelwapa la ga Wells le ne le nna mo matlong a makgoba a a neng a le kafa morago ga ntlo ya ga Spires Boling fa e le makgoba a gagwe, e jaanong e lengmotlobo wa ditso o o tlhomileng mogopolo mo go Wells .]] Ida Bell Wells o tsholetswe kwa Polasing ya Boling gaufi le Holly Springs, kwa Mississippi.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFMcKinney|McKinney]].</ref> O tshotswe ka Phukwi a le lesome le borataro, 1862, mme e ne e le ngwana wa ntlha wa ga James Madison Wells (1840-1878) le Elizabeth "Lizzie" (Warrenton). James Wells o ne a tsholwa ke mosadi yo o neng a dirilwe lekgoba yo o bidiwang Peggy le mong wa ga Peggy yo mosweu, ka jalo o ne a dirilwe lekgoba ka fa tlase ga thuto ya ''partus sequitur ventrem''. Fa James a le dingwaga di le lesome le boferabongwe, rraagwe o ne a mo tlisa kwa Holly Springs, a mo thapa go nna moithuti wa go betla kwa go moagi Spires Boling, mme tuelo ya ga James e ne e ya kwa mothong yo o neng a mo dira lekgoba. Mongwe wa bana ba le lesome ba ba tsholetsweng mo tshimong kwa Virginia, Lizzie o ne a thopiwa le go rekisiwa kgakala le ba lelwapa la gagwe le bana ba gagwe mme a leka go bona lelwapa la gagwe morago ga Ntwa ya Selegae mme a seka a atlega.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFMcMurry|McMurry.]]</ref> Lizzie e ne e le lekgoba la ga Boling go dira tiro ya mo gae mo legaeng la gagwe, le jaanong e leng Ntlo ya Bolling–Gatewood. Pele ga [[Kitsiso ya Kgololesego]] e ntshiwa, batsadi ba ga Wells ka bobedi ba ne ba dirilwe makgoba a ga Boling, mme ka jalo Ida le ene o ne a tsholwa e le lekgoba. James Wells o ne a aga bontsi jwa ntlo ya ga Bolling–Gatewood, e Boling a neng a nna mo go yone, mme e ka Mopitlo 2002<ref>"[https://idabwellsmuseum.org/about/ About".] ''Ida B. Wells-Barnett museum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102601/https://idabwellsmuseum.org/about/ Archived] from the original on October 7, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi matlhano ka 2025. </ref> e neng ya nna Motlobo wa ditso wa gaIda B. Wells–Barnett.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFMatthews,_Dasha|Matthews, Dasha.]]</ref> Lelwapa la ga Wells le ne le nna go sele mo lefelong leo. Dipolane tse di bontshiwang kwa Motlobong wa Ida B. Wells–Barnett di supa mekhukhu e e ka fa morago ga ntlo jaaka bonno jwa lelwapa la ga Wells. Morago ga go gololwa, James o ne a nna motlhokomedi wa Yunibesithi ya Shaw e e neng e sa tswa go tlhongwa (e jaanong e leng Kholetshe ya Rust) kwa Holly Springs. O ne a gana go tlhopha bontlhopheng ba Democratic ka nako ya Kagosesha, a nna leloko la Loyal League, mme a itsege jaaka "monna wa letso" ka ntlha ya go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking le boineelo jwa gagwe mo Lekokong la Republican.<ref name=":1" /> O ne a tlhoma kgwebo e e atlegileng ya go betla kwa Holly Springs ka 1867, mme mosadi wa gagwe Lizzie o ne a itsege jaaka "mmaseapei yo o tumileng".<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFGiddings,_Sword_Among_Lions,2008|Giddings, ''Sword Among Lions,'' 2008]], pp. 5–10.</ref> Ida B. Wells e ne e le mongwe wa bana ba bone ba robabobedi, mme o ne a ikwadisa kwa Yunibesithing ya Shaw.<ref>Levesque, Faron (April 26, 2024). [https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/ida-b-wells-and-peoples-grocery/ "Ida B. Wells and People's Grocery"]. ''The MIT Press Reader''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240525122420/https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/ida-b-wells-and-peoples-grocery/ Archived] from the original on May 25, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi matlhano ka 2025.</ref> Ka Lwetse 1878, batsadi ba ga Ida ka bobedi ba ne ba swa ka nako ya leroborobo la letshoroma le le serolwana le gape le neng la bolaya mongwe wa bomorwarraagwe.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFBlack,_Patti_Carr|Black, Patti Carr.]]</ref> Wells o ne a etetse kwa polasing ya ga nkukuagwe gaufi le Holly Springs ka nako eo mme o ne a bolokwa. Morago ga diphitlho tsa batsadi ba gagwe le morwarraagwe, ditsala le ba losika ba ne ba swetsa ka gore bana ba le batlhano ba ba setseng ba ga Wells ba kgaoganngwe mme ba romelwe kwa magaeng a go godisa bana. Wells o ne a ganana le kakanyo eo. Go boloka bomonnawe ba le mmogo jaaka lelwapa, o ne a bona tiro ya go nna morutabana kwa sekolong se se botlana sa kwa magaeng sa Bantsho kwa ntle ga Holly Springs. Nkukuagwe wa ga rraagwe, Peggy Wells (yo o tshotsweng e le Peggy Cheers; 1814–1887), mmogo le ditsala tse dingwe le ba losika, ba ne ba nna le bomonnawe mme ba ba tlhokomela mo gare ga beke fa Wells a ne a ruta.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFMitchell|Mitchell]], p. D13.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le pedi morago ga foo, nkukuagwe Wells (Peggy) o ne a tshwarwa ke bolwetse jwa go swa mhama mme morwadiarraagwe Eugenia a tlhokafala, Wells le barwadiarragwe ba babedi ba ba botlana ba ne ba fudugela kwa Memphis go ya go nna le rakgadiabone, Fanny Butler (yo o tshotsweng e le Fanny Wells; 1837–1908), ka 1883.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFHeather-Lea|Heather-Lea]], pp. 4 & 7 (section A).</ref> Memphis e ka nna dikilometara di le masome a ferabongwe go tswa kwa Holly Springs. == Tiro ya gagwe ya pele le go nna kgatlhanong le kgaoganyo == Ka bonako fela fa Wells a sena go fudugela kwa Memphis, kwa Tennessee, o ne a thapiwa kwa Woodstock ke tsamaiso ya sekolo sa Kgaolo ya Shelby. Ka nako ya malatsi a gagwe a boikhutso a selemo, o ne a tsenela dithulaganyo tsa selemo kwa Yunibesithing ya Fisk, e leng kholetšhe e e kileng ya bo e le ya Bantsho kwa Nashville, Tennessee. Gape o ne a tsena Kholetšhe ya LeMoyne–Owen, e leng kholetšhe e e kileng ya bo e le ya Bantsho kwa Memphis. O ne a na le maikutlo a a nonofileng a sepolotiki mme a galefisa batho ba le bantsi ka maikutlo a gagwe ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi. Fa a le dingwaga di le 24, o ne a kwala jaana: "Ga nkitla ke simolola mo letsatsing leno le le latelang ka go dira se mowa wa me o se tlhoileng; banna ba ba sukiri, dibopiwa tse di bokoa tse di tsietsang, ka boferefere go ba boloka jaaka balebedi kgotsa go kgotsofatsa ipusolosetso."[16] . . . Ke ka boitumelo jo bo senang gore ke ina diatla tsa me mo bonweenweeng jo bo senotsweng fano ... Mongwe o tshwanetse go bontsha gore morafe wa Maaforika-Amerika o leofetswe go feta go leofa, mme go lebega go wetse mo go nna go dira jalo. - Ida B. Didiba (1892) [2] Ka Lwetse 15, 1883, le gape ka Motsheganong 4, 1884, motshwari wa terena le Seporo sa Chesapeake le Ohio[17][18] o ne a laela Wells gore a tlogele setulo sa gagwe mo koloing ya basadi ya maemo a ntlha mme a fudugele kwa koloing e e gogang, e e neng e setse e tletse ka bapagami ba bangwe14. Ka 1883, Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya United States e ne e atlhotse kgatlhanong le Molao wa puso wa Ditshwanelo tsa Baagi wa 1875 (o o neng o thibetse go tlhaola batho ka lotso mo mafelong a bonno a botlhe). Katlholo eno e ne e tshegetsa dikhampani tsa diterena tse di neng tsa tlhopha go kgaoganya bapalami ba tsone ka lotso. Fa Wells a ne a gana go tlogela setulo sa gagwe ka September 15, motshwari wa koloi le banna ba babedi ba ne ba mo gogela go tswa mo koloing. Wells o ne a itsege kwa Memphis fa a ne a kwala setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang la The Living Way, e leng beke le beke ya kereke ya Bantsho, ka tsela e a neng a tshwarwa ka yone mo tereneng. Kwa Memphis, o ne a thapa mmueledi mongwe wa Moaforika-Amerika gore a sekisetse seporo. Fa mmueledi wa gagwe a ne a duelwa ke seporo,[19] o ne a thapa mmueledi wa mosweu. Wells o ne a fenya kgetsi ya gagwe ka Sedimonthole 24, 1884, fa kgotlatshekelo ya potologo ya lefelo leo e ne e mo naya madi a a kana ka $500 (~$17,498 ka 2024). Komponi ya terena e ne ya ikuela kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo ya Tennessee, e e neng ya busetsa morago katlholo ya kgotlatshekelo e potlana ka 1887. E ne ya swetsa ka gore: "Re akanya gore go bonala sentle gore boikaelelo jwa mosekisiwa ka phoso e ne e le go tshwenya ka ntlha ya kgetsi eno, le gore go tlhomama ga gagwe go ne go sa kgonege go mo kgomotsa." Wells o ne a laelwa go duela ditshenyegelo tsa kgotlatshekelo. Tsibogo ya gagwe mo tshwetsong ya kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne ya senola tumelo ya gagwe e e nonofileng ka ga ditshwanelo tsa baagi le tumelo ya bodumedi, jaaka a ne a araba jaana: "Ke ne ke ikutlwa ke swabile thata ka gonne ke ne ke solofetse dilo tse dikgolo jalo go tswa mo sutung ya me mo bathong ba me. ... O Modimo, a ga go na ... tshiamiso mo lefatsheng leno mo go rona?"<ref name=":0">[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFWells%E2%80%93Duster,1970|Wells–Duster, 1970]], p. xviii.</ref> Fa a ntse a tswelela go ruta kwa sekolong se sebotlana, Wells o ne a nna matlhagatlhaga thata jaaka mmegadikgang le mokwadi. O ne a amogela maemo a botseleganyi mo lekwalodikgannyeng le le nnye la Memphis, Evening Star, mme a simolola go kwala diathikele tsa beke le beke tsa lekwalodikgang la The Living Way ka leina la pene la "Iola".[22] Diathikele tse a di kwadileng ka fa tlase ga leina la gagwe la pene di ne di tlhasela dipholisi tsa bosemorafe tsa Jim Crow.[23] Ka 1889, o ne a nna morulaganyi le mong-mmogo le J. L. Fleming wa Puo e e Lokologileng le Lesedi la Tlhogo, lekwalodikgang le le neng le tlhomilwe ke Moruti Taylor Nightingale (1844–1922) mme le le kwa Kerekeng ya Baptist ya Beale Street kwa Memphis. Ka 1891, Wells o ne a lelekwa mo tirong ya gagwe ya borutabana ke Boto ya Thuto ya Memphis ka ntlha ya diathikele tsa gagwe tse di neng di kgala maemo mo dikolong tsa Bantsho tsa kgaolo eo. O ne a utlwile botlhoko thata mme a sa tshoge, mme a tsepamisa maatla a gagwe mo go kwaleng diathikele tsa The Living Way le Free Speech le Headlight.<ref name=":0" /> == Letsholo la go lwantsha go kaletswa ga batho le bobegadikgang jwa dipatlisiso == == Metswedi == bthbtp3crwxqieqgj7ipe8hvlummlo3 40979 40978 2025-07-05T09:02:43Z KatieKea 10150 /* Tiro ya gagwe ya pele le go nna kgatlhanong le kgaoganyo */ Ke tsweledisitse tlhanolo le go tsenya metswedi. #AWC2025 40979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Ida B. Wells|image=Mary Garrity - Ida B. Wells-Barnett - Google Art Project - restoration crop.jpg|caption=Wells, {{circa|1893}}|other names={{ubl|Ida B. Wells-Barnett|Iola (pen name)}}|birth_name=Ida Bell Wells|birth_date={{Birth date|1862|7|16}}|birth_place=[[Holly Springs, Mississippi]], U.S.|death_date={{Death date and age|1931|3|25|1862|7|16}}|death_place=[[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.|burial_place=[[Oak Woods Cemetery]]|education={{ubl|[[Rust College]]|[[Fisk University]]|[[LeMoyne-Owen College]]}}|occupation={{hlist|[[Civil rights]] and [[women's rights]] activist|journalist and newspaper editor|teacher}}|party=[[History of the Republican Party (United States)#Gilded Age: 1877–1890|Republican]]|otherparty={{ubl|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (1930)}}|spouse(s)={{marriage|[[Ferdinand Lee Barnett (Chicago)|Ferdinand L. Barnett]]|1895}}|children=4, including [[Alfreda Duster]]}} '''Ida Bell Wells-Barnett''' (Phukwi a le lesome le borataro, 1862 – Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 1931) e ne e le mmegadikgang wa dipatlisiso wa Moamerika, moithutaloago, morutabana, le moeteledipele wa ntlha mo mokgatlhong wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi. E ne e le mongwe wa basimolodi ba Mokgatlho wa Bosetshaba wa Kgatelopele ya Batho ba Mmala (NAACP).<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFGiddings,_Encyclopedia2013|Giddings, ''Encyclopedia'' 2013.]]</ref> Wells o ne a neela tiro ya gagwe go lwantsha tlhaolele le tirisodikgoka, le go buelela tekatekano ya Maaforika le Amerika—bogolo jang ya basadi.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFNYTs,_Dickerson,_Mar._9,2018|''NYTs'', Dickerson, Mar. 9, 2018]], p. 4F.</ref> Go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1890, Wells o ne a kwala go bolawa ga Maaforika-Amerika kwa United States mo diphaposing le ka dibukana tse jaaka ''Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases'' le ''The Red Record'', e e neng ya senola phoso e e neng e buiwa kgapetsakgapetsa ke basweu ka nako eo ditlolomolao tsotlhe tsa go bolawa ga batho ba Bantsho di neng di le botlhokwa. Wells o ne a senola bosetlhogo jwa go bolaya batho ka go ba kaletsa, mme a sekaseka thuta-loago ya yone, a bolela gore basweu ba ne ba dirisa go bolaya batho go tshosa Maaforika a Amerika kwa Borwa ka gonne ba ne ba emela kgaisano ya itsholelo le ya sepolotiki—mme ka jalo e le matshosetsi a go latlhegelwa ke maatla—mo basweung. O ne a ikaeletse go bontsha boammaaruri ka ga tirisodikgoka e le go buelela gore go tsewe dikgato tsa go e emisa.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFGiddings,_When_and_Where_I_Enter,1984|Giddings, ''When and Where I Enter,'' 1984.]]</ref> Wells o ne a tsholelwa mo bokgobeng kwa Holly Springs, kwa Mississippi. O ne a gololwa e le lesea ka fa tlase ga [[Kitsiso ya Kgololesego]], fa masole a Union Army a ne a gapa Holly Springs. Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro,<ref>Moses, Wilson Jeremiah. ''The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850–1925''. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 109.</ref> o ne a latlhegelwa ke batsadi ba gagwe ka bobedi le morwarraagwe wa lesea mo leroborobong la letshoroma le le serolwana la 1878. O ne a bona tiro ya go ruta mme a boloka lelwapa lotlhe le le mmogo ka thuso ya ga nkukuagwe. Moragonyana, o ne a fudugela le bangwe ba bana ba gagwe kwa Memphis, kwa Tennessee. Go ise go ye kae, Wells o ne a nna le lekwalodikgang la ''Memphis Free Speech'' and ''Headlight'' le go le kwalela, koo dipego tsa gagwe di neng di bega ka ditiragalo tsa go kgaoganngwa ga merafe le go sa lekalekane. Kgabagare, bobegadikgang jwa gagwe jwa dipatlisiso bo ne jwa rwalwa mo nageng yotlhe mo makwalodikgannyeng a a neng a beilwe ke Bantsho. E re ka Wells a ne a tswelela a tshosediwa le go sotliwa ka bokebekwa, go akaretsa le fa segopa sa batho ba basweu se ne se senya ofisi ya gagwe ya makwalodikgang le metshini ya gagwe ya go gatisa, o ne a tswa kwa Memphis a ya kwa Chicago, kwa Illinois. O ne a nyala Ferdinand L. Barnett ka 1895 mme a nna le lelwapa fa a ntse a tsweletse ka tiro ya gagwe ya go kwala, go bua, le go rulaganyetsa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le mokgatlho wa basadi botshelo jwa gagwe jotlhe. Wells o ne a bua ka tlhamalalo mabapi le ditumelo tsa gagwe jaaka molweladitshwanelo tsa basadi ba Bantsho mme o ne a lebana le go sa amogelwe ke setshaba ka metlha, ka dinako tse dingwe go akaretsa le go tswa mo baeteledipeleng ba bangwe mo teng ga mokgatlho wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le mokgatlho wa tshwanelo ya basadi ya go tlhopha. O ne a le matlhagatlhaga mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi le mo mokgatlhong wa basadi wa go tlhopha, a tlhoma mekgatlho e le mmalwa e e tlhomologileng ya basadi. Sebui se se nang le bokgoni le se se tlhotlheletsang, Wells o ne a tsamaya mo lefatsheng lotlhe le kwa mafatsheng a mangwe ka maeto a go tlhatlhelela.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFWells_Papers,_Univ._Chicago|Wells Papers, Univ. Chicago.]]</ref> Wells o ne a tlhokafala ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 1931, kwa Chicago, mme ka 2020 o ne a tlotliwa morago ga leso la gagwe ka nopolo e e kgethegileng ya Mokgele wa Pulitzer "ka ntlha ya go bega ga gagwe ka tsela e e tlhomologileng le e e bopelokgale ka tirisodikgoka e e tshosang le e e setlhogo kgatlhanong le Maaforika a Amerika ka nako ya go kaletswa ga batho."<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFPulitzer2020|Pulitzer 2020.]]</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == [[Setshwantsho:Ida B. Wells-Barnette Brith Home (Holly Springs, MS).jpg|thumb|Ntlo ya Bolling–Gatewood. Lelwapa la ga Wells le ne le nna mo matlong a makgoba a a neng a le kafa morago ga ntlo ya ga Spires Boling fa e le makgoba a gagwe, e jaanong e lengmotlobo wa ditso o o tlhomileng mogopolo mo go Wells .]] Ida Bell Wells o tsholetswe kwa Polasing ya Boling gaufi le Holly Springs, kwa Mississippi.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFMcKinney|McKinney]].</ref> O tshotswe ka Phukwi a le lesome le borataro, 1862, mme e ne e le ngwana wa ntlha wa ga James Madison Wells (1840-1878) le Elizabeth "Lizzie" (Warrenton). James Wells o ne a tsholwa ke mosadi yo o neng a dirilwe lekgoba yo o bidiwang Peggy le mong wa ga Peggy yo mosweu, ka jalo o ne a dirilwe lekgoba ka fa tlase ga thuto ya ''partus sequitur ventrem''. Fa James a le dingwaga di le lesome le boferabongwe, rraagwe o ne a mo tlisa kwa Holly Springs, a mo thapa go nna moithuti wa go betla kwa go moagi Spires Boling, mme tuelo ya ga James e ne e ya kwa mothong yo o neng a mo dira lekgoba. Mongwe wa bana ba le lesome ba ba tsholetsweng mo tshimong kwa Virginia, Lizzie o ne a thopiwa le go rekisiwa kgakala le ba lelwapa la gagwe le bana ba gagwe mme a leka go bona lelwapa la gagwe morago ga Ntwa ya Selegae mme a seka a atlega.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFMcMurry|McMurry.]]</ref> Lizzie e ne e le lekgoba la ga Boling go dira tiro ya mo gae mo legaeng la gagwe, le jaanong e leng Ntlo ya Bolling–Gatewood. Pele ga [[Kitsiso ya Kgololesego]] e ntshiwa, batsadi ba ga Wells ka bobedi ba ne ba dirilwe makgoba a ga Boling, mme ka jalo Ida le ene o ne a tsholwa e le lekgoba. James Wells o ne a aga bontsi jwa ntlo ya ga Bolling–Gatewood, e Boling a neng a nna mo go yone, mme e ka Mopitlo 2002<ref>"[https://idabwellsmuseum.org/about/ About".] ''Ida B. Wells-Barnett museum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102601/https://idabwellsmuseum.org/about/ Archived] from the original on October 7, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi matlhano ka 2025. </ref> e neng ya nna Motlobo wa ditso wa gaIda B. Wells–Barnett.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFMatthews,_Dasha|Matthews, Dasha.]]</ref> Lelwapa la ga Wells le ne le nna go sele mo lefelong leo. Dipolane tse di bontshiwang kwa Motlobong wa Ida B. Wells–Barnett di supa mekhukhu e e ka fa morago ga ntlo jaaka bonno jwa lelwapa la ga Wells. Morago ga go gololwa, James o ne a nna motlhokomedi wa Yunibesithi ya Shaw e e neng e sa tswa go tlhongwa (e jaanong e leng Kholetshe ya Rust) kwa Holly Springs. O ne a gana go tlhopha bontlhopheng ba Democratic ka nako ya Kagosesha, a nna leloko la Loyal League, mme a itsege jaaka "monna wa letso" ka ntlha ya go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking le boineelo jwa gagwe mo Lekokong la Republican.<ref name=":1" /> O ne a tlhoma kgwebo e e atlegileng ya go betla kwa Holly Springs ka 1867, mme mosadi wa gagwe Lizzie o ne a itsege jaaka "mmaseapei yo o tumileng".<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFGiddings,_Sword_Among_Lions,2008|Giddings, ''Sword Among Lions,'' 2008]], pp. 5–10.</ref> Ida B. Wells e ne e le mongwe wa bana ba bone ba robabobedi, mme o ne a ikwadisa kwa Yunibesithing ya Shaw.<ref>Levesque, Faron (April 26, 2024). [https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/ida-b-wells-and-peoples-grocery/ "Ida B. Wells and People's Grocery"]. ''The MIT Press Reader''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240525122420/https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/ida-b-wells-and-peoples-grocery/ Archived] from the original on May 25, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi matlhano ka 2025.</ref> Ka Lwetse 1878, batsadi ba ga Ida ka bobedi ba ne ba swa ka nako ya leroborobo la letshoroma le le serolwana le gape le neng la bolaya mongwe wa bomorwarraagwe.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFBlack,_Patti_Carr|Black, Patti Carr.]]</ref> Wells o ne a etetse kwa polasing ya ga nkukuagwe gaufi le Holly Springs ka nako eo mme o ne a bolokwa. Morago ga diphitlho tsa batsadi ba gagwe le morwarraagwe, ditsala le ba losika ba ne ba swetsa ka gore bana ba le batlhano ba ba setseng ba ga Wells ba kgaoganngwe mme ba romelwe kwa magaeng a go godisa bana. Wells o ne a ganana le kakanyo eo. Go boloka bomonnawe ba le mmogo jaaka lelwapa, o ne a bona tiro ya go nna morutabana kwa sekolong se se botlana sa kwa magaeng sa Bantsho kwa ntle ga Holly Springs. Nkukuagwe wa ga rraagwe, Peggy Wells (yo o tshotsweng e le Peggy Cheers; 1814–1887), mmogo le ditsala tse dingwe le ba losika, ba ne ba nna le bomonnawe mme ba ba tlhokomela mo gare ga beke fa Wells a ne a ruta.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFMitchell|Mitchell]], p. D13.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le pedi morago ga foo, nkukuagwe Wells (Peggy) o ne a tshwarwa ke bolwetse jwa go swa mhama mme morwadiarraagwe Eugenia a tlhokafala, Wells le barwadiarragwe ba babedi ba ba botlana ba ne ba fudugela kwa Memphis go ya go nna le rakgadiabone, Fanny Butler (yo o tshotsweng e le Fanny Wells; 1837–1908), ka 1883.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFHeather-Lea|Heather-Lea]], pp. 4 & 7 (section A).</ref> Memphis e ka nna dikilometara di le masome a ferabongwe go tswa kwa Holly Springs. == Tiro ya gagwe ya pele le go nna kgatlhanong le kgaoganyo == Ka bonako fela fa Wells a sena go fudugela kwa Memphis, kwa Tennessee, o ne a thapiwa kwa Woodstock ke tsamaiso ya sekolo sa Kgaolo ya Shelby. Ka nako ya malatsi a gagwe a boikhutso a selemo, o ne a tsenela dithulaganyo tsa selemo kwa Yunibesithing ya Fisk, e leng kholetshe e e kileng ya bo e le ya Bantsho kwa Nashville, Tennessee. Gape o ne a tsena Kholetshe ya LeMoyne–Owen, e leng kholetshe e e kileng ya bo e le ya Bantsho kwa Memphis. O ne a na le maikutlo a a nonofileng a sepolotiki mme a galefisa batho ba le bantsi ka maikutlo a gagwe ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi. Fa a le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le bone, o ne a kwala jaana: "Ga nkitla ke simolola mo letsatsing le le le latelang ka go dira se mowa wa me o se tlhoileng; banna ba ba sukiri, dibopiwa tse di bokoa tse di tsietsang, ka boferefere go ba boloka jaaka balebedi kgotsa go kgotsofatsa ipusolosetso."<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFBay|Bay]], p. 67.</ref> {{Quote|quote=true|source=– Ida B. Wells (1892){{Sfn|''NYTs'', Dickerson, Mar. 9,|2018|p=4F}}|quotetext=. . . Ke ka go tlhoka boitumelo gore ke ina diatla tsa me mo bonweenweeng jo bo senotsweng fa ... Mongwe o tshwanetse go bontsha gore morafe wa Maaforika-Amerika o leofetswe go feta go leofa, mme go lebega go wetse mo go nna go dira jalo.}} Ka Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano, 1883, le gape ka Motsheganong a le gane, 1884, molaodi wa terena le Seporo sa Chesapeake le Ohio<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFYaeger,_October_21,_2015|Yaeger, October 21, 2015.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFFranklin|Franklin]], pp. 61, 63–65.</ref> o ne a laela Wells gore a tswe mo setilong sa gagwe mo koloing ya basadi ya maemo a ntlha mme a fudugele kwa koloing e e go gogiwang, e e neng e setse e tletse ka bapagami ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Ka 1883, Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya United States e ne e atlhotse kgatlhanong le Molao wa puso wa Ditshwanelo tsa Baagi wa 1875 (o o neng o thibetse go tlhaola batho ka letso mo mafelong a bonno a botlhe). Katlholo eo e ne e tshegetsa dikomponi tsa diterena tse di neng tsa tlhopha go kgaoganya bapalami ba tsone ka letso. Fa Wells a ne a gana go tlogela setilo sa gagwe ka Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano, molaodi wa terena le banna ba babedi ba ne ba mo goga ba mo ntsha mo tereneng. Wells o ne a itsege kwa Memphis fa a ne a kwala setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang la ''The Living Way'', e leng beke le beke ya kereke ya Bantsho, ka tsela e a neng a tshwarwa ka yone mo tereneng. Kwa Memphis, o ne a thapa mmueledi mongwe wa Moaforika-Amerika gore a sekisetse seporo. Fa mmueledi wa gagwe a ne a rekiwa ke seporo,<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFFradin_&_Fradin|Fradin & Fradin]], p. 21</ref> o ne a thapa mmueledi wa mosweu. Wells o ne a fenya kgetsi ya gagwe ka Sedimonthole 24, 1884, fa kgotlatshekelo ya potologo ya lefelo leo e ne e mo naya madi a a kana ka $500 (~$17,498 ka 2024). Komponi ya terena e ne ya ikuela kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo ya Tennessee, e e neng ya busetsa morago katlholo ya kgotlatshekelo e potlana ka 1887. E ne ya swetsa ka gore: "Re akanya gore go bonala sentle gore boikaelelo jwa mosekisiwa ka phoso e ne e le go tshwenya ka ntlha ya kgetsi eno, le gore go tlhomama ga gagwe go ne go sa kgonege go mo kgomotsa." Wells o ne a laelwa go duela ditshenyegelo tsa kgotlatshekelo. Tsibogo ya gagwe mo tshwetsong ya kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne ya senola tumelo ya gagwe e e nonofileng ka ga ditshwanelo tsa baagi le tumelo ya bodumedi, jaaka a ne a araba jaana: "Ke ne ke ikutlwa ke swabile thata ka gonne ke ne ke solofetse dilo tse dikgolo jalo go tswa mo sutung ya me mo bathong ba me. ... O Modimo, a ga go na ... tshiamiso mo lefatsheng leno mo go rona?"<ref name=":0">[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFWells%E2%80%93Duster,1970|Wells–Duster, 1970]], p. xviii.</ref> Fa a ntse a tswelela go ruta kwa sekolong se sebotlana, Wells o ne a nna matlhagatlhaga thata jaaka mmegadikgang le mokwadi. O ne a amogela maemo a botseleganyi mo lekwalodikgannyeng le le nnye la Memphis, Evening Star, mme a simolola go kwala diathikele tsa beke le beke tsa lekwalodikgang la The Living Way ka leina la pene la "Iola".[22] Diathikele tse a di kwadileng ka fa tlase ga leina la gagwe la pene di ne di tlhasela dipholisi tsa bosemorafe tsa Jim Crow.[23] Ka 1889, o ne a nna morulaganyi le mong-mmogo le J. L. Fleming wa Puo e e Lokologileng le Lesedi la Tlhogo, lekwalodikgang le le neng le tlhomilwe ke Moruti Taylor Nightingale (1844–1922) mme le le kwa Kerekeng ya Baptist ya Beale Street kwa Memphis. Ka 1891, Wells o ne a lelekwa mo tirong ya gagwe ya borutabana ke Boto ya Thuto ya Memphis ka ntlha ya diathikele tsa gagwe tse di neng di kgala maemo mo dikolong tsa Bantsho tsa kgaolo eo. O ne a utlwile botlhoko thata mme a sa tshoge, mme a tsepamisa maatla a gagwe mo go kwaleng diathikele tsa The Living Way le Free Speech le Headlight.<ref name=":0" /> == Letsholo la go lwantsha go kaletswa ga batho le bobegadikgang jwa dipatlisiso == == Metswedi == 34iwx50twz52i3vdss0r265ti9sxa8i 40980 40979 2025-07-05T09:11:49Z KatieKea 10150 /* Tiro ya gagwe ya pele le go nna kgatlhanong le kgaoganyo */ ke feditse go ranola karolwana e #AWC2025 40980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Ida B. Wells|image=Mary Garrity - Ida B. Wells-Barnett - Google Art Project - restoration crop.jpg|caption=Wells, {{circa|1893}}|other names={{ubl|Ida B. Wells-Barnett|Iola (pen name)}}|birth_name=Ida Bell Wells|birth_date={{Birth date|1862|7|16}}|birth_place=[[Holly Springs, Mississippi]], U.S.|death_date={{Death date and age|1931|3|25|1862|7|16}}|death_place=[[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.|burial_place=[[Oak Woods Cemetery]]|education={{ubl|[[Rust College]]|[[Fisk University]]|[[LeMoyne-Owen College]]}}|occupation={{hlist|[[Civil rights]] and [[women's rights]] activist|journalist and newspaper editor|teacher}}|party=[[History of the Republican Party (United States)#Gilded Age: 1877–1890|Republican]]|otherparty={{ubl|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (1930)}}|spouse(s)={{marriage|[[Ferdinand Lee Barnett (Chicago)|Ferdinand L. Barnett]]|1895}}|children=4, including [[Alfreda Duster]]}} '''Ida Bell Wells-Barnett''' (Phukwi a le lesome le borataro, 1862 – Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 1931) e ne e le mmegadikgang wa dipatlisiso wa Moamerika, moithutaloago, morutabana, le moeteledipele wa ntlha mo mokgatlhong wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi. E ne e le mongwe wa basimolodi ba Mokgatlho wa Bosetshaba wa Kgatelopele ya Batho ba Mmala (NAACP).<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFGiddings,_Encyclopedia2013|Giddings, ''Encyclopedia'' 2013.]]</ref> Wells o ne a neela tiro ya gagwe go lwantsha tlhaolele le tirisodikgoka, le go buelela tekatekano ya Maaforika le Amerika—bogolo jang ya basadi.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFNYTs,_Dickerson,_Mar._9,2018|''NYTs'', Dickerson, Mar. 9, 2018]], p. 4F.</ref> Go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1890, Wells o ne a kwala go bolawa ga Maaforika-Amerika kwa United States mo diphaposing le ka dibukana tse jaaka ''Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases'' le ''The Red Record'', e e neng ya senola phoso e e neng e buiwa kgapetsakgapetsa ke basweu ka nako eo ditlolomolao tsotlhe tsa go bolawa ga batho ba Bantsho di neng di le botlhokwa. Wells o ne a senola bosetlhogo jwa go bolaya batho ka go ba kaletsa, mme a sekaseka thuta-loago ya yone, a bolela gore basweu ba ne ba dirisa go bolaya batho go tshosa Maaforika a Amerika kwa Borwa ka gonne ba ne ba emela kgaisano ya itsholelo le ya sepolotiki—mme ka jalo e le matshosetsi a go latlhegelwa ke maatla—mo basweung. O ne a ikaeletse go bontsha boammaaruri ka ga tirisodikgoka e le go buelela gore go tsewe dikgato tsa go e emisa.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFGiddings,_When_and_Where_I_Enter,1984|Giddings, ''When and Where I Enter,'' 1984.]]</ref> Wells o ne a tsholelwa mo bokgobeng kwa Holly Springs, kwa Mississippi. O ne a gololwa e le lesea ka fa tlase ga [[Kitsiso ya Kgololesego]], fa masole a Union Army a ne a gapa Holly Springs. Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro,<ref>Moses, Wilson Jeremiah. ''The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850–1925''. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 109.</ref> o ne a latlhegelwa ke batsadi ba gagwe ka bobedi le morwarraagwe wa lesea mo leroborobong la letshoroma le le serolwana la 1878. O ne a bona tiro ya go ruta mme a boloka lelwapa lotlhe le le mmogo ka thuso ya ga nkukuagwe. Moragonyana, o ne a fudugela le bangwe ba bana ba gagwe kwa Memphis, kwa Tennessee. Go ise go ye kae, Wells o ne a nna le lekwalodikgang la ''Memphis Free Speech'' and ''Headlight'' le go le kwalela, koo dipego tsa gagwe di neng di bega ka ditiragalo tsa go kgaoganngwa ga merafe le go sa lekalekane. Kgabagare, bobegadikgang jwa gagwe jwa dipatlisiso bo ne jwa rwalwa mo nageng yotlhe mo makwalodikgannyeng a a neng a beilwe ke Bantsho. E re ka Wells a ne a tswelela a tshosediwa le go sotliwa ka bokebekwa, go akaretsa le fa segopa sa batho ba basweu se ne se senya ofisi ya gagwe ya makwalodikgang le metshini ya gagwe ya go gatisa, o ne a tswa kwa Memphis a ya kwa Chicago, kwa Illinois. O ne a nyala Ferdinand L. Barnett ka 1895 mme a nna le lelwapa fa a ntse a tsweletse ka tiro ya gagwe ya go kwala, go bua, le go rulaganyetsa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le mokgatlho wa basadi botshelo jwa gagwe jotlhe. Wells o ne a bua ka tlhamalalo mabapi le ditumelo tsa gagwe jaaka molweladitshwanelo tsa basadi ba Bantsho mme o ne a lebana le go sa amogelwe ke setshaba ka metlha, ka dinako tse dingwe go akaretsa le go tswa mo baeteledipeleng ba bangwe mo teng ga mokgatlho wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le mokgatlho wa tshwanelo ya basadi ya go tlhopha. O ne a le matlhagatlhaga mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi le mo mokgatlhong wa basadi wa go tlhopha, a tlhoma mekgatlho e le mmalwa e e tlhomologileng ya basadi. Sebui se se nang le bokgoni le se se tlhotlheletsang, Wells o ne a tsamaya mo lefatsheng lotlhe le kwa mafatsheng a mangwe ka maeto a go tlhatlhelela.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFWells_Papers,_Univ._Chicago|Wells Papers, Univ. Chicago.]]</ref> Wells o ne a tlhokafala ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 1931, kwa Chicago, mme ka 2020 o ne a tlotliwa morago ga leso la gagwe ka nopolo e e kgethegileng ya Mokgele wa Pulitzer "ka ntlha ya go bega ga gagwe ka tsela e e tlhomologileng le e e bopelokgale ka tirisodikgoka e e tshosang le e e setlhogo kgatlhanong le Maaforika a Amerika ka nako ya go kaletswa ga batho."<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFPulitzer2020|Pulitzer 2020.]]</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == [[Setshwantsho:Ida B. Wells-Barnette Brith Home (Holly Springs, MS).jpg|thumb|Ntlo ya Bolling–Gatewood. Lelwapa la ga Wells le ne le nna mo matlong a makgoba a a neng a le kafa morago ga ntlo ya ga Spires Boling fa e le makgoba a gagwe, e jaanong e lengmotlobo wa ditso o o tlhomileng mogopolo mo go Wells .]] Ida Bell Wells o tsholetswe kwa Polasing ya Boling gaufi le Holly Springs, kwa Mississippi.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFMcKinney|McKinney]].</ref> O tshotswe ka Phukwi a le lesome le borataro, 1862, mme e ne e le ngwana wa ntlha wa ga James Madison Wells (1840-1878) le Elizabeth "Lizzie" (Warrenton). James Wells o ne a tsholwa ke mosadi yo o neng a dirilwe lekgoba yo o bidiwang Peggy le mong wa ga Peggy yo mosweu, ka jalo o ne a dirilwe lekgoba ka fa tlase ga thuto ya ''partus sequitur ventrem''. Fa James a le dingwaga di le lesome le boferabongwe, rraagwe o ne a mo tlisa kwa Holly Springs, a mo thapa go nna moithuti wa go betla kwa go moagi Spires Boling, mme tuelo ya ga James e ne e ya kwa mothong yo o neng a mo dira lekgoba. Mongwe wa bana ba le lesome ba ba tsholetsweng mo tshimong kwa Virginia, Lizzie o ne a thopiwa le go rekisiwa kgakala le ba lelwapa la gagwe le bana ba gagwe mme a leka go bona lelwapa la gagwe morago ga Ntwa ya Selegae mme a seka a atlega.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFMcMurry|McMurry.]]</ref> Lizzie e ne e le lekgoba la ga Boling go dira tiro ya mo gae mo legaeng la gagwe, le jaanong e leng Ntlo ya Bolling–Gatewood. Pele ga [[Kitsiso ya Kgololesego]] e ntshiwa, batsadi ba ga Wells ka bobedi ba ne ba dirilwe makgoba a ga Boling, mme ka jalo Ida le ene o ne a tsholwa e le lekgoba. James Wells o ne a aga bontsi jwa ntlo ya ga Bolling–Gatewood, e Boling a neng a nna mo go yone, mme e ka Mopitlo 2002<ref>"[https://idabwellsmuseum.org/about/ About".] ''Ida B. Wells-Barnett museum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102601/https://idabwellsmuseum.org/about/ Archived] from the original on October 7, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi matlhano ka 2025. </ref> e neng ya nna Motlobo wa ditso wa gaIda B. Wells–Barnett.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFMatthews,_Dasha|Matthews, Dasha.]]</ref> Lelwapa la ga Wells le ne le nna go sele mo lefelong leo. Dipolane tse di bontshiwang kwa Motlobong wa Ida B. Wells–Barnett di supa mekhukhu e e ka fa morago ga ntlo jaaka bonno jwa lelwapa la ga Wells. Morago ga go gololwa, James o ne a nna motlhokomedi wa Yunibesithi ya Shaw e e neng e sa tswa go tlhongwa (e jaanong e leng Kholetshe ya Rust) kwa Holly Springs. O ne a gana go tlhopha bontlhopheng ba Democratic ka nako ya Kagosesha, a nna leloko la Loyal League, mme a itsege jaaka "monna wa letso" ka ntlha ya go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking le boineelo jwa gagwe mo Lekokong la Republican.<ref name=":1" /> O ne a tlhoma kgwebo e e atlegileng ya go betla kwa Holly Springs ka 1867, mme mosadi wa gagwe Lizzie o ne a itsege jaaka "mmaseapei yo o tumileng".<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFGiddings,_Sword_Among_Lions,2008|Giddings, ''Sword Among Lions,'' 2008]], pp. 5–10.</ref> Ida B. Wells e ne e le mongwe wa bana ba bone ba robabobedi, mme o ne a ikwadisa kwa Yunibesithing ya Shaw.<ref>Levesque, Faron (April 26, 2024). [https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/ida-b-wells-and-peoples-grocery/ "Ida B. Wells and People's Grocery"]. ''The MIT Press Reader''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240525122420/https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/ida-b-wells-and-peoples-grocery/ Archived] from the original on May 25, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi matlhano ka 2025.</ref> Ka Lwetse 1878, batsadi ba ga Ida ka bobedi ba ne ba swa ka nako ya leroborobo la letshoroma le le serolwana le gape le neng la bolaya mongwe wa bomorwarraagwe.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFBlack,_Patti_Carr|Black, Patti Carr.]]</ref> Wells o ne a etetse kwa polasing ya ga nkukuagwe gaufi le Holly Springs ka nako eo mme o ne a bolokwa. Morago ga diphitlho tsa batsadi ba gagwe le morwarraagwe, ditsala le ba losika ba ne ba swetsa ka gore bana ba le batlhano ba ba setseng ba ga Wells ba kgaoganngwe mme ba romelwe kwa magaeng a go godisa bana. Wells o ne a ganana le kakanyo eo. Go boloka bomonnawe ba le mmogo jaaka lelwapa, o ne a bona tiro ya go nna morutabana kwa sekolong se se botlana sa kwa magaeng sa Bantsho kwa ntle ga Holly Springs. Nkukuagwe wa ga rraagwe, Peggy Wells (yo o tshotsweng e le Peggy Cheers; 1814–1887), mmogo le ditsala tse dingwe le ba losika, ba ne ba nna le bomonnawe mme ba ba tlhokomela mo gare ga beke fa Wells a ne a ruta.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFMitchell|Mitchell]], p. D13.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le pedi morago ga foo, nkukuagwe Wells (Peggy) o ne a tshwarwa ke bolwetse jwa go swa mhama mme morwadiarraagwe Eugenia a tlhokafala, Wells le barwadiarragwe ba babedi ba ba botlana ba ne ba fudugela kwa Memphis go ya go nna le rakgadiabone, Fanny Butler (yo o tshotsweng e le Fanny Wells; 1837–1908), ka 1883.<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFHeather-Lea|Heather-Lea]], pp. 4 & 7 (section A).</ref> Memphis e ka nna dikilometara di le masome a ferabongwe go tswa kwa Holly Springs. == Tiro ya gagwe ya pele le go nna kgatlhanong le kgaoganyo == Ka bonako fela fa Wells a sena go fudugela kwa Memphis, kwa Tennessee, o ne a thapiwa kwa Woodstock ke tsamaiso ya sekolo sa Kgaolo ya Shelby. Ka nako ya malatsi a gagwe a boikhutso a selemo, o ne a tsenela dithulaganyo tsa selemo kwa Yunibesithing ya Fisk, e leng kholetshe e e kileng ya bo e le ya Bantsho kwa Nashville, Tennessee. Gape o ne a tsena Kholetshe ya LeMoyne–Owen, e leng kholetshe e e kileng ya bo e le ya Bantsho kwa Memphis. O ne a na le maikutlo a a nonofileng a sepolotiki mme a galefisa batho ba le bantsi ka maikutlo a gagwe ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi. Fa a le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le bone, o ne a kwala jaana: "Ga nkitla ke simolola mo letsatsing le le le latelang ka go dira se mowa wa me o se tlhoileng; banna ba ba sukiri, dibopiwa tse di bokoa tse di tsietsang, ka boferefere go ba boloka jaaka balebedi kgotsa go kgotsofatsa ipusolosetso."<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFBay|Bay]], p. 67.</ref> {{Quote|quote=true|source=– Ida B. Wells (1892){{Sfn|''NYTs'', Dickerson, Mar. 9,|2018|p=4F}}|quotetext=. . . Ke ka go tlhoka boitumelo gore ke ina diatla tsa me mo bonweenweeng jo bo senotsweng fa ... Mongwe o tshwanetse go bontsha gore morafe wa Maaforika-Amerika o leofetswe go feta go leofa, mme go lebega go wetse mo go nna go dira jalo.}} Ka Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano, 1883, le gape ka Motsheganong a le gane, 1884, molaodi wa terena le Seporo sa Chesapeake le Ohio<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFYaeger,_October_21,_2015|Yaeger, October 21, 2015.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFFranklin|Franklin]], pp. 61, 63–65.</ref> o ne a laela Wells gore a tswe mo setilong sa gagwe mo koloing ya basadi ya maemo a ntlha mme a fudugele kwa koloing e e go gogiwang, e e neng e setse e tletse ka bapagami ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Ka 1883, Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya United States e ne e atlhotse kgatlhanong le Molao wa puso wa Ditshwanelo tsa Baagi wa 1875 (o o neng o thibetse go tlhaola batho ka letso mo mafelong a bonno a botlhe). Katlholo eo e ne e tshegetsa dikomponi tsa diterena tse di neng tsa tlhopha go kgaoganya bapalami ba tsone ka letso. Fa Wells a ne a gana go tlogela setilo sa gagwe ka Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano, molaodi wa terena le banna ba babedi ba ne ba mo goga ba mo ntsha mo tereneng. Wells o ne a itsege kwa Memphis fa a ne a kwala setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang la ''The Living Way'', e leng beke le beke ya kereke ya Bantsho, ka tsela e a neng a tshwarwa ka yone mo tereneng. Kwa Memphis, o ne a thapa mmueledi mongwe wa Moaforika-Amerika gore a sekisetse seporo. Fa mmueledi wa gagwe a ne a rekiwa ke seporo,<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFFradin_&_Fradin|Fradin & Fradin]], p. 21</ref> o ne a thapa mmueledi wa mosweu. Wells o ne a fenya kgetsi ya gagwe ka Sedimonthole a le masome mabedi le bone, 1884, fa kgotlatshekelo ya potologo ya lefelo leo e ne e mo naya madi a a kana ka $500 (~$17,498 ka 2024). Komponi ya terena e ne ya ikuela kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo ya Tennessee, e e neng ya busetsa morago katlholo ya kgotlatshekelo e potlana ka 1887. E ne ya swetsa ka gore: "Re akanya gore go bonala sentle gore boikaelelo jwa mosekisiwa ka phoso e ne e le go tshwenya ka ntlha ya kgetsi eno, le gore go ngakalala ga gagwe go ne go se maleba go ka mofa setilo se se manobonobo mo mosepeleng o o o mokhutshwane."<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFChesapeake,_O._&_S._R._Co._v._Wells,1887|''Chesapeake, O. & S. R. Co. v. Wells,'' 1887]], p. 5.</ref> Wells o ne a laelwa go duela ditshenyegelo tsa kgotlatshekelo. Tsibogo ya gagwe mo tshwetsong ya kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne ya senola tumelo ya gagwe e e nonofileng ka ga ditshwanelo tsa baagi le tumelo ya bodumedi, jaaka a ne a araba jaana: "Ke ne ke ikutlwa ke swabile thata ka gonne ke ne ke solofetse dilo tse dikgolo jalo go tswa mo kgetsing e ya me mo bathong ba me. ... O Modimo, a ga go na ... tshiamiso mo lefatsheng leno mo go rona?"<ref name=":0">[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFWells%E2%80%93Duster,1970|Wells–Duster, 1970]], p. xviii.</ref> Fa a ntse a tswelela go ruta kwa sekolong se sebotlana, Wells o ne a nna matlhagatlhaga thata jaaka mmegadikgang le mokwadi. O ne a amogela maemo a borulaganyi mo lekwalodikgannyeng le le nnye la Memphis, ''Evening Star'', mme a simolola go kwala diphaposi tsa beke le beke tsa lekwalodikgang la ''The Living Way'' ka leina la pene la "Iola".<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFWells%E2%80%93Duster,1970|Wells–Duster, 1970]], pp. 23–24.</ref> Diphaposi tse a di kwadileng ka fa tlase ga leina la gagwe la pene di ne di tlhasela melao ya bosemorafe ya [[Melao ya Jim Crow|Jim Crow]].<ref>[[:en:Ida_B._Wells#CITEREFCardon|Cardon.]]</ref> Ka 1889, o ne a nna morulaganyi le mong-mmogo le J. L. Fleming wa ''The Free Speech and Headlight,'' lekwalodikgang le le neng le tlhomilwe ke Moruti Taylor Nightingale (1844–1922) mme le le kwa Kerekeng ya Baptist ya Beale Street kwa Memphis. Ka 1891, Wells o ne a lelekwa mo tirong ya gagwe ya borutabana ke Bolaodi jwa Thuto ya Memphis ka ntlha ya diphaposi tsa gagwe tse di neng di kgala maemo mo dikolong tsa Bantsho tsa kgaolo eo. O ne a utlwile botlhoko thata mme a sa tshoge, mme a tsepamisa maatla a gagwe mo go kwaleng diphaposi tsa ''The Living Way'' le ''Free Speech and Headlight''.<ref name=":0" /> == Letsholo la go lwantsha go kaletswa ga batho le bobegadikgang jwa dipatlisiso == == Metswedi == 3bszv2yfv4go7n2akdrspf7p2n0outg