Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2077 54118 53992 2026-08-15T16:21:49Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tn.svg|250px]] | logo_caption = Sekano sa [[Wikipedia]] | screenshot = Wikipedia Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count | collapsible = yes | caption = Tebego ya tsebe ya konokono ya Wikipedia ka komputara | type = [[Maranyane a encyclopedia]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|languages|Wikipedia}} | country_of_origin = United States | owner = {{Unbulleted list|[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|}} | authors = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://www.wikipedia.org/|wikipedia.org}} | commercial = Nyaa | registration = Wa ithopela | num_users = [[List of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] active editors<ref> To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.</ref><br />[[list of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] registered users | launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|p=yes|br=yes|2001|1|15}} | current_status = Active | content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons license|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; media licensing varies | programming_language = [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform<ref name="roadchap">{{cite web |url=https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= rogchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013}}</ref> | oclc = 52075003 }} Wikipedia [e] ke [[:en:Encyclopedia|ensaetlopedia]] ya mahala ya maranyane e e kwadilweng le go tlhokomelwa ke setšhaba sa baithaopi, ba ba itsiweng jaaka [[:en:Wikipedians|Bawikipedia]], ka [[:en:Open_collaboration|tirisanommogo e e bulegileng]] le serweboleta sa [[:en:Wiki|wiki]] sa [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]]. E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Jimmy_Wales|Jimmy Wales]] le [[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] ka ngwaga wa 2001, Wikipedia e ntse e amogelwa fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2003 ke [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], [[:en:501(c)(3)_organization|mokgatlho wa Amerika o o sa direng dipoelo]] o o tshegediwang thata ke meneelo ya babadi.<ref>[[:en:Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell|Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa]] (October 23, 2023)[[foundationsite:news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/|. "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia"]]. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ Archived] from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved December 27, 2023.</ref> Wikipedia ke buka e kgolo go tsotlhe ya [[:en:Reference_work|tshedimosetso e e dirisediwang go batla tshedimosetso,]] gape ke yone e e balwang thata mo ditsong.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher]". ''[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher The Economist]''. January 9, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210107165356/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher Archived] from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</ref><ref>[[:en:Chris_Anderson_(writer)|Anderson, Chris]] (May 8, 2006). [https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100".] ''[https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html Time]''. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/500px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png Archived] from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2017.</ref> Kwa tshimologong e ne e le teng ka Seesemane fela, Wikipedia e godile [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|go fitlha dipuo di feta]] [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|makgolo a mararo]] mme ke nngwe ya [[:en:List_of_most-visited_websites|lefelo la tshedimosetso mo maranyaneng tse di etelwang thata]] mo lefatsheng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2026. [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]], e e nang le [[:en:Article_(publishing)|dipego]] di feta didikadike di le supa, e sa ntse e le yone e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo dikgatisong, tse mmogo di nang le dipego di feta didikadike di le masome a a marataro le bosupa mme gape e amogela maeto a a fetang didikadike di le sekete le makgolo a matlhano tsa didirisiwa tse di farologaneng le diphetogo di ka nna didikadike di le lesome le boraro kgwedi le kgwedi, e leng palogare ya diphetogo di ka nna tlhano ka motsotswana. Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2025, mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong ya batho ba ba etelang Wikipedia ba ne ba tswa kwa lefatsheng la United States, fa lefatshe la Japane le ne le emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong, mme mafatshe a United Kingdom, Germany le Russia tsotlhe di ne di emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong nngwe le nngwe.<ref>[https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/#geography "wikipedia.org]". ''Similarweb''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091241/https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org#geography Archived] from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2026.</ref> Wikipedia e ile ya akgolwa ka ntlha ya popego ya yone ya ka fa gare le setso, e e [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|kgontshang go dira gore kitso e nne ya]] [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|puso ya batho ka batho]], le ka ntlha ya go akaretsa dilo tse dintsi ka dikgang tse di farologaneng, [[:en:Censorship_of_Wikipedia|Wikipedia e ile ya tlhotlhomisiwa]] ke dipuso dingwe tsa bosetšhaba, go simolola ka ditsebe tse di rileng go ya kwa saeteng yotlhe, ka dinako tse dingwe ka ntlha ya go kgala puso kgotsa ka ntlha ya diteng tse di tsewang di le bosula .<ref>Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). [https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine "Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war]". ''[[:en:NPR|NPR]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine Archived] from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.</ref><ref>Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). [https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 "China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again"]. ''International Business Times UK''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 Archived] from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.</ref> Ensaekolopedia eo e kile ya tshwaiwa diphoso ka ntlha ya go sekamela mo letlhakoreng le le lengwe mo mokgweng wa yone wa go tlhagisa tshedimosetso. Sekao ke go se neye basadi tshiamelo e e lekanang le ya banna (gender bias) le go sa emele dinaga tsa Borwa jwa Lefatshe (Global South) ka tekatekano. Gape, boikanyego jwa tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia bo ne bo belaelwa gantsi mo dingwageng tsa bo-2000, mme go simolola kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo-2010, e simolotse go amogelwa le go akgolwa thata. Ditlhogo tsa Wikipedia tse di buang ka ditiragalo tse di sa tswang go diragala di dirisiwa gantsi ke batho ba le bantsi e le metswedi ya tshedimosetso ya bosheng. [[Category:Wikipedia]] == Ditso == Go ne ga lekeletswa diensaetlolopedia tse di farologaneng tsa tirisanommogo tsa mo mafaratlhatlheng (inthanete) pele ga go simololwa ga Wikipedia, mme tsotlhe tsa atlega fela e seng mo go kalo kalo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}</ref> Wikipedia e simolotse e le lenaneo le le tlaleletsang Nupedia, e leng thulaganyo ya mahala ya mafaratlhatlha a inthanete ya ensaetlolopedia ya puo ya Sekgoa e makwalo a yone a neng a kwalwa ke baitseanape le go sekasekwa ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo e e tlhomameng. <ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{Cite journal |last=Kock |first=Ned |author-link=Ned Kock |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant |date=2016 |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |publisher=IGI Global |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |issn=1548-3681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> E tlhomilwe ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2000, e le ya Bomis, e leng kompone ya web portal . Batho ba bagolo ba yone e ne e le Mookamedi-mogolo wa Bomis e bong Jimmy Wales le Larry Sanger, morulaganyi-mogolo wa Nupedia mme moragonyana wa Wikipedia. Nupedia e neilwe teseletso lantlha ka fa tlase ga teseletso ya yone ya Diteng tse di Buletsweng tsa Nupedia. Pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa, Nupedia e ne ya fetogela kwa Teseletso ya Dikwalo ya Mahala ya GNU se se rotloediwa ke Richard Stallman . Gantsi Wales o fiwa tlotla gore o ne a kgona go tlhalosa ka botlalo maikano a go dira ensaetlolopedia e makwalo a yone a kgonang go kwalwa le go baakangwa ke setshaba , fa Sanger ene a bokelwa go tswa ka leano la go dirisa wiki go fitlhelela maikano ao. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-15 |title=Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/tech-rewind--how-wikipedia--the-free-encyclopedia-came-to-be-15915177 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2001, Sanger o ne a ntsha mogopolo mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia go tlhama wiki gore e bereke go "thusa" lenaneo la Nupedia. <ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1" group="W">{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=Larry|date=January 10, 2001|title=Let's Make a Wiki|url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|access-date=December 26, 2008|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> === Tshimololo le kgolo === Wikipedia e simolodisitswe ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2001, (ka dinako tse dingwe le bidiwa "Letsatsi la Wikipedia"), {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=7}} e le kgatiso e le nngwe ya puo ya Sekgoa e e nang le leina la kgolagano ya ''www.wikipedia.com'', mme le ne la bolelwa ke Sanger mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia. Leina le, le le duleng ka Sanger go thibela tshenyo epe e e ka nnang teng mo leineng la Nupedia, <ref>{{Cite news|last=Larry Sanger|author-link=Larry Sanger|date=11 January 2001|title=Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|access-date=10 July 2026|archivedate=14 April 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html}}</ref> le simolotse mo motswakong wa mafoko ''wiki'' le ''encyclopedia'' . Wales o boletse gore kgopolo ya Wikipedia e ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke dikgopolo tsa thulaganyo e e sa rulaganngwang e e neng e amana le Friedrich Hayek le [[Austrian School|Sekolo sa tsa itsholelo sa kwa Austria]] morago ga gore moitseanape wa tsa itsholelo yo o ratang kgololesego e bong Mark Thornton a supe megopolo ye . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-04-15|title=Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek - WSJ|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mangu-Ward |first=Katherine |date=2007-05-30 |title=Wikipedia and Beyond |url=https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725210204/https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=Reason.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Segolobogolo, Wales o ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke polelo ya ga Hayek ya Tiriso ya Kitso mo Setšhabeng e e neng e bolela gore e ne e le "konokono" mo mogopolong wa gagwe ka ga "kafa a ka laolang lenaneo la Wikipedia ka teng". <ref name=":0" /> Molao wa tsamaiso ya yone o o botlhokwa wa " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore " o ne wa simolola mo ngwageng wa yone wa ntlha . {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=29}}Mme fela, go ne go na le melao e mmalwa, mme e ne e bereka e sa laolwe ke Nupedia. Bomis kwa tshimologong e ne e ikaeletse gore e nne kgwebo e e dirang dipoelo. <ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{Cite news|date=September 25, 2008|title=Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Wikipedia e ne ya bona bakwadi/batlatsi ba ntlha go tswa mo Nupedia, dipego tsa ''Slashdot'', le go dira dikgolagano tsa enjene ya patlo ya webo. Dikgatiso tsa puo di ne tsa tlhamiwa go simolola ka Mopitlo 2001, mme palo yotlhe ya tse di ne di dirisiwang di le lekgolo le masome a le marataro le bongwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2004. Nupedia le Wikipedia di ne tsa nna mmogo go fitlhela disefara tsa Nupedia di emisetswa ruri ka 2003, mme dikwalo tsa yone di ne tsa tsenngwa mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e fetile letshwao la dikwalo tse di didikadike di le pedi (2 million) ka Lwetse a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2007, mme se se ne sa e dira gore e nne ensaetlolopedia e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa kokoanngwa, e feta ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Yongle'' e e neng ya dirwa kwa China ka nako ya puso ya ga Ming ka 1408, e e neng e tshwere rekoto ya teng dingwaga di ka nna makgolo a le marataro. Ka ntlha ya go tshaba papatso ya dikgwebo le go tlhoka taolo, badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sepanishe ba ne ba tswa mo Wikipedia go tlhama {{Lang|es|[[Enciclopedia Libre]]}} ka Tlhakole 2002. <ref name="EL fears and start 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Osdir}}</ref> Morago ga moo Wales o ne a ntsha kitsiso ya gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e bontsha dikgang tsa ipapatso mme ya fetola kgolagano ya dikhomphiutha go tswa go ''wikipedia.com'' go ya go ''wikipedia.org'' . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |archive-date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> Morago ga paka ya ntlha ya kgolo e e kwa godimo, <ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1" /> go lebega selekanyo sa kgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go ya ka dipalo tsa dikwalo tse disha le tsa bakwadi e ne ya tsholetsega thata go bapa le ngwaga wa 2007 o simolola. <ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia approaches its limits|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Kgatiso e e ne ya fitlhelela dikwalo di le didikadike di le tharo ka Phatwe 2009. Dikwalo di ka nna sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi di ne di tsenngwa mo ensaetlolopedia ye ka letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2006; ka 2013 palogare eo e ne e tsamaela makgolo a le boferabobedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikipedia)) |author-link=Special:History/Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |title=Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth |archive-date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Setlhopha kwa Lekalaneng la Dipatlisiso la Palo Alto se ne sa amanya go fokotsega mo ga kgolo le "go oketsega ga kgokagano le ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo, go se akarediwe batho ba basha mo lenaneong, le go gana diphetogo tse disha". Ba bangwe ba ne ba akantsha gore kgolo e ne ya fokotsega ka gonne dikwalo tse di ka bidiwang " [[wiktionary:low-hanging fruit|tse di motlhofo thata]] "— tsa ditlhogo tse di tshwanelwang ke go nna dikwalo—di ne di setse di tlhamilwe le go agiwa thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Wikipedia&nbsp;– Exploring Fact City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele 2009, mmatlisisi mongwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Rey Juan Carlos kwa Madrid, kwa Spain, o ne a fitlhela gore Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi/batlatsi ba le dikete di le masome a mane le boferabongwe mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa 2009; fa e bapisiwa, e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi ba le dikete di le nne le makgolo a le boferabongwe fela mo pakeng e e tshwanang ka 2008. <ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors|title=Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Jenny|last=Kleeman|date=November 26, 2009|access-date=December 13, 2016}}</ref> ''Pego ya The Wall Street'' e ne ya umaka melao e e farologaneng e e dirisiwang mo go direng dikwalo le dikganetsano tse di amanang le diteng tsa one gareng ga mabaka a a dirang gore go nne le tlwaelo ya kgang ye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey A. |last2=Angwin |first2=Julia |date=November 27, 2009 |title=Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204041034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Wales o ne a ganetsa dikgang tse ka 2009, a ganela dikgang tsa phokotsego le go belaela mokgwa wa patlisiso eo. <ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{Cite news|last=Barnett|first=Emma|date=November 26, 2009|title=Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le pedi, ka 2011, o ne a amogela gore go nnile le phokotsego e nnye, a lemoga phokotsego go tswa go "bakwadi ba ba fetang dikete di le masome a mararo le borataro go le sekae" ka Seetebosigo 2010 go ya go ba le dikete di le masome a mararo le botlhano le makgolo a le boferabobedi ka Seetebosigo 2011. Mo go yone potsolotso eo, o ne a bolela gape gore palo ya bakwadi e ne e "tlhomame e bile e tswelelela pele". <ref name="wiki-women">{{Cite news|last=Rawlinson|first=Kevin|date=August 8, 2011|title=Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|access-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> Setlhogo sa lekwalo la 2013 la ''MIT Technology Review'', "Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia", se ne sa belaela polelo e, sa bega gore fa e sale ka 2007 Wikipedia e ne e latlhegetswe ke nngwetharong ya bakwadi ba yone ba ba ithaopileng, mme sa akantsha gore ba ba setseng ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo thata mo dintlheng tse dinnye. <ref name="Simonite-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=October 22, 2013 |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2012, ''The Atlantic'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya batsamaisi le yone e ne e fokotsega. <ref name="Meyer-2012">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Robinson|date=July 16, 2012|title=3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatseele 2013, bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''New York'' e ne ya bolela jaana, "Wikipedia, webosaete ya borataro e e dirisiwang thata, e lebagane le mathata a tsamaiso ya one." Palo ya bakwadi ba esaentlolopedia ya Sekgoa ba ba e dirisang gangwe le gape fa e sa le ka nako eo e ntse e tlhomame morago ga nako e telele ya go wela tlase. <ref>{{Cite news|last=F.|first=G.|date=May 5, 2013|title=Who really runs Wikipedia?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|access-date=November 26, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandiberg |first=Michael |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Mapping Wikipedia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115131524/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2014, Subodh Varma yo o neng a begela ''The Economic Times'' o ne a supa gore ga se fela gore kgolo ya Wikipedia e ne e eme, e ne e "latlhegetswe ke palo ya dipono tsa dikwalo di ka nna lesome mo lekgolong ngogola. Go nnile le phokotsego ye e ka nnang dikadikadike di le dikete tse pedi (2 billion) fa gare ga Sedimonthole 2012 le Sedimonthole 2013. Diphetolelo tsa yone tse di ratiwang thata ke tsone tse di eteletseng pele mo tsebeng: dipono tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa di fokotsegile ka lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%), tsa mofuta wa Sejeremane di fokotsegile ka lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong (17%) mme tsa mofuta wa Sejapane di fokotsegile ka boferabongwe mo lekgolong (9%)." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|last=Varma|first=Subodh|date=January 20, 2014|title=Google eating into Wikipedia page views?|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|access-date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> Varma o ne a tlatsa a re, "Le fa baokamedi ba Wikipedia ba akanya gore se se ka tswa se bakilwe ke diphoso tsa go tsaa dipalo, baitseanape ba bangwe ba akanya gore lenaneo la Google la Knowledge Graphs le le simolotsweng ngogola le ka tswa le ne le tsaya badirisi ba Wikipedia." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Fa go ikgolagangwa le ene, Clay Shirky, morutintshi-mmogo kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa New York le modiri ka ene kwa Lekalana la Setšhaba le mafaratlhatlha a Inthanete la Berkman Klein la Harvard o ne a bolela gore o belaela gore bontsi jwa go fokotsega ga go lebelewa ga ditsebe go bakilwe ke Dikerafo tsa Kitso, a bolela jaana, "Fa o ka kgona go bona karabo ya potso ya gago mo tsebeng ya patlo, ga o tlhoke go [tobetsa] go ya pele." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Kwa bokhutlong jwa Sedimonthole 2016, Wikipedia e ne ya fiwa maemo a botlhano mo webosaeteng e e itseweng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara. <ref name="Alexa">{{Cite web |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Firikgong 2023, go setse go nopotswe dikwalo di le dikete di le masome a matlhano le botlhano le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a le boferabongwe le bongwe (55 791) tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa makgetho a le dikete di le masome a le boferabongwe le bobedi le makgolo a le mararo (92 300 ) mo dibukaneng tsa barutegi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource |url=https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> tse go tswa mo go tsone tiriso ya dikitso tsa dikhomphiutha e neng e le tsebe e e nopotsweng thata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Cloud Computing |url=https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> === Dithulaganyo tse di berekang le yone === Wikipedia e tlhamile mananeo a le mmalwa a a berekang le ensaetlolopedia, tse gape e leng diwiki tse di tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mananeo a mangwe a Wikimedia]] a a akaretsa Wiktionary, lenaneo la bukana ya ithunthuntso mafoko e e neng ya simololwa ka Sedimonthole 2002, Wikiquote, kokoanyo ya dinopolo tse di tlhamilweng beke morago ga gore Wikimedia e simololwe, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=Dan |year=2007 |title=Wikis for dummies |last2=Theony |first2=Peter |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-05066-8 |edition=1st |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=58 |chapter=3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis |oclc=1300481129 |ol=5741003W}}</ref> Wikibooks, kokoanyo ya dibukathuto tsa mahala tse di kwadilweng ka tirisanommogo, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Meta-Wiki)) |author-link=m:Special:History/Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |title=Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319183224/http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Commons]] . e e neng e diretswe metswedi ya dikgang ya kitso e e gololesegileng, Wikinews, ya bobegadikgang jo bo dirisanang mmogo, le Wikiversity, lenaneo la go tlhama didirisiwa tsa go ithuta tsa mahala le go tlamela ka ditiro tsa go ithuta ka inthanete. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikiversity)) |author-link=v:Special:History/Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |title=Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204635/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikiversity |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Lenaneo le lengwe la Wikipedia, Wikispecies, le nankolola mefuta ya ditshedi tsotlhe, mme ga e a bulegela go ka tlaletswa ke setšhaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 18, 2005 |title=NET News: Calling All Taxonomists |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |page=1021 |doi=10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a |s2cid=220095354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka 2012, Wikivoyage, e leng kaedi ya mesepele e e ka tlaleletswang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luyt |first=Brendan |date=January 1, 2020 |title=A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104}}</ref> le Wikidata, e leng motheo wa kitso o o ka tlaleletswang le one, di ne tsa simololwa. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Matthew |date=March 30, 2012 |title=The Wikipedia data revolution |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Diphitlhelelo === [[File:List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg|thumb|[[Cartogram]] showing number of articles in the top 88 Wikipedias ({{as of|2024|3|lc=y|post=).}} The size of the circles for Wikipedias that have less than a million articles is fixed and not proportional to the size of the Wikipedia. The smallest Wikipedia that made the cutoff is the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia with 69K articles.{{efn|As of April 2026, the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia, with 72K articles, is in 91st place when ranked by number of articles.}}<br /> The languages are roughly grouped by region: <br />{{hlist|{{legend0|#4C0099|[[Northern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC0000|[[Southern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CCCC00|[[Eastern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC6600|[[Middle East]]}}|{{legend0|#4C9900|[[East Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#00CDFF|[[Indian subcontinent]]}}|{{legend0|#660000|[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]}}|{{legend0|#808080|[[Central Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#6600CC|[[Caribbean]]}}}} ]] Ka Firikgong 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya nna nngwe ya diwebosaete tse di lesome tse di tumileng thata kwa Amerika, go ya ka Comscore Networks. <ref name="Comscore-2007">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2007 |title=New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic |url=https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190445/https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Comscore]] |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref> Ka badirisi ba yone ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le masome a mane le bobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabongwe (42.9), e ne ya nna mo maemong a boferabongwe, e feta ''The New York Times'' (maemo a lesome) le Apple (maemo a lesome le bongwe). <ref name="Comscore-2007" /> Se se ne sa tshwaya koketsego e e bonalang go feta Firikgong 2006, fa Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a bomasome a le mararo le boraro, ka badirisi ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le mararo ka (18.3 million). Ka 2014, e ne ya amogela dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le dikete tse di boferabobedi (8 billion) kgwedi le kgwedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report&nbsp;– Wikipedia Page Views Per Country |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi ae boferabongwe, 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e na le &nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le dikadikadike di le dikete tse dilesome le boferabobedi (18 billion) le badirisi ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano (500 million) ka kgwedi, "go ya ka ditekanyetso tsa comScore". <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Go ema ka Mopitlo 2023, e ne le mo maemong a borataro ka go tuma go ya kaSimilarweb.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Similarweb |title=Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Similarweb]]}}</ref> Jeff Loveland le Joseph Reagle ba nganga gore, mo tsamaisong, Wikipedia e latela mokgwa wa tsela e e telele wa diensaetlolopedia tsa ditso tse di kokoantseng ditokafatso ka bonya ka bonya ka " go kokoanya ga stigmergy ". <ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{Cite journal |last=Loveland |first=Jeff |last2=Reagle |first2=Joseph |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Wikipedia and encyclopedic production |journal=New Media & Society |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1294 |doi=10.1177/1461444812470428 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=27886998}}</ref> <ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J. |date=January 30, 2013 |title=What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229051117/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697/ |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2013 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le boferabobedi, ngwaga wa 2012, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya nna le seabe mo motseletseleng wa ditshupetso tse di rulagantsweng kgatlhanong le melao e mebedi e e neng e tshitshintswe kwa Lekgotlaneng la United States — Molao wa go Emisa go Utswa bodiratsi/dikwalo mo mafaratlhatlheng (SOPA) le Molao wa PROTECT IP (PIPA)—ka go fifatsa ditsebe tsa yone dioura di le masome a mabedi le bone . <ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress|url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|access-date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> Batho ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo le le lengwe le masome a mabedi ba bone tsebe e e neng e tlhalosa go fifafatsa moo e e neng e tsere maemo a diteng tsa ensaetlolopedia nakwana e e seng ya sennela ruri. <ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|access-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=SOPA/Blackoutpage |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |access-date=January 19, 2012 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2013, 274301 Wikipedia, e leng asteroid, e ne ya bidiwa ka Wikipedia; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Workman|first=Robert|date=January 5, 2013|title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'|work=[[Space.com]]|url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> ka Phalane 2014, Wikipedia e ne ya tlotlomatswa ka ''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' ; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Katz|first=Leslie|date=October 27, 2014|title=A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> mme, ka Phukwi 2015, ditshutiso tsa Wikipedia di le lekgolo le le lengwe le borataro (106) mo go tse di dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le mane le masome a le bosupa le boraro (7 473) tse di nang le ditsebe di le makgolo a le masupa 700 di ne tsa nna teng e le Wikipedia e e Gatisitsweng . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2015 |title=You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000 |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017154940/https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=VentureBeat}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2019, sefofane sa Iseraele se se fologang mo ngweding, Beresheet, se ne sa wela mo godimo ga [[Ngwedi]] se tshotse dikhophi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya sekgoa tsotlhe di gateletswe mo dipoleiting tse ditshesane tsa nikele; baitseanape ba re go ka direga gore dipoleiti tse di ne tsa seka tsa amega fa tiragalo e ya go wa ga sefofane e diragala. <ref name="WRD-20190805">{{Cite news|last=Oberhaus|first=Daniel|date=August 5, 2019|title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="VOX-20190806">{{Cite news|last=Resnick|first=Brian|title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon&nbsp;– The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun.|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission|date=August 6, 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2019, baitseanape ba maranyane ba ne ba bega gore 16 GB otlhe wa dikwalo tse di tswang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa o tsentswe mo DNA ya maitirelo . <ref name="CNET-20190629">{{Cite news|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|date=June 29, 2019|title=Startup packs all 16&nbsp;GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech&nbsp;– Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes.|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|access-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le lesome le boferabobedi, 2023, Wikipedia e ne ya simolodisa webosaete e ntšha e e baakantsweng , e e bidiwang " Vector 2022 ". <ref name="Pearl-2023">{{Cite web |last=Pearl |first=Mike |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out. |url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> <ref name="Tech Desk-2023">{{Cite web |last=Tech Desk |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054103/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> E ne e na le tsebe ya lenaneo e e tlhamilweng sesha, e sutisetsa tafole ya diteng kafa molemeng go e dira baara e e kafa thoko, le diphetogo di le dintsi fa go tobediwang teng go tlhopha tse o batlang go di dirisa jaaka sedirisiwa sa go tlhopha puo. <ref name="Tech Desk-2023" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2023|title=Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ntšhafatso e e ne ya amogela tsibogo e e sa siamang kwa tshimologong, segolobogolo fa bakwadi botlhe ba Wikipedia ya Seswahili ba ne ba tlhopha go busetsa diphetogo morago. <ref name="Pearl-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Bobedi jo, Sanger le Wales ba ne tsenelela dipotsolotso tse di phatlalatsa kwa bokhutlong jwa 2025 ka ga dikakanyo tsa bone ka ga maemo le seemo sa Wikipedia, go fitlha go felela fa dingwageng tsa one tse di masome a mabedi le botlhano e ntse e le mo tirisong ka Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2026; Wales o ne a tlhagelela mo thulaganyong ya dikgang tsa PBS mo lenaneong la GZERO World e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ian Bremmer mme Sanger o ne a tlhagelela mo Dikgannyeng tsa Fox, e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ashley Rindsberg . Buka ya ga Wales ya ''Melao e e Supa ya go Ikanyega'' e ne ya gatisiwa ke Penguin Random House ka Phalane 2025 . E ne ya tlhalosiwa ke mogatisi jaaka "kakanyo e e tseneletseng ka ga mathata a lefatshe a go ikanyega le kitso" e le buka e e kanokang "melao ya go tshepana" e e letleletseng kgolo le katlego ya Wikipedia. <ref name="Penguin">{{Cite web |title=The Seven Rules of Trust |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/734278/the-seven-rules-of-trust-by-jimmy-wales-with-dan-gardner/ |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=[[Penguin Random House]] |language=en}}</ref> === Ditlamorago tsa maranyane a botlhale jwa maiterelo (generative AI ) mo dipalong tsa dipono tsa ditsebe tsa Wikipedia === Fa e sa le ka Firikgong 2024, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o begile koketsego ya sephatlo mo lekgolong ya tiriso tsa dibandwith go tswa mo go bapaleng diteng tsa bobegakgang mo mananeong a one otlhe. Go ya ka mokgatlho yo, kgolo e e amana le mananeo a a iperekisang ka boone, kgotsa di-bot tsa " scraper ", tse di kokoanyang ditshutiso tsa kitso mo ditsebeng tsa Wikimedia gore di dirisiwe mo go katiseng didirisiwa tse ditona tsa puo le ditiro tse di amanang le tsone. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Tanya |date=2025-04-04 |title=AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure |url=https://eandt.theiet.org/2025/04/04/ai-scraper-bots-are-putting-costly-strain-wikimedias-infrastructure |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=eandt.theiet.org}}</ref> Ka Phalane 2025, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bega palo kakanyetso e le boferabobedi mo lekgolong ya phokotsego ya pharakano fa go bapisiwa le kgwedi e e tshwanang ka 2024 mo diponong tse di dirilweng ke batho. Ba bua gore se se bontsha tiriso ya Maranyane a botlhale jwa maitirelo le metswedi ya dikgang di sedimosa ka fa batho ba ratang go batla kitso/dikgang ka teng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=2025-10-18 |title=Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221202413/https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |archive-date=December 21, 2025 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Marshall |date=2025-10-17 |title=New User Trends on Wikipedia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Diff}}</ref> == Tirisanommogo ya bakwadi == [[File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png|thumb|Dipharologano tse di gateletsweng mo dikwalong tsa setlhogo se le sengwe]] === Melawana === Ka ntlha ya go tuma ga Wikipedia mo go ntseng go oketsega, dikgatiso dingwe, di akaretsa le tsa Sekgoa, di simolodisitse melawana e e laolang go tlaleletsa dikwalo fa gongwe. Ka sekai, mo Wikipedia ya sekgoa le dikgatiso dingwe tsa dipuo, badirisi ba ba nang le diphetogo di le lesome tsa dikwalo mme gape ba na le malatsi a le mane e le badirisi ke bone fela ba ba ka dirang dikwalo tse disha. Mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, gareng ga tse dingwe, ditsebe tse di bakang dikganetsano thata, tse di masisi, kgotsa tse di nang le kgonagalo ya go senngwa di ile tsa sirelediwa ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hafner|first1=Katie|date=June 17, 2006|title=Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|access-date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> Tsebe e e senngwang gantsi e ka nna "e e sireleditsweng bontlhabongwe" kgotsa "e e sireleditsweng e netefaditswe gape e atolositswe", se se rayang gore ke fela bakwadi ba ba "tlhomamisitsweng" kgotsa ba ba "netefaditsweng mo go atolositsweng" ba ka e fetolang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}}Setlhogo se se bakang dikganetsano thata se ka nna sa lotlelwa gore e nne batsamaisi fela ba ba ka dirang diphetogo. Lekwalo la 2021 mo ''Columbia Journalism Review'' le ne la supa melawana ya Wikipedia ya go sireletsa ditsebe jaaka "gongwe tsela e e botlhokwa thata" e e nang le yone ya go "laola mmaraka wa yone wa megopolo". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |last2=Benjakob |first2=Omer |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better. |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117150508/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref> Wikipedia e abetse di- bot ditiro dingwe . tsamaiso ya algorithm ya mofuta yoo e bonolo go tsenngwa mo tirisong le go lekanyediwa, mme go gana go amogela diphetogo mo go itirisang (automated rejection ) go ka tswa go nnile le seabe mo go fokotsegeng ga bakwadi ba ba matlhagatlhaga ba Wikipedia. <ref name="Ren-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=Yuqing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haifeng |last3=Kraut |first3=Robert E. |date=February 29, 2024 |title=How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |url-status=live |journal=ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–48 |doi=10.1145/3617369 |issn=1073-0516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912194101/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |archive-date=September 12, 2024 |access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref> Di-bot di tshwanetse go amogelwa ke badirisi pele ga ditiro tsa tsone di tsenngwa mo tirisong. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=36}} Mo dikgannyeng tse dingwe, bakwadi botlhe ba letlelelwa go romela diphetogo, fela go tlhokega tshekatsheko mo bakwading bangwe, go lebilwe diemo dingwe. Ka sekai, Wikipedia ya Sejeremane e boloka "diphetolo tse di tlhomameng" tsa dikwalo tse di fentseng go tlhatlhobiwa mo go rileng. Morago ga diteko tse di tsereng nako e telele le dipuisano tsa badirisi, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya tlhagisa thulaganyo ya "diphetogo tse di santseng di letilwe" ka Sedimonthole ngwaga wa 2012. <ref name="BInsider pending changes intro 1">{{Cite news|last=Henderson|first=William|date=December 10, 2012|title=Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo ye, diphetogo tsa badirisi ba basha le ba ba sa kwadisiwang mo dikwalong dingwe tse di bakang dikganetsano kgotsa tse di nnang di senngwa di sekasekwa ke badirisi ba ba tlhomameng pele ga di gatisiwa. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Frewin|first1=Jonathan|date=June 15, 2010|title=Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing|journal=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, melawana ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e fokotsa go nna le seabe ga bakwadi ga mmogo le maiteko a go kabakanya morafe wa badirisi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajmani |first=Leah |last2=Vincent |first2=Nicholas |last3=Chancellor |first3=Stevie |date=September 28, 2023 |title=Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=7 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1145/3610198 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061444/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> Dikwalo tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina di bewa ka fa tlase ga tshireletso e e atolositsweng e e netefaditsweng. <ref name="Harrison-2023">{{Cite news|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=October 26, 2023|title=Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/10/wikipedia-elon-musk-gaza-hamas-israel-x-twitter-dispute.html|access-date=December 20, 2023|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Bakwadi gape ba ka dira phetogo ya go boela morago mafoko a bone gangwe fela ka letsatsi go ralala ensaetlolopedia yotlhe mme ba ka thibelwa ruri go tlaleletsa dikwalo tse di amanang le yone. Melawana e e simolotswe ka 2008. <ref name="Benjakob-2020a">{{Cite news|last=Benjakob|first=Omer|date=October 4, 2020|title=The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-10-04/ty-article/.highlight/the-second-intifada-still-rages-on-wikipedia/0000017f-e7fb-da9b-a1ff-efff2c230000|access-date=March 6, 2024|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2025, Komiti ya Katlholo e ne ya simolodisa "melawana e e lekalekanang ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo", e e tlhokang gore badirisi ba ba nang le dithibelo ba neele fela nngwetharong ya diphetolo tsa bone mo dikwalong tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina le fa go se na melao epe ya boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang e e robilweng. <ref name="Elia-Shalev-2025">{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=January 24, 2025 |title=Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610091420/https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=May 27, 2025 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref> === Tshekatsheko ya diphetogo === [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|tsebe ya diphetolo ya Wikipedia]] Le fa diphetogo di sa sekasekwe ka thulaganyo, sofotewere ya Wikipedia e tlamela ka didirisiwa tse di letlelelang mongwe le mongwe go sekaseka diphetogo tse di dirilweng ke ba bangwe. Tsebe ya Ditso ya lekwalo lengwe le sengwe e golagana le diphetolo dingwe le dingwe tsa yone.{{efn|Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.}} Mo dikwalong ka bontsi, mongwe le mongwe o ka lebelela diphetogo tse disha mme gape a baakanya diphetolo tsa ba bangwe ka go tobetsa kgokagano e e mo tsebeng ya Ditso tsa lekwalo la teng. Badirisi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba ka nna ba tlhokometse dikwalo tse di ba kgatlhang ka go nna le "lenaneo la ditebelelo" gore ba kgone go itsisiwe ka diphetogo. "Kanoko ya ditsebe tse disha" ke thulaganyo e mo go yone dikwalo tse di sa tswang go tlhamiwa di tlholwang go bona gore a di na le mathata a a bonalang. Ka 2003, moithuti wa setlankana sa PhD sa dithuto tsa itsholelo Andrea Ciffolilli o ne a bolela gore ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase tsa go nna le seabe mo wiki di ne tsa dira gore go nne le tlhabololo ya tirisanommogo, le gore dikarolo tsa mofuta yoo di ne di letlelela gore go nne motlhofo go bona diphetolo tse di fetileng tsa tsebe, mme go ne go thusa ka "dikatlholo tse di agang" go na le "dikatlholo tse di senyang". <ref name="FMonday collaborative effort 1">{{Cite journal |last=Ciffolilli |first=Andrea |date=December 2003 |title=Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia |journal=First Monday |volume=8 |issue=12 |doi=10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tshenyo === Phetogo epe e e tshosetsang go thokgama ga Wikipedia ka bomo e tsewa e le go senya. Mefuta e e tlwaelegileng thata e e bonalang ya go senya e akaretsa go oketsa ka dilo tse di fatlhang le metlae e e sa siamang; gape e ka akaretsa ipapatso le mefuta e mengwe ya spam. Ka dinako tse dingwe bakwadi ba senya dikwalo ka go tlosa diteng kgotsa go tsenya tsebe e e senang sepe gotlhelele. Mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang thata ya tshenyo, jaaka go tlaletsa dikwalo ka dikgang tse di utlwalang mme di se boammaaruri ka bomo, di ka nna dingalo thata go lemosega. Batho ba ba senyang dikwalo ba ka tsenya fomate e e sa amaneng le sepe, ba fetola motheo wa tsebe jaaka setlhogo sa tsebe kgotsa go aroganngwa ga yone ka ditlhopha, ba dirisa khoutu e e ka fa tlase ga lekwalo ka boferefere, kgotsa ba dirisa ditshwantsho ka tsela e e kgoreletsang. [[File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg|alt=White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.|left|thumb|Mmegadikgang wa MoAmerika John Seigenthaler (1927–2014), setlhogo sa tiragalo ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler]] Tshenyo e e bonalang ka kakaretso e motlhofo go ka ntshiwa mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia; nako ya bogare ya go e lemoga le go e baakanya ke metsotso e le mmalwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tshenyo ye nngwe e tsaya lobaka thata go ka lemogwa le go baakanngwa. Mo tiragalong ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler, mokwadi mongwe yo o neng a ipipile leina a sa itsiwe o ne a tsenya kgang ye e e seng boammaaruri mo lekwalong la botshelo jwa moeteledipele wa sepolotiki wa Amerika e bong John Seigenthaler ka Motsheganong 2005, a mo kaya mo go maaka jaaka mmelaelwa wa polao ya ga John F. Kennedy . E ne ya nna e sa baakanngwa dikgwedi di le nne. Seigenthaler, mookamedi yo o simolotseng ''USA Today'' le motlhami wa lekgotlana la kgololesego ya Lekalana la Phetolo ya Ntlha kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Vanderbilt, o ne a leletsa motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia e bong Jimmy Wales mme a mmotsa gore a o na le tsela epe ya go itse gore ke mang yo o tsentseng kgang ye e senang boammaaruri yeo. Wales o ne a re ga itse, le fa mong wa molato a ne a feleletsa a latedisiwa. <ref name="book The World is Flat 1">{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |year=2007 |title=The World is Flat |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus & Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-29278-2 |page=124}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Brian |date=November 17, 2006 |title=Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace |url=https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |access-date=November 17, 2012 |publisher=[[First Amendment Center]]}}</ref> Morago ga tiragalo e, Seigenthaler o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le "sedirisiwa sa patlisiso se se nang le diphoso gape se sena maikarabelo". Tiragalo e e ne ya dira gore go dirwe diphetogo tsa melawana kwa Wikipedia tsa go gagamatsa go netefadiwa ga dikwalo tse di buang ka matshelo a batho ba ba tshelang. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Helm|first=Burt|title=Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"|url=https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress|date=December 13, 2005|access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> === Dikganetsano le dintwa tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia gantsi ba na le go sa dumalane mabapi le diteng, tse di ka tlotliwang mo ditsebeng tsa Puisano tsa dikwalo. Dikganetsano di ka felela ka diphetogo tse di gaisanang gangwe le gape mo dikwalong, tse di bidiwang "ntwa ya go tlaleletsa". <ref name="NBC WP editorial warzone 12">{{Cite news|last=Coldewey|first=Devin|date=June 21, 2012|title=Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study|department=Technology|work=[[NBC News]]|url=https://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793|access-date=March 26, 2021|archivedate=August 26, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113318/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793}}</ref> E bonwa ke botlhe jaaka seemo se se senyang didirisiwa mme go sena kitso epe e e mosola e e tsengwang, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalyanasundaram |first=Arun |date=December 2015 |title=2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) |last2=Wei |first2=Wei |last3=Carley |first3=Kathleen M. |last4=Herbsleb |first4=James D. |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4673-9743-8 |location=Huntington Beach, CA |pages=276–287 |chapter=An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.2758 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171}}</ref> gape e a kgalwa ka e tsewa e dira ngwao ya gore bakwadi ba nne le kgaisano e nang le kgotlhang <ref>{{Cite book |last=Suh |first=Bongwon |date=2009 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |publisher=ACM Press |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1 |location=Orlando, FL |pages=1–10 |chapter=The singularity is not near |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |doi-access=free}}</ref> se se amangwang le dikarolo tsa bong tsa banna tsa setso . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Torres|first=Nicole|date=June 2, 2016|title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?|url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|access-date=August 20, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bear |first=Julia B. |last2=Collier |first2=Benjamin |date=March 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |journal=Sex Roles |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625}}</ref> Dipatlisiso di itebagantse thata le, sekai, go tlhoka botho ka dikganetsano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khazraie |first=Marzieh |last2=Talebzadeh |first2=Hossein |date=February 7, 2020 |title="Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=163 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914115833/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smirnov |first=Ivan |last2=Oprea |first2=Camelia |last3=Strohmaier |first3=Markus |date=December 1, 2023 |editor-last=Ognyanova |editor-first=Katherine |title=Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |url-status=live |journal=PNAS Nexus |volume=2 |issue=12 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 |issn=2752-6542 |pmc=10697426 |pmid=38059265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101400/https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |doi-access=free |article-number=pgad385}}</ref> tlhotlheletso ya dikampa tsa bakwadi tse di gaisanang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jürgen |last2=Lomi |first2=Alessandro |date=December 21, 2020 |title=The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |url-status=live |journal=Social Networks |volume=60 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126001010/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |archive-date=November 26, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris-O'Connor |first=Danielle A. |last2=Strotmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Zhao |first3=Dangzhi |date=April 4, 2023 |title=The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=784–810 |doi=10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 |issn=0022-0418 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020151300/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> popego ya dipuisano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziembowicz |first=Karolina |last2=Roszczyńska-Kurasińska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Rychwalska |first3=Agnieszka |last4=Nowak |first4=Andrzej |date=October 3, 2022 |title=Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |url-status=live |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=25 |issue=13 |pages=1987–2005 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |issn=1369-118X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091334/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> le phetogo ya dikgotlhang go tlhoma mogopolo mo metsweding. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=Anamika |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration |last2=Kaur |first2=Rishemjit |last3=Iyengar |first3=S. R.S. |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-8779-8 |pages=1–10 |chapter=Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3412569.3412585 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915052238/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Ruprechter">{{Cite journal |last=Ruprechter |first=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228 |doi-access=free |article-number=61}}</ref> Taha Yasseri wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Oxford o ne a sekaseka dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo le go rarabololwa ga tsone mo patlisisong ya 2013. <ref name="Yasseri-2014">{{Cite book |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |author-link=Taha Yasseri |year=2014 |title=The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |last2=Spoerri |first2=Anselm |last3=Graham |first3=Mark |last4=Kertész |first4=János |author-link4=János Kertész |publisher=Scarecrow Press |editor-last=Fichman, P. |doi=10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |ssrn=2269392 |editor-last2=Hara, N.}}</ref> Yasseri o ne a nganga gore go boela morago mo go bonolo fela kgotsa ditiro tsa "go dirolola" e ne e se selekanyo se se botlhokwa thata sa boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang jwa tiro kwa Wikipedia. O ne a ikaegile boemong jwa seo ka leano la "bakwadi ba le babedi ba bereka mmogo go boela ditlaleletso morago", le e leng gore mokwadi a le mongwe o tlaabo a busetsa morago go tlaleletsa ga mokwadi yo mongwe yo morago ga moo, ka tatelano, a boelang go busetsa tlaleletso ya mokwadi wa ntlha morago. Maduo a ne a tsenngwa mo lenaneong la diphetolelo di le mmalwa tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia. Dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e le tsa dikwalo tsa ga George W. Bush, botlhokapuso, le Muhammad . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Fa go bapisiwa, mo Wikipedia ya Jeremane, dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona ka nako ya patlisiso e ne e le tsa dikwalo tse di neng di bua ka Croatia, Scientology, le megopolo ka tiragalo ya 9/11 . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Ka 2020, babatlisisi ba ne ba supa dikgato tse dingwe ka maitsholo a bakwadi, go feta go boela morago ditlaleletso ka bobedi, go supa dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo go ralala Wikipedia. <ref name="Ruprechter"/> Bakwadi gape ba ngangisana ka go phimolwa ga dikwalo mo Wikipedia, ka dingangisano tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano fa e sa le Wikipedia e simololwa go tloga ka 2019. Fa lekwalo le sena go tlhophiwa go phimolwa, kganetsano gantsi e laolwa ke ditlhopo tsa ntlha (gore a le bolokwe kgotsa le phimolwe) le ka go umaka melawana ya tse di rileng tsa setlhogo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mayfield |first=Elijah |last2=Black |first2=Alan W. |date=November 7, 2019 |title=Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=3 |issue=CSCW |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1145/3359308 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915025504/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> == Melao le diteng == Wikipedia e na le mafelo a maina a a farologaneng a le lesome le bongwe mme dikwalo tsa yone di teng mo ''lefelong la maremelelo'' . Mafelo a mangwe a maina a na le ketapele pele ga setlhogo sa tsebe ya one mme a diragatsa maikaelelo a a farologaneng. Sekai, lefelo la maina a lenaneo le o a dirisa ketapele ''ya Wikipedia'' mme gape le dirisediwa dipuisano tse di amanang le go ipusa. Bontsi jwa babadi ga ba itse ka mafelo a a mangwe a maina. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=3}} Melaometheo ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia e akareditswe mo "Dipilara tse Tlhano", fa melaometheo e e tseneletseng ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e tlhagisiwa mo melaong le dikaedi tse dintsi tse di diretsweng go bopa diteng mo go tshwanetseng. Dipilara tse tlhano tseo ke: * Wikipedia ke ensaetlolopedia * Wikipedia e kwadilwe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore * Diteng tsa Wikipedia ke tsa mahala tse mongwe le mongwe a ka di dirisang, a di tlaleletsa, le go di anamisa * Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba tshwanetse go tshwarana ka tlotlo le maitseo * Wikipedia ga e na melao e e kgopo Melao e e tlhamilweng ke badirisi e bolokwa mo lefelong la maina la Wikipedia, mme bakwai ba Wikipedia ba kwala le go tlhabolola melao le dikaelo tsa webosaete go ya ka tumalano ya badirisi. <ref name="pcworld who's behind WP">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2008 |title=Who's behind Wikipedia? |url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2 |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=February 7, 2008 |website=PC World |page=2}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, melao ya dikgatiso tse e seng tsa Sekgoa tsa Wikipedia e ne e beilwe mo thanolong ya melao ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa. Fa e sa le ka nako eo e ile ya fapoga golo gongwe. === Melao ya diteng le dikaelo === Go ya ka melao ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, lekwalo lengwe le lengwe mo Wikipedia le tshwanetse go nna le setlhogo se se maleba go nna mo [[wiktionary:encyclopedic|ensaetlolopedia]] mme e se lekwalo le le kwadilweng kana le utlwalega jaaka buka ya tlhaloso ya mafoko. Setlhogo gape se tshwanetse go fitlhelela maemo a Wikipedia a "notability", se se rayang gore setlhogo se tshwanetse gore a bo se kile sa akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang e e ikemetseng ka nosi mo setlhogong sa lekwalo leo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}Wikipedia e ikaeletse go fetisa fela kitso e e setseng e tlhomilwe gape e lemogwa ka jalo ga e a tshwanela go tlhagisa dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa setlhogo sa palo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=32}}Ditlhogo tsa dipalo tse dingwe, jaaka tsa mapolotiki le barutegi, di na le melwana e e kgethegileng. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}La bofelo, Wikipedia e tshwanetse go supa karolo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore. Se se fitlhelelwa ka go soboka metswedi e e ikanyegang, go dirisa puo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore, le go tlhomamisa gore go tlhagisiwa dintlha tse dintsintsi go ikaegile ka gore di tlhagelela go le kana kang. Dikgang/kitso gape e tshwanetse gore a bo e ka netefadiwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=5–7}}Lekwalo le le senang dinopolo le ka nna la tshwaiwa kgotsa la phimolwa gotlhelele. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=33}}Se ka dinako tse dingwe se ka dira gore go phimolwe lekwalo(tshedimosetso) , le fa e le boammaaruri, e le gore ga e na metswedi sentle. <ref name="IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=August 9, 2011|title=For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far|page=18|newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}</ref> Jaaka fa melao ya Wikipedia e ntse e fetoga mo tsamaong ya nako, gape e nna dingalo, palo ya yone e ile ya gola. Ka 2008, go ne go na le ditsebe tsa melao di le masome a mane le bone le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabobedi (248); ka 2013, barutegi ba ne ba bala ditsebe tsa melao di le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le boraro (383) le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a le mane le masome a le mane le boferabongwe (449). <ref name="Ren-2024"/> == Tsamaiso/Puso == Puso ya ntlha ya Wikipedia e ne ya kopanya dikarolo tsa puso ya batho ka batho le tsa tatelano ya maemo fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=April 18, 2005 |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |url=https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525051304/http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=[[Slashdot]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kostakis |first=Vasilis |date=March 2010 |title=Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |url-status=live |journal=First Monday |volume=15 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125049/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> Lekwalo ga le tsewe e le la motlhami wa lone kgotsa mokwadi ope yo mongwe, le fa e le yo go buiwang ka ene (setlhogo) mo go lone. Bakwadi ba ba mo maemong a a siameng mo morafeng ww badirisi ba ka kopa ditshwanelo tse dingwe tsa bodirisi, se se ka ba nayang bokgoni jwa setegeniki jwa go dira ditiro dingwe tse di kgethegileng. Ditshwanelo dingwe tsa bodirisi di neelwa ka go itirisa (automatically), jaaka ditlhopha tse ''di netefaditsweng ka go itirisa'' le ''tse di netefaditsweng tse di atolositsweng'', fa dingwaga tsa akhaonte le diphetogo tsa dikwalo tse di batliwang di fitlhelelwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}} === Batsamaisi === Bakwadi ba ba nang le kitso ya bodirisi ba ka tlhopha go tsenelela ditlhopho tsa " botsamaisi ", jo bo akaretsang bokgoni jwa go phimola ditsebe kgotsa go di thibela gore di se ka tsa fetolwa mo dikgetseng tsa tshenyo e e masisi kgotsa dikgotlhang tsa dikwalo. Batsamaisi ga ba a tshwanela go nna le dithata dipe tse di kgethegileng tsa go dira ditshwetso; go na le seo, dithata tsa bone di lekanyeditswe thata mo go direng diphetogo tse di botlhokwa thata tsa mananeo mme ka jalo ga di letlelelwe bakwadi ba ba tlwaelesegileng, le go diragatsa dithibelo tse di ikaeletseng go thibela bakwadi ba ba kgoreletsang go dira diphetogo tse di senang mosola. <ref name=":6" group="W" /> Ka 2012, bakwadi ba le mmalwa ba ne ba nna batsamaisi fa ba bapisiwa le dingwaga tsa pele tsa Wikipedia, bontlhabongwe jwa lobaka la kgang e e le gore thulaganyo ya go tlhatlhoba batsamaisi ba ba ka nnang teng e ne e setse e gagametse thata. <ref name="Meyer-2012"/> Ka 2022, go ne ga nna le kopo e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata ya botsamaisi ka ga maikutlo a ntlhopheng yo o neng a le kgatlhanong le Trump; kwa bofelong, ba ne ba newa botsamaisi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824123521/https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> === Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang === Mo tsamaong ya nako, Wikipedia e tlhamile thulaganyo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang e e sa tlhomamang tota-tota. Go tlhomamisa tumalano gareng ga morafe wa badirisi, bakwadi ba ka tlhagisa dikgang kwa makgotlaneng a badirisi a a maleba, ba batla dikakgelo kwa ntle ka dikopo tsa maikutlo a boraro, kgotsa ba simolola dipuisano tsa morafe wa badirisi ka kakaretso, yo o bidiwang "kopo ya kakgelo", e mo go yone di-bot di tsenyang puisano eo mo lenaneong le le kopantsweng la dipuisano, mme bakwadi a bo ba lalediwa go tsaya karolo, mme morago ba sutlhe puisano eo mo lenaneong morago ga malatsi a le masome a boraro. Le fa go ntse jalo, bakwadi ba na le tshwanelo ya go tswala (le go sutlha) puisano eo pele kgotsa morago ga nako. Fa maduo a puisano a sa bonale sentle, mokwadi yo o gaufi yo o sa amegeng yo gantsi a leng mo maemong a a siameng a ka ntsha katlholo go ya ka maatla a mabaka a a ntshiwang le palo ya batho ba ba ngangisanang mo matlhakoreng otlhe. <ref name="Bandler-2024">{{Citation|last=Bandler|first=Aaron|date=June 21, 2024|title=Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned'|url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/372532/wikipedia-editors-label-adl-only-reliable-for-antisemitism-when-israel-and-zionism-are-not-concerned/|access-date=May 3, 2025}}</ref> Badirisi ba Wikipedia ba gatelela gore thulaganyo e ga se go tlhopha ka go umaka dipego tsa maikutlo mo dipuisanong tseo jaaka "!vote", e mo go lone letshwao la kgakgamatso e leng letshwao la go ganetsa ka tsela e e utlwalang mme le bidiwa "nnyaa". <ref>{{Citation|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|title=Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail|date=July 1, 2021|work=Slate|url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/07/wikipedia-daily-mail-generally-unreliable.html|access-date=May 13, 2025|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Wikipedia e rotloetsa ditharabololo tsa dikgotlhang, tse Jemielniak a reng di kgethegile thata mo dithutong tsa mokgatlho, le fa go nnile le kgatlhego ya bosheng jaana mo go ageng tumalano mo lephateng le. <ref name="Jemielniak">{{Cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |year=2014 |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-9120-5 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 |jstor=j.ctvqsdrf9}}</ref> Reagle le Sue Gardner ba nganga gore mekgwa ya go aga tumalano e tshwana le e e dirisiwang ke ba-Quakers . <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=62}}Pharologanyo le diphuthego tsa ba-Quaker ke go tlhoka motsamaisi fa go na le go sa dumalana, e leng seabe se se tshamekiwang ke mokwaledi mo diphuthegong tsa Ba-Quaker. <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=83}} ==== Komiti ya Katlholo ==== Komiti ya Katlholo e okametse thulaganyo ya bofelo ya tharabololo ya dikgotlhang. Le fa gantsi dikgotlhang di tsoga ka ntlha ya go sa dumalane ka megopolo e mebedi e e ganetsanang ka lekwalo le tshwanetseng go balega ka teng, Komiti ya Katlholo e gana tota ka go dira tshwetso ka tlhamalalo ka mogopolo yo o tshwanetseng go amogelwa. <ref name="Hoffman-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=David A. |last2=Mehra |first2=Salil K. |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |url-status=live |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |ssrn=1354424 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613214656/https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref> Ditshekatsheko tsa dipalopalo di supa gore komiti ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e itlhokomolosa diteng tsa dikgotlhang mme go na le moo e remelela thata mo goreng dikgotlhang di tsamaisiwe jang, e sa dire thata go rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira kagiso fa gare ga bakwadi ba ba ganetsenang, mme e ntsha bakwadi ba ba dingalo e ntse e letla bakwadi ba tlhaga go boela go tsaya karolo gape. <ref name="Hoffman-2009"/> Ka jalo, komiti ga e laole diteng tsa dikwalo, le fa ka dinako tse dingwe e kgala diphetogo tsa diteng fa e tsaya gore diteng tse disha di tlola melao ya Wikipedia (sekai, fa diteng tse disha di tsewa di tsaya letlhakore).{{efn|The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.}} Ditharabololo tse di dirisiwang gantsi di akaretsa dikgalemo le go beewa leitlho thata( di dirisiwa mo dikgetseng di le masome a le marataro le boraro mo lekgolong (63%)) le go kobela ruri bakwadi mo dikwalong (masome a le mane le boraro mo lekgolong (43%)), dikgang tsa setlhogo (masome a le mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong (23%)), kgotsa mo Wikipedia (lesome le borataro mo lekgolong(16%)). <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> Go kobelwa ruri mo go feletseng mo Wikipedia gantsi go beetswe fela dikgetse di tshwana le go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe le boitshwaro jwa go sa dirisana le batho ba bangwe sentle . Fa boitshwaro e se go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe kgotsa go nna kgatlhanong le go tshela sentle le batho ba bangwe, mme e le jwa dintwa tsa dikwalo le go roba melao e mengwe ya go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo, ditharabololo di na le go ema ka dikgalemo fela. <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> == Morafe wa badirisi == [[File:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm|start=00:04|thumbtime=00:16|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego saWikimania 2005{{snd}}bokopano jwa ngwaga le ngwaga jwa badirisi ba Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a a tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], o ne o tshwaretswe kwa Frankfurt am Main, kwa Jeremane, ka Phatwe a le malatsi a le mane go fitlhela a le boferabobedi.]] Lekwalo lengwe le lengwe le modirisi mongwe le mongwe wa Wikipedia o na le tsebe e a amanang le yone gape e e kgethegileng ya "puo". Dilo tse di bopa tsela ya konokono ya dipuisano gore bakwadi ba kgone go abelana megopolo, go rulaganya le go ngangisana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |author-link=Fernanda B. Viégas |last2=Wattenberg |first2=Martin M. |author-link2=Martin M. Wattenberg |last3=Kriss |first3=Jesse |last4=van Ham |first4=Frank |date=January 3, 2007 |title=Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205111038/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Visual Communication Lab, [[IBM Research]]}}</ref> Morafe wa Wikipedia o tlhalositswe fa o tswana le setlhopha sa bodumedi, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20|title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults|first1=Charles|last1=Arthur|date=December 15, 2005|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> le fa go sa tewe ka mekgwa e e sa lolamang fela ka dinako tsotlhe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site|first1=Kristie|last1=Lu Stout|publisher=CNN|date=August 4, 2003|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Go rata go nna seoposengwe ga one, le fa go tlhoka go mpampetsa mo go akaretsang go tlhokomologa dintlha tsa go itshupa, go biditswe " go nna kgatlhanong le go itseela kwa maemong a a kwa godimo " . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=December 31, 2004 |title=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism |url=https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011352/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |website=[[Kuro5hin]], Op–Ed |quote=There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)}}</ref> [[File:Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv|right|thumb|Badiri ba Wikipedia le batlhokomedi ba [[Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane]] ba dirisana mmogo mo lekwalong la Hoxne Hoard ka Seetebosigo 2010.]] Wikipedia ga e tlhoke gore bakwadi ba yone le ba na le seabe ba itshupe gore ke bomang. Fa Wikipedia e ntse e gola, potso ya "Ke mang yo o kwalang Wikipedia?" e ne ya nna nngwe ya dipotso tse di neng di botswa thata teng.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kittur |first=Aniket |year=2007 |title=CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Viktoria Institute |chapter=Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie |citeseerx=10.1.1.212.8218}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o kile a bolela gore ke fela "morafe&nbsp;... setlhopha se se ineetseng sa baithaopi ba le makgolo a le mmalwa" se se dirang bontsi jwa ditshwaelo mo Wikipedia le gore ka jalo lenaneo le "le tshwana fela le mokgatlho mongwe le mongwe yo o tlwaelesegileng". <ref name="blodget">{{Cite news|last=Blodget|first=Henry|date=January 3, 2009|title=Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|access-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref> Ka Wikipedia e ikaegile ka tiro ya boithaopo, bakwadi gantsi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di ba kgatlhang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=61–62}} Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e na le dikwalo di le didikadile di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le boferabongwe le masome a le matlhano le bone ({{self-reference link|Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}}}), bakwadi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba le didikadike di le masome a matlhano le boraro le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le masome a le bosupa le botlhano le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le mane le bongwe ({{self-reference link|Special:ListUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}}}), le bakwadi ba ba ba tlhaga ba dinako tsotlhe ba le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabongwe le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa( {{self-reference link|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}}} ). Mokwadi o tsewa a le tlhaga fa a dirile phetogo/tlaleletso e le nngwe kgotsa go feta mo malatsing a le masome a mararo a a fetileng. Bakwadi ba ba palelwang ke go sela morago mekgwa ya Wikipedia, e e tshwanang le go saena ditshwaelo tsa tsebe ya puisano, ba ka supa ka tlhamalalo gore ke batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle ga Wikipedia, mme se sa oketsa kgonagalo ya gore badirisi ba ba mo teng ga Wikipedia ba ka nna ba lebisa kgotsa ba fokotsa ditshwaelo tsa bone. Go nna modirisi yo o mo teng ga Wikipedia go akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di sa reng sepe: motsaakarolo o solofetswe go ithuta dikhoutu tsa maranyane tse di rileng tsa Wikipedia, go ineela mo thulaganyong e ka dinako dingwe e leng dingalo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang, le go ithuta "ngwao e e makatsang e e humileng metlae le dikakgelo tsa mo teng". <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba ba sa tseneng mo teng ga ensaetlolopedia ke " badirisi ba maemo a bobedi " mo Wikipedia ka tsela nngwe, <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1">{{Cite journal |year=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |url-status=live |journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220032/https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |via=Santa Clara Law Digital Commons}}</ref> ka gonne "batsayakarolo ba amogetswe semmuso ke maloko a morafe wa wiki, ba ba nang le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng mo go somareleng boleng jwa tiro e e ntshiwang, go lebilwe go nna le seabe ga bone mo go tswelelang", <ref name="legal edu and WP 1">{{Cite journal |date=March 2007 |title=Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-legal-education_2007-03_57_1/page/n8 |journal=Journal of Legal Education |publisher=[[Association of American Law Schools]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |jstor=42894005}}</ref> mme ditso tsa go nna le seabe tsa bakwadi ba ba sa itsiweng ba sa ikwadisa mme ba lemogwa ka . diaterese tsa bone fela ga di amane le mokwadi ope ka tlhomamo. <ref name="legal edu and WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba basha gantsi ba sokola go tlhaloganya marara a Wikipedia. Bakwadi ba ba nang le maitemogelo/kitso ba rotloediwa gore ba seka ba "tlhasela" badirisi ba ba sha gore ba kgone go dira mowa wa go amogela batho. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=10–11}} === Dipatlisiso === Patlisiso ya 2007 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi go tswa kwa Dartmouth College e bone gore "badirisi ba ba sa itsiweng le ba ba sa tseyeng karolo thata mo Wikipedia&nbsp;... ke motswedi o o ikanyegang wa kitso fela jaaka badirisi ba ba ikwadisang mo saeteng e". <ref name="sciam good samaritans 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money|title=Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money|work=Scientific American|date=October 19, 2007|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o boletse ka 2009 gore "[Go] bonala gore go feta sephatlo mo lekgolong (50%) ya diphetogo tsotlhe di dirwa ke 0.7% fela ya badirisi&nbsp;... Batho ba le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi le bone&nbsp;... Mme tota, bobedi mo lekgolong (2%) e etlhaga thata, e leng batho ba le sekete le makgolo a mane , ba dirile 73.4% ya diphetogo tsotlhe." <ref name="blodget"/> Le fa go ntse jalo, morulaganyi wa ''Business Insider'' gape e le mmegadikgang Henry Blodget o bontshitse ka 2009 gore mo bontlhengbongwe jwa dikwalo tse di tlhophilweng fela go sena lenaneo, bontsi jwa diteng tsa Wikipedia (tse di lekanngwang ka selekanyo sa mokwalo o o tsentsweng o o sa ntseng o le teng go fitlha ka sampole ya bosheng) di tlhamilwe ke "batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle", fa bontsi jwa go kwala le go fomata go dirwa ke "badirisi ba ba mo teng". <ref name="blodget" /> Ka 2008, setlhogo sa bukana ya ditshwantsho le dikgang y''a Slate'' e ne ya bega gore "bongwe fela mo lekgolong la badirisi ba Wikipedia ke bone ba ba dirang mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa diphetogo tsa saete e." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.slate.com/id/2184487|title=The Wisdom of the Chaperones|date=February 22, 2008|first=Chris|last=Wilson|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=August 13, 2014}}</ref> Mokgwa o wa go sekaseka go tsaa karolo o ne wa ganetswa morago ke Aaron Swartz, yo o neng a lemotsha gore dikwalo di le mmalwa tse a neng a di tsaya disampole di ne di na le dikarolo tse ditona tsa diteng tsa tsone (tse di lekanngwang ka palo ya ditlhaka) tse di neng di dirilwe ke badirisi ba ba nang le dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bokwadi/go tlaleletsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Aaron |date=September 4, 2006 |title=Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia? |url=https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2008 e fitlhetse gore batho ba Wikipedia ba ne ba sa dumalane thata, ba sa bulegela megopolo, e bile ba se kelo-tlhoko go feta ba bangwe, <ref name="liebertonline view on WP users 1">{{Cite journal |last=Amichai-Hamburger |first=Yair |last2=Lamdan |first2=Naama |last3=Madiel |first3=Rinat |last4=Hayat |first4=Tsahi |year=2008 |title=Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members |journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=679–681 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 |pmid=18954273}}</ref> le fa kakgelo morago e ne ya supa diphoso tse di masisi, di akaretsa gore phatliso e ne e supa go bulegela megopolo mo go kwa godimo le gore dipharologano tsa setlhopha sa taolo le disampole di ne di le dinnye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Scott A. |date=March 11, 2013 |title=The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716155007/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=[[Psychology Today]]}}</ref> Go ya ka patlisiso ya 2009, go na le "bosupi jwa kganetso e e golang go tswa mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikipedia mabapi le diteng tse disha". <ref name="newscientist WP boom to bust 1">{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Jim |date=August 4, 2009 |title=After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421215605/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |archive-date=April 21, 2015 |access-date=September 18, 2017 |website=New Scientist}}</ref> === Kabakanyo ya badirisi === Dipatlisiso di le mmalwa di supile gore bontsi jwa batsaakarolo ba ba ithaopileng mo Wikipedia ke banna. Maduo a patlisiso ya [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] ka 2008 a supile gore bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba le lesome le boraro mo lekgolong(13%) fela e ne e le basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2013}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, dikolo tsa dithuto tse di kgolwane go ralala United States di ne tsa leka go kgothatsa basadi go nna batsaakarolo ba Wikipedia. <ref name="CBC News-2013" /> Ka tsela e e tshwanang, bontsi jwa dikolo tse di kgolwane tse, di akaretsa Yale le Brown, di ne di akgola baithuti ba ba tlhamang kgotsa ba ba tlaleletsa lekwalo le le amanang le basadi mo go tsa maranyane kgotsa mafaratlhatlha.<ref name="CBC News-2013">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807|title=OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall|work=CBC News|date=August 27, 2013|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Andrew Lih, morutintshi-mogolo gape e le mankge wa maranyane, o ne a re lebaka la go bo a ne a akanya gore palo ya banna ba ba nang le seabe e feta palo ya basadi thata ke ka gore go itshupa o le mosadi go ka nna ga dira gore motho a ipeye mo kotsing ya "boitshwaro jo bo maswe, jo bo tshosang". <ref name="Bloomberg 2016">{{Cite news|date=December 22, 2016|title=Is Wikipedia Woke?|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool?|access-date=September 21, 2022}}</ref> Dipego di supile gore MaAforika a emetswe ke dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bakwadi mo Wikipedia. <ref name="memeb">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Andy |date=June 21, 2018 |title=The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps |url=https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319170357/http://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=memeburn}}</ref> == Dikgatiso tsa dipuo == Mo bogompienong, go na le dikgatiso tsa dipuo di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bosupa ({{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}) tsa Wikipedia (tse gape di bidiwang ''diphetolelo tsa puo'', kgotsa fela ''Wikipedias'' ). Go tloga ka {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, di-Wikipedia tse thataro tse dikgolo, ka tatelano ya palo ya dikwalo, ke tsa Sekgoa ({{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|1}}), {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|2}}, Sejeremane {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|3}}, Sefora {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|5}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|6}} . <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190350/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> DiWikipedia tsa bobedi le ya botlhano ka botona di beilwe mo maemong ao ke bot e e tlhamang dikwalo ya Lsjbot, e ka go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2013 e neng e tlhamile dikwalo di tsamaela sephatlo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish, le bontsi jwa dikwalo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Cebuano le ya Se-Waray . Dipuo tse ka bobedi ke tsa Philippines . Mo godimo ga tse thataro tse di kwa godimo, di-Wikipedia tse dingwe di le lesome le bobedi di na le dikwalo tse di fetang sedikadike nngwe le nngwe ya tsone ( Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|7}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|8}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|9}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|10}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|11}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|12}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|13}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|14}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|15}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|20}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|16}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|21}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|17}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|18}} ), tse dingwe di le bosupa go feta di na le dikwalo tse di fetang dikete di le makgolo a matlhano {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|22}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|23}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|24}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|25}} ), tse dingwe tse di masome a mane le bone ba di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lekgolo , mme di le masome a boferabobedi le bobedi di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lesome. <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W"/> E e tona go gaisa, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, e na le dikwalo di feta didikadike di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi (7.2 million). Go tloga go ema ka Firikgong 2021, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela masome a le mane le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (48%) ya pharakano e e kokoantsweng ya Wikipedia, mme palo e e setseng e kgaogantswe mo gareng ga dipuo tse dingwe. Dikgatiso tse di kwa godimo di le lesome di emela mo e ka nnang masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (85%) ya pharakano yotlhe. Ka Wikipedia e beilwe mo Webo ka jalo e le ya lefatshe ka bophara, batsaakarolo mo kgatisong e le nngwe ya puo ba ka nna ba dirisa diteme (tsa puo e le nngwe) tse di farologaneng kgotsa ba ka tswa ba tswa kwa mafatsheng a a farologaneng (jaaka go ntse ka kgatiso ya Sekgoa).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Dipharologano tse di ka baka dikgotlhang dingwe ka ga dipharologano tsa go peleta (sekao, colour kgatlhanong ''le color'' ) <ref name="WP spelling MOS 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005104/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> kgotsa matlhakore. <ref name="WP countering bias 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005153/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Le fa dikgatiso tse di farologaneng tsa dipuo di tshegetswa ka melao ya lefatshe lotlhe jaaka " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore ", di farologana mo dintlheng dingwe tsa melao le tiriso, segolobogolo mo go reng a ditshwantsho tse di sa newang teseletso ka kgololesego di ka dirisiwa ka maikaelelo a tiriso e e siameng . <ref name="WP meta fair use 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Non-free content |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024114/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="IBM visual WP 1">{{Cite journal |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |date=January 3, 2007 |title=The Visual Side of Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |journal=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024012919/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> Diteng tsa dikwalo tse di buang ka setlhogo se le sengwe di ka farologana thata magareng ga dipuo, go ikaegile ka gore bakwadi ba dirisa metswedi efe le mabaka a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fians |first=Guilherme |date=September 16, 2025 |title=Wikipedia: Editing the narrative |url=https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924020710/https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 27, 2025 |publisher=[[Chartered Institute of Linguists]]}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o tlhalositse Wikipedia jaaka "maiteko a go tlhama le go anamisa ensaetlolopedia ya mahala ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo jo kgonegang mo mothong mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng ka puo ya gagwe". Le fa kgatiso nngwe le nngwe ya puo e dira e ikemetse ilka nosi, go dirwa maiteko mangwe a go di okamela tsotlhe. Di golagantswe ka bontlhabongwe ke Meta-Wiki, le wiki ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e neetsweng go tlhokomela mananeo otlhe a yone (Wikipedia le a mangwe). <ref name="WP metawiki maintenance 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714061722/https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |archive-date=July 14, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2009 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sekai, Meta-Wiki e fa dipalopalo tse di botlhokwa mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa puo tsa Wikipedia, <ref name="WP meta stats 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki Statistics |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192946/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> gape e tlhokomela lenaneo la dikwalo tse Wikipedia nngwe le nngwe e tshwanetseng go nna le tsone. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=List of articles every Wikipedia should have |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321020418/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |archive-date=March 21, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Lenaneo le le amana le diteng tsa kwa tshimologong tsa dithuto: bayokerafi, ditso, dithuto tsa dipopego tsa lefatshe, tsa setšhaba, setso, maranyane, mafaratlhatlha, le dipalo. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W" /> Ga go thona gore dikwalo tse di amanang thata le puo e e rileng di se ka tsa nna le tse di tshwanang le tsone mo kgatisong e nngwe. Sekai, dikwalo tse di buang ka ditoropo tse dinnye kwa United States di ka nna tsa nna teng fela ka Sekgoa, le fa di fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di kgethegileng tsa mananeo a Wikipedia tsa dipuo tse dingwe. [[File:User_-_demography.svg|thumb|Palo kakanyetso ya botsaakarolo go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara go ya kwa dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia <ref name="PLoS One 2012" />]] Dikwalo tse di ranotsweng di emela fela karolo e nnye ya dikwalo mo dikgatisong di le dintsi, ka gore dikgatiso tseo ga di letlelele gore dikwalo di ranolwe ka botlalo mo go itirisang (automated). Dikwalo tse di leng teng ka dipuo tse di fetang bongwe di ka fa "dikgokagano tsa interwiki", tse di golaganyang le dikwalo tse di tshwanang le tsone mo dikgatisong tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Massa |first=Paolo |last2=Scrinzi |first2=Federico |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Manual:Interwiki |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203112631/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Thuto-patlisiso e e gatisitsweng ke ''PLOS One'' ka 2012 le yone e ne ya nna le palo kakanyetso ya dikarolo tsa go nna le seabe mo dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. E ne ya bega gore selekanyo sa diphetogo tse di dirilweng go tswa kwa Amerika Bokone e ne e le masome a le matlhano le bongwe mo lekgolong (51%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, le masome a le mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e e motlhofo . <ref name="PLoS One 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Kertész |first3=János |author-link3=János Kertész |date=January 17, 2012 |title=Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |pmc=3260192 |pmid=22272279 |doi-access=free |article-number=e30091}}</ref> === Dipalo tsa bakwadi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa === Ka Mopitlo a rogwa, 2014, ''The Economist'', mo lekwalong la setlhogo sa "Isago ya Wikipedia", e ne ya umaka tshekatsheko e e amanang le tshedimosetso e e gatisitsweng ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e bolelang gore "palo ya bakwadi ba mofuta wa puo ya Sekgoa e wetse tlase ka nngwetharong mo dingwageng di le bosupa." <ref name="economist1">{{Cite news|date=March 1, 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|access-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref> Seelo sa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa se ne sa umakiwa ke ''The Economist'' jaaka se se farologaneng thata le dipalopalo tsa Wikipedia e e mo dipuong tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa). ''The Economist'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya ba na le seabe ba ba nang le palogare ya diphetogo di le tlhano kgotsa go feta ka kgwedi e ne e eme golo go le gongwe fa e sale ka 2008 mo Wikipedia ya dipuo tse dingwe, e le bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di masome a mane le bobedi (42 000) mo gare ga dipharologano tse e seng tsa sepe tsa dipaka tsa bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di le pedi go ya kwa godimo kgotsa kwa tlase. Palo ya bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, fa e bapisiwa mo go tsepameng, e ne ya umakiwa e le kwa setlhoeng ka 2007 e tsamaela dikete di le masome a matlhano (50,000) mme ya wela kwa tlase go nna dikete di le masome a mararo (30,000) kwa tshimologong ya 2014. <ref name="economist1" /> Go farologana le seo, tshekatsheko ya Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e supa katlego mo go tshwareng bakwadi ba ba tlhaga ka tsela e e kgonang go ntšhwafadiwa le e e tswelelang, ka dipalo tsa bone di nna di sa fetoge di nna fela fa diketeng di le masome mane le bobedi. Ga gona kakgelo epe e e dirilweng mabapi le maemo a a farologaneng a melao ya bokwadi mo Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e ka ntshang tsela e nngwe e e kgonegang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go tokafatsa sentle dielo tsa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi mo Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref name="economist1"/> == Kamogelo == <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit &#x5B; tlhabolola &#x5D;]</sup> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] <ref name="Jemielniak"/> Ba ba neng ba e sekaseka ba boletse gore Wikipedia e bontsha go tsaya letlhakore ka tsela e e sa siamang .Ka 2010, mokwadi wa ditlhogo le mmegadikgang Edwin Black o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le motswako wa "boammaaruri, bonnete jo bo sa felelang, le maaka mangwe". <ref name="EdwinBlack">{{Cite news|first=Edwin|last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black|date=April 19, 2010|work=[[History News Network]]|publisher=[[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]]|title=Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Metswedi e le mmalwa ya dikgang le baitseanape ba beile Wikipedia molato wa go tsaya letlhakore mo megopolong . Motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia Larry Sanger, yo o tlogetseng Wikipedia ka 2002 go tlhoma diwebosaete tse di gaisanang, o boletse gore Wikipedia e fetogile "maaka" e phatlalatsa dikgang tsa molema mo sepolotiking mme a tlhagisa gore lefelo le (Wikipedia) ga le sa tlhole le ikanyega.Ka 2022, molwela-kgololesego John Stossel o ne a ntsha mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, lenaneo le a neng a le tshegetsa ka madi nako nngwe, go ne go lebega le fetogile thata mo tsamaong ya nako mo go tseyeng letlhakore la molema, segolobogolo mo dikgannyeng tsa sepolotiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Wikipedia Bias |url=https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=StosselTV}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, beke e le nngwe morago ga go kobiwa ga ga Vibber, WMF e ne ya koba babereki ba le barataro fa e ntse e tswala [[Wikimedia Foundation|setlhopha sa yone sa Community Tech]], mme se sa gakatsa maiteko a go ithola marapo ga bakwadi le go feta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greis |first=Friedhelm |date=28 May 2026 |title=Nach Entlassung von Entwicklern: Wikipedia-Autoren drohen mit Streik |trans-title=After dismissal of developers Wikipedia writers threaten strike |url=https://www.golem.de/news/nach-entlassung-von-entwicklern-wikipedia-autoren-drohen-mit-streik-2605-209132.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Golem.de |language=de}}</ref> Baokamedi ba WMF ba ne ba bolela gore babereki ba Community Tech ba ka dira dikopo tsa maemo a a farologaneng mo mokgatlhong, le gore thulaganyo ya lenaneo la dikeletso e tla rulaganngwa sesha, gape gore WMF e tla amogela lekgotlana le le bonang tshegetso e bontsi go tswa mo babereking. Ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwaya diphoso ka tsela e e tshwanang. <ref name="Orlowski2005">{{Cite news|last=Orlowski|first=Andrew|date=December 16, 2005|title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though|url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> Moitseanape wa tsa Itsholelo Tyler Cowen o ne a kwala jaana: "Fa ke ne ke ka tshwanelwa ke go akanyetsa gore a Wikipedia kgotsa setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang se se buang ka itsholelo se ka tswa se le boammaaruri morago ga go akanya ka lobaka lo loleele, ke ne ke tla tlhopha Wikipedia." O akgela ka gore metswedi mengwe ya setso ya dibuka tse e seng tsa dipolelo di na le go tlhoka tekatekano ga thulaganyo, mme maduo a padi tse, go ya ka kakanyo ya gagwe, di begwa go feta selekanyo mo dikwalong tsa dibukana tsa ditshwantsho mmogo le tshedimosetso e botlhokwa e e sa feleletsweng mo dipegong tsa dikgang. Amy Bruckman o nganga gore, ka ntlha ya palo ya basekaseki, "diteng tsa tsebe e e tlwaelesegileng ya Wikipedia tota ke mofuta o o ikanyegang go gaisa wa tshedimosetso o o kileng wa tlhamiwa". <ref name="PC 2021">{{Cite news|last=Stuart|first=S.C.|title=Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2022, mmegadikgang wa ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' e bong Liam Mannix o ne a bolela gore: "Ga go na lebaka la go solofela gore Wikipedia e nnete .&nbsp;... Mme le fa go ntse jalo e nnete [go ntse jalo]." Batshwayadiphoso ba bolela gore go bo Wikipedia e bulegile le go tlhoka metswedi e e siameng ya bontsi jwa tshedimosetso/kitso go dira gore e se ka ya ikanyega. <ref name="TNY reliability issues 1">{{Cite news|last=Schiff|first=Stacy|author-link=Stacy Schiff|date=July 23, 2006|title=Know It All|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Go tsibogela kgang ya bakwadi ba ba duelwang go bua ka dikgang dingwe le dikgang tsa go bokwadi tse di sa senolwang, Wikipedia e ne ya bega mo lekwalong mo ''The Wall Street Journal'' gore e ne ya nonotsha melao ya yone kgatlhanong le go kwalwa/tlaleletsa mo go sa senolwang. <ref name="Elder-2014">{{Cite news|date=June 16, 2014|title=Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing|magazine=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Wales o gatelela gore diensaetlolopedia tsa mofuta ope fela gantsi ga di a tshwanela go dirisiwa jaaka metswedi e e ka umakiwang, mme ga go a tshwanela go ikaegiwa ka tsone. Setlhopha sa tekeletso se ne sa laelwa go ithuta pele ga ba tla mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo le go bona ditshwaelo ka bonako pele ga ba tsena (mofuta wa ntlwana ya borutelo e e fetotsweng), fa setlhopha sa taolo se ne sa newa ditaelo tse di tlhamaletseng mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo (mofuta o o tlwaelegileng wa mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo). Morago ga moo ditlhopha tse di ne tsa laelwa go dirisana mmogo go tlhama dikwalo tsa Wikipedia, tse di neng di tla bewa matshwao go ya ka boleng morago ga dithutopatlisiso. Ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le matlhano, 2014, Julie Beck, fa a ne a kwalela bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''The Atlantic'' mo lekwalong le le bidiwang "Motswedi wa #1 wa Dingaka wa Tshedimosetso ya Tlhokomelo le Botsogo: Wikipedia", o ne a bolela gore "sephatlo mo lekgolong sa dingaka di batla tlhaloso ya malwetsi mo saeteng ya (Wikipedia), mme bangwe ba kwala dikwalo tse ka bobone go tokafatsa boleng jwa tshedimosetso e e leng teng." Mo lekwalong le le latelang mo ''The Atlantic'' la Motsheganong a le malatsi a bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 2014, setlhogo se ne se re "A Wikipedia e ka Tsamaya e Nna Mokwalo o o Tlhomameng wa Kalafi?", Julie Beck o ne a nopola mafoko a ga James Heilman wa WikiProject Medicine a re: "Gore fela dikgokedi tsa kitso di sekasekilwe ke balekane ga go reye gore ke tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo." Beck o ne a oketsa a re: "Wikipedia e na le thulaganyo ya yone ya go sekaseka ga balekane pele ga dikwalo di ka tlhaolwa jaaka tse di 'siameng' kgotsa tse di 'tlhagisiwang'. Heilman, yo o kileng a nna le seabe mo thulaganyong eo pele, a re kwa tlase ga 'bongwe mo lekgolong' jwa dikwalo tsa kalafi tsa Wikipedia di ne tsa atlega." <ref name="theatlantic.com" /> === Go akaretsa ditlhogo le go tsaya letlhakore === Wikipedia e batla go tlhama tshoboko ya kitso yotlhe ya batho ka sebopego sa ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng, ka setlhogo sengwe le sengwe se akareditswe ka ensaetlolipedia mo lekwalong le le lengwe. E re ka e na le di-terabyte tsa mafelo a go baya mo disiking, e ka nna le ditlhogo tse dintsi thata go feta tse di ka akarediwang ke ensaetlolopedia epe e e gatisitsweng . Selekanyo se se tlhomameng le mokgwa wa go akaretsa ditlhogo mo Wikipedia o nna o sekasekwa ke bakwadii ba yone, mme go sa dumalane ga go tlwaelesega (bona go phimola le go akaretsa ). <ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{Cite news|date=March 6, 2008|title=The battle for Wikipedia's soul|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|access-date=March 7, 2008|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=November 10, 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|access-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le dilo tse batho bangwe ba ka nnang ba di fitlhela di sa amogelesege, di kgopisa kgotsa di na le ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo. Molao wa gore "Wikipedia ga e bipe" ka dinako tse dingwe e itshupile e tsosa dikganetsano: ka 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya gana boikuelo jwa mo inthaneteng kgatlhanong le go akarediwa ga ditshwantsho tsa ga Muhammad mo kgatisong ya Sekgoa ya lekwalo la yone la ga Muhammad, go nopotswe molao o. <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130231600/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|date=February 5, 2008|title=Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|access-date=January 30, 2023|issn=0362-4331|archivedate=January 30, 2023}}</ref> Go nna teng ga ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, ga mmogo le dilo tse di masisi tsa sepolotiki le bodumedi mo Wikipedia go dirile gore di bipiwe ke balaodi ba bosetšhaba kwa China le Pakistan, gareng ga mafatshe a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313173559/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)|Yahoo!]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Ka thulaganyo ya yone ya "Wikipedia e Rata Metlobo ya dibuka", Wikipedia e dirisane mmogo le metlobo ya dibuka e metona ya setšhaba di tshwana le Motlobo wa dibuka wa Setšhaba wa New York wa dithuto tsa bodiragatsi go atolosa go akaretsa ga yone ditlhogo le dikwalo tse di sa emelwang sentle. <ref name="NYT subjects and articles">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html|title=Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection|last=Petrusich|first=Amanda|work=The New York Times|date=October 20, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref> Patlisiso nngwe ya 2011 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Minnesota e bontshitse gore bakwadi ba banna le ba basadi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di farologaneng tsa bokwadi. Go ne go na le basadi ba le bantsi mo setlhopheng sa "batho le dithuto ysa bodiragatsi", fa banna ba ne ba remelela thata mo tsa "lefatshe le maranyane". Mokwadi mongwe wa ''The Guardian'' ka 2014 o ne a bolela gore go dirilwe maiteko a mantsi go tlamela ka dikgokedi tsa kitso tsa lenaneo la badiragatsi ba basadi ba ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelo dikobo go na le lenaneo la bakwadi ba basadi . <ref name="GuardianAugust2014">{{Cite news|date=August 7, 2018|title=The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|access-date=January 31, 2023}}</ref> ==== Go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo ==== Melao ya Wikipedia e ka nna ya lekanyetsa "bokgoni jwa yone jwa go emela kitso ya lefatshe lotlhe ka boammaaruri". Ka sekai, Wikipedia e tsaya fela metswedi e e gatisitsweng e le e e ka ikanngwang. Kitso ya molomo ya ditso tsa Setso ga se ka metlha e bonalang mo dikgatisong. Ditlhogo tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko le tsone di ka tlhoka go akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang. Ka jalo diteng tsa Wikipedia di lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka tekatekano mo go tona ga thulaganyo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=37, 38, 47}} Dithuto tsa thuto tsa Wikipedia di bontshitse gore palogare ya motsaakarolo mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ke monna yo mosweu wa Lekgoa yo o rutegileng, yo o nang le tshekamelo ya gore ke lekgoa la monna, wa dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go ya kwa go di masome a mane le boferabongwe (15–49), go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le tlhabologileng, le bontsi jwa yone e leng la Bokeresete. <ref name="Livingstone2010">{{Cite journal |last=Livingstone |first=Randall M. |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality |url=https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |url-status=live |journal=M/C Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.5204/mcj.315 |issn=1441-2616 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135911/https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ntlha ya pono e e tsamaelanang (POV) e emetswe go feta selekanyo. <ref name="Hube2017">{{Cite book |last=Hube |first=Christoph |date=April 3, 2017 |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE |pages=717–721 |chapter=Bias in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053375}}</ref> <ref name="Bjork-James-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |date=July 3, 2021 |title=New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> Go tlhoka tekatekano mo ga dipalopalo tsa bakwadi go felela go baka gore go nne le go tlhoka tekatekano mo setsong, mo go tseyeng letlhakore mo go tsa bong, le mo Wikipedia . <ref name="Ackerly-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Ackerly |first=Brooke A. |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2022 |title=Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1017/S1049096521001463 |s2cid=247795102 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Beytía |first=Pablo |date=April 20, 2020 |title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-7024-0 |series=WWW '20 |location=New York |pages=806–810 |chapter=The Positioning Matters |doi=10.1145/3366424.3383569 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Go na le mefuta e mebedi e e anameng ya go tsaya letlhakore, e e ''sa tlhamalalang'' (fa setlhogo se tlogetswe) le ''e e tlhamaletseng'' (fa POV e e rileng e emetswe go feta selekanyo mo lekwalong kgotsa ke dikgokedi tsa kitso). <ref name="Hube2017" /> Ditshekatsheko tsa barutegi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di fitlhetse gore le fa dikwalo di nna di le nnete bile di se na tshedimosetso e e fapogileng, ga di a felela e bile ga di tlhagise dipono tsotlhe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore . <ref name="Ackerly-2022"/> Ka 2011, Wales o ne a bolela gore go sa lekalekane ga kakaretso ya ditlhogo ke sesupo sa palo ya bakwadi, a nopola ka sekai "dibuka tsa botshelo tsa basadi ba ba tumileng mo ditsong le dintlha tse di amanang le tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba sa ntseng ba le bannye". <ref name="wiki-women"/> Padi ya Phalane a le malatsi a masome a mabedi, 2013, e e kwadilweng ke Tom Simonite mo ''Tlhatlhobong ya Maranyane'' ya MIT ya setlhogo se se reng " Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia " e ne ya bua ka ditlamorago tsa go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo le go fokotsega ga melawana mo [[Wikipedia|go fokotsegeng ga palo ya bakwadi]] . <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Mark Graham wa Lefelo la Inthanete la Oxford ka 2009 e bontshitse gore go anamisiwa ga ditlhogo tsa dikwalo go ya ka mafelo ga go lekalekane thata, mme Aforika ke yone e e sa emelwang sentle. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |date=November 12, 2009 |title=Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content |url=https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Zerogeography}}</ref> Mo dikgatisong di le masome a mararo tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia, dikwalo le dikarolo tsa ditso ka kakaretso di ikaegile ka Yuropa mme di remeletse mo ditiragalong tsa bosheng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Strohmaier |first=Markus |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia |url=https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |publisher=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences]] |chapter=KAT50 Society, Culture |doi=10.7802/1411 |quote=Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). |access-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023846/https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Diteng tse di masisi === Wikipedia e ile ya kgalwa ka ntlha ya go letlelela tshedimosetso ka ga diteng tse di botlha thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Maxton|first=Richard|date=September 9, 2008|title=Wikipedia attacked over porn pages|journal=Macquarie Network|url=http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages}}</ref> Ditlhogo tse di bontshang se batshwayadiphoso bangwe ba se biditseng diteng tse di sa siamang (tse di tshwanang le boloko jwa setho, setopo, serwe sa bonna sa motho, molomo wa serwe sa bosadi, le go nna maponapona) di na le ditshwantsho tse di botlha le tshedimosetso e e feletseng e e ka bonwang motlhofo ke mongwe le mongwe yo o nang le inthanete, go akaretsa le bana. Lefelo le gape le akaretsa diteng tsa tlhakanelodikobo tse di tshwanang le ditshwantsho le ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyego tsa go itshwaratshwara dirwe tsa tlhakanelodikobo le go rota, ditshwantsho tsa zoophilia, le dinepe tsa difilimi tsa tlhakanelodikobo mo dikwalong tsa lone. Gape le na le dinepe tse e seng tsa thobalano tsa bana ba ba sa aparang . Setlhogo sa Wikipedia se se buang ka ''Virgin Killer'' —alebamo ya 1976 ya setlhopha sa mmino wa rock sa Jeremane sa Scorpions —se na le setshwantsho sa khabara ya ntlhantlha ya alebamo eno, se se bontshang mosetsana yo o sa aparang sepe yo o sa ntseng a gola . Khabara ya ntlhantlha e e neng ya gololwa e ne ya baka dikganetsano mme ga bewa e sele mo mafatsheng a mangwe. Ka Sedimonthole 2008, go kgona go bona lekwaloa Wikipedia ''ya Virgin Killer'' go ne ga thibelwa malatsi a le mane ke bontsi jwa batlamedi ba ditirelo tsa Inthanete kwa United Kingdom morago ga gore Mokgatlho wa Internet Watch (IWF) o dire tshwetso ya gore khabara ya alebamo e ne e le setshwantsho se se sa siamang se se seng kafa molaong mme wa tsenya URL ya lekwalo le mo "lenaneong la dikwalo tse di tlositsweng" la tlamela ba ditirelo tsa inthanete kwa Borithane ka lone. <ref name="Register ISP censorship">{{Cite news|title=Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover|first=Cade|last=Metz|newspaper=[[The Register]]|date=December 7, 2008|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia|access-date=May 10, 2009}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2010, Sanger o ne a kwalela Biro ya Dipatlisiso ya Bosetšhaba lekwalo, a tlhalosa matshwenyego a gagwe a gore ditlhopha tse pedi tsa ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikimedia Commons di ne di na le ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana, mme di ne di tlola molao wa puso wa Amerika wa ditshwantsho tse di leswe . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh|title=Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation|date=April 29, 2010|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Inquirer child abuse allegations">{{Cite news|date=April 29, 2010|title=Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI|work=The Inquirer|url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|access-date=October 9, 2010|archivedate=May 1, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations}}</ref> Moragonyana Sanger o ne a tlhalosa gore ditshwantsho tse, tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana le tse dingwe tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana, e ne e se tsa bana ba mmatota, mme o ne a re e ne e le " ditshwantsho tse di leswe tsa go sotlaka bana ka thobalano ", ka fa tlase ga Molao wa PROTECT wa 2003 . Molao oo o thibela ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana le dinepe tsa dipopae le ditshwantsho tsa bana tse di fatlhang go ya ka molao wa Amerika . Sanger o ne a tlhagisa gape matshwenyego a gagwe ka go kgona go bona ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikipedia tse kwa dikolong. <ref name="TET child porn accusations">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website|date=April 29, 2010|journal=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|access-date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> Mmueledi wa [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] Jay Walsh o ile a gana kgang ya ga Sanger ka maatla, a re Wikipedia e ne e se na "dilo tse di ka bonwang di se ka fa molaong. Fa re ne re na le tsone, re ne re tla di tlosa." Morago ga ngongorego ya ga Sanger, Wales elne ya phimola ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelodikobo kwa ntle ga go buisana le morafe wa badirisi. Fa bakwadi ba baithaopi ba sena go nganga gore tshwetso e e dirilwe ka bonako, Wales o ne a ithaopela go tlogela dithata dingwe tse a neng a di tshwere jaaka karolo ya maemo a gagwe a go nna motlhami-mmogo. O ne a kwala mo molaetseng o o yang kwa lenaneong la go romela melaetsa la Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore kgato e ne e le "mo kgatlhegong ya go rotloetsa dipuisano ka ga dikgang tsa mmatota tsa filosofi/diteng, go na le go nna ka ga me le ka fa ke tsereng kgato ka bonako ka teng". <ref name="BBC News Wales cedes rights">{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm|title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights|work=BBC News|date=May 10, 2010|access-date=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Batshwayadiphoso, ba akaretsa le Wikipediocracy, ba ne ba lemoga gore bontsi jwa ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tse di phimotsweng mo Wikipedia fa e sale ka 2010 di tlhagile gape. <ref name="XBIZ">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break|work=XBIZ.com|url=https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> === Sephiri === Matshwenyego mangwe a sephiri mo kgannyeng ya Wikipedia a amana le tshwanelo ya motho ya go nna moagi yo o ikemetseng go na le go nna motho wa setšhaba mo matlhong a molao. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McStay |first=Andrew |date=2014 |title=Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1-4541-9163-6 |series=Digital Formation |volume=86 |doi=10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9}}</ref>{{efn|See [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/https://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases "Libel"] by David McHam for the legal distinction.}} Ke ntwa fa gare ga tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo inthaneteng le tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo botshelong jwa mmatota . Melao ya sephiri ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e bolela gore, "re dumela gore ga o a tshwanela go tlhoka go tlamela ka tshedimosetso ya gore o mang gore o nne le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa kitso ya mahala", mme e bolela gore "tshedimosetso ya gago" e ka nna ya abelanwa "Ka mabaka a semolao", "Go Go Sireletsa, Rona le Ba bangwe", kgotsa "Go Tlhaloganya le go Lekeletsa". <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131204008/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Ferikgong 2006, kgotlatshekelo ya Jeremane e ne ya laela gore Wikipedia ya Jeremane e tswalwe mo teng ga Jeremane ka gonne e ne e bolela leina ka botlalo la ga Boris Floric, aka "Tron", yo o neng a tlhasela mo maranyaneng yo o tlhokafetseng. Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2006, taelo e e neng e le kgatlhanong le Wikimedia Deutschland e ne ya menolwa, mme kgotlatshekelo ya gana kgopolo ya gore tshwanelo ya ga Tron ya go nna le sephiri kgotsa ya batsadi ba gagwe e ne e gatakiwa. <ref name="heise Tron public issue 1">{{Cite news|last1=Kleinz|first1=Torsten|title=Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]|url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html|work=Heise Online|publisher=[[Heinz Heise]]|date=September 2, 2006|language=de}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le " " se se dirisang Znuny, e leng lefelo la sofotewere ya mahala ya motswedi o o bulegileng sa OTRS <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Volunteer Response Team |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Response_Team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202072211/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_response_team |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> go emelana le dipotso ntle le tlhoka go senola maina a batho ba ba amegang. Se se dirisiwa, ka sekai, mo go netefatseng tetla ya go dirisa ditshwantsho le metswedi e mengwe ya dikgang mo lenaneong. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software |url=https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |website=Open Technology Real Services |publisher=OTRS.com}}</ref> Mo bokhutlong jwa Moranang 2023, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o itsisitse gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e ineela mo ditlhomamisong dipe tsa dingwaga tse di ka tlhokwang ke molao wa UK wa Molao wa Pabalesego ya Inthanete . Rebecca MacKinnon wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne a bolela gore go tlholwa mo go ntseng jalo go tlaa lhulana le boineelo jwa webosaete jwa go kokoanya tshedimosetso e nnye ka batho ba ba tsenyang letsogo le babadi ba yone. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255|title=Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks|work=BBC|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref> === Kgethololo ya bong === Wikipedia e ne ya tlhalosiwa ka 2015 e le lefelo le e nang le setso sa ntwa sa [[Go Tlhaola Batho ka Bong|go tlhaola batho ka bong]] le go tshwenya . <ref name="Paling">{{Cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=October 21, 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231105811/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |archive-date=December 31, 2022 |access-date=October 24, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Auerbach |first=David |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Encyclopedia Frown |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023233133/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> Go lemogiwa ga tiriso ya puo e e sotlang gone ga buiwa fa e le lebaka le le neng la tlhagisiwa ka 2013 la go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong jwa bakwadi Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Murphy|first=Dan|date=August 1, 2013|title=In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> Go nnile le di-Edit-a-thon go rotloetsa bakwadi ba basadi le go oketsa go akaretsa dikgang tsa basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2018, mokwadi wa Wikipedia o ne a gana lekwalo le le neng le rometswe ka Donna Strickland ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go begwa mo metsweding ya dikgang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Draft:Donna Strickland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114656/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref name="Schlanger-2018">{{Cite web |last=Schlanger |first=Zoë |last2=Purtill |first2=Corinne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough |url=https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025085329/https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Dikgwedi di le tlhano morago ga tiragalo e, Strickland o ne a gapa Seetsele sa Nobel mo dithutong tsa Maranyane gore o na "le ditlhamo tse di tona mo lephateng la Maranyane a laser", mme a nna mosadi wa boraro go amogela seetsele se. <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141926/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> Pele ga a fenya seetsele se, Strickland o ne a umakiwa fela mo Wikipedia mo lekwalong le le neng le bua ka mmereki ka ene le mofenyi-mmogo wa seetsele e bong Gérard Mourou . <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> Go kgaphelwa thoko ga gagwe mo Wikipedia go ne ga dira gore Wikipedia e bonwe molato wa go tlhaola batho ka bong, mme Corinne Purtill yo o neng a kwalela ''Quartz'' o ne a bolela gore "gape ke thuto e e tlhamaletseng ka dikotsi tsa go kgetholola ka bong mo metsweding ya dikgang, le ditlamorago tse di anameng tsa go sa emelwe sentle." <ref name="Purtill-2018">{{Cite web |last=Purtill |first=Corinne |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media |url=https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022552/https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Purtill o amanya kgang e le go tlhoka tekatekano ga bong mo go begeng ga bobegakgang. <ref name="Purtill-2018" /> Patlisiso e e tseneletseng ya 2008, e e gatisitsweng ka 2016, ke Julia B. Bear wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane tsa Kgwebo ya sa Stony Brook le Benjamin Collier wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Carnegie Mellon ba fitlhetse dipharologano tse di tona tsa bong mo go tshepeng boitseanape, go sa phuthologa ga bakwadi, le go tsibogela ditshwaelo tse di botlhokwa. "Basadi ba begile gore ga ba tshepe boitseanape jwa bone, ba tlhagisitse go sa phuthologa mo go tona mo bokwading(se gantsi se akaretsang kgotlhang), mme ba begile maikutlo a a seng molemo thata mo ditshwaelong tse di botlhokwa fa ba bapisiwa le banna." <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 4, 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |url-status=live |journal=Sex Roles |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science]] |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027122538/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> === ''Dikwalo tse di tseneletseng tse di boferabongwe '' === ''"Dithesis di le boferabongwe"'' di kaya mogopolo wa diphetogo o o gatisitsweng ke Larry Sanger ka Phalane 2025. ''Dithesis tse di boferabongwe'' tsa ga Sanger mo Wikipedia di tlhagisa lenaneo la tshekatsheko e e botlhokwa la diphetogo la Wikipedia. Mogopolo o ke karolo ya maiteko a gagwe a a anameng a go lebagana le se Sanger a se tsayang e le dikgang tsa thulaganyo mo teng ga Wikipedia, tse di akaretsang, go tsaya letlhakore ga megopolo, go tlhoka go nna mo pepeneneng mo maemong a bakwadi, le tsamaiso e e sa direng sentle ya go dira ditshwetso e e theilweng morago ga ditumalano. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/wikipedia-co-founder-unveils-plan-to-fix-websites-biased-engine-of-defamation |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The New York Sun |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Nine Theses on Wikipedia |url=https://larrysanger.org/nine-theses/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=LarrySanger.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsamaiso == === Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le mekgatlho e e amanang le one === [[File:Sue_Gardner_during_her_presentation_at_Wikimania_2013.jpg|thumb|Sue Gardner, mookamedi mogolo wa ntlha, ka 2013 kwa Wikimania]] Wikipedia e tshwarwa le go tlamelwa ka madi ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], e leng mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo gape o tsamaisang mananeo a a amanang le Wikipedia tse di tshwanang le Wiktionary le Dibuka tsa Wikipedia . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=Wikimedia Projects |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011065720/https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mokgatlho o o ikaegile ka meneelo ya setšhaba le dithuso tsa madi go duelela ditiro tsa one. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|access-date=February 25, 2021|date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="financialstatements" group="W">{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Pampiri ya 990 ya Tirelo ya Lotseno ya 2020 e bontsha lotseno lwa $124,60.&nbsp;milione le ditshenyegelo tse e ka nnang tsa $112,200 &nbsp;milione, ka dithoto tse di ka nnang $1 200,20 milione le tse di duelelwang di ka nna $11&nbsp;milione. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102009/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=October 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2014, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bitsa Lila Tretikov jaaka Mookamedi-mogolo wa one wa bobedi wa khuduthamaga, a tsaya marapo a ga Sue Gardner. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503035438/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' e ne ya bega ka Motsheganong a le bongwe, 2014, gore dikitso tsa ga Tretikov tsa maranyane, go tswa mo dingwageng tsa gagwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa California di naya Wikipedia tshono ya go tlhabologa ka tsela e e tsepameng thata e e kaelwang ke polelo ya gagwe e e boelediwang gantsi ya gore, "Tshedimosetso, fela jaaka phefo, e tlhoka go nna mahala." <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014">{{Cite news|date=May 1, 2014|title=Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114542/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|date=May 1, 2014|title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Setlhogo sone se sa ''Wall Street Journal'' se ne sa bega ka dikaelo tse tsa tlhabololo go ya ka potsolotso le mmueledi Jay Walsh wa Wikimedia, yo o neng a " re Tretikov o tla rarabolola kgang eo ya ( go duela batho go go buelelela ) e le selo se se tlang pele. 'Tota re kgaratlhela go dira dilo mo pepeneneng .&nbsp;... Re gatelela gore go duela bakwadi go go buelelela ga go amogelesege.' Maiteko a go akaretsa batho ba ba farologaneng ba ba nang le seabe, tshegetso e e botoka ya dipuisano tsa Wikipedia, didirisiwa tse disha tsa lefatshe, go bona diteng tsa selegae bonolo, le didirisiwa tse dintsi tsa badirisi mo lefatsheng la bobedi le la boraro le tsone ke ditlapele", Walsh o ne a bolela jalo. <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014" /> Morago ga go tsamaya ga ga Tretikov mo Wikipedia ka ntlha ya mathata a a amanang le tiriso ya karolo ya "tshireletso e e feteletseng" e mefuta mengwe ya puo ya Wikipedia e e amogetseng, <ref group="W">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125043521/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|date=August 13, 2014|title=Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=January 25, 2023}}</ref> Katherine Maher o ne a nna Mookamedi-mogolo wa boraro wa Mokgatlho wa Wikipedia ka Seetebosigo 2016. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Lorente |first=Patricio |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Maher o ne a bolela gore nngwe ya ditlapele tsa gagwe e tla nna kgang ya go tshwenngwa ga bakwadi e e tlwaelesegileng mo Wikipedia jaaka go supilwe ke lekgotlana la Wikipedia ka Sedimonthole. O boleletse ''Bloomberg Businessweek'' mabapi le kgang ya go tshwenngwa a re: "Go dira gore batho ba akanye gore se ke selo se se tlang pele mo morafeng wa badirisi.&nbsp;... [mme paakanyo eo e tlhoka gore] e tshwanetse go nna go feta go bua fela." <ref name="Bloomberg 2016"/> Maher o ne a nna mokaedi wa khuduthamaga go fitlha ka Moranang 2021. <ref name="axios">{{Cite web |last=Salmon |first=Felix |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia |url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180613/https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2021 |website=Axios}}</ref> Maryana Iskander o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mookamedimogolo yo o tsenang ka Lwetse 2021, mme a tsaya maemo a ka Firikgong 2022. O ne a bolela gore nngwe ya dilo tse a tla remelelang mo go tsone e tla nna go oketsa kabakanyo mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikimedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Lima|first=Cristiano|date=September 14, 2021|title=Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|access-date=September 14, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Iskander o ne a dira go fitlha ka Firikgong 2026, fa Bernadette Meehan a ne a tsaya marapo a go nna Mookamedimogolo. Wikipedia gape e engwe nokeng ke mekgatlho le ditlhopha di le dintsi tse di dirisanang le Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia mme di tsamaisiwa ka bonosi, tse di bidiwang [[Wikimedia Foundation|ditlhopha tse di dirisanang le mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . Tse di akaretsa dikgaolo tsa Wikimedia (tse e leng mekgatlho ya setšhaba kgotsa e e kwa tlase ga ya setšhaba, jaaka Wikimedia Deutschland le Wikimedia Fora), mekgatlho ya ditlhogo (e e tshwanang le Amical Wikimedia ya setšhaba sa puo ya Se-Catalan ), le ditlhopha tsa badirisi. Ditlhopha tse di tsaya karolo mo go rotloetseng, go tlhabololeng, le go thusa Wikipedia ka madi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia chapters |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112001834/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |archive-date=November 12, 2005 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa sofotewere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === Go dira ga Wikipedia go ikaegile ka MediaWiki, e leng sofotewere ya wiki e e itiretsweng, e le ya mahala gape e bulegile se se kwadilweng ka PHP mme se agilwe mo thulaganyong ya polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL . <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |title=Wikimedia Architecture |url=https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sofotewere e e akaretsa ditiriso tsa go dira mananeo a tshwana le puo e kgolo, dilo tse di farologaneng, thulaganyo ya go fetoladithempoleite, le go kaela gape URL . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=MediaWiki Features |url=https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020544/https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=WikiMatrix}}</ref> MediaWiki e na le teseletso ka fa tlase ga Teseletso ya Botlhe ya GNU (GPL) mme e dirisiwa ke mananeo otlhe a Wikimedia, ga mmogo le mananeo a mangwe a mantsi a wiki. <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Project:Copyrights |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061355/https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, Wikipedia e ne e tsamaisiwa mo UseModWiki e e kwadilweng ka Perl ke Clifford Adams (Kgato ya ntlha), e kwa tshimologong e neng e tlhoka CamelCase go dira dikgokagano tsa dikwalo; mofuta wa go dirisa masaka a mabedi se ne sa tsenngwa moragonyana. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=UseMod: UseModWiki |url=https://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017191620/http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-date=October 17, 2000 |website=UseModWiki}}</ref> Go simolola ka Firikgong 2002 (Kgato ya bobedi), Wikipedia e ne ya simolola go dira mo enjeneng ya wiki ya PHP e e nang le polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL; sofotewere e e ne e direlwa Wikipedia ke Magnus Manske . Sofotewere ya Kgato ya bobedi e ne ya fetolwa gangwe le gape go emelana le tlhokego e e neng e oketsega ka lobelo lo logolo . Ka Phukwi 2002 ( Kgato ya boraro ), Wikipedia e ne ya fetogela kwa sofotewereng ya kokomane ya boraro, e leng MediaWiki, e e neng e kwadilwe ke Lee Daniel Crocker . Dikatoloso di le mmalwa tsa MediaWiki di tsentswe go atolosa tiro ya sofotewere ya MediaWiki. Ka Moranang 2005, katoloso ya Lucene <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Snow |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Internal search function returns to service |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731211712/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |title=[Wikitech-l&#93; Lucene search |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033506/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |archive-date=March 30, 2013 |access-date=February 26, 2009 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> e ne ya tsenngwa mo patlong e e diritsweng mo teng ya MediaWiki mme Wikipedia e ne ya fetoga go tswa go MySQL go ya go Lucene go dirisiwa mo patlong. Moragonyana Lucene e ne ya emisediwa ka Patlisiso ya Cirrus e e theilweng mo Patlong ya Elastic . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Extension:CirrusSearch |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230335/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2013, morago ga go dira diteko tse di tseneletseng tsa beta, katoloso ya WYSIWYG (Se o se Bonang ke se o se fiwang), VisualEditor, e ne ya bulwa gore e dirisiwe ke botlhe. <ref name="thenextwebve">{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|title=Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors|access-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="TheEconomistVE">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia|title=Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things|access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref> E ne ya ganwa le go tshwaiwa diphoso thata, mme ya tlhalosiwa e le " bonya gape e na le diphoso". <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew">{{Cite web |last=Orlowski |first=Andrew |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor |archive-date=August 4, 2013 |access-date=August 18, 2013 |website=The Register}}</ref> Karolo e ne ya fetolwa go tswa mo go tlhopheng go tswa go ya kwa go tlhopheng go tsena morago ga moo. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Forrester |first=James |date=April 25, 2013 |title=The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Go kwala mo go itirisang === Mananeo a dibalamakgolo(dikhompiutara) a a bidiwang di-bot gantsi di ile tsa dirisiwa go dira ditiro tse di motlhofo le tse di boelediwang, tse di tshwanang le go baakanya diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng jaaka go peleta le mathata a mefuta ya tiriso, kgotsa go simolola dikwalo tse di tshwanang le go tsenya tsa dintlha tse digeographic ka mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng go tswa mo go wa tshedimosetso ya dipalopalo. <ref name="meetbots">{{Cite news|last=Nasaw|first=Daniel|date=July 24, 2012|title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Halliday|first=Josh|title=Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 26, 2012|access-date=September 5, 2012}}</ref> Mongwe wa bakwadi ba ba neng ba ntsha kganetsano, e bong Sverker Johansson, o ne a tlhama dikwalo ka bot ya gagwe ya Lsjbot, e go neng ga begwa gore e tlhama dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le lesome mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish ka malatsi a a rileng. <ref>{{Cite news|date=July 13, 2014|title=For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|access-date=August 18, 2014}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, go na le di-bot tse di diretsweng go itsise bakwadi ka go itirisa fa ba dira diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa bokwadi (tse di tshwanang le dinopolo tse di sa tsamaelaneng kgotsa masaka a a sa tshwaneng). <ref group="W">{{Cite news|last=Aude|date=March 23, 2009|title=Abuse Filter is enabled|publisher=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> Diphetolo tse di supilweng ka maaka ke di-bot e le tiro ya mokwadi yo o kobilweng di ka busediwa ke bakwadi ba bangwe. Bot e e lwantshanang le go senya e rulaganyeditswe go lemoga le go ntsha tshenyo ka bonako. <ref name="meetbots" /> Di-bot di kgona go supa diphetogo go tswa mo diakhaontong tse di rileng kgotsa mo ditlhopheng tsa diaterese tsa IP, jaaka go diragetse ka nako ya go thuntshiwa ga sefofane sa MH17 ka Phukwi 2014 fa go ne go begwa gore diphetogo di dirilwe ka di-IP tse di laolwang ke puso ya Russia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2014/7/21/mh17-wikipedia-entry-edited-from-russian-government-ip-address |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/https://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944 |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Di-bot mo Wikipedia di tshwanetse go amogelwa pele di tsenngwa mo tirisong. Go ya ka Andrew Lih, go ne go tla nna thata go akanya ka go atolosiwa ga Wikipedia mo go diragalang gompieno go dira dikadikadike tsa dikwalo fa go ne go sa dirisiwe di-bot tse di ntseng jalo. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=The Wikipedia Revolution |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |pages=99–106 |oclc=232977686}}</ref> Ka Mopitlo 2026, moemedi wa AI, Tom, o ne a dira diphetogo mo Wikipedia ka fa tlase ga akhaonto ya TomWikiAssist. Akhaonto e e ne ya thibelwa ka ntlha ya go nna bot e e sa amogelweng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maiberg |first=Emmanuel |date=March 30, 2026 |title=An AI Agent Was Banned From Creating Wikipedia Articles, Then Wrote Angry Blogs About Being Banned |url=https://www.404media.co/an-ai-agent-was-banned-from-creating-wikipedia-articles-then-wrote-angry-blogs-about-being-banned/ |url-access=registration |access-date=April 12, 2026 |website=[[404 Media]]}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa hardwere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === [[File:Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png|alt=Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers.|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lenaneo la thulaganyo go ema ka Phatwe 2022 [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]]] Wikipedia mo bogompienong e dira mo ditlhopheng tse di kgethegileng tsa disefara tsa Linux tse di dirisang tsamaiso ya tiriso ya Debian . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Debian |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084905/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le masome a mabedi, 2013, Wikipedia e ne e fuduseditse lefelo la yone la konokono la tshedimosetso kwa lefelong la Equinix kwa Ashburn, kwa Virginia . <ref group="W" name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|title=It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home|first=Jason|last=Verge|access-date=June 5, 2016|date=January 14, 2013}}</ref> Lefelo la bobedi la tshedimosetso ya tiriso le ne la tlhamiwa ka 2014 kwa Carrollton, Texas, go tokafatsa go ikanyega ga Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data centers - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011353/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |archive-date=July 15, 2018 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Diff}}</ref> Mafelo a a tshedimosetso ka bobedi a dira e le a konokono, mo dipakeng tse di farologaneng, mme e nngwe e dira jaaka ya bobedi ya tshedimosetso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Switch Datacenter - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Switch_Datacenter |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> Ka 2017, Wikipedia e ne ya tsenya setlhopha sa go boloka tshedimosetso mo lefelong la Equinix kwa Singapore, e leng la ntlha la mofuta ono kwa Asia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040933/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2022, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa Marseille, kwa Fora. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2024, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa São Paulo, e leng la ntlha la mofuta o kwa Amerika Borwa. <ref group="W" name="Magru">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The journey to open our first data center in South America |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921054425/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |archive-date=September 21, 2024 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2024, ditlhopha tsa go boloka di-cache di kwa Amsterdam, kwa San Francisco, kwa Singapore, kwa Marseille le kwa São Paulo. <ref name=":13" group="W">{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2013 |title=Wikimedia servers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120023847/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data centers |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Dipatlisiso tsa mo teng le tlhabololo ya tsamaiso === Morago ga palo e e golang ya meneelo(madi) e e tsenang ka 2013 e e fetang dinomoro di le supa, <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Mokgatlho o o fitlheletse selekanyo sa dithoto tse di bonwang di tshwanelega go akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga melaometheo ya itsholelo ya mokgatlho wa madirelo go supa tlhokego ya go beeletsa gape madi/meneelo mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong ya Mokgatlho. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Scherer |first=Frederic M. |author-link=Frederic M. Scherer |date=2009 |title=Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |publisher=Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |ssrn=1496716 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |orig-date=1970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496716 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mananeo a mabedi a dipatlisiso tse di ntseng jalo tsa mo teng le tlhabololo a nnile tlhamo ya Modiri wa Ditshwantsho le thebo ya "Ke a leboga" e e fitlhelwang mo ditsong tsa go kwala, tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go tokafatsa mathata a go lapisega ga mokwadi. <ref name="Simonite-2013" /> <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew"/> Dipalo kakanyetso tsa go beeletsa gape ke mekgatlho ya madirelo mo dipatlisisong tsa mo teng le tlhabololo di ne tsa ithutiwa ke Adam Jaffe, yo o kwadileng gore go ne go tshwanetse go laolwa selekanyo sa 4% go ya go 25% ka ngwaga, ka maranyane a maemo a a kwa godimo se se tlhokang seelo se se kwa godimo sa tshegetso ka go beeletsa gape mo mokgatlhong. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002">{{Cite book |last=Trajtenberg |first=Manuel |year=2002 |title=Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |last2=Jaffe |first2=Adam B. |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-27623-8 |pages=89–153 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ka maemong a 2013 a meneelo ya Wikimedia e kwadilwe jaaka e le didolara di le dikadikadike di le masome a mane ke botlhano, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=David |last2=Walsh |first2=Jay |year=2013 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> selekanyo sa tekanyetso se se badilweng se se akantshitsweng ke Jaffe sa go beeletsa gape mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong se fa gare ga didolara di le 1.8.&nbsp;dimilione le 11.3&nbsp; milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" /> Ka 2019, selekanyo sa meneelo se ne sa begwa ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore ke didikadike tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> go tlhabolola dipalokakanyetso tsa ga Jaffe tsa maemo a a kwa godimo a tshegetso go nna magareng ga dimilione di le $3.08 le 19,2&nbsp;milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" />[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|alt=Wikipedia Library logo|thumb|Sekano sa motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia]] === Dikgatiso tsa dikgang tse di mo teng === Mananeo a le mantsi a Wikimedia a na le dikgatiso tsa dikgang tsa mo teng. Lekwalodikgang la mo inthaneteng la [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] ''la The Signpost'' le ne la tlhongwa ka 2005 ke Michael Snow, motsamaisi wa Wikipedia yo o neng a tla nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya batlhokomedi ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ka 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301224408/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}</ref> Kgatiso e e akaretsa dikgang le ditiragalo go tswa kwa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, le [[Wikimedia Foundation|mananeo a mangwe a Wikipedia]] . === Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ka dinako tse dingwe ba sokola go fitlhelela metswedi e e duelwang e e tlhokegang go tokafatsa dikwalo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=64}}Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia ke motswedi wa bakwadi ba Wikipedia o o nayang phitlhelelo ya mahala ya dikgatiso tse dintsi tsa mo maranyaneng, gore ba kgone go leba le go di nopola fa ba ntse ba kwala mo ensaetlolopedieng . <ref name="orlowitz">{{Cite journal |last=Orlowitz |first=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |url-status=live |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> Bagatisi ba feta masome a marataro ba tlhophile go dirisana mmogo le motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia go tlamela ka phitlhelelo ya didirisiwa tsa bone: fa ICE Publishing e ne ya kopana go dira le bone ka 2020, mmueledi o ne a re "Ka go kgontsha bakwadi ba Wikipedia go fitlhelela diteng tsa rona mahala, re solofela go tsweledisa pele didirisiwa tse morafe o wa batlisisi ba di didirisang- ba kwala le go baakanya dikwalo tsa ditlhogo tsa Civil Engineering tse di balwang ke babadi ba le diketekete kgwedi le kgwedi." <ref name="hall">{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library}}</ref> == Refferences == <references /> == Phitlhelelo ya diteng == === Teseletso ya diteng === Fa lenaneo le le simololwa ka 2001, mafoko otlhe mo Wikipedia a ne a akarediwa ke GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), e leng teseletso ya Copyleft e e letlang go anamisiwa gape, go tlhamiwa ga dibuka tse di tswang mo go yone, le go dirisiwa ga diteng ga kgwebo fa bakwadi ba ntse ba na le tshwanelo ya tiro ya bone. GFDL e diretswe dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere tse di tlang le mananeo asofotewere ya mahala tse di nang le teseletso ka fa tlase ga GPL . Se se dirile gore e nne tshwetso e e bokoa ya bukana ya tshupiso ka kakaretso: ka sekai, GFDL e tlhoka gore dikgatiso gape tsa didirisiwa go tswa mo Wikipedia di tle le moriti o o feletseng ya mokwalo wa GFDL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318014154/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole 2002, go ne ga gololwa teseletso ya Creative Commons ; e ne e diretswe ditiro tsa botlhami ka kakaretso, e seng fela dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere. Lenaneo la Wikipedia le ne la batla go fetogela kwa Creative Commons. <ref name="WPF switch to CC" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vermeir |first=Walter |date=December 1, 2007 |title=Resolution:License update |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903084619/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |access-date=December 4, 2007 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka gore GFDL le Creative Commons di ne di sa tsamaisane, ka Ngwanatseele 2008, morago ga kopo ya lenaneo, Mokgatlho wa Sofotewere ya Mahala (FSF) o ne wa golola mofuta o mosha wa GFDL o o neng o diretswe ka tlhamalalo go letla Wikipedia go naya CC BY-SA teseletso ya diteng tsa yone ka Phatwe 1, 2009 Ka Moranang 2009, Wikipedia le mananeo a yone a dingwe di ne tsa tshwara referantamo ya baagi botlhe, e e neng ya dira tshwetso ya go fetola ka Seetebosigo 2009. <ref name="MW licensing QA" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing update/Questions and Answers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170801/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |archive-date=July 16, 2020 |access-date=February 15, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="MW licensing timeline 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing_update/Timeline |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |archive-date=August 17, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="WP blog license migration" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Jay |date=May 21, 2009 |title=Wikimedia community approves license migration |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113042618/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration/ |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=May 21, 2009 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tshwarwa ga dithoto tsa ditshwantsho (sekai, dithoto tsa dinepe) go a farologana go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo. Dikgatiso tse dingwe tsa puo, jaaka Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, di akaretsa dithoto tsa ditshwantsho tse e seng tsa mahala ka fa tlase ga thuto ya tiriso e e siameng, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Non-free content |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127162916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> fa tse dingwe di tlhophile go se dire jalo, bontlhabongwe jwa lebaka e le ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dithuto tsa tiriso e e siameng mo mafatsheng a bone (sekai, mo molaong wa ditshwanelo tsa botlhami wa Japane ). Dithoto tsa ditshwantsho/bobegadikgang tse di akareditsweng ke diteseletso tsa diteng tsa mahala (sekai, Creative Commons ' CC BY-SA ) di abelanwa go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo ka polokelo ya Wikimedia Commons, e leng lenaneo le le tsamaisiwang ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Commons:Fair use |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061136/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref> Go amogela ga Wikipedia ga melao e e farologaneng ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditshwanelo tsa botlhami mabapi le ditshwantsho go dirile gore bangwe ba lemoge gore go akaretsa ga yone ga dikgang tsa dinepe go saletse kwa morago ga boleng jwa mokwalo wa ensaetlolopedia e. <ref name="NYT photos on WP">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308110221/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|title=Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|access-date=March 9, 2013|archivedate=March 8, 2013}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ga se moabi wa diteseletso tsa diteng mo Wikipedia kgotsa mananeo a a amanang le one mme ke tirelo fela ya go amogela batho ba ba nang le seabe mo Wikipedia le ba ba o nayang diteseletso, e leng maemo a a neng a sirelediwa ka katlego ka 2004 kwa kgotlatshekelo kwa Fora. <ref name="reuters French defamation case">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|access-date=November 2, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="ars tech WP dumb suing case">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Nate |date=May 2, 2008 |title=Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb" |url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806121938/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/05/dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.ars |archive-date=August 6, 2011 |access-date=May 4, 2008 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> === Mefuta ya phitlhelelo === Ka gore diteng tsa Wikipedia di anamisiwa ka fa tlase ga teseletso e e bulegileng, mongwe le mongwe o ka di dirisa gape kgotsa a di anamisa gape ntle le go duedisiwa. Diteng tsa Wikipedia di gatisitswe ka mefuta e le mentsi, mo inthaneteng le kwa ntle ga inthanete, kwa ntle ga webosaete ya Wikipedia. Go na le diketekete tsa " mafelo a a tshwanang " a a gatisang gape diteng go tswa mo Wikipedia; tse pedi tse di tlhageletseng tse gape di akaretsang diteng tse di tswang mo metsweding e mengwe ke Reference.com le Answers.com . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities |url=http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225094122/http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-date=February 25, 2009 |website=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Answers.com |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151141/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[PCMag]]}}</ref> Sekai se sengwe ke Wapedia, e e neng ya simolola go bontsha diteng tsa Wikipedia ka mofuta o o siametseng tiriso ya mogala wa letheka pele ga Wikipedia ka boyone e dira jalo. <ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Dienjini dingwe tsa patlo tsa webo di dirisa diteng tsa Wikipedia ka tsela e e kgethegileng fa di bontsha maduo a patlo: dikai tsa tsone di akaretsa Microsoft Bing ( ka maranyane a a tserweng mo Powerset ) le DuckDuckGo . Dikokoanyo tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di gatisitsee mo disking tsa pono . Mofuta wa Sekgoa o o neng wa gololwa ka 2006 o ne o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le pedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM |url=http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602060411/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |website=Wikipedia On DVD}}</ref> Mofuta wa puo ya Se-Polish go tloga ka 2006 o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane, <ref name="WM polish WP on dvd" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Polish Wikipedia on DVD |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040017/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_(z_Helionem)/en |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> mofuta wa puo ya Sejeremane go tloga ka 2007/2008 o na le dikwalo di feta dikete di le makgolo a le marataro le masome a mabedi, mme mofuta wa puo ya Sepanishe go tloga ka 2011 o na le dikwalo di le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=¿Qué es la CDPedia? |url=http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702023520/http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-date=July 2, 2011 |website=Py Ar |language=es}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, "Wikipedia ya Dikolo", motseletsele wa di-CD / di-DVD tsa Wikipedia tse di dirilweng ke Wikipedia le SOS Children, ke di tlhophilweng mahala go tswa mo Wikipedia e e diretsweng thuto ya bana ba dingwaga di le boferabobedi go ya go di le lesome le bosupa. <ref group="W">{{Cite news|title=2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/2008-09_Wikipedia_for_Schools_goes_online}}</ref> Go nnile le maiteko a go tsenya karolwana e e tlhophilweng ya dikwalo tsa Wikipedia mo sebopegong sa buka e e gatisitsweng. <ref name="WP into books 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia turned into book|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="WP schools selection 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia Selection for Schools |url=https://schools-wikipedia.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804093730/https://schools-wikipedia.org/ |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=July 14, 2012 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Fa e sa le ka 2009, dibuka di le dikete di le masomesome tse di gatisitsweng fa di batliwa tse di thusitseng go dirwa ga dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tsa Sekgoa, Sejeremane, Se-Russia le Sefora di ile tsa gatisiwa ke kompone ya Amerika ya Books LLC le ke dikompone tse tharo tse di potlana tsa kwa Mauritius tsa mogatisi wa Jeremane VDM . Webosaete ya DBpedia, e e simolotsweng ka 2007, e ntsha tshedimosetso mo mabokosong a tshedimosetso le mo dipolelong tsa ditlhopha tsa Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bizer |first=Christian |last2=Lehmann |first2=Jens |last3=Kobilarov |first3=Georgi |last4=Auer |first4=Sören |last5=Becker |first5=Christian |last6=Cyganiak |first6=Richard |last7=Hellmann |first7=Sebastian |date=September 2009 |title=DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data |journal=Journal of Web Semantics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=154–165 |citeseerx=10.1.1.150.4898 |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 |s2cid=16081721}}</ref> Wikimedia e tlhamile lenaneo la Wikidata ka maikaelelo a a tshwanang a go boloka dintlha tsa motheo go tswa mo tsebeng nngwe le nngwe ya Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le go e dira gore e nne teng ka sebopego sa bokao jo bo ka bodiwang, jwa RDF . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Introduction |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Tlhakole 2013, e na le diteng tse di fetang didikadike di le lesome. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Statistics |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Statistics |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> WikiReader ke sediriswa se se kgethegileng se se balelang kwa godimo se se nang le moriti wa Wikipedia o o seng mo inthaneteng, e e neng ya simolodisawa ke OpenMoko mme ya gololwa la ntlha ka 2009. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Moeller |first=Erik |date=October 13, 2009 |title=OpenMoko Launches WikiReader |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/10/13/openmoko-launches-wikireader/ |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tsaya diteng tsotlhe tsa Wikipedia gore di dirisiwe gape go na le dikgwetlho, ka gore go dira ditshwantsho tse di tshwanang ka tlhamalalo ka Web crawler ga go rotloediwe. Wikipedia e gatisa " dithotobolo " tsa diteng tsa yone, mme tse ke tsa mafoko fela; go ema ka 2023 ga go na thotobolo e e leng teng ya ditshwantsho tsa Wikipedia. <ref name="WP image data dumps 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data dumps/What's available for download |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_dumps/What%27s_available_for_download |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Foundation|Kgwebo ya Wikimedia]] ke tharabololo ya go dira dipoelo ka se. Dipuo di le mmalwa tsa Wikipedia le tsone di na le tafole ya dikgang, e mo go yone baithaopi ba arabang dipotso tse di bodiwang ke setšhaba. Go ya ka patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Pnina Shachaf mo ''Journal of Documentation'', boleng jwa tafole ya dikgang ya Wikipedia bo ka bapisiwa le tafole ya dikgang ya motlobo wa dibuka e e tlwaelesegileng, ka bonnete jwa masome a matlhano le botlhano mo lekgolong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shachaf |first=Pnina |date=October 16, 2009 |title=The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library? |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/20329/1/Paradox%20of%20expertise-final.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=977–996 |doi=10.1108/00220410910998951}}</ref> ==== Phitlhelelo ka mogala wa letheka ==== [[File:Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_(2024)_(cropped).png|thumb|Mogala wa letheka o o bontshang Tsebekgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ka Phalane malatsi a le mabedi, 2024]] [[File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_device_type.webp|thumb|Dipono tsa tsebe ya Wikipedia go ya ka lefelo]] Sedirisiwa sa ntlha sa Wikipedia e ne e le gore badirisi ba kgone go bala le go kwaditeng tsa yone ba dirisa sedirisiwa fela sa patlo se se tlwaelesegileng sa webo ka kgolagano e e tlhomameng ya inthanete . Le fa diteng tsa Wikipedia di ntse di fitlhelelwa ka webo ya mogala wa letheka fa e sale ka Phukwi 2013, ''The New York Times'' ka Tlhakole 9, 2014, e ne ya nopola Erik Möller, mothusa mookamedi wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, e bolela gore phetogo ya pharakano ya inthanete go tswa mo dikhompiutareng go ya kwa megaleng ya letheka e ne e le tona e bile e le selo se se bakang matshwenyego. Setlhogo sa ''The New York Times'' se ne sa bega dipalopalo tsa tshwantshanyo tsa diphetogo tse di dirwang ka mogala wa letheka a bolela gore, "Ke palo ya masome a le mabedi mo lekgolong ya babadi ba Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa ba ba balang dikwalo ka megala ya letheka, palo e e kwa tlase thata go na le palo ya pharakano megala ya letheka mo mafelong a mangwe a bobegakgang, a bontsi jwa one a tsamaelang palo ya sephatlo mo lekgolong. Mme go fetogela kwa megaleng ya letheka go ntse bonya le go feta." Ka 2014 ''The New York Times'' e begile gore Möller o abetse "setlhopha sa batlhami ba disofotewere ba le lesome ba ba remelelang mo tirisong ya megala ya letheka", mo palong yotlhe ya babereki ba ka nna makgolo a le mabedi ba ba berekang kwa Mokgatlhong wa Wikimedia. Nngwe ya matshwenyego a matona a a umakilweng ke ''The New York Times'' ka "go tlhabaela" ke gore Wikipedia e rarabolole ka katlego mathata le palo ya bakwadi ba ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng e ba gogelang go kwala le go tlhokomela diteng tsa yone ka mogala wa letheka. <ref name="small screen"/> Ka 2023, babereki ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ba ne ba godile go nna babereki ba ba fetang makgolo a le masupa. <ref name="WF10.23.23">{{Cite web |last=Seitz-Gruwell |first=Lisa |author-link=Lisa Seitz-Gruwell |date=October 23, 2023 |title=7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |archive-date=October 8, 2024 |access-date=December 27, 2023 |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ne ya kgonega go tloga ka 2004, ka Porothokholo ya Wireless Application (WAP), ka tirelo ya Wapedia . <ref name=":16" group="W"/> Ka Seetebosigo 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya simolola en.mobile.wikipedia.org, e leng webosaete ya semmuso ya didirisiwa tse di senang megala. Ka 2009, go ne ga gololwa semmuso tirelo e ntšha ya megala ya letheka, e e mo go en.m.wikipedia.org, e e direlang megala ya letheka e e gatetseng pele thata e tshwana le iPhone, didirisiwa tsa Android, kgotsa didiriswa tsa WebOS . <ref name="WM mobile added 1" group="W">{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2009 |title=Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched |url=https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111101614/http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch/ |archive-date=January 11, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Technical Blog |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mekgwa e mengwe e le mmalwa ya go fitlhelela Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ile ya bonala fa e sa le ka nako eo. Didiriswa le ditiriso di le dintsi di tokafatsa go bontshiwa ga diteng tsa Wikipedia mo megaleng ya letheka, fa tse dingwe gape di akaretsa ditiriso tse dingwe di tshwana le tiriso ya tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia e e tshwanang le tshedimosetso ya lefatshe . <ref name="androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1">{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2011 |title=Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia |url=https://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601092809/http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia/ |archive-date=June 1, 2011 |access-date=May 15, 2011 |website=AndroGeoid}}</ref> <ref name="ilounge iphone gems WP">{{Cite web |last=Hollington |first=Jesse David |date=November 30, 2008 |title=iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps |url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235945/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802/ |archive-date=January 12, 2009 |access-date=July 22, 2008 |website=iLounge}}</ref> App ya Android ya Wikipedia e ne ya gololwa ka Firikgong 2012, e ne ya tsenngwa ke batho ba ba fetang dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano le gape e nae dikakgelo tsa ditshekatsheko tse di siameng, mme ya bona maduo a a fetang bone mo botlhanong mo patlisisong ya badirisi ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi 200 000 ba ba neng ba e tsenya go tswa mo Google. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Finc |first=Tomasz |date=January 26, 2012 |title=Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/01/26/announcing-the-official-wikipedia-android-app/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&hl=en |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Google Play]]}}</ref> Mofuta wa iOS o ne wa gololwa ka Moranang a le boraro, 2013, mme wa nna le tshekatsheko e e tshwanang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238 |access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=[[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> [[Wikipedia Zero (Setswana)|Wikipedia Zero]] e ne e le maiteko a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia a go atolosa phitlhelelo ya ensaetlolopedia e kwa mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa ka go dirisana le badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka go letla phitlhelelo ya mahala. <ref name=":17" group="W" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellis|first=Justin|date=January 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding|url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding|access-date=April 22, 2013|work=Nieman Lab}}</ref> E ne ya emisiwa ka Tlhakole 2018 ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go tsaya karolo ga badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka. <ref name=":17" group="W">{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/ |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Andrew Lih le Andrew Brown ka bobedi ba dumela gore go kwala mo Wikipedia ka megala ya letheka go thata, mme se se kgoba marapo batho ba basha ba ba ka eletsang go tsenya letsogo. <ref name="Lih-2015" /> <ref name="Brown-2015" /> Lih o bolela gore palo ya bakwadi ba Wikipedia e ntse e a fokotsega morago ga dingwaga di le mmalwa, <ref name="Lih-2015" /> mme Tom Simonite wa ''MIT Technology Review'' o bolela gore popego le melao ke yone e e dirang se. Simonite a re bangwe badirisi [[Morafe wa Wikipedia|ba Wikipedia]] ba dirisa melao le dikaelo tsa go laola ba bangwe mme bakwadi bao ba na le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng ya go nna fela ka boitshwaro jo bo ntseng jalo. <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Lih o boletse gore go na le go sa dumalane magareng ga batsayakarolo ba ba leng teng gore se se ka rarabololwa jang. Lih o tshogela bokamoso jwa Wikipedia jwa nako e telele fa Brown ene a tshaba gore mathata a Wikipedia a tla nna a le teng, mme diensaetlolopedia tse di gaisanang le yone ga di kitla ka e ema pele. <ref name="Lih-2015">{{Cite news|last=Lih|first=Andrew|date=June 20, 2015|title=Can Wikipedia Survive?|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Brown-2015">{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Andrew|date=June 25, 2015|title=Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> === Phitlhelelo kwa China === Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia e thibetswe kwa boremelelong jwa China fa e sa le ka Motsheganong 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henochowicz |first=Anne |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504212406/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |archive-date=May 4, 2017 |access-date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[China Digital Times]]}}</ref> Se se ne sa dirwa morago ga gore Wikipedia e simolole go dirisa encryption ya HTTPS, e e neng ya dira gore go bipa dilo dingwe go nne thata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 12, 2015 |title=The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001601/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> == Tlhotlheletso ya yone == === Motswedi o o ikanyegang wa go lwantsha dikgang tse di seng boammaaruri === Ka 2017–18, morago ga go tlhatloga ga dipeo tsa maaka, Facebook le YouTube ka bobedi di ne tsa itsise gore di tla ikaega ka Wikipedia go thusa badirisi ba tsone go sekaseka dipego le go gana dikgang tsa maaka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Taylor |last2=Smith |first2=Jeff |last3=Leavitt |first3=Alex |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111152311/https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Meta Platforms|Meta]]}}</ref> <ref name="Cohen-2018" /> Noam Cohen, fa a kwala mo go ''The Washington Post'' o ne a re, "Go ikaega ga YouTube ka Wikipedia go baakanya seemo go akantsha ka lefelo le lengwe le le tlhokang dikgang tse di boammaaruri, e leng neteweke ya botsalano ya Facebook, e e neng ya itsise ngogola gore Wikipedia e tla thusa badirisi ba yone go tlosa ' dikgang tse di seng boammaaruri '." <ref name="Cohen-2018">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Constine |first=Josh |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/03/facebook-author-info/ |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> === Babadi === Ka Tlhakole 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a botlhano mo lefatsheng lotlhe mo diwebosaeteng tsotlhe, e bolela gore "Ka dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le palo e e ka nnang dikadikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano ya baeng ba ba kgethegileng ka kgwedi,&nbsp;... Wikipedia e latela fela Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft, le Google, e leng yone e tona go di feta tsotlhe e na le &nbsp;baeng ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le 1.2." <ref name="small screen"/> Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a yone a ne a wela kwa tlase go ya kwa maemong a bolesome le boraro lefatshe ka bophara ka Seetebosigo 2020 ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga go tuma ga diwebosaete tsa China tsa go reka dithoto mo inthaneteng. <ref name="Alexa"/> Webosaete e e ne ya boela mo maemong a yone go tloga ka Moranang 2022. <ref name="Alexa" /> Mo godimo ga kgolo ya palo ya dikwalo tsa yone, Wikipedia e kgonne go ipaya mo maemong a go nna webosaete ya metswedi ka kakaretso fa e sa le e tlhongwa ka 2001. Palo ya babadi ba Wikipedia lefatshe ka bophara e fitlheletse didikadike di le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le botlhano kwa bokhutlong jwa 2009. <ref name="365M" group="W">{{Cite web |last=West |first=Stuart |date=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/TED2010%2C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Lenaneo la Inthanete Pew le Botshelo jwa Amerika le ne ya fitlhela gore bongwetharo jwa badirisi ba Inthanete ba kwa United States ba ne ba etela Wikipedia. Ka 2011, ''Business Insider'' e ne ya fa Wikipedia tlhwatlhwa ya didikadike tsa didolara di le nne fa e ne e letlelela di-ipapatso. <ref>{{Cite web |last=SAI |date=October 7, 2011 |title=The World's Most Valuable Startups |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100#7-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Go ya ka "Patlisiso ya Babadi ba Wikipedia ya 2011", palogare ya dingwaga tsa babadi ba Wikipedia masome a mararo le borataro , ka tekatekano e e ka nnang teng fa gare ga bong. Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa babadi ba Wikipedia ba etela lefelo le makgetho a a fetang botlhano ka kgwedi, mme palo e e tshwanang ya babadi ba batla Wikipedia ka tlhamalalo mo maduong a bone mo dienjeneng tsa tshenko. Mo e ka nnang palo ya masome a le mane le bosupa mo lekgolong (47%) ya babadi ba Wikipedia ga ba lemoge gore Wikipedia ke mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2012 |title=Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209125719/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=April 16, 2014 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> Go ema ka Tlhakole 2023, Wikipedia e ngoka didirisiwa tse di kgethegileng di le didikadike di le pedi kgwedi le kgwedi, mme Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela&nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le lesome kgwedi le kgwedi. <ref name="Wikimedia_Stats" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711051858/https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ==== Bolwetsi jwa Covid-19 ==== Ka nako ya [[Bolwetse jwa Mogare wa Khorona 2019|bolwetsi jwa lefatshe lotlhe jwa Covid-19]], go bega ga leroborobo le ga Wikipedia le ntwa kgatlhanong le tshedimosetso e e seng boammaaruri go ne ga elwa tlhoko ke babegadikgang ba ditšhabatšhaba, mme ga tlisa koketsego ya babadi ba Wikipedia ka kakaretso. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Dodds|first=Laurence|date=April 3, 2020|title=Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|access-date=February 3, 2023|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Noam Cohen o ne a kwala mo ''Wired'' gore maiteko a Wikipedia a go lwantsha tshedimosetso e e seng nnete e e amanang le leroborobo le a ne a farologana le a diwebosaete tse dingwe tse ditona, a re, "Ntle le fa Twitter, Facebook le tse dingwe di ka ithuta go rarabolola tshedimosetso e e semg boammaaruri ka tsela e e botoka thata, Wikipedia e tla nna lefelo la bofelo le le gaisang mo Inthaneteng." <ref name="Cohen-2020" /> Ka Phalane 2020, [[World Health Organisation|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Botsogo]] o wa dira kitsiso ya gore o ntsha ka kgololesego teseletso ya ditshwantsho tsa ithunthuntso tsa one le dilo tse dingwe go dirisiwa mo mananeong a Wikimedia. <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 22, 2020|title=Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> Go ne go na le dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tse di amanang le COVID-19 di ka nna dikete di le bosupa mo diWikipedia go ralala DiWikipedia tse di lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi tse di farologaneng, go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2021. <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit &#x5B; tlhabolola &#x5D;]</sup> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenton |first=Amanda |last2=Humborg |first2=Christian |date=November 29, 2021 |title=Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKentonHumborg2021">Kenton, Amanda; Humborg, Christian (November 29, 2021). [https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ "Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better"]. ''[[TechCrunch]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ Archived] from the original on May 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Learning to trust the internet again |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWales2021">Wales, Jimmy (August 26, 2021). [https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again "Learning to trust the internet again"]. ''[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again Archived] from the original on August 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Bokao jwa Tlhotlheletso === [[File:Wikipedia_Monument_2.JPG|thumb|''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' kwa Słubice, kwa Poland, se se dirilweng ke Mihran Hakobyan (2014)]] Diteng tsa Wikipedia gape di ile tsa dirisiwa mo dithutong, mo dibukeng, mo diphuthegong, le mo dikgetsing tsa kgotlatshekelo. <ref name="ssrn.com Wikipedian Justice 1">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Raghav |date=February 19, 2009 |title=Wikipedian Justice |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1346311 |s2cid=233749371 |ssrn=1346311}}</ref> Webosaete ya Palamente ya Canada e bua ka lekwalo la Wikipedia le le buang ka lenyalo la batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang mo karolong ya " dikgokagano tse di amanang le se" mo lenaneong la yone la "dipadi tse dingwe" tsa ''Molao wa Lenyalo la Semmuso'' . <ref name="parl.gc.ca same-sex marriage">{{Cite web |title=An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/en/bill/38-1/C-38?view=about |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=LEGISinfo |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]]}}</ref> Dipolelo tsa ensaetlolopedia e di ntse di dirisiwa thata jaaka motswedi ke mekgatlho e tshwana le dikgotlatshekelo tsa puso ya United States le Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Dithoto Tsa Botlhale jwa tlhaloganyo —le mororo bogolo jang e le go tshegetsa tshedimosetso fela go na le gore tshedimosetso e e dirisiwe go tsaya tshwetso mo kgetsing. Diteng tse di tlhagelelang mo Wikipedia le tsone di ile tsa umakiwa jaaka motswedi le go umakiwa mo dipegong dingwe tsa Mokgatlho wa go tsaya ditlholwa wa United States . Ka Sedimonthole 2008, lekwalodikgang la maranyane ''la RNA Biology'' le ne la simolola karolo e ntšha ya go tlhalosa malapa a dimolekhule tsa RNA mme le tlhoka gore bakwadi ba ba neng ba na le seabe mo karolong e le bone ba romele lekwalo le le kwadilweng ka lelapa la RNA gore se gatisiwe mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia gape e dirisitswe jaaka motswedi mo bobegadikgannyeng, <ref name="ajr.org WP in the newsroom">{{Cite news|last1=Shaw|first1=Donna|date=February–March 2008|title=Wikipedia in the Newsroom|url=https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|access-date=February 11, 2008}}</ref> gantsi kwantle ga go tlhalosiwa, mme babegadikgang ba le mmalwa ba ile ba kobiwa mo ditirong ka ntlha ya go utswa diteng mo Wikipedia . <ref name="shizuoka plagiarized WP 1">{{Cite news|title=Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article|date=July 5, 2007|url=https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Richter|first1=Bob|date=January 9, 2007|title=Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered|url=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html}}</ref> <ref name="starbulletin.com Inquiry prompts dismissal">{{Cite web |last=Bridgewater |first=Frank |title=Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal |url=https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128202726/https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html |archive-date=January 28, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=July 29, 2014 |title=Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818021218/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Intelligencer |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> Ka 2006, bukana ya ''Time'' e ne ya lemoga go nna le seabe ga Wikipedia (mmogo le YouTube, Reddit, MySpace, le Facebook) mo kgolong e e bonako ya tirisanommogo mo inthaneteng le dipuisano tsa didikadike tsa batho lefatshe ka bophara. Ka Lwetse 16, 2007, ''The Washington Post'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e le selo se se botlhokwa thata mo letsholong la ditlhopho la 2008 kwa United States, e bua e re: "Go kwala leina la ntlhopheng mo Google, mme magareng ga maduo a ntlha go na le tsebe ya Wikipedia, go dira gore se se nne botlhokwa fela jaaka ipapatso epe fela e e tlhalosang ntlhopheng. Go setse go kwalwa le baakangwa dikwalo ka bontlhopheng ba maemo a botautona go ngangisanwa ka tsone makgetho a le mantsi letsatsi le letsatsi." <ref name="WP.com WP election usage">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2007|title=On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Lekwlo la Reuters la Phalane 2007, la setlhogo sa "Tsebe ya Wikipedia letshwao la bosheng la maemo", le ne la bega gore mo bosheng go nna le lekwalo la Wikipedia le le buang ka wena go netefatsa go itsege ga motho. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ablan|first=Jennifer|date=October 22, 2007|title=Wikipedia page the latest status symbol|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2232893820071022?sp=true|access-date=October 24, 2007}}</ref> Lengwe la makgetho a ntlha a Wikipedia e neng ya nna le seabe mo kgannyeng ya puso e ne e le ka Lwetse 28, 2007, fa Mopolotiki wa Moitaly e bong Franco Grillini a ne a botsa tona wa metswedi le ditiro tsa setso ka ga tlhokego ya kgololesego ya go bona dilo tsotlhe . O boletse gore go tlhoka kgololesego e e ntseng jalo go ne ga pateletsa Wikipedia, "webosaete ya bosupa e e batliwang thata", go thibela ditshwantsho tsotlhe tsa dikago le botaki jwa segompieno jwa Italy, mme a bolela gore se se senya thata lotseno lwa bajanala. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grillini |first=Franco |author-link=Franco Grillini |date=March 30, 2009 |title=Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright |trans-title=Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law |url=https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330141810/https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |archive-date=March 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |language=it}}</ref> [[File:Wikipedia,_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm|thumbtime=00:36.00|thumb|Wikipedia, matseno – Seetsele sa Erasmus sa 2015]] [[File:Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales o amogela seetsele sa 2008 sa Quadriga sa ''Letsholo la Tshedimosetso'' mo boemong jwa Wikipedia.]] Setlhopha sa tiro se se neng se eteletswe pele ke Peter Stone ( se se neng se tlhamilwe jaaka karolo ya lenaneo kwa Stanford la Thutopatlisiso ya Dingwaga di le Lekgolo ka Botlhale jwa Maitirelo ) mo pegong ya sone se ne sa bitsa Wikipedia "sekai se se itsegeng thata sa go batla batho ba le bantsi .{{nbsp}}... se se fetang thata metswedi ya tshedimosetso e e kokoantsweng ka fa go tlwaelesegileng ka teng, e tshwana le diensaetlolopedia le dithanolo, ka selekanyo le boteng". <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |date=September 2016 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030 |url=https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208003001/https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=September 3, 2016 |website=One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Mo setlhogong sa kakanyo sa 2017 sa ''Wired'', Hossein Derakhshan o tlhalosa Wikipedia jaaka " nngwe ya dipilara tsa bofelo tse di setseng tsa webo e e bulegileng le e e sa tlhomamang " mme a bapisa go nna teng ga yone jaaka motswedi wa kitso e e theilweng mo dikwalong le ditirelo tsa dikgang le tsa neteweke ya botsalano, mme tsone di dirisiwa thata jaaka thelebishene. Mo go Derakhshan, maikaelelo a Wikipedia jaaka ensaetlolopedia a emela ngwao ya Motlha wa Tshedimoso wa go dirisa tlhaloganyo go fenya maikutlo, selo se a se tsayang se le "mo kotsing" ka ntlha ya "go fetoga ka iketlo go tswa mo setsong sa go kwala go ya kwa go sa go tsaya dinepe, se se rayang go fetoga go tswa mo tirisong ya tlhaloganyo go ya kwa maikutlong, go tsamaelana le bodiragatsi". Go na le " {{Lang|la|[[sapere aude]]}} " ( {{literal translation|dare to know|lk=on}} go batla go itse), dineteweke tsa botsalano di dirile gore go nne le setso sa "go se go nne le sebete sa go batla go itse". Se se diragala gape fa Wikipedia e lebagane le "bothata jo bo tshwenyang thata" go feta go tlamelwa ka madi, e leng "seelo se se fokotsegang sa kgolo ya palo ya ba ba tsenyang letsogo mo webosaeteng". Ka ntlha ya mo, kgwetlho ya Wikipedia le ba ba e dirisang ke go "boloka Wikipedia le tsholofetso ya yone ya kokoanyo ya mahala le e e bulegileng ya kitso yotlhe ya batho mo gare ga phenyo ya thelebishene e ntšha le ya bogologolo—kafa go ka kokoanngwang le go bolokwa kitso ka teng fa go sena ope yo o kgathalang ka go itse." <ref>{{Cite news|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|author-link=Hossein Derakhshan|date=October 19, 2017|title=How Social Media Endangers Knowledge|url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|department=Business|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|publisher=Condé Nast|issn=1059-1028|access-date=October 22, 2018}}</ref> ==== Dietsele ==== [[File:Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG|thumb|Setlhopha sa Wikipedia se etetse Palamente ya Asturias]] [[File:Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg|thumb|Kopano ya badirisi ba Wikipedia morago ga moletlo wa kabo dietsele wa Asturias wa 2015]] Wikipedia e fentse dietsele di le dintsi, e amogetse dietsele tsa yone tsa ntlha tse pedi tse di tona ka Motsheganong 2004. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Trophy shelf |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_shelf |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> Sa ntlha e ne e le Nica ya Gauta ya Merafe ya Dijithale ya kgaisano ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Prix Ars Electronica ; se se ne sa tla ka thuso ya madi a a kana ka €10 000 (£6 588; $12 700) le taletso ya go diragatsa go ipolela kwa Moletlong wa PAE Cyberarts kwa Austria moragonyana mo ngwageng oo. Sa bobedi e ne e le Sekgele sa Webby sa Baatlhodi sa setlhogo sa "morafe". <ref name="webbyawards WP awards 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php|title=Webby Awards 2004|publisher=The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences|year=2004}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya amogela seetsele sa Quadriga sa ''Letsholo la Tshedimosetso'' sa lephata la Jeremane mmogo le Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling, le Peter Gabriel . Seetsele se se ne sa abelwa Wales ke David Weinberger . <ref name="loomarea.com WP award 1">{{Cite web |title=Die Quadriga – Award 2008 |url=https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915140714/https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |archive-date=September 15, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Ka 2015, Wikipedia e ne ya abelwa gotlhe Seetsele sa ngwaga le ngwaga sa Erasmus,se se akgolang ditshwaelo tse di kgethegileng mo setsong, mo setšhabeng kgotsa mo dithutong tsa batho, <ref name="EP2015">{{Cite web |title=Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum |url=https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115214241/https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs |archive-date=January 15, 2015 |access-date=January 15, 2015 |website=Praemium Erasmianum Foundation}}</ref> le Seetsele sa Kgosigadi ya Asturias sa Tirisanommogo ya Boditšhabatšhaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015 |trans-title=Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015 |url=https://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2015-wikipedia.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2015&especifica=0 |access-date=June 17, 2015 |website=Fundación Princesa de Asturias |language=es}}</ref> Fa a bua kwa Palamenteng ya Asturia kwa Oviedo, toropo e e tshwarang moletlo wa dietsele, Jimmy Wales o ne a akgola tiro ya badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Asturia . <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 22, 2015|title=Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano|language=es|newspaper=La Nueva España|url=https://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2015/10/22/fundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano/1830529.html|access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> ==== Metlae ==== Rrametlae Stephen Colbert o tshwantshitse kgotsa o umakile Wikipedia mo dikarolong di le mmalwa mo pontshong ya gagwe ya ''The Colbert Report'' mme a tlhama lefoko le le amanang le lone la ''wikiality'', le le rayang gore "mmogo re ka tlhama boammaaruri jo rotlhe re dumalanang ka jone—boammaaruri jo re sa tswang go dumalana ka jone". Sekai se sengwe se ka bonwa mo go "Wikipedia e Keteka Dingwaga di le makgolo a le masupa le masome a le matlhano tsa Boipuso jwa Amerika", lekwalo la tsebe ya ntlha ya Phukwi 2006 mo ''The Onion'', <ref name="onion WP 750 years 1">{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2006 |title=Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325234026/http://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |archive-date=March 25, 2010 |access-date=October 15, 2006 |website=[[The Onion]]}}</ref> mmogo le lekwalo mo ''The Onion la'' 2010 la "Molao wa LA' Tsebe ya Wikipedia e Lebilweng Makgetho a le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le bosupa le bone Gompieno". <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2010 |title='L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405113731/http://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |archive-date=April 5, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[The Onion]]}}</ref> Mo tiragalong ya metlae ya thelebišene ya Amerika ya Moranang 2007 ya ''The Office'', motsamaisi wa ofisi ( Michael Scott ) o bontshiwa a ikaegile ka lekwalo la kakanyetso laWikipedia go bona tshedimosetso ka maano a dipuisano go mo thusa go buisana ka tuelo e e kwa tlase ya mmereki. Babogedi ba lenaneo le ba ne ba leka go oketsa go umakiwa ga tsebe e mo tiragalong e jaaka karolo ya setlhogo sa mmatota sa Wikipedia se se buang ka dipuisano, mme maiteko a a ne a thibelwa ke badirisi ba bangwe mo tsebeng ya puisano ya setlhogo se. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Jesdanun|first=Anick|date=April 12, 2007|title='Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm|access-date=December 12, 2014}}</ref> " My Number One Doctor ", e leng karolo ya 2007 ya lenaneo la thelebišene ''la Scrubs'', e ne e tshameka ka kgopolo ya gore Wikipedia ke sedirisiwa se se sa ikanyegeng sa motswedi, go na le tiragalo e mo go yone Perry Cox a tsibogelang molwetse mongwe yo o reng lekwalo la Wikipedia le mmontsha gore go ja dijo tse di sa butswang go busetsa morago ditlamorago tsa kankere ya marapo mme a tlatsa gore mokwadi wa lekwalo leo ke yo o kwadileng la Kaedi ya dipontsho tsa lenaneo la Battlestar Galactica gape. Ka 2008, webosaete ya metlae ''ya CollegeHumor'' e ne ya tlhagisa motshameko wa ditshwantsho o o bidiwang "Morutuntshi Wikipedia", se mo go sone Morutuntshi Wikipedia wa maitirelo a laelang baithuti ka motswako wa dipolelo tse di sa netefadiweng le tse di sa utlwaleng sentle fale le fale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frucci |first=Adam |date=September 16, 2008 |title=If Wikipedia Was a Professor, College Would Be Awesome [Citation Needed] |url=https://gizmodo.com/if-wikipedia-was-a-professor-college-would-be-awesome-5050507 |access-date=May 28, 2026 |website=Gizmodo}}</ref> Motshameko wa metlae ''wa ga Dilbert'' wa Motsheganong a le boferabobedi, 2009, o bontsha moanelwa yo o tshegetsang polelo e e sa kgonegeng ka go re, "Mphe metsotso e le lesome mme o bo o tlhola Wikipedia." Ka Phukwi 2009, BBC Radio 4 e ne ya gasa motseletsele wa metlae e e bidiwang ''Bigipedia'', e e neng e beilwe mo webosaeteng e e neng e le setshwantsho sa Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolf |first=Ian |date=June 4, 2010 |title=Bigipedia given second series |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWolf2010">Wolf, Ian (June 4, 2010). [https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/ "Bigipedia given second series"]. ''[[British Comedy Guide]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Mengwe ya metshameko e e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ka tlhamalalo ke Wikipedia le dikwalo tsa yone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen |url=https://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731150008/http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview |archive-date=July 31, 2009 |access-date=July 31, 2009 |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]}}</ref> Ka Phatwe 23, 2013, webosaete ya ''New Yorker'' e ne ya gatisa dipopae tse di nang le mafoko a : "Hee, Manning, a o akanyeditse ntwa ya maemedi e se se tsileng go e simolola mo tsebeng ya gago ya Wikipedia?" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flake |first=Emily |author-link=Emily Flake |date=August 23, 2013 |title=Manning/Wikipedia cartoon |url=https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012052730/https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2014 |access-date=August 26, 2013 |website=Conde Nast Collection}}</ref> Dipopae tse di ne di bua ka Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (yo o tshotsweng e le Bradley Edward Manning), molweladitshwanelo wa Moamerika, mopolotiki, le lesole la nako e e fetileng la Sesole sa United States yo o neng a sa tswa go tswa e le mosadi yo o fetogileng bong . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2013 |title='I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement |url=http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2024, ''Nature'' e ne ya gatisa tsebe ya puisano ya Wikipedia e e itlhametsweng ka fa tlase ga setlhogo se se reng "Fankase e e jang polasetiki e bakile letsatsi la katlholo" ka Emma Burnett. Tsebe e ya puisano e ne e amana le setlhogo se se itlhametsweng se se tlhalosang ditlamorago tse di sa ikaelelwang tsa go gololwa ga fankase e e jang polasetiki go phepafatsa mahura a a tsholotsweng. Lekwalo le le ne le na le ditlhogo tsa tsebe ya puisano tse di fitlhelwang mo Wikipedia, jaaka dipuisano tsa diphetogo mo tshekatshekong ya lekwalo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burnett |first=Emma |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday[2] [3] |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01723-z |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=38867010 |access-date=May 28, 2026 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Kgatiso === [[File:WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG|right|thumb|Setlhopha sa Badiri ba Wikimedia ba kgaolo ya Wikimedia DC kwa phuthegong ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Wikimedia ya DC ya 2013 ba eme fa pele ga ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' ''(kwa morago ka fa molemeng)'' kwa Bobolokelong jwa setšhaba jwa Amerika]] Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo tsa Wikipedia tse di bonalang thata e nnile loso lwa diensaetlolopedia tsa kgwebo, segolobogolo diphetolelo tse di gatisitsweng jaaka ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', tse di neng di sa kgone go gaisana le tse dingwe tsa mahala. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosman |first=Julie |date=March 13, 2012 |title=After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses |url=https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com//2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103001340/https://archive.nytimes.com/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/ |archive-date=January 3, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2012 |title=Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia [Infographic] |url=https://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629152825/http://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=GizmoCrazed}}</ref> <ref name="FT effect on traditional media">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Christopher Caldwell (journalist)}}</ref> Padi ya ga Nicholas Carr ya 2005 ya "The amorality of Web 2.0 " e kgala diwebosaete tse di nang le diteng tse di tlhamilweng ke badirisi (jaaka Wikipedia) ka ntlha ya go dira gore batlhagisi ba diteng ba baitseanape (le, go ya ka pono ya gagwe, ba ba kwa godimo) ba tswe mo kgwebong, ka gonne "mahala a feta boleng ka dinako tsotlhe". Carr o ne a kwala gore "Se se tlhagelelang mo diponong tse di itumedisang tsa Web 2.0 ke taolo ya batho ba ba senang maitemogelo thata. Nna ga ke kgone go akanya ka sepe se se tshosang go feta se." <ref name="RType WP traditional media effect 1">{{Cite web |last=Carr |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas G. Carr |date=October 3, 2005 |title=The amorality of Web 2.0 |url=https://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804031256/https://www.roughtype.com/?p=110 |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2006 |website=Rough Type}}</ref> Ba bangwe ba ganetsa mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, kana maiteko a a tshwanang le yone, a tla tlosa dikgatiso tse di tlwaelesegileng gotlhe gotlhe. Chris Anderson, yo e kileng ya bo e le morulaganyi-mogolo wa ''Wired'', o ne a kwala mo go ''Nature'' gore mokgwa wa Wikipedia wa " botlhale jwa matshwititswiti " ga o kitla o tsaya maemo a dibukana tse di kwa godimo tsa Maranyane tse di nang le dithulaganyo tse di gagametseng tsa go sekasekwa . Tlhotlheletso ya Wikipedia mo kgwebong ya go gatisa dibuka tsa matshelo a batho e nnile selo se se tshwenyang bangwe. Molatedi wa tshedimosetso ya go gatisa dibuka Nielsen BookScan o boletse ka 2013 gore thekiso ya dibuka tsa matshelo a batho e ne ya wela tlase "ka mashetla tota". <ref name="Flood-2013" /> Kathryn Hughes, motlhatlheledi wa go kwala botshelo kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa East Anglia le mokwadi wa dibuka tse pedi tsa botshelo jwa motho o ne a kwala jaana, "Se se tshwenyang ke gore, fa o ka kgona go bona tshedimosetso eo yotlhe go tswa mo Wikipedia, go setse eng sa botshelo jwa motho?" <ref name="Flood-2013">{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=February 7, 2013|title=Alison Flood: ''Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?''|journal=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/feb/07/traditional-biography-shakespeare-breakfast|access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> === Tiriso mo patlisisong === Wikipedia e dirisitswe thata jaaka khophase ya patlisiso ya dipuo mo thutapuong ya dikhompiutara, go batla tshedimosetso le go dirisa puo ya tlholego . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Matthew |date=November 23, 2017 |title=Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing |url=https://www.kdnuggets.com/building-a-wikipedia-text-corpus-for-natural-language-processing.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528034621/https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/11/building-wikipedia-text-corpus-nlp.html |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=KDnuggets}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindemann |first=Luke |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Wikipedia Corpus |url=https://lukelindemann.com/wiki_corpus.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=lukelindemann.com}}</ref> Segolobogolo, gantsi e dira jaaka motheo wa kitso o o ikaeletseng bothata jwa go golaganya dilo, jo morago ga moo bo bidiwang "wikification", le bothata jo bo amanang le jone jwa go tlhalosa bokao jwa mafoko . Mekgwa e e tshwanang le wikification e ka dirisiwa gape go batla dikgokagano tse di "tlhaelang" mo Wikipedia. Ka 2015, babatlisisi ba Fora e bong José Lages wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Franche-Comté kwa Besançon le Dima Shepelyansky wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Paul Sabatier kwa Toulouse ba ne ba gatisa maemo a dikolo tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro tsa lefatshe lotlhe go ya ka dinopolo tsa barutegi tsa Wikipedia. <ref name="mitmining">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[MIT Technology Review]]|date=December 7, 2015|archivedate=February 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201174817/https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/}}</ref> <ref name="harvardisonlymarmow">{{Cite news|title=Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/two-universities-beat-harvard-in-this-surprising-school-ranking-2015-12-09|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[MarketWatch]]|date=December 10, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/wikipedia-ranking-world-universities-top-100|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[Times Higher Education]]|date=December 15, 2015}}</ref> Ba dirisitse PageRank, CheiRank le dithulaganyo tse di tshwanang " di latelwa ke palo ya go tlhagelela mo dikgatisong di le masome a mabedi le bone tsa dipuo tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia (tatelano e e fologang) le lekgolo la dingwaga le di tlhomilweng mo go lone (tatelano e e tlhatlogang)". <ref name="wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lages, J. |last2=Patt, A. |last3=Shepelyansky, D. |year=2016 |title=Wikipedia ranking of world universities |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=89 |page=69 |arxiv=1511.09021 |bibcode=2016EPJB...89...69L |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 |s2cid=1965378}}</ref> Patlisiso e e ne ya tlhabololwa ka 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coquidé, C. |last2=Lages, J. |last3=Shepelyansky, D.L. |year=2019 |title=World influence and interactions of universities from Wikipedia networks. |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=92 |page=3 |arxiv=1809.00332 |bibcode=2019EPJB...92....3C |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 |s2cid=52154548}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole 2015, John Julius Norwich o boletse, mo lekwalong le le gatisitsweng mo pampiring ya dikgang ya ''The Times'', gore jaaka rraditso o ne a dirisa Wikipedia "makgetho a ka nna lesome le bobedi ka letsatsi", mme "ga ise e mo lapise". O ne a e tlhalosa e le "motswedi o o mosola jaaka ope fela o o leng teng", o o nang le mefuta e e anameng mo e leng gore ga go kgonege go bona motho, lefelo, kgotsa selo se e se tlogetseng go sa buiwa ka sone le gore o ne a ka se ka a kwala dibuka tsa gagwe tse pedi tsa bofelo kwa ntle ga yone. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2015 |title=All hail Wikipedia |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/all-hail-wikipedia-l6t9cnhkl5m |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=The Times}}</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya MIT ya 2017 e supa gore mafoko a a dirisiwang mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia a feleletsa a le mo dikgatisong tsa maranyane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Neil |last2=Hanley |first2=Douglas |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial |journal=MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505 |s2cid=30918097 |ssrn=3039505 |via=[[SSRN]]}}</ref> Dithuto tse di amanang le Wikipedia di ntse di dirisa go ithuta ka motšhini le botlhale jwa maitirelo <ref name="NYT-20230718">{{Cite news|last=Gertner|first=Jon|title=Wikipedia's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255|date=July 18, 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref> go tshegetsa ditiro tse di farologaneng. Nngwe ya dikarolo tse di botlhokwa thata ke go lemoga ka go itirisa ga go senngwa ga dikwalo le go sekaseka boleng jwa tshedimosetso mo Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asthana |first=Sumit |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron |author-link2=Aaron Halfaker |date=November 2018 |editor-last=Lampe |editor-first=Cliff |title=With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |location=New York City |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |volume=2 |issue=CSCW |at=21 |doi=10.1145/3274290 |issn=2573-0142 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petroni |first=Fabio |last2=Broscheit |first2=Samuel |last3=Piktus |first3=Aleksandra |last4=Lewis |first4=Patrick |last5=Izacard |first5=Gautier |last6=Hosseini |first6=Lucas |last7=Dwivedi-Yu |first7=Jane |last8=Lomeli |first8=Maria |last9=Schick |first9=Timo |last10=Bevilacqua |first10=Michele |last11=Mazaré |first11=Pierre-Emmanuel |last12=Joulin |first12=Armand |last13=Grave |first13=Edouard |last14=Riedel |first14=Sebastian |date=2023 |title=Improving Wikipedia verifiability with AI |journal=[[Nature Machine Intelligence]] |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1142–1148 |arxiv=2207.06220 |doi=10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Mananeo a a tsamaelanang == Diensaetlolopedia di le mmalwa tse di dirisanang tsa bobegakgang tse di akaretsang diphetolo tse di kwadilweng ke setšhaba di ne di le teng bogologolo pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa. Ya ntlha ya tsone e ne e le Lenaneo la BBC Domesday la 1986, le le neng le akaretsa mokwalo (o o tsentsweng mo dikhomphuteng tsa BBC Micro ) le dinepe go tswa mo bathong ba ba neng ba tsaa karolo ba feta sedikadike kwa UK, mme e ne e akaretsa thuto ka lefelo, botaki le ngwao ya UK. E ne e le ensaetlolopedia ya ntlha ya bobegakgang e e dipego (mme gape e ne e le yone ya ntlha e e tona ya bobegakgang e e golagantsweng ka dikgolagano tsa mo teng), ka bontsi jwa dikwalo di fitlhelelwa ka moalo wa UK. Setshwantsho sa bodirisi le karolo ya diteng tsa Lenaneo la Domesday di ne tsa dirwa mo webosaeteng go fitlha ka 2008 . Diensaetlolopedia di le mmalwa tse di nang le diteng tse di gololesegileng, tse di dirisanang mmogo di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka nako e le nngwe le Wikipedia (sekai , Everything2 ), mme moragonyana di le dintsi di ne tsa kopanngwa mo lenaneong le(sekai, GNE ). <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=The Free Encyclopedia Project |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916022442/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |archive-date=September 16, 2025 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System}}</ref> Nngwe ya diensaetlolopedia tsa bogologolo tsa mo inthaneteng tse di atlegileng thata tse di neng di akaretsa dikwalo tsa batho e ne e le h2g2, e e neng ya tlhamiwa ke Douglas Adams ka 1999 . Ensaetlolopedia ya h2g2 e ne e sa gagamala thata, e remeletse mo dikwalong tse di nang le metlae mme gape di ruta. Diwebosaete tsa kitso ya tirisanommogo tse di neng tsa latela di tlhotlheleditswe ke Wikipedia. Tse dingwe di dirisa tshekatsheko e e tlwaelesegileng ya balekane, di tshwana le ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Botshelo'' le diensaetlolopedia tsa mo inthaneteng tsa wiki ''tsa Scholarpedia'' le Citizendium . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Life |url=http://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/eol |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[National Museum of Natural History]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia |url=http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222104006/http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79 |archive-date=February 22, 2012 |website=Society of Applied Neuroscience}}</ref> Ya bofelo e simolotswe ke Sanger ka maiteko a go tlhama mofuta o mongwe o o ikanyegang wa Wikipedia. <ref name="JayLyman">{{Cite news|first=Jay|last=Lyman|url=https://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html|title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site|publisher=LinuxInsider|date=September 20, 2006|access-date=June 27, 2007|archivedate=September 28, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002933/http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html}}</ref> r1o8snli99psh6ibdallyzkr3095fa2 0 3467 54140 31757 2026-08-15T16:49:13Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54140 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Selekanyo sa Boimana ''' mo go alafiweng ga go sa tshola ke selekanyo se se atlegileng sa boimana. Ke bontlha bongwe mo lekgolong jwa tekeletso e e bakang boimana,ditekeletso tse ka kakaretso go raya fa motho a tsena mo kgweding fa go tsengwa kgotsa go dirisiwa sengwe se e seng sa tlholego , se se ka nnang motlhofo go tsengwa ga sengwe se eseng sa tlholego (AI) kgotsa tsotlhe ka kakaretso mo vitro fertilization. ==Tlhaloso== Ga go na tlhaloso e e letlelelwang lefatshe ka bophara ya lefoko le. Ka go rialo mo selekanyong sa boimana jwa IVF go itebagantswe le kalafi ya sedika e e dirisiwang, didika tse di tsamaileng mo lenaneong la oocyte retrieval, kgotsa didika tse ngwana a fetlotsweng di ne tsa dirwa. Mo diteng moragang, "boimana" ba ka raya bimana jwa boammaruri , bosupi jwa boimana ka"ngwana" kgotsa go ipaya ga ngwana mo popelong ya ga mmagwe (ka go rialo go papamadiwa ka go re ''selekanyo sa go ipaya ga ngwana mo popelong ya ga mmagwe'' ). Fa go tswelelwa, selekanyo sa boimana se ka rotloediwa mo IVF ka go fetlola bana ba le bantsi mo go ka bakang tsholo ya bana ba le bantsi. Tlhaloso e e tsepameng mo IVF e ka raya selekanyo sa boimana bo le bongwe se se kayang gore matshelo a a ka tsholwang fa go tshwantshangwa le didika tsa IVF. ==Dintlha tsa bofelo tse di tshwanang== Mo ntlheng e nngwe, selekanyo sa katlego se akaretsa kgotsa go nna teng ga losea le le tshelang(jaaka go ka twe ''selekanyo sa katlego'' kgotsa ''tsholo ya masea a a tshelang'' ka go latelelana). ===Selekanyo sa tsholo ya masea a a tshelang=== Selekanyo sa tsholo ya masea a a tshelang ke bontlha bongwe mo lekgolong jwa sedika se se elang kwa masea a a tshelang, gape ke selekanyo sa boimana jo bo katlolositsweng sa boimana jwa tshenyegelo gape le masea a a tsholwang a tlhokafetses. Fa go abelelwa, ka ngwaga wa 2007, dikokelwana tsa kwa Canada di nshitse kakanyo ya Selekanyo sa tsholo ya masea a a tshelang ya selekanyo sa masome a mabedi le bosupa mo lekgolong go nale vitro fertilisation. <ref name="canadians"></ref> ===Selekanyo sa go kopana ga peo ya ga Rre le Mme.=== Mo IVF kgotsa le kwa le tswang teng, ''Selekanyo sa go kopana ga peo ya ga Rre le Mme'' go ka dirisiwa go kala gore di kae oocytes tse di kopanang le karolonyana e nye ya setshidi ya peo ya ga Rre. Selekanyo sa peo e e kopana ya peo ya Rre le Mme ya lefela mo sedikeng ,kwa go senang oocytes e felela di kopana, e bidiwa ''go sa kgonagala ga kopana ya peo ya Rre le Mme ka tshobokano'' .<ref name="Liu">{{cite journal |author=Liu J, Nagy Z, Joris H, ''et al.'' |title=Analysis of 76 total fertilization failure cycles out of 2732 intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles |journal=Hum. Reprod. |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=2630–6 |year=1995 |month=October |pmid=8567783 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-reproduction_human-reproduction_1995-10_10_10/page/2630}}</ref> Kalafi e e boeletswang ya ICSI e ka dirisiwa kgotsa fela e le dipilisi ka go sa kgonagala ga kopana ya peo ya Rre le Mme ka tshobokano.<ref name="Liu"></ref> ==Selekanyo sa Boimana sa AI== {{Main|Artificial insemination#Pregnancy rate}} Ka tshoboko,selekanyo sa boimana sa AI ke lesome go ya kwa selekanyo sa lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong la sedika sa go tsna mo kgweding fa go dirisiwa ICI,gape le <ref name="utrecht">[https://web.archive.org/web/20181001175834/http://faqs.cs.uu.nl/na-dir/medicine/infertility-faq/part4.html Utrecht CS News] Subject: Infertility FAQ (part 4/4)</ref>selekanyo sa lesome le botlhano go ya kwa masome a mabedi mo lekgolong sa IUI.<ref name="utrecht"></ref> ==Selekanyo sa Boimana sa IVF== {{Main|In vitro fertilisation#Pregnancy rates}} Ka maranyane a a tlokafaditsweng, selekanyo sa boimana di thatafalela pele mo bogompienong fa go tshwantshanngwa le maloba. Ka ngwaga wa 2006,dikokelwana tsa kwa Canada di ntshitse kakanyo ya kakaretso a selekanyo sa boimana e le masome a mararo le botlhano mo lekgolong. <ref name="canadians">[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20081215.wivf1215/BNStory/National/?page=rss&amp;id=RTGAM.20081215.wivf1215 Success rate climbs for in vitro fertilization] The Canadian Press. December 15, 2008 at 8:27 PM EST</ref> ==Metswedi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Boimana]] jlpq6fu48v4b1rqe22f1qzfbszubivy 0 3497 54119 52181 2026-08-15T16:22:37Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox World Heritage Site | WHS = Tsodilo | Image = [[Image:Tsodilo rock paintings 1.jpg|200px]] | State Party = [[Botswana]] | Type = Cultural | Criteria = i, iii, vi | ID = 1021 | Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|Africa]] | Year = 2001 | Session = 25th | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1021 }} '''Dithaba Tsa Tsodilo''' ( {{Langx|tn|Lefelo la Tsodilo}} ) ke Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe Lotlhe la [[UNESCO]]( WHS ), le le nang le botaki jwa matlapa, mafelo a a sireletsegileng a matlapa, dikhuti le magaga mo [[Botswana]], kwa Borwa jwa Aforika . Le ne la tsenngwa lantlha mo lenaneong la WHS ka 2001 ka ntlha ya botlhokwa jwa lone jo bo kgethegileng jwa bodumedi le bokao jwa tsa semoya mo bathong ba lefelo le, ga mmogo le kgatiso ya lone e e kgethegileng ya go nna ga batho teng mo dingwageng di le sekete tse dintsi. [[UNESCO]] e akanyetsa gore go na le ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo mantsweng tse di fetang dikete di le nne le makgolo a le matlhano mo lefelong le. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thebe |first=Phenyo |title=Intangible Heritage at Tsodilo Hills |url=https://www.academia.edu/4460523}}</ref> Lefelo le le na le dithaba di le mmalwa tse dikgolo tse di bidiwang Thaba ya Ngwana, Thaba ya Mosadi le Thaba ya Monna. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Staurset |first=Sigrid |title=Ritualized Behavior in the Middle Stone Age: Evidence from Rhino Cave, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana |url=https://www.academia.edu/6144421}}</ref> == Kitso ka popego ya lefelo == [[File:Botswana_map.png|left|thumb|193x193px|Moalo wa lefatshe la Botswana]] Go na le dithaba tse ditona di le nne. E e kwa godimo go di feta e na le dimithara di le sekete le makgolo a le mane AMSL, e leng nngwe ya dintlha tse di kwa godimo mo Botswana. Dithaba tse nne tse di tlwaelesegile ka go tlhalosiwa jaaka la "Monna" (le le kwa godimo go a feta), "Mosadi", "Ngwana", gammogo le tlhojana e e senang leina. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Staurset |first=Sigrid |title=Ritualized Behavior in the Middle Stone Age: Evidence from Rhino Cave, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana |url=https://www.academia.edu/6144421}}</ref> Di ka nna sekgala sa dikholomithara di le masome a le mane go tswa kwa [[Shakawe]] mme go ka gorogiwa kwa go tsone go dirisiwa tsela ya mmu e e nang le maemo a a siameng. Go na le lefelo la go kampa le le nang le bookamedi fa gare ga dithaba tse pedi tse di tona, le na le matlhapelo le matlwana a boithomelo. Le gaufi le ditshwantsho tse di tumileng thata tsa Basarwa mo lefelong le, e leng phanele ya ga Laurens van der Post , le teeletswe morago ga mokwadi wa MoAforikaborwa yo o neng a tlhalosa ditshwantsho tse la ntlha mo bukeng ya gagwe ya 1958 ''ya The Lost World of the Kalahari'' . Go na le Ntlo ya ditso e e potlana le lebala la difofane gaufi le lefelo le la go kampa. == Thuto ka matlapa == [[File:Laurens_van_der_Post_Panel.jpg|left|thumb|Phanele ya Laurens van der, 2006]] Batho ba dirisitse mantswe a dithaba tsa Tsodilo go taka le go tshwarela ditiro tsa ditumelo tsa bone dingwaga di le diketekete. Palo kakanyetso ya [[UNESCO]] e supa fa dithaba tse di na le mafelo a le makgolo a le matlhano a a ikemetseng ka bongwe a a kayang dingwaga di le diketekete tsa bonno jwa batho. Botaki jwa matlapa mo dithabeng tse bo ile jwa golaganngwa le batsomi ba ba bapalang ba lefelo le. Go dumelwa gore Badimo ba ba [[Basarwa]] ba takile dingwe tsa ditshwantsho tse di takilweng kwa Tsodilo, mme gape e ne e le bone ba ba neng ba tla ba nna mo magageng le mo mantsweng. Go na le bosupi jwa gore batho ba Bantu ke beng ba ditiro dingwe tsa botaki kwa dithabeng tse. <ref name="rhino">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=Lawrence |last2=Murphy |first2=Michael |last3=Campbell |first3=Alec |last4=Brook |first4=George |date=1996 |title=Excavations at the Tsodilo Hills Rhino Cave |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=28 |pages=23–45 |jstor=40980131}}</ref> Dingwe tsa ditshwantsho tse di ile tsa supiwa gore di ne di le teng dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi le bone pele ga gompieno. === Logaga lwa Tshukudu === [[Rhino Cave|Logaga lwa Tshukudu]] lo kwa ntlheng ya Bokone jwa Thaba ya Mosadi mme le na le mabota a mabedi a matona kwa ditshwantsho tse di takilweng di leng teng. Setshwantsho sa Tshukudu e Tshweu ( se logaga lo reeletsweng morago ga sone ) se mo leboteng le le kwa bokone, mme se kgaogantswe ke setshwantsho se sengwe sa Thutlwa . <ref name="rhino">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=Lawrence |last2=Murphy |first2=Michael |last3=Campbell |first3=Alec |last4=Brook |first4=George |date=1996 |title=Excavations at the Tsodilo Hills Rhino Cave |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=28 |pages=23–45 |jstor=40980131}}</ref> Fa go ne go epiwa bodilo jwa logaga go ne ga fitlhelwa dilo tse dintsi tsa matlapa. Logaga lo ga lo na kgapetlana ya lee la ntŝhe, dilo tsa marapo tse di dirilweng ka diatla, mmopa kgotsa tshipi, fela go ne go na le dikarolwana di le mmalwa tsa kgapetlana ya mongongo tse di fitlhetsweng mo dikarolong tsa Motlha wa Letlapa wa Moragonyana . <ref name="rhino" /> [[File:Giraffe_Rock_Art_Painting_Tsodilo.jpg|thumb|Botaki jwa Thutlwa mo Letlapeng: Dithaba tsa Tsodilo]] Magala a a fitlhetsweng ka nako ya go epa a ile a bewa gore ke a Motlha wa Tshipi wa Aforika, Motlha wa Leje la Moragonyana (LSA), le Motlha wa Leje la Bogare (MSA). Bontsi jwa dilo tsa mantswe tse di dirilweng ka diatla go tswa kwa LSA di ne di dirilwe ka didirisiwa tsa lefelo le jaaka quartz le jasper. <ref name="rhino">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=Lawrence |last2=Murphy |first2=Michael |last3=Campbell |first3=Alec |last4=Brook |first4=George |date=1996 |title=Excavations at the Tsodilo Hills Rhino Cave |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=28 |pages=23–45 |jstor=40980131}}</ref> Dilo tsa MSA tse di dirilweng ka diatla go tswa mo logageng ke dintlha tsa porojekethaele tse di baakantsweng. Dintlha tse di tlwaelesegile go fitlhelwa mo dikgatong tse di farologaneng tsa go dirwa, tse dingwe di tlogetswe di sa felelela mme tse dingwe di feditswe. <ref name="rhino" /> Ditshwantsho tsa Logaga lwa Tshukudu di fitlhelwa thata mo leboteng la Bokone, mme di pentilwe ka mmala o mohibidu kgotsa o mohibidu-wa namune, ntle le tshukudu e e neng e pentilwe ka bosweu. Go dikologa tshukudu le thutlwa go na le ditshwantsho tse di farologaneng, bontsi jwa tsone di le bohibidu, tsa jiomethirikisi. <ref name="rhino">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=Lawrence |last2=Murphy |first2=Michael |last3=Campbell |first3=Alec |last4=Brook |first4=George |date=1996 |title=Excavations at the Tsodilo Hills Rhino Cave |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=28 |pages=23–45 |jstor=40980131}}</ref> Mo leboteng le le bapileng le lone, logaga lo na le mesima le dikhuti tse di epilweng mo lentsweng. E ka tswa e epilwe ka go dirisa matlapa a a epang kgotsa matlapa a a silang go tswa mo pakeng ya LSA, a a fitlhetsweng kwa Tsodilo. <ref name="rhino" /> === Ditshwantsho Tse Di Tshweu === [[File:Red_and_White_Rock_Art_Tsodilo.jpg|right|thumb|Papiso ya Botaki jwa Mantswe a Mahibidu le a Masweu kwa Tsodilo]] Botaki jwa letlapa jwa mmala o mosweu kwa Tsodilo bo amanngwa le merafe ya Bantu . <ref name="rhino">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=Lawrence |last2=Murphy |first2=Michael |last3=Campbell |first3=Alec |last4=Brook |first4=George |date=1996 |title=Excavations at the Tsodilo Hills Rhino Cave |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=28 |pages=23–45 |jstor=40980131}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobbinsMurphyCampbellBrook1996">Robbins, Lawrence; Murphy, Michael; Campbell, Alec; Brook, George (1996). "Excavations at the Tsodilo Hills Rhino Cave". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''28''': <span class="nowrap">23–</span>45. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40980131 40980131].</cite></ref> Bontsi jwa ditshwantsho tse ditshweu di fitlhelwa mo Lefelong la White Paintings le le biditsweng go tsamaelana, le le mo Thabeng ya Monna. <ref name="wps">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=L.H. |last2=Murphy |first2=M.L. |last3=Brook |first3=G.A. |last4=Ivester |first4=A.H. |last5=Campbell |first5=A.C |last6=Klein |first6=R.G. |last7=Milo |first7=R.G. |last8=Stewart |first8=K.M. |last9=Downey |first9=W.S. |last10=Stevens |first10=N.J. |date=2000 |title=Archaeology, Palaeoenvironment, and Chronology of the Tsodilo Hills White Paintings Rock Shelter, Northwest Kalahari Deser, Botswana |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1085–1113 |bibcode=2000JArSc..27.1085R |doi=10.1006/jasc.2000.0597}}</ref> (Go na le ditshwantsho tse dikhibidu mo lefelong le la tshireletso, gape.) Ditshwantsho tse ditshweu di supa diphologolo, tsa mo gae le tsa naga, ga mmogo le ditshwantsho tse di bopegileng go tswana le batho. <ref name="wps" /> Ditshwantsho tse di bopegileng jaaka batho gantsi di pentiwa di beile diatla mo dinokeng. Bonnye tsa tsone di supa batho ba palame dipitse, se se kayang gore tse di ne di pentilwe e seng pele ga bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1800, fa dipitse di ne di tsisiwa la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name="wps" /> Tse di tserweng mo magaleng, kgapetlana ya lee la ntŝhe, disampole tsa marapo le masalela di ne di supa dingwaga go simolola ka MSA go ya go LSA. <ref name="wps">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=L.H. |last2=Murphy |first2=M.L. |last3=Brook |first3=G.A. |last4=Ivester |first4=A.H. |last5=Campbell |first5=A.C |last6=Klein |first6=R.G. |last7=Milo |first7=R.G. |last8=Stewart |first8=K.M. |last9=Downey |first9=W.S. |last10=Stevens |first10=N.J. |date=2000 |title=Archaeology, Palaeoenvironment, and Chronology of the Tsodilo Hills White Paintings Rock Shelter, Northwest Kalahari Deser, Botswana |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1085–1113 |bibcode=2000JArSc..27.1085R |doi=10.1006/jasc.2000.0597}}</ref> (Go na le bosupi gape jwa gore lefelo le le ne le dirisiwa ka nako ya ditso: konopo ya nylon le dibaga tsa galase tsa Yuropa di ne tsa fitlhelwa mo dikarolong tse di kwa godimo mo mesimeng e e epilweng mo lefelong le. <ref name="wps" /> ) Masalela a LSA a ne a akaretsa matlapa a a epang le matlapa a go sila, mmogo le dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla tsa marapo le matlapa a mannye. Maphatlo a tsa tse di dirilweng ka letsopa, dibaga tsa dikgapetlana tsa mae a ntŝhe le dikgapetlana tsa mongongo le tsone di ne tsa bonwa. <ref name="wps" /> Masalela a tsa MSA a ne akaretsa matlapa a a segang mmogo le didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa matlapa. === Ditshwantsho tse di Khibidu === [[File:Animals_Rock_Art_Tsodilo.jpg|thumb|Diphologolo tsa botaki jwa matlapa]] Dithaba tsa Tsodilo di na le botaki jo bontsintsi jwa letlapa le lehibidu; bo ka bonwa mo lefelong lotlhe. Kwa Logageng la Tshukudu, ditshwantsho dingwe tse dikhibidu di lebega di le bogologolo go feta tshukudu e tshweu. Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng tse dikhibidu fa, le go dikologa Tsodilo, di bolelwa gore ke tsa [[Basarwa]] . <ref name="rhino">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=Lawrence |last2=Murphy |first2=Michael |last3=Campbell |first3=Alec |last4=Brook |first4=George |date=1996 |title=Excavations at the Tsodilo Hills Rhino Cave |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=28 |pages=23–45 |jstor=40980131}}</ref> === Lefelo la Depression Rock (lentswe le le kwa tlase) === [[File:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings1.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho se sehibidu sa tshukudu]] [[File:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|right|thumb|Ditshukudu le sebopego se se tshwanang le kgomo]] [[File:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings5.jpg|thumb|Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng ka bohibidu jo bo nyeletseng kwa Tsodilo]] Le fitlhelwa ka fa letlhakoreng la bokonebophirima jwa Thaba ya Mosadi, lefelo le le tsere leina la lone go tswa mo dikhuting tse di epilweng mo maboteng a lefelo le. Matshwao a a patilwe ke ditshwantsho tse dikhibidu tse go lebegang e le dikgomo, gammogo le ditshwantsho tsa jiomethiri. <ref name="depression">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=L.H. |last2=Campbell |first2=A.C. |date=1989 |title=The Depression Rock Shelter Site, Tsodilo Hills |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |pages=1–3}}</ref> Lefelo le la tshireletso ya matlapa, le le supiwang dinako tsa lone go tswa mo disampoleng tsa magala, go ne ga nniwa lantlha mo go lone mo dingwageng di ka nna bonnye jwa dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng. <ref name="depression" /> Go epilwe didirisiwa tsa matlapa tsa LSA le dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla tsa Motlha wa Tshipi. Dilo tsa letsopa tse di fitlhetsweng mo dikarolong tse di kwa teng thata di ne tsa supiwa e le tsa lekgolo la ntlha la dingwaga , mme di amana le dilo tsa bogologolo thata tsa matlapa tse di fitlhetsweng mo lefelong le. <ref name="depression">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=L.H. |last2=Campbell |first2=A.C. |date=1989 |title=The Depression Rock Shelter Site, Tsodilo Hills |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |pages=1–3}}</ref> Dikgapetlana tsa manoko a Mongongo le tsone di ne tsa bonwa mo masaleleng a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le dikarolo tse di kwa teng thata, se se dirang gore e nne manoko a mongongo a bogologolo go gaisa a a kileng a bonwa mo go tsotlhe tsa go epiwa ga dilo tsa bogologolo. <ref name="depression" /> === Thuto ya tshipi === Dithaba tsa Tsodilo di dirilwe ke mafelo a le mmalwa a go epiwa ga dilo tsa bogologolo. Mafelo a le mabedi mo go a, a a itsegeng jaaka [[Divuyu]] le [[Nqoma]], a na le bosupi jwa dilo tsa tshipi tsa Motlha wa Pele wa Tshipi <ref name="metal">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Duncan |last2=van der Merwe |first2=Nikolaas |date=1994 |title=Early Iron Age Metal Working at the Tsodilo Hills, Northwestern Botswana |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=101–115 |bibcode=1994JArSc..21..101M |doi=10.1006/jasc.1994.1011}}</ref> Tse di epolotsweng mo mafelong a mabedi a di ne di na le dikarolwana tsa didirisiwa tsa tshipi, tsotlhe di dirilwe ka tshipi le/kgotsa kopore. Dikarolo tsa makgabisa e ne e le tsa dibaga, , dikeetane le manyena mme didirisiwa di ne di akaretsa di- chesele, di- projectile le metswi ya digai, le magare tota. <ref name="metal" /> Mafelo a mabedi a a tswana ka maranyane a go dira didirisiwa di, mme a na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya go bereka tshipi. Slag le tuyères di lebega di supa gore Divuyu le Nqoma e ka tswa e ne e le mafelo a go nyerolosa tshipi, mme se se dira gore e nne nngwe ya mafelo a le mmalwa a Motlha wa Tshipi wa Pele mo borwa jwa Afrika a a nang le bosupi jwa go dira tshipi. <ref name="metal" /> == Bokao jwa Ngwao == Dithaba tse di na le bokao jo bogolo jwa ngwao le jwa semoya mo bathong ba Basarwa ba Kalahari. Ba dumela gore dithaba tse ke lefelo la boikhutso la mewa ya baswi le gore mewa e e tlaa baka matlhotlhapelo le go tlhoka lesego fa mongwe a ka tsoma kgotsa a baka loso gaufi le tsone. Tsodilo gape ke kgang e go ngangisanwang ka yone mabapi le ka fa Basarwa ba kileng ba bo ba tshela ka teng. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sadr |first=Karim |date=1997 |title=Kalahari archaeology and the Bushman debate |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1997-02_38_1/page/104 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=104–112 |doi=10.1086/204590 |jstor=2744444 |s2cid=144203689}}</ref> [[File:Tsodilo_Hills,_Botswana.jpg|left|thumb|[[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo Hills]] mo Bokone Bophirima jwa Botswana.]] === Ithunthuntso ya setso ka puo === Batho ba le bantsi ba lefelo le go dikologa dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba na le dipolelo tsa dinako tse di fetileng tse di buang ka magaga a mantsi a a takilweng le mafelo a tshireletso a matlapa mo lefelong le. Dithuto tse tsa puo gantsi di bolela ka batho ba Zhu, setlhopha sa [[Basarwa]], ba dirisa mafelo a tshireletso a matlapa go itshireletsa mo dielementeng kgotsa jaaka mafelo a dingwao. <ref name="wps">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=L.H. |last2=Murphy |first2=M.L. |last3=Brook |first3=G.A. |last4=Ivester |first4=A.H. |last5=Campbell |first5=A.C |last6=Klein |first6=R.G. |last7=Milo |first7=R.G. |last8=Stewart |first8=K.M. |last9=Downey |first9=W.S. |last10=Stevens |first10=N.J. |date=2000 |title=Archaeology, Palaeoenvironment, and Chronology of the Tsodilo Hills White Paintings Rock Shelter, Northwest Kalahari Deser, Botswana |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1085–1113 |bibcode=2000JArSc..27.1085R |doi=10.1006/jasc.2000.0597}}</ref> [[File:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings3.jpg|left|thumb|Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo letlapeng]] Nngwe ya dipolelo tse e bolela gore batsomi ba ne ba tla mo mafelong a a sireleditsweng mo mantsweng go ikgolaganya le Badimo fa letsomo le ne le sa atlega. Ba ne ba tla bo ba kopa letsomo le le siameng nako e e tlang fa ba tswa. <ref name="oral">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=A.C. |last2=Robbins |first2=L.H. |last3=Murphy |first3=M.L. |date=1994 |title=Oral Traditions and Archaeology of the Tsodilo Hills Male Hill Cave |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=26 |pages=37–54 |jstor=40959180}}</ref> Ka go leboga, fa letsomo le atlegile, batho ba ne ba tla bo ba boela kwa lefelong le la tshireletso mme ba apeela Badimo ba bone. Mo mangweng a mafelo a a neng a bolelwa e le a kampa, ga go na bosupi jo bontsi jwa masalela a molelo. <ref name="oral" /> Mme fela, go na le mafelo a go dirwang ditiro tsa tumelo tse di tshwanang le dithapelo tsa go dira pula. Bagolo ba mo lefelong le ba sa ntse ba gakologelwa ba dirisa mafelo mangwe a a sireletsegileng a matlapa jaaka mafelo a go kampa fa ba sa ntse ba le bana. Lefelo la tshireletso la letlapa la Whites Paintings le ka tswa le ne le dirisiwa jaaka kampa ka paka ya dipula go tloga ka dingwaga di le masome a le bosupa go ya kwa go di le masome a le boferabobedi tse di fetileng. <ref name="wps">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=L.H. |last2=Murphy |first2=M.L. |last3=Brook |first3=G.A. |last4=Ivester |first4=A.H. |last5=Campbell |first5=A.C |last6=Klein |first6=R.G. |last7=Milo |first7=R.G. |last8=Stewart |first8=K.M. |last9=Downey |first9=W.S. |last10=Stevens |first10=N.J. |date=2000 |title=Archaeology, Palaeoenvironment, and Chronology of the Tsodilo Hills White Paintings Rock Shelter, Northwest Kalahari Deser, Botswana |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1085–1113 |bibcode=2000JArSc..27.1085R |doi=10.1006/jasc.2000.0597}}</ref> [[Basarwa|Batho ba lefelo le ba Basarwa]] ba dumela gore Tsodilo ke botsalo jwa botshelo jotlhe le botaki koo bo dirilwe ke dikokomane tsa batho ba ntlha. Thuto ka popego ya Tsodilo, ditselana le dikhuti mo lefatsheng di itsege jaaka ditselana le dikgato tsa diphologolo tsa ntlha, di dira tsela ya tsone go ya kwa mosimeng wa ntlha wa metsi <ref name="ritual">{{Cite journal |last=Segadika |first=Phillip |date=2006 |title=Managing Intangible Heritage at Tsodilo |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_museum-international_2006-05_58_1-2/page/31 |journal=Museum International |volume=58 |issue=1–2 |pages=31–40 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0033.2006.00548.x |s2cid=54755278}}</ref> ). Motswedi wa metsi wa tlholego kwa Tsodilo, gaufi le Thaba ya Mosadi, o dirisiwa jaaka lefelo la go beeletsa metsi le lefelo la ditiro tsa tumelo. O bonwa o le boitshepo, mme o dirisiwa ke batho ba le bantsintsi go iphepafatsa, go fodisa le go sireletsa. <ref name="ritual" /> ==Kitso ye nngwe== * Ursula Erasmus (1992) ''Bushman Culture'' , published by Excalibur, 315 pp ISBN 1856341917 * C. Michael Hogan (2008) [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0''Makgadikgadi'' , The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham] * Luis Pancorbo (2000) "Al fin las colinas de Tsodilo" en "Tiempo de África". Pp. 280-286. Laertes, Barcelona. ISBN 84-7584-438-3 * Sheila Coulson, Sigrid Staurset, and Nick Walker (2011) "Ritualized Behavior in the Middle Stone Age: Evidence from Rhino Cave, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana" [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722155949/http://www.paleoanthro.org/journal/contents_dynamic.asp?volume=2011 PaleoAnthropology 2011]:18-61 ==Dikwalo== {{Reflist}} == Polelo ya tiro ya tumelo ya ntlha == [[File:The_Tsodilo_Penguin.jpg|right|thumb|Nonyane ya metsi ya Tsodilo, setshwantsho se se takilweng se se tshwanang le nonyane]] Ka 2006 lefelo le le bidiwang [[Rhino Cave|Logaga la Tshukudu]] le ne la itsege thata mo metsweding ya dikgang fa Sheila Coulson wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Oslo a ne a bolela gore go bonwe didirisiwa tse di dirilweng ka diatla tse di nang le dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a le supa le lentswe le le tshwanang le tlhogo ya tlhware le le supang go tshwarwa ga tiro ya tumelo ya ntlha e e itsiweng ya batho. O ne a nonotsha tlhaloso ya gagwe ya gore lefelo le ke le go tshwarelwang ditiro tsa tumelo mo go lone a lebile diphologolo tse dingwe tse di tshwantshitsweng: "Mo logageng, re fitlhela fela diphologolo tse tharo tse di botlhokwa thata mo bathong ba Basarwa; tlhware, tlou, le thutlwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Oldest Ritual Discovered -- Worshipped The Python 70,000 Years Ago |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061130081347.htm |publisher=ScienceDaily.com}}</ref> Fa e sa le foo bangwe ba baithutamatlapa le ba ba neng ba amega mo dipatlisisong tsa ntlha tsa lefelo le ka 1995 le 1996 ba ne ba botsolosa ditlhaloso tse. Ba supa fa dikgang tse (tse di itsegeng ke baithutamatlapa jaaka di-cupule) tse di tlhalosiwang ke Coulson gore ga se tsotlhe tse di simolotseng ka nako e le nngwe le gore "bontsi jwa dikhuti di santse di le boteng fa tse dingwe di khurumeditswe ke patina e e bokete."" Mafelo a mangwe a a gaufi (a a fetang masome a mabedi) le one a na le dikhuti mme ga a supe diphologolo. Marang a radiocarbon le a thermoluminescence a Motlha wa Bogare wa Letlapa a lefelo le ga a tshegetse palo ya dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a le supa, se se akantshang gore ke a dingwaga tse di gautswane. Fa ba buisana ka setshwantsho se se takilweng, baithutamatlapa ba re setshwantsho se se tlhalosiwang jaaka tlou ke tshukudu, gore setshwantsho se sehibidu sa thutlwa ga se sa bogologolo go feta 400 AD le gore setshwantsho se sesweu sa tshukudu ke sa bosheng, le gore baitseanape ba botaki jwa matlapa ba dumela gore ditshwantsho tse dikhibidu le tse ditshweu ke tsa ditlhopha tse di farologaneng. Ba kaya tlhaloso ya ga Coulson jaaka ponelopele ya ditumelo tsa segompieno go ya kwa nakong e e fetileng mme ba bitsa tlhaloso ya ga Coulson kgang e e kopantsweng e e "tsietsang thata". Ba araba polelo ya ga Coulson ya gore tse ke tsone fela ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo logageng ka go bolela gore o itlhokomolositse ditshwantsho tse dikhibidu tsa jometeri tse di fitlhetsweng mo leboteng la logaga. Ba boa gape ba buisana ka dintlha tse di fisitsweng tsa Motlha wa Letlapa wa Bogare, ba bolela gore ga go na sepe se se sa tlwaelegang mo go diriseng dilo tse e seng tsa lefelo le. Ba kgaphela thoko kgang ya gore ga go a fitlhelwa didirisiwa dipe tse di tlwaelegileng mo lefelong le, ba bolelagore di- scraper tse dintsi tse di fitlhelwang ke didirisiwa tse di tlwaelegileng le gore go na le bosupi jwa gore go ne go dirwa didirisiwa mo lefelong le. Fa ba buisana ka ‘phaposi ya sephiri’, ba supa go tlhoka bosupi jwa gore dingaka tsa Basarwa di dirisa diphaposi mo magageng kgotsa gore e e dirisitswe ka tsela e e ntseng jalo. <ref name="Robbins et al">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=Lawrence H. |last2=AlecC. Campbell |last3=George A. Brook |last4=Michael L. Murphy |date=June 2007 |title=World's Oldest Ritual Site? The "Python Cave" at Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site, Botswana |url=http://cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/SAFA/emplibrary/Robbins.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=NYAME AKUMA, the Bulletin of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists |issue=67 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928023109/http://cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/SAFA/emplibrary/Robbins.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=1 December 2010}}</ref> ==Dipadi tse dingwe== *[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1021/ Tsodilo - Lefelo la ngwao boswa ya lefatshe ka bophara UNESCO] [[Category:Lefelo la dilo tsa tlholego mo Botswana]] [[Category:Kgaolo ya bokone-bophirima (Botswana)]] [[Category:Mafelo a ngwao boswa mo Botswana]] [[Category:Ditso tsa ntlha mo Aferika]] [[Category:Mafelo a a kileng a bo a nale batho mo Botswana]] [[Category:Botlaki jwa matlapa mo Aferika]] 6odirs5fcgh3i3xtyxdesketxjacwwd 0 5002 54134 21921 2026-08-15T16:43:19Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phitlhelelo Puo/Loleme''' ke tsela e batho ba fitlhelelang bokgoni go bona le go tlhaloganya puo [language], gape le go tsweletsa le go dirisa mantswe [words] le mafoko sentences] go buisana. Phitlhelelo puo ke nngwe ya dilo tse di botlhokwa mo maitshwarong a batho,<ref name="Friederici 2011">{{Cite journal|last1=Friederici|first1=AD.|title=The brain basis of language processing: from structure to function|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physiological-reviews_2011-10_91_4/page/1357|journal=Physiol Rev|volume=91|issue=4|pages=1357–92|date=Oct 2011|doi=10.1152/physrev.00006.2011|pmid=22013214}}</ref>  ka gonne diphedi tse dingwe ga di dirisi puo go golalagana [non-humans do not communicate by using language].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kosslyn|first1=Stephen M.|last2=Osherson|first2=Daniel N.|title=An invitation to cognitive science|year=1995|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-262-65045-8|oclc=613819557}}</ref> Phitlhelelo puo go le gontsi go lebisitswe go phitlhelelo-puo-pele, e e ithutang ka moo masea a fitlheleng puo ya tsalo [native language]. Se se farologantshwa le phitlhelelo puo-pedi [''second-language acquisition''], eo e dirang le phitlhelelo (mo baneng [children] le bagolong) ya go atisa puo tse dingwe. Bokgoni ba go tswelela go dirisa puo go tlhoka gore o fumane didiriswa di le dintsi di akaretsa phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, le tlotlontswe [vocabulary] e e tibileng. Puo e ka buiwa jaaka mo puong, kgotsa ka matsogo/diatla jaaka letshwao [ sign]. Boteng ba puo ya motho bo emetswe mo bobokong.  Le fa boteng ba puo ya motho bo na le bofelo, mongwe a ka bua kgotsa a tlhaloganya mafoko a a mmalwa a a se nang bofelo, se se itshetlegile mo moreong wa [[syntactic] o go tweng ke [recursion]. Sesupo se kaya gore mongwe le mongwe o na le [recursive mechanisms] tse tharo tseo di dumellelang mafoko go ba [indeterminately]. Mechanisms e me raro e ke: [''relativization'', ''complementation'' and ''coordination]''.<ref name="Lightfoot, 2010">{{cite journal|last1=Lightfoot|first1=David|title=Language acquisition and language change|journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science|volume=1|issue=5|year=2010|pages=677–684|issn=1939-5078|doi=10.1002/wcs.39}}</ref> Gape, bonneteng, go na le two main guiding principles mo phitlhelelong ya puo ya ntlha, se ke, speech perception ka gale e etelela speech production le  the gradually evolving system seo ka sone bana ba ithutang puo se agiwang kgato e le nngwe ka sebaka/nako, o simolola ka pharologanyo magareng a individual phonemes.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fry, Dennis|year=1977|title=Homo loquens, Man as a talking animal|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=107–108|isbn=0-521-29239-5}}</ref> == History == [[File:Learning_box.svg|thumb|Lepokisi la go fitlhelela puo ]] Philosophers in ancient societies ba ne ba na le kgatlhego ya ka moo batho ba fitlheletseng bokgoni ba go utlwisisa le go tlhagisa puo sesheng pele diteko tsa empirical methods tsa go leka dithiori tseo di tlhagiswa, le fa go le jalo, ba ne ba lebega ba tsaa phitlhelelo puo jaaka bontlhangwe jwa bokgoni jwa motho go ka fitlhelela kitso le go ithuta mantswe [concepts].<ref name="Innateness and Language">{{Cite web|title=Innateness and Language|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/innateness-language/#ChoCasAgaSki|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Dikakanyo tse di itshetlegileng mo tebelelong ya sesheng mabapi le phitlhelelo puo di ne tsa proposwa ke Plato, yo o akantseng gore [word-meaning mapping] ka sebopego sengwe e tsaletswe/ ke tlhago. Go tlaleletsa, Sanskrit grammarians ba ne tlhotlhomisa go feta disentshwari tse di somepedi gore a bokgoni ba motho go itse bokao ba lentswe ke ba go fiwa ke Modimo (ka tsalo/tlhago) kgotsa bo fetisitswe go tswa tshekeng tsa pele ba ithutwa go tswa go tseo di setseng di itsewa: ngwana a ithuta lefoko la kgomo ka go utlwelela dibui tse ditshepegileng di bua ka kgomo.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Noam|first1=Chomsky|last2=Skinner|first2=B. F.|year=1959|title=A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior|url=http://cogprints.org/1148/|journal=Language|volume=35|issue=|pages=26–58|doi=10.2307/411334|jstor=411334}}</ref>{{reflist|2}}In a more modern context, empiricists, like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, argued that knowledge (and, for Locke, language) emerge ultimately from abstracted sense impressions. These arguments lean towards the "nurture" side of the argument: that language is acquired through sensory experience, which led to Rudolf Carnap's Aufbau, an attempt to learn all knowledge from sense datum, using the notion of "remembered as similar" to bind them into clusters, which would eventually map into language.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kendra A. Palmer|author=Kendra A. Palmer|year=2009|title=Understanding Human Language: An In-Depth Exploration of the Human Facility for Language|url=http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/82/2/understanding-human-language-an-in-depth-exploration-of-the-human-facility-for-language|publisher=StudentPulse.com|accessdate=22 August 2012}}</ref> Proponents of behaviorism argued that language may be learned through a form of operant conditioning. In B. F. Skinner's ''Verbal Behaviour'' (1957), he suggested that the successful use of a sign, such as a word or lexical unit, given a certain stimulus, reinforces its "momentary" or contextual probability. Since operant conditioning is contingent on reinforcement by rewards, a child would learn that a specific combination of sounds stands for a specific thing through repeated successful associations made between the two. A "successful" use of a sign would be one in which the child is understood (for example, a child saying "up" when he or she wants to be picked up) and rewarded with the desired response from another person, thereby reinforcing the child's understanding of the meaning of that word and making it more likely that he or she will use that word in a similar situation in the future. Some empiricist theories of language acquisition include the statistical learning theory. Charles F. Hockett of language acquisition, relational frame theory, functionalist linguistics, social interactionist theory, and usage-based language acquisition. == See also == {{reflist|2}} 0rpto52x4jraopgi7po9qrxsi0q4n2n 0 8333 54122 52656 2026-08-15T16:25:01Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54122 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Palamente ya''' '''[[Botswana]]''' e na le Tautona wa lefatshe le '''[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]'''.<ref>Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Botswana, 1966</ref> Go farologana le ditsamaiso tse dingwe tsa Palamente, Palamente e tlhopha tautona ka tlhamalalo (go na le go nna le tautona wa moletlo le Tonakgolo yo o nang le taolo ya mmatota jaaka tlhogo ya puso) ka paka e e beilweng ya dingwaga di le tlhano. Tautona o ka direla fela dipaka di le pedi fela tse di tletseng. [[Poresidente wa Botswana|Tautona]] ke tlhogo ya lefatshe le ya Puso mo tsamaisong ya merero ya palamente ya lefatshe la Botswana. Palamente ya Botswana ke taolo e kgolo ya molao.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 October 2022|title=Parliament of Botswana|url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament|access-date=19 October 2022|website=Parliament of Botswana|archive-date=19 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Poresidente wa Botswana|Tautona wa]] pele wa Botswana ke [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]], yo o tsereng maemo a botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola gangwe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi mme a fenya paka e e tletseng ya dingwaga di le tlhano mo [[Ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa 2009 tsa lefatshe la Botswana|ditlhophong tsa]] Botswana, tse di neng tsa tshwarwa ka la kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe mme a busetsa [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] ya gagwe ka bontsi jwa ditilo di le masome a mararo le botlhano (35) (tsotlhe ka palo di le 45) mo ditilong di le masome a marataro le motso tsa Palamente. Go na gape le setlhopha se se itsegeng jalo e le [[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana]], se e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi se se seng karolo ya Palamente.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Proctor|first=J. H.|date=1968|title=The House of Chiefs and the Political Development of Botswana|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1968_6_1/page/59|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=6|issue=1|pages=59–79|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016670|jstor=158677|issn=0022-278X}}</ref> Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a mabedi fela mo Kgaolong ya [[Aferika|Aforika]] (le lengwe ke [[Mauritius]]) a a fitlheletseng ditshupo tse di phepa tsa ditlhopho tse di gololesegileng le tse di siameng fa e sale di bona boipuso, a tshwere ditlhopho di le lesome (10) fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekte, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mararato le borataro go sena ditiragalo dipe tse di masisi tsa bonweenwee kana tshenyetso setshaba.<ref>US State Department</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] * [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Khuduthamaga ya Botswana]] * [[Dikgaolo tsa botlhophi jwa mapalamente a Botswana]] == Dintlha == * [[Botswana National Front]] * [[Alliance for Progressives]] * [[Botswana People's Party]] * Ba ba ikemetseng == Metswedi == <references /> == Dikarolo tse di kwa ntle == https://web.archive.org/web/20221019183042/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/2012-02-13-15-06-33 l1qyw1hxjp42v4zfhmkori9r3j5usum 0 9257 54127 36813 2026-08-15T16:36:10Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|official_name=Maseru|native_name=<!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->|other_name=|settlement_type=<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)-->|image_skyline={{Photomontage | photo1a = Maseru_City_CBD.jpg | photo2a = Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Maseru.jpg | photo2b = BasothoHatShop.jpg | photo3a = Maseru, Lesotho - panoramio (21).jpg | photo3b = | spacing = 2 | position = center | color_border = white | color = white | size = 280 | foot_montage = Top: Downtown Maseru; Middle: Our Lady of Victories Cathedral, Basotho Hat Shop; Bottom: Honeymoon Park, Lesotho Parliament Building}}|image_flag=|image_seal=|image_shield=|nickname=|motto=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image_map=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=Lesotho#Africa|pushpin_label_position=|pushpin_map_caption=|coordinates={{coord|-29.31|27.48|region:LS|display=inline}}|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[Lesotho]]|subdivision_type1=[[Districts of Lesotho|District]]|subdivision_name1=[[Maseru District|Maseru]]|subdivision_type2=[[Constituencies of Lesotho|Constituency]]|subdivision_name2=Maseru|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=<!-- Politics ----------------->|established_title=Established|established_date=1869 <!-- Area --------------------->|government_type=|government_footnotes=|leader_title=|leader_name=|unit_pref=<!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=138|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_water_percent=<!-- Population ----------------------->|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags-->|elevation_m=1600 <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|population_footnotes=|population_total=330,760|population_as_of=2016 census|population_density_km2=2397 <!-- General information --------------->|population_note=|timezone=[[South African Standard Time|SAST]]|utc_offset=+2|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|postal_code_type=<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->|postal_code=|area_code=|blank_name=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank_info=[[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)|Cwb]]|website=|footnotes=}}'''Maseru''' ke motsemogolo ebile gape ke toropokgolo ya [[Lesotho]]. Gape ke motsemogolo wa Kgaolo ya Maseru. Go tswa mo Nokeng ya Caledon, Maseru o iphaphathile mo Molelwane wa Lesotho le Afrika Borwa. Maseru o ne a na le baagi ba le 330,760 mo palong ya batho ya 2016. Toropo e e ne ya tlhomiwa jaaka kampa ya mapodisi mme ya tlhophiwa go nna motsemogolo morago ga gore lefatshe le le sirelediwe ke puso ya Boritane ka 1869. Fa lefatshe le le tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1966, Maseru o ne a tswelela go nna tswelela motsemogolo. Leina la motse o ka puo ya [[Sesotho]] le raya "maje a ahibidu a motlhaba".<ref>{{cite journal|title=City profile: Maseru, Lesotho|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cities_1999-04_16_2/page/123|author1=Sam Romaya|author2=Alison Brown|journal=Cities|issue=2|volume=16|date=April 1999|pages=123–133|doi=10.1016/S0264-2751(98)00046-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Southern Sotho English Dictionary|author1=A. Mabille|author2=H. Dieterlen|year=1993|edition=reclassified, revised and enlarged by R. A. Paroz; 1950|publisher=Morija Sesuto Book Depot|pages=349|location=[[Morija]]}}</ref> Go tswa kwa tshimologong Maseru e ne e le toropo e e neng e tsamaisiwa ka ditsamaiso tsa puso magareng ga ngwaga wa 1969 go ya ko 1971, pele ga tsamaiso ya Basutoland e fetolelwa kwa go ya Cape Colony. Ka nako ya puso ya bone magareng ga dingwaga tsa 1871 le 1884, Basutoland e ne e tsewa jaaka nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di tsentsweng mo kgatelelong/ kutlobotlhoko e e feteletseng ke Basotho.<ref>{{Cite book|pages=118}}</ref> Se se ne sa baka dintwa tsa ditlhobolo ka ngwaga wa 1881 mo go neng ga baka tshenyo ya dikago ka molelo mo Maseru. ka ngwaga 1884, Basutoland e ne ya ya buselediwa maemo a yone jaaka Crown colony, Mme Maseru a dirwa motsemogolo gape. ka Basutoland e neng e tsaya boipuso e ne ya nna bogosi jwa Lesotho ka 1966, mme Maseru a sala e ntse e le motsemogolo .<ref name="hansenvaa">{{Cite book|pages=[https://archive.org/details/reconsideringinf00hans/page/n179 180]}}</ref> Pele ga Lesotho e tsaya boipuso, Maseru o ne a le monnye; o ne ale mo melelwaneng e e tlhalositsweng sentle ya bokolone mme o ne a sena sebaka sa go gola, fa Boritane ba ne ba sena kgatlhego ya go tlhabolola toropo ee. Morago 1966 Maseru o ne a gola ka bonako: lefelo le le ne la atlologa ga supa, go tswa mo go dikilometareng tse di masome mabedi (7.7 sq mi) go ya kwa le goletseng teng mo bogompienong ka dikilometera di le 138 (53 sq mi), ka ntlha ya go kopanngwa ga metse le metsana e e neng e le gaufi le toropo ka boyone.<ref name="hansenvaa"/> Dipalo tsa koketsego ya batho tsa ngwaga le ngwaga e ne ya nna 7% dingwagangwaga, pele ga di fokotsega go nna 3.5% bo dingwageng tsa 1986 le 1996.<ref name="hansenvaa" /> Morago ga ditlhopho tsa mapalamente tsa 1998 kwa Lesotho go ne ga ipelaetswa fa go nnile le tsietso ya ditlhopho le go tsenelelwa ke masole a Aforika Borwa mo go neng ga baka tshenyo e ntsi mo toropong, dikhuduego le go thukutha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=It All Went Wrong|pages=49}}</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa go baakanya tshenyo e e dirilweng mo motseng di ne tsa akanyediwa go nna dibilione di le pedi tsa di-rand (didolara di le dimilione di le 350),<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lesotho billed for South African intervention}}</ref> go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2008, ditlamorago tsa dikhuduego di ne di sa ntse di bonwa mo motseng.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Straw men}}</ref> == Boalo jwa lefatshe == [[Setshwantsho:Maseru_Panorama_1-2007.jpg|right|thumb|350x350px|Ponatshegelo ya Maseru ka 2007]] Maseru ke toropo e e fitlhelwang mo bokonebophirima jwa Lesotho go bapa le molelwane wa [[Aforika Borwa]], o o bapileng le Noka ya Mohokare. Noka ya Mohokare e itsege gape ka leina la Noka ya Caledon. Mafatshe a mabedi a, a golagantswe ke molelwane wa borogo jwa Maseru, jo bo kgabaganyang noka. Mo letlhakoreng la Aforika Borwa, go na le toropo ya Ladybrand gaufi le Maseru. Toropo e e iphaphathile ka mokgatšha o o seng boteng kwa tlase ga thaba ya Hlabeng-Sa-Likhama, kwa tlase ga Dithaba tsa Maloti. Motse o o tsholetsegile mo boleeleng mo jwa dimetara di le 1,600 (5,200 kwa godimo godimo ga lewatle.<ref>{{Cite book|pages=521}}</ref> Toropo e e bophara jwa dikilometaradi le 138 (53 sq mi).<ref name="hansenvaa"/> === Tsa Tepo Loapi === Maseru o itsege ka mohuta wa tepo loapi o o tlwaelesegileng wa [[:en:Subtropical_highland_climate|subtropical highland climate]] (Köppen climate classification: ''Cfb/Cwb''), mme toropo e, e itsege ka selemo se se bothitho, se kopane le dipula le mariga a a tsididi ka komelelo. Selekanyo sa mogote ka selemo se tsamaya mo go {{Convert|22|°C|°F}} go tswa mo kgweding ya Morule go ema ka Mopitlo mo borweng jwa lefatshe leo. Ka paka ya mariga go simolola ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo go fitlhelela ka kgwedi ya Lwetse, selelkanyo sa mogote e nna {{Convert|9|°C|°F}} . Kgwedi e leng mogote thata ke Hirikgong, ka selekanyo sa mogote se se leng magareng ga {{Convert|15|and|33|C|F}} . Mo kgweding e e tsididi thata ya Phukwi, selekanyo sa mogote se tsamaya magareng ga {{Convert|-3|to|17|C|F}} .<ref name="eiu" /> Selekanyo sa pula se magareng ga 3 mm ka Phukwi go ya go {{Convert|111|mm|in}} ka Hirikgong.<ref name="eiu" />&nbsp;{{Weather box|location=Maseru (1931–1960)|metric first=yes|single line=yes|Jan high C=28|Feb high C=27|Mar high C=25|Apr high C=21|May high C=18|Jun high C=15|Jul high C=16|Aug high C=19|Sep high C=23|Oct high C=24|Nov high C=26|Dec high C=28|Jan low C=14|Feb low C=14|Mar low C=12|Apr low C=8|May low C=3|Jun low C=0|Jul low C=-1|Aug low C=2|Sep low C=6|Oct low C=9|Nov low C=12|Dec low C=13|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm=114|Feb precipitation mm=89|Mar precipitation mm=96|Apr precipitation mm=67|May precipitation mm=29|Jun precipitation mm=12|Jul precipitation mm=14|Aug precipitation mm=15|Sep precipitation mm=19|Oct precipitation mm=63|Nov precipitation mm=80|Dec precipitation mm=93|year precipitation mm=|unit precipitation days=0.1 mm|Jan precipitation days=13|Feb precipitation days=10|Mar precipitation days=11|Apr precipitation days=8|May precipitation days=6|Jun precipitation days=3|Jul precipitation days=3|Aug precipitation days=3|Sep precipitation days=3|Oct precipitation days=8|Nov precipitation days=10|Dec precipitation days=10|year precipitation days=|Jan humidity=37|Feb humidity=42|Mar humidity=43|Apr humidity=42|May humidity=38|Jun humidity=35|Jul humidity=32|Aug humidity=27|Sep humidity=24|Oct humidity=30|Nov humidity=34|Dec humidity=35|year humidity=|Jan sun=287|Feb sun=263|Mar sun=259|Apr sun=241|May sun=247|Jun sun=232|Jul sun=254|Aug sun=279|Sep sun=278|Oct sun=276|Nov sun=279|Dec sun=307|year sun=|source 1=[[Danish Meteorological Institute]]<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = April 27, 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931-1960) | title = Lesotho - Maseru | page = 166 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = April 7, 2017}}</ref>|date=August 2011}} == Dipalopalo tsa baagi == Palo ya batho ya bosheng (2016) e supa palo ya banni ba toropo e le 330,760, kgotsa mo e ka nnang lesome la palo ya batho botlhe ba lefatshe leo, le sephatlo sa palo ya batho botlhe ba ba nnang mo do toropong. Palo ya batho botlhe ba ba nnang mo toropong e ne e le 98,017 go ya ka palobatho ya 1986, le 137,837 go ya ka Palobatho ya 1996, go supa kgolo e e feteletseng ya toropo morago ga go tsaya boipuso. [[Setshwantsho:362_Kingsway.jpg|thumb|Dikoloi tsa Kingsway]] [[Setshwantsho:Maseru_Leotho_main_south.jpg|thumb|Se se bonwang go tswa mo tseleng e kgolo e e kwa borwa kwa Maseru]] Seporo sa terena, se se agilweng ka ngwaga wa 1905, se kgabaganya Noka ya Mohokare go golaganya Maseru le Marseilles mo seporo se segolo sa [[Bloemfontein]]-Bethlehem sa Aforika Borwa. Kingsway ke tsela ya ntlha go dirwa kwa Lesotho mme e kopanya lebala la difofane la Leabua Jonathan, le jaanong e leng Mejametalana Airport le Royal Palace kwa Maseru. Kwa tshimologong tsela ee e ne e le mmu fela, mme e ne ya tlhabololwa ka 1947 ka ntlha ya ketelo ya maloko a Lelapa la Segosi la Boritane.<ref>Fitzpatrick et al. 2004, p. 522</ref> E ne ya nna yone tsela e le nngwe fela e e tlhabolotsweng mo lefatsheng go fitlhela Lesotho e tsaya boipuso ka 1966. Ditsela tse pedi tse ditona di tswang mo Maseru ke Main North 1 kwa bokonebotlhaba le Main South 1 kwa borwabotlhaba go ya kwa Mazenod le Roma. Tsela ya N8 ya Aforika Borwa e tswa kwa molelwaneng wa Maseru Bridge go ya kwa bophirima e lebile Ladybrand le [[Bloemfontein]]. Lebala la difofane la boditšhabatšhaba le le bidiwang Moshoeshoe I International le gaufi, le Thoteng-ea-Moli, Mazenod. Yunibesithi ya Bosetšhaba ya Lesotho e fitlhelwa kwa Roma, dikilometara di le 32 (20 mi) go tswa kwa Maseru. == Ikonomi == [[Setshwantsho:Uptown_Maseru.jpg|thumb|Se se bonwang go tswa kwa Main North 1, kwa godimo ga toropo ya Maseru fa go phirima]] Tsa papadi di ikaegile ka dikgaolo tse pedi tse di tlhabolotsweng tse di bapileng go dikologa Kingsway mme di dira jaaka mafelo a magolo a papadi le madirelo a athamileng ditiro mo toropong. Mo kgaolong ya bophirima ya kgwebo go fitlhelwa dikago tse ditona tsa dikantoro, mabenkele le dibanka di le mmalwa. Kgaolo ya kgwebo ya botlhaba e na le dikgwebo tse dinnye, mebaraka le barekisi ba mo mekgatheng. Dikgaolo tsa kgwebo tsa bogare ke mafelo a magolo a a thamileng ditiro mo toropong.<ref name="cities" /> Ikonomi ya Maseru ke e e golang ka lobelo lo logolo, mo go bonagalang thata mo mohameng peeletso ya mafatshe a sele le bojanala fa e sale e tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la Boritane, le tshenyego ya ikonomi ka nako ya gorunyega ga dikhuduego tsa sepolotiki ka ngwaga 1998.  Fa e sale ka dikhuduego tseo, motse o ntse o dira ka natla go fedisa tshenyo e di ebakilweng. Madirelo a Maseru a kgaogantswe ka dikarolo tse pedi tse dikgolo. Amangwe a a leng kwa bokone jwa dikgaolo tsa kgwebo tsa legare mo tseleng ya Moshoeshoe a na le Madirelo a boupe le dikhampani tse dingwe tse dikgolo. Lefapha le lengwe la madirelo le kwa borwa jwa dikgaolo tsa kgwebo tsa bogare, kwa kgaolong ya Thetsane, mme a na le dikompone tsa matsela le ditlhako. Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2004, Maseru o ne a na le madirelo a matsela a a golang a a neng a rotloediwa ke kompone go tswa Chaina ebile e beeleditse mo go one. Fa e sale ditumalano le dithulaganyo tsa Multi Fibre di fela, madirelo a matsela kwa Lesotho a fokotsegile. Dithoto tsa toropokgolo di kile tsa bo di akaretsa dikerese, dikhapete le ditlamelo tsa mohair mme di ile tsa sirwa ke madirelo a Aforika Borwa. == Mafelo a kobamelo == Mo Mafelong a kobamelo, go na le dikereke le ditempele tsa [[Sekeresete|Bakeresete e bong]]: Apostolic Faith Mission go tswa Afoika Borwa, Zion Christian Church, Anglican Church of South Africa. Gape go na le mafelo a Bamoseleme a Bamoslem. == Dikago == [[Setshwantsho:Maseru_night.jpg|right|thumb|Maseru bosigo - pono go ya kwa borwa. Bogare jwa toropo bo ka fa mojeng]] [[Setshwantsho:BasothoHatShop.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Lebenkele la Basotho Hat]] Bontsi jwa matlo a a ruletsweng ka bojang a a bidiwang rantafole a emiseditswe ka matlo a sesha a a agilweng ka ditena mme a na le motswakonyana wa kago tsa setso.Mo bosheng go ne ga nna le dikago tse dintsha mo bogareng jwa toropo thata kago e e kgabaganyang bogare jwa LNDC e jaanong e nang le Good times cafe, lebenkele la Vodacom, dikantoro le kago e ncha ya lephata la tsa botsogo e e fedileng mafelelong a ngwaga wa 2007. Dikago tse di sentsweng ka nako ya dikhuduego tsa sepolotiki tsa 1998 di agilwe sesha mme di na le mabenkele a a tshwanang le Fruits and Veg City, Woolworths le Mr Price go umaka a le mmalwa. Lefelo la metshameko la bodichaba la New Lehakoe, le le fa gare ga Central Bank of Lesotho le kago ya palamente ya bakolone le na le mabala a thenese, dibata tsa go thuma, mafelo a dikhonferense, dibara le di-gymnasium. Ka ngwaga wa 2009 ka kgwedi ya Ngwanaatsele, Pioneer Mall e ne ya bulwa, mme le tla ka mokgwa wa theko le thekiso wa Aforika Borwa mo Maseru , mme le na le mabentlele a mantsi jaaka ntlo ya ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyego e e nang le ditelebishene di le nne - e moragonyana e neng ya tswalwa - le mangwe marekisetso a dijo. Pioneer Mall e ne ya bulela go agiwa ga dikago tsa segompieno mo toropong, jaaka Maseru mall le City Square center Go na le dikago dingwe tse di saleng di nna teng ka nako ya bokolone go dikologa bogare jwa toropo, segolobogolo Cathedral of Our Lady of Victories ya Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maseru, le Anglican St. John's Church. Matlotlo a mangwe a akaretsa Ntlo ya Bogosi, kago ya Palamente le Ntlo ya Puso.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sadc.int/summit/2006/host/index.php|title=SADC Summit 2006|website=Southern African Development Community|access-date=2008-04-15}}</ref> == Metshameko == Lebala la metshameko la setšhaba la Lesotho, lebala la metshameko le le bidiwang Setsotso le fitlhelwa kwa Maseru. Le kgona go tsenya batho ba le 20 000 go ya go 25 000. Lebala leno la metshameko le dirisediwa thata metshameko ya kgwele ya dinao mme le na le go tshegetsa metshameko ya setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa kgwele ya dinao sa Lesotho, mme gape se na le ditiragalo tsa mabelo<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lesotho.gov.ls/articles/2007/SETSOTO_STADIUM_REVAMPED.php|title=Setsoto Stadium to Be Revamped|website=Lesotho Ministry of Communications, Science and Technology|access-date=2008-04-14|archive-date=2008-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828020402/http://www.lesotho.gov.ls/articles/2007/SETSOTO_STADIUM_REVAMPED.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ditlhopha di le lesome le bobedi (12) mo go tse di lesome le borataro 1(6) tse di tshamekang mo Lesotho Premier League di nna kwa Maseru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lefa.org.ls/LEFA_files/Teams.htm|title=Lesotho Teams|website=Lesotho Football Association|access-date=2008-04-13|archive-date=2008-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907234044/http://www.lefa.org.ls/LEFA_files/Teams.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Go tloga ka 2020[update], dikgaisano di le masome mararo le borataro(36) mo go tse di masome matlhano le bongwe (51) tse di neng di gaisana mo dikgaisanong tsa premier league di ile kwa ditlhopheng tsa Maseru. Se se atlegileng thata mo go tsone e ne e le Matlama FC e e nang le diphenyo di le lesome tsa kgwele mme se latelwa ke setlhopha sa kgwele ya dinao sa Royal Lesotho Defence Force, se se nang le diphenyo di robabobedi tsa kgwele. == Ditoropo tse pedi - ditoropo tse di tshwanang == Lenaane la Ditoropo tse di tshwanang le Maseru, tse di tlhophilweng ke Sister Cities International. * [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], United States * [[Ceuta]], Spain == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} jj6qx6a8bmaduao4dk4rmusq91l7ofy 0 10120 54133 38501 2026-08-15T16:42:29Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54133 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hip hop''' or '''hip-hop''', gape le '''rap''' engwe formilweng e leng '''disco rap''',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Trapp|first=Erin| date=July 1, 2005|title=The Push and Pull of Hip-Hop: A Social Movement Analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-behavioral-scientist_2005-07_48_11/page/1482|journal=[[American Behavioral Scientist]]| volume=48|issue=11|page=1482|doi=10.1177/0002764205277427 |s2cid=146340783|quote=Much scholarly effort has been devoted to hip-hop (also known as rap) music in the past two decades...|issn=0002-7642 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Leach|first=Andrew|year=2008|title="One Day It'll All Make Sense": Hip-Hop and Rap Resources for Music Librarians|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30163606|journal=Notes|volume=65|issue=1|pages=9–37|doi=10.1353/not.0.0039|jstor=30163606|s2cid=144572911|issn=0027-4380|access-date=December 5, 2020|archive-date=January 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128051605/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30163606|url-status=live}}</ref> ke [[Music genre|genre]] ya [[popular music]] tse originated ka mengwaga ya pele bo 1970s go tloga ka 1940 [[African-American music|African American]] community. Hip-hop music originated jwalo ka anti-drug and anti-violence genre<ref>{{Cite web |title=News-Press 06 Jul 1984, page Page 43 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/214207996/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> e copanyang di stylized rhythmic music (go tsebega kago mo pele ga [[drum beat]]s) tse tlang mora di accompanies ''[[rapping]]'', rhythmic delivery ya poetic speech.<ref name="britannica-rap">[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] article mo rap, retrieved gotswa [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/665039/rap britannica.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803033948/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/665039/rap |date=August 3, 2011 }}: Rap, musical style ka gare go tsedingwe di rhythmic le/kgotsa di rhyming speech di chanted ("rapped") go musical accompaniment. Se ke backing music, se kgonang go tsentsha digital sampling (music le sounds extracted gotswa mo tse dingwe di recordings go bo DJ), ke le sona se bitswa hip-hop, lebitso berekiswa go prefer go broader cultural movement tse kentshang rap, deejaying (turntable manipulation), graffiti painting, le break dancing.</ref> In the early 1990s, a professor of African American studies at [[Temple University]] said, "Hip-hop is something that [[blacks]] can unequivocally claim as their own."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Boston Globe 27 Jul 1992, page 52 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/439844803/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> ka 21st century, field ya bo rappers e kereyile diversified ka bobedi ba race le gender. Music developed jwalo ka karolo ya broader [[hip hop (culture)|hip-hop culture]], [[subculture]] e fetolwa ke four key stylistic elements: [[Rapping|MCing]]/rapping, DJing/[[scratching]] le [[Turntablism|turntables]], [[breakdancing]], gape le [[graffiti|graffiti art]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Born in the Bronx|last=Kugelberg|first=Johan|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7893-1540-3|page=17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Lauren|title=Hip to the Game – Dance World vs. Music Industry, The Battle for Hip Hop's Legacy|work=[[Movmnt]] Magazine|date=February 18, 2009|url=http://www.movmnt.com/monsters-of-hip-hop-2_003332.html|access-date=July 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403235135/http://www.movmnt.com/monsters-of-hip-hop-2_003332.html|archive-date=April 3, 2010|url-status=dead|archivedate=April 3, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403235135/http://www.movmnt.com/monsters-of-hip-hop-2_003332.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip Hop Generation|last=Chang|first=Jeff|author-link=Jeff Chang (journalist)|year=2005|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=0-312-30143-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/cantstopwontstop2005chan/page/90 90]|title-link=Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip Hop Generation}}</ref> While often used to refer solely to rapping and rap music, "hip hop" more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture.<ref>[[Harvard Dictionary of Music]] article for hip hop, retrieved from [https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&q=hip+hop Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110005852/https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&q=hip+hop#v=snippet&q=hip%20hop&f=false |date=January 10, 2016 }}: While often used to refer to rap music, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture</ref><ref>[[AllMusic]] article for Hip-hop/Urban, retrieved from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120311151718/http://allmusic.com/explore/metastyle/hip-hop-urban-d4483 AllMusic.com]: Hip-Hop is the catch-all term for rap and the culture it spawned. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311151718/http://allmusic.com/explore/metastyle/hip-hop-urban-d4483 |date=March 11, 2012}}</ref> The term ''hip hop music'' is sometimes used synonymously with the term ''rap music'',<ref name="britannica-rap"/><ref name="britannica-hip-hop">''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' article on hip-hop, retrieved from [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266545/hip-hop britannica.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511185325/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266545/hip-hop |date=May 11, 2011 }}: Hip-hop, cultural movement that attained widespread popularity in the 1980s and '90s; also, the backing music for rap, the musical style incorporating rhythmic and/or rhyming speech that became the movement's most lasting and influential art form.</ref> ma gareng a rapping a se required component ya hip hop music; genre e kano incorporate tse dingwe di elements tsa culture, e tsentsha le [[Disc jockey|DJing]], [[turntablism]], [[scratching]], [[beatboxing]], le [[hip hop production|instrumental tracks]].<ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{cite web|title=Hip-hop|work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hip-hop|access-date=February 5, 2017}}</ref><ref name=OED>{{cite web|title=Hip-hop|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/243423?rskey=GAowBg&result=1&isAdvanced=false#|work=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=October 6, 2011}}</ref> Hip hop ka bobedi musical genre and a culture di formile ka nako ya 1970s, neng bo [[block parties]] ba tlileng increasingly popular ko New York City, particularly le bo [[African Americans|African American]] youth e na e bitswang [[The Bronx|Bronx]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lamotte |first=Martin |date=March 2014 |title=Rebels Without a Pause: Hip-hop and Resistance in the City: Debates and Developments |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-2427.12087 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131131507/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-2427.12087 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=686–694 |doi=10.1111/1468-2427.12087}}</ref> Ko block parties, DJs di dletse di [[percussion|percussive]] le dipina tsa tlwayelo go berekisa pedi ga turntables le [[DJ mixer]] to be able to play breaks from two copies of the same record, alternating from one to the other and extending "[[Break (music)|break]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jan/11/hey-whats-that-sound-turntablism|title=Hey, what's that sound: Turntablism|last=McNamee|first=David|date=January 11, 2010|work=The Guardian |access-date=March 22, 2017}}</ref> Hip-hop's nakong ya evolution e tlhagile e le sampling technology le [[drum machine]]s ditle di le available e ne direkega. Turntablist techniques go tshwana le scratching le [[beatmatching]] di etsitswe letlhakoreng la the breaks. Rapping e etsitswe jwalo ka vocal style se se tlileng ka di artist tse bolelang kapa chants along rhythmically le instrumental kgotsa synthesized [[beat (music)|beat]]. Hip hop music ne e sa recordiwa go tshameka mo radiong kgotsa mo television go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1979, Bogolo ba genre's birth le go tlhoka tumelo gotswa mafelong a mannye a bo makgelwane.<ref name="Dyson 2007, p. 6">[[Michael Eric Dyson|Dyson, Michael Eric]], 2007, ''Know What I Mean?: Reflections on Hip-Hop'', Basic Civitas Books, p. 6.</ref> [[Old-school hip hop]] e ne e le ya mathomo go mainstream wave ya genre, e markilwe ke ba yona [[disco]] influence and party-oriented lyrics. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles le spread around the world. [[New-school hip hop]] e ne di genre's wave ya bobedi, e markilwe ke [[electro music|electro]] sound, le [[golden age hip hop]], e yona e innovative nako nyana magareng-(mid)-1980s le mid-1990s eo le yona e etsitswe go ba hip hop's [[album era]]. Le [[gangsta rap]] [[subgenre]], ntse di lebelletse dintwa tsa inner-city African American youth, di gain'e tsebo nako yona eo. [[West Coast hip hop]] E dominatile k [[G-funk]] nakong tsa pele ka-mid 1990s, nakong eo [[East Coast hip hop]] e dominatiwa ke [[jazz rap]], [[alternative hip hop]], le [[hardcore hip hop]]. Hip hop e tsweletse pele ka diversify ka nako ya regional styles emerging, go tshwana le [[Southern rap]] gape le [[Atlanta hip hop]]. Hip hop e bile e tona tota kago-rekisa genre ko mid-1990s le thekiso e kwa go dimo gara music genre ka 1999. Amidst ke evolution, hip hop e bile ya tsibiswa gape e bile le koloi bakeng la social commentary le di politic expression, go bontsha ga tshokolo le thabo ya marginalized communities. Gotswa mo medung ya yona ka gare ga the Bronx fitlhetse global gompieno, hip hop.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In the beginning, there was the Bronx |url=https://projects.apnews.com/features/2023/hip-hop-50th-history/in-the-beginning-there-was-the-bronx.html}}</ref> ==Notes== ==Metswedi== q993c13wkfypa90twtiknibpx18u2cz 0 10184 54121 41437 2026-08-15T16:24:40Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Rwanda | common_name = Rwanda | image_flag = Flag of Rwanda.svg | alt_flag = Folaga ya Rwanda: Ditsela tse di botala jwa loapi,serolwana le tse di botala jwa tlhaga, le letsatsi le le serolwana kwa sekhutlwaneng se se mo mojeng kwa godimo | image_coat = Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg | alt_coat = The seal of Rwanda: central tribal devices, surmounted on a cog wheel and encircled by a square knot | national_motto = "Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu" <br />(English: "Unity, Work, Patriotism")<br />(French: "Unité, Travail, Patriotisme")<br />(Swahili: "Umoja, Kazi, Uzalendo") | national_anthem = "{{lang|rw|[[Rwanda Nziza]]|italic=no}}"<br />({{langx|en|"Beautiful Rwanda"}})<br /><div style="position: relative; top:0.2em;">{{center|[[File:Hymne National du Rwanda.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Location Rwanda AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=[[Africa]] |region_color=light blue}} | capital = Kigali | coordinates = {{coord|1|56|38|S|30|3|34|E|type:city_region:RW-01|display=inline}} | largest_city = Kigali | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kinyarwanda]] |[[English language|English]] | <!--PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE FRENCH WITHOUT DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE--> |[[Belgian French|French]] |[[Swahili language|Swahili]]}} | leader_name1 = Paul Kagame | ethnic_groups = {{tree list}} *100% [[Banyarwanda]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country|url=https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/historical-background.shtml#:~:text=By%201994%2C%20Rwanda%27s%20population%20stood%20at%20more%20than%207%20million%20people%20comprising%203%20ethnic%20groups%3A%0Athe%20Hutu%20(who%20made%20up%20roughly%2085%25%20of%20the%20population)%2C%20the%20Tutsi%20(14%25)%2C%20and%20the%20Twa%20(1%25).|access-date=4 April 2018|website=United Nations|quote=By 1994, Rwanda's population stood at more than 7 million people comprising 3 ethnic groups: the Hutu (who made up roughly 85% of the population), the Tutsi (14%), and the Twa (1%).|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715050927/https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/historical-background.shtml#:~:text=By%201994%2C%20Rwanda%27s%20population%20stood%20at%20more%20than%207%20million%20people%20comprising%203%20ethnic%20groups%3A%0Athe%20Hutu%20(who%20made%20up%20roughly%2085%25%20of%20the%20population)%2C%20the%20Tutsi%20(14%25)%2C%20and%20the%20Twa%20(1%25).|url-status=live}}</ref> **85% [[Hutu]] **14% [[Tutsi]] **1% [[Great Lakes Twa|Twa]] {{Tree list/end}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |93.8% [[Christianity]] |3.0% [[Irreligion|no religion]] |2.2% [[Islam in Rwanda|Islam]] |1.0% other<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/rwanda#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |title=Religions in Rwanda &#124; PEW-GRF |website=globalreligiousfutures.org |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523001751/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/rwanda#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} | area_km2 = 26,798<ref>{{cite web |url=https://au.int/ar/countryprofiles/republic-rwanda |title=Republic of Rwanda |publisher=African Union |access-date=13 January 2025 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122210501/https://au.int/ar/countryprofiles/republic-rwanda |url-status=dead }}</ref> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $42.346 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=714,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Rwanda) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019221331/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=714,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | HDI = 0.548 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic]] under an [[authoritarian]] [[dictatorship]]<ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book |last=Thomson |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Thomson |title=Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace |date=2018 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-23591-3 |page=185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbxODwAAQBAJ&q=one-party+state |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022072324/https://books.google.com/books?id=RbxODwAAQBAJ&q=one-party+state |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Conversation">{{cite news |last1=Sebarenzi |first1=Joseph |last2=Twagiramungu |first2=Noel |title=Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime |url=https://theconversation.com/rwandas-economic-growth-could-be-derailed-by-its-autocratic-regime-114649 |access-date=5 September 2023 |work=The Conversation |date=8 April 2019 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905203956/https://theconversation.com/rwandas-economic-growth-could-be-derailed-by-its-autocratic-regime-114649 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Handbook of Restorative Justice">{{cite book |last=Waldorf |first=Lars |title=Handbook of Restorative Justice |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-34682-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGV_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT619 ?] |chapter=Rwanda's failing experiment in restorative justice}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last=Beswick |first=Danielle |title=Aiding State Building and Sacrificing Peace Building? The Rwanda–UK relationship 1994–2011 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2011_32_10/page/1911 |journal=Third World Quarterly |date=2011 |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=1911–1930 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2011.610593 |s2cid=153404360| issn=0143-6597 }}</ref><ref name="University of Chicago Press">{{cite book |last=Bowman |first=Warigia |title=Four. Imagining a Modern Rwanda: Sociotechnological Imaginaries, Information Technology, and the Postgenocide State |date=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-27666-3 |page=87 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226276663-004/html?lang=en |doi=10.7208/9780226276663-004 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905203958/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226276663-004/html?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal |last=Reyntjens |first=Filip |title=Behind the Façade of Rwanda's Elections |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |date=2011 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=64–69 |jstor=43133887 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133887 |issn=1526-0054 |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905203956/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133887 |url-status=live}}</ref><br> | population_estimate = 13,623,302<ref name="cia">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Rwanda |access-date=6 May 2024|year=2024}} (prior to 1994, its area was 26,798 km2)</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 76th | population_density_km2 = 517 | population_density_sq_mi = 1,340 | population_density_rank = 22nd | GDP_PPP_rank = 139th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $13.927 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RW" /> | Gini = 43.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> }} Lefatshe la '''Rwanda''', le le tlhomamisitsweng semmuso ka leina la Republic of Rwanda, le kwa botlhaba jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]], mo mokgatsheng wa [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley|Great Rift Valley]], kwa makadiba a a itsegeng ka [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]] a kopanang teng le borwa-botlhaba jwa Aforika. Le dikaganyeditswe ke mafatshe a [[Uganda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Burundi]] le la [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. Le itsege ka leina la sereto la "lefatshe la sekete sa dithaba" ka jaana le tlhatlogile ebile le na le dithaba tse dintsi kwa bophirima, dikgwa tse di kitlaneng kwa borwa-botlhaba le makadiba a mantsi mo lefatsheng ka bophara.Seemo sa bosa ke se se bothitho go ya kwa mogoteng, ka dipaka tse pedi tsa pula le tse pedi tse di kwakwaletseng mo ngwageng.ke lone lefatshe le le nang le palo e ntsi ya batho go feta mafatshe otlhe a Aforika, labotlhano mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka pophara. Toropokgolo ya lone ke [[Kigali]]. Batho bantlha go nna kwa lefelong le e ne e le batsumi-bakgobokanyi ka metlha ya leje le ya go thulwa ga tshipi, mme ba salwa morago ke batho bantsho. Batho ba ne ba tshwaragana ka makgotlana mme ba tloga ba nna ka magosi. E ne ya re dingwaga di le makgolokgo a le lesome le botlhano a a fetileng, lengwe la magosi a a neng a le ka fa tlase ga tlhokomelo ya ga Kgosi Gihanga, la phuta baagisanyi go simolodisa bogosi jwa Rwanda (Kingdom of Rwanda). Ba bogosi jwa Rwanda ba ne ba busa go simolola dingwaga tse di makgolo a le lesome le boferabobedi, dikgosi tsa bone tsa Tutsi di fenya magosi a mangwe ka sesole, maatla le go diragatsa melao e e letlanyang batho.Ka ngwaga wa 1987, lefatshe la Rwanda le ne la busiwa ke la [[Germany]] e le bontlha bongwe jwa German East Africa, mme morago la busiwa ke la [[Belgium]] ka ngwaga wa 1961 ka nako ya ntwa ya ntlha ya lefatshe. Mafatshe a mabedi a o a yuropa a ne a busa a dirisa kgosi wa kwa Rwanda, mme a tsweledisa molao wa puso ya Tutsi.Morafe wa Hutu o ne wa tlhanoga kwa ngwaga wa 1959, mme ba bolaya ba morafe wa Tutsi ba le bantsi, ka ngwaga wa 1962 ba ne ba simolodisa puso e e eteletsweng pele ke ba morafe wa Hutu, o eteletswe pele ke Tautona [[:en:Grégoire_Kayibanda|Gregoire Kayibanda.]] Ka ngwaga wa 1973 sesole se ne sa menola puso ya ga Kayibanda mme ba tsenya [[:en:Juvénal_Habyarimana|Juvenal Habyarimana]] mo pusong, o o neng a tsweledisa go busa ga morafe wa Hutu. Phathi ya polotiki ya [[:en:Rwandan_Patriotic_Front|Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)]] e e eteletsweng pele ke morafe wa Tutsi, e ne ya simolola ntwa ya selegae ka 1990. Habyarimana o ne a bolawa ka ngwaga wa 1994 ka kgwedi ya Moranang. Go ne ga nna dikgogakgogano le kganyaolo ya batho kwa Rwanda malatsi a le lekgolo. RPF e ne ya fedisa kganyaolo e ka phenyo ya sesole ka kgwedi ya Phukwi. Lefatshe la Rwanda le busitswe ke RPF e le nosi fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1994, e eteletswe pele ke ramasole wa pele ebong [[:en:Paul_Kagame|Paul Kagame]] o o nnileng tautona go tswa ka ngwaga wa 2000. Le ntswa lefatshe la Rwanda le sena tshenyetso sechaba e e kalo fa le tshwantshwangwa le mafatshe a a mabapi, le kwa tlase mo go buseng go sena bofitlha, ditshwanelo tsa setho le boleng jwa matshelo a batho. Bontsi jwa banni ba koo, ke ba ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase mme ba nna kwa magaeng thata; lefatshe le Rwanda ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le palo e ntsi ya batho ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Batho ba kwa Rwanda ba tswa mo setlhopheng se se buang puo ele nngwe sa Banyarwanda, setlhopha se se na le ditlhophana tsa Hutu, Tutsi le Twa. Batho ba setlhophana sa Twa, ke batho ba ba nnang kwa sekgweng, ba le bakhutshwane ka lotso ebile ba kaiwa fa ele dikokomane tsa batho ba ntlha go nna kwa lefatsheng leo. Bontsi jwa badumedi kwa lefatsheng leo ke BaKeresete; teme ya konokono ke ya [[:en:Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]], e e buiwang ke batho ba ba tlholegang koo, mme dipuo tse di tswang kwa mafatsheng a sele tsa sekgoa, seFora le Swahili le tsone di tlhomamisitswe go buiwa mo lefatsheng leo. Itsholelo ya lefatshe la Rwanda e ikaegile ka temo-thuo. Dimela tsa kofi le tee ke tsone tse di rekisediwang mafatshe a mangwe thata. Lekalana la bojanala le tsweletse ka go gola ka bofefo, mme ebile jaanong e le lone le tsenyang madi a a tswang kwa ntle thata mo lefatsheng le. 48.8% ya banni ba lefatshe le e amilwe thata ke lehuma,fa 27.7% e na le kgonagalo ya go amega. Lefatshe le ke leloko la makgotla a [[:en:African_Union|African Union]], [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]], [[:en:Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa|COMESA]], [[:en:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie|OIF]] le [[:en:East_African_Community|East African Community.]] == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:Rwanda Nyanza Mwami Palace.jpg|left|thumb|Go agiwa sesha ga ntlo ya segosi kwa Nyanza bogologolo tala.]] Lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng e le Rwanda, le tswa bogologolong jwa dinako tsa fa metsi a ne a sule dikgapetlana.<ref>Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y the Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History.] Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT press. ISBN 978-1-890951-34-4.[https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210159/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ Archived] from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</ref> Dithibololo tsa baithutamarope di supa fa go na le bosupi jwa go phatlalala ga bonno jwa batsumi-bakgobokanyi ka metlha ya leje, ba salwa morago ke palo e e fa godingwana ya banni ba nako ya go thulwa ga tshipi, ba ba neng ba bopa dinkgwana le didirisiwa tsa tshipi.<ref>Dorsey, Learthen (1994). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/historical-dictionary-of-rwanda-by-learthen-dorsey-african-historical-dictionaries-series-no-60-metuchen-nj-and-london-scarecrow-press-1994-pp-xvi-437-55-isbn-0810828200/94D90F4D6E1F7CA1A471D25D644ED8A0 Historical Dictionary of Rwanda]. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-2820-9.</ref><ref>Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History.]Cambridge, Massachusetts:MIT Press. ISBN 978-1-890951-34-4. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210159/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ Archived] from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2025. </ref> Banni ba ba pele, e ne e le bagologolwane ba morafe wa Twa, o o leng teng mo Rwanda gompieno. Ka ngwaga wa 3,000 pele ga Keresete, balemi barui le badisa ba [[:en:Central_Sudanic_languages|Central Sudanic]] le ba [[:en:Kuliak_languages|Kuliak]] ba simolola go aga mo Rwanda, ba salwa morago ke badisa ba ba neng ba bua puo ya [[:en:South_Cushitic_languages|South Cushitic]] ka ngwaga wa 2,000 B.C.<ref>Schoenbrun, David L. (1993). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/183030?seq=1 We are what we eat: ancianet agriculture between the great lakes]". ''The Journal of African History''. '''34''' (1) : 15 -16. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/we-are-what-we-eat-ancient-agriculture-between-the-great-lakes1/369E954FE50C4D4146B9A9790ED8134A 10.1017/S0021853700032989.] JSTOR&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/183030 183030]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/We-Are-What-We-Eat%3A-Ancient-Agriculture-Between-the-Schoenbrun/70f11f735a3ff26c43e6b236aeb503edb951ae3c 162660041.]</ref><ref>Taylor, Christopher C. (13 September 2020). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=qHf8DwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y Sacrifice as Terror: the Rwandian Genocide of 1994]. Routledge.pp. 63 - 65. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-000-18448-8|978-1-000-18448-8]]</bdi>.</ref> Morafe wa Twa, o o neng o nna kwa sekgweng, o ne wa latlhegelwa ke bonno mme wa fudugela kwa mekgokoloseng ya dithaba.<ref>King, David C. (2007). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC&redir_esc=y Rwanda (Cultures of the World)]''. New York, N.Y.: Benchmark Books. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2333-1|978-0-7614-2333-1]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210200/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC Archived] from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</ref> Go simolola ka ngwaga wa 800 B.C go tsena ka 1500 A.D, palo ya batho bantsho ya simolola go fudugela mo Rwanda, ba kgaola dikgwa gore ba dire masimo.Bakwadi ba ditso ba na le megopolo e le mentsi ka go fuduga ba batho bantsho; mongwe wa megopolo wa re banni bantlha e ne e le ba lotso lwa Hutu, mme ba Tutsi ba tla morago, e le lotso lo lo pharologanyo. Mogopolo o mongwe ke gore phudugo e nnile bonnya ebile e iketlile, ditlhopha tse di gorogang di kopana le ba ba bafitlhelang eseng go ba fenya. Mogopolo o o raya gore kgaogano ya merafe ya Hutu le Tutsi, e ne e le go tlhaolwa go ya ka maemo e seng ka lotso. == Metswedi == 2dte7vilmwmnl0ucjo99swu816e0qcn 0 10209 54104 48649 2026-08-15T14:03:21Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Queentor Abel''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Phalane a le garataro ka 1997) ke motshameki wa kirikete wa wa Kenya ebile e le mokapotene wa setlhopha sa bosethaba sa kirikete sa basadi.<ref>Onyatta, Omondi (24 May 2022). [https://www.the-star.co.ke/sports/2022-05-24-kwibuka-tournament-a-step-to-great-things-for-women-cricket/ "Kwibuka tournament a step to great things for women cricket"]. ''[[:en:The_Star_(Kenya)|The Star (Kenya)]]''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Abel ke motshameki wa makgonatshotlhe ka a itaya kgwele ka letsogo la moja ebile a tika kgwele ka go e tsoketsa ka letsogo la moja.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/queentor-abel-1119431 "Queentor Abel"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> == Tiro ya mo gae == === Uganda === Fa e sale ka 2017, Abel o ntse a tshamekela setlhopha sa Pioneer mo kgaisanong ya basadi ya mo gae e e tshwarwang ke [[:en:Uganda_Cricket_Association|Uganda Cricket Association]].<ref name=":0">Musali, Denis (13 August 2017). [https://kawowo.com/2017/08/13/queentor-abel-of-pioneer-cricket-club-wins-mvp-award/ "Pioneer Cricket Club's Queentor Abel wins T20 MVP Award"]. ''[[:en:Kawowo_Sports|Kawowo Sports]]''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref><ref name=":1">Batuwa, Daniel (5 November 2018). [http://www.ugandacricket.com/index.php/domestic-league/9-women-s-national-league/627-jazz-safari-national-women-s-league-ladies-division-1-and-division-2-wrap "Jazz Safari National Women's League: Ladies Division 1 and Division 2 Wrap"]. ''[[:en:Uganda_Cricket_Association|Uganda Cricket Association]]''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref><ref name=":2">Musali, Denis (27 March 2022). [https://kawowo.com/2022/03/27/wanderers-move-into-second-pioneer-overcome-olila/ "Women's T20: Wanderers move into second, Pioneer overcome Olila"]. ''Kawowo Sports''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Mo dingwageng tseo tsa ntlha, o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka [[:en:Most_valuable_player|MVP]] mo kgaisanong, morago ga go nosa metabogo e le 239 le go tsaya diwikete di le supa mo metshamekong e le metlhano fela mo go e le lesome ya setlhopha sa gagwe.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mo makgaolakgannyeng a kgaisano ya ngwaga o o latelang, o ne a dira 33* mme a tsaya di wikete tse 2/30, mme setlhopha sa gagwe se ne sa fenngwa ke Olila High ka diwekete di le matlhano.<ref name=":1" /> Ka Mopitlo wa 2022, Abel o ne a nna le letsatsi le lengwe le a neng a tshwaregile ka lone fa a ne a tshameka metshameko ka go latelana le Pioneer kgatlhanong le Olila kwa [[:en:Entebbe|Entebbe]]. Mo motshamekong wa ntlha, o ne a nosa masome mane le bone mme a tsaya 5/17, mme mo go wa bobedi o ne a gapa diwikete tse dingwe gape tse nne. Pioneer e ne ya fenya metshameko eo yotlhe ka bobedi.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Nsereko, Issa (27 March 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250207201855/https://nimsportuganda.com/cricket-wanderers-pioneer-cricket-club-register-victories-against-tornado-bee-and-olila-cricket-club/ "Cricket: Wanderers, Pioneer Cricket Club register victories against Tornado Bee and Olila Cricket Club"]. ''Nimsport Uganda''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> === Kenya === Magareng ga Phukwi le Lwetse 2021, Abel o ne a nna mokapotene wa setlhopha sa Nelion Knights mo Kenya Ladies' [[:en:Nairobi_Province_Cricket_Association|Nairobi Province Cricket Association]] (NPCA) League.<ref>Oyugi, Beryl (23 July 2021). [https://kenya-cricket.com/2021/07/23/kenya-ladies-cricket-league-set-to-begin/ "Kenya Ladies Cricket League set to begin"]. ''Kenya Cricket''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Go tloga ka Seetebosigo wa 2022, Kenya e ne e sena liki ya mo gae ya bomme, le fa go ne go na le dipuisano ka go tlhoma nngwe.<ref>Onyatta, Omondi (24 May 2022). [https://www.the-star.co.ke/sports/2022-04-15-cricket-kenya-in-ambitious-plan-to-grow-womens-game/ "Cricket Kenya in ambitious plan to grow women's game"]. ''The Star (Kenya)''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> == Tiro ya boditshabatshaba == === 2014 '''–''' 18: Matsatsi a pele === Ka Sedimonthole wa 2014, Abel o ne a tshamekela Kenya mo [[CC Africa Women's T20 Championship|ICC Africa Women's T20 Championship]] kwa Benoni, Gauteng, Afrika Borwa. O ne a itaya kgwele mo metshamekong e le meraro, mme ga a ka a fitlhelela dipalo tsa sebedi, mme ga a ka a tika kgwele.<ref name=":3">[https://www.crichq.com/players/1081705/matches/results "Queentor Abel"]. ''[[:en:CricHQ|cricHQ]]''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Ka Seetebosigo wa 2015, o ne e le karolo ya setlhopha sa ntlha sa Kenya go tsaya karolo mo kgaisanong ya [[:en:Kwibuka_T20_Tournament|Kwibuka Women's T20]] kwa [[:en:Kigali|Kigali]], Rwanda. Kenya e ne ya gapa phenyo ya yone ya ntlha mo kgaisanong ya Kwibuka mo ngwageng oo;<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220525222016/https://www.crichq.com/competitions/6532/draws/16614/standings_table "Kwibuka Women's T20 Tournament"]. ''CricHQ''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Abel o ne a dira sentle ka 46[[:en:Not_out|*]] ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le boraro ka 2015 kgatlhanong le Rwanda.<ref name=":3" /> Ka Moranang wa 2016, o ne a tshameka mo kgaisanong ya [[ICC Women's Qualifier Africa]], mme maduo a gagwe a kwa godimo e ne e le metabogo e le lesome fela kgatlhanong le [[Uganda]], mme gape ga a ka a tika kgwele.<ref name=":3" /> Abel o ne a ya go tshamekela Kenya mo kgaisanong ya gagwe ya bobedi ya Kwibuka T20 ka Seetebosigo wa 2017. Kenya e ne ya fetoga fenya gape;<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20220525223219/https://www.crichq.com/competitions/10544/draws/32057/rounds Kwibuka Cricket for Peace T20 Tournament, 2017"]. ''CricHQ''. Retrieved 6 June 2022.</ref> Abel o ne a dira maduo a mantle ka metabogo e le masome a mane le le dikgwele di le masome mararo le botlhano le 3/8 kgatlhanong le Rwanda ka Seetebosigo a le some ka 2017.<ref name=":3" /> Morago ga dikgwedi di le tharo, mo kgaisanong ya makgaolakgang ya [[ICC Women's T20 World Cup Africa Qualifier]] e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa [[:en:Windhoek|Windhoek]], Namibia, Abel e ne ya nna ene a nosa dino tse di kwa godimo mo setlhopheng sa gagwe ka go dira metabogo e le masome mabedi le bone mo dikgweleng di le masome mabedi le boraro, mme a tsaya 2/14, fa Kenya e ne e fenngwa ke Uganda.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-wwc-qlf-2017-1118910/kenya-women-vs-uganda-women-5th-match-1118920/full-scorecard "Full Scorecard of Kenya Women vs Uganda Women 5th Match 2017 - Score Report"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.cricketnamibia.com/uganda-zimbabwe-remain-unbeaten/ "Uganda, Zimbabwe remain unbeaten"]. ''Cricket Namibia''. 12 September 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Morago ga moo, mo motshamekong wa mantshano kgatlhanong le Uganda, o ne a dira dino tse di kwa godimo ka 36*, mme seo ga se a ka sa thibela Uganda go fenya ka diwikete di le tlhano, mo motshamekong o o neng o setse ka kgwele e le nngwe fela.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-wwc-qlf-2017-1118910/kenya-women-vs-uganda-women-play-off-1120538/full-scorecard "Full Scorecard of Kenya Women vs Uganda Women Play-off 2017 - Score Report"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref><ref>Schütz, Helge (16 September 2017). [https://www.namibian.com.na/169378/archive-read/Uganda-beat-Kenya-in-thriller "Uganda beat Kenya in thriller"]. ''[[:en:The_Namibian|The Namibian]]''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, 2018, Kenya e ne ya fenya kgaisano ya Kwibuka ya T20 lekgetlho la boraro, mme Abel o ne a tshameka karolo e kgolo; o ne a tsaya 2/20 mme a dira 37* kgatlhanong le Uganda U19,<ref name=":3" /><ref>Mwangi, Richard (7 June 2018). [https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/cricket/kenya-beat-uganda-in-peace-tourney-opener-52116 "Kenya beat Uganda in Peace tourney opener"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Nation|Daily Nation]]''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> e ne e le motshwarelela mokapotene mo metshamekong ka bobedi ya setlhopha sa gagwe kgatlhanong le Rwanda,<ref name=":3" /> mme morago a tsaya 3/13 mo motshamekong wa bobedi wa setlhopha kgatlhanong le Uganda U-19.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Mwangi, Richard (9 June 2018). [https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/cricket/anyango-s-half-ton-inspires-kenya-past-uganda-52938 "Anyango's half-ton inspires Kenya past Uganda"]. ''Daily Nation''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> === 2019 go fitlha gompieno: WT20I === Ka Moranang 2019, Abel o ne a tshameka mo motshamekong wa ntlha wa [[:en:Women's_Twenty20_International|Women's Twenty20 International]] (WT20I) kgatlhanong le Zimbabwe, mo motshamekong wa ntlha wa [[:en:2019_Victoria_Tri-Series|Victoria Tri-Series]] kwa [[:en:Kampala|Kampala]], Uganda. Motshameko o ne gape e le wa ntlha wa WT20I wa Kenya.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/victoria-tri-series-2019-1179002/kenya-women-vs-zimbabwe-women-1st-match-1179007/full-scorecard "Full Scorecard of Zim Women vs Kenya Women 1st Match 2019 - Score Report"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Moragonyana mo letsatsing leo, mo motshamekong wa Kenya kgatlhanong le Uganda, Abel, yo o neng a begilwe pele ga kgaisano e le mongwe wa dinaledi tsa setlhopha sa gagwe, o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka motshameki wa motshameko o o ka go tsaya 5/18, fela Uganda e ne ya fenya motshameko ka metabogo e le masome mararo le bone.<ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/score/uganda-keen-on-finding-purity-at-victoria-tri-series-1818028 "Uganda keen on finding purity at Victoria Tri-Series"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/victoria-tri-series-2019-1179002/uganda-women-vs-kenya-women-2nd-match-1179008/full-scorecard "Full Scorecard of Uganda Women vs Kenya Women 2nd Match 2019 - Score Report"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Abel o feditse metshameko ya Tri-Series ka diwike tse di gaisang palogare ya go betsa kgwele ya Kenya,<ref>[https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12943;team=2348;type=tournament "Victoria Tri Series, 2019 - Kenya Women Cricket Team Records & Stats"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> le ka palogare ya boraro e e kwa godimo ya go betsa ya setlhopha le palogare.<ref>[https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12943;team=2348;type=tournament "Victoria Tri Series, 2019 - Kenya Women Cricket Team Records & Stats"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Gape e ne e le mongwe wa ba-Kenya ba le babedi fela ba ba neng ba akareditswe mo setlhopheng sa kgaisano, mme go ne go twe o tsere motshameko wa kgaisano.<ref>[http://www.ugandacricket.com/index.php/rules-conditions/8-news/710-victoria-tri-series-review-five-ugandans-in-team-of-tournament "Victoria Tri Series Review: Five Ugandans In Team Of Tournament"]. ''Uganda Cricket Association''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Abel o ne a se karolo ya setlhopha sa Kenya sa [[ICC Women's Qualifier Africa]] e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa [[:en:Harare|Harare]], Zimbabwe, ka Motsheganong wa 2019.<ref>[https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12973;team=2348;type=tournament "ICC Women's T20 World Cup Africa Region Qualifier, 2019 - Kenya Women Cricket Team Records & Stats"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Kenya le Abel ba ne ba tshameka WT20Is ya bone e e latelang ka metseletsele ya dikgaisano tse supa kgatlhanong le Botswana kwa [[Gaborone]], Botswana, ka Sedimonthole wa 2019. Metseletsele eo e ne e rulaganyeditswe go nna motseletsele ya ditlhopha tse tharo, mme setlhopha sa boraro se se neng se rulagantswe, Namibia, se ne sa patelesega go ikgogela morago.<ref name=":4">[https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/1119431.html?class=10;template=results;type=allround;view=match "All-round records | Q Abel | Women's Twenty20 Internationals"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref><ref>[https://emergingcricket.com/news/botswana-hosting-kenya-in-inaugural-womens-t20-series/ "Botswana hosting Kenya in inaugural women's T20 series"]. ''Emerging Cricket''. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Kenya e ne ya fenya metseletse yeo ka bone go bongwe, mme metshameko e le mebedi e ne ya tlogelwa ka ntlha ya pula.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/kenya-wmn-in-bots-t20is-2019-20-1207654/match-results "Kenya Women in Botswana T20I Series - Cricket Schedules, Updates, Results | ESPNcricinfo.com"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Go tika kgwele ga ga Abel e ne e le 3/13 mo motshamekong wa bobedi, mme maduo a gagwe a a kwa godimo e ne e le masome mabedi le boraro mo motshamekong wa borataro.<ref name=":4" /> Ka ntlha ya go runya ga leroborobo la COVID-19, Kenya e ne ya se ka ya tshameka metshameko e mengwe ya WT20I go fitlha ka Seetebosigo wa 2021, fa setlhopha se ne sa gaisana mme sa fenya Kgaisano ya bone ya Kwibuka. <ref name=":4" /><ref>Women's CricZone Staff (18 May 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250218105837/https://www.womenscriczone.com/five-teams-set-to-battle-it-out-in-the-kwibuka-t20-tournament "Five teams set to battle it out in the Kwibuka T20 Tournament"]. ''Women's CricZone''. Retrieved 15 February 2025..</ref> Mo motshamekong wa ntlha wa Kenya mo kgaisanong eo, kgatlhanong le Botswana, Abel o ne a dira 35* go thusa setlhopha sa gagwe go dira se se neng sa tlhalosiwa ke Women's CricZone jaaka "phenyo e e botlhoko", ka diwikete di robabongwe.<ref name=":4" /><ref>S, Shajin Mohanan (7 June 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210613043619/https://www.womenscriczone.com/wetoto-floors-namibia-as-allround-kenya-romp-to-yet-another-kwibuka-t20-triumph/ "Wetoto floors Namibia as allround Kenya romp to yet another Kwibuka T20 triumph"]. ''Women's CricZone''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Moragonyana, kgatlhanong le Nigeria le Rwanda, o ne a dira 40 le 47*, ka go latelana, mme mo motshamekong wa bofelo leone o ne a tsaya 2/17.<ref name=":4" /><ref>[https://www.michezoafrika.com/news/kenya-through-to-kwibuka-t20-semis/26602 "Kenya through to Kwibuka T20 semis"]. ''Michezoafrika''. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go diragatsa moo, o ne a abelwa motshameki wa motshameko mo dikgaisanong tseo ka bobedi.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/kwibuka-women-s-twenty20-2021-1265208/kenya-women-vs-nigeria-women-5th-match-1265217/full-scorecard "Full Scorecard of Nigeria Wmn vs Kenya Women 5th Match 2021 - Score Report"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/kwibuka-women-s-twenty20-2021-1265208/rwanda-women-vs-kenya-women-9th-match-1265221/full-scorecard "Full Scorecard of Kenya Women vs Rwanda Women 9th Match 2021 - Score Report"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025..</ref> Abel ga a ka a tshameka karolo epe e kgolo mo phenyong ya setlhopha sa gagwe kgatlhanong le Rwanda mo makgaolakgannyeng, kgotsa mo phenyong ya sone kgatlhanong le Namibia mo makgaolakgannyeng. Le fa go ntse jalo, kwa bofelong o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka motshameki wa kgaisano, le jaaka leloko la setlhopha sa dikgaisano, ka palogotlhe ya gagwe ya meabogo e le lekgolo le masome a marataro le metso e metlhano, diwikete tse supa, le go kapa ga tlhano.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Ndawula, Innocent (13 June 2021). [https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/cricket/kenya-win-fourth-kwibuka-women-s-twenty20-title-in-kigali-3435780 "Kenya win fourth Kwibuka Women's Twenty20 title in Kigali"]. ''Daily Nation''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Ka Firikgong wa 2022, Abel o ne a tshamekela Kenya kwa [[:en:2022_Commonwealth_Games_Cricket_Qualifier|Commonwealth Games Cricket Qualifier]] kwa [[:en:Kuala_Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia. Tshameko ya gagwe e e gaisang e ne e ya tla fa setlhopha sa gagwe se ne se kopana le ditlhopha tse pedi tse di eteletseng pele.<ref name=":4" /> Kgatlhanong le Bangladesh, o ne a tsaya 3/14,<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bangladesh-women-in-malaysia-2021-22-1296017/bangladesh-women-vs-kenya-women-3rd-match-1296029/full-scorecard "Full Scorecard of Bdesh Wmn vs Kenya Women 3rd Match 2021/22 - Score Report"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref><ref>Rego, Nishadh (19 January 2022). [https://emergingcricket.com/news/bangladesh-survive-early-collapse-to-beat-kenya/ "Bangladesh survive early collapse to beat Kenya"]. ''Emerging Cricket''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> mme kgatlhanong le Sri Lanka, o ne a dira maduo a a kwa godimo mo setlhopheng sa gagwe ka go nosa dikgwele tse masome mararo le boraro mo dikgweleng tse masome matlhano le boraro.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/kenya-women-in-malaysia-2021-22-1296019/kenya-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-5th-match-1296031/full-scorecard "Full Scorecard of Kenya Women vs SL Women 5th Match 2021/22 - Score Report"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 5 February 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2455678 "Sri Lanka outclass Kenya in the ICC Commonwealth Games Qualifier 2022"]. ''International Cricket Council''. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, Kenya e ne ya latlhegelwa ke metshameko yotlhe ya yone mme ya feletsa e le ya bofelo mo kgaisanong e e neng ya fenngwa ke Sri Lanka fa Bangladesh ba ba setse morago.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/commonwealth-games-women-s-cricket-qualifiers-2021-22-1296009/points-table-standings "Commonwealth Games Women's Cricket Qualifiers 2021/22 Table, Matches, win, loss, points"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</ref> == Bona gape == * [[:en:List_of_Kenya_women_Twenty20_International_cricketers|Moalo wa basadi ba Kenya ba ba tshamekang kirikete ya Twenty20 International.]] == Metswedi == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1119431.html Queentor Abel] at [[:en:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] [[Karolo:Ba ba tshelang]] [[Karolo:Ba ba tshotsweng ka 1997]] q04mo8sj70sq0y8cepr6v2fvh2kykdi 0 10981 54101 50633 2026-08-15T13:35:26Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Peter Segopotso Mabeo|birth_date=1971 (dingwaga di le masome matlhano le metso e meraro kgotsa e mene|birth_place=Gaborone, Botswana|citizenship=Motswana|occupation=Motlhami wa Fenitshara, mogwebi|years active=1997 go tsena gompieno|known for=Motlhami wa Mabeo Studio|notable works=Dikgobokanyo tsa Fendi "Kompa", setilo sa Maduo, kobotlo ya Chichira|awards=ICFF Editors ka 2006, 2008 le 2010|website=https://mabeostudio.com/}} '''Peter Segopotso Mabeo''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1971 mo Gaborone ,botswana) ke mmetli o o ithutileng tiro eo ebile e le mosimolodi wa [[Mabeo Furniture]] le [[Mabeo Studio]]. O itsege ka go tswakanya magokaganyane a petlo a ditso tsa Botswana le a mašha, a dira gore go nne le nyalano gareng ga babetli ba mo gae le ba mafatshefatshe, le go dira tse di ipelelwang kwa ditshupong tsa mafatshe jaaka Fendi le ICFF.<ref name=":0">[https://int.design/en/jurys/peter-mabeo/ "Peter MABEO".] ''INT Design''. Retrieved 22 September 2025.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://www.pamono.es/designers/peter-mabeo "Peter Mabeo Online Shop | Shop Furniture at Pamono".] ''pamono.es'' (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 September 2025.</ref><ref name=":2">wellmadeafrica (2011-06-01). [https://www.atelier55design.com/design-botswana-mabeo-furniture-inspired-by-culture-and-craftwork/ "Design: Mabeo Furniture Inspired by Botswana's Culture and Craftwork".] ''atelier 55 - The Curators of Contemporary African Design, Craft, Decor, Homeware & Interiors''. Retrieved 22 September 2025</ref> == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le motheo wa sekao == O ithutetse tsa go dira, a simolola tiro ya gagwe mo Botswana, kwa a neng a tlhama madirelo a magokanyane a sešha le a setso. Mabeo o simolotse go bereka le ba tiro ya diatla ka ngwaga wa 1997, a dira fenitšhara e a e itiretseng ya logong, go loga ditlatlana le go loga matsela.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">[https://chic-african.com/peter-mabeo-designer-and-master-craftsman/ "ChicAfrican | Peter Mabeo – designer and master craftsman"]. ''chic-african.com''. Retrieved 22 September 2025,</ref><ref>[https://www.pamono.eu/stories/to-the-source "In Botswana to Find Etsha Baskets—Pamono Stories".] ''pamono.eu''. Retrieved 22 September 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2006, o ne a tlhama Mabeo Furniture mo Gaborone go tlhomamisa tiro ya gagwe ya botlhami le go amanya boswa jwa botlhami jwa Botswana le jwa sešha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">[https://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/gaborone-based-peter-mabeo-gaining-respect-global-design-stage "Gaborone-based Peter Mabeo is gaining respect on the global design stage".] ''Design Indaba''. Retrieved 22 September 2025.</ref> == Methale ya botlhami le perekisano le ba bangwe == Mabeo o gatelela go itshegetsa, botlhami, setso le bosetšhaba mo tirong ya gagwe.<ref name=":4" /> Tiro ya gagwe e tswakanya methale ya setso ya botlhami le methale ya sešha, se se dira gore bontle jwa Botswana bo kgone go supiwa mo go tseneletseng.<ref name=":5">Gaddis, Anicée (2018-08-06). [https://trueafrica.co/article/a-design-life-with-peter-mabeo/ "TRUE Africa | A Design Life with Peter Mabeo".] ''TRUE Africa''. Retrieved 22 September 2025</ref><ref name=":6">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250920143400/https://yourbotswana.com/2021/03/18/designer-peter-mabeo-is-making-his-mark-by-slowing-things-down/ "Designer Peter Mabeo is making his mark by slowing things down – YourBotswana"]. Retrieved 22 September 2025.</ref> O berekile le batlhami ba maemo jaaka Patricia Urquiola, Patty Johnson, Claesson Koivisto Rune, Garth Roberts, Luca Nichetto le Studio Noi, a baka dipuisano tsa ditso tse difarologaneng ka botlhami.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> == Go itsewe mo lefatsheng ka bophara le dietsele == Mabeo o supile tiro ya gagwe mo ditshupong tse dikgolo jaaka tsa beke ya ditshupo ya Milan, ICFF (New York), le kwa moletlong wa botlhami wa Lontone. Lefelo la gagwe la pereko le ne la fenya seetsele sa motlhami o o gaisitseng ka ngwaga wa 2006 le 2008 sa ICFF, le sa fenishara e e gaisitseng ka ngwaga wa 2010.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> === Ditiro le dikamano tsa botlhokwa === # Dikgobokanyo tsa Fendi tsa Kompa tsa ngwaga wa 2022, di diretswe Design Miami, di akaretsa dilwana di le lesome tse di dirilweng mo Botswana, go na le tlaleletso ya babetli, ba ba bopang, ba ba logang ditlatlana le ba ba berekang ka tshipi. Dilwana tse di lemogilweng thata di akaretsa setilo sa Maduo, setilo sa Foro le kobotlo ya Chichira.<ref>Martin, Hannah (2022-02-11). [https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/fendi-collaborates-with-designer-peter-mabeo-on-an-artful-furniture-collection "Fendi Collaborates with Designer Peter Mabeo on an Artful Furniture Collection"]. ''Architectural Digest''. Retrieved 22 September 2025</ref> # Ka ngwaga wa 2021, o ne a bereka le [https://web.archive.org/web/20250905063056/https://mabeostudio.com/ Vincent Van Duysen] a dirisa logong lwa Panga panga le methale ya go betla go tlotlomatsa botlhami jwa mo gae. # O berekile mo ditirong tsa selegae jaaka go direla Orange Babies fenitšhara kwa ditshupong tsa FNB kwa joburg, a tlhomamisa maikaelelo a gagwe a go dira tsa selegae.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20251009130733/https://visi.co.za/peter-mabeo-design-collab-at-the-fnb-joburgartfair/ "Peter Mabeo Design Collab at the FNB JoburgArtFair".] ''Visi''. 2017-09-04. Retrieved 22 September 2025.</ref> == Boswa le ponelopele == Mabeo o supa ponelopele ya botlhami e e sa supeng katlego e le ya dipoelo tsa madi fela, mme ele go bereka mmogo, go supa ditso le go nna le itsholelo e e itshetletseng ya botlhami.<ref name=":5" /> O ntse o itlamile go godisa bokgoni jwa Botswana jwa botlhami le go amana e ba bangwe mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> == Metswedi == qx4tkqn9j8dbfj72cppml5e45tp8vqp 0 11692 54096 44338 2026-08-15T11:59:09Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Nelisiwe Sibiya|image=Nelisiwe sibiya on Durban gen.jpg|image caption=Sibiya in 2022|other names=Faith|birth_name=Nelisiwe Faith Sibiya|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|9|13}}|birth_place=[[Johannesburg]], South Africa|alma mater=[[Tshwane University of Technology]]|occupation={{hlist|Actress| singer|radio presenter}}|years active=2018–present|notable works={{ubl|''[[Durban Gen]]''|''Ithonga''}}}} '''Nelisiwe Faith Sibiya''' (o tshotswe ka Lwetse a le lesome le boraro, 1992) ke [[modiragatsi]] wa Aforika Borwa, [[seopedi]] le mogasi wa seromamowa.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2021-09-25-nelisiwe-sibiya-hits-back-at-those-who-have-no-respect-for-others/ "Nelisiwe Sibiya hits back at those who have no respect for others"]. ''TimesLIVE''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> O itsege thata ka seabe sa moeteledipele mo motseletseleng wa thelebišene wa [[e.tv]] wa ''[[Durban Gen]]'' jaaka Ngaka Mbali Mthethwa le pololo ya Mzansi Magic ya ''Ithonga'' jaaka Zamahlabo Ntanzi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260214081321/https://savannanews.com/nelisiwe-sibiya-durban-gen-biography-age-boyfriend-tv-roles-music-abuse-net-worth-pictures/ "Nelisiwe Sibiya Durban Gen"]. ''Savanna News''. 7 October 2020. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>Keteyi, Oluthando (6 February 2025). [https://iol.co.za/entertainment/tv/local/2025-02-07-bonko-khoza-ayanda-borotho-and-nelisiwe-sibiya-to-star-in-mzansi-magics-ithonga/ "Bonko Khoza, Ayanda Borotho and Nelisiwe Sibiya to star in Mzansi Magic's 'iThonga'"]. ''IOL''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> O ne a golola mmino wa setso sa Aforika o o bidiwang "Mama ka Bafana" ka 2016 o o neng wa anama thata mme e nnile pina ya setlhogo sa [[Lockdown]].<ref>[https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/getting-to-know-lock-downs-nelisiwe-sibiya-20181005 "Getting to know Lockdown's Nelisiwe Sibiya"]. ''News24''. 7 October 2018. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == Sibiya o tshotswe ka letsatsi la lesome le boraro la Lwetse 1992, kwa [[Johannesburg]], Aforika Borwa. O gotse le kgaitsadie le mmaagwe. Rraagwe o ne a thuntshiwa fa a le dingwaga di ferabobedi fa pele ga bone.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2020-11-23-nelisiwe-opens-up-about-childhood-trauma-my-dad-was-shot-in-front-of-me-when-i-was-89/ "Nelisiwe opens up about childhood trauma: My dad was shot in front of me when I was 8/9"]. ''TimesLIVE''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ba ne ba nna le malome le rakgadi, mme moragonyana ba tswa mo lefelong leo morago ga gore morwadiarraagwe le ene ba sotlwe ka thobalano mme nngwe ya ditshotlakako tseo e ne ya dirwa ke malome wa gagwe.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-01-07-nelisiwe-sibiya-on-healing-after-she-opened-up-about-being-abused/ "Nelisiwe Sibiya on healing after she opened up about being abused"]. ''TimesLIVE''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-11-14-nelisiwe-sibiya-on-being-abused-i-remember-it-so-clearly-i-know-the-pain/ "Nelisiwe Sibiya on being abused: I remember it so clearly, I know the pain"]. ''TimesLIVE''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka Firikgong 2015, o ne a ikwadisa kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Thekenoloji ya Tshwane]] go ya go ithutela Dithuto tsa Mmino.<ref>[https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/nelisiwe-sibiya/neliswa-sibiya-building-house-after-matric-and-being-debt "Nelisiwe Sibiya on building a house after matric and being in debt"]. ''ZAlebs''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> Moragonyana, o ne a bona thuso ya madi ya dingwaga tse pedi tse di setseng. Ka 2016, mmaagwe o ne a tlhokafala pele ga kalogo.<ref>[https://www.ubetoo.com/artists/nelisiwe-sibiya-biography-age-education-award-house-boyfriend/ "Nelisiwe Sibiya Biography"]. ''Ubetoo''. 5 June 2021. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Tiro == Mmaagwe o ne a tswa mo lelapeng la diopedi. Ka thuso ya ga morrwadiarraagwe, Nelisiwe o ne a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya go opela.<ref>Digital, Drum. [https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/news/a-tragic-end-for-durban-gen-as-dr-mbali-mthethwa-passes-away-20230406 "A tragic end for Durban Gen as Dr Mbali Mthethwa passes away"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga morwadiarraagwe, o ne a tsenelela [[khwaere]] ya gagwe ya sekolo se segolo. Mo pakeng eo mo khwaereng, o ne a newa katiso ya khwaere le ya tlwaelo.<ref>Legoale, Refiloe. [https://www.news24.com/truelove/exclusive/5-minutes-with-maskandi-hitmaker-nelisiwe-sibiya-20180925 "5 minutes with maskandi hitmaker Nelisiwe Sibiya"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> Pina ya gagwe ya ntlha e kgolo ya go tshameka e ne ya tla ka motseletsele wa kgolegelo wa ''[[Lockdown]]'' ka pina ya setlhogo ya "Mama Ka Bafana" ka 2018.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-07-19-nelisiwe-sibiya-detoured-on-international-plans-for-lockdown-gig-/ "Nelisiwe Sibiya detoured on international plans for Lockdown gig"]. ''TimesLIVE''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> Mme ka 2020, o ne a tshameka karolo e e kwa pele ya ga Ngaka Mbali Mthethwa mo drameng ya kalafi ya [[e.tv]] ya ''[[Durban Gen]]''.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2021-07-15-nelisiwe-sibiya-talks-about-hardships-she-experienced-before-stardom/ "Nelisiwe Sibiya talks about hardships she experienced before stardom"]. ''TimesLIVE''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2021-03-14-nelisiwe-sibiya-on-durban-gen-role-it-reminded-me-of-my-mothers-last-days-in-hospital/ "Nelisiwe Sibiya on Durban Gen role: 'It reminded me of my mother's last days in hospital'"]. ''TimesLIVE''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka ntlha ya seabe sa gagwe, o ne a gapa seetsele sa Modiragatsi yo o Gaisang mo Aforika kwa Dietseleng tsa Zikomo ka 2021.<ref>Nteyi, Zama. [https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/celebs/nelisiwe-is-a-big-winner-20210410 "NELISIWE IS A BIG WINNER"]. ''Daily Sun''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka 2023, o ne a tlhagelela mo motseletseleng wa thelebišene wa Mzansi Magic wa ''Umkhokha:'' ''The Curse'' jaaka Nompendulo.<ref>Nteyi, Zama. [https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/celebs/actress-nelisiwes-obstacles-during-umkhokha-auditions-20230414 "How AFRO hair got Umkhokha actress the role!"]. ''Daily Sun''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> <ref>Sekgota, Hilary (6 December 2023). [https://briefly.co.za/entertainment/celebrities/175098-umkhokha-the-curse-actress-nelisiwe-sibiyas-umemulo-ceremony-turns-heads/ "'Umkhokha: The Curse' Actress Nelisiwe Sibiya's Umemulo Ceremony Turns Heads on TikTok - Briefly.co.za"]. ''briefly.co.za''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele 2024, o ne a tlhagelela la ntlha mo etv ''[[Scandal!]]'' go tshameka karolo ya ga Sanda mme yo o sa nyalwang yo o nang le ngwana wa mosimane wa mo dingwageng tsabosha e bong Khumo.<ref>Miller, Sergio (6 November 2024). [https://www.bona.co.za/entertainment/neliswe-sibiya-secures-new-role-in-etvs-scandal/ "Neliswe Sibiya secures new role in eTV's Scandal!"]. ''Bona Magazine''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.ubetoo.com/artists/nelisiwe-sibiya-biography-age-education-award-house-boyfriend/ "Nelisiwe Sibiya Biography"]. ''Ubetoo''. 5 June 2021. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> O ne a nna mogasi wa seromamowa kwa [[Gagasi FM]].<ref>Village, Youth (30 March 2024). [https://youthvillage.co.za/2024/03/nelisiwe-sibiya-replaces-penny-ntuli-at-gagasi/ "Nelisiwe Sibiya "Replaces" Penny Ntuli At Gagasi"]. ''Youth Village''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2024.</ref><ref>Magagula, Nompumelelo. [https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/actor-nelisiwe-sibiya-joins-gagasi-fm-to-co-host-sunday-night-show-20240328 "Actor Nelisiwe Sibiya joins Gagasi FM to co-host Sunday night show"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> O ne a nna moeteledipele mo filiming e ntšha ya thelebišene ya ''Ithonga'' e le Zamahlabo Ntanzi ka 2025.<ref>Tleane, Lebo (3 March 2025). [https://youthvillage.co.za/2025/03/nelisiwe-faith-sibiya-introduces-her-latest-acting-role/ "Nelisiwe Faith Sibiya Introduces Her Latest Acting Role"]. ''Youth Village''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>Langa, Jabulani. [https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/celebs/nelisiwe-sibiya-pleads-with-fans-to-stop-confusing-her-with-hated-ithonga-character-zama-20250430 "iThonga actress: I'm not evil Zama!"]. ''Daily Sun''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Bodiragatsi == {| class="wikitable" !Ngwaga !Filimi !Karolo |- |2016 |''[[Lockdown]]'' |legolegwa |- |2020 |''[[Durban Gen]]'' |Dr Mbali Mthethwa |- |2023 |''Umkhokha:The Curse'' |Nompendulo |- |2024 |''[[Scandal!]]'' |Sanda |- |2025 |''Ithonga'' |Zamahlobo Ntanzi |} == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] grgjb5bgjacw80zp6bw1g2thg1hun4c 0 11767 54105 44734 2026-08-15T14:16:13Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Rosemary Zimu|image=Rosemary Main.jpg|image caption=Zimu in 2021|birth_date={{birth date and age|1993|04|15|df=yes}}|education=St. Andrew's School for Girls|alma mater=[[Technikon Natal]]|occupation=Actress|known for=Playing Lucy Juice on ''[[Scandal!]]''|television=''Scandal!''|spouse(s)=Nkosinathi Mnguni|image size=210px}} '''Rosemary Zimu-Mnguni''' (o tshotswe ka Moranang a le lesome le botlhano ka 1993) ke modiragatsi wa Aforika Borwa, seopedi, le mokwadi wa dipina. O itsege thata ka dikarolo tsa gagwe mo ditshwantshong tsa motshikhinyego jaaka ''[[Isidingo]]'', ''[[Savage Beauty]]'',<ref>Vargas, Chanel (13 April 2022). [https://www.popsugar.com/entertainment/netflix-savage-beauty-48789205 "Netflix's "Savage Beauty" Is a Chilling Picture of Deceit and Betrayal"]. ''Popsugar''. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> ''[[Shadow]]'' (2017), ''Champagne'' (2015), le ''[[Scandal!]].''<ref>Alyssia, Birjalal (16 May 2022). [https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/tv/local/rosemary-zimu-returns-to-etvs-scandal-9c7eab7e-b474-4858-babf-cae2d3722106 "Rosemary Zimu returns to e.tv's 'Scandal!'"]. ''[[:en:Independent_Online|Independent Online]]''. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2022, Zimu o ne a tlhagelela mo motseletseleng wa difilimi tsa [[Netflix]] tsa ''[[Savage Beauty]]'',<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/english/savage-beauty-trailer-rosemary-zimu-and-dumisani-mbebe-starrer-savage-beauty-official-trailer/videoshow/91477039.cms "'Savage Beauty' Trailer: Rosemary Zimu and Dumisani Mbebe starrer 'Savage Beauty' Official Trailer | Entertainment - Times of India Videos"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> mmogo le [[Nthati Moshesh]] le [[Jesse Suntele]].<ref>Parihar, Bhavi (7 September 2023). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20250502102913/https://dailyresearchplot.com/2023/09/07/savage-beauty-season-2-renewal-status-and-more/ Savage Beauty Season 2 Renewal Status and More"]. ''Daily Research Plot''. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Tiro == Go tloga bonyaneng jwa gagwe, o ne a na le kgatlhego mo bobogelong, go opela,<ref>Magagula, Nompumelelo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230912205552/https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/rosemary-and-bu-to-star-on-ayeye-stripped-20220801 "Rosemary and BU to star on Ayeye: Stripped | City Press"]. ''City Press''. Archived from [https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/rosemary-and-bu-to-star-on-ayeye-stripped-20220801 the original] on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> le go diragatsa. Mme ka 2014 Rosemary o ne a simolola tiro ya gagwe ka filimi ya Aforika Borwa ([[Nollywood]]) ya ''[[Champagne]]'' a le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le motso. Ka 2017 o ne a tsena mo go ''Wena Wena'' ya [[Mzansi Magic]], Ka one ngwaga oo o ne a tlhagelela gape mo motseletseleng wa ntlha wa Netflix wa Aforika Borwa wa ''[[Shadow]]''.<ref>[https://www.gq.co.za/culture/entertainment/rosemary-zimus-acting-range-on-netflixs-savage-beauty-is-unmatched-c97fc45b-f2d4-4821-b123-a137f6223f91 "Rosemary Zimu's acting range on Netflix's 'Savage Beauty' is unmatched"]. ''www.gq.co.za''. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> Morago ga moo, o ne a tlhagelela mo difiliming tse di farologaneng tsa Aforika Borwa jaaka ''llangatje'' (2018), ''[[Isidingo]]'' (2018–2019), ''[[Generations]]'' (2019–2020), le ''[[Scandal!]]'',<ref name=":1">Seleme, Rae (17 May 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202503/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/culture/soapies/generations-the-legacy-thembeka-rosemary-zimu-scandal-lilly-juice-savage-beauty-netflix-zinhle/ "'Generations: The Legacy's' Rosemary Zimu returns to 'Scandal!'"]. ''The South African''. Archived from [https://www.thesouthafrican.com/culture/soapies/generations-the-legacy-thembeka-rosemary-zimu-scandal-lilly-juice-savage-beauty-netflix-zinhle/ the original] on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> ka 2022 o ne a bona karolo e kgolo mo ''[[Savage Beauty]]'' ya [[Netflix]],<ref>[https://meaww.com/savage-beauty-netflix-release-date-plot-cast-trailer-rosemary-zimu "'Savage Beauty': 5 things you need to know about Netflix African drama"]. ''MEAWW''. 2 May 2022. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2023-04-17-snaps--inside-rosemary-zimus-30th-birthday-photo-shoot/ "SNAPS | Inside Rosemary Zimu's 30th birthday photo shoot"]. ''TimesLIVE''. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> kwa a neng a tshameka karolo ya ga Zinhle.<ref name=":1" /> Ka 2023 o ne a tlhagelela mo motseletseleng o o bidiwang Nine. O rulaganyeditswe go tlhagelela mo pakeng e e tlang ya ''Savage Beauty''.<ref>Moore, Kasey (4 September 2023). [https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/savage-beauty-renewed-for-season-2-at-netflix/ "Savage Beauty Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix"]. ''What's on Netflix''. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Bodiragatsi == === Filimi === * ''[[Champagne]]'' === Thelebishene === * ''[[Savage Beauty]]''<ref name=":1" /> * ''[[Shadow]]'' * ''[[Isidingo]]'' * ''[[Generations]]'' * ''[[Scandal!]]'' * ''[[Ayeye: Stripped]]'' * ''[[My Brother's keeper]]'' == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Rosemary o tshotswe le go godisediwa kwa [[Johannesburg]], [[Aforika Borwa]]<ref>Radana, Zimvo (18 April 2023). [https://briefly.co.za/entertainment/celebrities/157647-actress-rosemary-zimu-celebrates-30th-birthday-style-gratitude/ "Rosemary Zimu reflects on her journey in TV industry as she turns 30"]. ''Briefly''. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> mo lelapeng le le kopanetsweng la bana ba le supa.<ref name=":0">[https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/fashion-beauty/2022-05-19-rosemary-zimu-credits-grandmom-for-sparking-her-acting-flame/ "Rosemary Zimu credits grandmom for sparking her acting flame"]. ''SowetanLIVE''. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> O godisitswe ke mmaagwe, Blessings Zimu mmogo le bomorwarraagwe ba le barataro Dj Themba (morwarraagwe), le Zanele Zimu (morwadiarraagwe).<ref>Kay, Cynthia (15 October 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221015135651/https://savannanews.com/rosemary-zimu-zoleka-from-ayeye-stripped-shows-off-look-alike-sister/ "Rosemary Zimu 'Zoleka' from Ayeye Stripped shows off look alike sister"]. ''Savanna News''. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> Morago ga Sekolo se Segolwane, o ne a bona Setlankana sa molao wa badiri mme a nna mmueledi.<ref name=":0" /> == Dietsele le ditlhopho == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="7" |Lenaane la Ditlotla |- !Seetsele / Film Festival !Ngwaga !Moamogedi !Project !Tlhopho !Maduo !Ref. |- |[[South African Film and Television Awards]] |2023 |E le ene |''[[Savage Beauty]]'' ([[Quizzical Pictures]] and [[Netflix]]) |Golden Horn for Best Actress in a TV Drama |O tlhophilwe |<ref>Zuko (8 August 2023). [https://www.kaya959.co.za/entertainment/full-list-17th-annual-south-african-film-and-television-awards-safta-nominees-revealed/ "FULL LIST: 17th Annual South African Film and Television Awards (Safta) nominees revealed"]. ''KAYA 959''. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>Ferreira, Thinus. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230912204556/https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/tv/skeem-saam-muvhango-or-the-wife-see-which-of-your-favourites-made-the-2023-saftas-nominations-list-20230808 "Skeem Saam, Muvhango or The Wife? See which of your favourites made the 2023 SAFTAs nominations list"]. ''Life''. Archived from [https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/tv/skeem-saam-muvhango-or-the-wife-see-which-of-your-favourites-made-the-2023-saftas-nominations-list-20230808 the original] on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> |} == References == <references /> [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] d7908ijopo2mvkmw5dobumcwndn94nn 0 11811 54124 53060 2026-08-15T16:32:19Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54124 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Botswana]] ke [[rephaboliki ya palamente|r]]<nowiki/>lefatshe la palamente e mo go yone [[tautona wa Botswana]] e leng [[Tlhogo ya lefatshe|tlhogo ya]] [[Tlhogo ya lefatshe|lefatshe]] le [[tlhogo ya puso]]. Dipolotiki tsa setshaba di ikaegile thata ka [[tsamaiso ya Westminster]] le ka bogosi jwa setso jwa Setswana. Lekgotla la peomolao le dirilwe ke [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano Bosetšhaba]] ya kamore e le nngwe le setlhopha sa bagakolodi sa dikgosi tsa merafe, e leng ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]''. Kokoano Bosetšhaba e tlhopha tautona, fela fa tautona a setse a le mo maemong a gagwe o na le taolo e e bonalang mo lekgotleng la peomolao ka kgaoganyo e e lekanyeditsweng fela ya dithata. Tautona, ka tlholego, ke moeteledipele wa phathi ya sepolotiki e e kgonang go tshegetsa serodumo sa khuduthamaga. Fa a setse a le mo maemong, go okamela molao go gagamadiwa ka tsamaiso ya go tlhophiwa, e gantsi e sekamelang mo bontsing jwa phathi e e busang. Tsamaiso e gape e tsepamisiwa ke palo ya matona fa e tshwantshanngwa le ya malapamente, e e tlogela palo potlana ya ba ba nnang kwa morago mo palamenteng, mo go nyenyafatsang seabe sa babusi ka go busa mmogo ga matona go dira palo e tona ya badira molao.<ref>Osei, Anja; Seabo, Batlang (3 July 2024). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2024.2476901 "A Coalition for Change? Role Orientations in the 12th Parliament of Botswana".] ''Journal of Southern African Studies''. '''50''' (4): 643–663. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2024.2476901 10.1080/03057070.2024.2476901]. ISSN&nbsp;0305-7070. PMC&nbsp;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11974910/ 11974910]. PMID&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40201336/ 40201336.]</ref> Lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) le ne la busa e le lone le le neng le le kwa godimo go tloga ka boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro go fitlhelela le fenngwa mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2024|ditlhophong tsa setshaba tsa Botswana tsa 2024]]. Ditlhopho di tsewa [[di gololesegile e bile di siame]] ke babogedi. Ka nako ya puso e telele ya dingwaga di le masome matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya BDP, kganetso ya sepolotiki e ne e kgaogane ebile e itemogela dikgwetlho. Tse di e di akaretsa tsamaiso ya go tlhopha ka go tsholetsa letsogo kwa palamenteng, mo go neng gantsi go kgaoganya tlhopho ya diphathi tsa kganetso go letla BDP go fenya ditilo tse dintsi, le tlhaelo ya madi a a thusang diphathi a a ntshiwang ke lefatshe. Makgamu le go kgaogana go ne go tlwaelesegile mo diphathing tsa kganetso, gantsi di ne di nna le palo potlana fela mo khuduthamageng ka nako eo. Gantsi e ne e le diphathi tsa Botswana National Front (BNF) le Botswana Congress Part (BCP). Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC) e e eteletsweng pele ke BNF e tlhamilwe ke ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi e le bokopano jwa diphathi tsa kganetso go tsaya tlhopho di e tsenya mo phathing e nngwe. Ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa Botswana di diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano, fa lefatshe la Botswana le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro.<ref>Cheeseman, Nic, ed. (2015), [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/democracy-in-africa/fate-of-africas-democratic-experiments-19892014/DA50F32498C1D14DF4AAA43175265455 "The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments 1989–2014]", ''Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform'', Cambridge University Press, pp.&nbsp;234–238, doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/democracy-in-africa/fate-of-africas-democratic-experiments-19892014/DA50F32498C1D14DF4AAA43175265455 10.1017/CBO9781139030892.009], ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13842-0|978-0-521-13842-0]]</bdi></ref> Go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome mabedi le bone, BDP e ne ya fenya ditlhopho tsotlhe.<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2025 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> BDP e eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama e ne ya tlhama puso ya ntlha ya tswelela ka go fenya ditlhopho dingwaga di le ditlhano dingwe le dingwe. [[Quett Masire]] o n a nna tautona morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, BDP e ne ya apesiwa ke makgamu ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe. Makgamu a, a ne a tswelela mo go botautona ba ba latelang ebong [[Festus Mogae]] go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi, le Ian Khama go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi go tsena wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi. Phathi ya kganetso ya Botswana Movement for Democracy e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome go gwetlha se ba se boneng e le go gatelela ga ga Khama, ke phathi ya ntlha go tswa mo BDP. Motlhatlhami wa ga Khama, Mokgweetsi Masisi, o nnile tautona ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabobedi, a gotlhagotlhana le Khama ka bofefo, mo go neng ga fetola dipolotiki tsa Botswana mo dingwageng tse di latelang. Lefatshe la Botswana le itsege ka go nonofa mo ditshwanelong le puso ya batho ka batho mo Aforika; Freedom House e supa fa lefatshe le le gololesegile, fa Afrobarometer e le tlhalosa e le puso ya batho ka batho e kgologolo thata mo Botswana, e na le diphathi tse dintsi fa e sale ka boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro.<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2025 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref><ref>Lekalake, Rorisang (January 2016). [https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/ab_r6_policypaperno30_democracy_in_botswana.pdf "Botswana's democratic consolidation: What will it take?]" (PDF). ''Afrobarometer''. Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 30. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> Molao wa itsholelo wa Botswana o ikaegile ka mohama wa diteemane tsa lefatshe le, o o dirang masome a robabobedi mo lekgolong la didirisiwa tse di rekisiwang ke lefatshe le, bongwe mo borarong jwa dipoelo, le bongwe mo boneng jwa GDP.<ref>Jefferis, Keith (8 July 2024). [https://blog-pfm.imf.org/en/pfmblog/2024/07/management-of-botswana-diamond-revenues "Management of Botswana's Diamond Revenues"]. ''Public Financial Management Blog''. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> Lefatshe le le galaleditswe katlego ya lone mo itsholelong, le kopanya dipoelo tsa diteemane le melao ya itsholelo le bookamedi jo bo siameng, le ntswa letlhoko la ditiro le go tlhoka go dira methale e mengwe ya itsholelo ke dikgwetlho tse di tsweletseng.<ref>Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (2002). [https://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/3219.html "An African Success Story: Botswana".] CEPR Discussion Paper No. 3219. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2018/09/05/na090518botswana "Botswana: Mining a New Growth Model".] International Monetary Fund. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/mgrt/cpsd-botswana-report-cw03.pdf Creating Markets in Botswana: Country Private Sector Diagnostic] (PDF) (Report). International Finance Corporation. 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> == Ditso == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo la Botswana la gompieno go tswa mo ditsong le ne le laolwa ke [[merafe ya Bantu]], segolobogolo [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|batho ba Tswana]]. Dingwao tse dintsi tsa semolao tse di neng di dirisiwa ke morafe wa Tswana, jaaka go tlotla taolo ya setso le tshireletso ya [[ditshwanelo tsa dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya dipolotiki tsa Botswana tsa morago ga bokolone. Dibopego tsa sepolotiki tse magare tse ntsheditsweng pele ga bokolone le tsone di ile tsa bolokwa. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa Tswana pele ga puso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana. Mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, dikgosi tse di ne tsa nna dipuso tsa merafe.<ref>Hjort, Jonas (14 September 2009). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x "Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE"]. ''The Economic History Review''. '''63''' (3): 688–709. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x. <nowiki>PMID 20617585</nowiki>. S2CID 44742736.</ref> Dipuso tse tsa merafe di ne di akaretsa puso e e lekanyeditsweng le bontsi jwa merafe.<ref name=":0">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). [https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': 100–139. doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007.</ref> [[United Kingdom]] e simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo eo la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e e ne ya nna karolo ya [[Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 jaaka [[Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]]. Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba Kgosi mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[molao wa Borithane]].<ref>Hall, Kenneth O. (1973). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 "British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection".] ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''6''' (2): 183–197. doi:10.2307/216773. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 216773.</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Mokgatlho wa Batho wa Bechuanaland]] o o neng o le bogale. Lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) le ne la tlhamiwa ke [[Seretse Khama]] ka 1962 e le karolo ya thulaganyo ya boipuso ka dipuisano.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 74.</ref> Botswana e ne ya ipusa ka 1965 mme ya nna rephaboliki e e ikemetseng ka nosi ka 1966. United Kingdom e ne ya tswelela go beeletsa mo lefatsheng le ka madi le go duela ditshenyegelo dingwe tsa yone go fitlha ka 1971.<ref name=":0" /> Ditheo le dingwao go tswa mo setšhabeng sa BaTswana sa pele ga bokolone le puso ya bokolone ya Borithane di ne tsa bolokwa morago ga boipuso mme di tswelela go tlhotlheletsa dipolotiki tsa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], pp. 12–13.</ref> === Botautona jwa ga Seretse Khama === Fa setšhaba se sena go bona boipuso, se ne sa tshwara [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa Bechuanaland tsa 1965]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya gapa phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong di le masome mararo le motso mo lekgotleng la peomolao, BDP e ne ya fenya di le masome mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira lekoko la kganetso, botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng e le ditoropo.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 31.</ref> Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e tshwanang le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokolone. Melao gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le khuduthamaga pele di amogelwa.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 56.</ref> Khama o ne a netefatsa gape gore go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le kgatlhanong le bosetšhaba jo bo neng bo thibela tshono.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 57.</ref> Fa Khama a ne a le tautona, mothusa tautona wa gagwe, [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a mantsi. Mo godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme e ne e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[Maano a Tlhabololo a Bosetšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao ya puso.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 58.</ref> Go sa tlhomama ga kgaolo go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, e leng [[Botswana Defence Force|Sesole sa Tshireletso sa Botswana]], ka 1977. Pele ga seo, [[Botswana Police|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba.<ref>Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). [http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): 103–115. doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x. ISSN 1043-4062. S2CID 59354401.</ref><ref>Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). ''[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright African Foreign Policies]''. Taylor & Francis. pp. 66–83. doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4. ISBN 9780429502521.</ref> [[Botswana National Front]] (BNF) e ne ya tlhongwa ke [[Kenneth Koma]] e le lekoko la molema mme ya nna lekoko la kganetso ka [[ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969]].<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 33.</ref> === Botautona jwa ga Quett Masire === Khama o ne a nna tautona go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980, mme ka nako eo Motlatsa Tautona Masire o ne a nna tautona. Kganetso e ne ya bona tshegetso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990 fa naga e ne e nna ditoropo le motheo wa sepolotiki wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng o ne o ngotlega.<ref>Leith, J. Clark (2005). ''Why Botswana Prospered''. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7735-2820-2|&nbsp;<bdi>0-7735-2820-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Khomišene ya Kgabo, e e neng e le karolo ya kganetsano ya bonweenwee e e neng e akaretsa Motlatsamopresidente Peter Mmusi le Mokwaledikakaretso wa BDP Daniel Kwelagobe, e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa Botswana ka 1991 mme ya tlisa motlha wa go nna le ditlhopha mo BDP.[13][14] Go tlogela tiro ga ga Mmusi go dirile gore Festus Mogae a tlhophiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang. Tiragalo e e ne ya tlhomamisa ka thata kgotlhang e e golang ya ditlhopha mo teng ga BDP. Mmusi le Kwelagobe ba ne ba bopa lekoko le le lengwe, e leng Big Two. Mompati Merafhe le baemanokeng ba gagwe—e leng David Magang, Bahiti Temane, Roy Ditedu tse Ntsho le Chapson Butale—ba ne ba bopa lekoko le le ganetsanang, e leng Big Five.[13] Moragonyana Merafhe o ne a tsaya Jacob Nkate jaaka molekane wa gagwe yo o gaufi mme ba ipitsa A-Team.[14] Ba Big Two ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa khomišene kwa kgotlatshekelo, mme kgabagare ba ne ba emisiwa mo palamenteng. Morago ga moo baemanokeng ba bone ba ne ba nna le puso morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1994. Mo gare ga kgotlhang eno ya makoko, BNF e ne ya nna kganetso e e nonofileng thata, ya fenya manno a le lesome le boraro.[13] Kwelagobe o ne a tlhomagana le Ponatshego Kedikilwe morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi mme ba ipitsa Barata-Phathi.[14] Morago ga tiragatso e e bokoa ya BDP mo ditlhophong tsa 1994, morutegi wa Aforika Borwa Lawrence Schlemmer o ne a tlisiwa ke lekoko go tla go tlamela ka leano la sepolotiki. O ne a akantsha gore go emisediwe maloko a BDP a a sa bolong go nna teng ka maloko a mašwa, a e seng a lekoko, go tlhomilwe mogopolo thata mo boporesidenteng.[14] Diphetogo tse dintsi tsa molaotheo di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong mo Botswana morago ga referentamo ka 1997: motlatsamopresidente o ne a tlhomiwa go nna motlhatlhami wa mopresidente ka go itirisa, dingwaga tsa go bouta di ne tsa fokodiwa go nna lesomerobedi mme ga tlhomiwa khomišene e e ikemetseng ya ditlhopho.[13] Diphetogo tse di ne tsa tshegediwa ke Masire, ka gonne go tlhatlhamana ka go itirisa go ne go mo letla go tlotsa motlhatlhami.[13][14] == Metswedi == == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSeaboNyenhuis2021">Seabo, Batlang; Nyenhuis, Robert (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article "Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama"]</span>. ''African Studies Review''. '''64''' (4): <span class="nowrap">854–</span>883. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/asr.2021.69|10.1017/asr.2021.69]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0206 0002-0206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244539238 244539238].</cite></ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSeaboNyenhuis2021">Seabo, Batlang; Nyenhuis, Robert (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article "Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama"]</span>. ''African Studies Review''. '''64''' (4): <span class="nowrap">854–</span>883. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/asr.2021.69|10.1017/asr.2021.69]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0206 0002-0206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244539238 244539238].</cite></ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> === Go tlhatloga gapuso ya kganetso mo pusong === == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> === Go tlhatloga gapuso ya kganetso mo pusong === == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> === Go tlhatloga gapuso ya kganetso mo pusong === == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo sa goromente wa lefatshe la Botswana se kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo sa goromente wa lefatshe la Botswana se kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go kopanngwa ga dithata le ntlha ya gore mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> === Lekalana la Boatlhodi === Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, e e tlhamilweng ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi ya Molaomotheo wa Botswana mme e na le tautona le palo ya baatlhodi ba boikuelo e e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le borobabobedi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, ba botlhe e leng batswakwa ba ba tswang kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa [[Mafatshe a selekane|mafatshe a selekanyo]] . Go fitlha gompieno ga go ise go nne le Motswana ope yo o kileng a bewa mo kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}</ref> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> === Lekalana la Boatlhodi === Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, e e tlhamilweng ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi ya Molaomotheo wa Botswana mme e na le tautona le palo ya baatlhodi ba boikuelo e e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le borobabobedi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, ba botlhe e leng batswakwa ba ba tswang kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa [[Mafatshe a selekane|mafatshe a selekanyo]] . Go fitlha gompieno ga go ise go nne le Motswana ope yo o kileng a bewa mo kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}</ref> [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatshekelokgolo]] ke kgotlatshekelo ya maemo a a kwa godimo fela thata ebile e e nang le taolo e e sa lekanyediwang ya go reetsa le go tlhomamisa ditsheko dipe tsa bosenyi le tsa selegae ka fa tlase ga molao mongwe le mongwe. Kgotlatshekelokgolo e tlhamilwe ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le borobabobedi le botlhano ya molaomotheo mme e na le Moatlhodimogolo le palo ya baatlhodi ba bangwe ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo ba palo ya bone e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf "Constitution of Botswana"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite></ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le lesome le borataro ba sennela-ruri ba kgotlatshekelokgolo. Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1992, baatlhodi ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne e le baatlhodi ba ba tswang kwa mafatsheng a sele ba ba neng ba tlhomiwa ka dikonteraka tsa nako e khutshwane tsa dingwaga di le pedi go ya go di le tharo. Ka ngwaga wa 1992 baatlhodi ba ntlha ba baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba tlhomiwa. Go na le dikgaolo tse tharo tsa kgotlatshekelokgolo kwa [[Lobatse]], Gaborone le [[Francistown]] . <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ "The Hierarchy of the Courts"]. ''Government of Botswana''. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ the original] on 18 February 2011.</cite></ref> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> === Lekalana la Boatlhodi === Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, e e tlhamilweng ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi ya Molaomotheo wa Botswana mme e na le tautona le palo ya baatlhodi ba boikuelo e e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le borobabobedi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, ba botlhe e leng batswakwa ba ba tswang kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa [[Mafatshe a selekane|mafatshe a selekanyo]] . Go fitlha gompieno ga go ise go nne le Motswana ope yo o kileng a bewa mo kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}</ref> [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatshekelokgolo]] ke kgotlatshekelo ya maemo a a kwa godimo fela thata ebile e e nang le taolo e e sa lekanyediwang ya go reetsa le go tlhomamisa ditsheko dipe tsa bosenyi le tsa selegae ka fa tlase ga molao mongwe le mongwe. Kgotlatshekelokgolo e tlhamilwe ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le borobabobedi le botlhano ya molaomotheo mme e na le Moatlhodimogolo le palo ya baatlhodi ba bangwe ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo ba palo ya bone e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf "Constitution of Botswana"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite></ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le lesome le borataro ba sennela-ruri ba kgotlatshekelokgolo. Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1992, baatlhodi ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne e le baatlhodi ba ba tswang kwa mafatsheng a sele ba ba neng ba tlhomiwa ka dikonteraka tsa nako e khutshwane tsa dingwaga di le pedi go ya go di le tharo. Ka ngwaga wa 1992 baatlhodi ba ntlha ba baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba tlhomiwa. Go na le dikgaolo tse tharo tsa kgotlatshekelokgolo kwa [[Lobatse]], Gaborone le [[Francistown]] . <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ "The Hierarchy of the Courts"]. ''Government of Botswana''. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ the original] on 18 February 2011.</cite></ref> Bontsi jwa ditsheko di rarabololwa ke dikgotlatshekelo tsa setso, tse di okametsweng ke dikgosi tsa merafe. Dikgotlatshekelo tse gantsi di ratwa ke baagedi ba Botswana ka ntlha ya go nna bonolo ga tsone. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}</ref> Gape go na le [[:en:Magistrates'_Courts|makgotla a ga mmakaseterata]] mo Botswana. Dikgotlatshekelo tse di ka fa tlase ga Kgotlatshekelokgolo mme di reetsa mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditsheko tsa molao wa selegae, wa bosenyi le wa lelwapa. Go na le dikgotlatshekelo tsa bommakaseterata di le lesome le boferabongwe mo lefatsheng la Botswana, ka bommakaseterata ba le masome a le matlhano mme ba le lesome le bosupa ba bone ke batswakwa. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ "The Hierarchy of the Courts"]. ''Government of Botswana''. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ the original] on 18 February 2011.</cite></ref> == Puso ya mono-gae le ya merafe == Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e laolwa ke [[:en:Centralized_government|legare la lefatshe]] mme dithata tsa puso ya selegae di laolwa ke molao wa setshaba ka bophara. Puso ya selegae e letleletswe ka fa tlase ga molao wa Pusoselegae yo o ka fa tlase ga Makgotla a Dikgaolo ebile o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa1965. Karolo e potlana mo go tsotlhe tse di leng teng, ya puso mo Botswana ke khansele ya selegae kgotsa ya kwa magaeng. Ditoropokgolo mo Botswana di ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga ratoropo le lekgotla la toropokgolo, le le eteletsweng pele ke modulasetilo wa lekgotla la khansele. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> Ditoropo le tsone di na le makgotla a ditoropo a khansele, fa dikgaolo tsa magae tsone di kokoanngwa ka fa tlase ga makgotla a dikgaolo. Makgotla a, ke one a a okametseng thata tlhokomelo ya thuto, botsogo, ditsela, metsi, ditlhabololo tsa mono-gae le boipelego ka kakaretso. Makalana a pusoselegae ga a kokoanye madi a a rileng mme madi a selekanyo se se bapileng le se se ka tlamelang ditiro tsotlhe tsa selegae a tlamelwa ke puso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}</ref> == Puso ya mono-gae le ya merafe == Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e laolwa ke [[:en:Centralized_government|legare la lefatshe]] mme dithata tsa puso ya selegae di laolwa ke molao wa setshaba ka bophara. Puso ya selegae e letleletswe ka fa tlase ga molao wa Pusoselegae yo o ka fa tlase ga Makgotla a Dikgaolo ebile o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa1965. Karolo e potlana mo go tsotlhe tse di leng teng, ya puso mo Botswana ke khansele ya selegae kgotsa ya kwa magaeng. Ditoropokgolo mo Botswana di ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga ratoropo le lekgotla la toropokgolo, le le eteletsweng pele ke modulasetilo wa lekgotla la khansele. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> Ditoropo le tsone di na le makgotla a ditoropo a khansele, fa dikgaolo tsa magae tsone di kokoanngwa ka fa tlase ga makgotla a dikgaolo. Makgotla a, ke one a a okametseng thata tlhokomelo ya thuto, botsogo, ditsela, metsi, ditlhabololo tsa mono-gae le boipelego ka kakaretso. Makalana a pusoselegae ga a kokoanye madi a a rileng mme madi a selekanyo se se bapileng le se se ka tlamelang ditiro tsotlhe tsa selegae a tlamelwa ke puso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}</ref> Merafe e eteletswe pele ke dikgosi tsa merafe, tse gantsi di nang le maatla a tlhotlheletso a magolo mo mererong epe ya puso-selegae. Dikgosi di na le maikarabelo a go nna badulasetilo ba [[Kgotla|''dikgotla'']], go etelela pele dikopano tsa setso tsa merafe le go okamela dikgotlatshekelo tsa setso . <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSharma2020">Sharma, Keshav C. (23 August 2020). [https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 "Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons"]. ''Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance'' (7): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>142.</cite></ref> ''Dikgotla'' di simolotse pele ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana mme di emela puso ya setso e mo go yone kgosi e neng e busa ebile e tsewa jaaka [[:en:First_among_equals|motho wa ntlha mo go ba ba lekanang]] . Dikgosi tsa letso la Setswana go tswa mo dipakeng tsa bogologolo di ne di na le maikarabelo a mantsi mo bathong go feta merafe e mengwe ya Aferika, jaaka e ne e le tselana ya go itshetsa e kgolo ya kgaolo, thuo ya dikgomo, e ne e letla balemibarui go tsamaya mafelo ka go farologana le go ikemela ka nosi go fetisa ka fa ba neng ba thusiwa ke go lema ka teng. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe le le fitlhelwang mo magaeng a merafe le ka fa tlase ebile le abelwa ke boto ya tsa ditsha. Diboto tse tsa Ditsha di bopilwe ka maloko a a tlhophilweng ke morafe ga mmogo le maloko a a tlhophilweng ke [[:en:Minister_of_Lands_(Botswana)|Tona ya Ditsha]] . <ref name=":8" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le kgaogantswe ka [[Dikgaolo tsa Botswana|dikgaolo di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/2022%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Preliminary%20Results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527193128/https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/2022%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Preliminary%20Results.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2022 |website=Statistics Botswana |page=5}}</ref> Kgaolo nngwe le nngwe e ka fa tlase ga taolo ya tsamaiso ya kgaolo, e e eteletsweng pele ke molaodi wa kgaolo. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSharma2020">Sharma, Keshav C. (23 August 2020). [https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 "Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons"]. ''Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance'' (7): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>142.</cite></ref> == Makoko a tsa sepolotiki == Lefatshe la Botswana le tlhaolwa ka [[:en:Multi-party_system|tsamaiso ya makoko a le mantsi]] a a phadisanang mo go tsa polotiki. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le na le [[:en:Dominant-party_system|tsamaiso ya lekoko le le laolang]] le sa tswe mo pusong le e neng e le la BDP, le ne le nna fela le fenya ditlhopho ngwaga go ya ngwageng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1965 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024. Lekoko le, le ne la tlhamiwa ke rre Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1962 ka nako ya fa setšhaba se ne se tsamaela kwa boipusong mme le ne la busa ka bontsi mo pusong nngwe le nngwe go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024. Go ya ka ditso, [[Botswana National Front]] e nnile lekoko la kganetso le legolo, le buelela tsamaiso ya polotiki ya [[:en:Left-wing_politics|tekatekanyo le tlhakanelo ya didirisiwa ka tsela e e bonolo]] . <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Makokokganetso mo lekgotleng la peomolao la Botswana gantsi a ne a kgaogane, go na le makoko a le mmalwa a a neng a phadisana mo godimo ga go gwetlha lekoko la BDP. <ref name=":3" /> Lekoko la kganetso le ne le emilwe nokeng thata ke batho ba ba nnang kwa ditoropong, merafe e e neng e le kwa ntle ga bontsi jwa baagedi ba Batswana le dikgosi dingwe tsa merafe jaaka kgosi [[Kgosi Bathoen Gaseitsiwe|Bathoen II]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Masilo |first2=Bontle |date=2018 |title=Social Cleavages and Party Alignment in Botswana: Dominant Party System Debate Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026898 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=59–71 |issn=0525-5090}}</ref> Go oketsega ga go banni mo ditoropong mo go simologileng ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe le masome a robabobedi go ne ga fa makokokganetso maatla a mantsi. [[:en:Political_faction|Go kgaogana ka ditlhopha]] go tlwaelesegile mo makokong a sepolotiki a Botswana mme makoko a le mmalwa a kgaogane le lekoko la Botswana National Front, go akaretsa lekoko la [[Botswana Congress Party]] e e neng ya nna lekoko le lengwe le le botlhokwa la kganetso morago ga go tlhamiwa ga lone ka ngwaga wa 1998. Go ne ga dirwa maiteko a le mmalwa a go dira [[:en:Political_group|dikgolagano]] magareng ga makokokganetso. Segolobogolo ka ngwaga wa 2012, Botswana National Front, [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]] le [[Botswana People's Party|Botswana People’s Party]] di ne tsa bopa [[Umbrella for Democratic Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] se se neng sa fenya BDP kwa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa Botswana tsa ngwaga wa 2024]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-06 |title='Umbrella for Democratic Change' party to be registered |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/ocyumbrella-for-democratic-changeoco-party-to-be-registered/ |access-date=2024-03-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=EPHRAIM KEORENG<br>Staff |date=2012-06-21 |title=Umbrella MPs in double membership |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/umbrella-mps-in-double-membership/news |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> == Ditlhopho == Lefatshe la Botswana le ntse le tshwara ditlhopho gangwe le gape fa e sale le tsaya boipuso, ditlhopho tse di tshwarwa morago ga dingwaga tse tlhano di fetsa go feta, tse tsotlhe di fentsweng ke lekoko la Botswana Democratic Party. Ditlhopho tsa lefatshe la Botswana di okamilwe ke [[:en:Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Botswana)|Khomišene e e Ikemetseng ya Ditlhopho]] (IEC). <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |date=2015-01-02 |title=An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=154949350 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ditlhopho mo Botswana di dirisa mokgwa wa go tlhopha yo o bidiwang [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']] o mo go one mofenyi e leng ntlhopheng yo o bonang [[:en:Majority|bontsi]] kgotsa [[:en:Plurality_(voting)|palo e e kwa godimo]] ga tsa bo ntlhopheng ba bangwe ya ditlhopho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e bonwa e le lefatshe la sewelo tota mo mafatsheng a Aferika ka gore ditlhopho tsa teng ga di ise di ko di amanngwe le [[:en:Political_violence|tiriso ya dikgoka e e anameng ya sepolotiki]] jaaka mo mafatsheng a mangwe. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Botlhomilwe |first2=Mokganedi Zara |date=2010 |title=The management of elections: the case of Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 |journal=Politeia |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=65–77}}</ref> == Ditlhopho == Lefatshe la Botswana le ntse le tshwara ditlhopho gangwe le gape fa e sale le tsaya boipuso, ditlhopho tse di tshwarwa morago ga dingwaga tse tlhano di fetsa go feta, tse tsotlhe di fentsweng ke lekoko la Botswana Democratic Party. Ditlhopho tsa lefatshe la Botswana di okamilwe ke [[:en:Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Botswana)|Khomišene e e Ikemetseng ya Ditlhopho]] (IEC). <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |date=2015-01-02 |title=An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=154949350 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ditlhopho mo Botswana di dirisa mokgwa wa go tlhopha yo o bidiwang [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']] o mo go one mofenyi e leng ntlhopheng yo o bonang [[:en:Majority|bontsi]] kgotsa [[:en:Plurality_(voting)|palo e e kwa godimo]] ga tsa bo ntlhopheng ba bangwe ya ditlhopho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e bonwa e le lefatshe la sewelo tota mo mafatsheng a Aferika ka gore ditlhopho tsa teng ga di ise di ko di amanngwe le [[:en:Political_violence|tiriso ya dikgoka e e anameng ya sepolotiki]] jaaka mo mafatsheng a mangwe. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Botlhomilwe |first2=Mokganedi Zara |date=2010 |title=The management of elections: the case of Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 |journal=Politeia |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=65–77}}</ref> Boemanosi jwa ditlhopho tsa lefatshe la Botswana bo ntse bo sekasekwa mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. Le fa ditlhopho di gololesegile ebile makoko a kganetso a sa thibelwe, lekoko le le mo maemong le na le bokgoni le tetla ya dilo dingwe tse di ka fetolang maduo. Pele ga go tlhamiwa ga lekgotla la IEC, lekoko le le busang le ne le laola ditlhopho ka kantoro ya Motlhokomedi wa Ditlhopho, e e neng e wela ka fa tlase ga taolo e e tlhamaletseng ya kantoro ya tautona wa lefatshe. Go tlhamiwa ga lekgotla la IEC, jaaka karolo ya diphetogo tsa puso ya batho ka batho tse di dirilweng ka dingwaga di le sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabobedi fa di simologa, fa e sale ka nako e o go fokoditse se ka bokete bo bo rileng, le fa dipotso tse di amanang le boipuso jwa lone di ne tsa nna teng mo nakong e e neng e setse ya puso ya lekoko le le lengwe. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |date=2015-01-02 |title=An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=154949350 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakwe2015">Mogalakwe, Monageng (2 January 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210|"An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections"]]</span>. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''33''' (1): <span class="nowrap">105–</span>120. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210|10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154949350 154949350].</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Botlhomilwe |first2=Mokganedi Zara |date=2010 |title=The management of elections: the case of Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 |journal=Politeia |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=65–77}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2010">Sebudubudu, David; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Zara (2010). [https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 "The management of elections: the case of Botswana"]. ''Politeia''. '''29''' (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>77.</cite></ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sociology-and-social-welfare_2014-06_41_2/page/109 |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. [ 56 ] == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sociology-and-social-welfare_2014-06_41_2/page/109 |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> Mo nakong e ntsi ya ditso tsa lone jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, Botswana o ne a dirisa melawana ya dinaga di sele [[:en:Realpolitik|e e ikaegileng ka tsotlhe tse di nang le boleng]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga rre Ian Khama, le ne la fetogela kwa molaong wa dinaga di sele o o ikaegileng ka [[:en:Idealism_in_international_relations|molaomotheo le maitsholo]], e mo go one go neng go na le kgalo ya dipuso ka ntlha ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho. Mo pakeng yeo, gantsi e ne e le lone fela leloko la [[African Union]] le le neng le ema nokeng Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditšhabatšhaba kgotsa le le neng le kgala go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo ditšhabeng tse di busang ka bobusaesi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malila |first=Ikanyeng S. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=Robert M. |year=2014 |title=Botswana's Experimentation with 'Ethical Foreign Policy' |url=https://saccps.org/pdf/3-1/SAPSS%203(1)%20Malila%20and%20Molebatsi.pdf |journal=Southern African Peace and Security Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5–25}}</ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> Mo nakong e ntsi ya ditso tsa lone jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, Botswana o ne a dirisa melawana ya dinaga di sele [[:en:Realpolitik|e e ikaegileng ka tsotlhe tse di nang le boleng]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga rre Ian Khama, le ne la fetogela kwa molaong wa dinaga di sele o o ikaegileng ka [[:en:Idealism_in_international_relations|molaomotheo le maitsholo]], e mo go one go neng go na le kgalo ya dipuso ka ntlha ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho. Mo pakeng yeo, gantsi e ne e le lone fela leloko la [[African Union]] le le neng le ema nokeng Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditšhabatšhaba kgotsa le le neng le kgala go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo ditšhabeng tse di busang ka bobusaesi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malila |first=Ikanyeng S. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=Robert M. |year=2014 |title=Botswana's Experimentation with 'Ethical Foreign Policy' |url=https://saccps.org/pdf/3-1/SAPSS%203(1)%20Malila%20and%20Molebatsi.pdf |journal=Southern African Peace and Security Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5–25}}</ref> === Melao ya tsa loago === Khumo ya lefatshe la Botswana fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya borwa jwa Aferika e dirile gore go dirisiwe madi a mantsi mo ditirelong tsa setshaba jaaka thuto, botsogo le mafaratlhatlha.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2014, [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_and_Skills_Development|Lephata la Thuto le Tlhabololo ya Bokgoni]] le ne le na le tekanyetsokabo e kgolo go gaisa maiteko ape a puso. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Dikhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le lesome tsa ditsela di ne tsa tsenngwa ditsela mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse di masome a matlhano tsa boipuso jwa Botswana, fa di bapisiwa le dikilometara di le masome a matlhano tse di neng di le teng pele ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> Mo nakong e ntsi ya ditso tsa lone jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, Botswana o ne a dirisa melawana ya dinaga di sele [[:en:Realpolitik|e e ikaegileng ka tsotlhe tse di nang le boleng]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga rre Ian Khama, le ne la fetogela kwa molaong wa dinaga di sele o o ikaegileng ka [[:en:Idealism_in_international_relations|molaomotheo le maitsholo]], e mo go one go neng go na le kgalo ya dipuso ka ntlha ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho. Mo pakeng yeo, gantsi e ne e le lone fela leloko la [[African Union]] le le neng le ema nokeng Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditšhabatšhaba kgotsa le le neng le kgala go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo ditšhabeng tse di busang ka bobusaesi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malila |first=Ikanyeng S. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=Robert M. |year=2014 |title=Botswana's Experimentation with 'Ethical Foreign Policy' |url=https://saccps.org/pdf/3-1/SAPSS%203(1)%20Malila%20and%20Molebatsi.pdf |journal=Southern African Peace and Security Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5–25}}</ref> === Melao ya tsa loago === Khumo ya lefatshe la Botswana fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya borwa jwa Aferika e dirile gore go dirisiwe madi a mantsi mo ditirelong tsa setshaba jaaka thuto, botsogo le mafaratlhatlha.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2014, [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_and_Skills_Development|Lephata la Thuto le Tlhabololo ya Bokgoni]] le ne le na le tekanyetsokabo e kgolo go gaisa maiteko ape a puso. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Dikhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le lesome tsa ditsela di ne tsa tsenngwa ditsela mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse di masome a matlhano tsa boipuso jwa Botswana, fa di bapisiwa le dikilometara di le masome a matlhano tse di neng di le teng pele ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> [[:en:Welfare_spending|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] mo Botswana a lekanyeditswe mme a lekwa ka fa tlase ga diteko tsa bokgoni mme ga go na tshireletso ya loago ya maemo a setšhaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Tikologo ya lefatshe e e omeletseng thata e felela e baka gore leuba e nne selo se se tshwenyang setšhaba kgapetsakgapetsa. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> [[HIV/AIDS]] ke kgang e e masisi thata ya tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo mo lefatsheng mme leroborobo la HIV/AIDS mo Botswana ke lengwe la malwetse a a maswe thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la bona dithuso tse dinnye tsa mafatshe a sele fa le ne le lwantshana le segajaja se ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, mme seo sa dira gore le kgone go anama. <ref name=":7" /> == Ditshwanelo tsa setho == Freedom House e tsaya Botswana le lefatshe le le gololesegileng ka maduo a le masome a le supa le bobedi mo selekanyong sa lekgolo mo pegong ya yone ya ngwaga wa 2022 [[:en:Freedom_in_the_World|ya Kgololesego mo Lefatsheng Ka Bophara .]] E bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tse di amanang le tsa sepolotiki, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le kemelo ya basadi le batho ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane le go tlhoka [[:en:Freedom_of_information_laws|kgololesego ya melao ya tshedimosetso]] . Fa godimo ga moo e bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tsa baagedi ba lefatshe, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le [[:en:Freedom_of_the_press|kgololesego ya bobegadikgang]] le [[:en:Right_to_strike|tshwanelo ya go ngala tiro]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Freedom House}}</ref>Lekgotla la [[:en:Transparency_International|'Transparency International']] le ntse le lemoga lefatshe la Botswana jaaka lefatshe le le senang bonweenwee thata mo Aferika ka dinako tsotlhe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> mme gantsi le tlhalosiwa e le lefatshe le le ka bapisiwang le mafatshe a kgaolo ya Bophirima jwa Yuropa a a nang le puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Nngwe ya dintlha tse di ka nnang teng tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke go tlhoka ditshekatsheko tse di nonofileng mo tsamaisong ya puso, tse di letlang tautona go dirisa kgololesego e e anameng mo melaong le go fokotsa kgololesego ya puo ka boithatelo. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go tsepamisa mogopolo nako e santse e le teng mo mananeong a ditiro tsa setšhaba morago ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana go na le go dira gore puso e nne le sesole go tlotliwa ka ntlha ya gore go thusitse ka tsa molao wa puso nako e sa ntse e le teng, ebile go buile gape ga letla tlhomamo mo dipolotiking tsa setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ditshwanelo tsa setho == Freedom House e tsaya Botswana le lefatshe le le gololesegileng ka maduo a le masome a le supa le bobedi mo selekanyong sa lekgolo mo pegong ya yone ya ngwaga wa 2022 [[:en:Freedom_in_the_World|ya Kgololesego mo Lefatsheng Ka Bophara .]] E bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tse di amanang le tsa sepolotiki, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le kemelo ya basadi le batho ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane le go tlhoka [[:en:Freedom_of_information_laws|kgololesego ya melao ya tshedimosetso]] . Fa godimo ga moo e bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tsa baagedi ba lefatshe, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le [[:en:Freedom_of_the_press|kgololesego ya bobegadikgang]] le [[:en:Right_to_strike|tshwanelo ya go ngala tiro]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Freedom House}}</ref>Lekgotla la [[:en:Transparency_International|'Transparency International']] le ntse le lemoga lefatshe la Botswana jaaka lefatshe le le senang bonweenwee thata mo Aferika ka dinako tsotlhe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> mme gantsi le tlhalosiwa e le lefatshe le le ka bapisiwang le mafatshe a kgaolo ya Bophirima jwa Yuropa a a nang le puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Nngwe ya dintlha tse di ka nnang teng tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke go tlhoka ditshekatsheko tse di nonofileng mo tsamaisong ya puso, tse di letlang tautona go dirisa kgololesego e e anameng mo melaong le go fokotsa kgololesego ya puo ka boithatelo. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go tsepamisa mogopolo nako e santse e le teng mo mananeong a ditiro tsa setšhaba morago ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana go na le go dira gore puso e nne le sesole go tlotliwa ka ntlha ya gore go thusitse ka tsa molao wa puso nako e sa ntse e le teng, ebile go buile gape ga letla tlhomamo mo dipolotiking tsa setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ditshwanelo tsa setho == Freedom House e tsaya Botswana le lefatshe le le gololesegileng ka maduo a le masome a le supa le bobedi mo selekanyong sa lekgolo mo pegong ya yone ya ngwaga wa 2022 [[:en:Freedom_in_the_World|ya Kgololesego mo Lefatsheng Ka Bophara .]] E bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tse di amanang le tsa sepolotiki, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le kemelo ya basadi le batho ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane le go tlhoka [[:en:Freedom_of_information_laws|kgololesego ya melao ya tshedimosetso]] . Fa godimo ga moo e bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tsa baagedi ba lefatshe, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le [[:en:Freedom_of_the_press|kgololesego ya bobegadikgang]] le [[:en:Right_to_strike|tshwanelo ya go ngala tiro]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Freedom House}}</ref>Lekgotla la [[:en:Transparency_International|'Transparency International']] le ntse le lemoga lefatshe la Botswana jaaka lefatshe le le senang bonweenwee thata mo Aferika ka dinako tsotlhe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> mme gantsi le tlhalosiwa e le lefatshe le le ka bapisiwang le mafatshe a kgaolo ya Bophirima jwa Yuropa a a nang le puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Nngwe ya dintlha tse di ka nnang teng tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke go tlhoka ditshekatsheko tse di nonofileng mo tsamaisong ya puso, tse di letlang tautona go dirisa kgololesego e e anameng mo melaong le go fokotsa kgololesego ya puo ka boithatelo. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go tsepamisa mogopolo nako e santse e le teng mo mananeong a ditiro tsa setšhaba morago ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana go na le go dira gore puso e nne le sesole go tlotliwa ka ntlha ya gore go thusitse ka tsa molao wa puso nako e sa ntse e le teng, ebile go buile gape ga letla tlhomamo mo dipolotiking tsa setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> 6egkqm166i9ym6bvc4nm09ed8j9ok7g 0 11831 54131 45469 2026-08-15T16:39:22Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54131 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tunde Onakoya''' (yo o tshotsweng ka kgwedi ya Phalane a le borataro (6) ka ngwaga wa 1994) ke motshameki wa chess wa kwa Nigeria le mokatisii, yo o tshotseng [[Guinness World Record]] ya motshameko o moleele go gaisa wa marathone wa chess.<ref>O'Neill, Natalie (2024-04-19). [https://nypost.com/2024/04/19/us-news/nigerian-chess-whiz-stays-up-more-than-50-hours-playing-in-times-square-to-break-world-record/ "Nigerian chess whiz stays up more than 50 hours playing in Times Square to break world record".] Retrieved 2024-04-20.</ref><ref>Admin 2 (2024-04-20). "JUST IN: Tunde Onakoya breaks world record for longest chess marathon". ''Champion Newspapers LTD''. Retrieved 2024-04-20.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240420114119/https://championnews.com.ng/just-in-tunde-onakoya-breaks-world-record-for-longest-chess-marathon/]</ref><ref>[https://guardian.ng/life/tunde-onakoya-launching-stars-through-chess/ "Tunde Onakoya: Launching Stars Through Chess"]. ''The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News''. 2021-06-27. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-47499618 "How chess is changing children's lives"]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Jaaka mothei le modiri wa [[Chess in Slums Africa]],<ref>''[https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2021/08/23/tunde-onakoya-chess-in-slums-africa-nigeria-spc.cnn He helps Nigerian kids turn chess moves into scholarships - CNN Video]'', 23 August 2021, retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>Aisha Salaudeen and Yvonne Kasera (3 November 2021). [https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/03/sport/chess-grandmasters-africa-spc-intl/index.html "Chess coaches in Africa are building the next generation of grandmasters"]. ''CNN''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>[https://olympics.com/en/news/chess-became-escape-children-slum-nigeria-africa "How chess became an escape for children living in a Nigerian slum"]. ''Olympics.com''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> o rulagantse bokopano bo le mmalwa jwa bana go kgabaganya metsana ya batho ba ba humanegileng mo [[kgaolong ya Lagos]] go akaretsa Majidun ([[Ikorodu]]), [[Makoko]] le bosheng jaana, [[Oshodi]]. == Tshimologo le Tiro == Onakoya o ne a ithuta go tshameka chess kwa lebenkeleng la go beola moriri kwa [[Ikorodu, Lagos]], kwa a goletseng teng.<ref>Deinde-Sanya, Oluwadunsin (2021-05-24). [https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/05/through-chessinslums-tunde-onakoya-is-changing-the-lives-of-children-one-piece-at-a-time/ "Through "ChessinSlums", Tunde Onakoya is Changing the Lives of Children One Piece at a Time"]. ''BellaNaija''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> E re ka a ne a sa kgone go duelela sekolo sa gagwe se segolwane, mmaagwe o ne a ithaopela go bereka kwa sekolong e le mophepafatsi gore a tle a kgone go duela madi a sekolo.<ref>[https://www.nigeriainfo.fm/abuja/news/latest-videos/my-mum-worked-as-a-cleaner-to-send-me-to-school-onakoya/ ""My Mum Worked As A Cleaner to Send Me to School"] - Onakoya". ''Nigeria Info FM''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanatsele 2025.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-tunde-onakoya/ "Chess Saved My Life — Man Like Tunde Onakoya"]. ''Zikoko!''. 2021-09-26. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> O ne a tla bewa jaaka motshameki wa chess wa bolesome le boraro kwa Nigeria.<ref name=":0" /> Onakoya o ne a bona diploma ya [[maranyane a dikhomputara]] kwa [[Yaba College of Technology]] koo a neng a gapa sekgele sa gouta a emela sekolo kwa Nigeria Polytechnic Games le kwa [[RCCG]] Chess Championship. Gape o fentse National Friends of Chess le Chevron Chess Open.<ref name=":0" /> Onakoya o ne a tlhagisiwa mo go [[CNN]] African Voices.<ref>[https://guardian.ng/sport/two-chess-masters-feature-on-cnn-african-voices/ "Two chess masters feature on CNN African Voices"]. ''The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News''. 2021-08-20. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2021/08/20/james-kangaru-mwangi-chess-champion-kenya-tunde-onakoya-chess-in-slums-nigeria-spc.cnn African chess players are making moves for their communities - CNN Video]'', 23 August 2021, retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Onakoya ke leloko la boto ya [[New York City]] e e sa direng poelo ya [[The Gift of Chess]].<ref>[https://www.fide.com/news/1721 "The Gift of Chess goes global"]. ''www.fide.com''. International Chess Federation. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga wa 2024, Onakoya o ne a roba rekoto ya lefatshe ya marathone ya chess kwa New York, United States. O ne a tshameka dioura tse di fetang masome a marataro ka go latelana.<ref>Aradi, Gloria; Howard, Jacqueline (20 April 2024). "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-68852876 Tunde Onakoya: Nigerian breaks chess marathon record"]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> == Chess in Slums Africa == Mo go Tunde, Chess ga se motshameko fela, e mo naya boitshupo jwa gagwe jo bo sa fetogeng: "Go bona chess go mphile sengwe. E ne ya nnaya botho, jwa botlhale, mme e ne ya dira gore ke dumele gore le nna ke ne ke ka nna botlhale, mme e ne ya dira gore ke dumele gore gape ke ne ke ka nna motlhalefi. Ka motshameko ono fela, ke ne ka kgona go bona lefelo lame mo lefatsheng gape", Onakoya o ne a bua jalo ka go ribolola ga gagwe Chess ka nako ya fa a ne a bua kwa Jeremane.<ref>Olujobi, Bethel (2024-04-19). [https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/who-is-tunde-onakoya-nigerian-chess-master-coach-and-founder/ "Who is Tunde Onakoya? Nigerian chess master, coach and founder"]. ''Businessday NG''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse 2018,<ref>[https://www.channelstv.com/2019/09/05/chess-offers-nigerian-slum-children-new-move/ "Chess Offers Nigerian Slum Children New Move"]. ''Channels Television''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> [[Chess in Slums Africa]] e simolotse jaaka mokgatlho o o sa direng poelo o o gogwang ke baithaopi o o ikaelelang go nonotsha bašha mo merafeng e e humanegileng ka go tshameka chess.<ref>Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche, ''<nowiki/>'[https://web.archive.org/web/20220226234110/https://www.dw.com/en/chess-in-slums-gets-nigerian-kids-playing-for-keeps/av-59219978 Chess in Slums' gets Nigerian kids playing for keeps | DW | 17.09.2021]'', retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref name=":1">Chess.com (News). [https://www.chess.com/news/view/chesscom-chess-in-slums-partnership "Chess.com Partners With Chess In Slums-Africa"]. ''Chess.com''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Chess in Slums Africa e ne ya dirisana le [[Chess.com]] ka Lwetse 2020 jaaka sediriswa sa thuto sa diphaposi tsa borutelo, [[ditlhopha tsa chess]], le batsadi.<ref name=":1" /> Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo 2021, Chess in Slums Africa e ne e katisitse bana ba ba fetang makgolo a mabedi mme ba ne ba amogela dibasari tsa botshelo jotlhe mo go ba le masome mabedi ba bone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20251011230230/https://humanglemedia.com/children-in-nigerias-slum-are-finding-solace-through-chess/ "Children In Nigeria's Slum Are Finding Solace Through Chess"]. ''HumAngle Media''. 2021-12-16. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong 2021, [[Ferdinand]], mosimane wa dingwaga tse lesome yo o nang le cerebral palsy o ne a fenya kgaisano ya chess kwa Makoko.<ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86JhQqekrRA From slum to Chess champion: Meet 10-year-old Chess prodigy from Earth's largest slum, Makoko]'', 17 June 2021, retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2agZs_UaHE <nowiki>[EXCLUSIVE] The Story Of A Cerebral Palsy Chess Prodigy, Maumo Ferdinard</nowiki>]'', 28 June 2021, retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>Parodi (Alessandro_Parodi), Alessandro (3 June 2021). [https://www.chess.com/news/view/chess-cerebral-palsy-ferdinand-maumo-nigeria "Nigerian Child With Cerebral Palsy Becomes Chess Superstar"]. ''Chess.com''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Moragonyana o ne a kopana le go gaisana le [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]], mmusi wa Naga ya Lagos.<ref>[http://lifestyle.thecable.ng/icymi-sanwo-olu-meets-boy-who-turned-chess-champion-despite-cerebral-palsy/ "ICYMI: Sanwo-Olu meets boy who turned chess champion despite cerebral palsy"]. ''TheCable Lifestyle''. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> == Guinness World Record == Motshameko wa chess o ne wa tshwarelwa kwa [[Times Square]], kwa [[New York City]], kwa United States. O simolotse ka mokgele wa go feta rekoto ya lefatshe e e fetileng ya dioura di le masome matlhano le borataro, metsotso e ferabongwe le metsotswana e le masome mararo le bosupa, e e tlhomilweng ke batshameki ba kwa [[Norway]] e bong Hallvard Haug Flatebø le Sjur Ferkingstad ka 2018. Mokgele wa ntlha wa ga Onakoya e ne e le go tshameka dioura di le masome matlhano le boferabobedi, mme o ne a di feta, a oketsa lebaka lwa gagwe la go tshameka go nna dioura di le masome marataro.<ref>Okechukwu, Rejoice (2024-04-20). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250128210800/https://gazettengr.com/nigerian-chess-master-tunde-onakoya-breaks-gwrs-longest-chess-marathon/ "Nigerian chess master, Tunde Onakoya, breaks GWR's longest chess marathon"]. ''Peoples Gazette Nigeria''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>[https://nigerianbulletin.com/ams/nigerians-rally-behind-tunde-onakoya-amid-intense-vomiting-episode-during-chess-marathon.4501/ "Nigerian Chess Master Tunde Onakoya Shows Resilience in Times Square Marathon"]. ''Nigerian Bulletin''. 2024-04-19. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>Gloria Aradi & Jacqueline Howard (2024-04-19). [https://nigerianbulletin.com/ams/nigerians-rally-behind-tunde-onakoya-amid-intense-vomiting-episode-during-chess-marathon.4501/ "Tunde Onakoya: Nigerian breaks chess marathon record"]. ''BBC''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>Browning, Oliver (2024-04-20). "[https://au.news.yahoo.com/nigerian-chess-champion-plays-marathon-101053262.html Nigerian chess champion plays for marathon 58 hours to break record in Times Square"]. ''Yahoo News''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> === Tiro e e Fetang Chess === Maiteko a ga Onakoya e ne e se fela a go batla go roba direkoto; e ne e le tiro e e nang le boikaelelo jo bogolo. O ne a ikaeletse go kgobokanya US$1 million go thusa thuto ya bana mo [[Aferika|Aforika]], segolo thata ba ba senang thuto ya boleng.<ref>Presse, AFP-Agence France. [https://www.barrons.com/news/nigerian-tunde-onakoya-breaks-record-for-longest-chess-marathon-8f3f6c21 "Nigerian Tunde Onakoya Breaks Record For Longest Chess Marathon"]. ''www.barrons.com''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>[https://news.sky.com/story/chess-champion-plays-for-marathon-58-hours-to-break-record-and-raise-cash-for-child-education-13119031 "Chess champion plays for marathon 58 hours to break record - and raise cash for child education"]. ''Sky News''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Fa a ntse a leka go tlhoma rekoto e ntšha, o ne a bona tshegetso go tswa mo baaging ba Nigeria kwa New York, mothusa tautona wa maloba wa Nigeria [[Yemi Osinbajo]], mmogo le [[Kashim Shettima]], go akaretsa le go tlhagelela ga dinaledi tsa [[Afrobeats]] jaaka [[Davido]] le [[Adekunle Gold]].<ref>MINCHILLO, CHINEU ASADU and JOHN. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240420120412/https://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/a-nigerian-chess-champion-plays-the-royal-game-for-58-hours-a-new-global-chess-record/M6PGNG7J6JAH5K6BW2XVQ7IIIE/ "A Nigerian chess champion plays the royal game for 60 hours — a new global chess record"]. ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution''. ISSN 1539-7459. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>Onuh, Chioma (2024-04-17). [https://businessday.ng/news/article/osinbajo-backs-onakoyas-58-hour-chess-marathon-guinness-world-record-attempt/ "Osinbajo backs Onakoya's 58-hour chess marathon Guinness World Record attempt"]. ''Businessday NG''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>Itodo, Sunny Green (2024-04-19). [https://dailypost.ng/2024/04/19/guinness-world-record-davido-drums-support-for-nigerian-chess-master-tunde-onakoya/ "Guinness World Record: Davido drums support for Nigerian chess master, Tunde Onakoya"]. ''Daily Post Nigeria''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>Omidiji, Rachael (2024-04-19). [https://tribuneonlineng.com/gwr-davido-adekunle-gold-other-celebrities-support-tunde-onakoya-in-new-york/ "GWR: Davido, Adekunle Gold, other celebrities support Tunde Onakoya in New York"]. ''Tribune Online''. Retrieved 19 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == 0y6dwc304zxvfdz1bwphmoklor885ko 0 11928 54099 44936 2026-08-15T12:45:32Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Nontobeko Vilakazi|office=Tona wa ditlhabololo, banana, bomme le batho ba batshelang ka bogole wa [[Kapa Bokone]]|term_start=Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2024|premier=[[Zamani Saul]]|office1=Tona wa ditlhabololo wa [[Kapa Bokone]]|term_start1=Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 2020|term_end1=Seetebosigo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 2024|premier1=[[Zamani Saul]]|predecessor1=[[Martha Bartlett]]|office2=Tona wa dipalamo le tshireletso|term_start2=Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 2019|term_end2=Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 2020|premier2=[[Zamani Saul]]|predecessor2=[[Lebogang Motlhaping]]|successor2=[[Nomandla Bloem]]|office3=Mopalamente wa kgaolo wa [[Kapa Bokone]]|term_start3=Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 2019|birth_date=Seetebosigo a le malatsi a robabobedi ngwaga wa 1966|nationality=mo [[Aforika Borwa]]|party=[[African National Congress]]|occupation=Mopolotiki|birth_name=Nontobeko Eveline Vilakazi}} '''Nontobeko Eveline Vilakazi''' ( o o tshotsweng ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a robabobedi ngwaga wa 1966) ke mopolotiki wa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] o o berekang e le tona wa ditlhabololo, banana, bomme le batho ba ba tshelang ka bogole kwa kgaolong ya [[Kapa Bokone]] fa e sale ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 2024. O sale a nna leloko la palamente ya kgaolo ya Kapa Bokone fa e sale ka Motsheganong 2019. Go tswa ka Motsheganong 2019 go tsena Seetebosigo 2020, e ne e le tona wa dipalamo le tshireletsego, le go tswa ka Seetebosigo 2020 go tseba Seetebosigo 2024, e le tona wa ditlhabololo. Vilakazi ke leloko la [[African National Congress]] le mokwaledi wa kgaolo wa lekgotla la basadi. == Polotiki == Vilakazi o bereka e le mokwaledi wa lekgotla la [[African National Congress]] la bomme.<ref>[https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/government/northern-cape-premier-saul-announces-new-cabinet/ "Northern Cape Premier Saul announces new cabinet"]. The Citizen. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2020. <q>Provincial African National Congress Women's League secretary Nontobeko Vilakasi was appointed MEC for transport and safety liason [''sic'']</q></ref> == Puso ya Kgaolo == Vilakazi o ne a tlhophiwa go ya palamenteng ya kgaolo ya Kapa Bokone morago ga ditlhopho tse di neng di tshwerwe ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a robabobedi ngwaga wa 2019, ka a ne mo maemong a lesome le bobedi mo lenaaneng la ANC, phathi e ne ya fenya ditilo di le lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2019-05-10-anc-comes-out-tops-in-northern-cape/ "ANC comes out tops in Northern Cape".] ''IOL''. Kimberley. 10 May 2019.</ref> O ne a tlhomamisiwa e le leloko ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bobedi. Ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe, moeteledipele o mosha o a neng a sa tswa go tlhophiwa [[Zamani Saul]] o ne a itsise khansele ya gagwe. Vilakazi o ne a tlhophilwe leloko la khansele ya dipalamo le tshireletsego. O simolotse tiro mo ofising eo letsatsi lone leo.<ref>[https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/n-cape-premier-announces-reduces-executive-council/ "N Cape premier announces reduced executive council".] ''SABC News''. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2025</ref> Ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 2020, o ne a tlhomiwa tona wa ditlhabololo.<ref name=":0">Morapela, Katleho (26 June 2020). [https://www.ofm.co.za/article/centralsa/291960/nc-premier-reshuffles-cabinet "NC Premier reshuffles cabinet".] ''OFM''. Retrieved 21 November 2025</ref> O tsene mo maemong ao letsatsi le a tlhomilweng ka lone, a tlhatlhama [[Martha Bartlett]], o o tlhomamisitsweng e le moemedi wa khansele ya dikgaolo. [[Nomandla Bloem]] o ne a tsaya maemo a tona wa dipalamo le tshireletsego.<ref name=":0" /> Morago ga ditlhopho tsa 2024 tsa kgaolo, Vilakazi o ne a tlhophiwa ke Saul go etelela pele lephata le le neng le sa tswa go kopanngwa la ditlhabololl, banana, bomme, batho ba ba tshelang ka bogole, metshameko, botaki le ngwao.<ref>Kemp, Charné [https://web.archive.org/web/20251113111751/https://noordkaapbulletin.co.za/priority-issues-discussed-soon-20240702-2/ "Priority issues discussed soon"].''Netwerk24'' (in Afrikaans). Retrieved 21 November 2025</ref> Mo tswakanyong ya palamente ka Firikgong 2025, Paul o ne a tlhoma sesha maemo a tona wa metshameko, botako le ngwao, a tlhoma [[Mangaliso Matika]] moeteledipele wa one.<ref>OFM. [https://www.ofm.co.za/article/centralsa/335491/northern-cape-premier-appoints-two-new-mecs "Northern Cape premier appoints two new MECs".] ''OFM''. Retrieved 21 November 2025</ref> == Metswedi == jo73gl96s8l6ngbuwrd5on9xuqhlo9h 0 12130 54106 48691 2026-08-15T14:25:10Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54106 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabina Wanjirū Chege''' (o belegwe ka di 22 Phatwe 1978) ke mopolotiki wa kwa Kenya le motshameki wa maloba wa thelebišene le mmui wa radio yo e leng leloko la Palamente ya [[Kenya]]. ^{[http://www.parliament.go.ke/index.php/node/3213 <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]} == Thuto le tiro ya gagwe ya pele == Sabina Wanjirū Chege o tsene kwa Our Lady Consolata Mūgoiri Girls High School kwa [[:en:Muranga_County|Murang'a County]],^{[https://www.olcmugoirigirls.sc.ke/ <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>]} mme morago ga moo a tsena kwa Kenya Institute of Management le University of Nairobi koo a boneng Bachelor of Education degree le master's degree mo tlhaeletsanong. Pele a tsena mo dipolotiking e ne e le motshameki wa thelebišene mo seraleng sa thelebišene Tausi koo a neng a tshameka karolo ya Rehema. Morago ga moo o ne a dira jaaka modisa wa radio mo Coro FM le mo botsamaising jwa radio kwa Kameme FM le [[:en:Kenya_Broadcasting_Corporation|Kenya Broadcasting Corporation]]. ^{[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/city-news/2001251756/hot-women-representative-sabina-chege-and-co-wife-in-love-drama <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>]} O nyetse mme o na le bana ba le bararo. ^{[https://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/politics/mp-i-am-happily-married-to-my-husband-437856 <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>]} == Tiro ya sepolotiki == O ne a tlhophiwa go nna moemedi wa basadi mo Palamenteng ya Mūrang'a ka 2013 ka 96.6% ya diboutu. E ne e le leloko la lekoko la National Alliance. Mo ditlhophong tsa 2017, o ne a tlhophiwa gape, jaanong e le leloko la Jubilee Party. Mokgatlho wa Jubilee o ne wa tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa 2016 jaaka motlhatlhami wa Jubilee Alliance, e leng kgolagano ya makoko a sepolotiki a le mmalwa go akaretsa le lekoko la ga Chege la [[:en:The_National_Alliance|National Alliance]]. Mo pakeng ya gagwe ya ntlha mo palamenteng e ne e le modulasetilo wa Komiti ya Lefapha ya Thuto, Patlisiso le Thekenoloji le leloko la Komiti ya Tlhokomelo ya Tiragatso ya Molaotheo. Go tloga ka 2017 o ntse a dira jaaka modulasetilo wa Komiti ya Palamente ya Boitekanelo.^{[https://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/politics/when-sabina-chege-was-robbed-of-joy-and-the-teary-aftermath-179472 <nowiki>[ 6]</nowiki>]}^{[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/lifestyle/article/2000095399/inside-story-of-why-the-teachers-service-commission-list-was-rejected?pageNo=2 <nowiki>[7]</nowiki>]} Ka 2019 o ne a tshegetsa Molao wa Tirelo ya Tshelo ya Madi wa Bosetšhaba wa Kenya o o neng wa dira gore tshelo ya madi e nne kgwebo le go tlhama setheo se sesha sa bosetšhaba go rulaganya meneelo ya madi mo nageng yotlhe. Kgato eno e ne ya tshwaiwa phoso ke Kenya National Union of Medical Laboratory Officers. O ne gape a tshegetsa molao wa Breastfeeding Mothers Bill o o neng o tla tlhoka gore bathapi ba neele badiri ba ba anyisang bana ba bona ditirelo le go ikhutsa. ^{[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/kenya/article/2001243697/boost-for-working-mothers-as-mps-pass-breastfeeding-bill <nowiki>[9]</nowiki>]} Ka Lwetse 2024, o ne a tshegetsa Molaotlhomo wa Bolaodi jwa Dijalo tsa Temothuo wa 2024 o o neng o batla go tsenya dilaesense, melawana, tsamaiso ya morago ga thobo le thekiso ka Bolaodi jwa Dijalo tsa Temothuo. Molaotlhomo o ne o na le kganetsano mme ga o ise o fetisiwe go nna molao. ^{[https://citizen.digital/article/horticulture-crops-authority-bill-2024-what-proposed-law-means-for-fruit-vegetable-farmers-n350067 <nowiki>[10]</nowiki>]}^{[[https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awrigej_wfRoCAIAd5hXNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzUEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1762080512/RO=10/RU=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/why-youll-soon-need-a-license-to-sell-vegetables-fruits//RK=2/RS=MXIJofWfgSHEeptOogrDr7dQDpI- <nowiki>11]</nowiki>]} O ne a tlhatlhamiwa ke Beatrice Njeri Maina mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa 2022 tsa Kenya tsa maemo a Mūrang'a Women Rep. ^{[https://www.pd.co.ke/august-9/sabina-chege-successor-in-muranga-144607/ <nowiki>[12]</nowiki>]} O ne a itsisitse gore o rata go nna mothusa Tautona wa Kenya [[:en:William_Ruto|William Ruto]] mo ditlhophong tsa boporesidente tsa 2022[https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/murang-a-woman-rep-sabina-chege-wants-to-be-ruto-s-deputy-in-2022-1210006 .^{<nowiki>[ 13]</nowiki>}] O ne a tshegetsa [[:en:Raila_Odinga|Raila Odinga]]. Ka Motsheganong 2023, o ne a ikana go nna boikanyego go Tautona [[:en:William_Ruto|William Ruto.]][https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/realtime/2023-05-19-i-fully-support-honour-you-sabina-chege-to-ruto/ <nowiki>[14]</nowiki>] ka ntlha ya go tlhoka boikanyego, Tautona wa pele [[:en:Uhuru_Kenyatta|Uhuru Kenyatta]] o ne a mo leleka mo lekokong la Jubilee.^{[https://nation.africa/kenya/news/politics/moment-of-truth-as-uhuru-takes-on-kega-sabina-chege-at-jubilee-party-ndc--4242478 <nowiki>[ 15]</nowiki>]} == Metswedi == [http://www.parliament.go.ke/index.php/node/3213 <nowiki>[1] "Sabina Wanjiru Chege</nowiki>]". University of Nairobi. Archived from the original on 16 September 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2020. [2] Our Lady Consolata Mugoiri Girls High School. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251205030057/https://olcmugoirigirls.sc.ke/ "Message from the Principal's Desk]". Retrieved 5 March 2024. [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/city-news/2001251756/hot-women-representative-sabina-chege-and-co-wife-in-love-drama <nowiki>[3] "Hot Women Representative Sabina Chege and co-wife in love drama</nowiki>]". The Standard. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. [https://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/politics/mp-i-am-happily-married-to-my-husband-437856 <nowiki>[4] "MP: I am happily married to my husband</nowiki>]". Daily Nation. 13 August 2017. Archived from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. [http://info.mzalendo.com/person/sabina-wanjiru-chege/experience/ <nowiki>[5] "Sabina Wanjiru Chege</nowiki>]". Mzalendo. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017. [https://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/politics/when-sabina-chege-was-robbed-of-joy-and-the-teary-aftermath-179472 <nowiki>[6] "When Sabina Chege was robbed of joy and the teary aftermath"</nowiki>]. Daily Nation. 22 June 2019. Archived from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020. [7] Munuhe. "[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/lifestyle/article/2000095399/inside-story-of-why-the-teachers-service-commission-list-was-rejected?pageNo=2 Inside story of why the Teachers Service Commission list was rejected]". The Standard. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191225164814/https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/news/more-opposition-for-sabina-cheges-blood-transfusion-commercialisation-bill <nowiki>[8] "More opposition for Sabina Chege's blood transfusion commercialisation Bill</nowiki>]". Daily Nation. 24 December 2019. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2020. [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/kenya/article/2001243697/boost-for-working-mothers-as-mps-pass-breastfeeding-bill <nowiki>[9] "Boost for working mothers as MPs pass breastfeeding bill"</nowiki>]. The Standard. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2020. [https://citizen.digital/article/horticulture-crops-authority-bill-2024-what-proposed-law-means-for-fruit-vegetable-farmers-n350067 <nowiki>[10] "What Horticulture Crops Authority Bill 2024 means for fruit, vegetable farmers</nowiki>]". Citizen Digital. 20 September 2024. [https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awrigej_wfRoCAIAd5hXNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzUEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1762080512/RO=10/RU=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/why-youll-soon-need-a-license-to-sell-vegetables-fruits//RK=2/RS=MXIJofWfgSHEeptOogrDr7dQDpI- <nowiki>[11] "Why youll soon need a licence to sell vegetables</nowiki>]". KenyanWallStreet. 21 September 2024. [https://www.pd.co.ke/august-9/sabina-chege-successor-in-muranga-144607/ <nowiki>[12] "Former Athi Water director replaces Sabina Chege as Murang'a Woman Rep"</nowiki>]. People Daily. [https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/murang-a-woman-rep-sabina-chege-wants-to-be-ruto-s-deputy-in-2022-1210006 <nowiki>[13] "Murang'a woman rep Sabina Chege wants to be Ruto's deputy in 2022</nowiki>]". Daily Nation. 21 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020. [14] Anyango, Manny (19 May 2023). [https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/realtime/2023-05-19-i-fully-support-honour-you-sabina-chege-to-ruto/ "I fully support, honour you – Sabina Chege to Ruto".] The Star. Retrieved 22 May 2023. [https://nation.africa/kenya/news/politics/moment-of-truth-as-uhuru-takes-on-kega-sabina-chege-at-jubilee-party-ndc--4242478 <nowiki>[15] "Moment of truth as Uhuru takes on Kega, Sabina Chege at Jubilee Party NDC</nowiki>]". Nation. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023. 44g3862md5mzgw7co2cryiukgc1irke 0 12457 54103 54027 2026-08-15T14:03:14Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54103 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:QUEENSTAR MAAME POKUAH SAWYERR.jpg|thumb|Queenstar]] '''Queenstar Maame Pokua Sawyerr''' (O belegwe ka 11 Phukwi 1964) K3 mopolotiki wa kwa [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], le mothusa tona wa [[:en:Central_Region_(Ghana)|Central Regional]] wa pele.[http://www.modernghana.com/news/469518/1/list-of-regional-ministers-in-ghana-with-their-dep.html <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=277257 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][[https://web.archive.org/web/20131014214651/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/2012-02-08-08-18-09/regional-ministers <nowiki>3]</nowiki>] E ne ele leloko la palamente ya Agona East Constituency since 2013.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064908/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=32 <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>] == Botshelo le thuto == Sawyerr o belegwe ka 1 Phukwi, 1964 mme o tswa kwa Agona Kwanyako kwa Central Region ya Ghana. O ne a amogela dipoloma ya gagwe e e kwa godimo go tswa kwa [[:en:Accra_Polytechnic|Accra Polytechnic]] mme a amogela setankana sa bachelor's in Business Administration le master's in Public Administration go tswa kwa [[:en:Atlantic_International_University|Atlantic International University]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20190427151557/https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-queenstar-pokuah-sawyerr-2/ <nowiki>[ 5]</nowiki>][https://web.archive.org/web/20220204085744/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5405 <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>] Atlantic International University ke setheo sa thuto se se sa dumelelwang se se ithutelang kgakala se se ileng sa tshwaiwa jaaka setlamo sa dikirii,[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Probe-IGP-s-Fake-doctorate-degree-Academics-481571 <nowiki>[7]</nowiki>] mme dikirii tsa sone di ile tsa latlhwa jaaka "tse e seng tsa nnete"[https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/fake-doctorates-gifty-anti-igp-hassan-ayariga-and-others-indicted-in-fake-doctorate/ytpybd5 <nowiki>.[8]</nowiki>] == Tiro ya gagwe == Sawyerr ke mosadi wa kgwebo. O ne a le CEO wa Queenstar Real Estates Company Limited pele a tsaya maemo a gagwe jaaka leloko la palamente.[http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5405 <nowiki>[ 9]</nowiki>] == Dipolotiki == Sawyerr ke leloko la [[:en:National_Democratic_Congress_(Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]]. Ga jaana ke leloko la palamente ya [[:en:Agona_East_(Ghana_parliament_constituency)|Agona East Constituency]] kwa Central Region ya Ghana[http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5405 <nowiki>.[ 9]</nowiki>][10] == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Sawyerr o nyetse mme o na le bana ba le bane.[https://web.archive.org/web/20220204085744/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5405 <nowiki>[ 6]</nowiki>] Ke Mokeresete mme o obamela jaaka Mo-Anglican. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064908/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=32 <nowiki>[ 4]</nowiki>] == Tiro ya go thusa ba bangwe == Mo dingwageng tse di fetang 10, Sawyerr o ne a tlhabolola Sekema sa Kadimo sa Maame Pokua (MPLS) go aba madi le go tshegetsa bagwebi ba basadi mo tikologong ya gagwe. Sekema se ke kadimo e e senang morokotso e e ikaeletseng go thusa basadi go atolosa dikgwebo tsa bona. Ka ngwaga wa 2014, o ne a neela baithuti ba ba fetang 1400 ba ba neng ba kwala BECE ka dipalo. == Metswedi == [http://www.modernghana.com/news/469518/1/list-of-regional-ministers-in-ghana-with-their-dep.html <nowiki>[1] "List of Regional Ministers in Ghana with Their Deputies</nowiki>]". ModernGhana. Retrieved 23 November 2013. [http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=277257 <nowiki>[2] "List of Regional Ministers in Ghana with Their Deputies</nowiki>]". GhanaWeb. Retrieved 23 November 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014214651/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/2012-02-08-08-18-09/regional-ministers <nowiki>[3] "Regional Ministers</nowiki>]". Government of Ghana. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064908/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=32 <nowiki>[4] "Parliament of Ghana</nowiki>]". Parliament of Ghana. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190427151557/https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-queenstar-pokuah-sawyerr-2/ <nowiki>[5] "HON. QUEENSTAR POKUAH SAWYERR</nowiki>]". UK-Ghana Chamber of Commerce. 5 July 2018. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220204085744/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5405 <nowiki>[6] "Ghana MPs – MP Details – Sawyerr, Queenstar Pokuah".</nowiki>] Ghana MPs. Retrieved 27 April 2019. [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Probe-IGP-s-Fake-doctorate-degree-Academics-481571 <nowiki>[7] "Probe IGP's 'Fake' doctorate degree - Academics</nowiki>]". GhanaWeb. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2023. [8] quist (3 August 2016). [https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/fake-doctorates-gifty-anti-igp-hassan-ayariga-and-others-indicted-in-fake-doctorate/ytpybd5 "Gifty Anti, IGP, Hassan Ayariga and others indicted in fake doctorate degree scandal]". Pulse Ghana. Retrieved 28 November 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220204085744/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5405 <nowiki>[9] "Ghana MPs – MP Details – Sawyerr, Queenstar Pokuah</nowiki>]". Ghana MPs. Retrieved 25 March 2021. 52msups5ogm196v0tbw3ph0bhagqtlt 0 12566 54142 46920 2026-08-15T16:50:24Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54142 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Victoire Tomégah-Dogbé - P060895-274846.jpg|thumb|Dogbé ]] '''Victoire Sidémého Dzidudu Dogbé Tomegah''' (o belegwe ka di 23 Ferikgong 1959) ke mopolotiki wa kwa Togo yo o neng a direla jaaka tonakgolo ya bo 13 le ya bofelo ya Togo go tloga ka 2020 go fitlha ka 2025, mosadi wa ntlha go tshwara ofisi. Pele ga moo, Tomegah Dogbé e ne e le Tona ya Tlhabololo ya Motheo, Ditiro tsa diatla, Baša le go thapiwa ga Baša mo pusong ya [[:en:Komi_Sélom_Klassou|Komi Sélom Klassou]] gape e le Mokaedi wa Kabinet ya ga Tautona [[:en:Faure_Gnassingbé|Faure Gnassingbé]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=lDkUDgAAQBAJ&q=Victory+Sid%C3%A9m%C3%A9ho&pg=PA1188 <nowiki>[ 1]</nowiki>][https://books.google.com/books?id=CQWhAQAAQBAJ&q=victoire+Cabinet+Director+of+President+Faure+Essozimna+Gnassingbe&pg=PA1605 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] == Tiro ya gagwe == Ka ngwaga wa 2008, fa a ne a le kwa ofising ya United Nations Development Programme kwa [[Benin]], Tautona [[:en:Faure_Essozimna_Gnassingbé|Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé]] le Tonakgolo [[:en:Gilbert_Houngbo|Gilbert Houngbo]] ba ne ba kopa Tomégah Dogbé go laola porofense ya Tona e e rometsweng go Tonakgolo e e rweleng maikarabelo a tlhabololo kwa lefelong le le neng le sa tswa go tlhongwa kwa [[:en:Togo|Togo]]. [http://www.togosite.com/?q=node/1346 <nowiki>[ 3]</nowiki>] Ka 2010, morago ga go tlhophiwa gape ga Tautona [[:en:Faure_Gnassingbé|Faure Gnassingbé]], Tomegah Dogbé o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Tona ya Tlhabololo ya Motheo, Bokgabo jwa Bašwa le go thapiwa ga Bašwa mo Kabineteng ya Bobedi ya ga Gilbert Houngbo. O ne a nna a dira ditiro tsa gagwe tsa bodihedi mo pusong ya ntlha ya ga [[:en:Kwesi_Ahoomey-Zunu|Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu]] go tloga ka 2012 go fitlha ka 2013 le puso ya gagwe ya bobedi go tloga ka 2013 go fitlha ka 2015. Morago ga ditlhopho tsa bo Tautona tsa Moranang 2015, [[:en:Komi_Sélom_Klassou|Komi Sélom Klassou]] o ne a tsaya maemo a ga Ahoomey-Zunu jaaka tonakgolo ka 5 Seetebosigo 2015. Klassou o ne a bopa khabinete ya gagwe ka 28 Seetebosigo 2015 mme Tomegah Dogbé o ne a santse a na le bodihedi jwa gagwe.[https://web.archive.org/web/20171107112004/http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=11&idnews=760211 <nowiki>[ 4]</nowiki>] Tobegah Dogbé o ne a tlhophiwa go nna tonakgolo ka 28 Lwetse 2020 ke Tautona Faure Gnassingbé morago ga go rola tiro ga Komi Sélom Klassou.[ 5] == Metswedi == [1] Heath-Brown, Nick (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=lDkUDgAAQBAJ&q=Victory+Sid%C3%A9m%C3%A9ho&pg=PA1188 The Statesman's Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World]. Springer. ISBN 9781349578238. [2] Martino, John (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=CQWhAQAAQBAJ&q=victoire+Cabinet+Director+of+President+Faure+Essozimna+Gnassingbe&pg=PA1605 Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations 2013]. CQ Press. p. 1505. ISBN 9781452299372. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110128/http://www.togosite.com/?q=node/1346 <nowiki>[3] "TOGO: Entourage de Faure Gnassingbé"</nowiki>]. togosite.com. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171107112004/http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=11&idnews=760211 <nowiki>[4] "Journée internationale de la jeunesse: Mme Victoire Tomégah-Dogbé invite la jeunesse à prendre</nowiki>]". iciLome.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017. [5]Hana (26 September 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221017104703/https://news-tunisia.tunisienumerique.com/togos-prime-minister-and-government-resign-presidency-says/ "Togo's prime minister and government resign, presidency says".] Tunisia News (in French). Retrieved 17 July 2022. o2fh02xchoqc1ohudcc1dmwqvikaj18 2 12676 54102 52100 2026-08-15T13:47:46Z Scooby Boo 12483 ke dirile Draft 12 54102 wikitext text/x-wiki Leina lame ke Scooby Boo [[Modirisi:Scooby Boo/Draft 1|Draft 1]] * [[Modirisi:Scooby Boo/Draft 2|Draft 2]] * [[Modirisi:Scooby Boo/Draft 3|Draft 3]] * [[Modirisi:Scooby Boo/Draft 4|Draft 4]] * [[Modirisi:Scooby Boo/Draft 5|Draft 5]] * [[Modirisi:Scooby Boo/Draft 6|Draft 6]] * [[Modirisi:Scooby Boo/Draft 7|Draft 7]] * [[Modirisi:Scooby Boo/Draft 8|Draft 8]] * [[Modirisi:Scooby Boo/Draft 9|Draft 9]] * [[Modirisi:Scooby Boo/Draft 10|Draft 10]] * [[Modirisi:Scooby Boo/Draft 11|Draft 11]] * [[Modirisi:Scooby Boo/Draft 12|Draft 12]] rijvpn88msequ4bzsv9hkkfepne264n 0 12712 54125 47571 2026-08-15T16:35:01Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54125 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dinoga''' ke digagabi tse ditelele tse di se nang maoto tsa kgaolwana ya Serpentes.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reeder TW, Townsend TM, Mulcahy DG, Noonan BP, Wood PL, Sites JW, Wiens JJ |year=2015 |title=Integrated analyses resolve conflicts over squamate reptile phylogeny and reveal unexpected placements for fossil taxa |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018199R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118199 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4372529 |pmid=25803280 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0118199}}</ref> Cladistically di-squamates, '''Dinoga''' ke ectothermic, Amniote vertebrates e e apesitsweng ke dikgapetla tse aparaneng jaaka maloko a mangwe a setlhopha. Mefuta e le mentsi ya dinoga e na le ditlhogotse di nang le manonyeletso a le mmalwa go feta bagologolwane ba tsone ba mokgantitswane le ba losika lwa tsone, me seno se dira gore di kgone go kometsa diphologolo tse dikgolo go feta ditlhogo tsa tsone (cranial kinesis). Go kgona go amogela mebele ya tsone e mesesane, dirwe tsa dinoga tse di kopantsweng (tse di jaaka diphilo) di tlhagelela di le fa pele ga tse dingwe go na le go nna di bapile, mme bontsi bo na le makgwafo a le mangwe fela a a dirang. Mefuta mengwe e na le Lebanta la pelvic le le nang le para ya manala a vestigial mo matlhakoreng o o mabedi a cloaca. Mekgantitswane e itlhageletse ka bo tsone go nna le mebele e meleele e e se nang le ditokololo kgotsa e e nang le ditokololo tse di fokoditsweng thata bonnye makgetlo a masome a mabedi le botlhano ka phetogo e e masome a mabedi le botlhano ka phetoge e e kopaneng, e e lebisang kwa masikeng a le mantsi a mekgantitswane tse di senang maoto.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wiens JJ, Brandley MC, Reeder TW |date=January 2006 |title=Why does a trait evolve multiple times within a clade? Repeated evolution of snakelike body form in squamate reptiles |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13623/files/PAL_E653.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=123–41 |bibcode=2006Evolu..60..123W |doi=10.1554/05-328.1 |pmid=16568638 |s2cid=17688691 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202043249/https://doc.rero.ch/record/13623/files/PAL_E653.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=21 January 2023}}</ref> Tseno di tshwana le dinoga, fela ditlhopha di le mmalwa tse di tlwaelegileng tsa Mekgantitswane e e se nang maoto di na le matlho le ditsebe tse di kwa ntle, tse dinoga di se nang tsone, le fa molao ono o se wa lefatshe lotlhe (bona Amphisbaenia, Dibamidae, le Pygopodidae). Dinoga tse di tshelang di fitlhelwa mo kontinenteng nngwe le nngwe kwa ntle ga Antarctica, mme mo bontsing jwa lefatshe le lennye, tse di sa akarediweng di akaretsa ditlhaketlhake dingwe tse dikgolo, tse di jaaka Ireland, Iceland, Greenland le ditlhaketlhake tsa New Zealand, mmogo le ditlhaketlhake tse dintsi tse dinnye tsa mewatle la Atlantic a bogare a Pacific. <ref name="Bauchot">{{Cite book |year=1994 |title=Snakes: A Natural History |url=https://archive.org/details/snakesnaturalhis0000bauc/page/220 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. |isbn=978-1-4027-3181-5 |editor-last=Bauchot |editor-first=Roland |location=New York |page=220 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, dinoga tsa lewatle di aname thata mo mawatleng otlhe a India le a Pacific. Malapa a lemogwa ga jaana, a a nang le mefuta e ka nna 520 le mefuta e e ka nnang go feta 4,170.Di farologana ka bogolo go tswa mo dinogeng tse dinnye, tse di boleele jwa {{Convert|10.4|cm|in|-long}}tsa noga ya tlhale ya Barbados <ref name="zootaxa">{{Cite journal |last=Hedges |first=S. Blair |name-list-style=vanc |date=August 4, 2008 |title=At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01841p030.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1841 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1841.1.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813023833/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01841p030.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2008 |access-date=August 4, 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref> go ya python e e nang ya di-motor letlowa le di 6.95 (boleele jwa 22.8. <ref name="SunBear">{{Cite journal |last=Fredriksson |first=G. M. |year=2005 |title=Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo |url=http://dare.uva.nl/document/161117 |url-status=live |journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=165–168 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709001708/http://dare.uva.nl/document/161117 |archive-date=July 9, 2014}}</ref> Mofuta wa masaledi a ditshedi ''tsa Titanoboa cerrejonensis'' e ne e le boleele jwa12.8 moters (42 ft). <ref name="head">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Head JJ, Bloch JI, Hastings AK, Bourque JR, Cadena EA, Herrera FA, Polly PD, Jaramillo CA |date=February 2009 |title=Giant boid snake from the Palaeocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-02-05_457_7230/page/715 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=457 |issue=7230 |pages=715–7 |bibcode=2009Natur.457..715H |doi=10.1038/nature07671 |pmid=19194448 |s2cid=4381423}}</ref> Go akanngwa gore dinoga di tlhagile go tswa mo ditshenekeging tse di epang kgotsa tse di nnang mo metsing, gongwe ka nako ya Jurassic, ka masaledi a ntlha a a itsiweng a a fa gare ga 143 le 167 &nbsp;Ma fetileng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Perkins |first=Sid |name-list-style=vanc |date=27 January 2015 |title=Fossils of oldest known snakes unearthed |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/fossils-oldest-known-snakes-unearthed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130043614/http://news.sciencemag.org/paleontology/2015/01/fossils-oldest-known-snakes-unearthed |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=29 January 2015 |website=news.sciencemag.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Caldwell MW, Nydam RL, Palci A, Apesteguía S |date=January 2015 |title=The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=6 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.5996C |doi=10.1038/ncomms6996 |hdl=11336/37995 |pmid=25625704 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |article-number=5996}}</ref> Mefutafuta ya dinoga tsa segompieno e ne ya tlhagelela ka nako ya Paleocene ( c.&nbsp;66 go ya go 56&nbsp;Ma o o fetileng, morago ga tiragalo ya go nyelela ga dilo tsa Cretaceus–Paleogene ). Ditlhaloso tsa bogologolo thata tsa dinoga di ka fitlhelwa mo Papyrus ya Brooklyn . Bontsi jwa mefuta ya dinoga ga di na botlhole mme tse di nang le botlhole di bo dirisa thata go bolaya le go fenya diphologolo tse di bolailweng go na le go iphemela. Bangwe ba na le botlhole jo bo nonofileng thata jo bo ka gobatsang batho ka tsela e e botlhoko kgotsa jwa bolaya. Lefoko la seesemane snaca le tswa mo seesemaneng sa bagologolo snaca, ka bosone go tswa mo sejeremaneng sa potoro-sejeremane anak-an (bapisa le sejeremane Schnake 'noga ya mogala, noga ya bojang ya snok ya Se-Sweden), go tswa mo moding wa Seporoto-Indo-Yuropa {{Lang|ine-x-proto|*(s)nēg-o-}} 'Sanskrit nāgá 'noga'. <ref>Proto-IE: {{Lang|ine-x-proto|*(s)nēg-o-}}, Meaning: snake, Old Indian: nāgá- m. 'snake', Germanic: {{Lang|gem|*snēk-a-}} m., {{Lang|gem|*snak-an-}} m., {{Lang|gem|*snak-ō}} f.; {{Lang|gem|*snak-a-}} vb., Russ. meaning: {{Lang|ru|жаба}} ({{Lang|ru|змея}}), References: WP ({{Lang|de|[[Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch|Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen]]}}) II 697 f.</ref> .le gape le neng la naya sneak jaaka ' <ref>{{Cite web |title=snake (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/snake |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719112253/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=snake |archive-date=July 19, 2010 |access-date=September 22, 2009 |website=etymonline.com}}</ref> Se-Indo-Yuropa {{Lang|ine-x-proto|*serp-}} ‘go gagaba’, <ref name="serpent">{{Cite web |title=Definition of serpent |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/serpent |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017210917/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/serpent |archive-date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=12 October 2006 |website=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary}}</ref> {{Lang|grc|ἕρπω}} ( . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gamkrelidze |first=Thomas V. |date=2010 |title=Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2aqp2n2mKkC&pg=PA193 |last2=Ivanov |first2=Vjaceslav V. |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-081503-0 |page=193}}</ref> go gagaba le sanskit sorpent Dinoga tsotlhe tsa segompieno di tlhophilwe mo teng ga setlhophapotlana sa serpentes mo thulaganyong ya Linnean, karolo ya squamata, le fa go bewa ga tsona ka nepo mo teng ga di squamates go sa ntse go ganetsanwa. Ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kwa tlase tsa Dinoga ke Alethinofidia le Skolekofidia . Kgaoganyo e e ikaegile ka diponagalo tsa popego le tatelano ya DNA ya mitochondrial . Alethinophidia ka dinako tse dingwe e kgaoganngwa go nna Henophidia le Caenophidia, mme ya bofelo e na le dinoga tsa "di-colubroid" ( di-colubride, dinoga, di-elapid, di-hydrophid, le di-atractaspid ) le di-acrochordid, fa malapa a mangwe a di-alethinophidia a na le di-Henophidia. <ref name="Pou92">{{Cite book |year=2002 |title=Herpetology: Third Edition |vauthors=Pough FH |publisher=Pearson [[Prentice Hall]] |isbn=978-0-13-100849-6 |orig-date=1992}}</ref> Le fa e seyo gompieno, Madtsoiidae, lelapa la dinoga tse dikgolo, tsa bogologolo, tse di tshwanang le di-python, di ne tsa tshela go fitlha dingwaga di le 50 000 tse di fetileng kwa Australia, di emetswe ke mefuta e e jaaka ''Wonambi'' . <ref name="Vasuki">{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Debajit |last2=Bajpai |first2=Sunil |date=2024-04-18 |title=Largest known madtsoiid snake from warm Eocene period of India suggests intercontinental Gondwana dispersal |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=8054 |bibcode=2024NatSR..14.8054D |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-58377-0 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=11549349 |pmid=38637509 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dithuto tsa sešweng tsa dimolekhule di tshegetsa monofili ya di -clade tsa dinoga tsa segompieno, di-scolecophid, di-typhlopid + di-anomalepid, di-alethinophid, di-alethinofid tsa konokono, di-uropeltid ( ''Cylindrophis'', ''Anomochilus'', di-uropeltines), di-makrostomatane le di-booid, di-boid. <ref name="Lee">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Michael S. Y. |last2=Hugall |first2=Andrew F. |last3=Lawson |first3=Robin |last4=Scanlon |first4=John D. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2007 |title=Phylogeny of snakes (Serpentes): combining morphological and molecular data in likelihood, Bayesian and parsimony analyses |journal=[[Systematics and Biodiversity]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=2007SyBio...5..371L |doi=10.1017/S1477200007002290 |hdl=2440/44258 |s2cid=85912034 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Malapa === {| class="wikitable" | colspan="100%" style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;" |Infraorder '''Alethinophidia''' 25 families |- ! style="background:#f0f0f0;" |Family<ref name="NRDB-Cs">{{Cite web |title=Search results for Higher taxa: snake |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=snake&submit=Search |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=The Reptile Database |publisher=Hamburg Museum of Zoology}}</ref> ! style="background:#f0f0f0;" |Taxon author<ref name="NRDB-Cs" /> ! style="background:#f0f0f0;" |Genera<ref name="NRDB-Cs" /> ! style="background:#f0f0f0;" |Species<ref name="NRDB-Cs" /> ! style="background:#f0f0f0;" |Common name ! style="background:#f0f0f0;" |Geographic range |- |Acrochordidae |Bonaparte, 1831 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |3 |Wart snakes | style="width:40%" |Western India and Sri Lanka through tropical Southeast Asia to the Philippines, south through the Indonesian/Malaysian island group to Timor, east through New Guinea to the northern coast of Australia to Mussau Island, the Bismarck Archipelago and Guadalcanal Island in the Solomon Islands. |- |Aniliidae |Stejneger, 1907 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |1 |False coral snake |Tropical South America. |- |Anomochilidae |Cundall, Wallach, 1993 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |3 |Dwarf pipe snakes |West Malaysia and on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. |- |Atractaspididae |Günther, 1858 | style="text-align:center;" |12 | style="text-align:center;" |72 |Burrowing asps |Africa and the Middle East |- |Boidae |Gray, 1825 | style="text-align:center;" |14 | style="text-align:center;" |61 |Boas |Northern, Central and South America, the Caribbean, southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, Northern, Central and East Africa, Madagascar and Reunion Island, the Arabian Peninsula, Central and southwestern Asia, India and Sri Lanka, the Moluccas and New Guinea through to Melanesia and Samoa. |- |Bolyeriidae |Hoffstetter, 1946 | style="text-align:center;" |2 | style="text-align:center;" |2 |Splitjaw snakes |[[Mauritius]]. |- |Colubridae |Oppel, 1811 | style="text-align:center;" |258<ref name="NRDB-Cs" /> | style="text-align:center;" |2055<ref name="NRDB-Cs" /> |Typical snakes |Widespread on all continents, except Antarctica.<ref name="Spa04">{{Cite book |last=Spawls |first=S. |date=2004 |title=A Field Guide To The Reptiles Of East Africa |last2=Howell |first2=K. |last3=Drewes |first3=R. |last4=Ashe |first4=J. |publisher=A & C Black Publishers Ltd |isbn=0-7136-6817-2 |location=London}}</ref> |- |Cyclocoridae |[[Jeffrey L.Weinell|Weinell]] & [[Rafe M.Brown|Brown]], 2017 | style="text-align:center;" |5 | style="text-align:center;" |8 |Cyclocorids |The Philippines |- |Cylindrophiidae |Fitzinger, 1843 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |14 |Asian pipe snakes |Sri Lanka east through Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and the Malay Archipelago to as far east as Aru Islands off the southwestern coast of New Guinea. Also found in southern China (Fujian, Hong Kong and on Hainan Island) and in Laos. |- |Elapidae |Boie, 1827 | style="text-align:center;" |55 | style="text-align:center;" |389 |Elapids |On land, worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, except in Europe. Sea snakes occur in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. |- |Homalopsidae |Bonaparte, 1845 | style="text-align:center;" |28 | style="text-align:center;" |53 |Homalopsids |Southeastern Asia and northern Australia. |- |Lamprophiidae |Fitzinger, 1843 | style="text-align:center;" |16 | style="text-align:center;" |89 |Lamprophiids (formerly included Atracaspididae, Psammophiidae, and several other families) |Africa (including the Seychelles) |- |Loxocemidae |Cope, 1861 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |1 |Mexican burrowing snake |Along the Pacific versant from Mexico south to Costa Rica. |- |Micrelapidae |[[Sunandan Das|Das]] ''et al''., 2023 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |4 |Two-headed snakes |Eastern Africa and the Levant |- |Pareidae |Romer, 1956 | style="text-align:center;" |3 | style="text-align:center;" |20 |Snail-eating snakes |Southeast Asia and islands on the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and their surrounding smaller islands). |- |Prosymnidae |Kelly, Barker, Villet & Broadley, 2009 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |16 |Shovel-snout snakes |Subsaharan Africa |- |Psammodynastidae |Das ''et al''., 2024 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |2 |Mock vipers |Tropical Asia |- |Psammophiidae |[[Monique Bourgeois|Bourgeois]], 1968 | style="text-align:center;" |8 | style="text-align:center;" |55 |Psammophiids |Africa (including Madagascar), Asia and southern Europe |- |Pseudaspididae |Cope, 1893 | style="text-align:center;" |2 | style="text-align:center;" |2 |Pseudaspidids |Subsaharan Africa |- |Pseudoxyrhophiidae |[[Herndon G. Dowling|Dowling]], 1975 | style="text-align:center;" |22 | style="text-align:center;" |89 |Pseudoxyrhophiids |Mostly Madagascar and the Comoros; 5 species in subsaharan Africa, 1 in Socotra |- |Pythonidae |Fitzinger, 1826 | style="text-align:center;" |8 | style="text-align:center;" |40 |Pythons |Subsaharan Africa, India, Myanmar, southern China, Southeast Asia and from the Philippines southeast through Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia. |- |Tropidophiidae |Brongersma, 1951 | style="text-align:center;" |2 | style="text-align:center;" |34 |Dwarf boas |West Indies; also Panama and northwestern South America, as well as in northwestern and southeastern Brazil. |- |Uropeltidae |Müller, 1832 | style="text-align:center;" |8 | style="text-align:center;" |55 |Shield-tailed snakes |Southern India and Sri Lanka. |- |Viperidae |Oppel, 1811 | style="text-align:center;" |35 | style="text-align:center;" |341 |Vipers |The Americas, Africa, and Eurasia east to Wallace's Line. |- |Xenodermidae |Cope, 1900 | style="text-align:center;" |6 | style="text-align:center;" |18 |Dragon and odd-scaled snakes |East Asia, Southern and southeastern Asia, and islands on the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and their surrounding smaller islands). |- |Xenopeltidae |Bonaparte, 1845 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |2 |Sunbeam snakes |Southeast Asia from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, east through Myanmar to southern China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Malay Peninsula and the East Indies to Sulawesi, as well as the Philippines. |- |Xenophidiidae |Wallach & Günther, 1998 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |2 |Spine-jawed snakes |Borneo and peninsular Malaysia. |} [[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] jwg33i6k0vomw7rd88o5qpc4emqd7ez 0 12714 54123 47573 2026-08-15T16:26:24Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jalelo ya thibelapelegi''' ke tsela ya go fedisa boimana ka boikaelelo . E dirisiwa fa mosadi a sa batle go ima kgotsa a sa batle go tswelela ka boimana, mme e tshwanetse go dira ke ngaka kgotsa kwa bookelong. Jaaka dithibelapelegi tse dingwe, e thusa go laola pelegi le go fokotsa mathata a a ka tlhagelelang ka ntlha ya boimana jo bo sa rulaganyediwang. Jalo ya thibelapelegi ke thulaganyo e e tsenngwang mo mmeleng wa mosadi go thibela boimana. E dira ka go golola homone ya progestin e e thibelang go ntsha lee. E tsenngwa mo letsogong mme nna teng. Ke mokgwa o mong o o sireletsegileng wa go thibela pelegi mme e bile o dirisa ke basadi ba le bantsi. Go nale mefuta mengwe e e farologaneng jaaka Implanon le Nexplanon. Mefuta mengwe ya jalo ya thibelapelegi, go akaretsa le Nexplanon, e dira sentle go feta 99%. Melemo ya go jalelwa thibelapelegi e ikaegile ka metswako e e dirang. Go ikaegile ka mofuta wa sedirisiwa se se jaletsweng, melemo ya go jalelwa seno e ka akaretsa go nna le dipaka di le mmalwa, tse di botlhofo, matshwao a a tokafaditsweng a bolwetse jwa pele ga go bona kwedi, go nna lobaka lo loleele go fitlha go dingwaga di le tharo go ya go di le tlhano, le go nna motlhofo ga go sa tlhoke go gakologelwa go se dirisa letsatsi le letsatsi. Jalelelo eno e mosola gape le mo basading ba ba sa kgoneng go dirisa dithibelapelegi tse di nang le oestrogen. Jalelelo e ka tlosiwa gape nako nngwe le nngwe mme monono wa tlholego o tla boa ka bonako thata. Fa jalo e tsenngwa la ntlha, go tlwaelegile go nna le mabadi mangwe, bonolo kgotsa go ruruga go dikologa jalo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2017 |title=Contraceptive implant |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/contraceptive-implant/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=nhs.uk |language=English}}</ref> Mo maemong mangwe, go nna le go dutla madi ka tsela e e sa tlhomamang kgotsa go tlhoka go bona kgwedi . <ref name=":011">{{Cite web |last=Graves |first=Gillian |title=Contraception |url=https://login.uml.idm.oclc.org/login?qurl=https://www.e-therapeutics.ca%2fsearch |access-date=2021-11-21 |website=login.uml.idm.oclc.org}}</ref> Le fa go sa dutle madi ka metlha go ka nna mathata mo basading bangwe, seno gape se dira gore a kgone go dirisiwa mo kalafing ya go sa dutle madi, go tswa ga madi mo kgweding, le bolwetse jwa endometriosis . <ref name=":011" /> Matshwao a a sa tlwaelegang a akaretsa go fetoga ga keletso ya dijo, go tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong, go nna le maikutlo a a sa siamang, go sa lekalekane ga dihoromone, mabele a a botlhoko, go nona, go tsewa ke sedidi, matshwao a boimana le go lapa . <ref name="Bedsider">{{Cite web |date=February 2016 |title=Birth Control Methods - Implant |url=https://bedsider.org/methods/implant#side_effects_tab |access-date=17 March 2016 |publisher=National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Effectiveness of the Birth Control Implant? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/birth-control-implant-nexplanon/how-effective-is-the-birth-control-implant |access-date=2021-12-03 |publisher=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Le fa go sa tlwaelega, gape go na le kotsi ya gore go nne le mathata fa go tsenngwa kgotsa go tlosiwa jalo. <ref name=":011" /> Mo maemong a a sa tlwaelegang, lefelo la letlalo le go tsentsweng jalo mo go lone le ka tshwaetsega, mme seno se ka tlhoka dibolayamegare. <ref name=":0" /> E begwa thata go tswa mo thulaganyong ya thibelapelegi ya LNG-IUG e e gololang levonorgestrel; go nna bonolo ga mabele, go opiwa ke tlhogo, go ruruga le go ruruga ga letlalo. Thibelapelegi gape e tsamaisana le go tsoga go sa le gale, go fetofetoga ga maikutlo kgapetsakgapetsa, go sa kgone go tlhoma mogopolo sentle le go ngomoga pelo. Go tshologa ga letlalo la popelo ka tsela e e sa tlhomamang ke selo se se tlwaelegileng mo badirising ba Norplant; fa seno se ka diragala se tla bonwa mo malatsing a ntlha a le 60 a tiriso mme se ka kokobela kgotsa sa nyelela fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. Implanon gape e na le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tse di bakang go sa dutle madi a mantsi mo bosading, le go tlhoka go bona kgwedi mo go ba ka nnang 30–40% ba badirisi ba yone mo malatsing a a latelang a le 90 a go simolola go e dirisa. Mabapi le go thusa basadi go aroganya boimana jwa bone ka tshwanelo, go na le kganetsano nngwe ka ga nako e e atlegang thata ya go tsenya dithibelapelegi morago ga boimana. Go ka direga gore go tsenngwa ga implant ka bonako morago ga pelegi go oketse palo ya badirisi ba implant morago ga pelegi fa go bapisiwa le fa go tsenngwa ga implant go diragala dibeke di le nne go ya go di le thataro morago ga pelegi (ka gonne balwetse bangwe ga ba boele go tla go tlhatlhobiwa dibeke di le thataro). Le fa go ntse jalo, go ka nna le pharologanyo e nnye kgotsa e e seyong fa gare ga go tsenngwa ka bonako le go diega go ya ka tiriso e e tswelelang ya dijalo mo dikgweding di le thataro kgotsa go ya ka kgotsofalo ya basadi, le fa dipatlisiso dingwe di fitlhetse dikelo tse di kwa godimo tsa go tswelela mo dikgweding di le thataro fa jalo e ne e tsenngwa ka bonako morago ga pelegi. Di-progestin tse di nang le dijalo (bogolo jang etonogestrel) di babalesegile go ka tsenngwa ka bonako mo bathong ba ba setseng ba belegile le ba ba setseng ba senya mpa. Sedirisiwa se se tsenngwang mo popelong (IUD) ke sedirisiwa se sennye sa go thibela pelegi, se gantsi se bopegileng jaaka T, se se tsenngwang mo popelong. Di ka nna tsa dihomone kgotsa tse di seng tsa dihomone, mme di dira nako e telele, di ka busediwa morago . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winner, B |last2=Peipert, JF |last3=Zhao, Q |last4=Buckel, C |last5=Madden, T |last6=Allsworth, JE |last7=Secura, GM |year=2012 |title=Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception |url=https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3776&context=open_access_pubs |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=21 |pages=1998–2007 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1110855 |pmid=22621627 |s2cid=16812353 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go tloga ka 2011, di-IUD ke tsone tse di dirisiwang thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe dithibelapelegi tse di ka busediwang morago. <ref name="UNTrends">{{Cite web |last=U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division |date=December 2013 |title=Trends in Contraceptive Methods Used Worldwide |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/popfacts/popfacts_2013-9.pdf |access-date=17 March 2016 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mo mefuteng ya thibelopelegi tsone, mmogo le dijalo tsa thibelopelegi, di felela ka kgotsofalo e kgolo mo gare ga badirisi. <ref name="Comm2012">{{Cite journal |last=Committee on Adolescent Health Care Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Working Group, The American College of Obstetricians and |first=Gynecologists |date=October 2012 |title=Committee opinion no. 539: adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2012-10_120_4/page/983 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=983–8 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182723b7d |pmid=22996129 |s2cid=35516759 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Di-IUD le tsone di na le go nna nngwe ya mekgwa e e somarelang madi thata ya go thibela pelegi mo basading. <ref name="FalconeClin07">{{Cite book |last=Duke, J. |year=2007 |title=Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery |last2=Barhan, S. |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07659-3 |editor-last=Falcone, T. |pages=405–416 |chapter=Chapter 27: Modern Concepts in Intrauterine Devices |access-date=12 March 2016 |editor-last2=Hurd, W. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAejBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT419}}</ref> Dikotsi tsa didirisiwa tsa mo teng ga popelo, fela jaaka go jalelwa, ke go tlhokega ga moitseanape yo o katisitsweng wa tlhokomelo ya kalafi go tsenya le go tlosa. Matshwaokgwebo a akaretsa: Paragard, Kyleena, Liletta, Mirena, le Skyla. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IUD Birth Control {{!}} Info About Mirena & Paragard IUDs |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/iud |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Di-IUD tsa dihoromone di na le horomone ya levonorgestrel e e leng porojestin. Gantsi, ditlhagiswa di tsenngwa dingwaga di le 5, go di letla go golola selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa dihomoune mo pakeng eo. <ref name=":011">{{Cite web |last=Graves |first=Gillian |title=Contraception |url=https://login.uml.idm.oclc.org/login?qurl=https://www.e-therapeutics.ca%2fsearch |access-date=2021-11-21 |website=login.uml.idm.oclc.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGraves">Graves, Gillian. </cite></ref> Mokgwa wa go dira ga di-IUD tsa dihoromone le tse di senang dihoromone o a tshwana, mmogo le molemo o o oketsegileng wa progestin o o dirang gore mamina a molomo wa popelo a nne bokima. <ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Whelan |first=Anne Marie |title=Contraception |url=https://login.uml.idm.oclc.org/login?qurl=https://www.e-therapeutics.ca%2fsearch |access-date=2021-11-25 |website=login.uml.idm.oclc.org}}</ref> sriix2vcj9n0qe3wo92a5rd1lhynut2 0 12773 54143 47727 2026-08-15T16:51:19Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Malaria''' ke bolwetse jo bo tshelanwang ke menang jo bo anamisiwang ke go longwa ke menang ya ''<nowiki><i id="mwXA">Di-anopheles</i></nowiki>''.<ref name="WHO-Vector-2023">{{Cite web |title=Vector-borne diseases |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104001515/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases |archive-date=2023-01-04 |access-date=2022-04-24 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2025 |title=Fact sheet about malaria |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref> Malaria ya batho e baka matshwao a gantsi a akaretsang letshoroma, Letsapa, go tlhatsa, le go opiwa ke tlhogo.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Basu S, Sahi PK |date=July 2017 |title=Malaria: An Update |journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics |volume=84 |issue=7 |pages=521–528 |doi=10.1007/s12098-017-2332-2 |pmid=28357581 |s2cid=11461451}}</ref> Mo mabakeng a a masisi, go ka baka go nna lotlhaka, dikoto, khoma, kgotsa Loso.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact sheet about malaria |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria |archive-date=2020-05-02 |access-date=2024-05-10 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Matshwao a gantsi a simolola malatsi a le lesome go ya go a le lesometlhano morago ga go longwa ke monang o o tshwaeditsweng wa Anopheles.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="CDC-FAQ-2023">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=CDC - Malaria - FAQs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html |archive-date=13 May 2012 |access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> Fa e le gore ga ba alafiwe sentle, batho ba ka nna ba boa gape dikgwedi morago ga moo.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Mo go ba ba sa tswang go falola go tshwaediwa, go tshwaetsa gape gantsi go baka matshwao a a seng bogale.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> Go emelana gono go go sa felelang go feta dikgwedi go ya go dingwaga fa motho a sa tshwaediwe ke malaria.<ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Caraballo H, King K |date=May 2014 |title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus |url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405 |url-status=live |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1–23; quiz 23–24 |pmid=25207355 |s2cid=23716674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801202316/http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405 |archive-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> Menang ka bo yone e gobadiwa ke malaria, e dira gore go nne le botshelo jo bo kwa tlase mo go ba ba tshwaeditsweng ke malaria.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dawes EJ, Churcher TS, Zhuang S, Sinden RE, Basáñez MG |date=October 2009 |title=''Anopheles'' mortality is both age- and ''Plasmodium''-density dependent: implications for malaria transmission |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-8-228 |pmc=2770541 |pmid=19822012 |doi-access=free |article-number=228}}</ref> Malaria e bakwa ke diyukaryote tsa sele e le nngwe tsa mofuta wa ''Plasmodium'' .<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2025 |title=Fact sheet about malaria |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref> Mo diphologolong,e ka tlatswa ka go longwa ke menang ya ''Anopheles'' e e namagadi e e tshwaetsegileng.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walter K, John CC |date=February 2022 |title=Malaria |journal=JAMA |volume=327 |issue=6 |page=597 |doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468 |hdl=1805/37679 |pmid=35133414 |s2cid=246651569 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Go longwa ke monang go tsenya dipharasaete tse di tswang mo matheng a monang mo mading.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Kwa tshimologong dipharasaete di ikatisa le go gola mo sebeteng kwa ntle ga go baka matshwao. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lifecycle of the malaria parasite |url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Medicines for Malaria Venture |language=en}}</ref> Morago ga malatsi a le mmalwa dipharasaete tse di godileng di anama mo mading,koo di tshwaetsang le go senya disele tse dikhibidu tsa madi,di baka matshwao a tshwaetsego.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaria factsheet |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Public Health England |language=en}}</ref> Mefuta e le metlhano ya ''Plasmodium'' e tlwaetse go tshwaetsa batho.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Mefuta e meraro e e amaneng le dikgetse tse di masisi thata ke ''P .<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwng">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>falciparum'' (e e bakang bontsi jo bogolo jwa dintsho tsa malaria), ''P.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwoQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>vivax'', le ''P.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwpA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>knowlesi'' (malaria wa simian o o tshologelang mo bathong ba le diketekete ka ngwaga). <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |title=Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030 |url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222024003/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf |archive-date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-02-19}}</ref> ''Ts.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>ovale'' le ''P.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwsg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>malaria'' ka kakaretso e baka mofuta o o botlhofo wa malaria. <ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Caraballo H, King K |date=May 2014 |title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus |url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405 |url-status=live |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1–23; quiz 23–24 |pmid=25207355 |s2cid=23716674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801202316/http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405 |archive-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Malaria gantsi e ka lemogiwa ka go tlhatlhoba madi ka maekerosekopo go dirisiwa difilimi tsa madi, kgotsa ka diteko tsa go tlhatlhoba ka bonako tse di theilweng mo diantijeneng .<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> Mekgwa e e dirisang tsibogo ya ketane ya polymerase go lemoga DNA ya pharasaete e dirilwe,fela ga e dirisiwe thata mo mafelong a malaria a tlwaelegileng mo go ona,ka ntlha ya ditshenyegelo tsa yona le go raragana ga yona.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nadjm B, Behrens RH |date=June 2012 |title=Malaria: an update for physicians |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2012-06_26_2/page/243 |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=243–259 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010 |pmid=22632637}}</ref> fdjqicre6dt5bh1sjdj44iqm95a71t5 0 12798 54141 47907 2026-08-15T16:49:35Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54141 wikitext text/x-wiki Dipitse tse tilodi [[di fula thata go gaisa go ja nama]] mme di kgona go tshela ka dijalo tsa boleng jo bo kwa tlase. Di tsomiwa thata ke ditau, mme gantsi di tshaba fa di tshosediwa mme gape di a loma le go raga. Mefuta ya dipitse tse tilodi e farologana ka mekgwa ya [[maitsholo]] a bona, ka dipitse tsa dithoto le tsa dithaba tse di nnang mo [[diharemeng]] tse di tlhomameng tse di nang le tse di tonanyana tse di godileng kgotsa pitse, tse di namagadi di le mmalwa tse di godisitsweng kgotsa bana ba tsone ba dipitse; ya re dipitse tsa Grévy di nna di le nosi kgotsa mo matsomeng a a sa amaneng. Mo mefuteng e e nang le dipitsi tsa basadi thata, tse di namagadi tse di godileng di kopana ka thobalano fela le pitse ya tsone ya basadi, ya re dipitse tse tilodi tsa Grévy di tlhoma mafelo a a ngokang basadi mme mofuta ono ke Polygynandrous. Dipitse tse tilodi di buisana ka mantswe a a farologaneng, go ema ga mebele ya tsona le go bonala ga sefatlhego. Go dira gore o bonwe go nonotsha dikamano tsa batho mo dipoeng le mo dipidibeng tsa dithaba. Methalo e e benyang ya dipitse tse tilodi e dira gore e nne nngwe ya diphologolo rse di anyisang tse di itsegeng thata. Ba ile ba tlhagelela mo botaking le mo dipolelong tsa mo Afrorika le kwa ntle dinageng tse dingwe. Go ya ka hisitori, di ntse di batliwa thata ke batho ba ba sa tlwaelegang ba ba kgobokanyang diphologolo, mme go farologana le dipitse le Ditonki, dipitse tse tilodi ga di ise di dirisiwe jaaka diruiwa tsa kwa gae. Kopano ya boditšhabatšhaba ya tshomarelo Tlhago (IUCN) e kwadile dipitse tse tilodi tsa Grévy jaaka tse di mo kotsing ya go nyelela, dipitse tsa dithaba jaaka tse di ka tlhaselwang motlhofo le dipitse tsa dipoa jaaka tse ba gaufi le go tshosediwa. quagga (''E. quagga quagga''), mofuta wa dipitse tse tilodi, di ne tsa nyelela mo lekgolong la bo19 la dingwaga. Le fa go ntse jalo, dipitse tse tilodi di ka bonwa mo mafelong a le mantsi a a sireleditsweng. == Go ithuta ka tsa mafoko == Leina la Seesemane "zebra" le tswa mo go Setaliana, [[Sespan|Se-Spain]] kgotsa Sepotokisi.<ref name="etymology">{{Cite web |title=Zebra |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/zebra |access-date=22 June 2020 |website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zebra |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/zebra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627194124/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/zebra |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=[[Lexico]]}}</ref> E ka tswa e tlhaga mo lefokong la Selatine ''Equiferus'', le le rayang "''pitse e tilodi''". Equiferus e bonala e tsene mo puong ya Sepotokisi jaaka ''Ezebro'' kgotsa zebro, e kwa tshimologong e neng e dirisediwa Pitse e e sa tlhaloganyesegeng e e begilweng mo sekgweng sa Peninsula ya Iberia ka Metlha ya Bogare. Ka ngwaga wa 1591, motlhotlhomisi wa Mo-Italiana Filippo Pigafetta o ne a gatisa ka "zebra" ka e dirisiwa go kaya diphologolo tsa Afrika ke baeng ba Bapotokisi ba ba neng ba etela kontinente ya Aforika.<ref name="zebro">{{Cite journal |last=Nores |first=Carlos |last2=Muñiz |first2=Arturo Morales |last3=Rodríguez |first3=Laura Llorente |last4=Bennett |first4=E. Andrew |last5=Geigl |first5=Eva-María |year=2015 |title=The Iberian Zebro: what kind of a beast was it? |url=https://zenodo.org/record/4313384 |journal=Anthropozoologica |volume=50 |pages=21–32 |doi=10.5252/az2015n1a2 |hdl=10651/34413 |s2cid=55004515 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Mo metlheng ya bogologolo, pitse e tilodi e ne e bidiwa hippotigris ("nkwe ya pitse") ke Bagerika le Baroma.<ref name="zebro" />[6] Lefoko "zebra" ka Sesemane le ne le bidiwa ka tlwaelo ka tumanosi e telele ya ntlha, mme mo tsamaong ya lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga go e bitsa ka tumanosi e nnye ya ntlha e nnile tlwaelo mo Seesemaneng sa Borithane. Go bitsa ka tumanosi e telele ya ntlha e sa ntse e jalo ka Seesemane sa Amerik == Thulaganyo ya ditlhopha == * ''Equus'' e simologile kwa Amerika Bokone mme tatelano e e tlhamaletseng ya paleogenomic ya lerapo la metapodial la pitse la dingwaga di le 700,000 la Pleistocene ya Canada e kaya letlha la dingwaga di ka nna di le 4.07 tse di fetileng la bagologolwane ba bosheng ba dipitse mo magareng ga dimetara di le 4.0 go ya go di le 4.5.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Orlando |first=L. |last2=Ginolhac |first2=A. |last3=Zhang |first3=G. |last4=Froese |first4=D. |last5=Albrechtsen |first5=A. |last6=Stiller |first6=M. |display-authors=etal |date=July 2013 |title=Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2013-07-04_499_7456/page/74 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=499 |issue=7456 |pages=74–78 |bibcode=2013Natur.499...74O |doi=10.1038/nature12323 |pmid=23803765 |s2cid=4318227}}</ref> Dipitse di ne tsa kgaogana le diesele le dipitse tsa naga ka nako eno mme dipitse tsa dipitse tse tilodi di ne di dira Eurasia le Afrika dikolone mo e ka nnang 2.1-3.4 ya mengwaga. Dipitse tse tilodi le ditonki di ne go kgaogana mo e ka nnang 2 mya. Dipitse tsa naga di ne tsa farologana le tse dingwe mo e ka nnang 1.6 mya mme dipoa le dipitse tsa naga tša Grévy di ne tsa kgaogana 1.4 mya.<ref name="Jónsson2014">{{Cite journal |last=Jónsson |first=Hákon |last2=Schubert |first2=Mikkel |last3=Seguin-Orlando |first3=Andaine |last4=Orlando |first4=Ludovic |year=2014 |title=Speciation with gene flow in equids despite extensive chromosomal plasticity |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=111 |issue=52 |pages=18655–18660 |bibcode=2014PNAS..11118655J |doi=10.1073/pnas.1412627111 |pmc=4284605 |pmid=25453089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Metswedi == 9b3y9vv7iqdwfwij8k2v8c5pt10zow0 0 12800 54137 47909 2026-08-15T16:47:05Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54137 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Psychoactive_Drugs.jpg|thumb|Diokobatsi tse di amang tlhaloganyo]] '''Diokobatsi le tumelelo ya thobalano''' ke setlhogo se se tlotlang ka ditlamorago tsa diritibatsi mo tirong ya thobalano e e lebisang kwa di phetogong tsa tumelelo ya thobalano. Tumelelo ya thobalano ke tumalano ya boithaopo ya go nna le seabe mo tirong ya thobalano, e e leng botlhokwa mo go thibeleng tirisodikgoka ya thobalano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Sexual Consent?: Facts About Rape & Sexual Assault |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/relationships/sexual-consent |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |publisher=Planned Parenthood |language=en}}</ref> Tumelelo e ka tlhaeletsanwa ka molomo kgotsa e seng ka molomo mme e tshwanetse go neelwa ka kgololesego.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hickman |first=Susan E. |last2=Muehlenhard |first2=Charlene L. |date=1999 |title="By the Semi-Mystical Appearance of a Condom": How Young Women and Men Communicate Sexual Consent in Heterosexual Situations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_1999-08_36_3/page/258 |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=258–272 |doi=10.1080/00224499909551996 |issn=0022-4499}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, tiriso ya diritibatsi, bogolosegolo diritibatsi tse di amang tlhaloganyo (ke gore bojalwa le diritibatsi dingwe tse di seng kafa molaong) tse di fetolang dithulaganyo tsa tlhaloganyo, di ka ama bokgoni jwa batho jwa go tsaya ditshwetso le go buisana ka tumelelo, mme seno se ka a ma karolo e e ikemetseng ya tumelelo ya thobalano. Tlhaloso ya tumelelo ya thobalano, "tumelano ya go tsenela tiro ya thobalano ", e tlhagisa gore go iketleeletsa go lekana le tumelelo mme keletso e lekana le "go batliwa", le fa di sa amane ka metlha.<ref name="smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Lauren A. |last2=Kolokotroni |first2=Katerina Z. |last3=Turner-Moore |first3=Tamara |date=4 May 2021 |title=Making and Communicating Decisions About Sexual Consent During Drug-Involved Sex: A Thematic Synthesis |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=469–487 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2019.1706072 |pmid=31902239 |s2cid=209895703 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka jalo, batho ba ka neela tumelelo ya thobalano le fa ba sa e eletse, mme seno se dira gore molelwane wa "tumelelo ya thobalano" o se ka wa tlhaloganyesega.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Zoe D. |last2=Muehlenhard |first2=Charlene L. |date=1 April 2007 |title=Conceptualizing the "Wantedness" of Women's Consensual and Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences: Implications for How Women Label Their Experiences With Rape |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_2007-02_44_1/page/72 |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=72–88 |doi=10.1080/00224490709336794 |pmid=17599266 |s2cid=44423781}}</ref> Seemo se raraanya katlholo e e kafa molaong ya tirisodikgoka ya thobalano, se dira gore go se bonale sentle pharologanyo fa gare ga thobalano e e dumalanweng le petelelo fa molatofatsi a nole ka mpa tsoo pedi mme a sa kgone go tlhalosa ka tlhamalalo gore ga a dumalane.<ref name="Rumney">{{Cite journal |last=Rumney |first=P.N.S |last2=Fenton |first2=R.A |date=18 February 2008 |title=Intoxicated Consent in Rape: Bree and Juror Decision-Making |journal=Modern Law Review |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=279–290 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.2008.00692.x |s2cid=145751301}}</ref> Bontsi jwa dithutopatlisiso ka ga tumelelo ya diokobatsi le thobalano di theilwe mo dipegelong tsa motho ka boene tse di gatelelang dintlha tsa tlhaloganyo le tsa loago, fa mekgwa e e tlhamaletseng ya thutatshelo e sa ntse e sa sekasekwe thata. Le fa go le jalo, ditlamorago tse di sa tlhamalalang tsa mmele tsa diokobatsi mo tumelelong ya tlhakanelodikobo, tse di jaaka go sa kgone go tlhaloganya le go atlhola sentle, di ka dira di phetogo mo thobalanong mme tsa ama tumelelo ya tlhakanelo dikobo. == Ditshupetso == {{Reflist}} rif8ac7gwgqraooy53qntatcvkq7fpu 0 12849 54111 48103 2026-08-15T16:14:37Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54111 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Thekenoloji ya thuto''' e kaya tiriso ya serwethata sa khomphiutha, serweboleta, le kgopolo le tiriso ya thuto go tlhofofatsa go ithuta le go ruta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Rhonda |last2=Molenda |first2=Michael |last3=Rezabek |first3=Landra |title=Facilitating Learning |url=http://www.aect.org/publications/EducationalTechnology/ER5861X_C002.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922040507/http://www.aect.org/publications/EducationalTechnology/ER5861X_C002.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2015 |access-date=18 March 2016 |website=Association for Educational Communications and Technology}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jonassen |first=David H. |date=1997-03-01 |title=Instructional design models for well-structured and III-structured problem-solving learning outcomes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-technology-research-and-development_1997_45_1/page/65 |journal=Educational Technology Research and Development |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=65–94 |doi=10.1007/BF02299613 |issn=1556-6501}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Todino |first=Michele Domenico |date=2025 |title=Educational Technologies |journal=[[Encyclopedia (journal)|Encyclopedia]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=23 |doi=10.3390/encyclopedia5010023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fa e umakiwa ka khutshwafatso ya yone, "EdTech", gantsi e kaya intaseteri ya dikhamphani tse di tlhamang thekenoloji ya thuto.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Tanner Mirrlees |year=2019 |title=EdTech Inc.: Selling, Automating and Globalizing Higher Education in the Digital Age |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780429343940/edtech-inc-tanner-mirrlees-shahid-alvi |last2=Shahid Alvi |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-34394-0 |location=New York |page=60 |doi=10.4324/9780429343940}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/whats-better-in-the-classroomteacher-or-machine-1485772201|title=What's Better in the Classroom – Teacher or Machine?|date=30 January 2017|last=Woo|first=Stu|access-date=26 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2020 |title=To win post-pandemic, edtech needs to start thinking big |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/22/to-win-post-pandemic-edtech-needs-to-start-thinking-big |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227082346/https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/22/to-win-post-pandemic-edtech-needs-to-start-thinking-big/ |archive-date=27 December 2020 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref> Bakanoki ba ba jaaka Tanner Mirrlees le Shahid Alvi (2019) ba tlhalositse intaseteri ya edtech jaaka e e nang le bontsi jwa dikhamphani tsa poraefete tse di amegang mo go tlhagiseng le go anamisa dithekenoloji tsa thuto ka maikaelelo a tiro.<ref name=":7" /> Mo godimo ga maitemogelo a thuto a a diragalang mo tirisong, thekenoloji ya thuto e ikaegile ka kitso ya thuto e e tswang mo dithutong tse di farologaneng jaaka tlhaeletsano, thuto, thutotlhaloganyo, thutaloago, botlhale jwa maitirelo, le saense ya di khomphiutha. E akaretsa dikarolo di le mmalwa, go akaretsa le kgopolo ya go ithuta, katiso e e theilweng mo khomphuteng, go ithuta ka inthanete, le go ithuta ka selulafouno. == Tlhaloso == Mokgatlho wa Ditlhaeletsano tsa Thuto le Thekenoloji o tlhalositse thekenoloji ya thuto jaaka "thuto le mokgwa wa maitsholo wa go tlhofofatsa go ithuta le go tokafatsa tiragatso ka go tlhama, go dirisa le go laola di thulaganyo le di dirisiwa tse di tshwanetseng tsa thekenoloji". E kaya thekenoloji ya go ruta jaaka, "kgopolo le tiriso ya go tlhama, tlhabololo, tiriso, taolo, le tshekatsheko ya di thulaganyo le di dirisiwa tsa go ithuta". Ka jalo, thekenoloji ya thuto e kaya di saense tsotlhe tse di amogelesegang le tse di ikanyegang tsa thuto e e dirisiwang, jaaka di dirisiwa, mmogo le di thulaganyo le di tsamaiso tse di tswang mo di patlisisong tsa saense, mme mo bokaong jo bo rileng e ka kaya di thulaganyo tsa tiori, tsa di kgatotharabololo kgotsa tsa heuristic: ga e reye gore thekenoloji ya mmele. Thekenoloji ya thuto ke thulaganyo ya go golaganya thekenoloji mo thutong ka tsela e e siameng e e rotloetsang tikologo ya go ithuta e e farologaneng thata le tsela ya gore baithuti ba ithute go berekisa thekenoloji mmogo le dikabelo tsa bone tse di tlwaelegileng. Ka jalo, go na le dintlha tse di mmalwa tse di farologaneng tsa go tlhalosa tlhabololo ya tlhaloganyo le ya setegeniki ya thekenoloji ya thuto: == Ditshupetso == t7rg4i3m34fp03jlhxw4i7cdttthvmb 0 12880 54117 48287 2026-08-15T16:20:37Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54117 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dingaka tsa setso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika''' ke dingaka tsa go alafa mo Aforika Borwa . Ba dira ditiro tse di farologaneng tsa loago le tsa sepolotiki mo setšhabeng jaaka go bolelela pele, go fodisa malwetse a mmele, maikutlo le a semoya, go kaela dingwao tsa botsalo kgotsa loso, go batla dikgomo tse di latlhegileng, go sireletsa batlhabani, go lwantsha boloi le go anela hisitori, thuto ya lobopo, le dikgopolo tsa ngwao ya bone . Go mefuta e mebedi e megolo ya dingaka tsa setso mo merafeng ya baNguni,baSotho le baTsonga ya Aforika Borwa: motlhodi wa ditiragalo ( '''''sangoma''''' ) le ngaka ya ditlhare ( '''''ngaka tshupe''''' ) . Dingaka tse ke di ngaka tse di bontshiwang tlotlo thata mo Aforika Borwa le go tlotliwa mo setšhabeng se go akanngwang gore bolwetse bo tlholwa ke boloi, kgotlhelo (go kopana le dilo tse di sa itshekang kgotsa ditiragalo) kgotsa ka go ikgokomosa bagolo. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Go fopholediwa gore go na le dingaka tsa setso di ka nna 200,000 mo Aforikaborwa fa di tshwantshiwa le dingaka di le 25,000 tse di katisitsweng mo tirong ya go alafa ya ditshedi. [ 3 ] Dingaka tsa setso di rerisiwa ke bokana ka 60% ya baagi ba Aforika Borwa, gantsi ka tirisanommogo le ditirelo tsa segompieno tsa kalafi ya ditshedi. [ 4 ] Gore go nne le kutlwano fa gare ga batshedi le baswi, e e leng botlhokwa gore motho a tshele botshelo jo bo senang mathata, dingaka tsa setso di dumela gore bagolo ba tshwanetse go bontshiwa tlotlo ka go dira dingwao le go ntsha ditlhabelo tsa diphologolo. [ 5 ] Ba dira dingwao tsa go bitsa ka go fisa dimela tse di jaaka ''mpepho'' ( ''Helichrysum petiolare'' ), go bina, go opela, go tsamaisa kgotsa go tshameka meropa. Dingaka tsa setso gantsi di naya balwetse ba bone ''melemo''- diokobatsi tse di dirilweng ka dimela, diphologolo le diminerale - tse di nang le bokao jwa semoya. Gantsi melemo eno e nale tshwantshetso e e maatla; ka sekai, mafura a tau a ka baakanyediwa bana go rotloetsa bopelokgale. Go na le melemo ya sengwe le sengwe go tloga ka bolwetse jwa mmele le jwa tlhaloganyo, go sa utlwane ga loago le mathata a semoya go ya go metswako ya tshireletso, lorato le lesego. [[Setshwantsho:Sangomas-greeting.jpg|thumb|Ba Sangoma ba dumedisana]] Dingaka di bitseditswe go fodisa, mme ka tsona go dumelwa gore bagologolwane ba ba tswang kwa lefatsheng la memoya ba ka neela thuto le kgakololo ya go fodisa malwetse, go tlhoka kutlwano mo setšhabeng le mathata a semoya. [ 15 ] Dingaka tsa setso di bereka mo ntlwaneng e e boitshepo ya go fodisa kgotsa ''segotlo'', kwa ba dumelang gore bagologolwane ba bona ba nna teng. [ 16 ] Moo go senang ‘segotlo’ sa mmatota, go ka dirisiwa lefelo le le boitshepo le lennye la nakwana le le bidiwang ''segotlo.'' . Dingaka di dumela gore di kgona go bona kgakololo le kaelo go tswa mo bagolong ba bone go thusa balwetse ba bone ka go tsenwa ke moya ke bagolo, kgotsa ka bongaka, ka marapo a go bolelela pele, kgotsa ka go tlhalosa dipono . [ 12 ] [ 17 ] Mo maemong a go nna le dilo, dingaka di itirela go nna mo badimong ka go letsa meropa, go bina le go opela, mme di letlelela boikgogomoso jwa tsone go kgaogana gore mogologolwane a tseye mmele wa tsone le go buisana ka tlhamalalo le molwetse, kgotsa di bina ka kelotlhoko go feta bokgoni ba tsone bo bo boletsweng. [ 18 ] == DITSHUPISO == * {{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Susan Schuster |year=1998 |title=Called to Heal |publisher=Zebra Press |isbn=978-1-86872-240-2 |location=Halfway House}} * {{Cite book |last=Cumes |first=David |year=2004 |title=Africa in my bones |publisher=New Africa Books |isbn=978-0-86486-556-4 |location=Claremont}} * {{Cite journal |last=Niagia |first=Santuah F |date=May 2002 |title=Traditional medicine gets healthy recognition |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2002-05-18_359_9319/page/1760 |journal=The Lancet |volume=359 |issue=9319 |pages=1760 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08676-2 |pmid=12049880}} q52v4wpjy9rw22bhbby316rcazt1jjb 0 12912 54132 48374 2026-08-15T16:40:22Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54132 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:USMC-04952.jpg|thumb|Dikeledi tsa motho]] '''Dikeledi''' ( filimi ya dikeledi ) ke seeledi se se bonaletsang se se ntshiwang ke dikgeleswa tsa dikeledi ( kgeleswa ya dikeledi ) tse di fitlhelwang mo matlhong a diamusi tsotlhe tsa lefatshe . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of TEAR |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tear |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> Go ya ka mokgwa wa go tlhagisiwa ga dikeledi, di arogantswe ka mefuta e le mene: ya leitlho le le kwa tlase, ya leitlho le le tswetsweng, ya maikutlo le ya tsibogo . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Willcox |first=Mark D. P. |last2=Argüeso |first2=Pablo |last3=Georgiev |first3=Georgi A. |last4=Holopainen |first4=Juha M. |last5=Laurie |first5=Gordon W. |last6=Millar |first6=Tom J. |last7=Papas |first7=Eric B. |last8=Rolland |first8=Jannick P. |last9=Schmidt |first9=Tannin A. |last10=Stahl |first10=Ulrike |last11=Suarez |first11=Tatiana |last12=Subbaraman |first12=Lakshman N. |last13=Uçakhan |first13=Omür Ö. |last14=Jones |first14=Lyndon |date=2017-07-01 |title=TFOS DEWS II Tear Film Report |journal=The Ocular Surface |series=TFOS International Dry Eye WorkShop (DEWS II) |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=366–403 |doi=10.1016/j.jtos.2017.03.006 |hdl=10138/297896 |issn=1542-0124 |pmc=6035753 |pmid=28736338}}</ref> Seelo sa motheo sa go ntswa ga dikeledi ke ~0.5–2.2 μL/motsotso, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumortier |first=G. |last2=Chaumeil |first2=J.C. |date=2004 |title=Lachrymal Determinations: Methods and Updates on Biopharmaceutical and Clinical Applications |url=https://karger.com/article/doi/10.1159/000078776 |journal=Ophthalmic Research |language=en |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=183–194 |doi=10.1159/000078776 |issn=0030-3747 |pmid=15292656 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> mme go tenega go ka oketsa go ntsha dikeledi ka go fitlha go menagane ga 100, go fitlha go ~300 μL/motsotso. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nagataki |first=S. |last2=Mishima |first2=S. |date=1980 |title=Pharmacokinetics of instilled drugs in the human eye |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-ophthalmology-clinics_fall-1980_20_3/page/33 |journal=International Ophthalmology Clinics |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=33–49 |doi=10.1097/00004397-198002030-00006 |issn=0020-8167 |pmid=6998899}}</ref> Dikeledi di dirilwe ka metsi, dieleketerolaete , diporoteine, mafura le dimusini tse di bopang dikarolo mo godimo ga matlho. Mefuta e mene ya dikeledi e farologana thata ka popego ya yona. <ref name="EncycBrit06" /> [[Setshwantsho:Tear_system.svg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya mmele ya go tshologa ga dikeledi, e e bontshang]] Dingwe tsa ditiro tsa dikeledi di akaretsa go tlotsa matlho ( dikeledi tsa motheo ), go tlosa dilo tse di tenang ( dikeledi tsa go tsiboga ) le go thusa masole a mmele . <ref name="Farandos Contact Lens Sensors">{{Cite journal |last=Farandos |first=Nicholas M. |last2=Yetisen |first2=Ali K. |last3=Monteiro |first3=Michael J. |last4=Lowe |first4=Christopher R. |last5=Yun |first5=Seok Hyun |date=April 2015 |title=Contact Lens Sensors in Ocular Diagnostics |journal=Advanced Healthcare Materials |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=792–810 |doi=10.1002/adhm.201400504 |pmid=25400274}}</ref> Dikeledi gape di tlhagelela jaaka karolo ya tsibogo ya tlholego ya mmele ya botlhoko. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2014-09-18 |title=Why do we cry? The scientific reasons behind sobbing |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/why-do-we-cry-the-science-of-tears-9741287.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/why-do-we-cry-the-science-of-tears-9741287.html |archive-date=2022-05-26 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Go ntsha dikeledi mo maikutlong go ka nna ga dira tiro ya thutatshelo ka go ntsha dihoromone tse di bakang kgatelelo ya mogopolo tse di ageletsweng ka dinako tsa go tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-28 |title=All About Emotional Tears |url=https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/all-about-emotional-tears |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=American Academy of Ophthalmology}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frey |first=William H. |last2=Desota-Johnson |first2=Denise |last3=Hoffman |first3=Carrie |last4=McCall |first4=John T. |date=October 1981 |title=Effect of Stimulus on the Chemical Composition of Human Tears |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-ophthalmology_1981-10_92_4/page/559 |journal=American Journal of Ophthalmology |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=559–567 |doi=10.1016/0002-9394(81)90651-6 |pmid=7294117}}</ref> Dikeledi di na le bokao jwa tshwantshetso mo bathong . <ref name=":2" /> == Fisioloji == === Tlhamo ya dikhemikhale === Filimi ya dikeledi e ne ya tlhalosiwa ka 1946 ke Wolff a dirisa lebone le le phatlogileng gore e nne le popego ya dikarolo tse tharo: ya mafura, ya metsi le ya mamina. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolff |first=E. |title=The muco-cutaneous junction of the lidmargin and the distribution of the tear fluid |journal=Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK |publication-date=1946 |volume=66 |pages=291–308}}</ref> Dikeledi di bopilwe ka metsi, matswai, dilwantshamagare le dilaesosaeme (diensaeme tse di lwantshang dibakateria). Popego ya llaga nngwe le nngwe e laola tiro ya yona . Sekao , ditlhopha tse difarologaneng tsa mafura mo llageng ya mafura ya filimi ya dikeledi ( TFLL ) di naya dipharologantsho tse di kgethegileng tsa fisikhokhemikhale tse ditshegetsang dikarolo tse jaaka go dira gore go nne le filimi e tshesane le go thibela gore e se ka ya phutlhamela mo godimo ga leitlho . <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Millar |first=Thomas J. |last2=Schuett |first2=Burkhardt S. |date=2015-08-01 |title=The real reason for having a meibomian lipid layer covering the outer surface of the tear film – A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001448351500144X |journal=Experimental Eye Research |volume=137 |pages=125–138 |doi=10.1016/j.exer.2015.05.002 |issn=0014-4835 |pmid=25981748 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bosheng jaana, Mazyar Yazdani kwa Bookelong jwa yunibesithi ya Oslo o ne a tshitshintswe gore TFLL le yone e ka nna le seabe mo go tsenyeng okosejene mo leitlhong go ikaegilwe ka dipharologantsho tsa yone tse ditlhotlhelediwang ke tlhamo . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Yazdani |first=Mazyar |date=December 2023 |title=Tear film lipid layer and corneal oxygenation: a new function? |journal=Eye |language=en |volume=37 |issue=17 |pages=3534–3541 |doi=10.1038/s41433-023-02557-1 |issn=1476-5454 |pmc=10686381 |pmid=37138094}}</ref> Popego ya yone e farologane go ya ka mefuta e e farologaneng ya dikeledi . Popego ya dikeledi tse dibakilweng ke tsibogo ya maikutlo e farologaneng le ya dikeledi tse di bakiwang ke tsibogo ya dilo tse di tenang , jaaka mosi wa aie , lerole kgotsa dilo tse di bakang aleji. Dikeledi tsa maikutlo di na le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa dihoromone tsa kgatelelo e e jaaka horomone ya adrenocorticotropic le enkefalini ya leusine (setlhabi sa tlholego se bolawa), se se akantshang gore dikeledi tsa maikutlo di na le seabe se segolo mo go lekalekanyeng selekanyo sa dihoromone tsa kgatelelo ya mogopolo . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frey |first=William H. |last2=Desota-Johnson |first2=Denise |last3=Hoffman |first3=Carrie |last4=McCall |first4=John T. |date=October 1981 |title=Effect of Stimulus on the Chemical Composition of Human Tears |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-ophthalmology_1981-10_92_4/page/559 |journal=American Journal of Ophthalmology |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=559–567 |doi=10.1016/0002-9394(81)90651-6 |pmid=7294117}}</ref> 0ljrgts17v1de7vjph5qb2asr77860n 0 13035 54145 49126 2026-08-15T17:13:56Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54145 wikitext text/x-wiki Go tswa mo Wikipedia, saeklopedia e e gololosesegileng '''Zenokuhle Zenani Maseko''' (o belegwe ka 8 Ferikgong 1998) ke [[motshameki wa mosadi]] wa Aforika Borwa le mohlohletsi wa setšhaba (influencer).<ref>Mogeni, Rodah (10 December 2023). [https://briefly.co.za/entertainment/tv-shows/175038-mzansi-magic-sphiwo-cast-images-plot-summary-full-story-trailer/ "Mzansi Magic's S'phiwo: cast with images, plot summary, full story, trailer - Briefly.co.za"]. ''briefly.co.za''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref><ref>Mataz, Simba (15 August 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20260420011529/https://savannanews.com/zenokuhle-maseko-biography-age-boyfriend-the-river-net-worth/ "Zenokuhle Maseko bio"]. ''Savanna News''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref> O itsege thata ka go tshameka karolo ya bohlokwa ya Mbali Dikana mo thelebišeneng ya [[1Magic]] e bong [[The River]], le ka go tshameka karolo ya Nothando mo filiming e khutshwane ya [[Mzansi Magic]] e bong Isphiwo.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/truelove/being-on-the-river-was-an-absolute-dream-zenokuhle-maseko-20200204 "'Being on The River was an absolute dream' - Zenokuhle Maseko"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 28 May 2025.</ref><ref>Malatsi, Lethabo. [https://www.news24.com/truelove/celebrity/zenokuhle-masekos-new-role-on-sphiwo-acting-chose-me-20231214 "Zenokuhle Maseko's new role on S'phiwo - 'Acting chose me'"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == Maseko o belegwe ka 2 Ferikgong 1998, kwa [[Benoni]], [[Gauteng]], Aforika Borwa. O ne a ya sekolo se segolwane kwa Benoni High School.<ref>Adeaga, Favour (8 April 2021). [https://briefly.co.za/97671-zenokuhle-maseko-age-parents-pics-leaving-river-profile.html "Get to know Zenokuhle Maseko"]. ''briefly.co.za''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref><ref>Tlhoaele, Kgalalelo. [https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/celebs/zenokuhle-maseko-who-played-mbali-on-the-river-says-she-has-been-judged-a-lot-20240109 "Ex-The River actress: I've been judged a lot"]. Daily Sun. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref> == Tiro == Ka ngwaga wa 2018, Maseko o ile a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya ntlha ya motshameko mo thelebišeneng e e tumileng ya Aforika Borwa e bong [[The River]], a tshameka karolo ya bohlokwa ya Mbali Dikana, morwadie wa [[Sindi Dlathu]] ([[Lindiwe Dikana]]) le [[Hlomla Dandala]] (Zweli Dikana), mme a tloga mo lenaneong kwa karolong ya 2.<ref>Makhoba, Ntombizodwa. [https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/the-end-of-the-river-for-mbali-20200201 "The end of The River for Mbali"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref><ref>Kekana, Chrizelda (28 January 2020). [https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2020-01-28-watch--three-amazing-scenes-from-the-river-unlocked-by-mbalis-death/ "Three amazing scenes from 'The River', unlocked by Mbali's death played by Zenokuhle Maseko"]. ''TimesLive''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref> O ile gape a tshameka jaaka Aya mo lenaneong la terama la [[SABC 1]] le bong Diamond City, le le simolotseng ka Phalane 2018.<ref>[https://www.tvsa.co.za/shows/viewshowcast.aspx?showid=5576&season=1 "Diamond City | Full Cast | Season 1 | TVSA"]. ''www.tvsa.co.za''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref> Ka 2021, o ile a simolola go tshameka mo thelebišeneng ya [[SABC 3]] e bong [[The Estate]], koo a neng a tshameka karolo ya Sindisiwe Phakathwayo.<ref>Kekana, Chrizelda (22 February 2021). [https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2021-02-22-zenokuhle-masekos-super-excited-for-mzansi-to-see-her-shine-on-the-estate/ "Zeno Maseko starred in SABC 3 new telenovela "The Estate""]. ''TimesLive''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref><ref>Heather (1 February 2021). [https://ihararejobs.com/blog/the-river-mbali-actress-joins-upcoming-sab3-soapie/ "The River Mbali Actress Joins Upcoming SAB3 Soapie The Estate"]. ''iHarare Jobs''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref><ref>Mpembe, Thando (2 February 2021). [https://briefly.co.za/94318-moving-up-zenokuhle-maseko-bags-new-role-telenovela-the-estate.html "Moving on Up: Zenokuhle Maseko Bags New Role in Telenovela, 'The Estate' - Briefly.co.za"]. ''briefly.co.za''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref> Ka 2024, o ile a tshameka karolo ya pele mo filiming e khutshwane e bong Isphiwo jaaka Nothando Sibande, mmogo le Nozuko Ncayiyani.<ref>Lelaka, Maropeng (8 January 2024). [https://sacreative.co.za/zenokuhle-maseko-and-nozuko-ncayiyane-lead-in-mzansi-magic-new-series-sphiwo/ "Zenokuhle Maseko And Nozuko Ncayiyane Lead In Mzansi Magic New Series S'phiwo".] ''SA Creatives''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref><ref>Seleme, Rae (16 November 2023). [https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/local-celebs/breaking-the-river-actress-zenokuhle-maseko-secures-leading-role-mzansi-magic-sphiwo-16-november-2023/ "'The River' star Zenokuhle Maseko secures leading role in 'S'phiwo'"]. ''The South African''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref> O ile gape a tlhaga mo thelebišeneng ya [[e.tv]] e bong [[Scandal!]] jaaka Tankiso.<ref>Laubscher, Jan (13 June 2024). [https://studentlivingsa.co.za/young-actress-zenokuhle-maseko-joins-etvscandal/ "Young Actress Zenokuhle Maseko Joins "etvScandal""]. ''Student Living South Africa''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref><ref>Seleme, Rae (11 February 2024). [https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/local-celebs/the-river-actress-zenokuhle-maseko-mbali-scandal-tankiso/ "'The River' star Zenokuhle Maseko secures role in 'Scandal!'"]. ''The South African''. Retrieved 31 May 2025.</ref>Ka 2025, o tlhagetse mo terameng ya [[Showmax]] e bong [[Adulting]], a tshameka karolo ya Mpumi e e ipoeletsang. == Ditšhweletšo tsa Ditshwantsho (Filmography) == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Setlhogo !Karolo !Dintlha |- |2018-2020 |[[The River]] |Mbali Dikana |Karolo ya bohlokwa, [[karolo 1]] le [[2]] |- |2018 |Diamond City |Aya |Karolo ya thuso (e seng ya pele) |- |2021 |[[The Estate]] |Sindisiwe Phakathwayo |Karolo ya konokono |- |2024 |Isphiwo |Nothando Sbonde |Karolo ya ntlha |- | |[[Scandal!]] |Tankiso |Karolo ya thuso |- |2025 |[[Adulting]] |Mpumi |Karolo e e tlhagelelang gantsi, [[karolo 3]] |- | |[[Generations: The Legacy]] |Dr Swazi Dambuza |Karolo ya thuso |- | |[[Bad Influencer]] |Thulz |Karolo ya thuso, karolo 1 |- | |[[Isitha: The Enemy]] |Melody Dladla |Karolo ya thuso, karolo 3 |} == Ditshupo == 1fccbgdwha68fqgrpy3hl8gzfrjgdks 0 13048 54107 49615 2026-08-15T14:26:43Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabrina Dockery''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 2006 , Lwetse a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bosupa ) ke moagedi wa kwa Jamaica.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/jamaica/sabrina-dockery-14929107 "Sabrina Dockery".] ''World Athletics''. Retrieved 11 November 2025.</ref> == Tiro == Dockery o tsene kwa [[:en:Lacovia_High_School|sekolong se segolwane sa Lacovia]] kwa Jamaica. <ref>[https://trackalerts.com/2025/03/sabrina-dockery-takes-center-stage-on-day-two-of-champs-25/ "SABRINA DOCKERY TAKES CENTER STAGE ON DAY TWO OF CHAMPS 25"]. ''Track Alerts''. 27 March 2025. Retrieved 11 November 2025.</ref>O ne a le mofenyi wa mmentlele wa boronse le setlhopha sa Jamaica mo kgaisanong e e tlhakaneng ya 4 × 400 m kwa [[:en:2023_Pan_American_U20_Athletics_Championships|Dikgaisanong tsa Batabogi tsa Pan Amerika tsa U20 tsa 2023]] kwa [[:en:Mayagüez|Mayagüez]], kwa [[:en:Puerto_Rico|Puerto Rico]] ka Phatwe 2023.<ref><nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Dockery#cite_note-3</nowiki></ref> Dockery o ne a fenya makgaolakgang a dimitara di le lekgolo tsa U20 kwa [[:en:2024_CARIFTA_Games|Metshamekong ya CARIFTA ya 2024]] kwa St. E ne e le mofenyi wa mmentlele wa gauta le setlhopha sa basadi sa Jamaica sa dimitara di le 4 x 100 [[:en:2024_World_Athletics_U20_Championships|Dikgaisanong tsa Lefatshe Lotlhe tsa Batabogi tsa U20 tsa 2024]] kwa [[:en:Lima|Lima]], Peru.<ref>[https://trackalerts.com/2024/03/sabrina-dockery-surprises-in-girls-100m-dash-u20-devonte-howell-shines-in-boys-u20-at-carifta-games/ "Sabrina Dockery Surprises in Girls' 100m Dash U20; Devonte Howell Shines in Boys' U20 at Carifta Games".] ''Track Alerts''. 30 March 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2025.</ref> Ka Tlhakole 2025, Dockery o ne a fenya dimitara di le lekgolo kwa Ditekong tsa Carifta tsa Mokgatlho wa Tsamaiso ya Batabogi ba Jamaica (JAAA) tsa 2025 ka metsotswana e le 11.30, a fetsa a le kwa pele ga [[:en:Shanoya_Douglas|Shanoya Douglas]].<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7180313?eventId=204594 World Athletics U20 Championships".] ''World Athletics''. 31 August 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2025.</ref>O ne a fokotsa selekanyo sa gagwe sa go taboga dimitara di le lekgolo go nna metsotswana e le 11.12 mme morago ga moo a fokotsa metsotswana e le 11.08 kwa Dikgaisanong tsa Basimane le Basetsana tsa Jamaica tsa 2025.Gape o ne a nna wa bobedi morago ga ga Jody-Ann Daley mo lebelong la dimitara di le 200 kwa dikgaisanong tsa bommampodi.<ref>Fraser, Dwight (28 February 2025). [https://web.archive.org/web/20260511053426/https://iriefm.net/gary-card-and-sabrina-dockery-shine-on-day-one-of-2025-carifta-trials/ "Gary Card and Sabrina Dockery shine on Day One of 2025 Carifta Trials"]. ''Iriefm.net''. Retrieved 11 November 2025.</ref>O ne a kgaolwa ka ntlha ya go simolola ka tsela e e sa siamang a sireletsa sekgele sa gagwe sa basetsana ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le masome a le mabedi sa 100m kwa [[:en:2025_CARIFTA_Games|Metshamekong ya CARIFTA ya 2025]] kwa [[:en:Port_of_Spain|lebala la kwa Spain]], Trinidad le Tobago.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/jamaican-boys-girls-championships-2025 Dockery, Daley and Douglas shine at Jamaica's Boys' and Girls' Championships".] ''World Athletics''. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 11 November 2025.</ref>Ka Phatwe, o ne a gapa mmentlele wa gauta jaaka karolo ya setlhopha sa basadi sa Jamaica sa go taboga dimitara di le 4 x 100 kwa [[:en:2025_Junior_Pan_American_Games|Metshamekong ya Banana ya Pan Amerika ya 2025]] kwa [[:en:Asunción|Asunción]], kwa Paraguay, mmogo le [[:en:Alana_Reid|Alana Reid]], [[:en:Serena_Cole|Serena Cole]] le Marissa Palmer, mme setlhopha sa bone se ne sa taboga rekoto ya bommampodi ya metsotswana e le 43.52.<ref>"[https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2025/04/19/jamaica-suffer-setbacks-lead-carifta-medal-table-day-one/ Jamaica suffer some setbacks, but lead Carifta medal table after day one"]. ''Jamaica Observer''. 19 April 2025. Retrieved 11 November 2025.</ref> Ka kgwadi ya Phalane 2025, go ne ga itsisiwe gore o tla bo a fetoga semmuso, , a saena konteraka ya dingwaga di le nne le Adidas, le go ikatisa le Lance Brauman kwa setlhopheng sa katiso sa Pure Athletics kwa Florida jaaka karolo ya setlhopha sa katiso se se akaretsang bagaetsho [[:en:Niesha_Burgher|Niesha Burghe]]<nowiki/>r le [[:en:Brianna_Lyston|Brianna Lyston]], mmogo le [[:en:Noah_Lyles|Noah Lyles]].<ref>"[https://www.guardian.co.tt/sports/junior-womens-relay-team-cops-award-at-junior-pan-am-games-6.2.2479348.b776703a8f Junior women's relay team cops award at Junior Pan Am Game]s". ''Guardian.co.tt''. Retrieved 20 Jan 2026.</ref><ref>[https://radiojamaicanewsonline.com/sports/lyston-to-train-with-renowned-coach-lance-brauman "Lyston to train with renowned coach Lance Brauman"]. ''Radio Jamaica''. 14 October 2025. Retrieved 11 November 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == ecbqk2c43r1c2nknwxgzlvjagbu6p19 0 13259 54113 50097 2026-08-15T16:17:54Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54113 wikitext text/x-wiki '''The Rainbow Project''' (TRP) e ne e le mokgatlho o e seng wa puso o o neng o buelela ditshwanelo tsa [[Batho ba LGBTQ|LGBT]] le go amogelwa kwa [[Namibia]]. E ne e tlamela ka didirisiwa go baagi ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko mme ya dira go lwantsha letlhoo la batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang le go tlhaola batho ba bong jo bo kwa tlase mo setšhabeng sa Namibia. Fa e ne e simololwa, TRP e ne e le yone fela mokgatlho wa mofuta oo o o neng o tlhomile mogopolo mo go tlhokeng tshiamiso kgatlhanong; le go sotla batho ba ba tlhakanelang dikobo ka bong mo lefatsheng; seno se ne se farologana le mekgatlho e mengwe e e tlhageletseng ya LGBT ya Namibia, jaaka [[Sister Namibia]], e e neng e tshegetsa thata basadi ba ba ratanang ka bong.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2006 |title=Namibia: TRP speaks out against homophobic remarks |url=https://www.outrightinternational.org/content/namibia-african-ngos-respond-statement-namibian-deputy-minister-gays-and-lesbians-betraying |website=Outright Action International}}</ref> TRP e ne e tlhomile mogopolo mo go anamiseng didirisiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe sa LGBT, go akaretsa le thuto, ditirelo tsa loago le kgakololo ya thibelo ya go ipolaya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/23/AR2005102301163.html|title=Namibia Chips Away at African Taboos on Homosexuality|date=2005-10-24}}</ref> E ne ya dira tiro ya go buelela, mme ya simolola go kwala ditlolomolao tsa letlhoo kgatlhanong le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba thobalano ka 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2010 |title=Namibia: Treatment of homosexuals by society and government authorities |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/4e43796d2.html |website=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada}}</ref> TRP e ne ya dira go tlosa dikakanyo tse di sa siamang tsa baagi. Dikai tse di tlhomologileng di akaretsa go tsibogela dipego tsa semmuso tsa puso tse di bontshang gore batho ba ba ba tlhakanelang dikobo ka bong jo bo sa tshwaneng ba dira jalo ba sa itshireletsa, ke bone ba ba anamisang [[HIV]] go gaisa kwa Namibia<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2005 |title=Namibia: African NGOs Respond to statement by Namibian Deputy Minister on Gays and Lesbians "Betraying the fight for freedom" |url=https://www.outrightinternational.org/content/namibia-african-ngos-respond-statement-namibian-deputy-minister-gays-and-lesbians-betraying |access-date=November 1, 2018 |website=Outright Action International}}</ref> le go rotloetsa maano a thibelo ya HIV le AIDS a a amegang mo maitemogelong a batho ba ba kwa tlase ba ba tlhakanelang dikobo, a a senang tshedimosetso e e fosagetseng ya go ila batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang<ref name=":12" /> == Tshimologo == Go tloga ka 1915 go fitlha ka 1989, Namibia e ne e busiwa ke [[Aforika Borwa|Aforikaborwa]]; ka fa tlase ga puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe leo, go ratana ka bong go ne go kgalwa. Fa Namibia e ne e bona boipuso mme [[SWAPO]] e simolola go busa, batho ba LGBT ba Namibia ba ne ba solofela gore kgabagare ba tla kgona go tshela ka kagiso.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Ashley. |first=Currier |date=2012 |title=Out in Africa : LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South Africa. |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816682485 |location=Minneapolis |oclc=857365205}}</ref> Le fa SWAPO e ne e na le serala sa sepolotiki sa "tekatekano ya batho botlhe ba Namibia", batho ba LGBT ba ne ba sa newe tekatekano ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa bone. Ka 1996, go ne ga tlhamiwa Rainbow Project go tsibogela se se neng se bonwa e le go ila batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang mo dipolotiking ga SWAPO.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Ashley. |first=Currier |date=2012 |title=Out in Africa : LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South Africa. |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816682485 |location=Minneapolis |oclc=857365205}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshley.2012">Ashley., Currier (2012). ''Out in Africa : LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South Africa''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780816682485|<bdi>9780816682485</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857365205 857365205].</cite></ref> Ashley Currier o tlhalositse kgethololo ya SWAPO jaaka e e lebisitsweng kgatlhanong le setšhaba sa LGBT le basadi, a tlhaola boeteledipele jwa bone jaaka "bonna", ka letlhoo la sepolotiki la bong jo bo tshwanang e le leano le le letlang go tshegetsa maemo a a ntseng jalo.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Currier |first=Ashley |date=2010-01-28 |title=Political Homophobia in Postcolonial Namibia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gender-society_2010-02_24_1/page/110 |journal=Gender & Society |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=110–129 |doi=10.1177/0891243209354275 |issn=0891-2432 |s2cid=146798785}}</ref> TRP e ne ya dirisana le Sister Namibia go tsibogela ditlhaselo tsa phatlalatsa (tsa molomo le tsa mmele) mo bathong ba ba kwa tlase ba bong mo lefatsheng, go tlhama dikgokagano le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditshwanelo tsa setho le ya LGBT go gogela tlhokomelo ya bosetšhaba mo "go sa bonaleng" ga setšhaba sa bone.<ref name=":22" /> Le fa "dilo tsa mmatota tsa dilo tse di bonalang tsa go anama thata ga HIV, tirisodikgoka ya thobalano, go tlhoka tekatekano ga bong, bosemorafe le go tlhoka tiro" di ne tsa itemogelwa ka selekanyo se se rileng ke bontsi jwa batho ba Namibia, ditlamorago tsa tsone di ne di oketsegile mo setšhabeng sa LGBT.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Lorway, Robert |year=2015 |title=Namibia's rainbow project : gay rights in an african nation |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253015143 |oclc=953849897}}</ref> Bathei ba TRP e ne e le batho ba basweu le [[MaKhaladi|ba mmala]] ba LGBT, ba maemo a a magareng, ba e seng ba Namibia. Ka 1997 maloko a mokgatlho e ne e le bašha, bantsho, ba Namibia ba ba sa direng, mme bontsi jwa maloko a ntlha a basweu le ba mmala a ne a kgeloga.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Lorway |first=Robert |date=2008 |title=Defiant desire in Namibia: Female sexual-gender transgression and the making of political being |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ethnologist_2008-02_35_1/page/20 |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=20–33 |doi=10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.00003.x |issn=0094-0496}}</ref> Ka dikgwetlho tsa itsholelo e le kgang ya maloko a mantsi ka nako eno, go ne ga simolola dingangisano ka ga gore a TRP e tshwanetse go atolosa ditirelo tsa yone tsa loago kgotsa e dirise metswedi e e lekanyeditsweng go simolola matsholo a setšhaba a go fetola semolao. Ngwaga o o latelang, ditlhopha tsa affinity di ne tsa tlhamiwa mo TRP go fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di rileng tsa maloko; di ne di akaretsa Women's Caucus (e moragonyana e neng e itsege e le Different Identities Group), Male Think Tank le Basha ba Rainbow.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Ashley. |first=Currier |date=2012 |title=Out in Africa : LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South Africa. |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816682485 |location=Minneapolis |oclc=857365205}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshley.2012">Ashley., Currier (2012). ''Out in Africa : LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South Africa''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780816682485|<bdi>9780816682485</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857365205 857365205].</cite></ref> == Bobueledi jwa LGBT == Bobueledi jwa TRP bo simolotse ka ditshupegetso tsa setšhaba le dikokoano tsa bobegadikgang go itebaganya le go nna kgatlhanong le go ratana ka bong ga puso, go amogela bosupi jwa setšhaba go tswela kwa ntle go rotloetsa "go tlhagisa thobalano ka tlhamalalo mo setšhabeng ka kakaretso sa Namibia."<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Lorway, Robert |year=2015 |title=Namibia's rainbow project : gay rights in an african nation |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253015143 |oclc=953849897}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLorway,_Robert2015">Lorway, Robert (2015). ''Namibia's rainbow project : gay rights in an african nation''. Indiana University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780253015143|<bdi>9780253015143</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953849897 953849897].</cite></ref> Mokgatlho ono o ne wa simolola go tshwara dipuisano tsa setšhaba ka nako ya Beke ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya go Lemotsha Ditshwanelo tsa Setho kwa Namibia ka 2000.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Lorway |first=Robert |date=2008 |title=Defiant desire in Namibia: Female sexual-gender transgression and the making of political being |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ethnologist_2008-02_35_1/page/20 |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=20–33 |doi=10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.00003.x |issn=0094-0496}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLorway2008">Lorway, Robert (2008). "Defiant desire in Namibia: Female sexual-gender transgression and the making of political being". ''American Ethnologist''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>33. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.00003.x|10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.00003.x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-0496 0094-0496].</cite></ref> === ''Talking Pink'' === ''Talking Pink'' ya TRP e ne e le pontsho ya seromamowa ya beke le beke e e neng ya gapa dietsele e e neng e bontsha dikgang tsa LGBT. Ka 1999, morago ga gore Tona ya Merero ya Selegae [[Jerry Ekandjo]] a re ga go na thatano ka bong kwa Namibia, pontsho e ne ya gasa tiragalo e e nang le kgatiso ya kopo ya ga Ekandjo e e neng ya latelwa ke kgatiso ya "maloko a TRP a bolela boitshupo jwa bone jwa letso le jwa bong". ''Talking Pink'' moragonyana e ne ya nna sedirisiwa sa go itsise baagi ba Namibia ka difilimi tse di nang le setlhogo sa LGBT.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Ashley. |first=Currier |date=2012 |title=Out in Africa : LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South Africa. |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816682485 |location=Minneapolis |oclc=857365205}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshley.2012">Ashley., Currier (2012). ''Out in Africa : LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South Africa''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780816682485|<bdi>9780816682485</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857365205 857365205].</cite></ref> === Letsholo la diphetogo tsa semolao tse di kgatlhanong le go tlhakanela dikobo ga banna === Kwa kopanong ya 1998, TRP e ne ya simolola go rulaganya letsholo la yone la ntlha la setšhaba la go fetola semolao go itebaganya le go tlosa go nna borukuthi ga thatano ya bong; go ya ka mokgatlho, molao o o kgatlhanong le go ratana ka bong o ne o "ruilwe go tswa mo pusong ya bokolone".<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Ashley. |first=Currier |date=2012 |title=Out in Africa : LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South Africa. |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816682485 |location=Minneapolis |oclc=857365205}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshley.2012">Ashley., Currier (2012). ''Out in Africa : LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South Africa''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780816682485|<bdi>9780816682485</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857365205 857365205].</cite></ref> Balweladitshwanelo tsa LGBT go tswa kwa [[National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality (NCGLE)]] ba ne ba dirisana le TRP go tlhama leano la letsholo leo go lebilwe maemo a a sa tlhomamang a sepolotiki a Namibia malebang le batho ba ba supilweng jaaka LGBT. TRP e ne ya bodiwa gape le [[Legal Assistance Centre|Setheo sa Thuso ya Semolao]] sa Namibia gore ba ka tswelela jang ka letsholo la bone. LAC, kwa tshimologong mo boemong jwa TRP, e ne ya dira go tlhalosa sentle tlhaloso ya mosekisi wa Namibia le go tsenya mo tirisong melao e e kgatlhanong le tlhakanelo dikobo ka bong. Moragonyana lefelo leo le ne la tswelela ka letsholo la phatlalatsa kwantle ga TRP, ka gonne go bonala ga lone go ne ga dira gore ba nne batho ba ba neng ba tlholwa ke SWAPO e e neng e ntse e oketsega kgatlhanong le go ratana ka bong jo bo tshwanang.<ref name=":22" /> Bobaba jwa maloko a SWAPO mo setšhabeng sa LGBT, go simolola ka matshosetsi go fitlha ka dikotlhao tse di oketsegileng tsa go tlhakanela dikobo le dipitso tsa gore mapodisi a "fedise tlhakanelo dikobo ya bong kwa Namibia", bo ne jwa oketsega go tloga ka 1998 go fitlha ka 2000.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Ashley. |first=Currier |date=2012 |title=Out in Africa : LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South Africa. |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816682485 |location=Minneapolis |oclc=857365205}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshley.2012">Ashley., Currier (2012). ''Out in Africa : LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South Africa''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780816682485|<bdi>9780816682485</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857365205 857365205].</cite></ref> Ka ntlha ya karabo ya SWAPO, letsholo la setšhaba le ne la fokodiwa go nna la go pateletsa. Le fa go ntse jalo, bosheng jaana ka 2006, mokaedi wa TRP [[Ian Swartz]] o ne a tswelela go kgala phatlalatsa go dira gore go tlhakanela dikobo ka bong jo bo tshwanang e nne molato ke setšhaba: "Puso e tshwanetse go isiwa kwa kgotlatshekelong ka ntlha ya molao wa tlhakanela dikobo ka bong jo bo tshwanang ga banna... Go tla jang gore ka ditso tse di tshwanang le tsa rona tse mo go tsone batho ba neng ba tlosiwa setho, rona — morago ga dingwaga tse lesome le botlhano tsa boipuso, re na le seemo se goromente a laolang gore mang a tlhakanele dikobo le mang, mme a dire gore maitsholo a thobalano magareng ga bagolo ba babedi ba ba dumalanang e nne molato?"<ref>{{Cite news|title=Namibia's prisons sit on Aids 'time bomb'|last=Tibinyane|first=Natasha}}</ref> === Go lwantsha go ganana le go ratana ka bong ga SWAPO === Mo puong ya Letsatsi la Bagaka la Phatwe a le masome mabedi le borataro ka 2005, mothusa tona wa merero ya selegae le bofaladi wa Namibia [[Teopolina Mushelenga]] o ne a re "basadi le banna ba ba ratanang ka bong ba ne ba oka ntwa ya kgololesego ya Namibia, ke bone ba ba gakaditseng leroborobo la HIV/AIDS, mme ke thogako mo setsong sa Aforika".<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2005 |title=Namibia: African NGOs Respond to statement by Namibian Deputy Minister on Gays and Lesbians "Betraying the fight for freedom" |url=https://www.outrightinternational.org/content/namibia-african-ngos-respond-statement-namibian-deputy-minister-gays-and-lesbians-betraying |access-date=November 1, 2018 |website=Outright Action International}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.outrightinternational.org/content/namibia-african-ngos-respond-statement-namibian-deputy-minister-gays-and-lesbians-betraying "Namibia: African NGOs Respond to statement by Namibian Deputy Minister on Gays and Lesbians "Betraying the fight for freedom""]. ''Outright Action International''. September 13, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> [[Outright International]], mokgatlho wa boditšhabatšhaba wa ditshwanelo tsa batho wa LGBTQ o o kwa [[New York City]], o begile gore mekgatlho e le meraro – [[:en:Gays_and_Lesbians_of_Zimbabwe|Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe]] (GALZ), Sister Namibia, le TRP – e ne ya ntsha dikarabo ka bongwe tsa puo ya ga Mushelenga. Ka Lwetse a ferabobedi wa ngwaga oo, polelo ya TRP e ne ya kgala puo ya ga Mushelenga jaaka "tlhaselo e e tlhamaletseng kgatlhanong le ditshwanelo tsa baagi tsa batho ba Namibia ba ba ratanang ka bong jo bo tshwanang, ba ba ratanang le bong ka bobedi le ba bong jo bo fetotsweng (LGBT).<ref name=":12" /> Mokgatlho o ne wa kopa gore tona le tautona wa Namibia [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] ba tlogele tiro, o bolela gore go tshegetsa ga ga Mushelenga letlhoo la batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang go tshosetsa batho botlhe ba Namibia. TRP e ne ya ntsha pego ka Phukwi 2006 e kgala tautona wa pele wa SWAPO [[Sam Nujoma]], yo o neng a bitsa mothei le mokaedi wa [[:en:Namrights|National Society for Human Rights]] [[Phil ya Nangoloh]] "moratani ka bong". Fa ba ne ba le mo pusong, SWAPO e ne ya dira kgatelelo e e neng e letleletswe ke puso ya batho ba ba supilweng le ba ba belaelwang gore ke ba LGBT go ralala Namibia.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Currier |first=Ashley |date=2010-01-28 |title=Political Homophobia in Postcolonial Namibia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gender-society_2010-02_24_1/page/110 |journal=Gender & Society |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=110–129 |doi=10.1177/0891243209354275 |issn=0891-2432 |s2cid=146798785}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCurrier2010">Currier, Ashley (2010-01-28). "Political Homophobia in Postcolonial Namibia". ''Gender & Society''. '''24''' (1): <span class="nowrap">110–</span>129. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0891243209354275|10.1177/0891243209354275]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-2432 0891-2432]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146798785 146798785].</cite></ref> TRP e rile tiriso ya ga Nujoma ya "moratani ka bong" go kaya ya Nangoloh e ne e le maiteko a go mo dirisa "jaaka podi ya thekololo go faposa kelelelo mo dikganetsanong tsa ga jaana mo teng ga Lekoko la SWAPO", e ikuela mo go Pohamba go kgala tlhaselo ya puo le go "tshegetsa puso ya gagwe ya ditshwanelo tsa setho".<ref name=":02" /> == Metswedi == {{reflist}} [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cztv0czbt84sebijdi1e09s15th5wqc 0 13282 54114 50066 2026-08-15T16:18:56Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Syphilis|synonym=|image=Treponema pallidum.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Electron micrograph]] of ''Treponema pallidum''|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Firm, painless, non-itchy [[skin ulcer]]<ref name=Goldman2020/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' usually spread by sex<ref name=Ferri2022/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[serological testing|Blood tests]], [[dark field microscopy]] of infected fluid<ref name=CDC2015Fact/><ref name=Kent08/>|differential=Many other diseases<ref name=CDC2015Fact/>|prevention=[[Condom]]s, [[Sexual abstinence|not having sex]]<ref name=CDC2015Fact/>|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s<ref name=CDC2015Tx/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=45.4 million / 0.6% (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/><!-- incidence table -->|deaths=107,000 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Death/>|named after=}}Rasephiphi ke bolwetse jo bo tshelanwang ka tlhakanelodikobo jo bo bakwang ke mogare yo bitswang ''[./Treponema_&#x3C;i&#x20;id= pallidum]''.<ref name="Goldman2020">{{Cite book|last=Ghanem|first=Khalil G.|last2=Hook|first2=Edward W.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=[[Goldman-Cecil Medicine]]|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=1983–1989|edition=26th|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1983|language=en|chapter=303. Syphilis|access-date=8 May 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630075942/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1983|url-status=live}}</ref> Go kgonagala gore dikai di itshupe.<ref name="WHO21May2024">{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=16 August 2024|language=en|date=21 May 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817212041/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|url-status=live}}</ref> Lefa go ntse jalo, di farologana go ya ka gore ke kgato efe mo go tse nne e e leng teng (ya ntlha, ya bobedi, jo bo iphitlhileng, le ya boraro).<ref name="Ferri2022" /> Kgato ya ntlha gantsi e itshupa ka sesonyana, se le sengwe (bolwetse jo bo thata, jo bo sa utlwaleng, jo bo se nang ditlhabi jwa letlalo gantsi bo fa gare ga 1 cm le 2 cm ka bophara) le fa go ka nna le dintho di le dintsi.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> &nbsp;&nbsp;Mo thosola ya bobedi, go nna le go ruruga go go sa bonaleng sentle, mo gantsi go akaretsang diatla le direthe tsa maoto.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Gape go ka nna ga nna le dintho mo molomong kgotsa mo bosading<ref name="CDC2015Fact">{{Cite web|title=Syphilis – CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=November 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206003059/http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mo thosola e e sa bonaleng, e e ka tsayang dingwaga, go na le dikai di le mmalwa kgotsa ga go na dikai<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Mo thosola ya boraro go na le borurugo (go gola go go bonolo, go go seng kankere), mathata a boboko, kgotsa dikai tsa bolwetse jwa pelo.<ref name="Kent08">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kent ME, Romanelli F|title=Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=42|issue=2|pages=226–36|date=February 2008|pmid=18212261|doi=10.1345/aph.1K086|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2008-02_42_2/page/226}}</ref> Rasephiphi e itsege jaaka "mo etsa yo mogolo" ka gonne e ka baka dikai tse di tshwanang le tsa malwetsi a mangwe a mantsi.<ref name="Ferri2022">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-75571-9|pages=1452=1454|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1452|language=en|chapter=Syphilis|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701145038/https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1452|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Rasephiphi e anamisiwa thata ka tlhakanelodikobo.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Gape e ka fetisetswa go tswa go mmè go ya kwa ngwaneng ka nako ya boimana kgotsa fa ngwana a tsholwa, e e felelang ka thosola ya tsalo.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /><ref name="Wood09">{{Cite journal|last=Woods CR|title=Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence|journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.|volume=28|issue=6|pages=536–7|date=June 2009|pmid=19483520|doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ac8a69|url=}}</ref> Malwetsi a mangwe a a bakwang ke mogare wa ''Treponema'' a akaretsa di-yaws (subspecies pertenue), Pinta (subspecie ''carateum''), le nonvenereal endemic syphilis (subspeèce endemicum).<ref name="Kent08" /> Malwetsi a mararo ano ga a tshelanwe ka tlhakanelodikobo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pinta|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|website=NORD|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816031132/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|url-status=live}}</ref> Go tlhatlhoba gantsi go dirwa ka go dirisa Ditlhatlhobo tsa madi; megare e ka bonwa gape ka go dirisa maranyane a maekorosekopo a a lefifi.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) e rotloetsa basadi botlhe ba ba itshofetseng gore ba tlhatlhobiwe.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Bodiphatsa jwa go fetisa thosola ka tlhakanelodikobo bo ka fokodiwa ka go dirisa sekausu.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Bolwetsi jwa Rasephiphi bo ka alafiwa sentle ka Dibolayamegare.<ref name="CDC2015Tx">{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=June 4, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221200405/http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|archive-date=21 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sebolayamegare se se dirisiwang thata nako e ntsi ke benzathine benzylpenicillin e e tsenngwang ka lemao mo mmeleng.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Mo go ba ba nang le go ganana thata le penicillin, go ka dirisiwa doxycycline kgotsa tetracycline.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Mo go ba ba nang le Neurosymphilis, go akantshiwa benzylpenicillin kgotsa Ceftriaxone e a rotloediwa.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Ka nako ya kalafi batho ba ka nna ba nna le mhikela, go opiwa ke tlhogo, le ditlhabi tsa mmele, e leng mokgwa o o itsegeng jaaka Jarisch-Herxheimer.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2022 go ne go na le batho ba le dimilione di roba bobedi ba ba tshwerweng ke bolwetsi jwa thosola mo bagolong ba dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go ya go tse masome a mane le boroba bongwe lefatshe ka bophara.<ref name="WHO21May2024" /> Mo dingwageng di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng go nnile le koketsego e kgolo mo lefatsheng lotlhe ya batho ba ba tshwerweng ke bolwetse jo.<ref name="Ghanem2020">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ghanem KG, Ram S, Rice PA|title=The Modern Epidemic of Syphilis|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=382|issue=9|pages=845–54|date=February 2020|pmid=32101666|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1901593}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2015, batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 45,4 ba ne ba tsenwa ke bolwetsi jwa thosola,<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> mme ba le dimilione di le thataro ba ne ba na le bolwetse jo.<ref name="New2015">{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=L|last2=Rowley|first2=J|last3=Vander Hoorn|first3=S|last4=Wijesooriya|first4=NS|last5=Unemo|first5=M|last6=Low|first6=N|last7=Stevens|first7=G|last8=Gottlieb|first8=S|last9=Kiarie|first9=J|last10=Temmerman|first10=M|title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting.|journal=PLOS One|date=2015|volume=10|issue=12|pages=e0143304|pmid=26646541|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304|pmc=4672879|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1043304N}}</ref> &nbsp;Ka ngwaga wa 2015, e bakile dintsho di ka nna 107,000, go tswa go 202,000 ka 1990.<ref name="GBD2015Death">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref><ref name="Loz2012">{{Cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=15 December 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30050819|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519152712/https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|url-status=live}}</ref> Morago ga go fokotsega thata ka go nna teng ga mokento wa penicillin ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940, dipalo tsa go amiwa ke bolwetsi di oketsegile go tloga ka tshimologo ya mileniamo mo mafatsheng a mantsi, gantsi di kopane le megare ya human immunodeficiency (HIV).<ref name="Kent08" /><ref name="Music08">{{Cite journal|last=Franzen|first=C|title=Syphilis in composers and musicians--Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana|url=https://archive.org/details/european-journal-clinical-microbiology_2008-12_27_12/page/1151|journal=[[European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases]]|date=December 2008|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1151–7|pmid=18592279|doi=10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x}}</ref> Seno go dumelwa gore ke ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga tlhakanelodikobo, boaka, go fokotsega ga tiriso ya sekausu, le mekgwa e e sa babalesegeng ya tlhakanelodikobo gareng ga banna ba ba tlhakanelang dikobo le banna.<ref name="Coffin2010">{{Cite journal|last=Coffin|first=L. S.|last2=Newberry|first2=A.|last3=Hagan|first3=H.|last4=Cleland|first4=C. M.|last5=Des Jarlais|first5=D. C.|last6=Perlman|first6=D. C.|title=Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries|journal=The International Journal on Drug Policy|date=January 2010|volume=21|issue=1|pages=20–7|pmid=19361976|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008|pmc=2790553}}</ref><ref name="Gao2009">{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=L|last2=Zhang, L|last3=Jin, Q|title=Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China|journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections|date=September 2009|volume=85|issue=5|pages=354–8|pmid=19351623|doi=10.1136/sti.2008.034702}}</ref><ref name="Karp2009">{{Cite journal|last=Karp|first=G|last2=Schlaeffer, F|last3=Jotkowitz, A|last4=Riesenberg, K|title=Syphilis and HIV co-infection|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|date=January 2009|volume=20|issue=1|pages=9–13|pmid=19237085|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] gunig32xi4u83384rhvo2tr11515uzt 0 13283 54129 50070 2026-08-15T16:37:14Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Suicide|synonym=|image=Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=|complications=|onset=>70 and 15–30 years old<ref name=WHO2014Pre/>|duration=|types=|causes=[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Aj2008/>|risks=[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Hawton2009/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}</ref><ref name=Autism2014/>|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions<ref name=WHO2016/>|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=12 per 100,000 per year<ref name=Var2012/>|deaths=793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)<ref name=WHO2019Epi>{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NEJM2020/>|named after=}} '''Go ipolaya''' ke tiragolo ya go ipolaya ka boomo.<ref name="Sted2006">{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}</ref> Malwetsi kgotsa makoa a tlhaloganyo —a a akaretsang go tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong, bolwetse jwa go tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong, autism, schizophrenia, mathata a botho, mathata a go tlhobaela le go dirisa diritibatsi ka tsela e e sa siamang—go akaretsa le go tshwakgolwa ke bojalwa le go dirisa dipilisi tsa benzodiazepine —ke dilo tse di ka nnang kotsi.<ref name="WHO2016">{{Cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Hawton2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawton K, van Heeringen K|s2cid=208790312|title=Suicide|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-18-24-2009_373_9672/page/1372|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1372–81|date=April 2009|pmid=19376453|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}</ref><ref name="Dod2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Autism2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B|s2cid=25741716|title=Suicide in autism spectrum disorders|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=18|issue=4|pages=327–39|date=2014|pmid=24713024|doi=10.1080/13811118.2013.824834}}</ref> Dipolao dingwe ke ditiro tse di dirwang ka go sa akanyetse ka ntlha ya go ngomoga pelo, tse di jaaka go tswa mo mathateng a madi, mathata a botsalano a a tshwanang le go kgaogana, kgotsa go kgerisiwa.<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ba ba kileng ba leka go ipolaya ba mo kotsing e kgolo ya go leka go ipolaya mo nakong e e tlang.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Maiteko a a atlegang a go thibela go ipolaya a akaretsa go fokotsa go fitlhelela mekgwa ya go ipolaya—e e jaaka ditlhobolo, diritibatsi le botlhole; go alafa malwetsi a tlhaloganyo le go dirisa diritibatsi ka tsela e e sa siamang; go bega ka kelotlhoko ga metswedi ya dikgang ka go ipolaya; le go tokafatsa maemo a itsholelo.<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Le fa megala ya mathata e tlwaelegile, ga e ise e ithutiwe sentle.<ref name="Sak2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}</ref><ref name="Zal2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}</ref> Mokgwa o o dirisiwang thata wa go ipolaya o farologana go ya ka mafatshe, mme bontlha bongwe jwa one bo amana le go nna teng ga ditsela tse di nang le matswela.<ref name="Yip2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}</ref> Mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya go ipolaya e akaretsa go kalediwa, go tshelwa botlhole jwa dibolaya-ditshenekegi, le go dirisa ditlhobolo.<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref name="Aj2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|date=September 2008|pmid=18797649|pmc=2649482|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489}}</ref> Go ipolaya go ne ga baka dintsho di le 828 000 mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka ngwaga wa 2015, e leng koketsego go tswa go dintsho di le 712 000 ka ngwaga wa1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref> Seno se dira gore go ipolaya e nne selo sa bo lesome se se bakang dintsho tse dintsi mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref name="Hawton2009" /><ref name="Var2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}</ref> Selekanyo se se ka nnang 1.5% ya batho ba swa ka go ipolaya.<ref name="NEJM2020">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|s2cid=210332277|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=January 2020|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700}}</ref> Mo ngwageng o o rileng seno se ka nna lesome le Blanc bobedi mo bathong ba le 100 000.<ref name="Var2012" /> Dielo tsa go ipolaya ka kakaretso di kwa godimo mo banneng go na le mo basading, go simolola ka makgetlo a le 1.5 mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang go ya go makgetlong a le 3.5 mo mafatsheng a tlhabologileng.<ref name="WHO2014Pre" /> Go ipolaya ka kakaretso go tlwaelegile thata mo bathong ba ba fetang dingwaga di le masome a supa le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafatsheng mangwe, batho ba dingwaga tse di fa gare ga lesome le botlhano le masome a mararo ke bone ba ba mo kotsing e tona <ref name="WHO2014Pre">{{Cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}</ref> Yuropa e ne e na le dipalo tse di kwa godimo thata tsa go ipolaya go ya ka dikgaolo ka ngwaga wa 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Go fopholediwa gore go na le di le 10 go ya go di le 20&nbsp;dimilione di le dimilione tse di sa bolayeng tsa maiteko a go ipolaya ngwaga le ngwaga.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}</ref> Maiteko a go ipolaya a a sa bolayeng a ka baka dikgobalo le bogole jwa nako e telele.<ref name="EB2011" /> Mo lefatsheng la Bophirima, maiteko a tlwaelegile thata mo bašweng le mo basading.<ref name="EB2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}</ref> Megopolo ka go ipolaya e ile ya tlhotlhelediwa ke ditlhogo tse di anameng tsa botshelo tse di jaaka bodumedi, tlotlo le bokao jwa botshelo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&pg=PA282|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Ritzer|editor-first=George|editor-last2=Stepnisky|editor-first2=Jeffrey|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&pg=PA65|url-status=live}}</ref> Ditumelo tsa ga Aborahame ka tlwaelo di tsaya go ipolaya e le tlolomolao mo Modimong, ka ntlha ya tumelo mo boitshepong jwa botshelo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|url-status=live}}</ref> Ka nako ya bosamurai kwa Japane, mofuta mongwe wa go ipolaya o o bidiwang seppuku ( ''harakiri'' ) o ne o tlotliwa e le tsela ya go duelela go palelwa kgotsa e le tsela ya go ipelaetsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&pg=PA139|url-status=live}}</ref> Sati, e leng tlwaelo e e neng e thibetswe ke British Raj, e ne e lebeletse gore motlholagadi wa Moindia a ipolaye mo molelong wa phitlho ya monna wa gagwe, e ka tswa e le ka go rata kgotsa ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo ya balelapa la gagwe le setšhaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}</ref> Go ipolaya le go leka go ipolaya, le mororo pele go ne go se kafa molaong, ga go tlhole go ntse jalo mo mafatsheng ka bontsi tsa Bophirima.<ref name="White2010">{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&pg=PT12|url-status=live}}</ref> E santse e le tlolomolao mo mafatsheng mangwe.<ref name="Islam2006">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}</ref> Mo lekgolong la bo masome a mabedi le la bo masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga, go ipolaya go ile ga dirisiwa mo makgetlong a a sa tlwaelegang e le tsela ya go ipelaetsa, mme go thunya ka dibomo ka kamikaze le go ipolaya go ile ga dirisiwa e le leano la sesole kana la borukhutlhi.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] m82cpkjozy5ulr0w839foy5clqy6dc7 0 13293 54112 50156 2026-08-15T16:15:30Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malnutrition|synonym=Malnourishment|image=A malnourished child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado.jpg|image_size=280px|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An underfed child in an [[MSF]] treatment tent in [[Dolo Ado|Dolo Ado]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Intensive care medicine|Critical care medicine]]|symptoms=Problems with physical or mental development, poor energy levels, hair loss, swollen legs and [[abdomen]]<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=Young2012/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Eating a [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] in which [[nutrient]]s are either not enough or are too much, [[malabsorption]]<ref name=Dor2017/><ref name=PapadiaDiSabatino2014/>|risks=Not [[breastfeed]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[pneumonia]], [[malaria]], [[measles]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=Improving agricultural practices, reducing [[poverty]], improving [[sanitation]], [[empowering women|empowerment of women]]<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=solcultivateplanet/>|treatment=Improved [[nutrition]], [[dietary supplements|supplementation]], [[therapeutic food#Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food|ready-to-use therapeutic foods]], treating the underlying cause<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=Bh2013/><ref name=KastinBuchman2002/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=821 million undernourished / 11% of the population (2017)<ref name=UNFAO2018/>|deaths=406,000 from nutritional deficiencies (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>|named after=}} '''Mopalo''' ke seemo sa botsogo se se bakwang ke go ja dijo tse mo go tsone dikotla di le nngwe kgotsa go feta di sa lekanang kgotsa di le dintsi thata mo e leng gore dijo tseo di baka mathata a botsogo. O ka akaretsa dikhalori, poroteine, dikhabohaetereite, mafura, dibitamini kgotsa diminerale.<ref name="FFL2010" /> Go tlhoka dikotla tse di lekaneng go bidiwa '''Mopalo''' fa go feta selekanyo go bidiwa phepelo e e feteletseng.<ref name="Young2012">{{Cite book|last=Young|first=E.M.|title=Food and development|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-1-135-99941-4|pages=36–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805174628/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref> Mopalo gantsi o dirisiwa go kaya phepelotlase fa motho a sa bone dikhalori tse di lekaneng, poroteine, kgotsa dikotlapotlana.<ref name="Young2012" /><ref name="Jones2011">{{Cite book|title=Essentials of International Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-6771-9|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805234948/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|url-status=live}}</ref> Fa go tlhoka phepo go diragala ka nako ya boimana, kgotsa pele ga dingwaga di le pedi, go ka felela ka mathata a leruri a kgolo ya mmele le ya tlhaloganyo.<ref name="FFL2010" /> Go tlhoka phepo e e feteletseng, go go bidiwang tlala, go ka nna le megare e akaretsang : boleele jo bokhutshwane, mmele o mosesane, maatla a a bokoa thata, le maoto a a rurugileng le mpa.<ref name="FFL2010" /><ref name="Young2012" /> Batho le bona gantsi ba tsenwa ke megare mme ba tsenwa ke serame kgapetsakgapetsa.<ref name="Young2012" /> Dikai tsa tlhaelo ya dikotla tse dinnye di ikaegile dikotla tse dinnye tse di tlhaelang.<ref name="Young2012" /> Go sa ja entle gantsi go bakwa ke go tlhoka dijo tse di lekaneng tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo tse di ka jewang. Se gantsi se amana le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo tsa dijo le lehuma.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Go tlhoka go amusa go ka nna ga nna le seabe, fela jaaka go ka nna le malwetse a le mmalwa a a tshelanwang a a tshwanang le: gastroenteritis, [[nyumonia]], malaria, le [[Mmokwane|mmoko]], tse di oketsang tlhaelo ya dikotla.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Go na le mefuta e mebedi e megolo ya Mopalo: Tlhaelo dikota tsa diporoteine le maatla le go tlhaela dijo.<ref name="Jones2011" /> Kotla e e kwa tlase ya diporoteine-maatla e na le mefuta e mebedi e e masisi: marasmus (go tlhoka diporoteine le dikhalori) le kwashiorkor (go tlhoka diporoteine fela).<ref name="Young2012" /> Ditlhaelo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa Mmopamo di akaretsa : tlhaelo ya tshipi, ayodine, le bithamini A.<ref name="Young2012" /> Ka nako ya boimana, ka ntlha ya tlhokego e e oketsegileng ya mmele, ditlhaelo di ka nna tsa tlwaelega thata.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Arora|editor-first=Mala|editor-last2=Konje|editor-first2=Justin C.|title=Recurrent pregnancy loss|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-006-1|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mo mafatsheng mangwe a tlhabologang,dikotla tse di feteletseng ka mokgwa wa bokima jo bo feteletseng e simolola go bonala mo baaging ba ba tshwanang le mmopamo. Dilo tse dingwe tse di bakang mmopamo di akaretsa anorexia nervosa le loaro le le fokotsang mmele.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last3=Prentice|first3=Andrew|editor-first=Benjamin|editor-last=Caballero|editor-first2=Lindsay|editor-last2=Allen|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-045428-3|page=68|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805141617/https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4557-3812-0|page=324|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805182252/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|url-status=live}}</ref> Maiteko a go tokafatsa dikotla ke mefuta mengwe e e nonofileng thata ya thuso ya tlhabololo . Go amusa go ka fokotsa selekanyo sa mopalo le dintsho mo baneng, mme maiteko a go rotloetsa mokgwa ono a oketsa selekanyo sa go amusa. Mo baneng ba ba botlana, go tlamela ka dijo (mo godimo ga mashi a lebele) fa gare ga dikgwedi di le thataro le dingwaga di le pedi go tokafatsa ditlamorago.<ref name="Bh2013" /> Gape go na le bosupi jo bo siameng jo bo tshegetsang tlaleletso ya dikotla tse dinnye di le mmalwa mo basading ka nako ya boimana le mo baneng ba ba botlana mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang.<ref name="Bh2013" /> Go fitlhelela dijo kwa bathong ba ba di tlhokang thata, bobedi go isa dijo le go tlamela ka madi gore batho ba kgone go reka dijo mo teng ga mebaraka ya selegae go a atlega.<ref name="UK2012" /> Go jesa baithuti fela kwa sekolong ga go a lekana.<ref name="UK2012" /> Tlhokomelo ya mmopamo e e masisi mo teng ga legae la motho ka dijo tsa kalafi tse di siametseng go dirisiwa e a kgonega bontsi jwa nako.<ref name="Bh2013" /> Mo go ba ba nang le Mmopamo o o masisi o o aparatsweng ke mathata a mangwe a botsogo, go kgothalediwa gore ba alafelwe kwa bookelong.<ref name="Bh2013" /> Se gantsi se akaretsa go laola sukiri e e kwa tlase mo mading le mogote, go samagana le go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng, le go jesa ka iketlo.<ref name="Bh2013" /><ref name="WHO2003">{{Cite book|last=Ann Ashworth|title=Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154609-6}}</ref> Dibolayamegare tsa ka gale gantsi di a kgothalediwa ka ntlha ya kotsi e e kwa godimo ya megare.<ref name="WHO2003" /> Dikgato tsa di telele di akaretsa: go tokafatsa mekgwa ya temothuo, go fokotsa lehuma, go tokafatsa kgeleloleswe, le go rututsha basadi.<ref name="UK2012" /> Go ne go na le batho ba le di dikadike tse makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi le motso ba ba sa jeng sentle mo lefatsheng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi lesome le borobabobedi( 2018) (10.8% ya palogotlhe ya baagi). Se ke phokotsego ya selekayo sa didikadike di le lekgolo,masome a supa le borataro (176&nbsp;) tsa batho fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe(1990) fa 23% e ne e sa fiwe kgotsa e sa je sentle, mme koketsego ya batho ba ka nna didikadike tse masome a mararo le borataro fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,le lesome le botlhano, fa 10.6% e ne e sa je kgotsa fiwe dijo sentle. Ka gwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012), go ne ga akayetswa gore batho ba bangwe ba le dibilione ba ne ba tlhaela dibitamini, le diminerale. Ka ngwaga wa 2015, go ne ga akanyediwa gore go tlhoka dikotla tsa diporoteine le maatla go ne ga baka dintsho di le 323 000—e leng palo e e kwa tlase go tswa go dintsho di le 510 000 ka ngwaga wa 1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|issn=1474-547X|access-date=2 August 2025|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620045540/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ditlhaelo tse dingwe tsa dikotla, tse di akaretsang go tlhaela iodine le go tlhoka madi ka ntlha ya go tlhaela tshipi, di felela ka dintsho tse dingwe gape di le dikete tse masome a robabobedi le boraro (83 000.) <ref name="GBD2015De" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010), Mmopamo o o ne o le selekanyo sa1.4% ya dingwaga tsotlhe tsa botshelo tse di fetotsweng tsa bogole.<ref name="UK2012" /><ref name="Murray2012">{{Cite journal|last=Murray|first=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2197|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}</ref> Go dumelwa gore sengwe se se bakang dintsho tsa bana ke go tlhoka dikotla, le fa gone dintsho tseno di sa kwalwe jalo ka sewelo. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome, go ne ga akanyetswa goro ka baka dintsho di ka nna dimilione di le 1,5 tsa basadi le bana,<ref name="Lim2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, etal|title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2224–60|date=December 2012|pmid=23245609|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8|pmc=4156511}}</ref> le fa bangwe ba akanyetsa gore palo e ka tswa e feta 3 .&nbsp;miliyone.<ref name="Bh2013" /> Tlaleletso ya 165&nbsp;go ne ga fopholediwa gore bana ba le dimilione di le lesome ba ne ba sa gole sentle ka ntlha ya Mmopamo ka ngwaga wa 2013. Mmopamo o tlwaelegile thata mo mofatsheng a tlhabologang.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=978-1-134-77494-4|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801015439/https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}</ref> Ditlhopha dingwe di na le dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa go tlhoka dikotla, go akaretsa le basadi—segolobogolo fa ba imile kgotsa ba anyisa— bana ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le tlhano, le bagodi. Mo bagoding, go tlhoka dikotla go nna tlwaelo ka ntlha ya mabaka a mmele, a tlhaloganyo le a loago.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Principles and practice of geriatric surgery|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-1-4419-6999-6|page=78|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805121936/https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] fvazvfuvud7rjdw2voodizaqqlkfytn 0 13297 54120 50160 2026-08-15T16:23:02Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Smallpox|synonym=Variola,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&pg=PA151|url-status=live}}</ref> variola vera,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP21|url-status=live}}</ref> pox,<ref name="Fenner_1988"/> red plague<ref name=Peg2017/>|image=Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms={{plainlist |* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores<ref name=CDC2016Sym/> * '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>}}|complications=[[Scar]]ring of the skin, [[blindness]]<ref name=CDC2016What/>|onset=1 to 3 weeks following exposure<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>|duration=About 4 weeks<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>|types=|causes=''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)<ref name=CDC2016What/><ref name=She2004/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]<ref name=CDC2017Diag/>|differential=[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]<ref name=CDC2017Diag>{{cite web|title=Diagnosis & Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}</ref>|prevention=[[Smallpox vaccine]]<ref name=CDC2017Tx/>|treatment=[[Supportive care]]<ref name=WHO2007Fact/>|medication=[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]<ref name=CDC2017Tx/>|prognosis=30% risk of death<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>|frequency=[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)|deaths=|named after=}}'''Bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana''' e ne e le bolwetse jo bo tshelanwang jo bo bakiwang ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi ya megare, ''e leng Variola e kgolo'' le ''Variola e nnye''.<ref name="She2004">{{Cite book|veditors=Ryan KJ, Ray CG|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|edition=4th|pages=525–28|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}</ref> Kgetse ya bofelo e e neng ya tlhaga ka tlholego e ne ya lemogiwa ka kgwedi ya Phalane, ngwaga wa 1977, mme [[World Health Organisation|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo]] (WHO) o ne wa tlhomamisa gore bolwetse jono bo fedisitswe mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref name="WHO2007Fact">{{Cite web|title=Smallpox|website=WHO Factsheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-date=21 September 2007}}</ref> Kotsi ya loso morago ga go tsenwa ke bolwetse e ne e ka nna 30%, ka dikelo tse di kwa godimo mo maseeng.<ref name="CDC2016What">{{Cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rie2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}</ref> Gantsi ba ba neng ba falola ba ne ba nna le mabadi a mantsi mo letlalong la bone, mme bangwe ba ne ba sala ba foufetse.<ref name="CDC2016What" /> Dikai tsa ntlha tsa bolwetse jono di ne di akaretsa letshoroma le go kgwa.<ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> Se se ne sa latelwa ke go nna teng ga dintho mo ganong le letshoroma la letlalo.<ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> Mo malatsing a le mmalwa letshoroma la letlalo le ne la fetoga go nna diso tse di tletseng metsitse di nang le lephatlha fa gare.<ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> Diso di ne tsa tlhotlhorega mme thubega tsa tlogela mabadi.<ref name="CDC2016Sym">{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolwetse bo anamisitswe magareng ga batho kgotsa ka dilo tse di kgotletsweng.<ref name="CDC2016What" /><ref name="Leb2013">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last=Lebwohl|first=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Thibelo e ne e le thata ka mokento wa sekgwaripana.<ref name="CDC2017Tx" /> Fa bolwetse jono bo setse bo simolotse, melemo mengwe e e lwantshang megare e ka tswa e ile ya thusa.<ref name="CDC2017Tx">{{Cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ga go itsiwe gore bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana bo tswa kae.<ref name="CDC2017His" /> Bosupi jwa ntlha jwa bolwetse bo simolotse ka lekgolo la boraro la dingwaga BCE mo di-mummy tsa kwa Egepeto.<ref name="CDC2017His">{{Cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolwetse bo kile jwa tlhagelela ka go runya.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /> Kwa Yuropa ya lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga, go akanyediwa gore batho ba le 400 000 ka ngwaga ba ne ba bolawa ke bolwetse jono, mme nngwetharong ya batho ba ba neng ba bolawa ke bolwetse jono e ne ya felela ka gore ba foufale.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /><ref name="Hays2005">{{Cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}</ref> Dintsho tseno di ne di akaretsa dikgosi di le thataro.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /><ref name="Hays2005" /> Go akanyediwa gore sekgwaripana se bolaile batho ba ka nna di milione di le makgolo a mararo le lesome mo lekgolong la bo masome mabedi la dingwaga <ref>{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}</ref> le mo e ka nnang dimilione di le makgolo a matlhano mo dingwageng di le lekgolo tsa bofelo tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}</ref> Bosheng jaana ka ngwaga wa1967, Go diragetse dikgetse dile dimilione di le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /> Go bonala go kentela bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana go simolotse kwa [[China]] ka dingwaga tsa bo 1500.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&lpg=PA259&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&lpg=PA259&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA134|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&lpg=PA10&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&lpg=PA10&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}</ref> Yuropa e ne ya amogela mokgwa ono go tswa kwa Asia mo sephatlong sa ntlha sa lekgolo sa bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga.<ref name="strathern179">{{Cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1796 Edward Jenner o ne a tlhagisa mokento wa segompieno wa sekgwaripana.<ref name="Wolfe2002">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, WHO e ne ya oketsa maiteko a go fedisa bolwetse jono.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /> Bolwetse jwa sekgotlho ke bongwe jwa malwetse a mabedi a a tshelanwang a a fedisitsweng, jo bongwe ke jwa segajaja sa dikoko ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guidotti|first=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roossinck|first=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Leina "setlhogo" le ne la dirisiwa la ntlha kwa Boritane mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga go farologanya bolwetse jono le [[Thosola/Rasephiphi|bolwetse jwa mogare]], jo ka nako eo bo neng bo itsege jaaka "setlhogo se segolo".<ref>{{Cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bar1997">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1997-10-15_127_8/page/635|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}</ref> Maina a mangwe a ditso a bolwetse jono a akaretsa pox, speckled monster le sebetso se sehibidu.<ref name="Fenner_1988">{{Cite book|vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID|chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World|title=Smallpox and its eradication|series=History of International Public Health|volume=6|date=1988|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156110-5|hdl=10665/39485|pages=209–44|chapter-url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Peg2017">{{Cite book|title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History|date=2016|publisher=Pengui|isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3|page=100|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bar1997" /> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] flhb8guclqyelsojn2hgp8hm0mnu7hx 0 13298 54116 50161 2026-08-15T16:20:02Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Anthrax|synonym=Anthrax disease|image=Anthrax PHIL 2033.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A skin lesion caused by anthrax; the characteristic black [[eschar]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms='''Skin form''': small blister with surrounding swelling<br>'''Inhalational form''': fever, chest pain, [[shortness of breath]]<br>'''Intestinal form''': nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain<br>'''Injection form''': fever, [[abscess]]<ref name=CDC2014Sym/>|complications=|onset=1 day to 2 months post contact<ref name=CDC2014Sym/>|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Bacillus anthracis]]''<ref name=CDC2015Bas/>|risks=Working with animals, travelers, postal workers, military personnel<ref name=CDC2015Risk/>|diagnosis=Based on [[antibodies]] or toxin in the blood, [[microbial culture]]<ref name=CDC2015Diag/>|differential=|prevention=[[anthrax vaccine|Anthrax vaccination]], [[antibiotics]]<ref name=CDC2015Risk/><ref name=Hend2014/>|treatment=Antibiotics, [[antitoxin]]<ref name=CDC2016Tx/>|medication=|prognosis=20–80% die without treatment<ref name=Hend2014/><ref name=FDA2015/>|frequency=>2,000 cases per year<ref name=Glob2016/>|deaths=|named after=}} '''Kwatsi''' ke mogare o o bakiwang ke baketeria ''ya Bacillus anthracis'' . E ka itshupa ka ditsela di le nne: letlalo, mafatlha, mala le go kentiwa. Go simolola ga dikai go diragala magareng ga letsatsi le le lengwe go ya go dikgwedi di feta pedi morago ga gore mogare o tshwarwe.<ref name="CDC2014Sym" /> Sebopego sa letlalo se itshupa ka letshoroma le lennye le le nang le go ruruga mo go dikologileng mo gantsi go fetogang go nna seso se se senang botlhoko se se nang le bontshi ga gare.<ref name="CDC2014Sym" /> Mokgwa wa go hema o itshupa ka letshoroma, botlhoko mo sehubeng, le go tlhaela mowa.<ref name="CDC2014Sym" /> Sebopego sa mala se itshupa ka letshololo le le ka nnang le madi, ditlhabi mo mpeng, go feroga sebete, le go kgwa.<ref name="CDC2014Sym" /> Sebopego sa lemao seitshupa ka letshoroma le ntho mo lefelong la mokento wa lemao. Kwatsi e anamisiwa ka go kopana le dipeo tsa baketeria, tse gantsi di bonalang mo ditswa diphologolong tse di tshelanwang.<ref name="CDC2015Tran" /> Go amana ke ka go hema, go ja, kgotsa ka lefelo le le thubegileng la letlalo.<ref name="CDC2015Tran" /> Ga e aname ka tlhamalalo fa gare ga batho. Dintlha tse di kotsi di akaretsa batho ba ba dirang ka diphologolo kgotsa dilo tse di dirilweng ka diphologolo, batsamai, badiri ba poso le badiri ba sesole. Temogo e ka netefadiwa ka go bona dilwantsha-ditwatsi kgotsa botlhole mo mading kgotsa ka go tlhotlhora sampole go tswa mo lefelong le le amegileng. Mokento wa Kwatsi o rotloelediwa batho ba ba mo kotsing e ko godimo ya go ka amega. Go kentela diphologolo kgatlhanong le Kwatsi go a rotloediwa mo mafelong a ditshwaetsego tse di fetileng di diragetseng. ithutntsho ya dikgwedi di le pedi ya dibolayamegare tse jaaka ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, le doxycycline morago ga go tlhagelela le yone e ka thibela mogare.<ref name="Hend2014">{{Cite journal|last=Hendricks|first=KA|last2=Wright|first2=ME|last3=Shadomy|first3=SV|last4=Bradley|first4=JS|last5=Morrow|first5=MG|last6=Pavia|first6=AT|last7=Rubinstein|first7=E|last8=Holty|first8=JE|last9=Messonnier|first9=NE|last10=Smith|first10=TL|last11=Pesik|first11=N|last12=Treadwell|first12=TA|last13=Bower|first13=WA|last14=Workgroup on Anthrax Clinical|first14=Guidelines|title=Centers for disease control and prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=February 2014|volume=20|issue=2|pmid=24447897|doi=10.3201/eid2002.130687|pmc=3901462}}</ref> Fa megare e ka tlhagelela, kalafi ke ka dibolayamegare mme gongwe le dibolayatokisi . Mofuta le palo ya dibolayamegare tse di dirisiwang go ikaegile ka mofuta wa mogare.<ref name="Hend2014" /> Antitoxin e e rotloediwa baba nang le mogare o pharaletseng.<ref name="Hend2014" /> Le fa e le bolwetse jo bo sa tlwaelegang, bolwetse jwa Kwatsi jwa batho, fa bo itshupa, bo tlwaelegile thata mo Afrika le kwa Asia bogare le borwa. Gape e tlhagelela ka metlha kwa Yuropa Borwa go feta kwa mafelong a mangwe mo kontinenteng, mme ga e tlwaelega kwa Yuropa Bokone le Amerika Bokone.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schlossberg|first=David|title=Clinical Infectious Disease|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139576659|page=897|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wWY1_mSeq0C&pg=PA897|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910162238/https://books.google.com/books?id=-wWY1_mSeq0C&pg=PA897|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> Lefatshe ka bophara, bobotlana dikgetse di le dikete tse ped di diragala ka ngwaga mme dikgetse di ka nna pedi ka ngwaga kwa United States.<ref name="Glob2016">{{Cite book|title=Anthrax: Global Status|date=2016|publisher=GIDEON Informatics Inc|isbn=9781498808613|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmmwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910162238/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmmwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> Megare ya letlalo e emela go feta 95% ya dikgetse.<ref name="FDA2015" /> Kwa ntle ga kalafi, kotsi ya loso ka ntlha ya Kwatsi ya letlalo ke 24%.<ref name="Hend2014" /> Mo mogareng wa mala, kotsi ya loso ke masome a mabedi le botlhano go ya go 75%, fa Kwatsi ya go hema e na le dintsho di ka nna masome a matlhano e ka alafiwa.<ref name="Hend2014" /><ref name="FDA2015" /> Go fitlha ka lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, Megare ya anthrax e ne ya bolaya batho le diphologolo di le dikete di le makgolokgolo ngwaga le ngwaga.<ref name="Cherkasskiy1999">{{Cite journal|last=Cherkasskiy|first=B. L.|year=1999|title=A national register of historic and contemporary anthrax foci|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-microbiology_1999-08_87_2/page/192|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|volume=87|issue=2|pages=192–195|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00868.x|pmid=10475946|s2cid=6157235}}</ref> Kwatsi e tlhamilwe jaaka sebetsa ke mafatshe a le mmalwa. Mo diphologolong tse di jang dimela, megare re ka e tsena fa di ja kgotsa di hema mo di-spores fa di ntse di fula.<ref name="WHOBook2008" /> Diphologolo di ka tsaya megare ka go ja diphologolo tse di amegileng.<ref name="WHOBook2008" /> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] c9518jhw6nr2352vbo4dod29ysgnoit 0 13301 54136 50164 2026-08-15T16:44:35Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Cholera|synonym=Asiatic cholera, epidemic cholera<ref name=textbook/>|image=PHIL 1939 lores.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A person with severe [[dehydration]] due to cholera causing sunken eyes and wrinkled hands and skin.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Large amounts of watery [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], [[muscle cramps]]<ref name=Jong2022/>|complications=[[Dehydration]], [[electrolyte imbalance]]<ref name=WHO2017/>|onset=2 hours to 5 days after exposure<ref name=CDC2015Pro />|duration=A few days<ref name=WHO2017/>|types=|causes=''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' spread by [[fecal-oral route]]<ref name=WHO2017/>|risks=Poor [[sanitation]], not enough clean [[drinking water]], [[poverty]]<ref name=WHO2017/>|diagnosis=[[Stool test]]<ref name=WHO2017/>|differential=|prevention=Improved sanitation, [[drinking water|clean water]], [[hand washing]], [[cholera vaccine]]s<ref name=WHO2010 /><ref name=Lancet2012 />|treatment=[[Oral rehydration therapy]], [[zinc supplementation]], [[intravenous fluids]], [[antibiotics]]<ref name=WHO2017/><ref name=CDC2014Zinc />|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1.3–4&nbsp;million people a year<ref name=WHO2017/>|deaths=28,800 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>|named after=}} '''Letlhatso le Letshololo''' ke tshwaetsego ya mala a mannye ka mefuta mengwe ya baketeria ''ya Vibrio cholerae''.<ref name="Jong2022">{{Cite book|last=Weil|first=Ana A.|last2=Ryan|first2=Edward T.|editor-last=Jong|editor-first=Elaine C.|editor-last2=Stevens|editor-first2=Dennis L.|title=Netter's Infectious Diseases|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-71159-3|pages=384-389|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA384|language=en|chapter=66. Cholera|access-date=2023-05-08|archive-date=2023-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630080819/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA384|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CDC2015Pro">{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> Dikai e ka nna tse di ko tase, tse di fa gare ya ko go tse di masisi.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> Sekai sa bogologolo ke letshololo le lentsi le le metsi le le tsayang malatsi a le mmalwa.<ref name="WHO2017">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2017.|journal=Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire|date=25 August 2017|volume=92|issue=34|pages=477-98|pmid=28845659|url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/258763/WER9234.pdf;jsessionid=D2901DAA743145CB4317D1642A44E82A?sequence=1|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> Go kgwa le go tshwarwa ke dikerempe le gone go ka diragala.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> Letshololo le ka nna maswe thata mo diureng di se kae fela mo le felelang ka go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng le go tlhoka tekatekano ga eleketerolaete.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Seno se ka felela ka gore matlho a wele, letlalo le nne tsididi, letlalo le se ka la tlhola le ela le go tsutsubana ga diatla le maoto.<ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=JB|last2=LaRocque|first2=RC|last3=Qadri|first3=F|last4=Ryan|first4=ET|last5=Calderwood|first5=SB|title=Cholera.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-30-july-6-2012_379_9835/page/2466|journal=Lancet|date=30 June 2012|volume=379|issue=9835|pages=2466–76|pmid=22748592|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x|pmc=3761070}}</ref> Go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng go ka dira gore letlalo le fetoge go nna botala jwa llewapi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bailey|first=Diane|title=Cholera|date=2011|publisher=Rosen Pub.|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2|page=7|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7|archive-date=2016-12-03}}</ref> Dikai di ka simolola diura di le pedi go ya go malatsi a matlhano morago ga go iponatsa.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> Letlhatso le Letshololo le bakwa ke mefuta e le mmalwa ya ''Vibrio cholerae'', mme mefuta mengwe e ntsha bolwetse jo bo maswe thata go feta e mengwe.<ref name="WHO2017" /> E anamisiwa thata ke metsi a a sa babalesegang le dijo tse di sa babalesegang tse di kgotletsweng ke mantle a batho a a nang le baketeria eno.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Dijo tsa lewatle tse di sa apewang sentle ke motswedi o o tlwaelegileng.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sources of Infection & Risk Factors|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|archive-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> Batho ke bone fela diphologolo tse di amegang.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Dintlha tse di kotsi tsa bolwetse jo di akaretsa kgeleloleswe e e bokoa, go tlhoka metsi a a lekaneng a a phepa a a nowang, le lehuma.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Go na le matshwenyego a gore go tlhatloga ga lemogiwa ka go dira diteko tsa mantle.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Teko ya dipstick e e bonako e teng mme ga e a nepagala jalo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis and Detection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=February 10, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041832/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html|archive-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Mekgwa ya thibelo kgatlhanong le Letlhatso le Letshololo e akaretsa go tokafatsa kgeleloleswe le phitlhelelo ya metsi a a phepa.<ref name="Lancet2012" /> Mekento ya Letlhatso le Letshololo tse e e nowang ka molomo e fa tshireletso e e utlwalang mo e ka nnang dikgwedi di le thataro.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Di na le molemo o o oketsegileng wa go sireletsa kgatlhanong le mofuta o mongwe wa letshololo o o bakiwang ke ''E.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>coli''.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Kalafi ya konokono ke go tsenya metsi mo mmeleng ka molomo —go emisetsa diedi ka metswako e e botshe le e e letswai go sekae.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Ditharabololo tse di theilweng mo raese di a ratwa.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.|date=March 26, 2010|volume=85|issue=13|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|archive-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref> Zinc tlatsetso e na le thuso ka bana.<ref name="CDC2014Zinc">{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|archive-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> Mo maemong a a maswe thata, go ka tlhokega gore go tsenngwe diedi mo ditshikaneng, tse di jaaka Ringer’s lactate, mme dibolayamegare tse di jaaka doxycycline di ka nna molemo.<ref name="WHO2017" /><ref name="CMP2023">{{Cite web|title=Changing the game for Acute Infectious Diarrhea — IDP for the win! {{!}} This Changed My Practice|url=https://thischangedmypractice.com/acute-infectious-diarrhea-idp/|website=thischangedmypractice.com|access-date=29 September 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019223715/https://thischangedmypractice.com/acute-infectious-diarrhea-idp/|url-status=live}}</ref> Go dira diteko go bona gore ke sebolayamegare sefe se Letlhatso le Letshololo le ka se tlhaselang bonolo go ka thusa go kaela go tlhopha.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> Letlhatso le Letshololo le ama batho ba ba ka nnang 1.3 go ya go 4&nbsp;batho ba le dimilione lefatshe ka bophara mme e baka batho ba le 21 000–143 000&nbsp;dintsho ka ngwaga.<ref name="WHO2017" /><ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> Le fa e tsewa e le leroborobo {{as of|2017|lc=y}} , ga se bonwe thata mo mafatsheng a tlhabologileng.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Bana ke bone ba ba amegang thata.<ref name="WHO2017" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=October 27, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031930/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> Letlhatso le Letshololo le tlhagelela ka go runya le ka nako e telele mo mafelong a a rileng.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Dikgaolo tse di nang le kotsi e e tswelelang ya malwetse di akaretsa [[Aferika|Aforika]] le Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Kotsi ya loso mo go ba ba amegang gantsi e kwa tlase ga 1% mme e ka nna kwa godimo go fitlha go 5%.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Go tlhoka go bona kalafi go felela ka gore go nne le dintsho tse di kwa godimo.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Ditlhaloso tsa kholera di fitlhetswe go tloga ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 5 BC ka Sesanskrit.<ref name="Lancet2012" /> Thutopatlisiso ya kholera kwa Engelane e e dirilweng ke John Snow fa gare ga ngwaga wa 1849 le wa 1854 e ne ya dira gore go nne le kgatelopele e e bonalang mo thutong ya malwetse a a tshelanwang.<ref name="Lancet2012" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Timmreck|first=Thomas C.|title=An introduction to epidemiology|date=2002|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-0060-7|page=77|edition=3.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&pg=PA77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&pg=PA77|archive-date=2016-12-03}}</ref> Go nnile le ditiragalo tse ditona di le supa mo dingwageng di le makgolo a maeditse di fetileng mme tsa bolaya dimilionemilione tsa batho.<ref name="WHO2017" /> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] s5vp4ip1nhcr2218qmlb9cjyxjumtp3 0 13601 54138 50687 2026-08-15T16:47:40Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54138 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tsitsi Dangarembga''' (o tshotswe ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a mane ka ngwaga wa 1959) ke mokwadi wa padi, mokwadi wa metshameko le modiri wa difilimi wa kwa Zimbabwe. Padi ya gagwe ya ntlha, ''[[Nervous Conditions]]'' (1988), e e neng e le ya ntlha go gatisiwa ka Seesemane ke mosadi wa Montsho go tswa kwa Zimbabwe, e ne ya bidiwa ke [[BBC]] ka 2018 jaaka nngwe ya dibuka di le lekgolo tse di kwa godimo tse di bopileng lefatshe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20180521-the-100-stories-that-shaped-the-world|title=The 100 stories that shaped the world|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=22 May 2018|accessdate=28 September 2020}}</ref> O fentse ditlotla tse dingwe tsa dikwalo, go akaretsa le [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] le [[PEN Pinter Prize]]. Ka 2020, padi ya gagwe ya ''[[This Mournable Body]]'' e ne ya tlhophiwa go bona [[Booker Prize]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/15/most-diverse-booker-prize-shortlist-is-also-almost-all-american-hilary-mantel|title=Most diverse Booker prize shortlist ever as Hilary Mantel misses out|accessdate=28 September 2020|date=15 September 2020}}</ref> Ka 2022, Dangarembga o ne a bonwa molato kwa kgotlatshekelong ya Zimbabwe ya go tlhotlheletsa tirisodikgoka ya setšhaba, ka go bontsha, mo tseleng ya setšhaba, setshwantsho se se kopang diphetogo; moragonyana go bonwa molato ga gagwe go ne ga fetolwa. == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Tsitsi Dangarembga o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le malatsi a le mane ka ngwaga wa 1959 kwa Mutoko, kwa Rhodesia Borwa (e jaanong e leng [[Zimbabwe]]), torotswana e batsadi ba gagwe ba neng ba ruta kwa go yone kwa sekolong sa borongwa se se gaufi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/know-your-author-dangarembga/|title=Know Your Author: Dangarembga|date=2012-05-20|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Grady |first=Rebecca |date=2014-06-10 |title=Dangarembga, Tsitsi |url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/10/dangarembga-tsitsi/ |access-date=2020-03-27 |website=Postcolonial Studies |publisher=Emory University |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |date=1988 |title=Khulumani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNYcAQAAMAAJ |publisher=Women's Action Group |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=George |first=Rosemary Marangoly |last2=Scott |first2=Helen |date=Spring 1993 |title=An Interview with Tsitsi Dangarembga |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_novel_spring-1993_26_3/page/309 |journal=Novel: A Forum on Fiction |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=309–319 |doi=10.2307/1345839 |jstor=1345839}}</ref> Mmaagwe, [[Susan Dangarembga]], e ne e le mosadi wa ntlha wa montsho kwa Rhodesia Borwa go bona dikirii ya bachelor,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutambara |first=Arthur G. O. |date=2017-10-15 |title=An ode to Susan Dangarembga |url=https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/an-ode-to-susan-dangarembga |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=The Sunday Mail |language=en-US}}</ref> mme rraagwe, Amon, moragonyana o ne a tlaa nna mogokgo wa sekolo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Madhomu|first=Betha|url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/Zimbabwe/Dangarembgas-new-venture-20100621|title=Dangarembga's new venture|date=2010-06-21|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200209070113.html|title=President Sends Condolences to Bakasa, Dangarembga Families|date=2002-09-07|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> Go tloga ka dingwaga di le pedi go ya go di le thataro, Dangarembga o ne a nna kwa Enyelane, fa batsadi ba gagwe bone ba ne ba tswelela ka thuto e kgolwane.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Agatucci |first=Cora |date=2010-01-02 |title=African Authors: Tsitsi Dangarembga & Nervous Conditions |url=https://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/dangarembga.htm |access-date=2020-03-28 |website=Central Oregon Community College}}</ref> Koo, jaaka a gakologelwa, ene le morwarraagwe ba ne ba simolola go bua [[Sekgowa|Seesemane]] "jaaka tlwaelo mme ba lebala bontsi jwa [[Seshona]] se re neng re se ithutile."<ref name=":4" /> O ne a boela kwa Rhodesia le balelapa la gagwe ka 1965, ngwaga wa [[Kgoeletso ya Boipuso]] ya Koloni.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Kwa Rhodesia, o ne a ithuta Seshona gape, mme o ne a tsaya gore Seesemane, e leng puo e a neng a e dirisa kwa sekolong, e le puo ya gagwe ya ntlha.<ref name=":4" /> == Tiro == === Dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le tsa bo 1990 === === 2000 go ya pele === == Dietsele le ditlotla tse di tlhophilweng == == Lenaane la ditiro == === Ditiro tse di kwadilweng === === Difilimi === == Metswedi == eveseb4d7yauog28723y5j2dwhtnsg3 0 13688 54098 51853 2026-08-15T12:31:56Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54098 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Ngondoma River Bridge Empress.jpg|thumb|Borogo jwa Noka ya Ngondoma]] '''Noka ya Ngondoma''' ke noka e e mo Zhombe Communal Land, Kgaolo ya Kwekwe mo porofenseng ya Midlands ya Zimbabwe.<ref>Getamap.net [http://www.getamap.net/maps/zimbabwe/zimbabwe_(general)/_ngondoma/ Ngondoma River] Retrieved 28 November 2015</ref> == Lefelo == Noka ya Ngondoma e mo porofenseng ya Midlands, le fa bangwe ba re e mo porofenseng ya Mashonaland West. Gantsi dinoka di supiwa fa di tshologelang teng, mme lefelo le Noka ya Ngondoma e elelang kwa go lone go tsena Noka ya Munyati ruri ke Mashonaland. Noka ya Munyati e dira jaaka molelwane wa bobedi, e e beilweng dimetara di le mmalwa mo letlhakoreng la Midlands.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085106/http://zw.tepui.org/River/Ngondoma Ngondoma is a stream, located in Mashonaland West Province] Retrieved 28 November 2015</ref>Pele fela ga e kopana le Noka ya Munyati, e feta ka Mabura Caves,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151222170434/http://www.allaboutcountries.com/latlng/3evcxu/guano-cave-latitude-longitude-midlands-zimbabwe All-about-countries Places Around Guano Cave – Ngondoma (2.5km)] Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 December 2015</ref>e leng moepo wa bat guano mo lefelong la Somapani kwa Zhombe.<ref>Tinomuda Chakanyuka (31 May 2015) Zhombe pins hope on bat poop The Sunday Mail, Opinion & Analysis: "[http://www.sundaynews.co.zw/zhombe-pins-hope-on-bat-poop Mabura caves are believed to stretch for more than 60km to Copper Queen area in Gokwe, passing underneath Ngondoma River"], Retrieved 16 December 2015.</ref> == Ko Noka ya Ngomdoma e tlholegang teng == Noka ya Ngondoma e tlhatloga kwa bokone bophirima jwa Zhombe mo go se se neng se itsege jaaka Naga ya Korone ya Ngondoma, <ref>P Nyambara. 26 May 1997. ISS-326.pdf pp8. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062033/http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/9604/ISS-326.pdf?sequence=1 A History Of Land Acquisition, Commercialisation Of Agriculture And Socio- economic Differentiation Among Peasant Farmers in a Frontier Region: The Gokwe District of Northwestern Zimbabwe: c 1945-1990s University of Witwatersrand | Seminar Paper] | Retrieved 5 December 2015.</ref>Le fa go le jalo, lekadiba le legolo la kgogolego ke Sekgwa sa Mapfungautsi <ref>Matose_wow4.pdf pp5 [http://www.indiana.edu/~wow4/papers/matose_wow4.pdf Mapfungautsi Forest is the source of four rivers namely Sengwa, NGONDOMA, Mbumbusi and Lutope.] Retrieved 04 December 2015</ref>mo letlhakoreng la noka ya Gokwe. E elela kwa botlhaba mme e bo e elela kwa bokone-botlhaba, koo e bopang karolo ya molelwane le Gokwe, pele e tsena mo Nokeng ya Munyati. == Dithuso == Dinoka tse dikgolo tse di tsenang mo nokeng ya Ngondoma ke: * Noka ya Ufafi [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ngondoma_River&params=18.5917_S_31.2698_E_region:ZW_type:landmark&title=Ufafi+River 18°35′30′′S 31°16′11′′E] * Mavulamachena Noka [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ngondoma_River&params=18.22570038_S_28.283000946_E_region:ZW_type:landmark&title=Mavulamachena+River 18°13′33′′S 28°16′59′′E] * Noka ya Chebechebe [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ngondoma_River&params=18.47344_S_29.40874_E_region:ZW_type:landmark&title=Chebechebe+River 18°28′24′′S 29°24′31′′E] * Noka ya Nevada [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ngondoma_River&params=18.49279976_S_29.419000626_E_region:ZW_type:landmark&title=Nevada+River 18°29′34′′S 29°25′08′′E] * Noka ya Chevecheve [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ngondoma_River&params=18.37203_S_29.36938_E_region:ZW_type:landmark&title=Chevecheve+River 18°22′19′′S 29°22′10′′E] * Chikombera ((Sikombela) Noka [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ngondoma_River&params=18.48629951_S_29.398599625_E_region:ZW_type:landmark&title=Chikombera+River 18°29′11′′S 29°23′55′′E] * Noka ya Mwembesi e e simololang gape kwa sekgweng sa Mafungabusi Plateau. * Noka ya Korombina e e kopanang le Noka ya Ngondoma e bopa karolo e e kwa bokone ya Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme. == Letamo la Ngondoma == Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bosupa (1967), Letamo la Ngondoma le ne la agiwa mo nokeng dikilometara di le masome a marataro le bosupa (67) kwa bokone bophirima jwa Kwekwe le dikilometara di le masome a mathano le bone (54) kwa borwa bophirima jwa Kadoma (ka sefofane). Letamo leno le na le metsi a a fetang dikhubiki metara di le 7 000 000. <ref>FAO. Corporate Document Repository. (Zimbabwe. Section 2.3 Small Water Bodies_Table 2.3 Major Dams in Zimbabwe.) [http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7560e/w7560e02.htm Fisheries Management of small water bodies in seven Countries in Africa, Asia] FAO. Retrieved 4 December 2015.</ref>E tlamela Mmuso o o tsamaisang Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme ka 900,000 cubic metres (32,000,000 cu ft) ya metsi ka ngwaga ka 5.8-kilometre (3.6 mi) gravity-driven concrete-lined canal.<ref>Jamesm 10.1.1.196.2228.pdf Chapter 9.4.1.2. [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.196.2228&rep=rep1&type=pdf A Study to determine water demand management in Southern Africa: the Zimbabwean experience.]</ref> == Marogo == Noka ya Ngondoma e na le marogo a le mabedi a a tlhanaselang. E kgolo e mo tseleng ya Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway gaufi le Sekolo sa Fafi mme e nngwe e mo tseleng ya Gokwe-Empress Road e e ka nnang dikilometara di le supa ( 7) go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Ngondoma. == Metswedi == e54bk5b99qf9t2dt7sb1zdgfw1mcqzh 0 13954 54147 51383 2026-08-15T17:21:21Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zimbabwe Environmental Law Association''' (ZELA) ke mokgatlho wa semolao wa Zimbabwe o o tlhomilweng ka 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe Environmental Law Association (ZELA) |url=https://climateactionafrica.ca/partners/zimbabwe-environmental-law-association-zela/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Climate Action Africa (CAA)}}</ref> Ke [[mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo]] o o itsegeng ka go rotloetsa dikgatlhego tsa setšhaba tsa batho. O tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go rotloetseng [[tshiamiso]] ya tikologo, taolo e e tswelelang ya metswe ya dithuso ya tlholego le [[diphetogo tsa semolao]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe Environmental Law Association (ZELA) |url=https://resourcenationalism.ca/partners/zimbabwe-environmental-law-association-zela/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Resource Nationalism in Southern Africa |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndlovu |first=Nqobizitha |title=The mineral resource curse in Zimbabwe: Extractives, environmental justice and sustainable development |url=https://www.fairplanet.org/op-ed/the-mineral-resource-curse-in-zimbabwe-extractives-environmental-justice-and-sustainable-development/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=FairPlanet |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional practices ‘vital’ to wetland survival, says ZELO |url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2026/02/traditional-practices-vital-to-wetland-survival-says-zelo/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=www.thezimbabwean.co |archive-date=2026-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210060812/https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2026/02/traditional-practices-vital-to-wetland-survival-says-zelo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ZELO ke [[Okanaiseišene|mokgatlho]] o o nang le maitlhomo a go nonotsha baagi ba selegae ka katiso, kago ya bokgoni, go ba naya mantswe mo [[taolong]] ya metswedi ya tlhago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe launches consultative process to develop environmental and biosecurity guidelines for small-scale tilapia farmers |url=https://www.fao.org/africa/news-stories/news-detail/zimbabwe-launches-consultative-process-to-develop-environmental-and-biosecurity-guidelines-for-small-scale-tilapia-farmers/en |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=FAORegionalOffice-Africa-RAF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ADF |date=2023-08-08 |title=Chinese Mines in DRC, Zimbabwe Accused of Violating Human Rights |url=https://adf-magazine.com/2023/08/chinese-mines-in-drc-zimbabwe-accused-of-violating-human-rights/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Africa Defense Forum |language=en-US}}</ref> == Metswedi == qm67eaegl9bj2rpj4081svnemt7ful9 0 14342 54130 52201 2026-08-15T16:38:31Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Meningitis|synonym=|image=Meninges-en.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Meninges of the [[central nervous system]]: [[dura mater]], [[arachnoid mater]], and [[pia mater]].|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[neurology]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[headache]], [[neck stiffness]]<ref name=CDC2014B/>|complications=[[Deafness]], [[epilepsy]], [[hydrocephalus]], [[cognitive deficit]]s<ref name=Lancet/><ref name=NEJM/>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Viral, bacterial, other<ref name=Ginsberg/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Lumbar puncture]]<ref name=CDC2014B/>|differential=[[Encephalitis]], [[brain tumor]], [[lupus]], [[Lyme disease]], [[seizures]], [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-07699-9|page=Chapter M|edition=2nd}}</ref> [[naegleriasis]]<ref name="MMWR2008">{{cite journal | title = Primary amebic meningoencephalitis – Arizona, Florida, and Texas, 2007 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 57 | issue = 21 | pages = 573–27 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18509301 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5721a1.htm | author1 = Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) | access-date = 26 July 2020 | archive-date = 2 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200402060714/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5721a1.htm | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402060714/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5721a1.htm |date=2 April 2020 }}</ref>|prevention=[[Vaccination]]<ref name=Lancet/>|treatment=|medication=[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]], [[antivirals]], [[steroids]]<ref name=CDC2014B/><ref name=CDC2016Vir/><ref name=IDSA/>|prognosis=|frequency=8.7 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=379,000 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>|named after=}} '''Meningitis''' ka kakaretso ke go ruruga mo go tseneletseng ga dimela tse di apesang boboko le lerapo la mokwatla, tse di itsegeng di bidiwameninges.<ref name="Lancet">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sáez-Llorens X, McCracken GH|title=Bacterial meningitis in children|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-06-21_361_9375/page/2139|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9375|pages=2139–48|date=June 2003|pmid=12826449|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13693-8}}</ref> Dikai tsedi tlwaelesegileng thata ke letshoroma, go opiwa ke tlhogo, le go gagamala ga molala.<ref name="CDC2014B" /> Dikai tse dingwe di akaretsa go tsietsega kgotsa go sa tshwara sentle, go kgwa, le go sa kgona go nna mo lesedingkgotsa medumo e e kwa godimo.<ref name="CDC2014B" /> Bana ba bannye Gantsi ba supa fela dikai tsedi sa itlhaloseng, jaaka go sa tseega sentle mo mmeleng, go otsela kgotsa go sa a ja sentle. Fa go na le morokologo, go ka supa gore go nale sengwe se se bakang meningitis; sekai, meningitis e e bakiwang ke dibakateria tsa meningococcal e ka patiwa ke sekai sa morokologo.<ref name="Lancet" /><ref name="NEJM">{{Cite journal|vauthors=van de Beek D, de Gans J, Tunkel AR, Wijdicks EF|title=Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2006-01-05_354_1/page/44|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=354|issue=1|pages=44–53|date=January 2006|pmid=16394301|doi=10.1056/NEJMra052116}}</ref> Boruruga jo bo ka nna jwa bakwa ke go tsenwa ke megare, dibakateria, kgotsa ditshedinyana tse dingwe, mme gose kalo ke melemo mengwe . Meningitis e ka nna kotsi mo botshelong ka ntlha ya go bo boruruga jo e le gaufi le boboko le lerapo la mokwatla; ka jalo, seemo se se kaiwa ele satshoganyetso..<ref name="Lancet" /> Go phunya mo lethekeng, mo go tsenngwang lemao mo moseleng wa lerapo la mokwatla go tsaya sampole ya seeledi sa boboko jwa lerapo la mokwatla (CSF), go ka tlhatlhoba kgotsa ga kgaphela meningitis kwa thoko.<ref name="IDSA" /> Mefuta e mengwe ya bolwetse jwa meningitis e ka thibelwa ka go tiriso ya mokento ya meningococcal, mumps, pneumococcal, le ya mekento ya Hib.<ref name="Lancet" /> Go neela batho dibolayamegare ba ba nang le mefuta e e rileng ya meningitis le gone go ka nna mosola. Kalafi ya ntlha ya meningitis e e tseneletseng e akaretsa go neela dibolayamegare mme ka dinako tse dingwe melemo e e lwantshang megare.<ref name="CDC2014B" /> Corticosteroid eka dirisiwa gape go thibela mathata a a bakiwang ke borurugo feteletseng.<ref name="NEJM" /> Meningitis e kgona go baka ditlamorago tse di tlhwaafetseng tsedi tsayang lebaka lele telele jaaka go sa utlwa sentle, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, kgotsa cognitive deficits, segolobogolo fa go sa alafiwe ka bonako.<ref name="Lancet" /><ref name="NEJM" /> Ka 2015, meningitis e ne ya tlhagelela mo bathong ba ka nna didikadike di le 8,7 lefatshe ka bophara.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}</ref> Seno se ne sa felela ka dintsho di le 379 000—palo e e kwa tlase go tswa go dintsho di le 464 000 ka 1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|last=GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators}}</ref> Ka kalafi e e maleba borai jwa loso mo megareng ya meningitis e kwa tlase ga 15%. Go runya ga megare ya meningitis go diragala magareng ga Sedimonthole le Seetebosigo ngwaga le ngwaga mo borwa jwa Aferika wa Sahara e e bidiwang lebanta la meningitis.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Go ka runya mo go nnye mo mafelong a mangwe a lefatshe. Lefoko meningitis le tswa mo go la Segerika μῆνιγξ ''meninx'', "letha", le medical suffix''-itis'', "boruruga".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mosby's pocket dictionary of medicine, nursing & health professions|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=St. Louis|isbn=978-0-323-06604-4|page=traumatic meningitis|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QGaoiFCIDMC&pg=PT4755|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910145715/https://books.google.com/books?id=_QGaoiFCIDMC&pg=PT4755|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmh%3Dnigc|vauthors=Liddell HG, Scott R|chapter=μῆνιγξ|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1940|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108025517/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmh%3Dnigc|archive-date=8 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 1lu1964sxp23crr0r7lm57zlzjw4w9o 0 14385 54115 52379 2026-08-15T16:19:25Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redir|AIDS}} {{Infobox medical condition|name=HIV/AIDS|synonym=HIV disease, HIV infection<ref name=AIDS2010GOV/><ref name=AETC-staging>{{cite web |title=HIV Classification: CDC and WHO Staging Systems {{!}} AIDS Education and Training Centers National Coordinating Resource Center (AETC NCRC) |url=https://aidsetc.org/guide/hiv-classification-cdc-and-who-staging-systems |website=aidsetc.org |publisher=AIDS Education and Training Center Program |access-date=September 10, 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018065658/https://aidsetc.org/guide/hiv-classification-cdc-and-who-staging-systems |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref>|image=Red_Ribbon.svg|image_size=280px|image_thumbtime=|alt=A red ribbon in the shape of a bow|caption=The [[red ribbon#AIDS awareness origin|red ribbon]] is a [[awareness ribbon#Awareness Ribbon origin|symbol]] for [[solidarity]] with [[HIV-positive people]] and those living with AIDS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wear your red ribbon this World AIDS Day {{!}} UNAIDS |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen |website=www.unaids.org |publisher=UNAIDS Secretariat |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221331/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms='''Early''': Flu-like illness<ref name=WHO2015Fact/><br />'''Later''': [[Lymphadenopathy|Large lymph nodes]], fever, weight loss<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|complications=[[Opportunistic infection]]s, [[tumors]]<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|onset=|duration=Lifelong<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|types=|causes=[[HIV|Human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV)<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|risks=Exposure to blood, breast milk, sex<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|diagnosis=Blood tests<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|differential=|prevention=[[Safe sex]], [[needle exchange]], [[male circumcision]], [[pre-exposure prophylaxis]], [[post-exposure prophylaxis]]<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|treatment=[[Management of HIV/AIDS|Antiretroviral therapy]]<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|medication=|prognosis=Near normal life expectancy with treatment<ref name=CDC21015Bas/><ref name=UN2012Vac/><br>11 years life expectancy without treatment<ref name=UNAIDS2007/>|frequency={{Plain list| * 71.3–112.8 million total cases<ref name=UN2022/> * 1.3 million new cases (2022)<ref name=UN2022/> * 39.9 million living with HIV (2022)<ref name=UN2022/> }}|deaths={{Plain list| * 42.3 million total<ref name=UN2022/> * 630,000 (2023)<ref name=UN2022/> }}|named after=}} '''Mogare wa tlhaelo ya masole a mmele le bolwetse jwa tlhaelo ya masole a mmele''' ( '''HIV/AIDS''' ) ke makalana a a farologanyeng a a bakiwang ke mogare wa tlhaelo ya masole a mmele ( HIV ).<ref name="pmid11396444">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sepkowitz KA|title=AIDS – the first 20 years|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=344|issue=23|pages=1764–72|date=June 2001|pmid=11396444|doi=10.1056/NEJM200106073442306}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Alexander|last=Krämer|first2=Mirjam|last2=Kretzschmar|first3=Klaus|last3=Krickeberg|title=Modern infectious disease epidemiology concepts, methods, mathematical models, and public health|date=2010|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-93835-6|page=88|edition=Online-Ausg.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Di0_5x82HykC&pg=PA88|df=mdy-all|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081609/https://books.google.com/books?id=Di0_5x82HykC&pg=PA88|archive-date=September 24, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Wilhelm|last=Kirch|title=Encyclopedia of Public Health|date=2008|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4020-5613-0|pages=676–77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSPK7-CHw7oC&pg=PA676|df=mdy-all|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911141720/https://books.google.com/books?id=eSPK7-CHw7oC&pg=PA676|archive-date=September 11, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Morago ga go tsenwa ke mogare ele lantlha motho a ka nna a se ka a lemoga dikai dipe, kgotsa a ka nna a itemogela go tsenwa ke bolwetse jo tshwanang le jwa mohikela.<ref name="WHO2015Fact">{{Cite web|title=HIV/AIDS Fact sheet N°360|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=February 11, 2016|date=November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217160830/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/|archive-date=February 17, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Gantsi, seno se latelwa ke nako e telele e e senang dikai.<ref name="CDC21015Bas">{{Cite web|title=About HIV/AIDS|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html|website=CDC|access-date=February 11, 2016|date=December 6, 2015|df=mdy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224101946/http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html|archive-date=February 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Fa tsenwa ke mogare go tswelela pele, go kgoreletsa thata masole a mmele, go oketsa borajw ya go tsenwa ke malwetsi aa tlwaelesegileng jaaka [[Kgotlholo e tona/Bolwetsi jwa mafatlha|bolwetsi jwa kgoltholo e tona]], malwetsi a mangwe a kgona go nnang teng, le ditlhagala tse di sa tlwaelegang mo bathong ba ba nang le masole a mmele aa tlwaelesegileng.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Dikai tsedi itshupang morago tse di bidiwa AIDS.<ref name="CDC21015Bas" /> Kgato e gantsi e amanngwa le go latlhegelwa ke mmele mo gosa rulaganngwang.<ref name="CDC21015Bas" /> HIV e anamisiwa thata ke tlhakanelodikobo e e sa sireletsegang (go akaretsa le tlhakanelodikobo ya marago le ya molomo ), go tshelwa madi a a kgotlelesegileng, dinnale tse di tsenngwang mo letlalong, le go tswa mo go mmè go ya kwa ngwaneng ka nakong ya boimana, pelegi kgotsa go anyisa ka lebele.<ref name="TransmissionM2007">{{Cite book|veditors=Rom WN, Markowitz SB|title=Environmental and occupational medicine|year=2007|publisher=[[Wolters Kluwer]]/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6299-1|page=745|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&pg=PA745|edition=4th|df=mdy-all|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911155744/https://books.google.com/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&pg=PA745|archive-date=September 11, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Diedi dingwe tsa mmele, jaaka mathe, mofufutso le dikeledi, ga di fetise mogare ono.<ref name="CDCtransmission">{{Cite web|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|year=2003|url=https://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|title=HIV and Its Transmission|access-date=May 23, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204141148/http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|archive-date=February 4, 2005}}</ref> HIV ke leloko la setlhopha sa megare ee di bidiwang retroviruses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Retrovirus Definition|url=https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/634/retrovirus|website=AIDSinfo|access-date=December 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228142824/https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/634/retrovirus|archive-date=December 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Mekgwa ya thibelo e akaretsa thobalano e e babalesegileng, mananeo a go fapaanela dinnale, go alafa ba ba tsenweng ke mogare, thibelo ya pele le morago ga go tlhagelela, le go rupa ga banna.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Bolwetse mo leseyeng gantsi bo ka thibelwa ka go neela mmangwana le ngwana melemo ya antiretroviral.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Ga go na kalafi kgotsa mokento ; le fa go ntse jalo, kalafi ya antiretroviral e ka dira gore bolwetse bo se ka jwa kekela mme e dire gore motho a tshele lobaka lo lo tlwaelegileng la botshelo.<ref name="CDC21015Bas" /><ref name="UN2012Vac">{{Cite news|title=The quest for an HIV vaccine|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/|date=May 18, 2012}}</ref> Kalafi e simololwa gone foo fa mogare o tshwerwe.<ref name="WHO2015Tx">{{Cite book|title=Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-150956-5|page=13|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186275/1/9789241509565_eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014071803/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186275/1/9789241509565_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=October 14, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Kwantle ga kalafi, nako ya go tshela morago ga go tsenwa ke mogare ke dingwaga tsedi lesome le bongwe.<ref name="UNAIDS2007">{{Cite web|last=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]], World Health Organization|date=December 2007|title=2007 AIDS epidemic update|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf|access-date=March 12, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201701/http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf|archive-date=May 27, 2008}}</ref> Ka 2021, batho ba le dimilione dile masome mararo le boferabobedi ba ne ba tshela ka mogare mme go nnile le dintsho di le 650 000.<ref name="UN2022">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|title=Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2022 fact sheet|website=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]|access-date=July 20, 2023|archive-date=December 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204021652/https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|url-status=live}}</ref> Go akanyediwa gore dimilione di le 20,6 tsa batho ba ba nna kwa botlhaba le borwa jwa Aferika.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf|title=Fact Sheet - World AIDS Day 2019|website=www.unaids.org|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221165100/https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Mo gare ga nako e bolwetsi jwa AIDS bo neng bo lemogiwa ka jone (mo tshimologong ya bo1980) le 2018, bolwetse jo bo ne jwa baka dintsho tsa batho go akanyediwa go nna dimilione dile 32 .&nbsp;<ref name="UN2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|title=Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet|website=www.unaids.org|language=en|access-date=2019-12-21|publisher=UNAIDS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204021652/https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|archive-date=December 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> HIV/AIDS e tsewa e le leroborobo —go runya ga bolwetse jo bo leng teng mo lefelong le legolo mme bo anama ka matlhagatlhaga.<ref name="Kallings">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kallings LO|title=The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-internal-medicine_2008-03_263_3/page/n7|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=263|issue=3|pages=218–43|date=March 2008|pmid=18205765|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x}}(subscription required)</ref> HIV e ne ya tlola go tswa mo diphologolong tse dingwe tse di tshelang go ya kwa bathong kwa bophirima-bogare jwa Afrika mo tshimologong go ya kwa bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga.<ref name="Orgin2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sharp PM, Hahn BH|title=Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=1|issue=1|page=a006841|date=September 2011|pmid=22229120|pmc=3234451|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006841}}</ref> AIDS e ne ya lemogiwa la ntlha ke lekalana la United States la Taolo le Thibelo ya Malwetse (CDC) ka 1981 mme se se e bakang—go ama HIV—se ne sa lemogiwa mo karolong ya ntlha ya dingwaga di le lesome.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gallo RC|title=A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years|journal=[[Retrovirology (journal)|Retrovirology]]|volume=3|issue=1|page=72|date=October 2006|pmid=17054781|pmc=1629027|doi=10.1186/1742-4690-3-72}}</ref> HIV/AIDS e nnile le ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo setšhabeng, jaaka bolwetse le jaaka motswedi wa kgethololo.<ref name="UNAIDS2006Ch4">{{Cite book|publisher=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]|year=2006|title=2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic|chapter=The impact of AIDS on people and societies|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf|isbn=978-92-9173-479-5|access-date=July 28, 2020|archive-date=October 4, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004001821/http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolwetse jo gape bo na le ditlamorago tse dikgolo tsa ikonomi.<ref name="UNAIDS2006Ch4" /> Go na le dikakanyo tse dintsi tse di fosagetseng ka HIV/AIDS, jaaka tumelo ya gore e ka tshelanwa ka go amana ka tsela e e sa reng sepe e e seng ya thobalano.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Myth Busters|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=351|issue=6268|pages=35|url=http://austintexas.gov/page/myth-busters|access-date=February 14, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222160217/http://austintexas.gov/page/myth-busters|archive-date=February 22, 2016|bibcode=2016Sci...351...35E|last=Endersby|first=Jim|year=2016|doi=10.1126/science.aad2891}}</ref> Bolwetse jono bo ile jwa baka dikganetsano tse dintsi tse di amanang le bodumedi, go akaretsa le maemo a Kereke ya Katoliki jwa go sa tshegetsa tiriso ya sekausu jaaka thibelo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McCullom|first=Rob|title=An African Pope Won't Change the Vatican's Views on Condoms and AIDS|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/02/an-african-pope-wont-change-the-vaticans-views-on-condoms-and-aids/273535/|website=The Atlantic|access-date=February 14, 2016|date=February 26, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308135849/http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/02/an-african-pope-wont-change-the-vaticans-views-on-condoms-and-aids/273535/|archive-date=March 8, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Go ngokile tlhokomelo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya kalafi le ya sepolotiki mmogo le matlole a magolo fa e sale e supiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980.<ref name="isbn1-59797-294-0">{{Cite book|last=Harden, Victoria Angela|title=AIDS at 30: A History|publisher=Potomac Books Inc|location=|year=2012|page=324|isbn=978-1-59797-294-9|oclc=|doi=}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 8xzm9tu2d0bndr2sf98a6gt0filur6a 0 14430 54135 52490 2026-08-15T16:43:58Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54135 wikitext text/x-wiki     [[Setshwantsho:Xenophobia_WWI_propaganda_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Popae ya 1912 e e neng e pega batswakwa molato wa go tshosetsa katlego ya ikonomi kwa United States]] '''Letlhoo la batswakwa''' ( go tswa mo Segerika sa Bogologolo ξένος ) ke poifo kgotsa go sa rate batho ba ba tsewang jaaka batswantle kgotsa ba ba sa tlwaelegang. Ke polelo e e ikaegileng ka kakanyo ya gore go na le kgotlhang fa gare ga motho yo o mo setlhopheng le yo o kwa ntle ga setlhopha mme e ka iponatsa ka go belaela ditiro tsa setlhopha se sengwe ke maloko a setlhopha se sengwe, keletso ya go fedisa go nna teng ga setlhopha se e leng setlhoa sa dipelaelo tsa semorafe , kgotsa itshupo . <ref name="UNESCO – Xenophobia">{{Cite web |date=August 2001 |title=International Migration, Racism, Discrimination and Xenophobia |url=https://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/migration/taskforce/docs/wcar.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331201752/https://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/migration/taskforce/docs/wcar.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2019 |publisher=International Labour Office; International Organization for Migration; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |page=2}}</ref> == Ditlhaloso tse dingwe == Athikele ya tshekatsheko ya 1997 ka ga letlhoo la batswakwa e tshwara gore ke "karolo ya kgaratlho ya dipolotiki e e malebana le gore ke mang yo o nang le tshwanelo ya go tlhokomelwa ke puso le setšhaba: ke ntwa ya go lwela bomolemo jwa botlhe jwa bosetshaba jwa gompieno". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wimmer |first=Andreas |year=1997 |title=Explaining xenophobia and racism: A critical review of current research approaches |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnic-and-racial-studies_1997-01_20_1/page/17 |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=17 |doi=10.1080/01419870.1997.9993946}}</ref> Go ya ka moithutaloago wa Italy Guido Bolaffi, letlhoo la batswakwa le ka bontshiwa gape jaaka "go tlotlomatsa setso se sengwe ka tsela e e sa sekasekiweng kgotsa e e sa akanyeng sentle" se se bidiwang "boleng jo bo seng jwa nnete, jo bo sa tlhomamang le jo bo sa tlwaelegang". == Hisetori == === Aforika ya Bogologolo === Kwa Egepeto ya Bogologolo, batswakwa ba ne ba lebelelwa ka tsela e e raraaneng ya letlhoo la batswantle . Ka ntlha ya hisetori e telele ya Egepeto ya bogologolo, Baegepeto ba ne ba kopana le ditshaba tse dintsi tse di farologaneng. Batho ba ba nnang kwa Gerika, Sudan le [[Turkey]] ya gompieno, ka sekai, ba ne ba bidiwa ka maina a a farologaneng ka Seegepeto . Go ya ka motswedi mongwe, "...maina otlhe a na a felela ka letshwao le le rileng la hieroglyphic– le le tlhomamisang kgotsa le le supang setlhopha sa mafoko. Seno ke hieroglyph ya naga e e dithaba kgotsa sekaka– e e supang 'naga e sele' (khaset)...Ka go farologana, Egepeto (Kemet/Black written a Egyptans the determinative land for w. ba ne ba tsaya karolo ya bone ya lefatshe e le e e lemilwe, e e rulagantsweng le e e tlhabologileng, fa dinaga tse dingwe di ne di sa tseye jalo." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cornelius |first=Sakkie |date=2010 |title=Ancient Egypt and the Other |journal=Scriptura: Journal for Biblical, Theological and Contextual Hermeneutics |volume=104± |page=322 |doi=10.7833/104-0-174 |hdl=10019.1/103151 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Se se supa sekai sa ntlha sa maikutlo a go ila batswakwa mo bathong ba bangwe. Mo godimo ga moo, ditlhaka tsa bogologolo tsa Egepeto di supa dikgopolo tsa go ila batswakwa ka ga tlhokego ya go fenya batho ba e seng Baegepeto, ka Bahethe segolobogolo ba bidiwa "ba ba bosula". <ref>{{Cite book |last=Müller-Wollermann |first=R |date=2009 |title=Symbolische Gewalt im Alten Ägypten. In Extreme Formen von Gewalt in Bild und Text des Altertums |last2=Zimmerman |first2=M |publisher=Herbert Utz |location=München |pages=47–64}}</ref> === Yuropa ya Bogologolo === Sekao sa ntlha sa maikutlo a letlhoo la batswantle mo setsong sa Bophirima ke go nyatsa batswantle ga Bagerika ba Bogologolo jaaka " dibarbariane ", tumelo ya gore batho le setso sa Bagerika di ne di le kwa godimo ga batho le ditso tse dingwe tsotlhe, le tshwetso e e latelang ya gore dibarbariane ka tlhago di ne di diretswe go nna [[Bokgoba|makgoba]] . <ref name="GreeksBarbarians">{{Cite book |last=Harrison, Thomas |year=2002 |title=Greeks and Barbarians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VmQB99c5YC |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-93959-1 |page=3}}</ref> Baroma ba bogologolo le bone ba ne ba na le dikgopolo tsa gore ba kwa godimo ga batho ba bangwe, <ref name="Invention Racism">{{Cite book |last=Isaac, Benjamin H. |year=2006 |title=The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfylyRawl8EC |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12598-5 |page=317}}</ref> jaaka mo puong e go tweng ke Manius Acilius :   [[Setshwantsho:Anti-Immigrant_Xenophobia.png|thumb|Tshupane ya lefatshe lotlhe ya letlhoo la batswakwa le le kgatlhanong [[doi:10.1080/21565503.2022.2097097|le]]]] Maaforika a Bantsho a ne a tsewa e le batho ba ba sa tlwaelegang thata, mme gongwe ba ne ba tsewa e le batswakwa ba ba tshosetsang, ka jalo ga se gantsi ba umakiwa mo dibukeng tsa Roma kwantle ga bokao bongwe jo bo sa siamang. Rahisitori Appian o bolela gore molaodi wa sesole Marcus Junius Brutus, pele ga ntwa ya Filipi ka 42BC, o ne a kopana le 'Moethiopia' kwa ntle ga dikgoro tsa kampa ya gagwe: masole a gagwe a ne a bolaya monna yono ka bonako, a tsaya ponagalo ya gagwe e le sesupo se se maswe— mo tumelobotlhoding ya Roma, ntsho e ne e le mmala wa loso <ref>{{Cite web |title="Appian • The Civil Wars — Book IV |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/4*.html |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> ." eb8fsy4ikoevtqv7k8rh4exzkrap28u 0 14475 54108 53241 2026-08-15T14:29:52Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sannah 'Sana' Mchunu''' (o tshotswe ka 19 Mopitlwo 1972) ke motshameki wa mo [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]].<ref>Favour, Adeaga (21 August 2020). [https://briefly.co.za/74923-sannah-mchunu-sana-mchunu-bio-age-children-husband-parents-profile-facts.html "Personal life and career of Sannah Mchunu"]. ''Briefly''. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> O itsege thata ka ditiro tsa {{Infobox person|name=Sana Mchunu|children=7|known for=Mzansi Bioskop & Zodwa mo Gomora|years active=2013–gompieno|occupation=Motshameki|birth_place=[[Soweto]], [[South Africa]]}} gagwe tsa thelebišene jaaka; eKasi: Our Stories, [[Muvhango]], [[The River]] le [[Gomora]].<ref>Machethe, Sindiswa (26 August 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211129190450/https://celebioza.com/sana-mchunu-bio-husband-kids-roles-net-worth-gomora/ "Sana Mchunu Bio".] ''Celebioza''. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Mchunu o tshotswe ka 19 Mopitlwo ka ngwaga wa 1972 kwa Mofolo North, [[Soweto]], Afrika Borwa.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210410162526/https://savannanews.com/sana-mchunu-biography-age-husband-kids-domestic-violence-tv-roles-net-worth-rhythm-city/ "Sana Mchunu Biography".] ''Savanna News''. 29 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> O ne a sa kgone go fetsa sekolo ka ntlha ya go nna le bana a sa le monnye thata.<ref>Nkosi, Joseph; MA[[. "Sannah Mchunu biography: age, husband, background, children - The Nation"]]. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> Fa a le dingwaga di le 14, o ne a ima ka ngwana wa gagwe wa ntlha. Morago ga moo o ne a amogela ngwana wa gagwe wa bobedi a le dingwaga di le 19. O ne a ima gape morago ga gore batsadi ba gagwe ba mo busetse kwa sekolong.<ref>[https://africaupdates.co.za/sana-mchunu-reveals-don-reminded-her-of-her-ex-husband-who-dumped-her-with-their-5-children/ "Sana Mchunu reveals 'Don' reminded her of her ex-husband who dumped her with their 5 children"]. ''Africa Updates''. 22 November 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211129190443/https://africaupdates.co.za/sana-mchunu-reveals-don-reminded-her-of-her-ex-husband-who-dumped-her-with-their-5-children/ Archived] from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> Fa batsadi ba gagwe ba sena go tlhokafala, o ne a nna le rraagwe ngwana wa gagwe wa bone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210812093846/https://elegance7.com/gomora-actress-sana-mchunuzodwa-grateful-for-her-failed-marriage/ "Gomora actress Sana Mchunu(Zodwa) grateful for her failed marriage"]. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> Fa a ne a ima ngwana wa gagwe wa botlhano, monna wa gagwe o ne a simolola go mo sotla mo mmeleng le mo maikutlong.<ref>Faeza. [https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/actress-sana-mchunu-opens-up-about-her-painful-past-and-how-acting-opened-many-doors-for-her-20170728 "Actress Sana Mchunu opens up about her painful past and how acting opened many doors for her".] ''Drum''. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> Morago ga tlhakatlhakano eo yotlhe, o ne a tlogela bana le rragwe ngwana. O nale bana ba le supa ka palo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210410162526/https://savannanews.com/sana-mchunu-biography-age-husband-kids-domestic-violence-tv-roles-net-worth-rhythm-city/ "Sana Mchunu Biography"]. ''Savanna News''. 29 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> == Tiro == Mo dingwageng tsa gagwe e rile a le mmotlana, Sana o ne a tle a binele moswi [[Brenda Fassie]], e e neng ya mohiketsa moragonyana ke go ima ga gagwe gantsintsi. O ne a ya kwa ditekong morago ga ya tsala ya gagwe, Winnie Khumalo. Moragonyana o ne a tlhophiwa go tshameka karolo e e thusang mo go eKasi: Our Stories.<ref name=":0" /> Ka 2013, Sana o ne a tsenela e.tv anthology series eKasi: Our Stories mme a tshameka karolo ya "Mmamosadi Simelane" gantsi a bidiwa "Sis K". O ne a tswelela go nna naledi mo setlheng sa borataro sa motseletsele o o tshamekang ditiro tse dintsi jaaka "Rebecca", "Mrs. Khumalo", le "Gladys".O ne a tshameka karolo ya "Grace Letsoalo" mo Mzansi Magic miniseries Vuka Mawulele. Mo ngwageng ona oo, o ne a tlhagelela mo dithelebisheneng tse dingwe tse pedi: jaaka "Mmamosadi Qoboza" mo go [[SABC1]] ya sephiri ya End Game, le jaaka "Sibu" mo [[Mzansi Magic]] mini-serial Shabangu P.I.. Ka ngwaga wa 2014, o ne a tlhagelela mo mananeong a thelebišene mo Afrika Borwa: SABC1 drama Sticks and Stones (jaaka "Aunty Nena"), SABC1 docudrama Amagugu (jaaka "Lizzy"), SABC2 drama Gauteng Maboneng second season (jaaka "Rebecca"), Moja Love telenovela Hope (jaaka "Nelly") le mo terameng ya SABC1 Ihawu (jaaka "Rebo Modise"). Ka nako eo, karolo ya gagwe e e itsegeng thata mo thelebišeneng e ne e le ya "Nomarashiya" mo thelebišeneng ya SABC2 ya Muvhango. == Metswedi == tlg7j9tvauv435dkhzq1nrllvq0tnjg 0 14712 54144 53385 2026-08-15T16:51:41Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tlhabololo e e tswelelang''' ke mokgwa wa kgolo le tlhabololo ya batho o o ikaeletseng go fitlhelela tse di tlhokegang tsa mo bogompienong kwa ntle ga go tsenya bokgoni jwa dikokomane tsa kamoso mo kotsing ya go itirela go fitlhelela matlhoki a bone. <ref name=":72">{{Cite web |last=United Nations General Assembly |date=20 March 1987 |title=''Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future''; Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment; Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development; Paragraph 1 |url=http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm |access-date=1 March 2010 |publisher=[[United Nations General Assembly]]}}</ref> Maikaelelo ke go nna le setšhaba se mo go sone maemo a botshelo le ditsompelo di fitlhelelang matlhoki a batho kwa ntle ga go senya polanete . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robert |first=Kates W. |last2=Parris |first2=Thomas M. |last3=Leiserowitz |first3=Anthony A. |date=2005 |title=What is Sustainable Development? Goals, Indicators, Values, and Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environment_2005-04_47_3/page/n8 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=8–21 |bibcode=2005ESPSD..47c...8R |doi=10.1080/00139157.2005.10524444 |s2cid=154882898}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mensah |first=Justice |date=2019 |title=Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2019.1653531 |doi-access=free |article-number=1653531}}</ref> Tlhabololo e e tswelelang e ikaelela go lekalekanya matlhoki a tsa itsholelo, tikologo, le setšhaba ( Triple Bottom Line ) . Phitlhelelo e e lekalekanang ya botsogo ke pilara ya go tswelela ga go tshela sentle ga batho. Pego ya Lekgotlana la Brundtland, e e gatisitsweng ka 1987, e thusitse go dira gore mogopolo wa tlhabololo e e tswelelang o itsiwe botoka. Tlhabololo e e tswelelang e kopana le mogopolo wa tsweletso o o leng mogopolo o o tlwaelesegileng thata . [[UNESCO]] e ne ya tlhama pharologano fa gare ga megopolo e mebedi e ka tsela e e latelang: " ''Tsweletso/Go itsetsepela'' gantsi go akanngwa jaaka maikaelelo a mo nakong e telele (ke gore lefatshe le le tswelelang pele thata), fa ''tlhabololo e e tswelelang pele'' e kaya dithulaganyo le ditsela tse dintsi tsa go e fitlhelela." <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-08-03 |title=Sustainable Development |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-sustainable-development/what-is-esd/sd |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> ''Thulaganyo ya Rio'' e e simolotseng kwa Bokopanong jwa Lefatshe jwa 1992 kwa [[Rio de Janeiro]] e beile mogopolo wa tlhabololo e e tswelelang mo lenaneong la boditšhabatšhaba. Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang ke mogopolo wa motheo wa Maikaelelo a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang (di-SDG). Maikaelelo a a lefatshe ka bophara a ngwaga wa 2030 a ne a amogelwa ka 2015 ke [[United Nations General Assembly|Phuthego ya Kakaretso ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng]] (UNGA). A rarabolola dikgwetlho tsa lefatshe lotlhe, di akaretsa lehuma, [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|phetogo ya seemo sa loapi]], go latlhegelwa ke mefutafuta ya ditshedi, le kagiso . Go na le mathata mangwe ka mogopolo wa tlhabololo e e tswelelang. Barutegi bangwe ba re ke lefoko la puo le le ikganetsang ka gore go ya ka bone, ''tlhabololo'' ka tlholego ga e kgone go tswelela. Batshwaedi ba bangwe ba swabisitswe ke go tlhoka kgatelopele e e fitlheletsweng go fitlha mo bogompienong.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=James H. |date=2015 |title=The Oxymoron of Sustainable Development |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=65 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1029 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biv117 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Colin C |last2=Millington |first2=Andrew C |date=2004 |title=The diverse and contested meanings of sustainable development |journal=[[The Geographical Journal]] |volume=170 |issue=2 |pages=99–104 |bibcode=2004GeogJ.170...99W |doi=10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.00111.x |s2cid=143181802}}</ref> Barutegi ba boletse gore "tlhabololo e e tswelelang" ke kgang e bulegileng, ga e tlhaloganyesege, e bile ga e tshwaragane, ka jalo e ka tsewa motlhofo. Mo godimo ga moo, le fa go dirisiwa maranyane gantsi go rotloediwa jaaka sedirisiwa sa tlhabololo e e tswelelang, tshekatsheko ya bosheng ya barutegi e supile letlhakore le le dingalo thata, le le supang gore go ikaega ka maranyane thata go ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo go tsweleleng ga tikologo, le fa go na le tse di molemo mo tlhabololong ya itsholelo le ya setšhaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Ajay Kumar |last2=Jyoti |first2=Bhim |date=2023 |title=Impact of Digitalization on Global Sustainable Development Across Countries |url=https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/GLCE/article/view/1482 |journal=Green and Low-Carbon Economy |doi=10.26599/GLCE.2023.9030000 |doi-broken-date=18 July 2026 |access-date=October 30, 2025}}</ref> Ka jalo, go botlhokwa gore go okediwe madi a dipatlisiso ka ga tsweletsopele gore go tlhaloganngwe botoka tlhabololo e e tswelelang le go araba go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga yone le ditlhaelo tsa yone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Filho |first=WL |last2=Wall |first2=T |last3=Salvia |first3=AL |last4=Dinis |first4=MAP |last5=Mifsud |first5=M |year=2023 |title=The central role of climate action in achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals |journal=Sci Rep |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=20582 |bibcode=2023NatSR..1320582F |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-47746-w |pmc=10667514 |pmid=37996539}}</ref> oavv64ul7tfar3643efl5yniq3sv092 0 14798 54097 53964 2026-08-15T12:09:10Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54097 wikitext text/x-wiki Lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le ne la tswelela ka go rarabolola seemo sa [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana|segajaja sa COVID-19]] ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, le simolola tsamaiso ya go kenta batho ka go reka mekento. Ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso, Botswana e ne e le lefelo la motho wa ntlha go tsenwa ke mofuta wa COVID-19 wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron. Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso gape o itemogetse go bonwa ga diteemane tse pedi mo Botswana tse di neng di feta dikharete di le sekete, tsa nna ya boraro le ya bone ka botona go bonwa. Mo botsalanong jwa lone le mafatshe a a mabapi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la tswelela ka go leka go rarabolola kgotlhang ya [[molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]], le ne la tsena mo kgotlhang ya kwa Cabo Delgado go ema nokeng puso ya [[Mozambique]]. == Babusi ba nako eo == * Tautona: [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] * Mothusa tautona: [[Slumber Tsogwane]] * [[Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana]]: [[Phandu Skelemani]] * Moatlhodimogolo - [[Terence Rannowane]] == Tse di tsweletseng == [[Setshwantsho:Man wearing a marsk and sanitizing.jpg|thumb|monna o rwele sethiba molomo gape o itshasa se bolaya mogare ka nako ya [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana]]]] * Go tlhokafala ga ditlou tsa Botswana ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi go tsena wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi * [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana|Segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Botswana]] * [[Go kentela segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Botswana]] == Ditiragalo == === Firikgong === * Firikgong - Lefatshe la Botswana le nna bontlha jwa lenaneo la [[China]] la tsela ka nako ya loeto lwa tona wa merero ya mafatshe a sele Wang Yi.<ref>Albert, Eleanor. [https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/chinas-foreign-minister-revives-belt-and-road-on-5-country-africa-tour/ "China's Foreign Minister Revives Belt and Road on 5-Country Africa Tour". ''T'']''he Diplomat''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Firikgong a le lesome le bobedi - Debswana e emisa konteraka ya yone ya bilone le metso e le meraro le Thiess.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-botswana-diamonds-idUSKBN29H12R/ "Botswana's Debswana terminates mining contract with Australia's Thiess".] ''Reuters''. 2021-01-12. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Firikgong a le masome mabedi le botlhano - tsheko ya tiriso dikgoka mo go tsa thbalano ya mopalamente [[Poison Majaga]] e a simologa.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/60562 "Majaga Trial Starts Monday".] ''Daily News Botswana''. 2021-01-21. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi - setlhopha sa Clicks se itsise ka go tswala ga sone ga mabentlele otlhe a a setseng a Musica.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/clicks-group-outlook-idUKL8N2K31BX/ "UPDATE 1-South Africa's Clicks drug chain to close Musica after 29 years".] ''Reuters''. 2021-01-28. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe - segajaja sa COVID-19: tona wa banana, metshameko le ngwao [[Tumiso Rakgare]] o itsise bofelo jwa nakwana jwa metshameko e go amanwang mo Botswana.<ref>Lebanna, Pako (2021-01-29). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202101290748.html "Botswana: Government to Halt Contact Sport Participation".] ''allAfrica.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Tlhakole === * Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bobedi - Banka ya Botswana e fetola ledi la yone la dipula di le lesome (10pula) go tsenya senepe sa ga tautona Masisi morago ga tiego ya dingwaga di le tharo.<ref>Friedberg, Arthur L. (2021-04-03). [https://www.coinworld.com/news/precious-metals/bank-of-botswana-finally-releases-latest-10-pula-bank-note "Bank of Botswana finally releases latest 10-pula bank note".] ''CoinWorld''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Tlhakole - Lefatshe la Botswana le emisa thuto ya batshabi ba [[Zimbabwe]] ba ba tsenang dikolo tse dikgolwane.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202102230671.html "Zimbabwe Refugee Students Get Reprieve in Botswana".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-02-23. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le botlhano - Tautona Masisi o kopana le tautona wa [[Namibia]] [[Hage Geingob]] kwa [[Windhoek]].<ref>[https://namibiadailynews.info/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi "Botswana President to visit Namibia tomorrow"]. ''Namibia Daily News''. 2021-02-24. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Mopitlo === * Mopitlo a le malatsi a matlhano - sefofane sa tlhoo tomo se phatlakana kwa ntle ga [[Sojwe]], se bolaya seopedi [[Sasa Klaas]]<ref>Baruti, Eli (2021-03-08). [https://www.botswanayouth.com/botswana-mourn-sasa-klass/ "Botswana Mourn Sasa Klass".] ''Botswana Youth Magazine''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabongwe -Tautona Masisi o kopana le tautona wa [[Aforika Borwa]] [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] kwa Aforika Borwa<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202103190670.html "Botswana: President Cyril Ramaphosa Hosts Working Visit By President Masisi of Botswana, 19 Mar".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-03-19. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bobedi - Lefatshe la Botswana le dumalana go kopana ga makgotla a Organisation Africa, Caribbean and Pacific States, le European Union<ref>Motsamai, Mmoniemang (2021-03-24). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202103240544.html "Botswana: New Accord Gets Nod". ''a'']''llAfrica.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> [[Setshwantsho:The new bridge at Kazangula.jpg|thumb|[[Borogo jwa Kazungula]]]] === Moranang === * Moranang - Lefelo la boitapolos la DumaTau le bulwa gape ke Wilderness Safaris.<ref>[https://latteluxurynews.com/2021/04/08/wilderness-safaris-debuts-the-new-dumatau/ "Wilderness Safaris debuts the new DumaTau".] ''LATTE Luxury News''. 2021-04-08. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le malatsi a matlhano - [[Goabaone Taylor]] o thapiwa go nna mookamedi wa [[Botswana Football Association|lekgotla la kgwele ya dinao la Botswana]]<ref>[https://www.cafonline.com/news "Botswana FA has appointed an experienced woman as CEO/Secretary General".] ''CAF Online''. 2021-04-08. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le borarato - leftatshe la Botswana le simolodisa gape paka ya lone ya go tsoma, e akaretsa diteseletso tsa go tsoma ditlou di le makgolo a mabedi masome a robabaobedi le bosupa<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210406-botswana-trophy-hunting-season-opens-after-covid-hiatus "Botswana trophy hunting season opens after Covid hiatus".] ''France 24''. 2021-04-06. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le boraro - lenaneo la botsogo ka maranyane le a itsisiwe mo Botswana ka lenaneo la [[USA|United States]] la go kopana le dikolo tse dikgolwane.<ref>Hoyt, Lara De Meo (2021-04-19). [https://globalhealth.rutgers.edu/news/telehealth-partnership-established-in-botswana/ "Telehealth Partnership Established in Botswana".] ''Rutgers Global Health Institute''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le bone - Lefatshe la Botswana le iletsa theko ya dikoko le tse di tswang mo go yone kwa Aforika Borwa go tsibogela go tlhagoga ga mohikela wa dinonyane.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/botswana-bans-poultry-imports-south-africa-after-avian-flu-outbreak-2021-04-14/ "Botswana bans poultry imports from South Africa after avian flu outbreak"]. ''Reuters''. 2021-04-14. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le borataro - tona wa madi [[Thapelo Matsheka]] o tseelwa maemo ke [[Peggy Serame]]<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-replaces-finance-minister-with-immediate-effect-statement-2021-04-17/ "Botswana replaces finance minister with immediate effect - statement".] ''Reuters''. 2021-04-17. Retrieved 30 july 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le borobabongwe - Access bank Group e dumalana go reka seabe se setona mo koporaseng ya dibanka tsa Aforika<ref>Popoola, Nike (2021-04-20). [https://punchng.com/access-bank-acquires-fifth-largest-bank-in-botswana/ "Access Bank acquires fifth largest bank in Botswana".] ''The Punch''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le masome mabedi le bosupa - ** segajajaj sa COVID-19: Lefatshe la Botswana le itsise fa le rekile mekento e e lekaneng ya COVID-19 go kenta mogolo mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng<ref>Mguni, Mbongeni (2021-04-27). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/botswana-secures-enough-vaccine-doses-for-its-adult-population "Botswana Secures Enough Vaccine Doses For Its Adult Population".] ''Bloomberg''.</ref> ** Segajaja sa COVID-19: tautona Masisi o tsena mo serubing, mo go gwetlha go tlosolosiwa ga bokopano jwa beteledipele ba borwa jwa Aforika go bua ka botsuolodi jo bo diragalang kwa [[Mozambique]]<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-president-self-quarantine-miss-meeting-mozambique-attacks-2021-04-27/ "Botswana president in self-quarantine, to miss meeting on Mozambique attacks".] ''Reuters''. 2021-04-27. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> ** Mafatshe a Botswana le [[Zambia]] a baya monwana tumalano ya botsalano ya go laola mesepele gareng ga mafatshe o o mabedi mo [[Borogo jwa Kazungula|borogong jwa Kazungul]]<nowiki/>a.<ref>Letsholo, Keamogetse (2021-04-29). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202104290170.html "Botswana, Zambia Sign Agreement".] ''allAfrica.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Motsheganong === * Motsheganong - [[Botswana Athletics Association]] e tshwara dikgaisano tsa mafatshefatshe tsa mabelo mo Botswana, le amogela mafatshe a le mantsi a Aforika<ref>Sibanda, Anastacia (2021-05-14). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202105140351.html "Botswana: All Eyes On National Championships"]. ''allAfrica.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Motsheganong a le lesome - [[Borogo jwa Kazungula]] bo bulwa semmuso.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240808001429/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/new-botswana-zambia-bridge-boon-for-region-3396556 "'Ripple effects': New Botswana-Zambia bridge a boon for region".] ''The East African''. 2021-05-11. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le motso - Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana e atlhola gore [[morafe wa Balete]] o tshwanetswe ke lefatshe la Forest Hill Botswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240304055801/https://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/2021/05/21/news-release-botswana-high-court-finds-compulsory-acquisition-of-a-tribes-freehold-land-unlawful/ "News Release: Botswana High Court Finds Compulsory Acquisition of a Tribe's Freehold Land Unlawful".] ''Southern Africa Litigation Centre''. 2021-05-21. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borataro - segajaja sa COVID-19: tona wa botsogo [[Edwin Dikoloti]] o istise kemo nokeng ya puso mo kgwebong epe fela e e dirang didirisiwa tse di thusang go lwantsha segajaja sa COVID-19.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202105280474.html "Botswana: Government Set to Assist Local Businesses".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-05-28. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Seetebosigo === * Seetebosigo - Central Tuli Game Reserve e nna lefelo la bojanala la ntlha mo Botswana go dirisa maranyane a Smart Parks go bona kwa diphologolo di leng teng<ref>Montaqim, Abdul (2021-06-14). [https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2021/06/14/central-tuli-game-reserve-becomes-first-smart-parks-system-in-botswana/43854/ "Central Tuli Game Reserve becomes first 'Smart Parks system' in Botswana".] ''Robotics & Automation News''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mabedi - NMG Benefits e thapiwa go nna mookamedi wa letlole la batho ba ba tlogelang tiro ka bogodi<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/botswana-pensions-idUSL5N2NL2HC/ "Botswana's $7.5 billion pension fund appoints South African administrator".] ''Reuters''. 2021-06-03. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo - Lefatshe la Botswana le tsena mo tumalanong le Moderna go amogela mekento ya COVID-19 ya Moderna.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202106070890.html "Botswana: Moderna, Botswana Enter Supply Deal".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-06-07. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Seetebosigo a le malatsi a robabobedi - Lefatshe la Botswana le neela Steve Harvey kontaraka ya dingwaga tse tharo, mo go gwetlhileng go ngongorega ga babegadikgang ba mo gae<ref>[https://www.thegazette.news/news/govt-snubs-batswana-gives-steve-harvey-multimillion-pula-tender/ "Govt snubs Batswana, gives Steve Harvey multimillion pula Tender".] ''Botswana Gazette''. 2021-09-06. Retrieved 30 June 2026</ref> * Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro - teemane ya dikharete di le sekete, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi e neelwa [[puso ya Botswana]] morago ga gore e bonwe kwa [[Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng|moepong wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]], e le ya boraro e tona go bonwa mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>Holland, Oscar; Alam, Hande Atay (2021-06-17). [https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/botswana-diamond-third-largest/index.html "One of the world's largest diamonds has been unearthed in Botswana".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 30 June 2026</ref> === Phukwi === [[Setshwantsho:Botswanatroopsboardplane.png|thumb|Masole a Botswana a pagama sefofane go ya Mozambique]] * Phukwi - segajaja sa mohikela wa dinonyane wa HfN1 o anama mo Botswana.<ref>Linden, Jackie (2021-09-10). [https://www.wattagnet.com/articles/43551-first-avian-flu-cases-reported-in-botswana "First avian flu cases reported in Botswana | WATTPoultry"]. ''WattPoultry''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le malatsi a matlhano - lefatshe la Botswana le fa Shumba Energy tetla ya go tlhama sefetlha motlakase sa ntlha se setona.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/botswana-issues-licence-first-large-scale-solar-power-plant-2021-07-05/ "Botswana issues licence for first large scale solar power plant".] ''Reuters''. 2021-07-05. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le malatsi a supa - teemane ya dikharete di le sekete lekgolo masome a supa le bone e beelwa puso ya Botswana morago ga gore e upololwe kwa [[Moepo wa diteemane wa Karowe|moepong wa diteemane wa Karowe]], e le ya boraro ka botona go bonwa.<ref>Picheta, Rob; Mahmood, Zahid (2021-07-08). [https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/botswana-diamond-unearthed-scli-intl/index.html "Huge 1,174-carat diamond unearthed in Botswana".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le lesome le boraro - lefatshe la Botswana le simolola go bereka mo moepong wa lone wa ntlha wa tshipi.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-begins-first-iron-ore-mining-project-2021-07-13/ "Botswana begins first iron ore mining projec]t". ''Reuters''. 2021-07-13. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le lesome le borataro - [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana|segajaja sa COVID-19]] : dikolo mo Botswana di tswalwa sebaka sa kgwedi go tsibogela segajaja sa COVID-19.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202107150190.html "Botswana: Early School Closure Arrangements".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-07-15. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borataro - lefatshe la Botswana le romela masole a le makgolo a mabedi masome a robabongwe le borataro kwa [[Mozambique]] go lwantsha ditsuolodi kwa Cabo Delgado<ref>Dube, Mqondisi (2021-07-26). [https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_botswana-sends-nearly-300-troops-mozambique/6208735.html "Botswana Sends Nearly 300 Troops to Mozambique".] ''VOA''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le masome mararo - [[moepo wa kopore wa Khoemacau]] o bulwa semmuso.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221115174331/https://yourbotswana.com/2021/07/30/president-masisi-officially-opens-khoemacau-copper-mine/ "President Masisi officially opens Khoemacau Copper Mine".] ''YourBotswana''. 2021-07-30. Retrieved 31 july 2026</ref> === Phatwe === * Phatwe - * [[Boyce Sebetela]] o thapiwa ke tautona Masisi go nna mookamedi wa babereki wa ntlha.<ref>Dube, Chakalisa (2021-08-09). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/what-they-say-about-sebetelas-appointment/news "What they say about Sebetela's appointment".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Kompone ya Okwa Diamonds e dumalana go reka moepo wa Ghaghoo wa diteemane mo Botswana Diamonds ka didikadike di le nne <ref>Owen, Will (2021-08-25). [https://www.globalminingreview.com/mining/25082021/botswana-diamonds-announces-jv-acquisition-of-ghaghoo-diamond-mine/ "Botswana Diamonds announces JV acquisition of Ghaghoo diamond mine".] ''Global Mining Review''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phatwe a le masome mabedi le boraro - melato ya go leka go thankgola puso o o neng o lebisitswe  mmereki wa lekgotla la matlhale la DISS [[Welheminah Mphoeng Maswabi]] o boelwa morago.<ref>[https://cajnewsafrica.com/2021/08/24/botswana-regime-change-case-thrown-out/ "Botswana regime change case thrown out".] ''CAJ News Africa''. 2021-08-24. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bosupa - segajaja sa COVID-19: lefatshe la Botswana le netefatsa gore batswakwa ba ba sa kwadisiwang le batshabi ba tlaa letlelelwa go kentelwa COVID-19.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/covid-19-pandemic_botswana-assures-unauthorized-immigrants-covid-19-vaccinations/6210087.html "Botswana Assures Unauthorized Immigrants of COVID-19 Vaccinations".] ''VOA''. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> === Lwetse === * Lwetse a le malatsi a mabedi go tsena a le mararo - matona a merero ya mafatshe a sele a Botswana le Namibia a kopana go bua ka ntwa mo [[Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia|molelwaneng wa Botswana le Namibia]]. * Lwetse a le malatsi a marataro - segajaja sa COVID-19: lefatshe la Botswana le fedisa dikiletso dingwe tsa thekiso ya bojalwa le go phuthagana.<ref>[https://iol.co.za/news/africa/2021-09-04-botswana-lifts-ban-on-alcohol-sale-public-gatherings/ "Botswana lifts ban on alcohol sale, public gatherings".] ''www.iol.co.za''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Lwetse a le malatsi a supa - Dickey's Barbecue Pit e tsena mo tumalanong ya go bula mafelo a robabobedi mo Botswana.<ref>[https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2021/09/07/dickeys-botswana-africa-expansion.html "Dickey's continues aggressive international expansion in Africa".] ''Dallas Business Journal''. 2021-09-07. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Lwetse a robabongwe go tsena a le lesome le borobabongwe - lefatshe la Botswana le tshwara metshameko ya go iponela phatlha kwa metshamekong ya mafatshefatshe ya basadi ya ICC ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso.<ref>[https://www.icc-cricket.com/news "Botswana, Cameroon and Eswatini to compete in their first ICC Women's event".] ''www.icc-cricket.com''. 2021-09-08. Retrieved 31 july 2026</ref> * Lwetse a le lesome le borataro - mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia a fedisa thomo ya sennela ruri e e kopanetsweng ya tshireletso le pabalesego, ba e emeletsa ka thomo ya mafatshe a mabedi.<ref>Mbathera, Ester (2021-09-17). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202109170411.html "Botswana: Namibia, Botswana Disband Defence and Security Commission"]. ''allAfrica.com''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Lwetse a le masome mabedi - Motlamorago Gaseitsewe o ithola marapo a botautona jwa lekgotla la [[Botswana Red Cross Society]].<ref>Basimanebotlhe, Tsaone (2021-10-18). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/botswana-red-cross-society-president-resigns/news "Botswana Red Cross Society president resigns".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi - tona wa ditswammung le kgothetso [[Lefoko Moagi]] o itsise thekiso ya moepo wa kopore wa BCL, o rekiwa ke kompone ya meepo ya Canada ya Premium Nickel Resources.<ref>[https://www.mining.com/web/botswana-sells-troubled-state-owned-mine-to-canadas-premium-nickel-resources/ "Botswana sells troubled state-owned mine to Canada's Premium Nickel Resources".] ''mining.com''. 2021-09-29. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> === Phalane === * Phalane - lefatshe la Botswana le tsena mo lekgotleng la mafatshefatshe la dikepe go rulaganya motsamao wa dikepe go ralala Mozambique.<ref>Chambers, Sam (2021-10-29). [https://splash247.com/imos-newest-member-botswana-delivers-its-first-iron-ore-cargo-to-china/ "IMO's newest member Botswana delivers its first iron ore cargo to China".] ''Splash247''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phalane a le lesome le bobedi - kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo e simolola go reetsa tsheko ya go fetola go diriwa molato ga go ratana ka bong bo bo tshwanang<ref>Freund, Alexander (2021-11-29). [https://www.dw.com/en/covid-what-we-know-about-the-omicron-variant/a-59948143 "COVID: What we know about the omicron variant".] ''DW''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phalane a le lesome le borobabobedi - lefatshe la Botswana le baya monwana tumalano ya motlakase wa gase wa di megawatt di le lesome le Tlou Energy e le go tswa mo go diriseng wa magala.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/botswana-signs-10-mw-gas-fired-deal-with-tlou-wean-off-coal-imports-2021-10-18/ "Botswana signs 10 MW gas-fired deal with Tlou to wean off coal, imports".] ''Reuters''. 2021-10-18. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> === Ngwanatsele === * Ngwanatsele a le lesome - tautona Masisi o etela [[Paris]] go bua le dikompone tsa UNESCO le tsa France.<ref>[https://www.africaintelligence.com/southern-africa-and-islands/2021/11/18/masisi-engages-in-his-trademark-personal-lobbying-in-paris,109705704-art "Masisi engages in his trademark personal lobbying in Paris".] ''Africa Intelligence''. 2021-11-18. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso - segajaja sa COVID-19 : mofuta o mosha wa SARS-CoV-2 wa Omicron o bonwa mo Botswana.<ref>Freund, Alexander (2021-11-29). [https://www.dw.com/en/covid-what-we-know-about-the-omicron-variant/a-59948143 "COVID: What we know about the omicron variant".] ''DW''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe - kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo e dumalana go tswelela ka tsheko ya go dira molato go ratana ka bong bo bo tshwanang.<ref>Upadhya, Ananya (2021-11-30). [https://www.jurist.org/news/2021/11/botswana-appeals-court-upholds-decriminalization-of-same-sex-sexual-relations/ "Botswana appeals court upholds decriminalization of same-sex sexual relations".] ''Jurist''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> === Morule === * Morule a le malatsi a mabedi - lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la botsogo (WHO) le tlhomamisa gore go fetisetsa  mogare wa HIV ga mmangwana kwa loseeng mo Botswana go wetse kwa tlase ga botlhano mo lekgolong.<ref>[https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2021/december/emtct_botswana "Botswana is first country with severe HIV epidemic to reach key milestone in the elimination of mother-to-child HIV transmission".] ''UN AIDS''. 2021-12-02. Retrieved 231 July 2026</ref> * Morule a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe - [[Goabaone Taylor]] o seegelwa kwa thoko e le mookamedi wa [[lekgotla la kgwele ya dinao la Botswana]] ka magatwe a go dirisa madi botlhaswa.<ref>[https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/botswana-latest-country-to-suspend-ceo/ "Botswana latest country to suspend CEO".] ''The Herald''. 2021-12-31. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> == Dintsho == * Firikgong a le masome mabedi le botlhano - [[David Bright]], masome a marataro le bone, mookamedi wa setlhopha sa kgwele ya dinao ([[Mogoditshane Fighters]], [[Cape Town]], setlhopha sa lefatshe); malwetsi a a bakilweng ke COVID-19.<ref>[https://www.pula24.co.bw/sports/724-botswana-mourns-the-death-former-zebras-coach-major-david-bright/ Botswana Mourns The Death Former Zebras Coach Major David Bright]</ref> * Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le botlhano - [[Archibald Mogwe]], dingwaga di le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, mopolotiki le moemedi wa mafatshe, tona wa merero ya mafatshe a sele (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone).<ref>[https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/botswanas-archibald-mogwe-hailed-colossus-public-service Botswana's Archibald Mogwe hailed as colossus of public service]</ref> * Mopitlo a le malatsi a matlhano - [[Sasa Klaas]], masome a mabedi le bosupa, seopedi; go phatlakana ga sefofane<ref>[https://musicinafrica.net/magazine/botswana-mourns-rapper-sasa-klaas/ Botswana mourns rapper Sasa Klaas]</ref> * Mopitlo a le lesome le bobedi- Ismail Bhamjee, masome a supa le bosupa,  tona wa pele wa FIFA, tautona wa COSAFA, tautona wa Botswana Football Association; COVID-19<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/sport/sports-fraternity-loses-another-stalwart/news-112423 Sports fraternity loses another stalwart]</ref> * Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mabedi - [[Linah Mohohlo]], masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mookamedi wa banka ya Botswana; COVID-19<ref>DIKUELO, PAULINE (2 June 2021). [https://www.mmegi.bw/business/ex-bob-governor-mohohlo-passes-on-aged-69/news "Mmegi Online :: Ex-BoB governor Mohohlo passes on aged 69".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le masome mararo - [[Shona Ferguson]], masome a mane le bosupa, modiragatsi le mogwebi; COVID-19<ref>[https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/celebrities/shona-ferguson-47-has-died-20210730 Shona Ferguson, 47, has died]</ref> * Phatwe a le lesome le boraro - [[Keitumetse Paul]], masome a mane le borobabobedi, motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao, COVID-19<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102219/https://en.africatopsports.com/2021/08/14/botswana-young-zebras-coach-keitumetse-paul-succumbs-to-covid-19/ "Young Zebras coach Keitumetse Paul succumbs to Covid-19".] ''Africa Top Sports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe - [[Jakoba Keiphile]], masome a robabongwe le boraro, motlhami wa kereke ya Eloyi, COVID-19.<ref>Baruti, Eli (2021-08-30). [https://www.botswanayouth.com/eloyi-founder-jakoba-deceased/ "Eloyi Founder, Jakoba deceased".] ''Botswana Youth Magazine''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Morule a supa - [[Naledi Williers]], mmereki wa thelebishine (The Real Housewives of Johannesburg); kankere ya lebele.<ref>Kekana, Chrizelda; Gaanakgomo, Constance; Mphande, Joy (8 December 2021)[https://web.archive.org/web/20240904034615/https://www.timeslive.co.za/amp/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2021-12-08-real-housewives-of-johannesburg-star-naledi-willers-has-died/ . "'Real Housewives of Johannesburg' star Naledi Willers has died".] ''TimesLIVE''. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 31 JULY 2026</ref> == Metswedi == 8lxgvy6admgi6os7esi0sk79qdv4gkz 0 14809 54128 53726 2026-08-15T16:36:12Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54128 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tumisang Orebonye''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le borataro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa Motswana yo o tshamekang jaaka motshameki wa bogare wa setlhopha sa Al-Shomooa sa Libyan Premier League le setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240528185301/https://www.besoccer.com/player/t-orebonye-369352 "T. Orebonye - Al-Shomooa SC".] Retrieved 9 March 2026</ref>Orebonye e ne e le motshameki wa ntlha wa Botswana go fenya sekgele sa kontinente, a fenya CAF Confederation Cup ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023) le USM Alger .<ref>Pheko, Isaac (9 August 2023)[https://guardiansun.co.bw/sports/football/orebonye-talks-life-and-football . "Orebonye talks life and football".] Guardian Sun. Retrieved 5 January 2026.</ref> == Tiro ya go tshameka == === USM Alger === Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Orebonye o ne a ya kwa USM Alger ka konteraka ya dingwaga di le pedi le halofo, a tlogela OC Khouribga ya kwa Morocco. <ref>[https://mediafootdz.dz/mercato-tumisang-orebonye-signe-a-lusma/ Mercato : Tumisang Orebonye signe à l'USMA"]. mediafootdz.dz. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.</ref>Kwadiso ya gagwe e ne ya diegisiwa ka gore o ne a sa ntse a le mo kgolegelong e e neng e beilwe ke Royal Moroccan Football Federation, e e neng ya mo thibela go tlhagelela mo kgaisanong ya selegae go fitlha ka Tlhakole. <ref>[https://www.competition.dz/actualites/89-ligue-1/84339-usma-tumisang-orebonye-est-il-suspendu.html USMA : Tumisang Orebonye est-il suspendu ?]". competition.dz. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</ref>Orebonye o ne a tshamekela setlhopha sa gagwe sa ntlha kwa CAF Confederation Cup fa ba ne ba fenya Saint-Éloi Lupopo. Beke morago ga moo mo kgaisanong e e tshwanang kgatlhanong le Al Akhdar, Orebonye o ne a tsenya bolo ya gagwe ya ntlha mo setlhopheng.<ref>[https://www.dzfoot.com/football-en-algerie/coupes/caf-cc-bonne-operation-de-lusma-en-libye-238491.html CAF CC : Bonne opération de l'USMA en Libye]". dzfoot.com. 19 February 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e thola boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Orebonye o ne a gapa sekgele sa ntlha le setlhopha sa gagwe ka go fenya CAF Confederation Cup, koo a neng a nna motshameki wa ntlha wa Botswana go gapa sekgele sa kontinente<ref name=":0">[https://www.barrons.com/news/usm-alger-lift-caf-cup-despite-home-loss-to-young-africans-2cdf88d4 USM Alger Lift CAF Cup Despite Home Loss To Young Africans"]. barrons.com. 3 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</ref>.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230607131320/https://enole.co.bw/tumisang-orebonye-won-caf-confederation-gold-medal/ Tumisang Orebonye won CAF Confederation Gold Medal]". enole.co.bw. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</ref>O ne a fenya gape le USM Alger, CAF Super Cup ya 2023, morago ga go fenya Al Ahly ka qkgwedi ya Lwetse. <ref name=":1">[https://mediafootdz.dz/lusma-remporte-la-supercoupe-de-la-caf-face-au-ahly/ L'USMA remporte la Supercoupe de la CAF face au Ahly"]. mediafootdz.dz. 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), USM Alger e ne ya fedisa konteraka ya ga Orebonye ka tumelano, e mo letla go tlogela setlhopha jaaka moemedi yo o gololesegileng. <ref>[https://planetesport.dz/tumisang-orebonye-veut-quitter-lusma/ Tumisang Orebonye veut quitter l'USMA]". Planete Sport. 3 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January </ref><ref>[https://www.dzfoot.com/non-classe/usm-alger-resiliation-du-contrat-de-tumisang-orebonye-252486.html USM Alger : Résiliation du contrat de Tumisang Orebonye".] DZfoot. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</ref> === AS FAR === Moragonyana ga go tswa kwa Algeria, Orebonye o ne a boela kwa Morocco go ya go saena le AS FAR Rabat ka tumelano ya dingwaga di le pedi le sephatlo kwa tshimologong ya kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024).<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/sports/orebonye-returns-to-morocco/news Orebonye returns to Morocco".] Orebonye returns to Morocco. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2025.</ref> === Al-Ittihad Tripoli === Orebone o ne a nna kwa AS FAR mme morago ga moo a tsaya kgato e nngwe: ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), setlhopha sa kwa Libya sa Al Ittihad Tripoli se ne sa tsenya tirisong tumelano ya gagwe ya go mo golola, e go neng ga begwa gore e ka nna $500,000, gore a kgone go bona ditirelo tsa gagwe go tswa kwa AS FAR, mme seo sa dira gore a kopane le mokatisi Juan Carlos Garrido, yo o neng a kile a mo thapisa kwa USM Alger.<ref>Géthox, Sonangnon (8 February 2025). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106064729/https://africafootunited.com/transfert-equipe-du-botswana-tumisang-orebonye-rejoint-officiellement-al-ittihad-club/ Transfert – Équipe du Botswana : Tumisang Orebonye rejoint officiellement Al-Ittihad Club"]. ''AfricaFootUnited'' (in French). Retrieved 23 December 2025.</ref> == Tiro ya boditšhabatšhaba == Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le botlhano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017),Tumisang Orebonye o ne a tshameka motshameko wa gagwe wa ntlha le setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana kgatlhanong le Tanzania mo motshamekong wa botsalano. Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi ( 2018),Orebonye o ne a tsenya bolo ya gagwe ya ntlha ka mebala ya Botswana kgatlhanong le Namibia. Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021), Orebonye o ne a dira hat-trick kgatlhanong le Lesotho mo kgaisanong ya ditlhopha tsa COSAFA Cup. == Dipalopalo tsa ditiro == === Club === Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola botlhano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024)<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/tumisang-orebonye/478909/ Tumisang Orebonye] at Soccerway</ref> == <ref>[https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/28927/Zambia_Botswana.html Zambia vs. Botswana"]. National Football Teams. Retrieved 5 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/20753/Botswana_Namibia.html Botswana vs. Namibia]". National Football Teams. Retrieved 5 June 2025.</ref>Ditlotla == === Dithuthuntshwane tsa Township Rollers === * Botswana Premier League: 2018-19 === USM Alger === * CAF Confederation Cup: 2022 ⁇ 23 <ref name=":0" /> * CAF Super Cup: 2023 <ref name=":1" /> === Motho a le mongwe === * FUB Young Player of the Season: 2017<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210143/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/mobile/news-details.php?nid=38243&flag= https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210143/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/mobile/news-details.php?nid=38243&flag=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210143/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/mobile/news-details.php?nid=38243&flag=]</ref> * Mascom Top 8 Cup Top Goalscorer: 2019a<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190519082354/http://www.sundaystandard.info/galaxy-are-new-mascom-top-8-stars Galaxy are the new Mascom Top 8 stars | Sunday Standard".] www.sundaystandard.info. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019.</ref> == Metswedi == 790ga9ebp01tld19ava3qu158rpszzu 0 14812 54146 53887 2026-08-15T17:15:39Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company|name=Zesta|type=e e ikemetseng|industry=dithulaganyo|founded=Phatwe ngwaga wa 2020|founders=[[Henry Newman]] [[Randall Newman]]|areas_served=[[Aforika]]|services=go isa dilwana (kgwebo)|website=https://zesta.one/}} '''Zesta''' ke kompone e go rekiwang dijo mo go yone mo maranyaneng, e bo e di isa, e bereka mo kgaolong ya [[Aferika|Aforika]]. Pele e ne e itsege ka leina la Square Eats, kompone e ne ya fetola leina go nna Zesta ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref name=":0">[https://verbosec.com/square-eats-reimagined-zesta-brings-life-delivered/ "Square Eats Reimagined: Zesta Brings Life Delivered".] ''Verbosec''. 2 January 2025. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> Zesta e kopanya bareki le mabentlele a dijo, e dira ditirelo tsa go isa dijo, dithoto tse di rekilweng le diphasele le tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201127005052/https://yourbotswana.com/2020/11/18/square-eats-delivering-food-and-drinks-to-your-doorstep/ "Square Eats: delivering food and drinks to your doorstep – YourBotswana".] Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:Square Eats.png|thumb|Sekano sa Square Eats]] Zesta pele e tlhamilwe e le '''Square Eats''' ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi ke mawelana [[Henry Newman (rakgwebo)|Henry Newman]] le [[Randall Newman]] fa ba le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le motso.<ref>Adamson, Kabelo (3 February 2021). [https://thevoicebw.com/innovative-twins-enter-food-tech-space/ "Innovative twins enter food tech space » TheVoiceBW".] ''TheVoiceBW''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> E ne ya simolodisiwa mo [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]], ya nna tirelo ya go isa dijo e tumileng mo lefatsheng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201101141818/https://azhizhi.com/1664/verbosec-launches-its-food-delivery-service-square-eats-in-botswana/ "Verbosec launches its Food-Delivery Service Square Eats in Botswana".] ''Azhizhi''. 26 July 2020. Archived from [https://azhizhi.com/1664/verbosec-launches-its-food-delivery-service-square-eats-in-botswana/ the original] on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> Kompone e ne ya emisa ditirelo ya tsaya tshwetso go ntshafatsa kgwebo ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250527135035/https://zesta.one/about "About Us - Zesta".] ''Zesta''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano, kompone e ne ya itsise fa e fetola leina go nna Zesta, e gatelela maikaelelo a yone a go sa nne kompone e isang dijo fela mme le go nna maranyane a go rekiwang ka one.<ref name=":0" /> === Lenaneo la segajaja sa COVID-19 === Ka nako ya [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana|segajaja sa COVID-19]], Zesta (e ka nako eo e neng e le Square Eats) e ne ya dira methale ya go netefatsa pabalesego le bophepha, e akaretsa go neela bakgweetsi diatlana le melwara e e itshasiwang mo diatleng mahala le go dira ditsela tsa go isa dijo ba sa amane le bareki. Maiteko a, a ne a baya serala se go nna tirelo e e tshephagalang ka nako ya segajaja.<ref>Eats, Square (28 December 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210121212514/https://blog.sqeats.com/2020/12/28/health-and-safety-mandate/ "Our Commitment to Safer Deliveries: New Health and Safety Mandate".] ''Square Eats Blog''. Archived from [https://blog.sqeats.com/2020/12/28/health-and-safety-mandate/ the original] on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> == Tirelo == Zesta e rulaganya go isa dijo go tswa kwa bapating ba le mmalwa ba ba rekisang dijo ka maranyane a megala ya lotheka e e botlhale, a a teng mo IOS le mo Android kgotsa mo websiteng. Bareki ba ka leba dijo tsa mabentlele a ba a ratang, ba reka ba bo ba isediwa dijo kwa matlong ka nako.<ref>Staff Writer (22 August 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210123000152/https://azhizhi.com/1712/top-10-useful-mobile-apps-in-botswana/ "Top 10 useful mobile apps in Botswana".] ''Azhizhi''. Archived from [https://azhizhi.com/1712/top-10-useful-mobile-apps-in-botswana/ the original] on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[DoorDash]] * [[Rappi]] * [[Talabat]] * [[Mascom]] * [[Randall Newman]] == Metswedi == hre4nukpyaejllgqs1owux2w9vcp8kw 0 14836 54100 53770 2026-08-15T12:47:13Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54100 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Norman Molomo''' ke radipolotiki wa Botswana. E ne e le mongwe wa bathei ba lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP). O ne a tlhophiwa go emela kgaolo ya [[Gaborone - Ramotswa|Gaborone]] [[Gaborone - Ramotswa|- Ramotswa]] ka ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a maratro le botlhano jaaka leloko la BDP, a amogela ditalama di le dikete tse nne le masome a marataro le borobabongwe fa go bapisiwa le ditalama di le makgolo a marataro le masome a marataro le boraro tsa moganetsi wa gagwe. <ref name=":0">[https://www.mmegi.bw/ampArticle/80844 "Rethinking Kgosi Linchwe And The Extraordinary 1965 Election Result"]. ''Mmegi Online''. 2016-05-08.</ref>Molomo o ne a direla mo Palamenteng ya ntlha ya Botswana mme morago a tsenela ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabongwe(1969) tsa kgaolo ya [[Mochudi]], mme o ne a fenngwa ke [[Thari Motlhagodi]] wa [[Botswana People's Party]].<ref>Makgala, Christian John (2025). "Electoral History and Turnover Tradition in Botswana's Outlier Constituency of Kgatleng West". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''57''' (Special Issue on Botswana's 2024 General Election): 310.</ref> O ne a amogela ditalama di le makgolo a marataro le masome a marataro le borataro.<ref name=":0" /> Molomo ke kgaitsadie [[Matlapeng Ray Molomo]] yo o nang le rre a le mongwe, mme bobedi jwa bone e ne e le maloko a mephato Mafiri. <ref>Mosothwane, Morongwa Nancy (2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20260731215247/https://d.lib.msu.edu/pula/322 "An ethnographic study of initiation schools among the Bakgatla ba ga Kgafela at Mochudi (1874-1988)".] ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''15''' (1): 148.</ref> == Metswedi == rklx5nuxx7i5f8wfgiaov0v6uvydaxp 0 14866 54126 53909 2026-08-15T16:35:31Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Authority control}} [[Setshwantsho:Rosetta_Stone.JPG|thumb| [[Letlapa la ga Rosetta|Letlapa la Rosetta]] (196&nbsp;BC) e nale go kwalwa ka mekwalo e meraro e e farologaneng. Hieroglyphs (kwa godimo) le Demotic (fa gare) di kwala mokwalo o o tshwanang ka puo ya Egepeto, fa temana e e lekanang le yone ka Segerika yone e dirisa alefabete ya Segerika (kwa tlase). Dikwalelano tseno e ne e le senotlolo sa go tlhaloganya ditlhaka tsa hieroglyph tsa Egepeto mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga.]] '''Go kwala''' ke tiro ya go tlhama setshwantsho se se tswelelang, se gantsi se bonwang sa puo mo godimo ga sengwe. Jaaka thulaganyo e e rulagantsweng ya tlhaeletsano, go kwala go itsege gape jaaka '''puo e e kwadilweng'''. Go ya ka hisetori, dipuo tse di kwadilweng di tlhageletse jaaka tsela ya go rekota dipuo tse di buiwang tse di tsamaelanang. Setlhopha se se rileng sa matshwao, se se bidiwang ''sekeripiti'', mmogo le melao e ka yone di tsenyang khoutu ya puo e e rileng e e buiwang, se itsege jaaka tsamaiso ya go kwala. Mo maemong mangwe a a sa tlwaelegang, go kwala go ka dirwa ka go ama go na le go bonwa ka matlho. Tiro ya tlhaloganyo le ya loago ya go kwala e akaretsa dithulaganyo tsa tlhaloganyo le di tsamaiso tsa mmele tse dipholo tsa tsona tsa mmele gape di bidiwang ''go kwala'' ( kgotsa ''setlhangwa'' ): motseletsele wa matshwao a a kwadilweng ka mmele, a a fetisiwang ka motšhini, kgotsa a a emetsweng ka dijithale. Go bala ke tiro ya go kopana le setlhangwa le go tlhalosa matshwao a sona. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Witte |first=Stephen P. |date=1992 |title=Context, Text, Intertext: Toward a Constructivist Semiotic of Writing |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_written-communication_1992-04_9_2/page/237 |journal=Written Communication |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=237-308}}</ref> [4] Puisokwalo ke bokgoni jwa go buisa le go kwala. Ka kakaretso, ditsamaiso tsa go kwala ga di bope dipuo ka botsona, mme ke ditsela tse di nnelang tsa go emela puo ka tsela e e tla tlhaloganngwang ke batho mo nakong e e tlang. [5][6] Le fa tiriso ya puo e le ya lefatshe lotlhe mo merafeng yotlhe ya batho, bontsi jwa dipuo tse di buiwang ga di kwalwe. [7] Ba ba nang le tsamaiso ya go kwala ba ka tlaleletsa le go atolosa bokgoni jwa puo e e buiwang, go e fetisa go kgabaganya sebaka (sekai, kwalelano e e kwadilweng) le go e boloka gore e tle e buisiwe mo nakong e e tlang (sekai, [[Motlobo wa dibuka|dilaeborari]]). [8] Go kwala gape go ka fetola kamano ya batho le kitso e ba e bonang, ka gonne go letla batho go ntsha dikakanyo tsa bone kwa ntle ka mekgwa e e bonolo go akanya ka tsone, go di dira ka iketlo, go di tlhalosa ka botlalo, go di akanyetsa gape le go di boeletsa. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Ong |first=Walter J. |year=2011 |title=The linguistics of literacy. |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company. |publication-date=1986 |pages=293-320 |chapter=Writing is a technology that restructures thought}}</ref> [10] [11] [12] == Didiriswa, didirisiwa, le maitlhomo a go kwala == Tiragalo nngwe le nngwe ya go kwala e akaretsa tirisano e e raraaneng magareng ga didiriswa tse di leng teng, maikaelelo, meetlo ya setso, ditlwaelo tsa tlhaloganyo, mefutakwalo, kitso e e didimetseng le e e tlhamaletseng, le dikgoreletsi le ditekanyetso tsa ditsamaiso tse di dirisitsweng. [13] Didirisiwa tsa go kwala tse di dirisiwang go dira mekwalo ya mmatota di akaretsa [[Monwana|menwana]], ditaele, diborashe tsa enke, dipensele, dipene, le mefuta e le mentsi ya lithokerafi; boalogodimo jwa go kwala jo go ka kwalwang mo go jone bo akaretsa matlapa a matlapa, matlapa a letsopa, matlapana a bamboo, papirase, matlapa a boka, vellum, letlalo, pampiri, letlapa la kopore, le letlapa. [14] Motšhini o o tlanyang, mmogo le sedirisiwa sa dijithale sa go kwala mafoko, di dira gore bakwadi ba kgone go kwala mafoko a a tlhomameng ka go dirisa khiiboto. [15] Dikgatelopele tsa ntlha mo go diriseng puo ya tlholego le go tlhama puo ya tlholego di ne tsa kgona go dira gore go nne le dirweboleta tse di kgonang go tlhagisa mefuta mengwe ya mokwalo o o nang le difomula tse di kwa godimo, sekao, diponelopele tsa maemo a bosa, ditshobokanyo tse dikhutshwane tsa ditiragalo tsa metshameko, le dikakanyo tsa mmaraka wa madi kwantle ga go nna le seabe ka tlhamalalo le batho [16] morago ga thulaganyo ya ntlha. Ditlhabololo tsa moragonyana di ne tsa bona tiriso e e anameng mo go tshegetseng go kwala, jaaka go tlhagisa ditlhamo tsa ntlha, go tlhagisa ditshwaelo ka thuso ya ruburiki, go baakanya le go lolamisa dikwalo, le go thusa go ranola. [17] Mo metlheng ya gompieno, dirweboleta tse di jaaka diphetogo tse di katisitsweng pele ga nako tse di tlhagisang di ka kgona, fa di newa tlhagiso, go tlhagisa ditlhangwa tse di telele le tse di tshwanetseng go kwadisiwa ka tsela e e utlwalang ntle le go tsenya tshedimosetso e nngwe ya batho. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CSDL {{!}} IEEE Computer Society |url=https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2022/10/09903869/1H0G6xvtREk |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.computer.org}}</ref> === Ditlhotlheletso le maikaelelo === [[Setshwantsho:Olin-Warner-LoC-tympanum-Highsmith.jpeg|thumb| Tympanum ya boronse e e bontshang mothofatso ya Mokwalo – Kago ya ga Thomas Jefferson, kwa Washington, D.C.]] Go ya ka hisitori, go kwala go ne ga tlhagelela go rarabolola ditlhokego tsa ditšhaba tse di golang ka go raraana ga ikonomi le loago. Fa di setse di dirilwe, di-app di ne di akaretsa go latedisa ditlamelo le dikhumo tse dingwe, go rekota hisitori, go boloka setso, go rulaganya kitso ka dithuto mmogo le lenaane la mekwalo e e tsewang e le metheo ya kitso (sekao, The Canon of Medicine) kgotsa boleng jwa botaki (sekao, buka ya dibuka). Dithuso tsa botsamaisi di ne di akaretsa dikhoutu tsa semolao, direkoto tsa palo ya batho, Ditumalano, ditiro tsa beng, lekgetho, Ditumalano tsa kgwebo, le ditumalano tsotlhe magareng ga dinaga. Jaaka Charles Bazerman a tlhalosa, "go tshwaya matshwao mo matlapeng, mo letsopeng, mo pampiring, mme jaanong le dilo tse di gakologelwang tsa dipalo - nngwe le nngwe e kgona go rwalwa le go tsamaya ka bonako go feta e e fetileng - go ne ga neela ditsela tsa go dira tiro e e rulagantsweng le e atolositsweng mmogo le mogopolo mo ditlhopheng tse dikgolo tsa batho go ralala nako le sebaka". [19] Ditlhabologo tse dingwe di ne di akaretsa ditsamaiso tsa molao tse di tshwanang, tse di bonelwang pele, le tse di anameng thata, go anamisiwa ga dithanolo tse di ka fitlhelelwang tsa Mekwalo e e boitshepo, le go tsweletsa mekgwa ya dipatlisiso tsa saense le tsamaiso ya kitso, tsotlhe di ne di ikaegile thata ka mefuta e e kgonang go kwalwa motlhofo ya puo e e kwadilweng. Hisitori ya go kwala e atolositswe mmogo le tiriso ya go kwala le go tlhalosiwa ga ditsamaiso tsa ditiro tse di dirang gore go nne le go anamisiwa ga go kwala. [20] 6kdtd6jxyx5dm3n10fyuv3u6lkmuii4 0 14875 54139 54063 2026-08-15T16:48:43Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260815sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 54139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Autism|synonym=|image=Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Boy stacking cans|caption=Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Trouble with [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]], impaired [[communication]], restricted interests, repetitive behavior<ref name=Land2008/>|complications=Social isolation, employment problems, family stress, [[bullying]], [[self-harm]], [[suicide]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714024941/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruggieri V | title = [Autism, depression and risk of suicide] | journal = Medicina | volume = 80 Suppl 2 | pages = 12–16 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32150706 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B | title = Suicide in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–39 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24713024 | doi = 10.1080/13811118.2013.824834 | s2cid = 25741716 }}</ref>|onset=By age two or three<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web |title= NIMH " Autism Spectrum Disorder |url= https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |website= nimh.nih.gov |access-date= 20 April 2017 |date= October 2016 |archive-date= 21 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093226/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=DSM5/>|duration=[[Chronic condition|Long term]]<ref name=NIH2016/>|types=|causes=[[Heritability of autism|Genetic]] and environmental factors<ref name=Ch2012/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on behavior and developmental history<ref name=NIH2016/>|differential=[[Reactive attachment disorder]], [[intellectual disability]], [[schizophrenia]]<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Corcoran J, Walsh J |title=Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice |url={{Google books|y28kokLoe78C|page=72|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Oxford University Press, New York |date=9 February 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-516830-3 |oclc=466433183 |lccn=2005027740 |page=72 }}</ref>|prevention=|treatment=[[Behaviour therapy|Behavioral therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[psychotropic medication]]<ref name=CCD2007/><ref name=San2016/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = e1341-50 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24167175 | pmc = 3813396 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-1193 }}</ref>|medication=[[Atypical antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]], [[stimulants]] (associated symptoms)<ref name=Ji2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ji N, Findling RL | title = An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–101 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25602248 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132 }}</ref><ref name="Oswald DP 2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA | title = Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 348–355 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17630868 | doi = 10.1089/cap.2006.17303 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Doyle CA, McDougle CJ | title = Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–279 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23226952 | pmc = 3513681 }}</ref>|prognosis=Frequently poor<ref name=Ste106/>|frequency=24.8 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=|named after=}} '''Autism''' ke bolwetse jwa kgolo jo bo tlhaolwang ke mathata a go dirisana le batho ba bangwe le go buisana le bone, le ka boitshwaro jo bo thibetsweng le jo bo boaboelediwang.<ref name="DSM5" /> Gantsi batsadi ba lemoga dikai mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa botshelo jwa ngwana wa bone.<ref name="Land2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Landa RJ|title=Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life|journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol|volume=4|issue=3|pages=138–147|year=2008|pmid=18253102|doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0731|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="DSM5">{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition|chapter=Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)|editor-last=American Psychiatric Association|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing}}</ref> Dikai tse gantsi di gola ka iketlo, le fa bana bangwe ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa autism ba itemogela go nna maswe le go feta mo bokgoning jwa bone jwa go buisana le go dirisana le batho morago ga go fitlhelela diphitlhelelo tsa kgolo ka lobelo lo lo tlwaelegileng.<ref name="Stef2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stefanatos GA|s2cid=34658024|title=Regression in autistic spectrum disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neuropsychology-review_2008-12_18_4/page/305|journal=Neuropsychol Rev|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–319|year=2008|pmid=18956241|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y}}</ref> Bolwetse jwa autism bo amana le dilo tse di amanang le dijini le tikologo.<ref name="Ch2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M|title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=14|issue=3|pages=281–292|year=2012|pmid=23226953|pmc=3513682}}</ref> Dintlha tsa kotsi ka nako ya boimana di akaretsa ditshwaetsegi dingwe, jaaka rubella, botlhole jo bo akaretsang valproic acid, bojalwa, khokheine, dibolayasenyi, lloto, le [[Kgotlelego ya mowa|kgotlhelo ya mowa]], thibelo ya kgolo ya lesea le le mo popelong, le malwetse a a amanang le masole a mmele.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)|vauthors=Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z|journal=Reproductive Toxicology|volume=56|year=2015|pages=155–169|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007|pmid=26021712}}</ref> Dikganetsano di amana le mabaka a mangwe a a tshitshintsweng a tikologo ; sekai, kgopolo ya mokento, e e ganeditsweng.<ref name="Rut2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rutter M|title=Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2005-01_94_1/page/n3|journal=Acta Paediatr|volume=94|issue=1|pages=2–15|year=2005|pmid=15858952|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x}}</ref> Autism e ama go dirisiwa ga tshedimosetso mo bobokong le kafa disele tsa methapo le di-synapse tsa tsone di golaganang le go rulagana ka gone; gore seno se diragala jang ga go tlhaloganngwe sentle.<ref name="Lev2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT|title=Autism|journal=Lancet|volume=374|issue=9701|pages=1627–1638|year=2009|pmid=19819542|pmc=2863325|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3}}</ref> Bukana ya go Tlhatlhoba le ya Dipalopalo ya Mathata a Tlhaloganyo (DSM-5), e kopanya autism le mefuta e e seng maswe thata ya boemo jono, go akaretsa le bolwetse jwa Asperger le bolwetse jo bo anameng jwa tlhabololo jo bo sa tlhalosiwang ka tsela e nngwe (PDD-NOS) go nna go tlhatlhoba bolwetse jwa autism spectrum (ASD).<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="John2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Johnson CP, Myers SM|title=Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1183–1215|year=2007|pmid=17967920|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2361|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208013449/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-date=8 February 2009|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ditsela tsa ntlha tsa boitshwaro kgotsa kalafi ya puo di ka thusa bana ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa autism go nna le bokgoni jwa go itlhokomela, go dirisana le batho ba bangwe le go buisana le bone.<ref name="CCD2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Myers SM, Johnson CP|title=Management of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1162–1182|date=November 2007|pmid=17967921|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092305/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="San2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sanchack KE, Thomas CA|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles|journal=American Family Physician|volume=94|issue=12|pages=972–979|date=December 2016|pmid=28075089}}</ref> Le fa go se na kalafi e e itsiweng,<ref name="CCD2007" /> go nnile le dikgetsi tsa bana ba ba neng ba fola.<ref name="Helt2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D|s2cid=4317267|title=Can children with autism recover? If so, how?|journal=Neuropsychology Review|volume=18|issue=4|pages=339–366|date=December 2008|pmid=19009353|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9|url=https://www.academia.edu/16961306|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.2995|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017031345/https://www.academia.edu/16961306/Can_Children_with_Autism_Recover_If_So_How|url-status=live}}</ref> Bagolo bangwe ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa autistic ga ba kgone go tshela ba ikemetse.<ref name="Ste106">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB|title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=133|issue=6|pages=445–452|date=June 2016|pmid=26763353|doi=10.1111/acps.12559}}</ref> Setso sa autistic se tlhamilwe, ka batho bangwe ba batla kalafi mme ba bangwe ba dumela gore autism e tshwanetse go amogelwa jaaka pharologano e e tshwanetseng go amogelwa go na le go alafiwa.<ref name="Sil2008">{{Cite journal|journal=BioSocieties|year=2008|volume=3|issue=3|pages=325–341|title=Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum|vauthors=Silverman C|s2cid=145379758|doi=10.1017/S1745855208006236}}</ref><ref name="Frith2014">{{Cite news|last=Frith|first=Uta|title=Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?|url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma|work=[[The Psychologist (magazine)|The Psychologist]]|publisher=[[British Psychological Society]]|date=October 2014|volume=27|pages=744–745|access-date=2020-08-06|archivedate=2019-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510154825/https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma}}</ref> Lefatshe ka bophara, go akanyediwa gore bolwetse jwa autism bo ama batho ba le dimilione di le 24,8 {{as of|2015|lc=y}}.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi, palo ya batho ba ba amegileng e ne e akanyediwa go nna bongwe goya ko go bobedi (1–2) mo bathong ba le lekgolo lefatshe ka bophara.<ref name="News2007" /> Mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng, mo e ka nnang 1.5% ya bana ba lemogiwa ba na le ASD {{as of|2017|lc=y}},<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C|title=The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=38|pages=81–102|date=March 2017|pmid=28068486|pmc=6566093|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318}}</ref> go tswa go 0.7% ka 2000 kwa United States.<ref name="ASD2016" /> E tlhagelela makgetlo a le mane go ya go a matlhano mo go tse ditonanyana go feta tse di namagadi.<ref name="ASD2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|title=ASD data and statistics|publisher=CDC.gov|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418153648/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|archive-date=18 April 2014}}</ref> Palo ya batho ba ba lemogilweng e oketsegile thata fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960), se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke diphetogo mo mokgweng wa go tlhatlhoba.<ref name="News2007" /> Potso ya gore a ditlhwatlhwa tsa mmatota di oketsegile ga e ise e rarabololwe.<ref name="News2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC|title=The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=28|pages=235–258|year=2007|pmid=17367287|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Autism]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5w00w205szr0bauq3gxx6mzec1x3tgc 0 14882 54109 2026-08-15T14:49:19Z Cruiselady 12522 Ke dirile tsebe e e nang le setlhogo se ke tlileng go kwala ditshupetso tsa mo go sona 54109 wikitext text/x-wiki Kgopane ke phologolo e e fitlhelwang mo mafelong a a nang le bojang. E tshela mo tikologong e e omeletseng gape e itsege ka mmele wa yona o o nonneng le maoto a yona ao a nonofileng.<ref>-lizhttps://le.kloofconservancy.org.za/monitorards/</ref> E ijela bojang, dimela dingwe le matlhare. Fa gona le letsatsi e ipatlela dijo mo nageng, fa go fisa thata maemo a bosa a gaketse ka mogote e rata go nna ntse e ikhutsa mo moriting. E dirisa matla le lebelo la yona go itshireletsa mo diphologolong tse eleng gore di itsege ka go ja nama. Botlhokwa ba yona mo tikologong ke go laola go mela ga dimela tse di sa tlhokegeng ka go dija gape ke nngwe ya dikarolo tsa ketane ya dijo ka diphologo dingwe tse di kgolo di ka fitlhela dijo ka go e tsoma gore di kgone go kaja.<ref>https://avs.nparks.gov.sg/wildlife/encountering-wildlife/monitor-lizards/</ref> Mo setswananeng kamano e teng bogareng ba phologolo e le setso ka mosetswaneng go dumelwa gore phologolo nngwe le nngwe e nale bokao jo bo rileng mo botshelong . Kgopane e ka dirisiwa go ruta batho ka tlhompho ya tlhago ka batswana ba nale ngwao ya go tlotla diphologolo , gape batswana ba rata go lokela diphologolo mo puong ba nna ntse ba di latlhela mo diaaneng, maina a batho le dipina tsa setso. Fa kgopane e umakiwa mo puong kgotsa ngwaong, e ka thusa fo fetisa dithuto tse di amang botshelo le ka moo batho ba tshwanetseng go tshela ka yona.<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA052550590_805</ref> Ka boripana kgopane ga se phologolo ya naga fela ke karolo ya kitso, puo le setso sa batswana. j6lo9348b19tqs5j728jljtqc7b0j4p 54110 54109 2026-08-15T14:54:54Z Cruiselady 12522 Ke loketse senepe sa kgopane 54110 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus) head.jpg|thumb|KGOPANE]] '''Kgopane''' ke phologolo e e fitlhelwang mo mafelong a a nang le bojang. E tshela mo tikologong e e omeletseng gape e itsege ka mmele wa yona o o nonneng le maoto a yona ao a nonofileng.<ref>-lizhttps://le.kloofconservancy.org.za/monitorards/</ref> E ijela bojang, dimela dingwe le matlhare. Fa gona le letsatsi e ipatlela dijo mo nageng, fa go fisa thata maemo a bosa a gaketse ka mogote e rata go nna ntse e ikhutsa mo moriting. E dirisa matla le lebelo la yona go itshireletsa mo diphologolong tse eleng gore di itsege ka go ja nama. Botlhokwa ba yona mo tikologong ke go laola go mela ga dimela tse di sa tlhokegeng ka go dija gape ke nngwe ya dikarolo tsa ketane ya dijo ka diphologo dingwe tse di kgolo di ka fitlhela dijo ka go e tsoma gore di kgone go kaja.<ref>https://avs.nparks.gov.sg/wildlife/encountering-wildlife/monitor-lizards/</ref> Mo setswananeng kamano e teng bogareng ba phologolo e le setso ka mosetswaneng go dumelwa gore phologolo nngwe le nngwe e nale bokao jo bo rileng mo botshelong . Kgopane e ka dirisiwa go ruta batho ka tlhompho ya tlhago ka batswana ba nale ngwao ya go tlotla diphologolo , gape batswana ba rata go lokela diphologolo mo puong ba nna ntse ba di latlhela mo diaaneng, maina a batho le dipina tsa setso. Fa kgopane e umakiwa mo puong kgotsa ngwaong, e ka thusa fo fetisa dithuto tse di amang botshelo le ka moo batho ba tshwanetseng go tshela ka yona.<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA052550590_805</ref> Ka boripana kgopane ga se phologolo ya naga fela ke karolo ya kitso, puo le setso sa batswana. 74cvmdbqlmknn1iuyhv31jb4fabdkgv 0 14883 54148 2026-08-15T20:19:01Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1507371|Pregnancy]] to:tn #mdwikicx 54148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Pregnancy|synonym=Gestation|image=Pregnant_woman.jpg <!--Do not reverse image to look towards text - not allowed per [[MOS:IMAGE]]-->|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A woman in the third trimester of pregnancy|pronounce=|specialty=[[Obstetrics]], [[midwifery]]|symptoms=Missed periods, tender breasts, [[Morning sickness|nausea and vomiting]], hunger, frequent urination<ref name=NIH2013Sym/>|complications=[[Miscarriage]], [[high blood pressure of pregnancy]], [[gestational diabetes]], [[iron-deficiency anemia]], [[hyperemesis gravidarum|severe nausea and vomiting]]<ref name=John2012/><ref name=NIH2013Compli/>|onset=|duration=~40&nbsp;weeks from the [[last menstrual period]]<ref name=NIH2013Def/><ref name=Ab2011/>|types=|causes=[[Sexual intercourse]], [[assisted reproductive technology]]<ref name=She2016/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Pregnancy test]]<ref name=NIH2012Diag/>|differential=|prevention=[[Birth control]] (including [[emergency contraception]])<ref name=Tay2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor D, James EA | title = An evidence-based guideline for unintended pregnancy prevention | journal = Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing | volume = 40 | issue = 6 | pages = 782–93 | date = 2011 | pmid = 22092349 | pmc = 3266470 | doi = 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01296.x }}</ref>|treatment=[[Prenatal care]],<ref name=NIH2013Prenatal/> [[abortion]]<ref name=Tay2011/>|medication=[[Folate|Folic acid]], [[iron supplements]]<ref name=NIH2013Prenatal/><ref name="Keats2019" />|prognosis=|frequency=213 million (2012)<ref name=Sed2014/>|deaths={{decrease}} 230,600 (2016)<ref name=GBD2016/>|named after=}} '''Boimana''', jo gape bo itsegeng jaaka '''boimana''', ke nako e ka yona ngwana a le mongwe kgotsa go feta a golang mo teng ga [[mosadi]] . Boimana jo bontsi bo akaretsa bana ba ba fetang bongwe, jaaka mafatlha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wylie|first=Linda|title=Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care|date=2005|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-443-10041-3|page=172|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Boimana gantsi bo diragala ka [[thobalano]], fela bo ka dirala ka maranyane a thuso ya tsalo.<ref name="She2016">{{Cite book|last=Shehan|first=Constance L.|title=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 4 Volume Set|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-65845-1|page=406|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Boimana bo ka felela ka pelegi ya ngwana yo tshelang, go senyegelwa ke mpa, [[Go senya mpa|go senya mpa go go tlhotlhelediwang]], kgotsa ngwana yo o tlhokafetseng . Pelegi gantsi e diragala mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le masome a mane,dibeke go tloga ka tshimologo ya [[Setswalo|paka ya bofelo ya go bona setswalo]] (LMP).<ref name="NIH2013Def" /><ref name="Ab2011" /> Se se feta fela borobabongwe jwa &nbsp;dikgwedi – ( dingwaga tsa boimana ) fa kgwedi nngwe le nngwe e nang le palo ya malatsi a le masome a mararo le bongwe.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /><ref name="Ab2011" /> Fa go dirisiwa dingwaga tsa gore matute a bong a kopane leng,e ka nna dibeke di le masome a mararo le borobabobedi.<ref name="Ab2011" /> Embryo ke ngwana/bana ba ba golang mo dibekeng tsa ntlha tse robedi morago ga go nontshiwa, (dibeke di le lesome tsa dingwaga tsa boimana) morago ga moo, lereo ''lesea le'' le mo popelong le dirisiwa go fitlha a tsholwa.<ref name="Ab2011">{{Cite book|last=Abman|first=Steven H.|title=Fetal and neonatal physiology|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4160-3479-7|pages=46–47|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OyVDJoOIvbYC&pg=PA46|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522082142/https://books.google.com/books?id=OyVDJoOIvbYC&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}</ref> Dikai tsa go ima go sa le gale a ka akaretsa go sa bone kgwedi, mabele a a botlhoko, go feroga sebete le go kgwa, tlala, le go rota kgapetsakgapetsa. Boimana bo ka netefadiwa ka teko ya boimana . Boimana bo kgaogantswe ka dikgwedi tse tharo, e nngwe le e nngwe e na le dikgwedi tse thato. Legato la ntlha leakaretsa go ima, e leng fa peo ya bonna e nontsha lee.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /> Go tswa foo lee le le nontshitsweng le tsamaya mo tšhupuneng ya fallopian mme le kgomarela mo teng ga popelo, koo le simololang go bopa lesea le le mo popelong.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /> Mo kgweding ya ntlha ya boimana, kgonagalo ya go senyegelwa ke mpa (loso lwa tlholego lwa lesea le le mo popelong kgotsa lesea le le mo popelong) e kwa godimo thata.<ref name="John2012">{{Cite book|title=The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics|date=2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-4801-5|page=438|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181311/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mo e ka nnang mo bogareng jwa kgweditharo ya bobedi, go ka utlwala motsamao wa lesea le le mo popelong.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /> Ka dibeke di le masome s mabedi le borobabobedi, go feta 90% ya masea a ka tshela kwa ntle ga popelo fa a ka newa tlhokomelo ya kalafi ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /> Tlhokomelo ya pele ga pelegi e tokafatsa ditlamorago tsa boimana.<ref name="NIH2013Prenatal" /> Tlhokomelo ya pele ga pelegi e ka akaretsa go nwa dipilisi tsa foliki esiti e e oketsegileng, go tila diritibatsi, go goga motsoko, le bojalwa, go itshidila mmele gangweble gape , go dira ditlhatlhobo tsa madi, le go tlhatlhobiwa mmele ka metlha . Mathata a boimana a ka akaretsa mathata a kgatelelo e kgolo ya madi, bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa boimana, anemia e e tlhaelang tshipi, le go feroga sebete le go kgwa thata . Mo tirong e e siameng ya pelegi e simolola ka boyone fa mosadi a le "mo pakeng". Masea a a tsholwang pele ga dibeke di le masome a mararo le bosupa a " tsholwa pele ga nako " mme a mo kotsing e tona ya go nna le mathata a boitekanelo a a tshwanang le cerebral palsy . Masea a a tshotsweng magareng ga dibeke masome a mararo le bosupa le masome a mararo le borobabongwe a tsewa e le "a paka ya ntlha" fa a a tshotsweng magareng ga dibeke masome a mararo le borobabongwe le masome a mane le bongwe a tsewa e le "a paka e e tletseng".<ref name="NIH2013Def" /> Masea a a tshotsweng fa gare ga dibeke di le masome a mane le bongwe le dibeke di le masome a mane le bobedi a tsewa e le " a a tshotsweng morago ga nako " fa morago ga dibeke di le masome a mane le bobedi a tsewa e le " morago ga nako ".<ref name="NIH2013Def" /> Go belega pele ga dibeke di le masome a mararo le borobabongwe ka tsosetswa ditlhabi kgotsa ka karo ya karo ga go rotloediwe ntle le fa go tlhokega ka ntlha ya mabaka a mangwe a kalafi. Boimana bo ka nna dimilione di le makgolo a mabefi le lesome le boraro bo diragetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012), mme mo go jone, dimilione di le lekgolo le masome a robabongwe (89%) di ne di le kwa mafatsheng a tlhabologang mme dimilione di le masome a mabedi le boraro (11%) di ne di le kwa mafatsheng a tlhabologileng.<ref name="Sed2014" /> Palo ya boimana mo basading ba dingwaga tse di fa gare ga lesome le botlhano le masome a mane le bone ke lekgolo le madome a mararo le boraro mo basading ba le sekete.<ref name="Sed2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sedgh G, Singh S, Hussain R|title=Intended and unintended pregnancies worldwide in 2012 and recent trends|journal=Studies in Family Planning|volume=45|issue=3|pages=301–314|date=September 2014|pmid=25207494|pmc=4727534|doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00393.x}}</ref> Mo e ka nnang 10% go ya go 15% ya boimana jo bo amogelwang bo felela ka go senyegelwa ke mpa.<ref name="John2012" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro, mathata a boimana a ne a felela ka dintsho tsa baimana ba le 230 600, e leng kwa tlase go tswa go dintsho di le 377 000 ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990.<ref name="GBD2016">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10100|pages=1151–1210|date=September 2017|pmid=28919116|pmc=5605883|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9|last=GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators}}</ref> Mabaka a tse di tlwaelegileng a akaretsa go dutla madi, ditshwaetso, malwetse a kgatelelo e e kwa godimo ya madi a boimana, go kgoreletsega ga pelegi, le mathata a a amanang le go senyegelwa ke mpa, go senya mpa, kgotsa boimana jo bo kwa ntle ga popelo.<ref name="GBD2016" /> Lefatshe ka bophara, 44% ya boimana ga bo a rulaganngwa.<ref name="Bea2018" /> Go feta sephatlo (56%) boimana jo bo sa rulaganngwang bo a senngwa.<ref name="Bea2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Alkema L, Sedgh G|title=Global, regional, and subregional trends in unintended pregnancy and its outcomes from 1990 to 2014: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model|journal=The Lancet. Global Health|volume=6|issue=4|pages=e380–e389|date=April 2018|pmid=29519649|pmc=6055480|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30029-9}}</ref> Gareng ga boimana jo bo sa ikaelelwang kwa United States, 60% ya basadi ba ne ba dirisa thibelo ya pelegi ka selekanyo se se rileng mo kgweding e boimana bo neng jwa diragala ka yone. == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=<ref name=isbn_9780759110441>{{cite book|last=Womack|first=Mari|title=The anthropology of health and healing.|year=2010|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Plymouth|isbn=978-0-7591-1044-1|pages=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvR53MCGx1YC&pg=PA133&dq=In+most+cultures,+pregnant+women+have+a+special+status+in+society#v=onepage|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923072357/https://books.google.com/books?id=DvR53MCGx1YC&pg=PA133&dq=In+most+cultures%2C+pregnant+women+have+a+special+status+in+society#v=onepage|url-status=live}}</ref>}} [[Category:Boimana]] [[Category:Pregnancy]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 8fwvnlmagfkh8f8jxnecp4kapq5xmzn